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ignoring parameter: Working Paper, University of Washington, 1990
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ignoring parameter: soleweb
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ignoring parameter: stable
ignoring parameter: 3270652
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ignoring parameter: w16619.pdf
ignoring parameter: econ.ucdenver.edu
ignoring parameter: mansour
ignoring parameter: BC09.pdf
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ignoring parameter: growth_pdf
ignoring parameter: cdp841.pdf
ignoring parameter: Working Paper 20 (December 2009), China Center for Human Capital and Labor Market Research, Central University of Finance and Economics.
ignoring parameter: Discussion Paper No. 1224-01. Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, February 2001.
2001. |
Fomby, Paula Sennott, Christie A. |
Family Structure Instability and Residential and School Mobility: The Consequences for Adolescents' Behavior Working Paper Series WP-09-08, Bowling Green State University, National Center for Family and Marriage Research, July 2009 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: National Center for Family and Marriage Research Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bias Decomposition; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Structure; Household Composition; Mobility; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Progress; Social Capital Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Adolescents who experience repeated change in family structure as parents begin and end romantic unions are more likely than adolescents in stable family structures to engage in aggressive, antisocial, or delinquent behavior. We ask whether the link between family structure instability and behavior in adolescence may be explained in part by the residential and school mobility that are often associated with family structure change. Our analysis uses nationally-representative data from a two-generation study to assess the relative effects of instability and mobility on the mother-reported externalizing behavior and self-reported delinquent behavior of adolescents who were 12 to 17 years old in 2006. We find that residential and school mobility explain the association of family structure instability with each outcome, and these factors in turn are explained by children's exposure to poor peer networks. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fomby, Paula and Christie A. Sennott. "Family Structure Instability and Residential and School Mobility: The Consequences for Adolescents' Behavior." Working Paper Series WP-09-08, Bowling Green State University, National Center for Family and Marriage Research, July 2009. |
2002. |
Fong, Christina Margareta |
Essays on Endogenous Preferences and Public Generosity Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, 2000. DAI, 61, no. 09A (2000): 3669 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Earnings; Income; Income Distribution; Modeling This dissertation is a collection of four essays that question the behavioral assumptions of economics and aim to provide a richer model of redistributive politics than that based on traditional assumptions of exogenous, self-regarding, and outcome-oriented preferences. I argue that an enriched model of redistribution is necessary, and attempt to provide empirical evidence of endogenous, other-regarding, and non-outcome-oriented preferences that might explain puzzles which the traditional model cannot. The assumption of self-interest is particularly ill-suited for the study of redistributive politics. Preferences for redistribution may be influenced by values and beliefs about distributive justice as well as by self-interest. People may prefer more redistribution to the poor if they believe that poverty is caused by circumstances beyond individual control. Alternatively, the effect of these beliefs on redistributive preferences may be spurious if they are correlated with income, and self-interest is not properly controlled for. They may also measure incentive cost concerns. In Chapter 1, using survey data from the 1998 Gallup Poll Social Audit, I find that self-interest and incentive costs concerns cannot explain the effect of these beliefs on redistributive preferences. I then report three studies designed to investigate the effects of economic experiences and institutions on preferences and behavior. In Chapter II I investigate how beliefs about the effects of effort, luck, and opportunity on income are updated. I model how people may update their beliefs based on comparisons of their actual earnings with expected income. I test the model using the National Longitudinal Surveys. In Chapter III I conduct an experimental test of the effect of minor differences in lottery procedures that which should have no effect according to expected utility theory on bidding behavior. In Chapter IV I investigate the effect of competition among players who bargain over the division of a sum of money on the inequality of the outcome. In these three chapters I find that beliefs about justice may be shaped by poor earnings relative to others, that procedural manipulations of the degree of involvement in income generating procedures may have significant effects on behavior, and that competition may undermine fair behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fong, Christina Margareta. Essays on Endogenous Preferences and Public Generosity. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, 2000. DAI, 61, no. 09A (2000): 3669. |
2003. |
Forster, Andrea G. van de Werfhorst, Herman G. Leopold, Thomas |
Who Benefits Most from College? Dimensions of Selection and Heterogeneous Returns to Higher Education in the United States and the Netherlands Research in Social Stratification and Mobility published online (1 April 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100607. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562421000275 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Degree; Cross-national Analysis; Educational Returns There has been ample debate about heterogeneous returns to a college degree, and so far, findings have been mixed on the question of whether individuals who attend college are also those who benefit most from it (positive selection), whether returns would be larger for those who never went (negative selection), or whether there is heterogeneity in returns at all. We argue that these diverging findings have two sources: First, they may arise from different conceptualizations of selection into college. We argue that different selection mechanisms have to be distinguished. We separate the college selection process into two meaningful dimensions, one capturing school-irrelevant factors related to social origin and the other capturing school-relevant factors related to individual capabilities. We, then, study heterogeneous returns to a college degree for the two dimensions separately. Second, the structure of the educational system and the labor market might contribute to different patterns of returns to college. We study heterogeneous returns to a college degree in the United States and the Netherlands, two countries with strong differences in how education and labor market are structured. Overall, we find returns to college to be rather homogeneous instead of heterogeneous. For the school-relevant dimension of selection, we do see a tendency towards positive selection for US-men and a tendency towards negative selection for US-women. For the Netherlands, we find that returns are truly homogeneous. |
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Bibliography Citation
Forster, Andrea G., Herman G. van de Werfhorst and Thomas Leopold. "Who Benefits Most from College? Dimensions of Selection and Heterogeneous Returns to Higher Education in the United States and the Netherlands." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility published online (1 April 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100607.
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2004. |
Fowler-Brown, Angela G. Ngo, Long H. Wee, Cristina C. |
The Relationship Between Symptoms of Depression and Body Weight in Younger Adults Obesity 20,9 (September 2012): 1922-1928. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/oby.2011.311 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Obesity; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A bidirectional relationship between obesity and depression may exist, though previous results are conflicting. The objectives of our study were to determine whether there is a bidirectional relationship between obesity and symptoms of depression in younger adults and whether this relationship varies with sociodemographic factors. We used data from 7,980 participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to examine whether baseline depressive symptoms (score ≥ 10 on a seven-item subscale of the CES-D) in 1992, predicted adjusted percent change in BMI between 1992 and 1994. We then examined whether obesity in 1992 predicted the development of symptoms of depression in 1994, after adjustment for confounders. We found that the presence of baseline depressive symptoms was not prospectively associated with increase in percent BMI, except in Hispanic women. Additionally, baseline obesity was not associated with higher risk of future symptoms of depression in the sample overall (adjusted risk ratio (RR) 1.20; 99% CI 0.91-1.60). However, in those of higher socioeconomic status, obesity was associated with almost double the risk of depressive symptoms compared to nonobese (highest income category: adjusted RR 1.97; 99% CI 1.14–3.40). We concluded that although obesity was not associated with risk of depression symptoms in the population overall, obesity was associated with an increased risk of developing depressive symptoms in those of higher socioeconomic status. Sociodemographic factors may be important modifiers of the relationship between obesity and depression. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fowler-Brown, Angela G., Long H. Ngo and Cristina C. Wee. "The Relationship Between Symptoms of Depression and Body Weight in Younger Adults." Obesity 20,9 (September 2012): 1922-1928.
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2005. |
Fox, Liana E. |
Three Papers on the Black-White Mobility Gap in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, Columbia University, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Family Income; Mobility, Economic; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Racial Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Paper 2: Measuring the Black-White Mobility Gap: A Comparison of Datasets and Methods. Chapter 3 utilizes both the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to analyze the magnitude and nature of black-white gaps in intergenerational earnings and income mobility in the United States. This chapter finds that relying on different datasets or measures will lead to different conclusions about the relative magnitudes of black versus white elasticities and correlations, but using directional mobility matrices consistently reveals a sizable mobility gap between black and white families, with low-income black families disproportionately trapped at the bottom of the income distribution and more advantaged black children more likely to lose that advantage in adulthood than similarly situated white children. I find the family income analyses to be most consistent and estimate the upward mobility gap as between 19.1 and 20.3 percentage points and the downward gap between -20.9 and -21.0. Additionally, I find that racial disparities are much greater among sons than daughters and that incarceration and being raised in a female-headed household have much larger impacts on the mobility prospects of blacks than whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fox, Liana E. Three Papers on the Black-White Mobility Gap in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, Columbia University, 2013. |
2006. |
Fox, Liana E. Hutto, Nathan |
The Effect of Obesity on Intergenerational Income Mobility Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Family History; Family Income; Gender; Income; Mobility; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), this paper examines the likelihood of upward and downward mobility by obesity status (normal, overweight, and obese) and gender. Using temporal ordering to establish a direction of causality, we examine parental income when the child was living at home, BMI in early adulthood, and adult family income at age 38-43. We find that obesity both dampens upward mobility and increases the likelihood of downward mobility for women. We do not find the same trends for obese men, who alternatively have a greater likelihood of upward mobility. This research finds that obesity in early adulthood places women on a poor income trajectory throughout adulthood relative to parental income. The health consequences and social stigma of obesity perpetuate and deepen economic disparities among women. The lasting impact of obesity highlights the need for intervention in adolescence and early adulthood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fox, Liana E. and Nathan Hutto. "The Effect of Obesity on Intergenerational Income Mobility." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
2007. |
Francesconi, Marco |
Labor Force Transitions of Married Women in the United States ISER Working Paper 1995-23, Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER) -- University of Essex, December 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER) -- University of Essex Keyword(s): Childbearing; Employment, Part-Time; Fertility; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Wives; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper provides an empirical examination of the labour market transitions of married women over time by analysing spells of nonwork, part-time work and full-time work. Using data from the young cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey 1968-1991, it estimates two-way competing risk models for each of the three labor market states. The results document that the determinants of spell lengths and of the reasons for spell terminations vary across labor market states. In addition, both the labor market state of the spell and the labor market state that ends the spell are relevant in shaping the spell length. |
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Bibliography Citation
Francesconi, Marco. "Labor Force Transitions of Married Women in the United States." ISER Working Paper 1995-23, Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER) -- University of Essex, December 1995. |
2008. |
Francesconi, Marco |
Labour Force Transitions among Married Women in the USA Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 13,4 (December 1999): 775-796. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9914.00115/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Absenteeism; Demography; Economics of Gender; Employment, Part-Time; Family Structure; Human Capital Theory; Life Cycle Research; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Occupational Choice; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Work Hours/Schedule This paper describes the patterns of labour market transitions for a cohort of married women in the USA drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey and observed between 1968 and 1991. The empirical analysis of labour market movements is motivated by human capital theory augmented by demographic and life-cycle considerations. These movements are investigated by estimating competing risk models of labour force spell duration. The results show that the determinants of spell lengths and the determinants of the reasons for spell terminations vary across labour market states. More importantly, both the labour market state in which an individual is observed over her work cycle and the labour market state to which she moves are relevant in shaping her spell length and her tradable characteristics in the labour market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Francesconi, Marco. "Labour Force Transitions among Married Women in the USA." Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 13,4 (December 1999): 775-796.
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2009. |
Francis, Johanna Leigh |
Saving, Investment, and the Entrepreneurship Decisions of the Wealthy Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2007. DAI-A 67/11, May 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Financial Investments; Heterogeneity; Life Cycle Research; Occupational Choice; Savings; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this dissertation, I focus on understanding the saving behavior of the wealthy in a life cycle context that includes income and preference heterogeneity, uncertainty about future earnings and occupational choice. The second chapter of my dissertation considers a model of saving behavior in which individuals enjoy being rich, not only because of the future spending that wealth permits, but also because they assign an intrinsic value to the ownership of wealth. This choice of utility function, often called 'capitalist spirit preferences', as articulated by Max Weber (1905), permits heterogeneity in preferences: the very wealthy gain utility directly from wealth, while the rest of the population cares only about consumption, allocating saving for retirement and precautionary reasons. Using this utility function, I construct and simulate a precautionary savings model and calibrate it to the U.S. economy. The simulation results suggest that the model is able to explain the observed right skewness of the U.S. wealth distribution fairly well. Moreover, this form of preferences generates increasing risk tolerance with increasing wealth. This last result is consistent with the empirical observation that the portfolios of the wealthy tend to include a higher proportion of risky assets. Although the model I developed in the second chapter provides a good fit to the wealth distribution, it was not able to replicate the vast wealth held in the top 5 percentiles of the distribution. Thus, in the third chapter of my dissertation I generalize the income possibilities to include returns on entrepreneurial ventures. I construct and simulate a model where individuals choose between wage work and entrepreneurship. In combination with capitalist spirit preferences the possibility of high returns on entrepreneurial ventures allows the model to generate all of the skewness of the wealth distribution. The final chapter of this dissertation focuses on the relationship between wealth accumulation and the decision to become an entrepreneur. Empirical studies find a positive relationship between being male, white, older, married, having more assets, and self-employment (see Dunn and Holtz-Eaken 2000). Yet, most theoretical research focuses on the importance of unobservable factors such as risk aversion, entrepreneurial ability and the desire to be one's own boss (see Evans and Jovanovic 1989). Not surprisingly, there exists little empirical evidence on how important these characteristics are in the decision to become an entrepreneur, in particular, whether they play major or minor roles relative to assets and wage opportunities. Further, there is no consensus on whether aspiring entrepreneurs are liquidity constrained (Gentry and Hubbard 2000; Hurst and Lusardi 2003). Using a panel of data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I show that not only are liquidity constraints unlikely to be the major factor in the decision to become an entrepreneur, the characteristics pointed to in the theoretical literature are far more important for this decision. |
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Bibliography Citation
Francis, Johanna Leigh. Saving, Investment, and the Entrepreneurship Decisions of the Wealthy. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2007. DAI-A 67/11, May 2007. |
2010. |
Frandsen, Brigham R. |
Testing Censoring Point Independence Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 37,3 (2019): 496-505. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07350015.2017.1383261 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Statistical Analysis; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Unemployment Duration Identification in censored regression analysis and hazard models of duration outcomes relies on the condition that censoring points are conditionally independent of latent outcomes, an assumption which may be questionable in many settings. This article proposes a test for this assumption based on a Cramer-von Mises-like test statistic comparing two different nonparametric estimators for the latent outcome cdf: the Kaplan-Meier estimator, and the empirical cdf conditional on the censoring point exceeding (for right-censored data) the cdf evaluation point. The test is consistent and has power against a wide variety of alternatives. Applying the test to unemployment duration data from the NLSY, the SIPP, and the PSID suggests the assumption is frequently suspect. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frandsen, Brigham R. "Testing Censoring Point Independence." Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 37,3 (2019): 496-505.
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2011. |
Frank, Richard G. Glied, Sherry A. |
America's Continuing Struggle with Mental Illnesses: Economic Considerations Journal of Economic Perspectives 37, 2 (2023): 153-178. Also: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27211438 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Cost, Healthcare ; Health Care; Health, Mental/Psychological; Illnesses, Mental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Mental illnesses affect roughly 20 percent of the US population. Like other health conditions, mental illnesses impose costs on individuals; they also generate costs that extend to family members and the larger society. Care for mental illnesses has evolved quite differently from the rest of health care sector. While medical care in general has seen major advances in the technology of treatment this has not been the case to the same extent for the treatment of mental illnesses. Relative to other illnesses, the cost of care for mental illnesses has grown more slowly and the social cost of illness has grown more rapidly. In this essay we offer evidence about the forces underpinning these patterns and emphasize the challenges stemming from the heterogeneity of mental illnesses. We examine institutions and rationing mechanisms that affect the ability to make appropriate matches between clinical problems and treatments. We conclude with a review of implications for policy and economic research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frank, Richard G. and Sherry A. Glied. "America's Continuing Struggle with Mental Illnesses: Economic Considerations." Journal of Economic Perspectives 37, 2 (2023): 153-178.
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2012. |
Franz, Gregor Andreas Gottfried |
Essays in Health and Urban Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Irvine, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Cross-national Analysis; Economics, Demographic; Economics, Regional; Geocoded Data; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Germany, German; Health Care; Heterogeneity; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; Urbanization/Urban Living; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation deals with identifying causal effects in three health and urban economic topics. In my first chapter I examine if the number of physicians in a geographical location affects the population health in that area. I construct a unique panel dataset and use a region fixed effects and instrumental variable strategy to examine the relationship between physician density and population health outcomes in more detail. The results suggest that unobserved heterogeneity between my measures of population health and physician density is present. I conclude that this evidence does not support the claim that an increase in physician density would increase population health in the U.S. In my second chapter I seek to test the hypothesis that suburban living environments lead to a higher body weight compared to central city environments. I use the geographic information from the confidential NLSY79 files in conjunction with census tract population density data for the years 1981 to 2004. The effect of population density on the body weight of individuals who move is estimated conditioning on individual and area level characteristics. The chapter concludes that the actual effect of population density on the weight of individuals is not as large as the public health literature would want people to believe, but it is neither as insignificant as the urban economic literature to date estimated. In my last chapter I survey the literature on labor market effects of obesity and then estimate the effect of obesity on labor market outcomes in Germany. To date, only one study briefly considers the effects of weight on labor market outcomes in Germany. This chapter argues that, apart from individual earnings, other labor market outcomes in conjunction with additional data sheds more light on the relationship between weight and labor market outcomes in Germany. This chapter examines the relationship between body weight and labor market outcomes in Germany. While no definite conclusion is reached, this is the first study that attempts to study the relationship between body weight and labor market outcomes in Germany in this detail. |
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Bibliography Citation
Franz, Gregor Andreas Gottfried. Essays in Health and Urban Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Irvine, 2008. |
2013. |
Franzoi, Daniele Bockting, Claudi L. Bennett, Kirsty F. Odom, Annick Lucassen, Paul J. Pathania, Alisha Lee, Alexandra Brouwer, Marlies E. van de Schoot, Rens Wiers, Reinout W. Breedvelt, Josefien J.F. |
Which Individual, Social, and Urban Factors in Early Childhood Predict Psychopathology in Later Childhood, Adolescence and Young Adulthood? A Systematic Review SSM - Population Health 25 (2024): 101575. Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101575 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Anxiety; Child Development; Child Health; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Childhood, Early; Children; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Children, Mental Health; Children, Preschool; Depression (see also CESD); Disadvantage, Neighborhood; Disadvantage, Social; Health, Mental/Psychological; Parental Violence (Physical and Verbal); Parents, Behavior; Psychological Effects; Psychopathology; Psychopathology, Parental; Risk Factors, Social; Risk Factors, Urban; Substance Use; Urban Environment/Neighborhood; Young Adults Background: A comprehensive picture is lacking of the impact of early childhood (age 0–5) risk factors on the subsequent development of mental health symptoms. Objective: In this systematic review, we investigated which individual, social and urban factors, experienced in early childhood, contribute to the development of later anxiety and depression, behavioural problems, and internalising and externalising symptoms in youth. Methods: Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, and PsycInfo were searched on the 5th of January 2022. Three additional databases were retrieved from a mega-systematic review source that focused on the identification of both risk and protective indicators for the onset and maintenance of prospective depressive, anxiety and substance use disorders. A total of 46,450 records were identified and screened in ASReview, an AI-aided systematic review tool. We included studies with experimental, quasi-experimental, prospective and longitudinal study designs, while studies that focused on biological and genetical factors, were excluded. Results: Twenty studies were included. The majority of studies explored individual-level risk factors (N = 16). Eleven studies also explored social risk factors and three studied urban risk factors. We found evidence for early predictors relating to later psychopathology measures (i.e., anxiety and depression, behavioural problems, and internalising and externalising symptoms) in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood. These were: parental psychopathology, exposure to parental physical and verbal violence and social and neighbourhood disadvantage. Conclusions: Very young children are exposed to a complex mix of risk factors, which operate at different levels and influence children at different time points. The urban environment appears to have an effect on psychopathology but it is understudied compared to individual-level factors. Moreover, we need more research exploring the interaction between individual, social and urban factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Franzoi, Daniele, Claudi L. Bockting, Kirsty F. Bennett, Annick Odom, Paul J. Lucassen, Alisha Pathania, Alexandra Lee, Marlies E. Brouwer, Rens van de Schoot, Reinout W. Wiers and Josefien J.F. Breedvelt. "Which Individual, Social, and Urban Factors in Early Childhood Predict Psychopathology in Later Childhood, Adolescence and Young Adulthood? A Systematic Review." SSM - Population Health 25 (2024): 101575.
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2014. |
Frazier, Cleothia G. |
Social Integration During Midlife and Beyond: An Examination of How Social Roles and Work Affect Sleep Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, 2021. Also: https://ir.vanderbilt.edu/handle/1803/16643 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Vanderbilt University Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Shift Workers; Sleep; Social Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Current research increasingly shows that sleep is an important factor that is associated with a variety of health and well-being outcomes. Guided by role theory, stress process, the life course perspective, and intersectionality, this three-paper dissertation examines how one's attachment to society through social roles and work have implications for sleep health among adults during mid to late life. Paper One uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort (NLSY79) (N=3,364), to examine the effect of social roles on sleep duration and sleep quality at age 50. Two competing hypotheses are tested -- role strain (i.e., multiple roles harm health) and role enhancement (i.e., multiple roles benefit health). Variation by race-gender group status is also investigated. Findings show support for both role strain and role enhancement. There is also evidence that role accumulation is associated with a larger reduction in sleep quality for White men, compared to Black men and women. Paper Two also uses the NLSY79 (N=5,652) to investigate the associations between shift work, depressive symptoms, and self-rated health. This study also considers whether sleep mediates these associations. The results show that working a non-day shift increases the odds of reporting poor self-rated health, but not depressive symptoms. The effect of shift work on depressive symptoms is mediated by hours of sleep during the week and insomnia, but only insomnia mediates the association between shift work and poor self-rated health. Paper Three examines how labor force status and transitions to retirement affect insomnia in older adults. Data used for this study are from waves 2006 and 2014 of the Health and Retirement Study (N=8,556). Findings show that older adults who are retired and who transitioned from part-time to retirement experience increased insomnia compared full-time workers. Moderating effects are found for Black and White women. These findings contribute to a sociological understanding of sleep by elucidating that societal integration contributes to and maintains stratified hierarchies that influence differences in sleep health for adults in midlife and older ages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frazier, Cleothia G. Social Integration During Midlife and Beyond: An Examination of How Social Roles and Work Affect Sleep. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, 2021.. |
2015. |
Frazier, Cleothia G. |
Working Around the Clock: The Association between Shift Work, Sleep Health, and Depressive Symptoms among Midlife Adults Society and Mental Health published online (18 March 2023): DOI: 10.1177/215686932311564. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/21568693231156452 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Shift Workers; Sleep; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Shift work is an integral part of living in a 24-hour society. However, shift work can disrupt circadian rhythms, negatively impacting health. Guided by the Stress Process Model (SPM), this study examines the association between shift work and depressive symptoms and investigates whether sleep health (duration, quality, and latency) mediates this relationship among midlife adults. Utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (N = 6,372), findings show that working evening, night, and irregular shifts is associated with increased depressive symptoms. The results also show that part of the association between shift work and depressive symptoms among night and irregular shift workers, is indirect, operating through short sleep during the week and on the weekend. Although shift work can negatively affect mental health, getting more restorative sleep may mitigate part of the harmful mental health consequences of non-standard work schedules. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frazier, Cleothia G. "Working Around the Clock: The Association between Shift Work, Sleep Health, and Depressive Symptoms among Midlife Adults." Society and Mental Health published online (18 March 2023): DOI: 10.1177/215686932311564.
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2016. |
Frazier, Cleothia G. |
Working Around The Clock: The Effect of Shift Work and Sleep on Depressive Symptoms Innovation in Aging 6, S_1 (November 2022): 655. Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2417 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Shift Workers; Sleep Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. To expand prior research that reveal the independent effects of shift work and sleep on mental health, this study focuses on the interconnection between shift work, sleep, and depressive symptoms. Guided by the Stress Process Model (SPM), I examine the association between shift work and depressive symptoms and investigate whether sleep duration, sleep quality (insomnia symptoms), and sleep latency (the time it takes to fall asleep) mediate this relationship. Data was drawn from the age 50 health module of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. The sample consisted of noninstitutionalized adults aged 51-60 (N=5,386). Findings show that shift workers had increased odds of short sleep, insomnia symptoms, and increased sleep latency compared to non-shift workers. Moreover, shift work was associated with increased depressive symptoms. However, part of the effect of shift work on depressive symptoms was indirect, operating through sleep. Specifically, short sleep during the week and on the weekend as well as insomnia symptoms mediated the relationship between shift work and depressive symptoms. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frazier, Cleothia G. "Working Around The Clock: The Effect of Shift Work and Sleep on Depressive Symptoms." Innovation in Aging 6, S_1 (November 2022): 655.
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2017. |
Frazier, Cleothia G. Brown, Tyson H. |
How Social Roles Affect Sleep Health during Midlife Journal of Health and Social Behavior published online (28 April 2023): DOI: 10.1177/00221465231167838. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00221465231167838 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Sleep; Social Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study draws on role theory and the life course perspective to examine how sleep health (duration, quality, and latency) is shaped by social role accumulation (number of roles), role repertoires (role combinations), and role contexts among middle-aged adults. We also examine how the relationships between social roles and sleep health are gendered. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort (N = 7,628). Results show that role accumulation is associated with less sleep and decreased insomnia symptoms, and that role repertoires also impact sleep (e.g., parenthood leads to diminished sleep quantity and quality). There is also evidence that contextual factors related to employment history, marital quality, and parenthood affect sleep health. Furthermore, results reveal that several of the relationships between social roles and sleep are gendered. Taken together, findings demonstrate the utility of examining links between multiple dimensions of social roles and sleep health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frazier, Cleothia G. and Tyson H. Brown. "How Social Roles Affect Sleep Health during Midlife." Journal of Health and Social Behavior published online (28 April 2023): DOI: 10.1177/00221465231167838.
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2018. |
Frazis, Harley Jay Herz, Diane E. Horrigan, Michael W. |
Employer-provided Training: Results from a New Survey Monthly Labor Review 118,5 (May 1995): 3-17. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1995/05/art1exc.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; High School Completion/Graduates; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Gap In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the role that training-especially job skills training-plays in the economy. Concerns over the competitiveness of U.S. labor in the globalized economy, the weak performance of labor productivity since 1973, and the widening gap between the earnings of high school graduates and the college educated workers are among the reasons cited to support increasing the training provided the U.S. work force. As researchers attempt to examine the potential impact of training on the economy, and as lawmakers wrestle with the question of the appropriate role of public policy, a growing need has arisen for more and better data on both the nature and the extent of private-sector training. To be sure, a rich array of data on the training received by individuals is provided by various household surveys, such as the Current Population Survey, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the Survey of Income and Program Participation, and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. In contrast to this information, however, data on the nature and extent of training opportunities provided by private businesses are scarce. Indeed, a comprehensive data base containing such information simply does not exist. Despite the gap, academic researchers have been innovative in their use of the limited data that do exist. Some researchers have adopted a case study approach, others have used the information on training that can be found in existing Federal surveys, and still others have conducted their own surveys. Still, given the concerns over the competitiveness and relative productivity of U.S. industries, it is important that improved information on the nature of employer-provided training be collected. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frazis, Harley Jay, Diane E. Herz and Michael W. Horrigan. "Employer-provided Training: Results from a New Survey." Monthly Labor Review 118,5 (May 1995): 3-17.
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2019. |
Frazis, Harley Jay Loewenstein, Mark A. |
How Responsive are Quits to Benefits? Journal of Human Resources 48,4 (Fall 2013): 969-997. Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/48/4/969.refs Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Quits; Wages Economists have argued that one function of fringe benefits is to reduce turnover. However, the effect on quits of the marginal dollar of benefits relative to wages is underresearched. We use the benefit incidence data in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the cost information in the National Compensation Survey to impute benefit costs and estimate quit regressions. The quit rate is much more responsive to benefits than to wages, and total turnover even more so; benefit costs are also correlated with training provision. We cannot disentangle the effects of individual benefits due to their high correlation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frazis, Harley Jay and Mark A. Loewenstein. "How Responsive are Quits to Benefits?" Journal of Human Resources 48,4 (Fall 2013): 969-997.
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2020. |
Frazis, Harley Jay Loewenstein, Mark A. |
NTIS Reexamining the Returns to Training: Functional Form, Magnitude, and Interpretation Report: BLS Working Paper No. 367. Washington DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2003. Also: http://www.bls.gov/osmr/abstract/ec/ec030040.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Labor Market Outcomes; Training; Training, Occupational This paper estimates the wage returns to training, paying careful attention to the choice of functional form. Both the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and Employer Opportunity Pilot Project (EOPP) datasets indicate that the return to an extra hour of formal training diminishes sharply with the amount of training received. A cube root specification fits the data best, but the log specification also does well. The linear and quadratic specifications substantially understate the effect of training. Also: NTIS Report: PB2006101302 |
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Bibliography Citation
Frazis, Harley Jay and Mark A. Loewenstein. "NTIS Reexamining the Returns to Training: Functional Form, Magnitude, and Interpretation." Report: BLS Working Paper No. 367. Washington DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2003. |
2021. |
Frazis, Harley Jay Loewenstein, Mark A. |
On-the-Job Training Hanover, MA: Now Publishers Inc, 2007. Also: http://www.nowpublishers.com/product.aspx?product=MIC&doi=0700000008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Now Publishers Inc. Keyword(s): Human Capital; Job Productivity; Job Turnover; Labor Economics; Skilled Workers; Training, On-the-Job Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Originally published as Foundations and Trends® in Microeconomics Volume 2 Issue 5. DOI: 10.1561/0700000008 On-the-Job Training surveys the recent literature from both a theoretical and empirical perspective. The analysis of how individuals obtain and are paid for their skills is fundamental to labor economics. The basic idea of human capital theory is that workers and firms invest in workers' skills in order to increase their productivity, much as persons invest in financial or physical assets to earn income. Workers develop many skills through formal education not tied to an employer, but an important part of their skills are learned on the job. On-the-Job Training focuses on recent literature including empirical research using direct measures of training and theoretical papers inspired by findings from this empirical work. The authors presents a theoretical model showing that costs and returns to general human capital may be shared if training increases mobility costs, if there are constraints on lowering wages, or if there is uncertainty about the value of training at competing employers. This model analyzes the choice of the amount of training, emphasizing the influence of whether the employer can commit to training prior to employment. In addition, the model implies that firms will attempt to match low-turnover workers with training opportunities, which is supported by the empirical literature. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frazis, Harley Jay and Mark A. Loewenstein. On-the-Job Training. Hanover, MA: Now Publishers Inc, 2007.. |
2022. |
Frazis, Harley Jay Loewenstein, Mark A. |
Reexamining the Returns to Training: Functional Form, Magnitude, and Interpretation BLS Working Paper No. 325, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 1999. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/oreec/ec990060.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Employer Opportunity Pilot Project (EOPP); Heterogeneity; Training; Wage Dynamics This paper examines the appropriate functional form and the size of the wage returns to training. In both the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and Employer Opportunity Pilot Project (EOPP) datasets a log specification fits best. In the NLSY, the full effect of training occurs with a lag as long as two years, training on previous jobs is a substitute for training on the current job, and the return to training declines with labor market experience. The EOPP data indicate that formal and informal training are perfect substitutes; however, an hour of formal training has a much greater effect on wages than does an hour of informal training. We find very large returns to formal training in both the NLSY and EOPP. The mixed continuous-discrete nature of the training variable means that measurement error can cause estimates of the effects of short spells of training to be biased upward, but we demonstrate that the maximum upward bias in estimated returns at the geometric mean is minimal. Heterogeneity in returns is a more plausible explanation of the high estimated return to training; in the EOPP data, the return to training is significantly higher in more complex jobs. With unobserved heterogeneity in returns, our estimates can be regarded as the return to training for the trained, but cannot be extrapolated to the untrained. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frazis, Harley Jay and Mark A. Loewenstein. "Reexamining the Returns to Training: Functional Form, Magnitude, and Interpretation." BLS Working Paper No. 325, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 1999. |
2023. |
Frazis, Harley Jay Loewenstein, Mark A. |
Reexamining the Returns to Training: Functional Form, Magnitude, and Interpretation Journal of Human Resources 40,2 (Spring 2005): 453-476. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4129533 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Training; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Equations; Wage Growth; Wages We investigate the functional form for formal training in a wage equation and derive estimates of its rate of return. The cube root fits best in our two data sets. We show that if wages are not adjusted continuously, estimating the return to training requires one lag and one lead of training. Using the cube root and a semi-nonparametric estimator, estimated returns are 150-180 percent. Adjusting for heterogeneity in wage growth, promotions, and direct costs reduces the return to 40-50 percent. We find evidence of heterogeneity in returns. Our estimates can thus be regarded as the return to training for the trained, but cannot be extrapolated to the untrained. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frazis, Harley Jay and Mark A. Loewenstein. "Reexamining the Returns to Training: Functional Form, Magnitude, and Interpretation." Journal of Human Resources 40,2 (Spring 2005): 453-476.
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2024. |
Frazis, Harley Jay Spletzer, James R. |
Worker Training: What We've Learned from the NLSY79 Monthly Labor Review 128,2 (February 2005): 48-58. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/02/art7exc.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Bureau of Labor Statistics; Human Capital Theory; Longitudinal Surveys; Training, Employee The 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth has been a wellspring of knowledge about worker training and a valuable means of empirically testing human-capital theory. How individuals obtain their skills and how they are paid for the use of those skills are concepts that are fundamental to the field of labor economics. Productive skills are often referred to as "human capital." The basic idea of human-capital theory is that workers invest in their own skills in order to earn higher wages, much as persons invest in financial or physical assets to earn income. Although this idea goes back at least to Adam Smith, modern human-capital research was originated in the late 1950s by economists Theodore Schultz, Jacob Mincer, and Gary Becker. Their ideas, focusing on investments in and returns to education and training, have provided the theoretical and empirical basis for decades of ensuing research. Much of the empirical research on the topic of human capital has analyzed the relationship between education and wages. This focus on education is due to the abundance of high-quality data sources with information on both education and wages. For example, analysts using cross-sectional data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) have found that individuals in the United States receive earnings that are approximately 10 percent higher for every additional year of schooling they have completed. Kenneth I. Wolpin's article on education in this special edition of the Monthly Labor Review shows that, over the 15-year period between ages 25 and 39, a male college graduate earns 80 percent more than a male high school graduate without any college, and a male high school graduate earns 57 percent more than a high school dropout. However, empirical research on training—the other key component of human capital--has lagged research on the economics of education. The human-capital model yields straightforward predictions about the relations hip of on-the-job training to wages, wage growth, and job mobility; still, as will become clear, testing these predictions requires good longitudinal microdata. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frazis, Harley Jay and James R. Spletzer. "Worker Training: What We've Learned from the NLSY79." Monthly Labor Review 128,2 (February 2005): 48-58.
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2025. |
Frech, Adrianne Damaske, Sarah |
Men's Income Trajectories and Physical and Mental Health at Midlife American Journal of Sociology 124,5 (March 2019): 1372-1412. Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/702775 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Income; Mobility, Economic Using time-varying, prospectively measured income in a nationally representative sample of baby-boomer men (the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979), the authors identify eight group-based trajectories of income between ages 25 and 49 and use multinomial treatment models to describe the associations between group-based income trajectories and mental and physical health at midlife. The authors find remarkable rigidity in income trajectories: less than 25% of the sample experiences significant upward or downward mobility between ages 25 and 49, and most who move remain or move into poverty. Men's physical and mental health at age 50 is strongly associated with their income trajectories, and some upwardly mobile men achieve the same physical and mental health as the highest earning men after adjusting for selection. The worse physical and mental health of men on other income trajectories is largely attributable to their early life disadvantages, health behaviors, and cumulative work experiences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frech, Adrianne and Sarah Damaske. "Men's Income Trajectories and Physical and Mental Health at Midlife." American Journal of Sociology 124,5 (March 2019): 1372-1412.
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2026. |
Frech, Adrianne Damaske, Sarah |
Men's Work Pathways and Physical and Mental Health at Midlife Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Part-Time Work; Work Hours/Schedule; Work, Atypical Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this paper makes two significant contributions to the study of the relationship between men's work and their health at middle age. First, this paper provides the first, to our knowledge, examination of men's longitudinal work pathways using national data and prospective work histories and demonstrates substantial variation in men's work patterns across the life course. We find that the majority of men (just under 80%) work at least 40 hours a week steadily over their twenties, thirties, and early forties. Notably, 20% of men do not follow this standard pattern, suggesting that men's longitudinal workforce participation is much more diverse than is often acknowledged. Second, we find that men's longitudinal work pathways are related to their health at middle age with men who following declining part-time and declining full-time positions experiencing poorer physical and mental health at middle age, although selection into work pathways and characteristics at age 40 account for some of these differences. Our findings suggests that the achievement of steady full-time work may provide long-term health benefits and that access to such stable employment is heavily stratified. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frech, Adrianne and Sarah Damaske. "Men's Work Pathways and Physical and Mental Health at Midlife." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
2027. |
Frech, Adrianne Damaske, Sarah |
The Relationships between Mothers’ Work Pathways and Physical and Mental Health Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): First Birth; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use the NLSY79 to investigate the relationships between mothers’ longitudinal work pathways and health during middle age and find that full-time, continuous employment following a first birth is associated with significantly better health at age forty than part-time work, paid work interrupted by at least three bouts of unemployment, and unpaid work in the home. Part-time workers with little unemployment report significantly better mental and physical health at age forty than mothers experiencing persistent unemployment. These relationships remain after accounting for the unequal selection of more advantaged mothers into fulltime, continuous employment, and are in part attributable to pre-work pathway characteristics such as cognitive ability, single parenthood, and age at first birth. Findings support our hypotheses that full-time, continuous work is associated with better physical and mental health net of the characteristics that select mothers into work, and for some, net of the socioeconomic resources that continuous work provides. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frech, Adrianne and Sarah Damaske. "The Relationships between Mothers’ Work Pathways and Physical and Mental Health." Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012. |
2028. |
Frech, Adrianne Damaske, Sarah |
The Relationships between Mothers’ Work Pathways and Physical and Mental Health Journal of Health and Social Behavior 53,4 (December 2012): 396-412. Also: http://hsb.sagepub.com/content/53/4/396.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): First Birth; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We contribute to research on the relationships between gender, work, and health by using longitudinal, theoretically driven models of mothers’ diverse work pathways and adjusting for unequal selection into these pathways. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Youth-1979 (N = 2,540), we find full-time, continuous employment following a first birth is associated with significantly better health at age 40 than part-time work, paid work interrupted by unemployment, and unpaid work in the home. Part-time workers with little unemployment report significantly better health at age 40 than mothers experiencing persistent unemployment. These relationships remain after accounting for the unequal selection of more advantaged mothers into full-time, continuous employment, suggesting full-time workers benefit from cumulating advantages across the life course and reiterating the need to disentangle health benefits associated with work from those associated with pre-pregnancy characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frech, Adrianne and Sarah Damaske. "The Relationships between Mothers’ Work Pathways and Physical and Mental Health." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 53,4 (December 2012): 396-412.
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2029. |
Frech, Adrianne Damaske, Sarah Ohler, Adrienne |
The Life Course of Unemployment and Midlife Health Journal of Aging and Health published online (6 May 2022): DOI: 10.1177/08982643221091775 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: We estimate associations between unemployment trajectories from ages 27-49 and physical and mental health at age 50. Methods: Data are from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (N=6434). Group-based trajectory models are used to identify unemployment trajectories. Generalized linear models with a modified Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars (BCH) correction are used to regress health on unemployment trajectory groups. Results: We identified "Consistently Low (70%)," "Decreasing Mid-Career (18%)," and "Persistently High (12%)" unemployment trajectories. Experiencing Decreasing Mid-Career or Persistently High trajectories was associated with worse physical and mental health at age 50 than Consistently Low trajectories. Experiencing a Persistently High trajectory was associated with worse physical and mental health than a Decreasing Mid-Career trajectory. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frech, Adrianne, Sarah Damaske and Adrienne Ohler. "The Life Course of Unemployment and Midlife Health." Journal of Aging and Health published online (6 May 2022): DOI: 10.1177/08982643221091775.
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2030. |
Frech, Adrianne Lankes, Jane Damaske, Sarah Ohler, Adrienne |
The Myth of Men’s Stable, Continuous Labor Force Attachment: Multitrajectories of U.S. Baby Boomer Men’s Employment Socius published online (9 September 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231231197031 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Baby Boomer; Employment; Employment History; Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Employment, Stable/Continuous; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Labor Force Participation; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration; Work Histories; Work History; Work Reentry Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over the past several decades, U.S. men's paid work has transformed from a state of high stability and continuity to a state of increased instability and precarity. Despite this, full-time employment throughout adulthood remains the presumed standard for modern American men. The authors investigated the diversity of men's workforce experiences using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 1979 cohort) and identified six multitrajectories of men's time spent employed, unemployed, and out of the labor force from ages 27 to 49. The authors identified one multitrajectory of steady work, three of increasing unemployment or time out of work, one of increasing steady work, and one of intermittent work. Contrary to conventional assumptions, only 41 percent of men followed a trajectory of continuous, high employment over the duration of their prime earning years. This suggests that most men do not achieve the "ideal worker norm," raising implications for how research and policy conceptualize men's work experiences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frech, Adrianne, Jane Lankes, Sarah Damaske and Adrienne Ohler. "The Myth of Men’s Stable, Continuous Labor Force Attachment: Multitrajectories of U.S. Baby Boomer Men’s Employment." Socius published online (9 September 2023).
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2031. |
Frech, Adrianne Painter, Matthew A. Vespa, Jonathan Edward |
Marital Biography and Mothers' Wealth Journal of Family and Economic Issues 38,2 (June 2017): 279-292. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10834-016-9508-1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Divorce; First Birth; Marital History/Transitions; Marriage; Mothers; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We used over 20 years of data to estimate differences in mothers' wealth across marital biography, following a marital first birth. Our study is the first to account for the selection of mothers into divorce or remarriage when estimating the role that marital history plays in wealth accumulation. Mothers who remained stably married to the biological father of their firstborn child reported greater wealth in their forties than mothers who divorced and did not remarry. Those who married at younger ages, women of color, and women from lower-income families were less likely to remain stably married. Net of selection, mothers who remained remarried had the same wealth as continuously married mothers. Thus the characteristics that predispose mothers to divorce, and not divorce per se, are linked to lower wealth. Once these selection effects were accounted for, we concluded that divorce was not necessarily detrimental to mothers’ economic security, a new finding that contradicts past studies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frech, Adrianne, Matthew A. Painter and Jonathan Edward Vespa. "Marital Biography and Mothers' Wealth." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 38,2 (June 2017): 279-292.
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2032. |
Frech, Adrianne Painter, Matthew A. Vespa, Jonathan Edward |
Marital Biography and Women's Wealth Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital History/Transitions; Remarriage; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marriage is wealth-enhancing and divorce is wealth depleting. But unequal selection into divorce or remarriage complicates any causal associations between marital biography and wealth. We use over twenty years of data from the NLSY79 to estimate wealth by marital biography among ever-married mothers, adjusting for unequal selection into divorce or remarriage. Women who remained stably married to the biological father of their firstborn child reported greater wealth in their forties than women who divorced and did not remarry. Women who married at younger ages, women of color, and women from lower-income families were less likely to remain stably married. But net of selection, remarriage did not carry a wealth penalty: women who remarried and remained married at age forty did not report less wealth than stably married women, demonstrating that a single divorce is not necessarily wealth depleting at midlife. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frech, Adrianne, Matthew A. Painter and Jonathan Edward Vespa. "Marital Biography and Women's Wealth." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
2033. |
Fredland, John Eric Little, Roger D. |
Educational Levels, Aspirations and Expectations of Military and Civilian Males, Ages 18-22 Armed Forces and Society 10,2 (Winter 1984): 211-228. Also: http://afs.sagepub.com/content/10/2/211.full.pdf+html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces & Society Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Educational Attainment; Hispanics; Military Personnel; Military Service; Racial Differences; Work Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Based on the 1979 data from the NLSY, this article examines differences between 18-22 year-old servicemen and males of the same cohort who have never served with respect to three dimensions of manpower quality: educational levels, aspirations, and expectations. Blacks, whites and Hispanics are considered separately. Blacks and whites are also disaggregated by branch of service in some analyses. Two purposes are served. First, information on these three dimensions provides insight into the quality of those who serve in comparison with those who do not. Educational level is the most often cited quality measure in the debate over the efficacy of the all-volunteer force. Second, educational aspirations and expectations are also a measure of quality but, in addition, are valuable in assessing the utility of postservice educational programs as a recruiting attraction. It was found that, among whites, the military group has less education than the civilian group; however, the military group contains more high school graduates. Further, when the samples are confined to those having 12 or fewer years of education, the military group averages more education. Finally, because the sample is truncated at age 22, and because military service is an alternative to more schooling, the finding of a greater mean educational level for the civilian group is not surprising. In short, if amount of education is taken as an index of intellectual ability, it is difficult to argue that the military attracts much lower-quality whites than the average. It is particularly difficult to argue that the quality of white servicemen is lower than average, when the civilian group excludes those who have gone on directly from high school to college and graduate school. The results for blacks and Hispanics are much clearer. Blacks and Hispanics who enlist are (as of 1979) clearly superior to the average of their age group, when educational level is the criterion of quality. The most interesting results of this study concern educational aspirations and expectations. It was found that whites, blacks, and Hispanics in the military desire, on average, significantly more years of schooling than their civilian counterparts. Also, the servicemen, on average, actually expect to complete more years of schooling. These results hold even when the civilian group includes those who have gone on directly from high school to college, and they prevail more dramatically when the college group is excluded. They also obtain in the context of a multivariate model. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fredland, John Eric and Roger D. Little. "Educational Levels, Aspirations and Expectations of Military and Civilian Males, Ages 18-22." Armed Forces and Society 10,2 (Winter 1984): 211-228.
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2034. |
Fredland, John Eric Little, Roger D. |
Job Satisfaction Determinants: Differences Between Servicemen and Civilians Journal of Political and Military Sociology 11 (Fall 1983): 265-280 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: unknown Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Job Training; Marriage; Military Personnel; Military Service; Racial Equality/Inequality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Univariate analysis indicates that job satisfaction in the military is lower than in the civilian sector. Multivariate analysis demonstrates that military service itself or the personal characteristics of servicemen exert little independent influence. Rather, specific elements of satisfaction which have policy implications-- feelings that the experience will be valuable later, for example--account for most of the difference. Racial differences and the likelihood of being married also suggest some policy alternatives. A small segment of each service who report being very satisfied with their military job appear to be influenced by different job satisfaction factors than the majority. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fredland, John Eric and Roger D. Little. "Job Satisfaction Determinants: Differences Between Servicemen and Civilians." Journal of Political and Military Sociology 11 (Fall 1983): 265-280.
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2035. |
Fredland, John Eric Little, Roger D. |
Socioeconomic Characteristics of the All Volunteer Force: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey, 1979 Final Report, U.S. Department of Defense, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Defense Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Hispanics; Job Satisfaction; Military Service; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Vocational Education This report contains six separate, although related, studies. Each study compares young male members of the all- volunteer force as of l979 either with men of the same age cohort who are not serving or with those too young to serve at the time of the survey. The studies are cross-sectional. They address the following areas: socioeconomic characteristics, attitudes and intentions to serve of 14 to 17 year old males, vocational training, educational levels, aspirations, and expectations, job problems and characteristics, job satisfaction. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fredland, John Eric and Roger D. Little. "Socioeconomic Characteristics of the All Volunteer Force: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey, 1979." Final Report, U.S. Department of Defense, 1982. |
2036. |
Freeman Cenegy, Laura |
Cumulative Inequality and Race/Ethnic Disparities in Low Birthweight: Differences by Early Life SES M.A. Theses, Department of Sociology, Rice University, 2015. Also: https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/87875 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Rice University Keyword(s): Birthweight; Parental Influences; Poverty; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The current study applies Cumulative Inequality theory to investigate whether differences in black, white, and Hispanics mothers' early life socioeconomic status (SES) account for disparities in infants' risk of low birthweight (LBW). This study uses three-generation linked data that come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (1979-1995) and the NLSY Young Adult sample (1994-2010) and contain information on the mothers and grandmothers of 2,332 singleton infants. Controlling for mothers' health and adult SES, I assess the unique association between childhood low SES, in terms of both cumulative economic hardship (i.e., household poverty status from ages 0 to 14) and social status (i.e., grandmothers’ education and marital status), and LBW probability. I also examine differences in LBW probability between black, white, and Hispanic women from similar childhood socioeconomic backgrounds. Overall, results indicate that childhood socioeconomic factors do not account for race/ethnic disparities in LBW. Rather, childhood low SES increases the probability of LBW for whites but is not significantly predictive of LBW for blacks or Hispanics. In fact, pairwise comparisons indicate the greatest LBW disparities exist between black and white women who experienced the least socioeconomic disadvantage during early life. |
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Bibliography Citation
Freeman Cenegy, Laura. Cumulative Inequality and Race/Ethnic Disparities in Low Birthweight: Differences by Early Life SES. M.A. Theses, Department of Sociology, Rice University, 2015.. |
2037. |
Freeman, Gregory |
IQ Controversy: The Other Side St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 23, 1994, War Page; Pg. 4B Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pulitzer Inc. Keyword(s): Children; I.Q.; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This opinion piece cites Jonathan Crane "Dispelling the Myth of Black Intellectual Inferiority" as a critique of Murray and Herrnstein's "The Bell Curve." Crane's study, which utilized NLSY 79 data, found that when socioeconomic and "intellectual stimulation" levels were equal, the race of a child did not affect math or reading achievement scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Freeman, Gregory. "IQ Controversy: The Other Side." St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 23, 1994, War Page; Pg. 4B. |
2038. |
Freeman, Laura |
Cumulative Inequality and Race/Ethnic Disparities in Low Birthweight: Differences by Childhood SES Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Birthweight; Disadvantaged, Economically; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The current study applies Cumulative Inequality theory to investigate whether differences in mothers' childhood socioeconomic status (SES), in terms of economic hardship and social position, account for race/ethnic disparities in infant low birthweight (LBW) risk. This study uses three-generation linked data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (1979-1995) and NLSY Young Adult (1994-2010) samples, which detail the life histories of the mothers and grandmothers of 2,332 singleton infants, to assess the unique association between mothers' childhood SES and infant LBW in ways not previously possible. Results indicate that childhood SES differences do not account for race/ethnic disparities in LBW, as low childhood SES increases the probability of LBW only for whites. Further pairwise comparisons of infant LBW probability between black, white, and Hispanic mothers from similar childhood socioeconomic backgrounds indicate the greatest LBW disparities exist between black and white women who experienced the least SES disadvantage during childhood. Note: A similar paper was presented by Laura Freeman Cenegy at Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018. |
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Bibliography Citation
Freeman, Laura. "Cumulative Inequality and Race/Ethnic Disparities in Low Birthweight: Differences by Childhood SES." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
2039. |
Freeman, Richard B. |
Crime and the Employment of Disadvantaged Youths In: Urban Labor Markets and Job Opportunity. G. Peterson and W. Vroman, eds. Latham, MD: Urban Institute Press, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Urban Institute Keyword(s): Crime; Incarceration/Jail See also: FREEMAN, RICHARD B. Crime and the Employment of Disadvantaged Youths. Working Paper No. 3875, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1991. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w3875.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 ID Number: 4880 |
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Bibliography Citation
Freeman, Richard B. "Crime and the Employment of Disadvantaged Youths" In: Urban Labor Markets and Job Opportunity. G. Peterson and W. Vroman, eds. Latham, MD: Urban Institute Press, 1992
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2040. |
Freeman, Richard B. |
Crime and the Employment of Disadvantaged Youths NBER Working Paper No. 3875, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1991. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w3875.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Crime; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Disadvantaged, Economically; Educational Attainment; High School Dropouts; Incarceration/Jail; Punishment, Criminal; Racial Differences; Unemployment, Youth This paper examines the magnitude of criminal activity among disadvantaged youths in the 1980s. It shows that a large proportion of youths who dropped out of high school, particularly black school dropouts, developed criminal records in the decade; and that those who were incarcerated in 1980 or earlier were much less likely to hold jobs than other youths over the entire decade. The magnitudes of incarceration, probation, and parole among black dropouts, in particular, suggest that crime has become an intrinsic part of the youth unemployment and poverty problem, rather than deviant behavior on the margin. Limited evidence on the returns to crime suggest that with the decline in earnings and employment for less educated young men, crime offers an increasingly attractive alternative. |
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Bibliography Citation
Freeman, Richard B. "Crime and the Employment of Disadvantaged Youths." NBER Working Paper No. 3875, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1991. |
2041. |
Freeman, Richard B. |
Employment and Earnings of Disadvantaged Young Men in a Labor Shortage Economy NBER Working Paper No. 3444, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W3444 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earnings; Education; Employment, Youth; Geographical Variation; Local Labor Market; Racial Differences; Residence; Unemployment, Youth This study contrasts the economic position of youths across local labor markets that differ in their rates of unemployment using the annual merged files of the Current Population Survey and the NLSY. The paper finds: (1) Local labor market shortages raise the employment-population rate and reduce the unemployment rate of disadvantaged youths by substantial amounts. (2) Shortages also raise the hourly earnings of disadvantaged youths. In the 1980s, the earnings gains for youths in tight labor markets offset the deterioration in the real and relative earnings of the less skilled that marked this decade. (3) Youths in labor shortage areas had greater increases in earnings as they aged than youths in other areas, implying that improved labor market conditions raise the longitudinal earnings profiles as well as the starting prospects of youths. These findings show that despite the social pathologies that plague disadvantaged youths, particularly less educated black youths, and the 1980s twist in the American labor market against the less skilled, tight labor markets still operated to substantially improve their economic position. |
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Bibliography Citation
Freeman, Richard B. "Employment and Earnings of Disadvantaged Young Men in a Labor Shortage Economy." NBER Working Paper No. 3444, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990. |
2042. |
Freeman, Richard B. |
Why Do So Many Young Americans Commit Crimes and What Might We Do About It? Journal of Economic Perspectives 10,1 (Winter 1996): 25-42. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/jep.10.1.25 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Education; Illegal Activities; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Labor Economics; Labor Market, Secondary Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This essay examines the following questions. What induces young American men, particularly less educated and black men, to engage in crime in large numbers despite the risk of imprisonment? Is the rising rate of criminal involvement related to the collapse in the job market for the less skilled? Is "locking them up" the only efficacious way to fight crime? It shows that participation in crime and involvement with the criminal justice system has reached such levels as to become part of normal economic life for many young men. Evidence is presented that labor market incentives influence the level of crime and that the depressed labor market for less skilled men in the 1980s and l990s has contributed to the rise in crime. |
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Bibliography Citation
Freeman, Richard B. "Why Do So Many Young Americans Commit Crimes and What Might We Do About It?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 10,1 (Winter 1996): 25-42.
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2043. |
Freeman, Richard B. Gottschalk, Peter |
Generating Jobs: How to Increase Demand for Less-Skilled Workers New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Employment; Job Analysis; Job Rewards; Skilled Workers; Skills; Wage Dynamics; Wages Contributors: Introduction: Part I: Wage Subsidies and Public Employment. Chapter 1, Wage Subsidies for the Disadvantaged. L awarence E Katz. Chapter 2, The Spatial Dimension: Should Worker Assistance Be Given to Poor People or Poor Places? Edward M. Gramlich and Colleen M. Heflin Chapter 3, The Impact of Changes in Public Employment on Low-Wage Labor Markets. Peter Gottschalk. Part II: Changes in Modes of Pay. Chapter 4, Profit-Sharing and the Demand for Low-Skill Workers. Douglas L. Kruse. Chapter 5, The Effects of Employer Mandates. Susan N. Houseman. Part III: Employment Regulations. Chapter 6, Work-Sharing to Full Employment: Serious Option or Populist Fallacy? Richard B. Freeman |
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Bibliography Citation
Freeman, Richard B. and Peter Gottschalk. Generating Jobs: How to Increase Demand for Less-Skilled Workers. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998. |
2044. |
Frey, Meredith C. Detterman, Douglas K. |
Scholastic Assessment or g? The relationship Between the Scholastic Assessment Test and General Cognitive Ability? Psychological Science 15,6 (September 2004): 373-379. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=13125699&db=aph Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); g Factor; I.Q.; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing There is little evidence showing the relationship between the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and g (general intelligence). This research established the relationship between SAT and g, as well as the appropriateness of the SAT as a measure of g, and examined the SAT as a premorbid measure of intelligence. In Study 1, we used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Measures of g were extracted from the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery and correlated with SAT scores of 917 participants. The resulting correlation was .82 (.86 corrected for nonlinearity). Study 2 investigated the correlation between revised and recentered SAT scores and scores on the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices among 104 undergraduates. The resulting correlation was .483 (.72 corrected for restricted range). These studies indicate that the SAT is mainly a test of g. We provide equations for converting SAT scores to estimated IQs; such conversion could be useful for estimating premorbid IQ or conducting individual difference research with college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Frey, Meredith C. and Douglas K. Detterman. "Scholastic Assessment or g? The relationship Between the Scholastic Assessment Test and General Cognitive Ability?" Psychological Science 15,6 (September 2004): 373-379.
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2045. |
Frisco, Michelle Weden, Margaret M. |
Early Adult Obesity and U.S. Women's Lifetime Childbearing Experiences Journal of Marriage and Family 75,4 (August 2013): 920-932. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12049/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Childbearing; Fertility; Obesity; Weight Literature from multiple disciplines suggests that women who are obese during early adulthood may accumulate social and physiological impediments to childbearing across their reproductive lives. This led the authors to investigate whether obese young women have different lifetime childbearing experiences than leaner peers by analyzing data from 1,658 female participants in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Study sample members were nulliparous women ages 20–25 in 1982. The authors examined their childbearing experiences between 1982 and 2006 and found that young women who were obese at baseline had higher odds of remaining childless and increased odds of underachieving fertility intentions than young women who were normal weight at baseline. These results suggest that obesity has long-term ramifications for women's childbearing experiences with respect to whether and how many children women have in general and relative to the number of children they want. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frisco, Michelle and Margaret M. Weden. "Early Adult Obesity and U.S. Women's Lifetime Childbearing Experiences." Journal of Marriage and Family 75,4 (August 2013): 920-932.
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2046. |
Frisco, Michelle Weden, Margaret M. Lippert, Adam M. Burnett, Kristin |
The Multidimensional Relationship Between Early Adult Body Weight and Women’s Childbearing Experiences Social Science and Medicine 74,11 (June 2012): 1703-1711. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21944717 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Childbearing; Marital Status; Obesity; Weight; Women This study has three primary goals that make an important contribution to the literature on body weight and childbearing experiences among United States’ women. It sheds light on the physiological and social nature of this relationship by examining whether the consequences of early adult weight for lifetime childbearing are shaped by historical social context, women’s social characteristics, and their ability to marry. We analyze data from two female cohorts who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79). Cohort 1 entered early adulthood before the U.S. obesity prevalence increased. Cohort 2 entered early adulthood after the obesity prevalence increased. We find that early adult weight is negatively related to the childbearing trajectories and marital status of Cohort 1 but not Cohort 2. Failing to account for race/ethnicity and women’s educational background as confounders masks some of these associations, which are evident for both White and Black women. Our results suggest that the health consequences of body weight do not fully drive its impact on childbearing. Rather, the lifetime fertility consequences of early adult weight are malleable, involve social processes, and are dependent on social context. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frisco, Michelle, Margaret M. Weden, Adam M. Lippert and Kristin Burnett. "The Multidimensional Relationship Between Early Adult Body Weight and Women’s Childbearing Experiences." Social Science and Medicine 74,11 (June 2012): 1703-1711.
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2047. |
Frisco, Michelle Weden, Margaret M. Lippert, Adam M. Burnett, Kristin |
The Shifting Burden of Body Weight for Women's Childbearing Experiences Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Childbearing; Fertility; Obesity; Weight; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Clinical research indicates that obesity impedes conception. Less is understood about population-level links between weight and women's childbearing trajectories, the social component of this association, or whether it is malleable over time. This study examines these issues. Analysis of data from the NLSY79 female sample shows how weight and childbearing trajectories are linked among two cohorts of women who experienced similar historical fertility contexts but different normative weight contexts. We find that BMI is negatively related to Cohort 1's childbearing trajectories but not Cohort 2's. These cohort differences suggest that biological factors alone do not drive the overall impact of obesity on fertility. Rather, the fertility consequences of obesity among U.S. women of childbearing age has been, and may continue to be, malleable over time and due in part to social processes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frisco, Michelle, Margaret M. Weden, Adam M. Lippert and Kristin Burnett. "The Shifting Burden of Body Weight for Women's Childbearing Experiences." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
2048. |
Frisvold, David E. Kim, Sun Hyung |
Recessions and the Labor Market Returns to Cognitive and Social Skills IZA Institute of Labor Economics published online (January 2024). Also: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep58156 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: IZA Institute of Labor Economics Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Skills; Economic Changes/Recession; Job Training; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Productivity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although recessions negatively affect labor market outcomes, we find that individuals with greater cognitive skills have been less affected by recessions since 2000 compared to those in the 1980s and 1990s. This result occurs despite a decrease in the returns to cognitive skills over the last few decades, on average. We argue that changes in the provision of employer-paid training can help explain the relative return to cognitive skills during recent recessions due to lower training costs and enhanced labor productivity. Consistent with this, we find that firms provide more training to workers with higher cognitive skills during post-2000 recessions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Frisvold, David E. and Sun Hyung Kim. "Recessions and the Labor Market Returns to Cognitive and Social Skills." IZA Institute of Labor Economics published online (January 2024).
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2049. |
Fryer, Roland G. Jr. |
Importance of Segregation, Discrimination, Peer Dynamics, and Identity In Explaining Trends in the Racial Achievement Gap NBER Working Paper Series No. w16257, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2010. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w16257.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Achievement; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Educational Returns; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Skill Formation After decades of narrowing, the achievement gap between black and white school children widened in the 1990s – a period when the labor market rewards for education were increasing. This presents an important puzzle for economists. In this chapter, I investigate the extent to which economic models of segregation, information-based discrimination, peer dynamics, and identity can explain this puzzle. Under a reasonable set of assumptions, models of peer dynamics and identity are consistent with the time-series data. Segregation and models of discrimination both contradict the trends in important ways. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fryer, Roland G. Jr. "Importance of Segregation, Discrimination, Peer Dynamics, and Identity In Explaining Trends in the Racial Achievement Gap." NBER Working Paper Series No. w16257, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2010. |
2050. |
Fryer, Roland G. Jr. |
Racial Inequality in the 21st Century: The Declining Significance of Discrimination NBER Working Paper Series No. w16256, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2010. Also: http:www.nber.org/papers/w16256.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Achievement; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP); College and Beyond, 1976; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Racial Studies There are large and important differences between blacks and whites in nearly every facet of life - earnings, unemployment, incarceration, health, and so on. This chapter contains three themes. First, relative to the 20th century, the significance of discrimination as an explanation for racial inequality across economic and social indicators has declined. Racial differences in social and economic outcomes are greatly reduced when one accounts for educational achievement; therefore, the new challenge is to understand the obstacles undermining the development of skill in black and Hispanic children in primary and secondary school. Second, analyzing ten large datasets that include children ranging in age from eight months old to seventeen years old, I demonstrate that the racial achievement gap is remarkably robust across time, samples, and particular assessments used. The gap does not exist in the first year of life, but black students fall behind quickly thereafter and observables cannot explain differences between racial groups after kindergarten. Third, we provide a brief history of efforts to close the achievement gap. There are several programs -- various early childhood interventions, more flexibility and stricter accountability for schools, data-driven instruction, smaller class sizes, certain student incentives, and bonuses for effective teachers to teach in high-need schools, which have a positive return on investment, but they cannot close the achievement gap in isolation. More promising are results from a handful of high-performing charter schools, which combine many of the investments above in a comprehensive framework and provide an "existence proof" -- demonstrating that a few simple investments can dramatically increase the achievement of even the poorest minority students. The challenge for the future is to take these examples to scale. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fryer, Roland G. Jr. "Racial Inequality in the 21st Century: The Declining Significance of Discrimination." NBER Working Paper Series No. w16256, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2010. |
2051. |
Fryer, Roland G. Jr. |
Racial Inequality in the 21st Century: The Declining Significance of Discrimination Working Paper, EdLabs & Department of Economics, Harvard University, June 18, 2010. Also: http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/fryer/files/Fryer_Racial_Inequality.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: EdLabs at Harvard University Keyword(s): Achievement; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Genetics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Racial Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Racial inequality is an American tradition. Relative to whites, blacks earn twenty-four percent less, live five fewer years, and are six times more likely to be incarcerated on a given day. Hispanics earn twenty-five percent less than whites and are three times more likely to be incarcerated. At the end of the 1990s, there were one-third more black men under the jurisdiction of the corrections system than there were enrolled in colleges or universities (Ziedenberg and Schiraldi, 2002). While the majority of barometers of economic and social progress have increased substantially since the passing of the civil rights act, large disparities between racial groups have been and continue to be an everyday part of American life. Understanding the causes of current racial inequality is a subject of intense debate. A wide variety of explanations have been put forth, which range from genetics (Jensen, 1973; Rushton, 1995) to personal and institutional discrimination (Darity and Mason, 1998; Pager, 2007; Krieger and Sidney, 1996) to the cultural backwardness of minority groups (Reuter, 1945; Shukla, 1971). Renowned sociologist William Julius Wilson argues that a potent interaction between poverty and racial discrimination can explain current disparities (Wilson, 2010). Decomposing the share of inequality attributable to these explanations is exceedingly difficult, as experiments (field, quasi-, or natural) or other means of credible identification are rarely available. Even in cases where experiments are used (i.e., audit studies), it is unclear precisely what is being measured (Heckman, 1998). The lack of success in convincingly identifying root causes of racial inequality has often reduced the debate to a competition of "name that residual" -- arbitrarily assigning identity to unexplained differences between racial groups in economic outcomes after accounting for a set of confounding factors. The residuals are often interpreted as "discrimination," "culture," "genetics," and so on. Gaining a better understanding of the root causes of racial inequality is of tremendous importance for social policy, and the purpose of this chapter. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fryer, Roland G. Jr. "Racial Inequality in the 21st Century: The Declining Significance of Discrimination." Working Paper, EdLabs & Department of Economics, Harvard University, June 18, 2010. |
2052. |
Fu, Haishan |
Health-Related Behavior and Marriage Selection: New Perspectives on an Old Question Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, January 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior; Drug Use; Event History; Family Characteristics; Gender Differences; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Disruption; Marriage; Modeling; Obesity; Physical Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors In this analysis, we focus on marriage selection on the basis of health as a logical starting point to identify the relative importance of marriage selection and marriage protection. Our goal is two-fold: first, we extend the conventional argument to recognize that marriage selection may operate on the basis of more broadly defined health-related characteristics and behaviors. rather than simply on severe physical and mental handicaps; and second, we broaden the existing marriage choice model by taking into account health components as either direct selection criteria or as mediating factors through which individual and family socioeconomic characteristics affect marriage behaviors. We address these two issues by examining the effects of health-related characteristics and behaviors on first marriage rates among young American adults based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-1991. Using event history analysis, we investigate the overall association between each of the health-related variables and marriage rates, and the effects of these health-related variables net of the influence of other health variables and of various socioeconomic factors. We also examine possible gender differentials and age effects of health-related characteristics and behaviors on marriage rates. The findings suggest that first marriage is selective on the basis of health among young adults. Specifically, marriage selection results in lower marriage rates for (1) persons with certain physical characteristics, namely obesity and short stature: and (2) for persons with unhealthy behaviors, such as heavy alcohol consumption and use of hard drugs. In contrast, the association between the presence of health limitations and first marriage rates is modest and statistically insignificant. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fu, Haishan. Health-Related Behavior and Marriage Selection: New Perspectives on an Old Question. Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, January 1995. |
2053. |
Fu, Haishan Goldman, Noreen |
Are Healthier People More Likely to Marry? An Event History Analysis Based on NLSY Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Event History; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the possible selection of men and women into first marriage based on their health status and health-related behaviors. It incorporates the economic, sociological, and sociopsychological perspectives on the marriage selection process, while adding another dimension to the existing literature by recognizing the potential importance of both the direct and mediating effects of health characteristics. Relying on individual- level prospective information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this analysis focuses on the timing of first marriage among non-Hispanic white males and females in the sample. The proposed hypotheses relating health status and health-related behaviors to the likelihood of first marriage at each age are tested by using statistical models associated with event history analysis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fu, Haishan and Noreen Goldman. "Are Healthier People More Likely to Marry? An Event History Analysis Based on NLSY." Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. |
2054. |
Fu, Haishan Goldman, Noreen |
The Association Between Health-Related Behaviours and the Risk of Divorce in the USA Journal of Biosocial Science 32,1 (January 2000): 63-88. Also: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9921&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0021932000000638 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Divorce; Drug Use; Health Factors; Height; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Obesity; Physical Characteristics; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1993, are drawn on to investigate the link between health-related variables and risks of divorce. Findings indicate that physical characteristics associated with poor health - namely, obesity and short stature - are not significantly related to risks of marital dissolution for either men or women. On the other hand, risk-taking behaviors - eg, smoking and drug use - are strongly related to higher risks of divorce for both sexes. Overall, results emphasize the need to accommodate health-related variables in the dominant economic and social psychological theories of marital dissolution. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fu, Haishan and Noreen Goldman. "The Association Between Health-Related Behaviours and the Risk of Divorce in the USA." Journal of Biosocial Science 32,1 (January 2000): 63-88.
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2055. |
Fu, Ning |
When the Honeymoon is Over: The Effects of Family Structure on Children's Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Achievements Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Achievement; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Marital Status; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation examines the effects of family structure on children's cognitive and non-cognitive achievements, using data on females and their children from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. To deal with dynamic selection into married, cohabiting or single households, I model women's relationship status, school enrollment, employment, family size, and investment in children over the life cycle. All of these behaviors, and the production of children's achievements, are estimated using a random effects joint estimation procedure, which allows the unobserved heterogeneity of the woman and her children to influence both maternal behaviors and children's outcomes. I find that, compared to growing up in single households, being born and raised in married households significantly decreases children's behavioral problems by 0.17 to 0.28 standard deviations, depending on the child's age and gender. These gains are exhibited by children under age ten. Moreover, compared to being raised in cohabiting households, growing up in continuously married households decreases girls' behavioral problems by 0.4 standard deviations, during ages four to six. In addition to measuring causal marginal effects of family structure, this dissertation uses simulation to evaluate how various policy interventions, including marriage promotion, maternal education promotion, and parenting skills training, could potentially impact children's cognitive and non-cognitive achievements differently. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fu, Ning. When the Honeymoon is Over: The Effects of Family Structure on Children's Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Achievements. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2017. |
2056. |
Fu, Xiaomin |
Essays in Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Marital Status; Noncognitive Skills; Wages, Men; Workers Ability Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation presents two essays in labor economics. In the first essay, I study employer learning in a labor market with dynamic statistical discrimination on the basis of time-varying worker characteristics such as marital status. In the second essay, I explore the relationship between workplace flexibility and worker and occupation characteristics. These essays provide insights into the information frictions in the labor market and the cost of providing job amenities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fu, Xiaomin. Essays in Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2017. |
2057. |
Fulco, Celia J. |
Time-Varying Outcomes Associated with Maternal Age at First Birth M.S. Thesis, Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Educational Attainment; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers; Poverty; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Those who become mothers early in life face poorer outcomes related to social, economic, educational, and health factors for both mother and child. The literature often uses teenage and "early" parenting interchangeably as predictors of associated outcomes. However, changing the operational definition of early motherhood to include those who are 19 and under, 22 and under, or 25 and under does not significantly alter results that show younger mothers having worse economic outcomes, comparatively (Gibb, Fergusson, Horwood, & Boden, 2014). In response to the tendency of using age at first birth as a categorical predictor of outcomes, the time-varying relationship between maternal age at first birth and socioeconomic and parenting outcomes was examined using longitudinal data. A time-varying effect model was employed to display average level of education, home/parenting quality scores, and the odds of poverty as a function of maternal age at first birth, controlling for race/ethnicity and having the father in the child's household. We used data from a national longitudinal study of mothers who participated in the Child and Young Adult cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Peak scores for all outcomes were observed around maternal age of 30 for all three initial models. Parenting and home quality gradually improved until late 20's when scores appeared to level out throughout the 30's. Highest grade completed increased until just after age 30 then dipped again around age 40. The odds of poverty decreased until about age 30 then leveled out. Controlling for father's presence in the household and race/ethnicity shifted all three selected effects. Overall, earlier maternal age at first birth was associated with incrementally decreasing parenting and home quality, lower educational attainment, and greater likelihood of poverty status. The results highlight the problematic nature of utilizing categorical (e.g., teenage vs. non-teenage) age groups to predict maternal and child outcomes. In fact, results of this study suggest that optimal socioeconomic and parenting outcomes level out around age 30 for this nationally representative sample. Current trends in psychological, developmental, and economic research should consider curvilinear patterns of outcomes related to maternal age at first birth rather than relying on categorical comparisons of age groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fulco, Celia J. Time-Varying Outcomes Associated with Maternal Age at First Birth. M.S. Thesis, Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, 2018. |
2058. |
Fulco, Celia J. Henry, Kimberly L. Rickard, Kathryn M. Yuma, Paula J. |
Time-Varying Outcomes Associated With Maternal Age at First Birth Journal of Child and Family Studies published online (11 October 2019): DOI: 10.1007/s10826-019-01616-0. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-019-01616-0 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Educational Attainment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Income; Parenting Skills/Styles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: The operational definition of early motherhood remains equivocal across the literature. In response to the tendency of using age at first birth as a categorical predictor in previous research, the time-varying relationship between maternal age at first birth and socioeconomic and parenting/home outcomes was examined using longitudinal data. Methods: Time-varying effect models were employed to examine educational attainment, home/parenting quality scores, and annual income as a function of age at first birth, controlling for race/ethnicity and presence of the father in the household during child ages 6–9. Results: Peak scores for outcomes were observed around maternal age 30 in all three models. Parenting/home quality improved with maternal age at first birth until mothers reached the late 20’s, when scores appeared to level out. Highest grade completed increased until just after age 30. Total annual income increased considerably until about age 30 then leveled out, although the plateau may be due to reduced sample size at the most advanced maternal ages. Father presence in the household and race/ethnicity were associated with all three outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fulco, Celia J., Kimberly L. Henry, Kathryn M. Rickard and Paula J. Yuma. "Time-Varying Outcomes Associated With Maternal Age at First Birth." Journal of Child and Family Studies published online (11 October 2019): DOI: 10.1007/s10826-019-01616-0.
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2059. |
Fuller, Sylvia |
Broken Ladders or Boundaryless Careers? Job Instability and Worker Well Being Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers: The State University Of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2004. DAI-A 65/06, p. 2383, Dec 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Job Turnover; Layoffs; Modeling, Multilevel; Quits Since the 1980s, job stability for American workers has been falling as employers pursue increased flexibility in employment systems. Traditionally vulnerable groups such as young workers and blacks have experienced the largest increase in instability, but even hitherto stable workers such as older managers and professionals have been affected. This dissertation investigates the economic consequences of employment instability for workers by analyzing longitudinal work history data from the 1979 to 2000 waves of the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth with multi-level regression techniques. The study found that working for more employers for shorter periods was generally harmful. However, the penalties of job instability varied according to the pattern of job change, individual characteristics, social location, and work context. Different groups of workers varied both in their overall level of job mobility and in the relative proportion of job changes of different types (layoffs, discharges, quits for family reasons and quits for economic reasons) they tended to undergo, and this had clear economic consequences. However, analyses also revealed that these consequences were themselves mediated by social location and social context, albeit in ways that often differed significantly for men and women. The dissertation concludes that such variation challenges dominant approaches to studying workplace restructuring that focus on average effects. Instead, the dissertation argues for an approach that is sensitive to differences in how new patterns of employment are experienced. In so doing, it draws from and further develops insights from a variety of theoretical traditions including human capital and job mobility approaches from economics, sociological work on how social, economic, and cultural frameworks shape labor market processes, and feminist research on the links between changing employment relationships and sex/gender inequalities both inside and outside of the labor market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fuller, Sylvia. Broken Ladders or Boundaryless Careers? Job Instability and Worker Well Being. Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers: The State University Of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2004. DAI-A 65/06, p. 2383, Dec 2004. |
2060. |
Fuller, Sylvia |
Job Mobility and Wage Trajectories for Men and Women in the United States American Sociological Review 73,1 (February 2008): 158-183. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25472518 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Labor Supply; Mobility, Occupational; Modeling; Wage Equations; Wage Rates; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Young American workers typically change employers many times in the course of establishing their careers. This article examines the consequences of this mobility for wage inequalities between and among men and women. Using multilevel modeling and data from the 1979 to 2002 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), I disentangle the various ways in which mobility shapes the trajectories of wage growth. Findings caution against accepting the adequacy of prevalent economic models of mobility--models that tend to isolate individual workers' moves from broader patterns of work history and that treat mobility as a decontextualized individual choice. Although workers who frequently switch employers generally end up earning less than their more-stable counterparts, the type, timing, and relative level of changes strongly affect the ultimate wage differential. Differences in the degree of men's and women's labor-force attachment and family circumstances are also influential. Workers who are less attached to the labor force benefit less from changing employers, and women who are married or have children also tend to experience less-favorable mobility-wage outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of American Sociological Review is the property of American Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright |
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Bibliography Citation
Fuller, Sylvia. "Job Mobility and Wage Trajectories for Men and Women in the United States." American Sociological Review 73,1 (February 2008): 158-183.
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2061. |
Fung, Lily Chia-Ning |
The Minimum Wage and Gender Differences in the Employment of Young Adults M.A. Thesis, California State University - Fullerton, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Industrial Relations; Minimum Wage; Wages, Women This study analyzes the possible differences in the effects of minimum wage increases on the probabilities of continued employment for young female and male adults. The study is conducted by using panel data on individuals collected from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The findings show that the effects of increased federal minimum wages in 1990 and 1991 on the probability of continued employment were statistically insignificant and small for young female adults who were earning near the current minimum wage. However, minimum wage increases had small but sometimes positive and statistically significant effects on employment probabilities of young male workers. Employment probabilities of low-wage young adult female workers were reduced when the federal minimum wage increased in 1990 and 1991. Meanwhile, employment probabilities of young adult male workers showed a slight improvement when the minimum wage increased in 1990 and 1991. |
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Bibliography Citation
Fung, Lily Chia-Ning. The Minimum Wage and Gender Differences in the Employment of Young Adults. M.A. Thesis, California State University - Fullerton, 1997. |
2062. |
Furedy, John J. |
Race Studies: Contentious, But Legitimate, Science Research Into Heredity and IQ Is Valid; How The Results Are Used Is Another Matter Toronto Star, December 10, 1994, Arts; Pg. K19 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Toronto Star Newspapers Limited Keyword(s): I.Q.; Racial Differences; Racial Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This is a book review of Herrnstein and Murray's "The Bell Curve," which utilizes NLSY 79 data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Furedy, John J. "Race Studies: Contentious, But Legitimate, Science Research Into Heredity and IQ Is Valid; How The Results Are Used Is Another Matter." Toronto Star, December 10, 1994, Arts; Pg. K19. |
2063. |
Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. |
As the Pendulum Swings: Teenage Childbearing and Social Concern Family Relations 40,2 (April 1991): 127-138. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/585470 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Data Quality/Consistency; Demography; Heterogeneity; Poverty; Pregnancy, Adolescent Argues against conclusions drawn by Geronimus from analysis of sisters in the NLSY. This article assesses the evidence for revisionist views of teenage childbearing. These theories suggest that the perception of teenage pregnancy as a growing social problem has been caused by the political agendas of certain interest groups; the consequences of early childbearing have been exaggerated; and that pregnancy among disadvantaged teens may be an adaptive response to poverty. The article first considers demographic patterns and fertility trends that point to why teenage pregnancy and childbearing was regarded as a growing problem in the 1970s. Next, the consequences of early childbearing are considered. Finally, the notion that early childbearing is the desired outcome of a rational choice is considered in light of survey and ethnographic data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. "As the Pendulum Swings: Teenage Childbearing and Social Concern." Family Relations 40,2 (April 1991): 127-138.
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2064. |
Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. |
Teenage Childbearing and Cultural Rationality: A Thesis in Search of Evidence Family Relations 41,2 (April 1992): 239-243. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/584839 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Fertility This article is one of two that continue the dialogue begun by this publication of the Frank Furstenberg, Jr. article titled, "As the Pendulum Swings: Teenage Childbearing and Social Concern," (April) 1991, pp. 127-138, and the Arline Geronimus article titled "Teenage Childbearing and Social and Reproductive Disadvantage: The Evolution of Complex Questions and the Demise of Simple Answers," (October) 1991, pp. 463-471. Here, Furstenberg replies to Geronimus' comments in re: Furstenberg's misresentation of Geronimus' thesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. "Teenage Childbearing and Cultural Rationality: A Thesis in Search of Evidence." Family Relations 41,2 (April 1992): 239-243.
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2065. |
Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Morgan, S. Philip |
Adolescent Mothers and Their Children in Later Life Family Planning Perspectives 19,4 (July-August 1987): 142-151. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135159 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Children; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; First Birth; Marital Status; Mothers, Adolescent; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Socioeconomic Status (SES); Teenagers; Work Attachment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Reviews the results of a longitudinal study of over 300 primarily urban black women who gave birth as adolescents in the 1960s with follow-up results obtained from reinterviews in 1972 and 1984 with both the mothers and their then teenage children. This study found that a substantial majority of the mothers completed high school, found regular employment, and escaped dependence on public assistance. However, while many teenage mothers do break out of the cycle of poverty, the majority did not fare as well as they would have had they been able to postpone parenthood. Data from the 1982 NLSY, 1983 Current Population Survey, and 1982 National Survey of Family Growth are used to provide comparisons with national samples of women. Interviews with the teenage children of the mothers originally interviewed in 1966 revealed that: (1) mother's economic status had pervasive effects on the child's academic performance; (2) receipt of welfare in the first five years after the child's birth had a negative impact on preschool behavior and temperament; and (3) mother's marital status was clearly associated with poor academic performance and behavior problems among adolescents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr., Jeanne Brooks-Gunn and S. Philip Morgan. "Adolescent Mothers and Their Children in Later Life." Family Planning Perspectives 19,4 (July-August 1987): 142-151.
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2066. |
Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. Levine, Judith A. Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne |
The Children of Teenage Mothers: Patterns of Early Childbearing in Two Generations Family Planning Perspectives 22,2 (March-April 1990): 54-61. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135509 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Inner-City; Mothers and Daughters; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Teenagers; Underclass Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Twenty years after a mostly black group of Baltimore women became adolescent mothers, the majority of their first-born children had not become adolescent parents, a finding that challenges the popular belief that the offspring of teenage mothers are themselves destined to become adolescent parents. Almost all of the offspring had had intercourse by age 19. About half of the young women had experienced a pregnancy before that age, and approximately one-third of the young men reported having impregnated a partner before age 19. The Baltimore youths were just as likely to have had a live birth before age 19 as were the children of teenage mothers in a national sample of urban blacks, and both of these groups were more likely to have done so than were the children of older mothers in the national sample. In the Baltimore sample, maternal welfare experience only increased a daughter's likelihood of early childbearing if welfare was received during her teenage years. Within the Baltimore sample, a direct comparison of the daughters who became adolescent mothers with their own mothers at a comparable age reveals that the daughters have bleaker educational and financial prospects than their mothers had, and are less likely to ever have married. These results suggest that today's teenage parents may be less likely than were previous cohorts of adolescent mothers to overcome the handicaps of early childbearing. This trend could portend the growth of an urban underclass, even though only a minority of the offspring of teenage mothers go on to become adolescent parents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr., Judith A. Levine and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. "The Children of Teenage Mothers: Patterns of Early Childbearing in Two Generations." Family Planning Perspectives 22,2 (March-April 1990): 54-61.
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2067. |
Gabay-Egozi, Limor Park, Hyunjoon Yaish, Meir |
A Tale of Two Cohorts: Educational Differentials in Labor Market Outcomes Cumulated over the Early Life Course Presented: Atlanta GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Income; Labor Market Outcomes; Unions; Work Histories; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Literature highlights increasingly prolonged and uncertain processes of transition to adulthood and particularly increased challenge in making transition to stable and regular work, in the context of rising economic inequality and restructuring. Following two NLS cohorts who entered the labor market in 1980s and 2000s, respectively, we compare four key labor market outcomes -- annual income, work hours, numbers of transitions in and out of the labor force, and years covered by union, cumulated between ages 22 and 35. We focus on differences in cumulative outcomes between the more- and less-educated and how the educational gaps differ between two cohorts. The younger cohort, both men and women, cumulates less income, works more hours, has more frequent in/out of the labor force, and has less years covered by union than their older counterpart. Educational gaps are mostly similar between two cohorts or slightly smaller for the younger than older cohort. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gabay-Egozi, Limor, Hyunjoon Park and Meir Yaish. "A Tale of Two Cohorts: Educational Differentials in Labor Market Outcomes Cumulated over the Early Life Course." Presented: Atlanta GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2022. |
2068. |
Gabriel, Paul E. |
A Longitudinal Examination of Earnings Inequality and Mobility Among Young, Full-Time Workers in the United States Social Science Journal 42,4 (2005): 603-607. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362331905000741 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Earnings; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Wage Equations; Wage Gap This paper analyzes longitudinal data on earnings inequality and mobility for young, year-round full-time wage and salary workers in the United States. In general, we find that although real earnings across quintiles increased during the 1990s, earnings inequality continued to grow and upward earnings mobility declined slightly during the decade. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gabriel, Paul E. "A Longitudinal Examination of Earnings Inequality and Mobility Among Young, Full-Time Workers in the United States." Social Science Journal 42,4 (2005): 603-607.
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2069. |
Gabriel, Paul E. |
Differences in Earnings, Skills and Labour Market Experience Among Young Black and White Men Applied Economics Letters 11,6 (2004): 337-342. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1350485042000228150 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Earnings; Racial Differences; Skills; Wage Gap; Work Experience This study examines the role of racial differences in skills and labour market experience on recent earnings differences between young black and white men. Our analysis of the 2000 sample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort (NLSY79), indicates that nearly all of the earnings gap between black and white men can be accounted for with a relatively parsimonious empirical model. In particular, it finds that approximately 44% of the racial earnings gap results from higher average skill and work experience levels of white men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Gabriel, Paul E. "Differences in Earnings, Skills and Labour Market Experience Among Young Black and White Men." Applied Economics Letters 11,6 (2004): 337-342.
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2070. |
Gabriel, Paul E. Haugen, Steven E. |
An Examination of Occupational Mobility among Full-Time Workers Monthly Labor Review 126,9 (September 2003): 32-40. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2003/09/art2abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Earnings; Gender Differences; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Choice; Transition, Job to Job As workers approached mid-career in the late 1990s, they saw an increase in their occupational stability; however, mobility rates varied between men and women in certain occupations There is extensive literature on the processes that influence the occupational choices of workers. However, less attention is devoted to examining the rate at which workers move from one occupation to another. Fortunately, the availability of panel data sets makes it possible to measure the extent that workers shift jobs within the occupational distribution over time. This study explores recent trends in occupational mobility among full-time wage and salary workers in the United States as they move from young labor market entrants to their approach to mid-career. Our objective is to determine if their occupational mobility rates changed over time, and then to compare occupational mobility rates by gender. The results of our analysis can provide an additional perspective on the recent increase in wage disparities between high- and low-income workers, an increase that has been well documented. In terms of equity, the recent increase in earnings inequality is generally viewed with concern among policymakers. However, several studies have suggested that an increase in labor-market mobility may actually counterbalance the growth in earnings inequality. This argument asserts that flexible labor markets provide ample opportunity for upward (and downward) mobility. Consequently, if an increase in the propensity of low-wage workers moves into higher-paying occupations, lifetime earnings inequality may be reduced in spite of increases in annual cross-sectional measures of labor-market inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gabriel, Paul E. and Steven E. Haugen. "An Examination of Occupational Mobility among Full-Time Workers." Monthly Labor Review 126,9 (September 2003): 32-40.
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2071. |
Gabriel, Paul E. Schmitz, Susanne |
A Longitudinal Analysis of the Union Wage Premium for US Workers Applied Economics Letters 21,7 (May 2014): 487-489. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13504851.2013.868583#.Uw49_xDvDpV Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Unions; Wages Estimates of the union wage premium for US workers are presented based on longitudinal data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Our results indicate that the long-term private-sector union wage premium for men has remained fairly steady at nearly 22% over the period 1990 to 2010. For women, the wage premium exhibits greater volatility, although no clear downward trend, and is approximately one-half of the male premium. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gabriel, Paul E. and Susanne Schmitz. "A Longitudinal Analysis of the Union Wage Premium for US Workers." Applied Economics Letters 21,7 (May 2014): 487-489.
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2072. |
Gabriel, Paul E. Schmitz, Susanne |
Are Estimates of Racial Wage Discrimination Influenced by Labor Market Conditions? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey Applied Economics Letters published online (11 October 2019): DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2019.1676377. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504851.2019.1676377 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Discrimination; Racial Equality/Inequality; Unemployment Rate; Wage Gap Wage decomposition analysis of recent earnings data for men from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth reveals that estimates of racial wage discrimination, measured by the portion of the wage gap not resulting from human capital differences, are directly related to the black male unemployment rate. Our results indicate that deteriorating labour market conditions contribute to racial wage inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gabriel, Paul E. and Susanne Schmitz. "Are Estimates of Racial Wage Discrimination Influenced by Labor Market Conditions? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey." Applied Economics Letters published online (11 October 2019): DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2019.1676377.
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2073. |
Gabriel, Paul E. Schmitz, Susanne |
Favorable Self-Selection and the Internal Migration of Young White Males in the United States Journal of Human Resources 30,3 (Summer 1995): 460-471. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146031 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Economics, Demographic; Economics, Regional; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Labor Market, Secondary; Migration; Regions; Rural/Urban Differences; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Wage Differentials This study offers an alternative empirical technique to test whether the favorable self-selection hypothesis applies to internal migrants in the United States. The authors' empirical specification attempts to determine if prospective migrants possess unobserved traits, such as higher ability or motivation, that influence their earnings potential relative to nonmigrants. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data for 1985 through 1991, they find some support for the favorable self-selection hypothesis for white males who move from one standard metropolitan statistical area to another. Prior to their move, prospective migrants enjoy a consistent advantage in annual wage and salary income relative to nonmigrants with similar earnings-related characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gabriel, Paul E. and Susanne Schmitz. "Favorable Self-Selection and the Internal Migration of Young White Males in the United States." Journal of Human Resources 30,3 (Summer 1995): 460-471.
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2074. |
Gabriel, Paul E. Schmitz, Susanne |
Gender Differences in Occupational Distributions Among Workers Monthly Labor Review 130,6 (June 2007): 19-24. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2007/06/art2full.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Occupational Attainment An investigation of gender differences in occupational attainment of prime-age U.S. workers reveals that such differences do exist, especially among women, but apparently are the results of voluntary choices and long-term changes in the labor market. DO WOMEN AND MEN ENCOUNTER unequal employment prospects across occupations, given their personal characteristics? Empirical evidence presented in this article indicates that gender differences in occupational distributions remained stable during the 1990s at levels comparable to those of the 1980s. The multinomial logit model of occupational attainment set forth here also detected a significant shift of women across occupational categories if their characteristics are evaluated according to the men's occupational structure. These shifts did not change significantly throughout the 1990s and are similar to comparable estimates from the late 1970s and 1980s. A more detailed examination of the occupational shifts occupational distribution predicts a movement of women from white-collar to blue-collar jobs. This is unlikely, however, especially in light of recent literature on occupational employment patterns and choice by gender. Thus, U.S. women in their thirties and forties do not appear to encounter significant levels of involuntary segregation across broad occupational categories. Although gender differences in occupational attainment persist, they apparently result from voluntary choices of men and women and from long-term changes in labor markets, such as the simultaneous growth of white-collar occupations and women's labor force participation rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gabriel, Paul E. and Susanne Schmitz. "Gender Differences in Occupational Distributions Among Workers." Monthly Labor Review 130,6 (June 2007): 19-24.
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2075. |
Gabriel, Paul E. Williams, Donald R. Schmitz, Susanne |
The Relative Occupational Attainment of Young Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics Southern Economic Journal 57,1 (July 1990): 35-46. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1060476 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Minorities, Youth; Occupational Attainment; Occupational Segregation; Racial Differences The proposition is examined that young blacks and Hispanics encounter discrimination resulting in occupational segregation in the labor market. A multinomial logit model was utilized to construct hypothetical occupational distributions for young black and Hispanic males and females, based on estimated white male and female occupational structures from the NLSY. A comparison of hypothetical distributions with actual distributions permitted an estimate of the extent to which minority youth face different processes for occupational attainment than whites. The findings suggest that, for all minority cohorts examined, occupational distributions improved when adjusted to the white occupational structure. Overall, the impact of disparate treatment on occupational segregation was most pronounced for black males and least pronounced for Hispanic females. The difference was statistically significant only for black males. It is noticed that policy measures designed to decrease occupational segregation among black males should focus on the unionized sectors of the economy. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Gabriel, Paul E., Donald R. Williams and Susanne Schmitz. "The Relative Occupational Attainment of Young Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics ." Southern Economic Journal 57,1 (July 1990): 35-46.
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2076. |
Galindo da Fonseca, Joao Alfredo Gallipoli, Giovanni Yedid-Levi, Yaniv |
Match Quality and Contractual Sorting Labour Economics 66 (October 2020): 101899. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537120301032 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Job Characteristics; Performance pay; Wage Determination This paper examines the impact of match-specific heterogeneity on compensation arrangements. In a stylized contractual choice problem we show that employers may have an incentive to offer performance-based contracts when match-specific productivity is high. We test the empirical content of this hypothesis using the NLSY79, which contains information about individual job histories and performance pay. We find that better match quality does affect pay arrangements, employment durations and wage cyclicality. Direct evidence on the accrual of job offers to workers lends support to the hypothesis that employers use performance-related compensation to preserve high-quality matches. |
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Bibliography Citation
Galindo da Fonseca, Joao Alfredo, Giovanni Gallipoli and Yaniv Yedid-Levi. "Match Quality and Contractual Sorting." Labour Economics 66 (October 2020): 101899.
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2077. |
Galizzi, Monica |
On the Recurrence of Occupational Injuries and Workers' Compensation Claims Health Economics 22,5 (May 2013): 582-599. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.2829/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Health Factors; Injuries, Workplace; Labor Force Participation; Occupations; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper represents the first study to estimate counts of individual occupational injuries and claims over long spells of working life (up to 13 years) in the USA. It explores data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. I found that 37% of all surveyed workers who had experienced one on-the-job accident reported at least one additional injury, but only 56% of all occupational injuries and illnesses resulted in workers' compensation claims. I estimated different count models to assess the effect of different individual worker and job characteristics on individual injury counts and workers' compensation claims counts. Lower educational levels, less tenure, work in dangerous industries and unskilled occupations, and job demands are found to be important determinants of multiple on-the-job injuries. The most interesting results, however, refer to the role played by individuals' pre-injury characteristics: early exposure to dangerous jobs is among the main determinants of higher counts of occupational injuries later in life. Early health limitations are also significant predictors of recurrent workers' compensation claims. These results provide new evidence about the important role played by both the health and the socioeconomic status of young people as determinants of their future occupational injuries. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Bibliography Citation
Galizzi, Monica. "On the Recurrence of Occupational Injuries and Workers' Compensation Claims." Health Economics 22,5 (May 2013): 582-599.
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2078. |
Galizzi, Monica Tempesti, Tommaso |
Workers' Risk Tolerance and Occupational Injuries Risk Analysis 35,10 (October 2015): 1858-1875. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/risa.12364/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Accidents; Cognitive Ability; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Injuries, Workplace; Noncognitive Skills; Risk Perception; Risk-Taking; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study explores the relationship between individuals' risk tolerance and occupational injuries. We analyze data from a national representative survey of U.S. workers that includes information about injuries, risk tolerance, cognitive and noncognitive attributes, and risky behaviors. We measure risk tolerance through questions regarding individuals' willingness to gamble on their lifetime income. We estimate zero-inflated count models to assess the role played by such measures on workers' recurrent injuries. We discuss some implications of our results for future research and occupational safety policies. Our results highlight the concurrent and changing role played by individual, work, and environmental factors in explaining recurrent incidents. They show that risk tolerance affects recurrent injuries, although not in the direction that proponents of the concept of proneness would expect. Our measure of risk aversion shows that individuals who are somewhat more risk tolerant have fewer recurrent injuries than those who are risk averse. But the estimated relationship is U-shaped, not monotonic and, therefore, not easy to predict. At the same time, we find that individuals' "revealed risk preferences"--specific risky behavior--are related to higher injury probabilities. Demanding working conditions, measures of socioeconomic status, health, and safety problems experienced by workers during their youth remain among the most important factors explaining the phenomena of recurrent injuries. So our results contribute also to the important debate about the relationship between health and socioeconomic status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Galizzi, Monica and Tommaso Tempesti. "Workers' Risk Tolerance and Occupational Injuries." Risk Analysis 35,10 (October 2015): 1858-1875.
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2079. |
Galizzi, Monica Zagorsky, Jay L. |
How Do On-the-Job Injuries and Illnesses Impact Wealth? Labour Economics 16,1 (January 2009): 26-36. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537108000171 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Benefits; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Heterogeneity; Illnesses; Income; Income Distribution; Injuries, Workplace; Unemployment Compensation; Wage Differentials; Wealth; Well-Being This research focuses on one neglected area of workers' compensation research, the effect of injury and illness on net worth. We track participants in the NLSY79: one-third of these baby boomers were hurt at work, but 38% of them did not file for workers' compensation. We find that the typical young baby boomer who is never injured has both much higher absolute wealth and wealth growth rates than boomers who are ever injured. Regression results that control for unobserved heterogeneity suggest, however, that the injury does not predict lower wealth unless workers have reported wage losses or spells off work because of their accidents. For these employees wealth is dramatically reduced, regardless of their participation in the workers' compensation system. We also find that injured workers significantly reduce their consumption over time. These results raise new questions about the adequacy of workers' compensation benefits and the quality of jobs injured workers are able to return to. They suggest that sudden health problems caused by occupational injuries may affect more than employers' costs and individuals' incomes; they may have also wider and longer lasting consequences in term of families' wealth and well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Galizzi, Monica and Jay L. Zagorsky. "How Do On-the-Job Injuries and Illnesses Impact Wealth?" Labour Economics 16,1 (January 2009): 26-36.
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2080. |
Gallagher, Maggie |
Fatherless Boys Grow Up Into Dangerous Men Wall Street Journal, (1 December 1998): A,22,3 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Dow Jones, Inc. Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Divorce; Family Formation; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Parents, Single; Poverty; Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Gallagher (by-line) an affiliate scholar at the Institute for American Values and a nationally syndicated columnist writes: "Coincidence? Between 1980 and 1990 the homicide arrest rate for juveniles jumped 87%. Following rapid changes in family formation in the 1970s, youth violence rose sharply in the 1980s and '90s, even while it declined for adults over age 25. Such correlations are merely hints that fatherlessness causes crime. Until recently, scientific evidence has been hard to come by. Researchers had long suspected a link between father absence and crime, but few had access to the kind of large nationally representative database needed to rule out alternative theories. Since boys raised by single parents disproportionately come from disadvantaged backgrounds, maybe it was not fatherlessness but poverty or discrimination that put them at risk of crime. Nor could most of these earlier studies distinguish between different sorts of disrupted families: Was it just children of unwed mothers who were at risk, or did divorce have similarly negative effects? Is a stepfather as good as a biological dad? How much does remarriage, which dramatically raises family income, do to restore to children the protection of a two-parent home? To answer questions like these, Cynthia Harper, a demographer at the department of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of California, San Francisco, along with Princeton's Sara McLanahan, one of the nation's top family scholars, undertook what few researchers had in the past: a longitudinal look at how family structure affects serious crime, using a large national database, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Their study offers a unique opportunity to calculate the true costs of family breakdown and to compare different theories about the "root causes" of crime." |
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Bibliography Citation
Gallagher, Maggie. "Fatherless Boys Grow Up Into Dangerous Men." Wall Street Journal, (1 December 1998): A,22,3. |
2081. |
Gallipoli, Giovanni Yedid-Levi, Yaniv |
Revisiting the Relationship Between Unemployment and Wages Presented: Chicago IL, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Occupations; Performance pay; Unemployment Rate; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We investigate the empirical relationship between wages and labor market conditions. Following work histories in the NLSY79 we document that the relationship between wages and unemployment rate differs across occupations. The results hold after controlling for unobserved match quality. This suggests that evidence about history dependence of wages obtained from pooled samples conceals significant differences and provides an imprecise description of earning dynamics. We examine these discrepancies and offer new evidence suggesting that the sensitivity of wages to current unemployment is linked to the prevalence of performance pay. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gallipoli, Giovanni and Yaniv Yedid-Levi. "Revisiting the Relationship Between Unemployment and Wages." Presented: Chicago IL, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2017. |
2082. |
Gan, Li Gong, Guan |
Estimating Interdependence Between Health and Education in a Dynamic Model Working Paper No. 12830. National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2007. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w12830 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Health Care; Health Factors; Health Reform; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling This paper investigates to what extent and through which channels that health and educational attainment are interdependent. A dynamic model of schooling, work, health expenditure, and savings is developed. The structural framework explicitly models two existing hypotheses on the correlation between health and education. The estimation results strongly support the interdependence between health and education. In particular, the estimated model indicates that an individual's education, health expenditure, and previous health status all affect his health status. Moreover, the individual's health status affects his mortality rate, wage, home production, and academic success. On average, having been sick before age 21 decreases the individual's education by 1.4 years. Policy experiments indicate that a health expenditure subsidy would have a larger impact on educational attainment than a tuition subsidy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gan, Li and Guan Gong. "Estimating Interdependence Between Health and Education in a Dynamic Model." Working Paper No. 12830. National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2007. |
2083. |
Gan, Li Shin, Jaeun Li, Qi |
Initial Wage, Human Capital and Post Wage Differentials Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics 51 (December 2010): 79-97. Also: http://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/handle/10086/18778 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Hitotsubashi University Keyword(s): Human Capital; Job Productivity; Wage Determination; Wage Dynamics; Wage Models Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Insufficiency in information with which firms judge the productivity of a worker for the first time in the market creates more randomness in initial wages than in later wages. This paper examines whether the initial randomness in wages may have a persistent effect on post wages. We set up a human capital accumulation in which an individual may respond to the positive error in initial wage by adjusting hours worked thereafter in her career, and consequently may receive higher future wages than those who draw a negative error in initial wages but otherwise are equivalent. The model predicts that the initial wage, in particular, its random component, is a persistently important factor having positive effect on future wages. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79, we find empirical evidence that this effect is indeed positive and persists even after 20 years since the initial entry to labor market. The decomposition of initial wages by both parametric and nonparametric IV methods further shows that this effect is derived by the random component, not the observable component, of the initial wage. It implies that the observed cross-sectional wage variation within group can be accounted for the initial randomness in wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gan, Li, Jaeun Shin and Qi Li. "Initial Wage, Human Capital and Post Wage Differentials." Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics 51 (December 2010): 79-97.
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2084. |
Gan, Li Wang, Yingning |
Residential Mobility, Neighborhood Effects, and Educational Attainment of Blacks and Whites Working Paper, Department of Economics, Texas A&M University, December 2010. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Texas A&M University Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Geocoded Data; Mobility, Residential; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper proposes a new model to identify if and how much the educational attainment gap between blacks and whites is due to the difference in their neighborhoods. In this model, individuals belong to two unobserved types: the endogenous type who may move in response to the neighborhood effect on their education; or the exogenous type who may move for reasons unrelated to education. The Heckman sample selection model becomes a special case of the current model in which the probability of one type of individuals is zero. Although we cannot find any significant neighborhood effect in the usual Heckman sample selection model, we do find heterogeneous effects in our two-type model. In particular, there is a substantial neighborhood effect for the movers who belong to the endogenous type. No significant effects exist for other groups. We also find that the endogenous type has more education and moves more often than the exogenous type. On average, we find that the neighborhood variable, the percentage of high school graduates in the neighborhood, accounts for about 28.96% of the education gap between blacks and whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gan, Li and Yingning Wang. "Residential Mobility, Neighborhood Effects, and Educational Attainment of Blacks and Whites." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Texas A&M University, December 2010. |
2085. |
Gangl, Markus Ziefle, Andrea |
Motherhood, Labor Force Behavior, and Women's Careers: An Empirical Assessment of the Wage Penalty for Motherhood in Britain, Germany, and the United States Demography 46,2 (May 2009): 341-369. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/v826x34734746775/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Career Patterns; Cross-national Analysis; Discrimination, Sex; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Motherhood; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using harmonized longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we trace career prospects after motherhood for five cohorts of American, British, and West German women around the 1960s. We establish wage penalties for motherhood between 9% and 18% per child, with wage losses among American and British mothers being lower than those experienced by mothers in Germany. Labor market mechanisms generating the observed wage penalty for motherhood differ markedly across countries, however. For British and American women, work interruptions and subsequent mobility into mother-friendly jobs fully account for mothers' wage losses. In contrast, respective penalties are considerably smaller in Germany, yet we observe a substantial residual wage penalty that is unaccounted for by mothers' observable labor market behavior. We interpret this finding as indicating a comparatively more pronounced role for statistical discrimination against mothers in the German labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Gangl, Markus and Andrea Ziefle. "Motherhood, Labor Force Behavior, and Women's Careers: An Empirical Assessment of the Wage Penalty for Motherhood in Britain, Germany, and the United States." Demography 46,2 (May 2009): 341-369.
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2086. |
Gangl, Markus Ziefle, Andrea |
Women's Cost of Child Care Breaks in Britain, Germany and the United States Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Career Patterns; Child Care; Cross-national Analysis; Discrimination, Sex; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Motherhood; Wage Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The paper uses harmonized panel data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to address cross-national variation in the wage penalty associated with mothers' work interruptions due to child care. We establish significant and permanent wage losses due to child care breaks in all three countries under study, yet wage losses for mothers in Germany are less than half the U.S. figures. The key factor behind this result is the fact that women's post-birth mobility into more mother-friendly jobs generates significant wage cost to Ameri-can mothers, whereas, particularly among German mothers, job shifts are far less frequent and when occurring, typically associated with smaller wage losses. Nevertheless, child care breaks carry a significant wage penalty due to stigma effects in all three countries under study. Also, the total wage cost women are prepared to accept for childrearing is remarkably similar in the three countries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gangl, Markus and Andrea Ziefle. "Women's Cost of Child Care Breaks in Britain, Germany and the United States." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 2006. |
2087. |
Ganzach, Yoav |
A Dynamic Analysis of the Effects of Intelligence and Socioeconomic Background on Job-Market Success Intelligence 39,2-3 (March-April 2011): 120-129. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289611000237 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Educational Attainment; Intelligence; Mobility; Socioeconomic Background; Wage Growth; Wage Models We compare the effects of socioeconomic background (SEB) and intelligence on wage trajectories in a dynamic growth modeling framework in a sample that had completed just 12 years of education. I show that the main difference between the two is that SEB affected wages solely by its effect on entry pay whereas intelligence affected wages primarily by its effect on mobility. I argue that a major issue that has been at the center of the debate about the roles of intelligence and SEB in social success -- the difficulty in accurately measuring SEB -- is to a large extent resolved by these results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav. "A Dynamic Analysis of the Effects of Intelligence and Socioeconomic Background on Job-Market Success." Intelligence 39,2-3 (March-April 2011): 120-129.
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2088. |
Ganzach, Yoav |
Adolescents’ Intelligence Is Related to Family Income Personality and Individual Differences 59 (March 2014): 112-115. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691301341X Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; Family Income; Intelligence; Parental Influences In a recent article Lemos, Almeida & Colom (LAC, 2011) argued that adolescents’ intelligence is related to parents’ educational levels but not to family income. We examine their finding in two large, nationally representative American samples and find that in these samples (log) income had a strong positive relationship with intelligence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav. "Adolescents’ Intelligence Is Related to Family Income." Personality and Individual Differences 59 (March 2014): 112-115.
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2089. |
Ganzach, Yoav |
Antecedents of Interest and the Investment of Fluid Intelligence in the Formation of Crystalized Intelligence Frontiers in Psychology published online (4 October 2021): DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.679504. Also: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.679504/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Frontiers Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Intelligence; Noncognitive Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most of the studies of the effects of fluid intelligence and non-cognitive characteristics on crystalized intelligence examined additive effects. The results of the few studies that examined interactive effects are inconsistent. Some find a positive (facilitating) interaction and some find a negative (compensatory) interaction. We improve on these previous studies by examining non-cognitive characteristics that were not studied before and by using a very large representative sample (n = 11,266). We find a positive/facilitating interaction. We discuss the implication of these results to theories about the joint effect of fluid intelligence and non-cognitive characteristics on crystalized intelligence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav. "Antecedents of Interest and the Investment of Fluid Intelligence in the Formation of Crystalized Intelligence." Frontiers in Psychology published online (4 October 2021): DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.679504.
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2090. |
Ganzach, Yoav |
Cognitive Ability and Party Affiliation: The Role of the Formative Years of Political Socialization Intelligence 61 (March-April 2017): 56-62. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289616302677 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Intelligence; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Political Attitudes/Behaviors/Efficacy We study the effect of time on the relationship between intelligence and party affiliation in the United States. Our results indicate that time affects this relationship, and that this effect is due to the formative years in which political preferences were developed rather than the time in which the survey was conducted. For people who were born in the 20th century, the later their formative years, the more positive the relationship between intelligence and Democratic, as opposed to Republican, affiliation. The current results shed light on recent conflicting findings about the relationship between intelligence and party affiliation in the US, and suggest that the effect of intelligence on party affiliation changes with time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav. "Cognitive Ability and Party Affiliation: The Role of the Formative Years of Political Socialization." Intelligence 61 (March-April 2017): 56-62.
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2091. |
Ganzach, Yoav |
Intelligence and Job Satisfaction Academy of Management Journal 41,5 (October 1998): 526-539. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/256940 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academy of Management Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Education; Intelligence; Job Satisfaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Suggests that cognitive variables, and intelligence in particular, may be important determinants of job satisfaction. The relationship between intelligence and job satisfaction was analyzed on the basis of a model in which intelligence has a direct negative effect on job satisfaction, an indirect positive effect, mediated by job complexity, and an interactive effect with job complexity. The roles of background variables, in particular education, and the implications of the findings for theories of job satisfaction were also examined. Data was drawn from reports by 5,423 participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results show that intelligence was associated positively with job satisfaction. However, intelligence also is associated negatively with satisfaction when job complexity is held constant. This negative direct effect of intelligence on job satisfaction is mediated by job complexity: the effect decreases with an increase in job complexity. ((c) 1999 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav. "Intelligence and Job Satisfaction." Academy of Management Journal 41,5 (October 1998): 526-539.
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2092. |
Ganzach, Yoav |
Intelligence, Education, and Facets of Job Satisfaction Work and Occupations 30,1 (February 2003): 97-122. Also: http://wox.sagepub.com/content/30/1/97.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, Older Men Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; I.Q.; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Job Characteristics; Job Satisfaction; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The paper suggests that intelligence and education have differential effects on intrinsic job satisfaction and on pay satisfaction. Intelligence has a strong direct negative effect on intrinsic satisfaction, but a negligible effect on pay satisfaction, because it is positively associated with the level of desired job complexity, but not with the level of expected pay. On the other hand, education has a strong direct negative effect on pay satisfaction, but a small effect on intrinsic satisfaction, because it is positively associated with expected pay. These effects of intelligence and education are compared to their effects on global job satisfaction. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav. "Intelligence, Education, and Facets of Job Satisfaction." Work and Occupations 30,1 (February 2003): 97-122.
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2093. |
Ganzach, Yoav |
Misleading Interaction and Curvilinear Terms Psychological Methods 2,3 (September 1997): 235-247. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/met/2/3/235/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Fathers, Influence; Modeling; Modeling, Nonparametric Regression; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences This article examines the relationships between interaction (product) terms and curvilinear (quadratic) terms in regression models in which the independent variables are correlated. The author uses 2 substantive examples to demonstrate the following outcomes: (a) If the appropriate quadratic terms are not added to the estimated model, then the observed interaction may indicate a synergistic (offsetting) relationship between the independent variables, whereas the true relationship is, in fact, offsetting (synergistic). (b) If the appropriate product terms are not added to the equation, then the estimated model may indicate concave (convex) relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable, whereas the true relationship is, in fact, convex (concave). (c) If the appropriate product and quadratic terms are not examined simultaneously, then the observed interactive or curvilinear relationships may be nonsignificant when such relationships exist. The implications of these results for the examination of interaction and quadratic effects in multiple regression analysis are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav. "Misleading Interaction and Curvilinear Terms." Psychological Methods 2,3 (September 1997): 235-247.
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2094. |
Ganzach, Yoav |
Parents' Education, Cognitive Ability, Educational Expectations and Educational Attainment: Interactive Effects British Journal of Educational Psychology 70,3 (September 2000): 419-441. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/000709900158218/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: British Psychological Society Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Education; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: The models that have been used so far to describe the process underlying educational attainment have been almost always linear. Little research has been aimed at studying interactions among the determinants of educational attainment. Aim: The aim of the study is to examine the interactions between parents' education, cognitive ability and educational expectations in determining educational attainment. Sample: Participants were 8570 Americans who were born between 1957 and 1964. Method: The information was taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Information about parents' education, cognitive ability and educational expectations was taken from the 1979 survey. Information about educational attainment was taken from the 1991 survey. Results: The findings indicate that there is an offsetting relationship between the education of the two parents in the formation of expectations, but not in the determination of attainment; and that, both for expectations and for attainment, the cognitive ability of the child has an offsetting relationship with mother's education but not with father's education. The findings also indicate that there is a synergistic relationship between cognitive ability and educational expectations in determining educational attainment. Conclusions: There are theoretically meaningful interactions between the determinants of educational attainment. The pattern of these interactions capture some of the intricate psychological processes underlying the combined influence of background variables and children's characteristics on educational attainment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav. "Parents' Education, Cognitive Ability, Educational Expectations and Educational Attainment: Interactive Effects." British Journal of Educational Psychology 70,3 (September 2000): 419-441.
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2095. |
Ganzach, Yoav Amar, Moty |
Intelligence and the Repayment of High- and Low-consequences Debt Personality and Individual Differences 110 (1 May 2017): 102-108. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886917300387 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Debt/Borrowing; Intelligence We study the relationship between intelligence and debt repayment of High Consequences Debt (HCD), such as mortgage debt, and Low Consequences Debt (LCD), such as credit card debt. We find that intelligence has a stronger negative effect on the repayment of HCD than on the repayment of LCD. Our results also indicate that personality has a stronger effect on HCD than LCD, and that the availability of financial resources has a stronger effect on LCD than on HCD. These results are explained by the effect of involvement on decision making processes in general, and financial decision processes in particular. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav and Moty Amar. "Intelligence and the Repayment of High- and Low-consequences Debt." Personality and Individual Differences 110 (1 May 2017): 102-108.
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2096. |
Ganzach, Yoav Fried, Itzhak |
The Role of Intelligence in the Formation of Well-being: From Job Rewards to Job Satisfaction Intelligence 40,4 (July-August 2012): 333-342. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289612000396 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Intelligence; Job Rewards; Job Satisfaction; Modeling In a longitudinal study, we investigate the moderating role of intelligence on the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and intrinsic and extrinsic satisfactions on global job satisfaction. The results support our hypotheses that: (1) intrinsic rewards and intrinsic satisfaction are more strongly related to global job satisfaction among individuals who are higher rather than lower in intelligence; and (2) extrinsic rewards and extrinsic satisfaction are more strongly related to global job satisfaction among individuals who are lower rather than higher in intelligence. We also suggest that these effects could be viewed in terms of a moderated mediation model in which facets' satisfaction mediate the effects of rewards on global satisfaction, and intelligence moderates the relationship between facets' satisfaction and global satisfaction. Implications of the results were discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav and Itzhak Fried. "The Role of Intelligence in the Formation of Well-being: From Job Rewards to Job Satisfaction." Intelligence 40,4 (July-August 2012): 333-342.
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2097. |
Ganzach, Yoav Gotlibovski, Chemi Greenberg, Doron Pazy, Asya |
General Mental Ability and Pay: Nonlinear Effects Intelligence 41,5 (September-October 2013): 631-637. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289613001086 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Earnings; Economic Well-Being; I.Q.; Occupations While many studies have examined the linear relationship between intelligence and economic success, only few, if any, examined their nonlinear relationships. The current study examines such relationships in a large, nationally representative sample, using pay as an indicator of economic success. The results show that the effect of General Mental Ability (GMA) on pay depends on occupational complexity; the greater the complexity, the stronger the effect. They also show that, by and large, there is a marginally decreasing (concave) effect of GMA on pay. Methodological and practical questions concerning the relationship between cognitive ability and pay are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav, Chemi Gotlibovski, Doron Greenberg and Asya Pazy. "General Mental Ability and Pay: Nonlinear Effects." Intelligence 41,5 (September-October 2013): 631-637.
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2098. |
Ganzach, Yoav Pazy, Asya |
Cognitive versus Non-Cognitive Individual Differences and the Dynamics of Career Success Applied Psychology 64,4 (October 2015): 701-726. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apps.12038/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); CESD (Depression Scale); Cognitive Ability; Intelligence; Noncognitive Skills; Occupational Status; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine the effects of cognitive and non-cognitive individual differences on the dynamics of career success (i.e. pay, occupational status) by comparing temporal changes in the validities of two measures of personality--Core Self Evaluations and the Big Five personality dimensions--to temporal changes in the validities of two standard intelligence tests. The main finding of two studies based on large representative samples is that the validity of intelligence clearly increases over time, whereas the validity of personality tends to be stable, indicating that intelligence, but not personality, drives career success. ©2014 International Association of Applied Psychology |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav and Asya Pazy. "Cognitive versus Non-Cognitive Individual Differences and the Dynamics of Career Success." Applied Psychology 64,4 (October 2015): 701-726.
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2099. |
Ganzach, Yoav Pazy, Asya |
Within-occupation Sources of Variance in Incumbent Perception of Job Complexity Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 74,1 (March 2001): 95-108. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/096317901167253/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: British Psychological Society Keyword(s): Intelligence; Job Satisfaction; Occupations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, conducted with a sample of 12,686 people, this study shows that, when occupational complexity is controlled for, intelligence has a significant positive effect on Incumbent Perception of Job Complexity (IPJC), in contrast to the negative effect it has on job satisfaction. This result is interpreted to imply that a significant portion of the within-occupation variance in IPJC reflects true variance in job complexity. Implications for the measurement of job complexity and for the processes that determine job complexity are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav and Asya Pazy. "Within-occupation Sources of Variance in Incumbent Perception of Job Complexity." Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 74,1 (March 2001): 95-108.
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2100. |
Ganzach, Yoav Pazy, Asya Gotlibovsky, Chemi |
On the Scaling and Modeling of Pay Working Paper No. 5/2012, The Faculty of Management,Tel Aviv University, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Tel Aviv University Keyword(s): Wage Models; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A number of recent studies use nominal pay in estimating pay models. We show that this practice may lead to results that are substantially different from the results of log pay models, and that the differences between the two types of models are considerable when it comes to interaction effects, but less so when it comes to main effects. We conduct two constructive replications of previous studies that used either log pay or nominal pay to examine these differences. (This paper was partially financed by the Henry Crown Institute of Business Research in Israel.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav, Asya Pazy and Chemi Gotlibovsky. "On the Scaling and Modeling of Pay." Working Paper No. 5/2012, The Faculty of Management,Tel Aviv University, May 2012. |
2101. |
Ganzach, Yoav Saporta, Ishak Weber, Yaacov |
Interaction in Linear versus Logistic Models: A Substantive Illustration Using the Relationship Between Motivation, Ability, and Performance Organizational Research Methods 70 (July 2000): 419-441 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; I.Q.; Modeling, Logit; Modeling, Probit; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A binary performance measure (high school graduation) is examined as a function of motivation (educational goal), ability (scores in an intelligence test), and their interaction. The interaction was positive when a logistic model was used and negative when a linear probability model was used. The reason for the difference in the results of the two models is examined, and the conditions under which this difference occurs are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ganzach, Yoav, Ishak Saporta and Yaacov Weber. "Interaction in Linear versus Logistic Models: A Substantive Illustration Using the Relationship Between Motivation, Ability, and Performance ." Organizational Research Methods 70 (July 2000): 419-441 .
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2102. |
Garasky, Steven |
Exploring the Effects of Childhood Family Structure on Teenage and Young Adult Labor Force Participation Discussion Paper No. 1111-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, October 1996. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Childhood Residence; Educational Attainment; Employment, Youth; Family Structure; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Labor Force Participation; Teenagers; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In examining teenage and young adult employment, this study has three objectives. It seeks to throw light on reasons that some teenagers work and some do not. It explores the effect teenage labor force participation has on teenage educational attainment. Finally, it considers the longer-term effects of early employment on young adult world and wages. Four cross-sectional analyses are performed separately for male and female cohorts of original National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) respondents who were aged 14 through 16 at the first interview in 1979. These analyses take the fullest advantage of the longitudinal nature of the data, using information from every year available, 1979 through 1993. Childhood family structure is found to have little impact on teenage employment and timely high school graduation. However, there is evidence that teenage employment has positive effects on high school graduation and later labor force participation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garasky, Steven. "Exploring the Effects of Childhood Family Structure on Teenage and Young Adult Labor Force Participation." Discussion Paper No. 1111-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, October 1996. |
2103. |
Garasky, Steven |
Exploring the Effects of Personal Perceptions and Expectations on Teenage Employment Presented: Pittsburgh, PA, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Eighteenth Annual Research Conference, October 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Employment, Youth; Endogeneity; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Self-Perception; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Few studies have focused on what motivates some teenagers to work and not others. This study of teenage employment seeks to understand the effects of personal perceptions and future expectations on work status and work intensity. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) Geocode file. The analyses utilize an instrumental variable estimation methodology given the endogeneity between employment and these characteristics of interest. Personal perceptions and expectations affect a teen's work status more than work intensity. Teens with higher expectations of their ability to achieve their occupational aspiration are more likely to be working; Teens with higher expectations of educational attainment are less likely to be working. Additionally, and perhaps more importantly, the effects of personal perceptions and expectations on teen employment are found to vary by both the age and the gender of the individual. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garasky, Steven. "Exploring the Effects of Personal Perceptions and Expectations on Teenage Employment." Presented: Pittsburgh, PA, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Eighteenth Annual Research Conference, October 1996. |
2104. |
Garasky, Steven |
The Effects of Family Structure on Educational Attainment: Do the Effects Vary by Age of the Child? American Journal of Economics and sociology 54,1 (January 1995): 89-104. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1995.tb02633.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Inc. Keyword(s): Education, Secondary; Educational Attainment; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Structure; Head Start; High School Diploma; Poverty; Welfare The attainment of a high school education is essential to the reduction of the probability of poverty and long-term dependence on welfare. How six distinct family structures over four separate periods of childhood are related to the likelihood of graduating from high school are studied. The impact of family structure is found to vary by both the type of structure experienced and the age of the child when the experience occurred. The effect of a change in family structure is also found to vary with the child's age. Support is provided as to the efficacy of some governmental program such as Head Start. (ABI/Inform) |
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Bibliography Citation
Garasky, Steven. "The Effects of Family Structure on Educational Attainment: Do the Effects Vary by Age of the Child?" American Journal of Economics and sociology 54,1 (January 1995): 89-104.
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2105. |
Garasky, Steven |
Where Are They Going? A Comparison of Urban and Rural youths? Locational Choices After Leaving the Parental Home Social Science Research 31,3 (September 2002): 409-431. Also: http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/6/2/2/9/4/6/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Local Labor Market; Migration; Modeling, Logit; Rural Youth; Rural/Urban Migration; Transition, Adulthood; Urbanization/Urban Living An earlier version of this paper was presented at the NLSY97 Early Results Conference sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Joint Center for Poverty Research held November 18?19, 1999, in Washington, DC. The decision for adolescents and young adults to leave their parents and their home community is complex and difficult. This study of youth migration focuses on the geographical location to which urban and rural youth relocate upon exiting their parental household. Little is known about destination choices of youth, especially how they differ for youth from urban and rural areas. A multinomial logit model of migration destination choices that incorporates individual, household, and community level factors is estimated with data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results indicate that while the local economy and labor market are important to the migration decision, the magnitudes of these effects are generally small. Noneconomic individual, household, and community factors play an important role in the migration process, as well. The magnitudes of noneconomic factor effects generally are greater for rural youth compared to urban youth. Copyright: 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garasky, Steven. "Where Are They Going? A Comparison of Urban and Rural youths? Locational Choices After Leaving the Parental Home." Social Science Research 31,3 (September 2002): 409-431.
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2106. |
Garasky, Steven Haurin, R. Jean Haurin, Donald R. |
Group Living Decisions as Youth Transition to Adulthood: The Effect of Local Shelter Costs Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Formation; Family Income; Family Studies; Household Models; Local Labor Market; Migration; Migration Patterns; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study follows teens through their young adulthood as they make the transition to independent living. Our hypotheses are that the probability of leaving the parental household is lower in higher real cost of shelter localities, and that, conditional on choosing to leave the parental household, the probability of their living in large groups of unrelated adults is higher in communities with relatively higher shelter costs. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are merged with house price and rental data obtained from Freddie Mac-Fannie Mae and from Coldwell Banker. The unit of analysis is a person/year. The method is a discrete hazard model within a multinomial logit framework that allows for more than one possible state transition. We believe that our study is important for a broad PAA audience including students of family formation, housing and real estate, family economics, migration, and local macroeconomics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garasky, Steven, R. Jean Haurin and Donald R. Haurin. "Group Living Decisions as Youth Transition to Adulthood: The Effect of Local Shelter Costs." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997. |
2107. |
Garasky, Steven Haurin, R. Jean Haurin, Donald R. |
Group Living Decisions as Youths Transition to Adulthood Journal of Population Economics 14,2 (June 2001): 329-349. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/qcm491pdrv032t5j/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Home Environment; Household Composition; Mobility; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study follows teens through young adulthood as they transition to independent living. We focus on a little studied issue: why some youths live in groups rather than alone or with parents. This choice is important because the size of the group has a substantial impact on the demand for dwelling units; the more youths per dwelling the lower is aggregate demand and the greater is population density. Our study also adds to the knowledge of which factors influence youths' choice of destination as they leave the parental home. The empirical testing uses a discrete hazard model within a multinomial logit framework to allow for more than one possible state transition. We find that economic variables have little impact on the decision of whether to exit to a large versus a small group, while socio-demographic variables matter. We also test a new push-pull hypothesis and find that the pull of economic variables on the probability of exiting the parental home increases as youths reach their mid to late twenties. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garasky, Steven, R. Jean Haurin and Donald R. Haurin. "Group Living Decisions as Youths Transition to Adulthood." Journal of Population Economics 14,2 (June 2001): 329-349.
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2108. |
Garasky, Steven Peters, H. Elizabeth Argys, Laura M. Cook, Steven T. Nepomnyaschy, Lenna Sorensen, Elaine Waller, Maureen |
Nonresident Parenting: Measuring Support Provided to Children by Nonresident Fathers Presented: Bethesda, MD, Measurement Issues in Family Demography Workshop, November 2003. Also: http://www.popcenter.umd.edu/events/mifd/papers/argys.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Maryland Population Research Center Keyword(s): Child Support; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Involvement Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Gathering data from parents living separately presents many unique challenges. For example, often it is difficult to locate both parents and when they are interviewed, they tend to provide different accounts of the nonresident parent?s involvement with the same child. Further, family and household configurations are complicated by the addition of new relationships (e.g. step-relationships) that evolve over time and the dynamic nature of the residential patterns of children who often reside with different parents at different times of the year or at different times in their childhood. Within this challenging context the authors of this paper examine the support provided by nonresident parents (specifically fathers due to data limitations) to their children who live elsewhere. Specifically, we focus on how questions related to support provision are asked and what results are found. We examine eight separate data sets: six survey-based data sets, one a compilation of data from court records, and an extract of data from administrative records of a state public assistance program. The overriding objective of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of current data gathering approaches in this area. Our goal is to provide insights into ways we can improve our surveys in this important area of family demography. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garasky, Steven, H. Elizabeth Peters, Laura M. Argys, Steven T. Cook, Lenna Nepomnyaschy, Elaine Sorensen and Maureen Waller. "Nonresident Parenting: Measuring Support Provided to Children by Nonresident Fathers." Presented: Bethesda, MD, Measurement Issues in Family Demography Workshop, November 2003. |
2109. |
Garbarski, Dana |
Cumulative Disadvantage and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health at Midlife Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research has focused on accounting for various health-relevant factors to explain racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes. However, it is often unclear whether the disparities in health outcomes are due to differences across racial and ethnic groups in the composition of health-relevant factors or differences by race and ethnicity in the association between health-relevant factors and health outcomes. Using data from the over-40 health module of the NLSY 1979 cohort, this study uses regression decomposition techniques to delineate the contribution of each of these components in explaining racial and ethnic disparities in summary measures of mental and physical health for women and men. The analysis finds varying support for three different cumulative disadvantage mechanisms producing racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes at midlife: status-resource interaction, cumulative exposure, and path-dependent early life exposure. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garbarski, Dana. "Cumulative Disadvantage and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health at Midlife." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
2110. |
Garbarski, Dana |
Dyadic and Dynamic Relationships: An Extension of the SES-Health Framework Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Health; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Mothers; Mothers, Health; Mothers, Income; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In order to fully explicate the relationship between individual socioeconomic status (SES) and health, the dyadic association between parent-child SES and health should be examined to account for how child health may affect parental SES and health. Prior research finds that poor child health may present an additional risk for maternal health, mental health, and SES. Using nationally representative longitudinal data of mother-child dyads from the NLSY 1979 cohort, this analysis expands upon prior research by using regression analyses to explore the extent to which child health modifies the effect of maternal SES on maternal health. This analysis also expands upon prior research by dynamically defining child health by using growth mixture modeling to explore how child health trajectories interact with maternal SES to affect maternal health, demonstrating whether child health has a cumulative exposure relationship to subsequent maternal outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garbarski, Dana. "Dyadic and Dynamic Relationships: An Extension of the SES-Health Framework." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
2111. |
Garbarski, Dana |
Dynamic and Dyadic Relationships: An Extension of the Socioeconomic Status-Health Relationship Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Children, Illness; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Mothers, Health; Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The prevalence of childhood chronic conditions has substantially increased over the last several decades, shifting the focus from survival to improving the quality of life of children and their families. This paper investigates the interrelationship of child health and maternal health and socioeconomic factors over time, focusing on the dynamic nature of maternal and child health and socioeconomic outcomes during childhood. Using a series of bivariate latent growth curve models, this paper examines the association between trajectories of child activity limitations and maternal health, labor force participation and household poverty status. There is evidence that child activity limitations and maternal health limitations have a positive contemporaneous association but do not have long-lasting effects on one another. However, maternal labor force participation at one point in time does appear to have a long-lasting effect on the trajectory of child activity limitations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garbarski, Dana. "Dynamic and Dyadic Relationships: An Extension of the Socioeconomic Status-Health Relationship." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
2112. |
Garbarski, Dana |
Dynamic and Dyadic Relationships: An Extension of the Socioeconomic Status-Health Relationship Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Children, Illness; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Mothers, Health; Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The prevalence of childhood chronic conditions has substantially increased over the last several decades, shifting the focus from survival to improving quality of life for children and their families. This dissertation draws attention to the importance of focusing on individual lives as linked lives when investigating stratification in health and socioeconomic outcomes, where the health and socioeconomic experiences of one family member are potentially formative life events for other members of the family. While many studies use parental socioeconomic status and health to predict in part their children's future prospects, the first empirical chapter investigates the dynamic relationship of child health with maternal health and socioeconomic factors over time. Using a series of latent growth curve models, this study examines the association between trajectories--or intra-individual models of stability and change--of child activity limitations and trajectories of maternal limitations in work due to health, labor force participation and household poverty status. The second analytic chapter examines and accounts for potential methodological biases in the relationship of child health with maternal health and socioeconomic factors in three ways: autoregressive cross-lagged models that address the reciprocal relationship between child health and maternal outcomes, fixed effects analyses that control for individual characteristics that are constant over time to limit omitted variable bias, and a latent class analysis to address in part both omitted variable bias and measurement error. The third analytic chapter examines the concordance of mothers' and children's reports of children's general health status, the concurrent validity of both mothers' and children's reports of children's general health status, and whether the association between child and maternal health depends on who reports children's health status. This dissertation unifies research on stratification in socioeconomic and health outcomes with the life course and stress process perspectives, by pushing traditional stratification research to take seriously the idea that individual lives are linked lives and applying unique methodological approaches that account for the linked lives of mothers and children at the point in the life course when the child lives at home. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garbarski, Dana. Dynamic and Dyadic Relationships: An Extension of the Socioeconomic Status-Health Relationship. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2012. |
2113. |
Garbarski, Dana |
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Midlife Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Cumulative Disadvantage Across the Life Course Advances in Life Course Research 23 (March 2015): 67-85. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040260814000501 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Life Course; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Background This study examines the role of cumulative disadvantage mechanisms across the life course in the production of racial and ethnic disparities in depressive symptoms at midlife, including the early life exposure to health risk factors, the persistent exposure to health risk factors, and varying mental health returns to health risk factors across racial and ethnic groups. Using data from the over-40 health module of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) 1979 cohort, this study uses regression decomposition techniques to attend to differences in the composition of health risk factors across racial and ethnic groups, differences by race and ethnicity in the association between depressive symptoms and health risk factors, and how these differences combine within racial and ethnic groups to produce group-specific levels of--and disparities in--depressive symptoms at midlife. While the results vary depending on the groups being compared across race/ethnicity and gender, the study documents how racial and ethnic mental health disparities at midlife stem from life course processes of cumulative disadvantage through both unequal distribution and unequal associations across racial and ethnic groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garbarski, Dana. "Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Midlife Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Cumulative Disadvantage Across the Life Course." Advances in Life Course Research 23 (March 2015): 67-85.
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2114. |
Garbarski, Dana |
The Interplay between Child and Maternal Health: Reciprocal Relationships and Cumulative Disadvantage during Childhood and Adolescence Journal of Health and Social Behavior 55,1 (March 2014): 91-106. Also: http://hsb.sagepub.com/content/55/1/91.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health, Limiting Condition(s); Depression (see also CESD); Health Factors; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Health Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While many studies use parental socioeconomic status and health to predict children’s health, this study examines the interplay over time between child and maternal health across childhood and adolescence. Using data from women in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 cohort and their children (N = 2,225), autoregressive cross-lagged models demonstrate a reciprocal relationship between child activity limitations and maternal health limitations in direct effects of child activity limitations on maternal health limitations two years later and vice versa—net of a range of health-relevant time-varying and time-invariant covariates. Furthermore, there are indirect effects of child activity limitations on subsequent maternal health limitations and indirect effects of maternal health limitations on subsequent child activity limitations via intervening health statuses. This study examines how the interplay between child and maternal health unfolds over time and describes how these interdependent statuses jointly experience health disadvantages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garbarski, Dana. "The Interplay between Child and Maternal Health: Reciprocal Relationships and Cumulative Disadvantage during Childhood and Adolescence." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 55,1 (March 2014): 91-106.
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2115. |
Garbarski, Dana Witt, Whitney |
Child Health, Maternal Marital and Socioeconomic Factors, and Maternal Health Journal of Family Issues 34,4 (April 2013): 484-509. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/34/4/484.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health, Limiting Condition(s); Depression (see also CESD); Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Health; Poverty; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although maternal socioeconomic status and health predict in part children’s future health and socioeconomic prospects, it is possible that the intergenerational association flows in the other direction such that child health affects maternal outcomes. Previous research demonstrates that poor child health increases the risk of adverse maternal physical and mental health outcomes. The authors hypothesize that poor child health may also increase the risk of poor maternal health outcomes through an interaction between child health and factors associated with health outcomes, such as marital status, marital quality, and socioeconomic status. Using data on women in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 cohort (N = 2,279), the authors find evidence that the effects of certain maternal marital quality and socioeconomic factors on maternal physical and mental health depend on child health status and vice versa. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garbarski, Dana and Whitney Witt. "Child Health, Maternal Marital and Socioeconomic Factors, and Maternal Health." Journal of Family Issues 34,4 (April 2013): 484-509.
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2116. |
Garbarski, Dana Witt, Whitney |
Direct and Indirect Pathways to the Long-Term Health, Mental Health, and Work-Related Outcomes for Mothers of Children With Chronic Illness Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Meetings, April-May 2009. Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=91176 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Body Mass Index (BMI); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Health; Depression (see also CESD); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Health Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Investigating the determinants and consequences of various health and well-being statuses is a complex, multidisciplinary venture. Research has focused on a complex web of these determinants and consequences, such as the relation of individuals' socioeconomic status (SES) and health over the life course (Adler et al, 1994; Link and Phelan, 1995; House and Williams, 2000; Lynch, 2003; Palloni, 2006; Herd et al, 2007; Warren and Hernandez, 2007). Families are also an important component for investigating the determinants and consequences of one's health and well-being, with researchers investigating the relation of parents' health, well-being, and SES to child health, well-being, and SES (Elo and Preston, 1992; Conley and Bennett, 2000; Finch, 2003; Hayward and Gorman, 2004). One facet of this complex of relationships that has received less attention at the population level is how child health and well-being may affect parent's health, well-being, and even SES. We seek to determine the impact of caring for a chronically-ill child on the family, relative to caring for a healthy child. Because caring for a child with a chronic health illness can place physical, financial, time, and psychological burdens on the rest of the family, we expect that caring for a child with a chronic health condition may present an additional risk for parental health, mental health, and work-related outcomes beyond caring for a healthy child. We also expect that the worse health outcomes are due in part to the increased effect of family burdens on parental health outcomes, as children's health conditions have been shown to have a negative effect on parental role functioning that is further predictive of parental problems of psychological well-being (Waddington and Busch-Rossnagel, 1992). In particular, we propose to set up a multiple-group structural equation model (SEM), where the two groups being compared are mothers with children that have chronic health conditions and mothers with children that do not have these conditions. The multiple group SEM will allow us to investigate the extent to which having a child with chronic health conditions exacerbates or mitigates some of the relations among mothers' background and family characteristics with mother's health, mental health, and socioeconomic outcomes (see Figure 1 for conceptual model. Note that each variable listed in each category is its own latent construct, and will covary with the other latent constructs listed in that category as well as have direct effects on the latent constructs in other categories). About 13% of our proposed sample (see below) reports that they are caring for a child with a chronic health issue, and a recent study estimates that 15.6% of parents reported that they are caring for a child with an activity limitation, and (Witt et al, under review, 2008). We argue that a child's health is one component of parents' health and socioeconomic outcomes, and thus may be another small but "nonignorable" component of the feedback processes determining intergenerational mobility and the relations among SES and health for individuals and family systems across the lifecourse (Palloni, 2006). |
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Bibliography Citation
Garbarski, Dana and Whitney Witt. "Direct and Indirect Pathways to the Long-Term Health, Mental Health, and Work-Related Outcomes for Mothers of Children With Chronic Illness." Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Meetings, April-May 2009. |
2117. |
Garchik, Leah |
Going Rates? San Francisco Chronicle, April 21, 2000, Daily Datebook; Pg. C20 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: San Francisco Chronicle Keyword(s): Allowance, Pocket Money; Family Studies; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Article reports on NLSY data indicating that the median allowance for teenagers is $50 per week. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garchik, Leah. "Going Rates?" San Francisco Chronicle, April 21, 2000, Daily Datebook; Pg. C20. |
2118. |
Garcia-Manglano, Javier |
Working for Pay or Raising a Family? Work Expectations and Market Outcomes in Two Cohorts of American Women Presented: London, England, Centre for Longitudinal Studies Conference, University of London, Institute of Education, November 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Institute of Education, University of London Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Occupational Attainment; Occupational Choice Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the progress made in women’s access to employment opportunities, today a non-negligible proportion of women specialize in childcare and family work, engaging in market work in a part time, discontinuous basis. This study seeks a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying women’s weak employment trajectories. During the 1970s, new norms and expectations regarding women’s work spread rapidly in the United States. Taking advantage of this intense period of social change, I exploit variation in work expectations across two cohorts of American women, early and late baby boomers, who reached young adulthood before and after the onset of the gender revolution, respectively. Using data from two National Longitudinal Surveys –NLS-Young Women (1968) and NLS-Youth (1979)– I explore the mechanisms through which low work expectations in young adulthood shape human capital investments and lead some women to low and intermittent working trajectories across their adult life courses. Preliminary results show that, among women, holding low work expectations in young-adulthood is associated with lower human capital investments and a higher likelihood of entering female-dominated jobs. Low work expectations in young adulthood also lead to weaker employment trajectories and lower occupational attainment across the life course. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garcia-Manglano, Javier. "Working for Pay or Raising a Family? Work Expectations and Market Outcomes in Two Cohorts of American Women." Presented: London, England, Centre for Longitudinal Studies Conference, University of London, Institute of Education, November 2012. |
2119. |
Garcia, Federico |
Determinants of Drug and Alcohol Use at Work: A Test of the Efficiency Wage Theory Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Albany, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Absenteeism; Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Illegal Activities; Training; Work Reentry Use of alcohol and illicit drugs at work costs American business and industry billions of dollars each year in productivity losses. These losses result from work errors, wasted materials and supplies, as well as tardiness and "on-the-job absenteeism". They also result from the poor decision making at all levels of management. These productivity losses are compounded by the increased re-hiring and training costs. Browne Miller (1991) classifies the effects of employee drug use on productivity in three: (1) Poor job performance. (2) Increased absenteeism. (3) Poor interpersonal relationships on the job. In this paper I will analyze the determinants of the use of illicit drugs and alcohol at work. I use a sample of youth cohort drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of the Work Experience of Youth in the year 1984. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garcia, Federico. Determinants of Drug and Alcohol Use at Work: A Test of the Efficiency Wage Theory. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Albany, 1993. |
2120. |
Garcia, Federico |
The Determinants of Substance Abuse in the Workplace The Social Science Journal 33,1 (January 1996): 55-68. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362331996900051 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: JAI Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Gender Differences; Geographical Variation; Hispanics; Marital Status; Substance Use Substance abuse in the workplace costs American business and industry billions of dollars each year in productivity losses. This article investigates the determinants of workplace substance abuse using the 1984 NLSY. The findings suggest that factors that increase the cost of job dismissal lower the probability of employee misconduct. In particular, workers in industries paying a wage premium and those in high-unemployment areas are less likely to use drugs on the job. In addition, the findings suggest that the following groups of workers have a lower probability of workplace drug consumption: employees in better paying occupations, and college-educated professionals and managers. Blacks and Hispanics, with all other factors held constant, are also less likely to consume drugs on the job. Men are more likely to consume drugs while at work, than women, and so are people involved in illicit activities. Concerning alcohol, individuals under the age of 21, and college-educated employees, are less likely to drink it on the job. In contrast, men and individuals who have never been married, are more likely to consume alcohol while at work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garcia, Federico. "The Determinants of Substance Abuse in the Workplace ." The Social Science Journal 33,1 (January 1996): 55-68.
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2121. |
Garcia, John A. Avalos, Manuel |
Hispanic Youth in the Labor Market: Explorations into the Job Search Process Report to the National Council of La Raza, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Job Search; Work Knowledge The job search process for Hispanic youths is examined according to four interrelated areas: (1) labor market knowledge; (2) type of job search method utilized; (3) search extensiveness; and (4) search time. Results of the analysis show Hispanic youth tend to rely on informal methods of job search. Given these sources, the kinds of jobs these youth secure may be lower paying and less occupationally mobile positions. Since Hispanic youth limit their method options, levels of search extensiveness are also lower. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garcia, John A. and Manuel Avalos. "Hispanic Youth in the Labor Market: Explorations into the Job Search Process." Report to the National Council of La Raza, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982. |
2122. |
Garcia, Phillip Hurtado, Aida |
Differences in Unemployment and Job Turnover Rates Among Young Hispanic, Black, and White Workers Report, National Council of La Raza, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Unemployment, Youth The primary objective of this study is to investigate the determinants of Hispanic youth unemployment through the use of multivariate techniques on data from the 1979 NLSY. The specific statistical aims are to estimate the parameters of these determinants and to explain more precisely why Hispanic unemployment figures among young workers are often five to ten percentage points higher than for like-aged white labor force participants. The findings suggest that an over-representation in highly unstable jobs, regardless of relevant background characteristics, contributes to higher rates of Hispanic youth unemployment. Other results also suggest that Hispanic teens demonstrate a relatively high degree of labor force attachment; thus higher rates of voluntary job separations among Hispanic youth do not contribute to observed Hispanic-white unemployment differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garcia, Phillip and Aida Hurtado. "Differences in Unemployment and Job Turnover Rates Among Young Hispanic, Black, and White Workers." Report, National Council of La Raza, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982. |
2123. |
Gardecki, Rosella M. Neumark, David B. |
Early Labor Market Experiences and Their Consequences for Adult Labor Market Outcomes Final Report to the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) A3-0076.0, September 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Job Training; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Outcomes; Transition, School to Work; Wages, Youth In this paper we seek to provide empirical evidence on the labor market experiences of youths, and their transitions to career jobs, in order to better inform this policy debate. We proceed in three steps. First. we describe numerous dimensions of youth labor market experiences, including training, wages, the stability of employment measured along a number of dimensions, the accumulation of tenure, and industry and occupation of employment. We ask questions such as "How much training does a worker receive in his or her first few years in the labor market, and how does this change over these first few years?," "How much community college does a person attend after leaving more traditional formal schooling?," and "How much tenure with an employer does a young worker tend to accumulate, and how does the distribution of tenure evolve in the first few years in the labor market?- Second, we document the intertemporal relationships among these various components of youth labor market experiences, to understand the consequences, if any, of a failure to settle into a steady job or steady employment, or a job involving training, in the first year or two after leaving school. An implicit criticism of the "chaotic" youth labor market would appear to be that the failure to find stable employment and jobs immediately after leaving school worsens the ability of young workers to find stable employment and jobs down the road. Finally, we explore the relationship between the entire gamut of youth labor market experiences and labor market outcomes of more mature adults. This is the question with which we should ultimately be concerned. There are many paths to "success" as an adult in the labor market, and we would like to know whether more "chaotic" experiences in the school-to-work transition are in fact associated with less success in the labor market in the long run. While there is a voluminous literature on youth labor markets and young workers, relatively little research has addressed the links between youth labor market experiences and the careers of adults, and, to the best of our knowledge, no research has attempted to take a comprehensive look at the relationships between numerous dimensions of the youth labor market experience and later careers. Thus, while our findings by no means address or settle all of the questions relevant to the transitions of youths to their adult labor market careers, they add a good deal of helpful information. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gardecki, Rosella M. and David B. Neumark. "Early Labor Market Experiences and Their Consequences for Adult Labor Market Outcomes." Final Report to the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) A3-0076.0, September 1995. |
2124. |
Gardecki, Rosella M. Neumark, David B. |
Order from Chaos? The Effects of Early Labor Market Experiences on Adult Labor Market Outcomes Industrial and Labor Relations Review 51,2 (January 1998): 299-322. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2525220 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Labor Market Outcomes; Mobility; Mobility, Labor Market; Transition, School to Work This paper examines the consequences of initial periods of "churning" or "mobility" in the labor market, to help assess whether faster transitions to stable employment relationships--as envisioned by advocates of school-to-work programs--would be likely to lead to better adult labor market outcomes. An analysis of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data for the years 1979-92 yields modest evidence, at best, linking early job market stability to better labor market outcomes. The authors find that for both genders, adult labor market outcomes (defined as of the late 20s or early to mid-30s) are for the most part unrelated to early labor market experiences. This evidence does not support efforts to explicitly target the school-to-work transition, insofar as doing so implies changing the structure of youth labor markets so that workers form earlier and firmer attachments to employers, industries, or occupations. Copyright by Cornell University. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gardecki, Rosella M. and David B. Neumark. "Order from Chaos? The Effects of Early Labor Market Experiences on Adult Labor Market Outcomes." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 51,2 (January 1998): 299-322.
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2125. |
Gardner, John A. Campbell, Paul B. Seitz, Patricia Ann |
Influences of High School Curriculum on Determinants of Labor Market Experiences Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED227310.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Earnings; Education, Secondary; High School Curriculum; Job Search; Job Tenure; Labor Market Outcomes; Schooling; Unemployment, Youth; Unions; Vocational Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study extends previous research on labor market effects of vocational education by explicitly modeling the intervening factors in the relationship between secondary vocational education and labor market outcomes. The strategy is to propose and estimate a simplified, recursive model that can contribute to understanding why positive earnings effects have been so hard to find for men, why the effects vary between men and women, and why the effects differ according to the time unit of measurement. The data used are from the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Labor Market Experiences, Youth Cohort, and the high school transcripts of a subsample of the NLS panel. The estimated model created shows that vocational education may have both direct and indirect effects on earnings, income, and unemployment, and that the indirect effects operate through such intervening factors as job-search methods, unionization, industry, occupation, job tenure, labor market experience, and postsecondary education. The findings regarding indirect effects have several implications for vocational education policy. Although indirect effects are not dramatic, they are not trivial, showing that vocational education can probably make a significant, but limited, contribution to improving productivity and reducing income inequality. Also, some changes in programs may be necessary since the findings show that vocational education differs substantially between whites and minority graduates in its capacity to foster longer job tenure, more labor market experience, and greater labor market stability. Several findings suggest that policymakers should not place a heavy emphasis on hourly earnings alone as an evaluative criterion for vocational education. Directions for future research also are suggested by the study. (KC) |
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Bibliography Citation
Gardner, John A., Paul B. Campbell and Patricia Ann Seitz. "Influences of High School Curriculum on Determinants of Labor Market Experiences." Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982. |
2126. |
Gardner, Margo Martin, Anne Petitclerc, Amelie |
Mothers' Postsecondary Entry during Early Childhood: Short- and Long-term Effects on Children Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 62 (May-June 2019): 11-25. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193397318300856 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Education, Adult; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) This study explored the implications of low-income mothers' entry into post-secondary education (PSE) during their children's first five years of life. Using propensity score matching to analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of 1979, we examined associations between maternal entry into PSE during early childhood and children's short- and long-term (ages 7 and 13, respectively) academic and socioemotional outcomes. We found that mothers' entry into PSE during early childhood had no short-term effects on children. There were, however, long-term positive effects on academic outcomes among children with a coresident father figure, and negative effects on behavior. We also tested explanatory mechanisms and found that maternal PSE entry had positive long-term effects on household income, but income did not mediate effects on long-term child outcomes. Further, maternal PSE had no effects on the home learning environment, mothers' educational expectations for children, maternal presence at home, or family climate. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gardner, Margo, Anne Martin and Amelie Petitclerc. "Mothers' Postsecondary Entry during Early Childhood: Short- and Long-term Effects on Children." Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 62 (May-June 2019): 11-25.
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2127. |
Gardner, Nicole P. |
Linking Parental Work Experiences to Adolescents' Future Orientation Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 2004. DAI-B 65/02, p. 1050, Aug 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Income; Occupational Attainment; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parental Influences; Transition, School to Work; Work Experience; Work Hours/Schedule For many young people, the experiences that parents have with work carry implications for their outlook on the future, and possibly for their educational achievement and occupational attainment. Despite the potential for parents' jobs to influence adolescents' future orientation, there have been few investigations of how parents' work experiences relate to adolescents' orientation to future education or employment. This dissertation uses three studies to explore how the characteristics of parents' jobs and their work experiences relate to adolescents' thoughts, plans, and outlooks on the future. The first study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine how mothers' work hours, wages, and occupational complexity predict adolescents' educational aspirations and expectations. Using data from a local sample of adolescents, the second study examines how adolescents' perceptions of parents' jobs predict their optimism about educational and employment prospects. The third study continues the investigation using qualitative interviews with adolescents to explore themes reflective of the link between parents' jobs and adolescents' future orientation. Results from these three studies indicate that parents' work experiences matter for how adolescents think about their educational and occupational futures. The more favorable parents' experiences with work, the more optimistic adolescents are about their futures. For adolescents whose parents have unfavorable experiences with work, parental support and adolescents' mastery appear to buffer any negative effects of parents' jobs on adolescents' future orientation. These findings suggest implications for interventions and policies aimed at fostering successful transitions from school to work for all adolescents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gardner, Nicole P. Linking Parental Work Experiences to Adolescents' Future Orientation. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 2004. DAI-B 65/02, p. 1050, Aug 2004. |
2128. |
Gardner, William Meyer, Marion Ketterlinus, Robert D. |
Discrete-Time Event History Analysis Using Segmented Hazards Experimental Aging Research 17,4 (1991): 251-259. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03610739108253902 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Beech Hill Enterprises Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Event History; Research Methodology; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Event history analysis is a means of explaining variation in the timing of events in individual life histories. This article describes methods for overcoming two difficult problems likely to be encountered in applications of event history analysis to studies of aging and human development. First, in many studies the ages of occurrence of critical life events are recorded in discrete units such as years, but the probability distributions of life events are usually specified in continuous-time form. In this paper, the authors show how to estimate models for discrete-time data based on an underlying continuous-time specification. Second, the standard distributions for life events often fail to capture the complex age- dependence seen in actual data. Also shown is how to construct a model using segmented hazards, that is, a composite of different functions for different segments of time. To illustrate these points, the authors examine the age of first intercourse of 11,883 subjects from the NLSY. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gardner, William, Marion Meyer and Robert D. Ketterlinus. "Discrete-Time Event History Analysis Using Segmented Hazards." Experimental Aging Research 17,4 (1991): 251-259.
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2129. |
Garfinkel, Irwin McLanahan, Sara S. |
Effects of Child Support Reform on Child Well-Being In: Escape from Poverty: What Make a Difference for Children? P.L .Chase-Lansdale and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1995: pp. 38-59 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Child Support; Children, Well-Being; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Fathers, Absence; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The child support provisions are part of a broad trend that began during the mid-1970s and has strong bipartisan support, whereas attitudes toward requiring welfare mothers to work have shifted many times in the history of public assistance and are highly controversial at this time (see Chase-Lansdale & Vinovskis, this volume). We believe that the increasing number of married mothers working outside the home lends considerable force to the new set of work provisions. Yet there continues to be widespread resistance from both the left and right to requiring welfare mothers to work (McLanahan & Booth, 1989). Finally, whereas the work provisions allow for considerable local discretion in implementing work requirements' child support reform appears to be moving toward more universal principles. While one cannot be sure that this pattern will continue, the progress thus far has been impressive. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garfinkel, Irwin and Sara S. McLanahan. "Effects of Child Support Reform on Child Well-Being" In: Escape from Poverty: What Make a Difference for Children? P.L .Chase-Lansdale and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1995: pp. 38-59
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2130. |
Garfinkel, Irwin McLanahan, Sara S. |
The Effects of the Child Support Provisions of the Family Support Act of 1988 on Child Well-Being Population Research and Policy Review 9,3 (September 1990): 205-234. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/v26552545p2445v2/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Child Support; Children; Children, Well-Being; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A review of the history of the child support system in the US, the role of the Family Support Act of 1988, and empirical research on children from disrupted families and children born out of wedlock. Potential consequences of the 1988 law--eg, increases in child support payments, in father-child contact, and in parent-parent contact with possible conflict--are discussed. A model for evaluating child support reform is developed, and it is emphasized that a critical problem will be to identify, over time, other variables that may affect the seven outcome variables identified. Advantages of utilizing and supplementing existing nationally representative data sets such as the Child Support Supplements to the March Current Populations Survey, the National Survey of Families and Households, and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, are explicated. 1 Figure, 65 References. (Copyright 1991, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Garfinkel, Irwin and Sara S. McLanahan. "The Effects of the Child Support Provisions of the Family Support Act of 1988 on Child Well-Being." Population Research and Policy Review 9,3 (September 1990): 205-234.
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2131. |
Garrett, Alma Bowen |
Essays in the Economics of Child Mental Health Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Health; Children, Health Care; Family Structure; Family Studies; Health, Mental/Psychological; Household Composition; Household Models; Household Structure; Marital Status; Parental Influences; Social Security; Welfare Chapter one introduces the dissertation, reviews the literature on the prevalence and economic consequences of mental disorders, and describes some policy issues in child mental health care. Empirical analyses in this study use the National Institute of Mental Health's Cooperative Agreement for Methodological Epidemiology for Multi-Site Surveys of Mental Disorders in Child and Adolescent (MECA) Study and the combined mother-child sample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience (NLSY). Chapter two considers methodological issues in the use of measures of mental health status of children in service use regressions. An interviewer-rated measure of child mental health impairment, the Non-Clinician Parent Interviewer's Child Global Assessment Scale (PI-CGAS), is found to strongly predict child mental health service use and to suffer less from rater-bias than other measures considered. Additional analyses show that maternal education and past use of mental health services affect whether the mother attributes certain child behaviors to a mental disorder. Chapter three develops a household production model of child mental health. Parental characteristics, such as potential wages, are found to affect the use of mental health services for children in two-parent households more strongly than for children in single-parent households. Child behavioral problems are found to reduce the likelihood of employment for married mothers, with no effect for unmarried mothers. Chapter four examines the relationship between child emotional and behavioral problems and family structure. Children with emotional and behavioral disorders are more likely to live in households in which the parents argue, in households headed by a single parent, and in households with a step-father. Child behavioral disorders are found to increase the likelihood of divorce or separation and decrease the likelihood that single mothers will marry. Chapter five examines a rece nt expansion in child SSI participation resulting from U.S. Supreme Court decision Sullivan v. Zebley. Empirical analyses of state level data find that SSI grew more rapidly in states with low AFDC payments and that more than half of new SSI recipients were already eligible for AFDC payments. Chapter six concludes the dissertation with a discussion of the policy implications of the findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garrett, Alma Bowen. Essays in the Economics of Child Mental Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1996. |
2132. |
Garrett, Patricia Ferron, John Ng'Andu, Nicholas Bryant, Donna |
A Structural Model for the Development Status of Young Children Journal of Marriage and Family 56,1 (February 1994): 147-163. Also: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rlh&an=9411174354 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Income; Modeling; Mothers, Education; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Occupational Attainment; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Self-Esteem; Socioeconomic Status (SES) This study uses structural equation modeling to explore the determinants of the developmental status of young children. Data pertain to 1,742 children under the age of 48 months in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The literature reviewed suggests that characteristics of mother, household, and child collectively influence the quality of the home environment, which mediates the influence of demographic and socioeconomic variables on child outcomes. The study assesses this model on an experimental and a reserve sample for all children and for specific subgroups. Fit indices were satisfactory, and anticipated subgroup differences were not found. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garrett, Patricia, John Ferron, Nicholas Ng'Andu and Donna Bryant. "A Structural Model for the Development Status of Young Children." Journal of Marriage and Family 56,1 (February 1994): 147-163.
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2133. |
Garrett, Patricia Lubeck, Sally Wenk, Deeann L. |
Childbirth and Maternal Employment: Data from a National Longitudinal Survey In: Parental Leave and Child Care: Setting a Research and Policy Agenda. JS Hyde, ed. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Temple University Press Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Childbearing; Employment; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Behavior; Racial Differences; Women; Work Reentry This chapter explores the relationship between maternal employment around the time of childbirth and the socioeconomic characteristics of women and their families. Research is based on the NLSY, a nationally representative sample which contains many ethnic minorities and poor mothers, so data analysis systematically evaluates ethnicity and income as predictors of maternal employment behavior. Special attention focuses on the reincorporation of mothers with infants into the labor force in order to highlight the overlap between parental leave and childcare policies. The conclusion emphasizes the differential impacts of alternative policies on disadvantaged groups and illustrates the merits of a comprehensive work and family policy. The NLS data are also used to provide a conservative estimate of the proportion of mothers who would be covered if international norms for maternal leave were applicable in the United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garrett, Patricia, Sally Lubeck and Deeann L. Wenk. "Childbirth and Maternal Employment: Data from a National Longitudinal Survey" In: Parental Leave and Child Care: Setting a Research and Policy Agenda. JS Hyde, ed. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1991
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2134. |
Garrett, Patricia Ng'Andu, Nicholas Ferron, John |
Is Rural Residency a Risk Factor for Childhood Poverty? Rural Sociology 59,1 (Spring 1994): 66-83. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00522.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Rural Sociological Society Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Childhood Residence; Children; Disadvantaged, Economically; Family Characteristics; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Household Composition; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Race; Poverty; Rural Areas; Rural/Urban Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The influence of rural variables on young children's poverty status, adjusting for individual and family characteristics, is explored. The literature suggests that specific demographic variables exert all overwhelming influence on children's poverty status. This is confirmed with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results also suggest that the residential histories of children have consequences for their poverty, status, even after the influence of control variables has been taken into account. The conclusion identifies the integration of survey and ecological data as one promising direction for future research on childhood poverty. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garrett, Patricia, Nicholas Ng'Andu and John Ferron. "Is Rural Residency a Risk Factor for Childhood Poverty?" Rural Sociology 59,1 (Spring 1994): 66-83.
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2135. |
Garrett, Patricia Ng'Andu, Nicholas Ferron, John |
Poverty Experiences of Young Children and the Quality of Their Home Environments Child Development 65,2 (April 1994): 331-345. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00754.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Children, Home Environment; Education; Family Characteristics; Family Environment; Family Income; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Infants; Poverty; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors This paper assesses the relative contribution of maternal, household, child, and poverty characteristics to the quality of the home environment. The sample consists of 1,887 children birth to 4 years old from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Ordinary least-squares regression is used to explore conceptually distinct aspects of children's poverty experiences. Poverty variables are found to have a statistically significant effect on the quality of the home environment, after controlling for the effects of other variables in the models. Statistically significant interactions among poverty variables are identified. A major finding is that improvements in family income have the strongest effects on the quality of the home environment for children who were born poor or lived much of their lives in poverty. The conclusion emphasizes implications for future research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garrett, Patricia, Nicholas Ng'Andu and John Ferron. "Poverty Experiences of Young Children and the Quality of Their Home Environments." Child Development 65,2 (April 1994): 331-345.
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2136. |
Garrett, Patricia Wenk, Deeann L. Lubeck, Sally |
Working Around Childbirth: Comparative and Empirical Perspectives on Parental-Leave Policy Child Welfare 69,5 (September-October 1990): 403-413. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ417134&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ417134 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Georgia Children's Home Society Keyword(s): Child Care; Childbearing; Labor Force Participation; Legislation; Maternal Employment; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An examination of international parental-leave policies, legislation, and trends. Statistics regarding women's reincorporation into the workforce after child delivery are analyzed, as well as infant day care needs. It is concluded that parental-leave policies need to incorporate job protection and wage replacement; an insurance fund is also recommended. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garrett, Patricia, Deeann L. Wenk and Sally Lubeck. "Working Around Childbirth: Comparative and Empirical Perspectives on Parental-Leave Policy." Child Welfare 69,5 (September-October 1990): 403-413.
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2137. |
Garrison, S. Mason Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
Casting Doubt on the Causal Link between Intelligence and Age at First Intercourse: A Cross-generational Sibling Comparison Design Using the NLSY Intelligence 59 (November-December 2016): 139-156. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289616300162 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Digit Span (also see Memory for Digit Span - WISC); Intelligence; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings In this study, we use an intergenerational sibling comparison design to investigate the causal link between intelligence and AFI, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the NLSY-Children/Young Adult data. We measured maternal IQ using the AFQT, child IQ using PPVT, PIAT, and Digit Span, and AFI, using respondent self-report. Our analytic method used Kenny's (2001) reciprocal standard dyad model. This model supported analyses treating the data as only between-family data (as in most past studies), and also allowed us to include both between- and within-family comparisons. These analyses included two forms, first a comparison of offspring of mothers in relation to maternal IQ, then a comparison of offspring themselves in relation to offspring IQ. When we evaluated the relationship between maternal/child intelligence and AFI, using a between-family design, we replicated earlier results; smart teens do appear to delay sex. In the within-family analyses, the relationship between intelligence and AFI vanishes for both maternal intelligence and child intelligence. The finding is robust across gender and age. These results suggest that the cause of the intelligence-AFI link is not intelligence per se, but rather differences between families (parental education, SES, etc.) that correlate with family-level (but not individual-level) intelligence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garrison, S. Mason and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "Casting Doubt on the Causal Link between Intelligence and Age at First Intercourse: A Cross-generational Sibling Comparison Design Using the NLSY." Intelligence 59 (November-December 2016): 139-156.
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2138. |
Garrison, S. Mason Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
Decomposing the Causes of the Socioeconomic Status-Health Gradient with Biometrical Modeling Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 116,6 (2019): 1030-1047. Also: https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2018-56705-001.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Kinship; Socioeconomic Status (SES) The consistent relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health has been widely covered in the media and scientific journals, which typically argue that physical-health inequalities are caused by material disadvantage directly or indirectly (e.g., chronic environmental-stress, health care resources, etc.). Such explanations do not explain the finely stratified health differences across the entire range of SES. Recent theories have helped address such limitations, but implicate multiple different explanatory pathways. For example, differential epidemiology articles have argued that individual differences are the "fundamental cause" of the gradient (Gottfredson, 2004). Alternatively, variants of allostatic load theory (McEwen & Stellar, 1993), such as the Risky Families model (Repetti, Taylor, & Seeman, 2002) implicate the early home-environment. These theory-driven pathways align with interpretations associated with biometrical models; yet, little research has applied biometrical modeling to understanding the sources of the gradient. Our study presents several innovations and new research findings. First, we use kinship information from a large national family dataset, the NLSY79, whose respondents are approximately representative of United States adolescents in 1979. Second, we present the first biometrical analysis of the relationships between SES and health that uses an overall SES measure. Third, we separate physical and mental health, using excellent measurement of each construct. Fourth, we use a bivariate biometrical model to study overlap between health and SES. Results suggest divergent findings for physical and mental health. Biometrical models indicate a primarily genetic etiology for the link between SES and physical health, and a primarily environmental etiology for the link between SES and mental health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Garrison, S. Mason and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "Decomposing the Causes of the Socioeconomic Status-Health Gradient with Biometrical Modeling." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 116,6 (2019): 1030-1047.
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2139. |
Garrison, Sarah Mason Hadd, Alexandria Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
Impact of Adolescent Conscientiousness and Intelligence on Health at Middle Age: A Sibling Comparison Approach Presented: Long Beach CA, Society for Personality and Social Psychology Annual Meeting, February 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Personality and Social Psychology Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Intelligence; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979, we examined the joint impact of intelligence and persistence assessed at adolescence on self-reported health at age 40 |
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Bibliography Citation
Garrison, Sarah Mason, Alexandria Hadd and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "Impact of Adolescent Conscientiousness and Intelligence on Health at Middle Age: A Sibling Comparison Approach." Presented: Long Beach CA, Society for Personality and Social Psychology Annual Meeting, February 2015. |
2140. |
Garry, Stephen L. |
Report to the Illinois General Assembly on Missing Young Adults Report, Chicago IL: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, March 1984 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Keyword(s): Missing Persons This report to the Illinois General Assembly summarizes the results of a six-month investigation into a wide range of topics concerning missing young adults. Data from the NLSY, in conjunction with other information sources, were used to study the unique problems of missing 17 to 21 year-olds. Recommendations include: (1) immediate and official elimination of the so-called "24-hour rule" for delaying action in a missing persons report; (2) computer entry regarding a missing person as soon as all information needed to make the entry has been collected; (3) enhancing current law enforcement systems so they will have more precise and more useful statistics about missing persons; (4) redirecting efforts to develop a profile toward improved and faster information gathering by police. |
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Bibliography Citation
Garry, Stephen L. "Report to the Illinois General Assembly on Missing Young Adults." Report, Chicago IL: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, March 1984. |
2141. |
Gasko, Kimberly A. |
Correlates of College Entrance in a Longitudinal Sample Psy.D. Dissertation, Hofstra University, 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Achievement; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); College Enrollment; I.Q.; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Methods/Methodology; Poverty; Psychological Effects; Racial Studies; Self-Esteem; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of the present study was to determine the correlates of college entrance in a longitudinal sample. Past researchers have studied the relationship among intelligence (Binet, 1916; Gardner, 1993; Goleman, 1995), locus of control (Boiler, 1966: Stipek & Gralinski, 1996), socioeconomic status (Fairweather & Shaver, 1991) race and gender (Halpern et al., 1995) on academic achievement. However, much of this research focused on only one or more of these predictor variables, while also employing small non-representational sample sizes. The results of these studies were thereby limited in scope by their exclusion of important variables, as well as being segregated to small segments of the population, making it difficult to generalize the conclusions to other samples. The present researcher sought to address some of these methodological limitations and subsequently expand the scope of the literature in this field. This study differed from previous studies in that it is archival and longitudinal. The participants came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a nationally representative data base (NLSY79, 1997). The sample of the NLSY79 included 12,686 young adults first surveyed in 1979. These individuals are presently in their forties and have been surveyed for over twenty years. Participants' school and life experiences were recorded. The subsequent data allowed this researcher to study predictor variables most related to college entrance. Multiple correlations and path analyses were utilized in this study. The correlations which were found to be statistically significant and accounted for the most variance included IQ and achievement scores positive correlation to college entrance. The direct paths that were statistically significant toward the achievement measure (i.e., Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery) included family poverty, race, locus of control orientation and higher self esteem. The achievement variable (i.e., ASVAB) accounted for the most variance with regard to participants staying in school and entering college. Results are discussed in terms of psycho-educational settings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gasko, Kimberly A. Correlates of College Entrance in a Longitudinal Sample. Psy.D. Dissertation, Hofstra University, 2007. |
2142. |
Ge, Suqin |
College, Employment, and Marriage Decisions of Young Women Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2006. DAI-A 67/08, Feb 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Labor Economics; Marriage; Women; Women's Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This thesis investigates the sequential college attendance, labor supply, and marital status decisions of high school females. Two main questions are asked: (1) how large is the impact of marriage on women's college choice? (2) how can the returns to schooling defined by schooling coefficient in earnings equation be consistently estimated? A dynamic choice model of school attendance, labor supply, and marriage is formulated and structurally estimated using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Marriage is found to have as large an effect on college choice as earnings. The college graduation rate would drop from 38% to 32% if the benefits from marriage were not taken into account. Simulated data from the estimated structural model are used to study the discrepancy between OLS and IV estimates of the returns to schooling. Despite being highly restrictive, the structural approach seems to have advantages in estimating the returns to schooling. As an out of sample validation of the model, the estimated model is used to predict the college enrollment behavior of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) sample. The model can account for 75% of the dramatic increase in college enrollment between the early 1980's and the early 2000's. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ge, Suqin. College, Employment, and Marriage Decisions of Young Women. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2006. DAI-A 67/08, Feb 2007. |
2143. |
Ge, Suqin |
Estimating the Returns to Schooling: Implications from a Dynamic Discrete Choice Model Labour Economics 20 (January 2013): 92-105. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537112001121 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Modeling, OLS; Schooling This paper assesses the applicability of a dynamic discrete choice model in accounting for the observed ordinary least squares (OLS) and instrumental variable (IV) estimates of the Mincer equation parameter on returns to schooling. A dynamic model of schooling and employment choices is estimated and used to simulate educational attainment, employment history, and wages. Estimations of the Mincer wage equation using simulated data appear to validate the model. Ability selection is found to be the major source of bias in the OLS estimates of schooling returns. Although the IV estimates lie within the support of true returns to schooling if a strong and strictly exogenous instrument is used and if dynamic employment selection is controlled, these conditions may be easily violated in practice. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ge, Suqin. "Estimating the Returns to Schooling: Implications from a Dynamic Discrete Choice Model ." Labour Economics 20 (January 2013): 92-105.
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2144. |
Ge, Suqin |
Women's College Decisions: How Much Does Marriage Matter? Working Paper, Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, March 2008. Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Labor Supply; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the sequential college attendance decisions of young women and quantifies the impact of marriage expectations on their decisions to attend and graduate from college. A dynamic choice model of college attendance, labor supply, and marriage is formulated and structurally estimated using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). The model is used to simulate the effects of no marriage benefits and finds that the predicted college attendance rate would drop from 61% to 56%. Using the estimated model, the college attendance behavior for a younger cohort (data taken from the NLSY97) is predicted and used to validate the behavioral model. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ge, Suqin. "Women's College Decisions: How Much Does Marriage Matter?" Working Paper, Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, March 2008. |
2145. |
Ge, Suqin |
Women’s College Decisions: How Much Does Marriage Matter? Journal of Labor Economics 29,4 (October 2011): 773-818. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/659777 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Labor Supply; Marriage; Modeling This article investigates the sequential college attendance decision of young women and quantifies the effect of marriage expectations on their decision to attend and graduate from college. A dynamic choice model of college attendance, labor supply, and marriage is formulated and structurally estimated using panel data from the NLSY79. The model is used to simulate the effects of no marriage benefits and finds that the predicted college enrollment rate will drop from 58.0% to 50.5%. Using the estimated model, the college attendance behavior for a younger cohort from the NLSY97 is predicted and used to validate the behavioral model. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ge, Suqin. "Women’s College Decisions: How Much Does Marriage Matter?" Journal of Labor Economics 29,4 (October 2011): 773-818.
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2146. |
Ge, Suqin Macieira, João |
Unobserved Worker Quality and Inter-Industry Wage Differentials Journal of Industrial Economics published online (14 November 2023). Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joie.12361 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Labor Demand; Labor Economics; Wage Differentials; Wages; Willingness to Pay (WTP); Worker Productivity; Worker Quality; Workers Ability Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study quantitatively assesses two alternative explanations for inter-industry wage differentials: worker heterogeneity in the form of unobserved quality and firm heterogeneity in the form of a firm's willingness to pay (WTP) for workers' productive attributes. Building on hedonic models of differentiated product demand, we develop an empirical hedonic model of labor demand and apply a two-stage nonparametric procedure to recover worker and firm heterogeneities. In the first stage we recover unmeasured worker quality by estimating market-specific hedonic wage functions nonparametrically. In the second stage we infer each firm's WTP parameters for worker attributes by using first-order conditions from the demand model. We apply our approach to quantify inter-industry wage differentials on the basis of individual data from the NLSY79 and find that worker quality accounts for approximately two thirds of the inter-industry wage differentials. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ge, Suqin and João Macieira. "Unobserved Worker Quality and Inter-Industry Wage Differentials." Journal of Industrial Economics published online (14 November 2023).
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2147. |
Ge, Suqin Moro, Andrea Zhu, Beibei |
Testing for Asymmetric Employer Learning and Statistical Discrimination Applied Economics published online (6 December 2020): DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2020.1830939. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00036846.2020.1830939 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Learning, Asymmetric We test if firms statistically discriminate workers based on race when employer learning is asymmetric. Using data from the NLSY79, we find evidence of asymmetric employer learning. In addition, employers statistically discriminate against non-college-educated black workers at time of hiring. We also find that employers directly observe most of the productivity of college graduates at hiring and learn very little over time about these workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ge, Suqin, Andrea Moro and Beibei Zhu. "Testing for Asymmetric Employer Learning and Statistical Discrimination." Applied Economics published online (6 December 2020): DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2020.1830939.
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2148. |
Ge, Suqin Yang, Fang |
Accounting for the Gender Gap in College Attainment Working Paper, Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, February 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Keyword(s): College Education; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Gender; Gender Differences; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. One striking phenomenon in the U.S. labor market is the reversal of the gender gap in college attainment. Females have outnumbered males in college attainment since 1987. We develop a discrete choice model of college entry decisions to study the effects of changes in relative earnings, changes in parental education, and changes in the marriage market on time series observations of college attainment by gender. We find that the increase in the relative earnings between college and high school individuals and the increasing parental education have important effects on the increase in college attainment for both genders but cannot explain the reversal of the gender gap. Declining marriage rates decrease returns to college for females less than those for males, and thus is crucial in explaining the reversal of the gender gap in college attainment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ge, Suqin and Fang Yang. "Accounting for the Gender Gap in College Attainment." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, February 2009. |
2149. |
Gebhardt-Kram, Lauren Elizabeth |
Risky Eating in Romantic Relationships: Exploring the Role of Relationship Status and Quality Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Marital Conflict; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marital Status; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A long-standing body of research shows that the married enjoy better health and health behavior outcomes than the unmarried across many health dimensions, except for BMI. Despite this perplexing aberration, research has yet to establish how eating behavior, a major contributor to BMI, is associated with relationship status. Furthermore, recent research contesting the notion of relationship status as the most salient predictor of health suggests that relationship quality is an additionally formidable health predictor; yet how relationship quality matters for eating behavior has yet to be examined. Data from the NLSY79 reveals that compared to the single, the married engage in significantly less risky eating behavior and there is no significant difference between the cohabiting and single on eating behavior, but only when SES is not accounted for. Additionally, among the married and cohabiting, relationship happiness is a more salient predictor of risky eating behavior than relationship strain, and these effects are similar for the married and cohabiting. Furthermore, SES confounds relationship status findings, but not quality findings. Findings bolster evidence on the declining premium of relationship status and suggest that relationship quality is a formidable predictor of health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gebhardt-Kram, Lauren Elizabeth. "Risky Eating in Romantic Relationships: Exploring the Role of Relationship Status and Quality." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
2150. |
Gebregziabhair, Tegegne |
A Comparative Study of Migration: Depressed and Non-Depressed Regions Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Human Capital Theory; Migration; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Regions; Regions, Depressed; Rural/Urban Differences This study examines differences in migration behavior between depressed and non-depressed regions. The analysis is motivated by the literature which reported a lower propensity of mobility for the people from depressed regions and by the failure of migration to endure that income converges between regions over time. The study uses individual data from the youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) and develops a synthesis model of migration. The central premise of the models is a systematic differentiation between the people of depressed and non-depressed region to location specific and non-location specific human capital location preference, contextual factors, and overall behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gebregziabhair, Tegegne. A Comparative Study of Migration: Depressed and Non-Depressed Regions. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1993. |
2151. |
Geddes, Lori Ann |
Incentives, Teams and the Organization of Work: Evidence from the United States and Australia Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2002. DAI-A 63/08, p. 2965, Feb 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Absenteeism; Australia, Australian; Benefits, Fringe; Cross-national Analysis; Gender Differences; Job Tenure; Labor Force Participation; Simultaneity Firms that want to increase worker productivity can choose between many human resource management (HRM) practices. The key is knowing which schemes fit best with the type of workers employed by the firm. Since the workforce is not homogeneous, responses to HRM practices will not be the same for all firms. The best HRM practice will depend on many factors, including but not limited to, labor force attachment, expected tenure, and the organization of the firm. While establishments with higher proportions of females are more likely to use piece rates, individual data show that women are, if anything, less likely to receive individual based incentive pay. Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in the first chapter shows that both results are simultaneously correct because women are much less likely to be paid commissions and bonuses. The hypothesized model demonstrates that lower expected tenure and labor force attachment are positively associated with piece rates but are negatively associated with other types of individual incentive pay, such as commissions. Detailed analysis of commissions among sales workers and piece rates among craft and operative workers supports this hypothesis. Using data from the 1995 wave of the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (AWIRS), chapter two estimates the determinants of four different types of employee involvement (EI) teams; autonomous groups, quality circles, joint consultative committees, and task forces. EI gives the worker more control over their working environment. The results confirm that team production, as proxied by workers with long expected tenure and high labor force attachment, is associated with an increased likelihood of using EI. Yet, women, often thought less likely to be in team production processes, are no less likely to be in establishments using EI. Previous studies on the effects of HRM schemes on firms' productivity generated mixed results. This leaves one searching for an alternative measure that captures the benefits of adopting such schemes, like absenteeism. In chapter three, evidence from the AWIRS indicates that absenteeism is lower in firms using various types of HRM schemes, like, flexible scheduling, incentive pay, and EI teams. However, the results for incentive pay and employee involvement teams are not as robust as the results for flexible scheduling, implying that workers are absent more for sociological reasons, like illnesses and transportation problems, than for economic or psychological reasons. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geddes, Lori Ann. Incentives, Teams and the Organization of Work: Evidence from the United States and Australia. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2002. DAI-A 63/08, p. 2965, Feb 2003. |
2152. |
Geddes, Lori Ann Heywood, John S. |
Gender and Piece Rates, Commissions, and Bonuses Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 42,3 (July 2003): 419-445. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-232X.00298/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Job Tenure; Labor Force Participation; Simultaneity; Women Previous work shows that establishments with higher proportions of women are more likely to use piece rates but that individual women are less likely to receive performance pay. We present a model in which lower expected tenure and labor force attachment are positively associated with piece rates but are negatively associated with other forms of performance pay. Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) confirms that women are more likely to be paid piece rates and simultaneously less likely to be paid commissions and bonuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Geddes, Lori Ann and John S. Heywood. "Gender and Piece Rates, Commissions, and Bonuses." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 42,3 (July 2003): 419-445.
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2153. |
Gee, Geoffrey Michael |
An Investigation of Socially Contagious Fertility Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke University, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Adolescent; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Modeling; Motherhood; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Social Influences; Socioeconomic Factors; Teenagers "Why do some adolescents enter motherhood while others delay childbearing?" The question, fueled by the common perception of teenage motherhood as a serious social problem, has drawn the attention of academics and politicians alike. Although previous research extended our understanding of the phenomenon, much remains unknown. I examine the theory that social influence is a determinant of teenage motherhood. The model is a synthesis of a traditional economic model of fertility, which stresses the costs and benefits of children, with a threshold model (Granovetter, 1978) of social influence. A sequential framework in the mold of Degraf, Bilsborrow, and Guilkey (1997) is used to model the short-run demand for children. Defining the short- run as adolescence, the decision becomes whether to give birth to one's first child during adolescence or enter adulthood without children. Social influence is incorporated by an adolescent's decision to give birth be "tipped" by the prevalence of first-births within her social network. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth with Geocode is merged with aggregate natality, abortion access, and socioeconomic data on an adolescent's county of residence. The binary choice of give first-birth or do not give first-birth is estimated by maximum likelihood estimation. The empirical results provide evidence for (1) social influence that affects blacks and whites differently, (2) racial boundaries to peer influence, and (3) age spill-over effects in blacks. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gee, Geoffrey Michael. An Investigation of Socially Contagious Fertility. Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke University, 1998. |
2154. |
Gee, Gilbert C. Walsemann, Katrina Michelle |
Does Health Predict the Reporting of Racial Discrimination or Do Reports of Discrimination Predict Health? Findings from The National Longitudinal Study Of Youth Social Science and Medicine 68,9 (May 2009): 1676-1684. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953609000872 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Ethnic Studies; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Racial Studies; Well-Being Racial discrimination may contribute to diminished well-being, possibly through stress and restricted economic advancement. Our study examines whether reports of racial discrimination predict health problems, and whether health problems predict the reporting of racial discrimination. Data come from years 1979 to 1983 of the US National Longitudinal Study of Youth, focusing on respondents of Black (n = 1851), Hispanic (n = 1170), White (n = 3450) and other (n = 1387) descent. Our analyses indicate that reports of racial discrimination in seeking employment predict health-related work limitations, although these limitations develop over time, and not immediately. We also find that reports of discrimination at two time-points appear more strongly related to health-related work limitations than reports at one time-point. A key finding is that these limitations do not predict the subsequent reporting of racial discrimination in seeking employment. These findings inform our knowledge of the temporal ordering of racial discrimination in seeking employment and health-related work conditions among young adults. The findings also indicate that future research should carefully attend to the patterns and timing of discrimination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Gee, Gilbert C. and Katrina Michelle Walsemann. "Does Health Predict the Reporting of Racial Discrimination or Do Reports of Discrimination Predict Health? Findings from The National Longitudinal Study Of Youth." Social Science and Medicine 68,9 (May 2009): 1676-1684.
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2155. |
Geer, Edward Marshall |
Relationship Between Participation in Vocational Education, Pay, and Employment of 16- to 21-Year-Olds in the Continental United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1984. DAI-A 46/01, p. 134, Jul 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Collective Bargaining; Labor Force Participation; Rural Sociology; Self-Reporting; Urban and Regional Planning; Vocational Education; Vocational Training The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between participation in vocational education and pay and employment of civilian 16- to 21-year-olds in the continental United States. Data for this research were obtained from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience for the years 1979, 1980 and 1981. Data were collected from 11,406 civilian non-institutionalized youth who were not enrolled in school at the time of the interview. Three criterion variables were used in this study: labor force status, employment status, and hourly rate of pay. The following variables were used: age, race, gender, marital status, responsibility for the support of dependents, high school diploma (or GED), location of current residence (Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area - SMSA), whether residence is urban or rural, collective bargaining, local unemployment rate, and participation in vocational education. This study utilized the self-reported method of participation in vocational education as well as transcript data contained on the NLS computer tapes. Three methods of analysis were applied to the data. Cross-tabulation was utilized to determine the relationship between participation in vocational education and labor force status. Least squares regression was used to determine the relationship between the variates and the criterion variable hourly rate of pay. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between the variates and employment status. The findings were of two types: variates that showed a distinct relationship with the criterion variable; and those which were significant because they did not show any relationship with the criterion variables. Of the former, only the year 1979 and utilizing transcript data, did the total for males and females show a positive relationship for each additional Carnegie Unit earned in vocational education when regressed on labor force participation. Also, for 1979, males and the total for males and females showed a positive relationship for each additional Carnegie Unit earned when regressed on employment. Males, for 1980, who gave self-reports for participation in vocational education, showed a negative relationship when regressed on employment. No relationship exists between the other variates and the criterion variables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geer, Edward Marshall. Relationship Between Participation in Vocational Education, Pay, and Employment of 16- to 21-Year-Olds in the Continental United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1984. DAI-A 46/01, p. 134, Jul 1985. |
2156. |
Gelbach, Jonah B. |
When Do Covariates Matter? And Which Ones, and How Much? Working Paper, Eller College of Management, University of Arizona, June 2009. Also: http://www.econ.ubc.ca/seminars/gelbach.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Eller College of Management, University of Arizona Keyword(s): Racial Differences; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many authors add variables sequentially to their covariate sets when using linear estimators to investigate the effect of a variable of interest X1, on some outcome y. One justification for this practice involves robustness: if estimates of the coefficient on X1 are stable across specifications, then researchers conclude that their findings are robust. A second justification involves accounting: by measuring the difference in X1's estimated coefficient as they add sets of covariates to the specification, researchers sometimes claim to have measured the effects of covariate variation on this coefficient. In this paper, I show that sequential covariate addition can be very misleading. The relationship between X1 and a given covariate set may be sensitive to the order in which other covariates have been added. This sensitivity is especially problematic for accounting exercises, as I show using the canonical example of the black-white wage gap. The paper's main contribution is to show how to use the population and sample omitted variables bias formulas to define an economically and econometrically meaningful conditional decomposition that explains how much various covariates account for sensitivity in the estimated coefficient on X1. I illustrate the conditional decomposition using NLSY data on the black-white wage gap, with interesting empirical results. I also discuss a number of extensions, including: instrumental variables estimators; the fact that my decomposition nests the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition; and using the properties of the omitted variables bias formula to construct a Hausman test for cross-specification differences in coefficient estimates under the null that X1 and X2 are uncorrelated. I also provide asymptotic variance formulas in an appendix, as well as a link to Stata code that implements my estimators. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gelbach, Jonah B. "When Do Covariates Matter? And Which Ones, and How Much?" Working Paper, Eller College of Management, University of Arizona, June 2009. |
2157. |
Gelber, Alexander Weinzierl, Matthew C. |
Equalizing Outcomes and Equalizing Opportunities: Optimal Taxation when Children's Abilities Depend on Parents' Resources Working Paper 13-014, Harvard Business School, Harvard University, April 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard Business School Keyword(s): Achievement; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Academic Development; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Family Resources; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Empirical research suggests that parents' economic resources affect their children's future earnings abilities. Optimal tax policy therefore treats future ability distributions as endogenous to current taxes. We model this endogeneity, calibrate the model to match estimates of the intergenerational transmission of earnings ability in the United States, and use the model to simulate such an optimal policy numerically. The optimal policy in this context is more redistributive toward low-income parents than existing U.S. tax policy. It also increases the probability that low-income children move up the economic ladder, generating a present-value welfare gain of one and three-quarters percent of consumption in our baseline case. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gelber, Alexander and Matthew C. Weinzierl. "Equalizing Outcomes and Equalizing Opportunities: Optimal Taxation when Children's Abilities Depend on Parents' Resources." Working Paper 13-014, Harvard Business School, Harvard University, April 2014. |
2158. |
Gemmill, Alison |
Estimating Subfecundity: The NLSY79 Cohort Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Contraception; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Estimating subfecundity in longitudinal social surveys allows for improved understanding of the underlying processes that lead to childlessness and low fertility in contemporary societies. However, most of these surveys lack measures needed to directly estimate impaired fertility. This paper provides indirect estimates of subfecundity in a longitudinal cohort of women by using observed pregnancy and partnership histories, as well as reported contraceptive use and expectations for children over the life course. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, whose members have recently completed childbearing. I use a multi-state model to estimate transition probabilities between states of exposure to the risk subfecundity, identify spells of subfecundity, and duration of time spent in a spell. Future analyses will investigate the sensitivity of the measure to different specifications of risk, as well as the demographic, behavioral, and socioeconomic correlates of experiences of subfecundity in this cohort. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gemmill, Alison. "Estimating Subfecundity: The NLSY79 Cohort." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
2159. |
Gemmill, Alison |
From Some to None? Fertility Expectation Dynamics of Permanently Childless Women Demography 56,1 (February 2019): 129-149. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-018-0739-7 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Permanent childlessness is increasingly acknowledged as an outcome of a dynamic, context-dependent process, but few studies have integrated a life course framework to investigate the complex pathways leading to childlessness. This study focuses on an understudied yet revealing dimension of why individuals remain childless: stated fertility expectations over the life course. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, I use a combination of sequence analysis, data-driven clustering techniques, and multivariable regression models to identify and describe groups of permanently childless women who follow similar trajectories of stated fertility expectations. Results indicate that a little more than one-half (56 %) of eventually childless women fall into a cluster where childlessness is expected before age 30. Women in the remaining clusters (44 %) transition to expecting childlessness later in the life course but are differentiated by the types of trajectories that precede the emergence of a childless expectation. Results from multivariable regression show that several respondent characteristics, including race/ethnicity, education, and marital history, predict cluster membership. Taken together, these findings add to a growing body of literature that provides a more nuanced description of permanently childless women and motivates further research that integrates interdependencies between life course domains and fertility expectations and decision-making of those who remain childless. Permanent childlessness is increasingly acknowledged as an outcome of a dynamic, context-dependent process, but few studies have integrated a life course framework to investigate the complex pathways leading to childlessness. This study focuses on an understudied yet revealing dimension of why individuals remain childless: stated fertility expectations over the life course. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, I use a combination of sequence analysis, data-driven clustering techniques, and multivariable regression models to identify and describe groups of permanently childless women who follow similar trajectories of stated fertility expectations. Results indicate that a little more than one-half (56 %) of eventually childless women fall into a cluster where childlessness is expected before age 30. Women in the remaining clusters (44 %) transition to expecting childlessness later in the life course but are differentiated by the types of trajectories that precede the emergence of a childless expectation. Results from multivariable regression show that several respondent characteristics, including race/ethnicity, education, and marital history, predict cluster membership. Taken together, these findings add to a growing body of literature that provides a more nuanced description of permanently childless women and motivates further research that integrates interdependencies between life course domains and fertility expectations and decision-making of those who remain childless. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gemmill, Alison. "From Some to None? Fertility Expectation Dynamics of Permanently Childless Women." Demography 56,1 (February 2019): 129-149.
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2160. |
Gemmill, Alison Chudnovskaya, Margarita Hepburn, Peter |
Women's Household Income Contributions and Higher-order Births in the United States Presented: Budapest, Hungary, European Population Conference, June 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: European Association for Population Studies (EAPS) Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Family Income; Fertility; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Income; Wives, Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Women's labor force participation has risen dramatically in the United States over the last fifty years. As more women continue working after marriage and childbirth, they contribute a rising share to household income, which likely influences decisions regarding timing and likelihood of second and third births within marriage. This paper uses data from the NLSY1979 to capture longitudinal variation in women's and men's income contribution to the household, and relates these income differences to fertility progression. We study the effect of women's household income contributions in relative (to their partner's income) and absolute (income measured yearly) terms. Event history analysis shows that female-breadwinner families behave similarly to dual-income earner families with regard to second and third births, and that both of these groups have lower fertility than male-breadwinner households when other family characteristics are adjusted for. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gemmill, Alison, Margarita Chudnovskaya and Peter Hepburn. "Women's Household Income Contributions and Higher-order Births in the United States." Presented: Budapest, Hungary, European Population Conference, June 2014. |
2161. |
Gemus, Jonathan |
The Distributional Effects of Direct College Costs Working Paper 2010:20, Department of Economics, Uppsala University, November 2010. Also: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:371195/FULLTEXT01.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Uppsala University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Financial Assistance; High School and Beyond (HSB) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the distributional impacts of direct college costs – that is, whether the response of educational decisions to college costs varies by student characteristics. The primary obstacle in estimating these effects is the endogeneity of schooling costs. To overcome this issue, I use two measures of direct costs that are plausibly exogenous: living within commuting distance to a university and the elimination of the Social Security Student Benefit Program in the United States. Both sources of variation indicate that lower ability students are the most responsive to changes in college costs. In contrast, I find that the effect of both cost measures on college attendance and graduation does not substantially vary by family income, parent education, race or gender. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gemus, Jonathan. "The Distributional Effects of Direct College Costs." Working Paper 2010:20, Department of Economics, Uppsala University, November 2010. |
2162. |
General Accounting Office |
Child Support Assurance: Effect of Applying State Guidelines to Determine Fathers' Payments Report to the Secretary-designate of Health and Human Services, GAO/HRD-93-26. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: General Accounting Office (GAO) (pre July 2004) Keyword(s): Child Support; Fathers, Absence; Fertility; Income; Poverty; Self-Reporting Researchers interested in noncustodial fathers regard the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) as one of the best sources of data on young noncustodial fathers. We used the 1988 interviews from the NLSY to analyze a limited segment of the overall population that would be affected by child support assurance. From these data, the most recent available at the time of our work, we constructed the variables of income and poverty status. We used the NLSY sampling weights to compute estimates for our study population--young noncustodial fathers in the United States, aged 23 to 31 in 1988. Because these estimates are based on data from a sample, each estimate has an associated sampling error. We computed sampling errors at the 95 percent confidence level, using the procedure outlined in the NLSY technical sampling report. Except where noted, the sampling errors for the estimates presented in this report were + or - 5 percentage points or less. Our analysis is limited to young noncustodial fathers who were aged 23 to 31 years old at the time of the interview in 1988. Research indicates that noncustodial fathers tend to underreport children for whom they do not provide. Because we relied on self reports to identify noncustodial fathers, our estimates are representative of fathers who are able and willing to report their paternity. Information is not available regarding the establishment of court-ordered child support awards for men in the NLSY. We assumed that paternity could be established for self-reporting noncustodial fathers and that they represent the universe of young fathers whose children could be eligible for a minimum assured benefit. |
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Bibliography Citation
General Accounting Office. Child Support Assurance: Effect of Applying State Guidelines to Determine Fathers' Payments. Report to the Secretary-designate of Health and Human Services, GAO/HRD-93-26. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office, 1993. |
2163. |
General Accounting Office |
Mother-Only Families: Low Earnings Will Keep Many Children in Poverty GAO/HRD-91-62 Report to Congress, Washington DC: General Accounting Office, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: General Accounting Office (GAO) (pre July 2004) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Benefits, Fringe; Child Care; Child Health; Children; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Earnings; Government Regulation; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Parents, Single; Poverty; Welfare This report examines the problems that mother-only families face in attaining economic self-sufficiency and discusses the impact that recent federal initiatives such as the Family Support Act (FSA) 1988 and the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act 1990, both of which contained key provisions aimed at assisting low income families, may have in assisting such women and their children stay out of poverty. Utilizing data from the NLSY, comparisons are made of the characteristics and employment potential of poor and non-poor mothers. The analysis found that young poor single mothers face enormous barriers to economic self-sufficiency: (1) limited earnings potential, concomitant educational deficiencies (lower levels of education and lower AFQT scores) and less work experience; (2) responsibility for larger numbers of children and the need for economical child care options and greater family income in order to stay out of poverty; (3) less than full-time year-round employment at lower wages; and (4) jobs which did not provide such important fringe benefits as health insurance and sick leave. Various income projections, based on potential earnings for employed women, child care costs and taxes, revealed that many single mothers and their children will remain in poverty even with full-time employment and will need additional income supplements to raise themselves and their families out of poverty. Implications of the recently enacted FSA JOBS and child support enforcement provisions, and increases in the Earned Income Tax Credit for mother-only families are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
General Accounting Office. "Mother-Only Families: Low Earnings Will Keep Many Children in Poverty." GAO/HRD-91-62 Report to Congress, Washington DC: General Accounting Office, 1991. |
2164. |
Gennetian, Lisa Anoush |
Resource Allocation in Families: A Comparative Analysis Using Stepfamilies Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Structure; Family Studies; Household Income; Stepfamilies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper first examines if resource allocation accounts for differences between children in initact families versus stepfamilies. If preferences are motivated by biological ties then stepchildren be considered a private good within marriage; I test this hypothesis. Second, this paper examines if measures of a biological parent's bargaining power have greater weight in the level of c investment in stepfamilies versus intact families. I use the National Longitudinal Survey Female/Child file, which follows children and their biological mothers from birth of the child. The empirical work focuses on the relationship between indicators of resource availability (such components of household income and parental education) and child outcomes (achievement scores and home environment). Results indicate significant differences in the impact of nonbiological parent versus a biological parents' income and education on the child's assessment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gennetian, Lisa Anoush. "Resource Allocation in Families: A Comparative Analysis Using Stepfamilies." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997. |
2165. |
Gennetian, Lisa Anoush |
Resource Allocation to Children in Families: A Comparative Analysis Using Stepfamilies Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Bargaining Model; Families, Two-Parent; Family Structure; Family Studies; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Stepfamilies In this dissertation I compare stepfamilies (as one type of two parent family structure) with intact families (as another type of two parent family structure) to empirically examine hypotheses about resource allocation within families. Specifically I examine the hypotheses that (1) biological preferences affect resource allocation within the household, and, in turn, may account for documented differences in child outcomes between children in two biological parent families and stepchildren in stepfamilies; and (2) with biological preferences the impact of each parent's resources on child outcomes may significantly differ and thus, some types of married couple households may allocate resources through household bargaining. The empirical work is implemented using a sample of children aged 5 through 10 from 1986 to 1994 in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Female/Child data. The child well-being measures include the PIAT achievement test score and the HOME Cognitive Subscore. If biological ties motivate the allocation of resources, then stepchildren, who have only one biological parent in the family, may be considered private goods within remarriage. Empirically, this hypothesis leads to testable implications about the effect of the presence of halfsiblings, stepsiblings and the effect of family income. I find some evidence of biological preferences and that, relative to children living in nonblended families, having a halfsibling or stepsibling has a negative impact on child outcomes for all children. My results also suggest that for young children there are benefits (via stepfather income) associated with a social environment that differs from that which existed while in single mother families. These benefits slightly mitigate the detrimental effects of resource allocation or of living in a blended family. With the basis of preferences being tied to biological membership and children as private goods within marriage, stepfamilies provide an alternative to t esting against the unitary model of household decision-making with respect to child outcomes. I test the income pooling hypothesis and the significance of other measures of bargaining power on child outcomes for children with two biological parents and stepchild outcomes. I reject the income pooling hypothesis in stepfamilies and fail to reject this hypothesis in families with two biological parents. These results suggest the appropriateness of a bargaining framework for modeling resource allocation within a stepfamily. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gennetian, Lisa Anoush. Resource Allocation to Children in Families: A Comparative Analysis Using Stepfamilies. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1998. |
2166. |
Georges, Annie |
Racial and Ethnic Differences of the Effect of the GED Test on Entry into and Exit Out of Poverty Among Women Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 1998. Also: http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/ER/detail/hkul/2687946 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): First Birth; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Gender Differences; High School Diploma; Hispanics; Mothers, Adolescent; Poverty; Racial Differences; Teenagers; Women's Studies The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) policy requires women and teenage mothers to earn a high school diploma or pass the general educational development (GED) test in exchange for temporary benefits. This basic requirement is in place to assist these women in finding employment that will reduce poverty. The objective of this thesis is to assess the effect of the GED test on entry into and exit out of poverty among women. It also evaluates the effects of employment and teen childbearing. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this study finds that women who pass the GED test have a higher probability of entry into and a lower probability of exit out of poverty than high school graduates. However, investing in the GED test offers some benefits because relative to high school dropouts GED holders have a lower probability of entry into and a higher probability of exit out of poverty. Moreover, GED holders who continue on to college are equivalent to those with only a high school diploma. Although education matters for all women, blacks and Hispanics have a higher probability of entry into and a lower probability of exit out of poverty than whites. This suggests lower returns to education may be due to discrimination and occupational segregation that restrict blacks' and Hispanics' access to high-paying jobs. The analysis shows that it is the presence of additional children that significantly affects poverty, and not so much the timing of the first birth. It suggests that teenage mothers who have few subsequent births have the same probability of entry into and exit out of poverty as women who postpone birth. That is, as labor force participation is limited due to the presence of additional children the family's available resources are reduced while at the same time their needs are increasing. These factors combined increase the probability of poverty. |
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Bibliography Citation
Georges, Annie. Racial and Ethnic Differences of the Effect of the GED Test on Entry into and Exit Out of Poverty Among Women. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 1998.. |
2167. |
Georges, Annie |
The GED Certificate and the Poverty Status of Adult Women Journal of Children and Poverty 7,1 (March 2001): 49-61. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10796120120038037 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Carfax Publishing Company ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Poverty; Women; Women's Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Are women who hold a General Educational Development (GED) certificate less likely to ever be in poverty? Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study examines the probability of entering poverty for women. If a woman is already poor, the study also examines the probability of exiting poverty. The analysis differentiates between high school dropouts, GED certificate holders, & high school graduates, & it is restricted to the first entry into poverty & the first exit out of poverty. In general, the results show that the GED certificate may be an economically beneficial route for women to achieve short-term earnings growth & remain out of poverty, as compared to dropping out of high school. The analysis shows that women with a GED certificate have a significantly higher probability of entry into poverty than high school graduates. However, a GED certificate increases the probability that a woman will exit poverty, compared to high school dropouts. This finding differs from other studies about the economic impact of the GED certificate. 2 Tables, 29 References. Adapted from the source document |
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Bibliography Citation
Georges, Annie. "The GED Certificate and the Poverty Status of Adult Women." Journal of Children and Poverty 7,1 (March 2001): 49-61.
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2168. |
Gerhart, Barry |
How Important are Dispositional Factors as Determinants of Job Satisfaction? Implications for Job Design and Other Personnel Programs Journal of Applied Psychology 72,3 (August 1987): 366-373. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/72/3/366/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Job Requirements; Job Satisfaction; Work Attitudes According to recent research, including a 1985 study by Staw and Ross, worker attitudes are, to a large degree a function of stable individual traits, not situational characteristics. This implies that job redesign and related personnel programs are prone to failure because they only change the job situation. Problems with this study, which used men 45 to 59 and 50 to 64 years of age, prompted another study designed to examine the relationship of job satisfaction with dispositional and situational factors in younger adults. The NLSY, a national probability sample interviewed annually, provided data for the study. Two measures of job complexity were analyzed in order to determine how changes in complexity impacted job satisfaction. The study found that changes in complexity and other situational factors are important predictors of job satisfaction, while dispositional factors present measurement problems that preclude their use as accurate predictors. These results are contrary to the findings of Staw and Ross. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Gerhart, Barry. "How Important are Dispositional Factors as Determinants of Job Satisfaction? Implications for Job Design and Other Personnel Programs." Journal of Applied Psychology 72,3 (August 1987): 366-373.
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2169. |
Gerhart, Barry |
Sources of Variance in Incumbent Perceptions of Job Complexity Journal of Applied Psychology 73,2 (May 1988): 154-162. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/73/2/154/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Job Requirements; Occupations Substantive research in the job design area has relied heavily on incumbent-based perceptions of job complexity (IPJC) measures (e.g., the Job Characteristics Inventory and the Job Diagnostic Survey). However, little research has addressed the construct validity of IPJC measures. The present study used longitudinal data to assess the convergent validity of an IPJC measure by examining its relation with an independent measure of complexity derived from the fourth edition of the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT-complexity). In addition, discriminant validity is assessed by examining the relation between the IPJC measure and a relatively broad range of individual (e.g., education) and situational (e.g., pay level) variables, controlling for DOT-complexity. The data are taken from the NLSY (ages 16-21 in 1979; 19-24 in 1982). Results indicated that IPJC did converge significantly with DOT-complexity. Moreover, the set of individual and situational factors did not add significant explanatory power to an equation predicting IPJC using only DOT-complexity, thus providing support for the discriminant validity of the IPJC measure as well. These results may help alleviate reservations concerning previous substantive job design research that has relied almost exclusively on IPJC measures. [MGMT CONTENTS] |
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Bibliography Citation
Gerhart, Barry. "Sources of Variance in Incumbent Perceptions of Job Complexity." Journal of Applied Psychology 73,2 (May 1988): 154-162.
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2170. |
Gerhart, Barry Cheikh, Nabil El |
Earnings and Percentage Female: A Longitudinal Study Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 31,1 (January 1991): 62-78. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1991.tb00775.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Comparable Worth; Discrimination, Job; Discrimination, Sex; Earnings; Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Gender Differences; Occupations, Female; Unions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Comparable worth advocates assume that the relation between earnings and percentage female in an occupation is due to crowding or other forms of discrimination. An alternative explanation is that the relation stems from women freely choosing different occupations. Using longitudinal data to control for time-invariant omitted variables, as well as cross-sectional data (for comparison with previous research), we find that although men's estimated penalty is not reduced, the percentage female penalty falls substantially for women and is not statistically significant. These results imply that estimates of the percentage female effect based on cross-sectional data may be inflated for women–except for those with intermittent labor force participation. This group does experience a sizeable penalty for working in female-dominated occupations. Hence, a comparable worth policy would most likely benefit women with discontinuous employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gerhart, Barry and Nabil El Cheikh. "Earnings and Percentage Female: A Longitudinal Study." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 31,1 (January 1991): 62-78.
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2171. |
Germinario, Giuseppe |
Three Essays on Partial Identification for Applied Health Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Syracuse University, 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Earnings; Employment; Health, Mental/Psychological; Labor Market Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three chapters which explore the usefulness of partial identification methods for estimating treatment effects in applied health economics research. Each one applies the methodology to different settings in which establishing causality has traditionally been difficult, and seeks to demonstrate when a bounding approach can--and cannot--aid researchers in learning about causal relationships. The second chapter aims to understand the relationship between mental health and labor market outcomes. We bound the impact depressive symptom severity has on both the probability of employment and on earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Germinario, Giuseppe. Three Essays on Partial Identification for Applied Health Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Syracuse University, 2022. |
2172. |
Germinario, Giuseppe Amin, Vikesh Flores, Carlos A. Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso |
What Can We Learn About the Effect of Mental Health on Labor Market Outcomes Under Weak Assumptions? Evidence from the NLSY79 Labour Economics published online (18 September 2022): 102258. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537122001488 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Earnings; Employment; Health, Mental/Psychological; Labor Market Outcomes We employ a nonparametric partial identification approach to bound the causal effect of poor mental health on employment and earnings using the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979. Our approach allows us to provide bounds on the population average treatment effect based on relatively weak, credible assumptions. We find that being categorized as depressed decreases employment by 10% and earnings by 27% at most, but we cannot statistically rule out a zero effect. We also provide insights into the heterogeneity of the effects on labor market outcomes at different levels of adverse mental health experienced (no, little, mild, moderate, and severe depressive symptoms). We find that going from having no (little) to severe depressive symptoms reduces employment by 3-18% (3-16%) and earnings by 11-44% (12-36%). The estimated bounds statistically rule out null effects for earnings but not for employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Germinario, Giuseppe, Vikesh Amin, Carlos A. Flores and Alfonso Flores-Lagunes. "What Can We Learn About the Effect of Mental Health on Labor Market Outcomes Under Weak Assumptions? Evidence from the NLSY79." Labour Economics published online (18 September 2022): 102258.
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2173. |
Germiniasi, Andrea |
Labor Market Imperfections: Effects on Occupational Injuries and Earnings Ph.D. Dissertation, Northeastern University, 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Earnings; Gender Differences; Injuries; Labor Market Demographics; Occupations; Unions; Wage Differentials; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Trade unions and gender discrimination are generally considered as sources of labor market imperfections. My dissertation is a study of the effects of these distortions on three specific outcomes: occupational injuries, earnings of injured workers, and gender pay differentials in the arts occupations. The first chapter of my dissertation investigates the relationship between union coverage and work-related injuries. Trade unions play a central role in establishing a safe work place at the firm level. Union representatives ensure the implementation of safety standards set by the Occupational and Safety Health Administration (OSHA) and provide employees in bargaining units with education on job-specific risks. As a consequence, the injury rates of workers covered by union contracts may be expected to be lower than those of uncovered workers, given similar demographic and occupational characteristics. However, the work environment is not the sole determinant of injury rates. One additional factor is the worker's effort to avoid and minimize work-related hazards. When the personal accident-prevention activities cannot be monitored, the employee needs to face a correct system of incentives. If union representation fails to provide these incentives, covered workers may experience higher injury rates than uncovered employees. In analyzing this relationship, previous studies have failed to include controls for one or both of the following factors: (1) individual unobservable characteristics, and (2) firm-specific hazards. Using data from the NLSY79, the goal of the first chapter is to address these major limitations and provide an estimate of the effect of union coverage on the probability of nonfatal work-related injuries. The results of this chapter indicate that covered workers are about 50 percent more likely to suffer an occupational injury than similar uncovered workers. The direction of this estimate is then interpreted within a moral hazard framework, where union and nonunion workers face different incentives when they choose their level of accident-prevention activities. The second chapter examines the economic consequences of a work-related injury. Injured workers may experience reductions in earnings for multiple reasons. First, injured workers may experience temporary or permanent decreases in work hours. Second, the wage of the worker may decrease because of lower post-injury productivity caused by any loss in general, specific or health human capital. This outcome is more likely to occur when the injured worker is forced to change firms, occupation or industry. In this setting, union coverage at the time of the injury may play an important role in reducing the size of the earnings losses. Unions provide protection against dismissal without just cause and may favor the assignment of an injured worker to a different job or work schedule within the same firm, therefore decreasing the probability of quitting. Using data from the NLSY79, this chapter applies a A standard version of the difference-in-difference methodology is used to investigate whether union coverage at the time of the injury is able to reduce the earnings losses caused by the injury. The findings indicate that union coverage is able to preserve workers' earnings in the year of the injury. The third chapter investigates whether gender discrimination affects the earnings in the arts occupations. Female artists generally earn less than male artists who work in the same occupation. This gender earnings gap can be due to a combination of differences in individual characteristics (explained portion) and differences in the returns to endowments (unexplained portion). The latter have been often interpreted as an estimate of discrimination, although they could be the result of gender differences in unobservable skills. Using the Five Percent PUMS from the 2000 U.S. Census, a modified Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique (Yun, 2005) is applied to the gender wage gap for eleven arts occupations. The results of this chapter show that a significant unexplained pay gap, which could be attributed to discrimination, exists for female artists employed in full-time jobs. The explained portion of the gap indicates that women are often segregated into low-paying industries. A second type of decomposition (Fairlie, 2003) is then used to investigate the reasons of gender segregation across industries. These additional findings suggest that discriminatory hiring practices are likely to exist for some arts occupations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Germiniasi, Andrea. Labor Market Imperfections: Effects on Occupational Injuries and Earnings. Ph.D. Dissertation, Northeastern University, 2010. |
2174. |
Gero, Krisztina Kim, Daniel |
Prospective Associations between US State-level Corruption and Individual-level Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Middle-aged Americans: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979 International Journal of Public Health 65 (2020): 1737-1748. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00038-020-01497-x Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Crime; Geocoded Data; Health Factors; Health, Chronic Conditions; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: To estimate the associations between US state-level corruption and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the nation. Methods: We used a US nationally-representative sample of middle-aged adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979 and data from the Corruption in America Survey to estimate the associations between state-level illegal (private gains) corruption and legal (political gains) corruption in 2013 and individual-level risks of incident diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and depression between 2014 and 2016. Results: Medium and higher levels of illegal corruption were associated with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.75 (95% CI 1.06-2.88) for incident diabetes and 1.70 (95% CI 1.15-2.51) for incident hypertension, respectively. Furthermore, a higher level of legal corruption was associated with ORs of 1.84 (95% CI 1.08-3.13) for diabetes and 1.58 (95% CI 1.05-2.38) for hypertension. No consistent associations were observed for obesity or depression. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that higher levels of corruption contribute to increased risks of developing diabetes and hypertension. Investing resources into fighting corruption may be means to reduce the national burden of cardiovascular disease. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gero, Krisztina and Daniel Kim. "Prospective Associations between US State-level Corruption and Individual-level Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Middle-aged Americans: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979." International Journal of Public Health 65 (2020): 1737-1748.
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2175. |
Gero, Krisztina Noubary, Farzad Kawachi, Ichiro Baum, Christopher F. Wallace, Robert B. Briesacher, Becky A. Kim, Daniel |
Associations of State-level and County-level Hate Crimes with Individual-level Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Prospective Cohort Study of middle-aged Americans: the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979 BMJ Open 12,1 (2022): DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054360. Also: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/1/e054360 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Crime; Geocoded Data; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Obesity; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: There have been long-standing debates about the potential health consequences of hate crimes over and above other types of crimes. Besides the direct consequences for victims, less is known about whether hate crimes have spillover effects onto the health of local residents. Methods: We drew data on cardiovascular disease risk factors from middle-aged Americans in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979 and on hate crimes from the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports. Employing multivariable logistic regression, we estimated the associations between changes in state/county-level all and group-specific hate crime rates from 2000 to 2006 and incident individual-level diabetes, hypertension, obesity and depressive symptoms from 2008 to 2016. All models controlled for individual-level sociodemographic factors and financial strain, county-level and state-level changes in the total crime rate, the percentage of non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic/Latino residents, and median household income, as well as state-level changes in the percentage of residents aged 65 years or older and the unemployment rate. Results: 1-SD increases in state-level all and race/ethnicity-based hate crime rates were associated with 20% (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.35) and 15% higher odds (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.31) of incident diabetes, respectively. At the county level, a 1-SD increase in the all hate crime rate was linked to 8% higher odds (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.16) of obesity, while a 1-SD increase in the race/ethnicity-based hate crime rate was associated with 8% higher odds (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.15) of obesity and 9% higher odds (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.17) of hypertension. We found no significant associations for depressive symptoms, and no interactions between race/ethnicity-based hate crime rates and individual-level race/ethnicity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gero, Krisztina, Farzad Noubary, Ichiro Kawachi, Christopher F. Baum, Robert B. Wallace, Becky A. Briesacher and Daniel Kim. "Associations of State-level and County-level Hate Crimes with Individual-level Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Prospective Cohort Study of middle-aged Americans: the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979." BMJ Open 12,1 (2022): DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054360.
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2176. |
Geronimus, Arline T. |
Teenage Childbearing and Social and Reproductive Disadvantage: The Evolution of Complex Questions and the Demise of Simple Answers Family Relations 40,4 (October 1991): 463-471. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/584905 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Health Factors Rebuttal to Furstenbers's (1991) critique of Geronimus' research on sisters in the NLSY. Scientific progress in understanding the nature of associations between teen childbearing and social or reproductive disadvantage has increased the complexity of this knowledge offered some surprising findings and led to expectable confusion. Assessing these new research findings and incorporating them into appropriate policy debate and development is a challenge complicated by the failure of those translating them for practitioners to do so accurately. Examples of such inadequate translations are discussed in the context of recent findings raising doubts about traditional estimates of the contribution teen childbearing per se makes to social and public health problems. A call for unbiased assessment and open discussion of new research findings is made. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geronimus, Arline T. "Teenage Childbearing and Social and Reproductive Disadvantage: The Evolution of Complex Questions and the Demise of Simple Answers." Family Relations 40,4 (October 1991): 463-471.
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2177. |
Geronimus, Arline T. |
Teenage Childbearing and Social Disadvantage: Unprotected Discourse Family Relations 41,2 (April 1992): 244-248. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/584840 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Fertility This article is one of two that continue the dialogue begun by this publication of the Frank Furstenberg, Jr. article titled, "As the Pendulum Swings: Teenage Childbearing and Social Concern," (April) 1991, pp. 127-138, and the Arline Geronimus article titled "Teenage Childbearing and Social and Reproductive Disadvantage: The Evolution of Complex Questions and the Demise of Simple Answers," (October) 1991, pp. 463-471. Here, Geronimus replies to Furstenberg's comments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geronimus, Arline T. "Teenage Childbearing and Social Disadvantage: Unprotected Discourse." Family Relations 41,2 (April 1992): 244-248.
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2178. |
Geronimus, Arline T. Korenman, Sanders D. |
Maternal Youth or Family Background? On the Health Disadvantages of Infants with Teenage Mothers American Journal of Epidemiology 137,2 (15 January 1993): 213-225. Also: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/137/2/213.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Alcohol Use; Birthweight; First Birth; Health Factors; Household Composition; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; Siblings; Socioeconomic Status (SES) The health disadvantages of infants with teenage mothers are well documented. Because poor and minority women are disproportionately represented among teen mothers, differences in infant health by maternal age may reflect family background pre-childbearing) characteristics rather than the effects of maternal age. To control for differences in family background, the authors compared birth outcomes and maternal behaviors that could affect fetal or infant health among sisters in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-1988). They compared sisters who had first births at different ages in order to study the relation between maternal age and low birth weight, prenatal care, smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy, breast feeding, and well-child visits. The authors found evidence that maternal family background accounts for many of the health-related disadvantages of the firstborn infants of teenage mothers. The findings suggest that disadvantaged black primiparous women in their twenties may be an important and possibly underemphasized target population for interventions designed to reduce excess black low birth weight and infant mortality rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geronimus, Arline T. and Sanders D. Korenman. "Maternal Youth or Family Background? On the Health Disadvantages of Infants with Teenage Mothers." American Journal of Epidemiology 137,2 (15 January 1993): 213-225.
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2179. |
Geronimus, Arline T. Korenman, Sanders D. |
Maternal Youth or Family Background? Preliminary Findings on the Health Disadvantages of Infants with Teenage Mothers Research Report No 91-204. Ann Arbor, MI: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, March 1991. Also: http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/abs.shtml?ID=33489 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Breastfeeding; Childbearing, Adolescent; Health Factors; Household Composition; Mothers, Behavior; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The health disadvantages of infants with teen mothers are well documented, but the causal mechanisms that mediate associations have not been clearly demonstrated. An important consideration is often overlooked: teenage mothers come disproportionately from disadvantaged and minority populations. Observed differences in infant health between teen mothers and women who postpone childbearing may reflect unmeasured socioeconomic background factors, factors that precede the first pregnancy, rather than the effects of maternal age. Data from the NLSY is analyzed and new estimates of the relationship between maternal age and low birth weight, preterm birth indicators of prenatal care utilization, smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and well-child visits are presented. Pre-pregnancy family background differences between teen and older mothers is controlled by comparing sisters who experienced their first births at different ages. Findings suggest that family background characteristics of mothers, factors that precede their childbearing years, can account for many of the health disadvantages of infant with teenage mothers. For both blacks and whites, sisters comparisons suggested a less adverse effect of teen childbearing than suggested by cross-sectional comparisons. For all family and maternal age groups, absolute levels of poor birth outcomes and inadequate well-child visits were higher for blacks; those for unhealthy behaviors and breastfeeding were markedly lower for blacks. These findings suggest that the processes leading to poor birth outcomes for teen mothers are complex. Theoretical, clinical, programmatic and policy implications are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geronimus, Arline T. and Sanders D. Korenman. Maternal Youth or Family Background? Preliminary Findings on the Health Disadvantages of Infants with Teenage Mothers. Research Report No 91-204. Ann Arbor, MI: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, March 1991.. |
2180. |
Geronimus, Arline T. Korenman, Sanders D. |
The Socioeconomic Consequences of Teen Childbearing Reconsidered Quarterly Journal of Economics 107,4 (November 1992): 1187-1214. Also: http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/107/4/1187.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Birthweight; Childbearing, Adolescent; Heterogeneity; Household Composition; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Teen childbearing is commonly believed to cause long-term socioeconomic disadvantages for mothers and their children. However, earlier cross-sectional studies may have inadequately accounted for marked differences in family background among women who have first births at different ages. We present new estimates that take into account unmeasured fa background heterogeneity by comparing sisters who timed their first births at different ages. In two of the three sets we examine, sister comparisons suggest that biases from family background heterogeneity are important, and, therefore, that earlier studies may have overstated the consequences of teen childbearing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geronimus, Arline T. and Sanders D. Korenman. "The Socioeconomic Consequences of Teen Childbearing Reconsidered." Quarterly Journal of Economics 107,4 (November 1992): 1187-1214.
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2181. |
Geronimus, Arline T. Korenman, Sanders D. |
The Socioeconomic Consequences of Teen Childbearing Reconsidered Research Report No. 90-190, Ann Arbor MI: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, 1990. Also: http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/abs/837 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavioral Problems; Birthweight; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Background and Culture; Heterogeneity; Household Composition; Siblings; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Teen childbearing is commonly viewed as an irrational behavior that leads to long-term socioeconomic disadvantage for mothers and their children. Cross- sectional studies that estimate relationships between maternal age at first birth and socioeconomic indicators measured later in life form the empirical basis for this view. However, these studies have failed to account adequately for differences in family background among women who time their births at different ages. The authors present new estimates of the consequences of teen childbearing that take into account observed and unobserved family background heterogeneity, comparing sisters who have timed their first births at different ages. Sibling comparisons suggest that previous estimates have overstated the consequences of early fertility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geronimus, Arline T. and Sanders D. Korenman. "The Socioeconomic Consequences of Teen Childbearing Reconsidered." Research Report No. 90-190, Ann Arbor MI: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, 1990. |
2182. |
Geronimus, Arline T. Korenman, Sanders D. |
The Socioeconomic Costs of Teenage Childbearing: Evidence and Interpretation Demography 30,2 (May 1993): 281-290. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/d1gr58p1v2u91374/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; First Birth; Heterogeneity; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Pregnancy, Adolescent; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Until recently, the belief that teenage childbearing makes a substantial causal contribution to persistent socioeconomic disadvantage was pervasive. The scientific evidence used to support this interpretation was open to the criticism by failure to account for unobserved heterogeneity; fertility timing varies across populations, and early fertility is much more common in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. Investigators therefore made efforts to control for background differences among mothers who had first births at different ages. We were concerned, however, that measures of family background used in these studies might have been inadequate. We undertook a sibling approach as a matched comparison group study in which the set of match characteristics is more complete than that provided by matching measured or observable family background characteristics. The recent replication of our study by Hoffman, Foster, and Furstenberg (1993) supports our principal conclusions that standard cross-sectional estimates of the consequences of teen childbearing are biased by failure to control adequately for family background differences between women who have first births as teenagers and those who have first births at later ages, and that previous estimates are likely to have exaggerated the costs of teen childbearing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geronimus, Arline T. and Sanders D. Korenman. "The Socioeconomic Costs of Teenage Childbearing: Evidence and Interpretation." Demography 30,2 (May 1993): 281-290.
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2183. |
Geronimus, Arline T. Korenman, Sanders D. Hillemeier, Marianne M. |
Does Young Maternal Age Adversely Affect Child Development? Evidence from Cousin Comparisons Research Report No 92-256. Ann Arbor, MI: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, September 1992. Also: http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/abs.shtml?ID=33540 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bias Decomposition; Birthweight; Child Development; Child Health; Family Background and Culture; Family Influences; Fertility; First Birth; Heterogeneity; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Mothers; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Teenagers; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979-1988 to estimate relations between maternal age at first birth and measures of early socioemotional and cognitive development of children. We compare cross-sectional estimates to estimates based on comparisons of first cousins to gauge the importance of bias from family background heterogeneity. Cross-sectional estimates suggest moderate adverse consequences of teen motherhood for child development. However, children of teen mothers appear to score no worse on measures of development than first cousins whose mothers had first births after their teen years. The evidence suggests that differences in far background of mothers (factors that precede their childbearing years) account for the low scores on measures of socioemotional and cognitive development seen in young children of teen mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geronimus, Arline T., Sanders D. Korenman and Marianne M. Hillemeier. Does Young Maternal Age Adversely Affect Child Development? Evidence from Cousin Comparisons. Research Report No 92-256. Ann Arbor, MI: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, September 1992.. |
2184. |
Geronimus, Arline T. Korenman, Sanders D. Hillemeier, Marianne M. |
Does Young Maternal Age Adversely Affect Child Development? Evidence from Cousin Comparisons Presented: Bethesda, MA, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bias Decomposition; Birthweight; Child Development; Child Health; Family Influences; Fertility; First Birth; General Assessment; Heterogeneity; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Mothers; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Teenagers; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979-1988 to estimate relations between maternal age at first birth and measures of early socioemotional and cognitive development of children. We compare cross-sectional estimates to estimates based on comparisons of first cousins to gauge the importance of bias from family background heterogeneity. Cross-sectional estimates suggest moderate adverse consequences of teen motherhoo for child development. However, children of teen mothers appear to score no worse on measures of development than first cousins whose mothers had first births after their teen years. The evidence suggests that differences in far background of mothers (factors that precede their childbearing years) account for the low scores on measures of socioemotional and cognitive development seen in young children of teen mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geronimus, Arline T., Sanders D. Korenman and Marianne M. Hillemeier. "Does Young Maternal Age Adversely Affect Child Development? Evidence from Cousin Comparisons." Presented: Bethesda, MA, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992. |
2185. |
Geronimus, Arline T. Korenman, Sanders D. Hillemeier, Marianne M. |
Does Young Maternal Age Adversely Affect Child Development? Evidence from Cousin Comparisons Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bias Decomposition; Birthweight; Child Development; Child Health; Family Background and Culture; Family Influences; First Birth; General Assessment; Heterogeneity; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Teenagers; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the NLSY are used to estimate relationships between maternal age at first birth and measures of early socioemotional and cognitive development of children. The authors compare standard cross-sectional population estimates to estimates based on comparisons of first-cousins (i.e., family fixed effects estimates) in order to gauge the importance of bias from family background heterogeneity. Population estimates suggest moderate adverse consequences of teen motherhood for child development. However, children of teen mothers appear to score no worse on measures of development than their first-cousins born to women who had first births after their teen years. The estimates suggest that differences in family backgrounds of mothers (factors that preceded their childbearing years) can account for the low (measured) early socioemotional and cognitive development of children of teen mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geronimus, Arline T., Sanders D. Korenman and Marianne M. Hillemeier. "Does Young Maternal Age Adversely Affect Child Development? Evidence from Cousin Comparisons." Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992. |
2186. |
Geronimus, Arline T. Korenman, Sanders D. Hillemeier, Marianne M. |
Does Young Maternal Age Adversely Affect Child Development? Evidence from Cousin Comparisons in the United States Population and Development Review 20,3 (September 1994): 585-609 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Council Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Childbearing, Adolescent; Disadvantaged, Economically; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Adolescent; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Socioeconomic Factors; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) The construction of teenage childbearing as a public problem, and the degree to which it should be a source of social or policy concern, have been the subject of numerous empirical investigations, theoretical analyses, commentaries, and controversy. While we do not review this literature in detail here, we highlight what we believe to be the most important theoretical tension and social scientific question to emerge from it. The theoretical tension is between whether teenage mothers are best understood as teenagers or as socioeconomically disadvantaged women, given the overrepresentation of socioeconomically disadvantaged teenagers among the ranks of teenage mothers. The social scientific question is the extent to which teen childbearing contributes causally to the social problems with which it is associated. One important area of social concern is the potential consequences of teen childbearing for offspring. In this article, we focus on early childhood development. The literature on child development in the United States has documented that, on average, children of young mothers score more poorly on cognitive and socioemotional measures and are at higher risk of poor school achievement than children of older mothers. While some investigators do not control for socioeconomic status when comparing child outcomes across maternal ages, many do take socioeconomic differences into account. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geronimus, Arline T., Sanders D. Korenman and Marianne M. Hillemeier. "Does Young Maternal Age Adversely Affect Child Development? Evidence from Cousin Comparisons in the United States." Population and Development Review 20,3 (September 1994): 585-609.
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2187. |
Gershenson, Seth Holt, Stephen B. Wang, Rui |
The Impact of Consequential Accountability Policies on Teachers' Mental Health Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Health, Mental/Psychological; Occupations; State-Level Data/Policy; Teachers/Faculty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Teachers' mental health is an important, understudied teacher characteristic as it likely affects teacher effectiveness, engagement, and retention in the profession. In this paper, we study the impacts of accountability policies on K-12 teachers' mental health using nationally representative longitudinal survey data. We do so in two ways. First, we exploit state-level variation in the adoption of high-stakes accountability policies in the 1990s. Specifically, we follow Hanushek and Raymond (2005) in using a difference-in-differences (DD) strategy that compares the mental health of teachers in states that did adopt a high-stakes accountability policy to those that did not, before and after the policies were adopted. We also leverage a triple-difference (DDD) design that uses non-teachers in treatment and control states as an additional control group. Second, we exploit the enactment of No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) in 2001, which required states to adopt stringent accountability policies. The NCLB Act primarily affected states that had lax pre-existing accountability policies in place. Here, we implement the DD strategy developed by Dee and Jacob (2011) to examine the causal impacts of NCLB on teachers' mental health by considering teachers in states with pre-existing NCLB-type accountability policies as the control group. Both analyses use data from the nationally representative National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) 1979 and 1997 cohorts, which provides various measures of individuals' mental health from teenage years through adulthood. This data has previously been used to study teacher labor markets, as it includes occupation codes, and the NLSY surveys also include demographics and socioeconomic information on both teachers and non-teachers, prior to and after entering the workforce. By tracking an individual's mental health over a long period, this paper identifies the accountability's effects on teachers' mental health and provides policy implications for future education policy and suggestions on how to better support teachers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gershenson, Seth, Stephen B. Holt and Rui Wang. "The Impact of Consequential Accountability Policies on Teachers' Mental Health." Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2018. |
2188. |
Geschwender, Laura Ellen |
The Consequences of Job Loss for the Likelihood, Extent, and Stability of Later Employment Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Probit; Part-Time Work; Racial Differences; Sex Equality; Transition, Job to Job; Unemployment The risk of job loss threatens workers across occupations and industries and alters the quality of life of those who experience it. The purpose of this research is to examine the long-term consequences of job loss for several labor market outcomes, including becoming reemployed, leaving the labor force, working part-time involuntarily and voluntarily, and the likelihood of experiencing subsequent job loss or making other job transitions. I compare the effect of job loss not leaving one's job as well as to other voluntary and involuntary job transitions. Finally, I determine whether the effect of job loss differs by sex, race, and age, thereby exacerbating race and sex inequality in the employment outcomes. Using pooled cross-sectional data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) from 1987 to 1994, I look at each of these outcomes up to five years after the year when I measure whether a job loss or other transition took place. I estimate random-effects probit models to determine the lagged effect of experiencing a job loss or making other job transitions on the employment outcomes for each of the subsequent five years. My research demonstrated that experiencing a job loss did in fact decrease the likelihood of being employed up to four years later and increased the likelihood of leaving the labor force up to five years later, net of control variables and of subsequent job transitions, relative to not leaving one's job. I also found that experiencing a job loss increased the likelihood of working part-time and part-time involuntarily up to five years later. Finally, my research indicated that experiencing a job loss increased the likelihood of experiencing a subsequent job loss and making other subsequent job transitions. The effect of experiencing a job loss did not differ significantly from the effect of making other job transitions. The effect of job loss on the employment outcomes I examined did not differ by sex, race, or age. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that job loss had negative consequences for the likelihood, extent, and stability of later employment for up to five years later. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geschwender, Laura Ellen. The Consequences of Job Loss for the Likelihood, Extent, and Stability of Later Employment. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1998. |
2189. |
Geschwender, Laura Ellen |
Why Do Southern Children Have Lower Verbal Facility Scores Than Children in Other Regions? M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Bias Decomposition; Child Development; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Geographical Variation; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Regions; Religion; Religious Influences; Tests and Testing This paper seeks to explain regional differences in young children's scores on standardized tests of verbal facility. Using a sample of 3 to 6 year old children of employed mothers in 1986 from the NLSY, the author regresses children's verbal facility on region, and adds explanatory variables in sets. It was found that factors explaining much of the regional variation in verbal facility include: maternal ethnicity, maternal measured mental ability, mother being raised fundamentalist, maternal religious attendance, home environment, maternal hourly pay, and maternal work hours. These factors are discussed as possible indicators of environmental complexity. The findings have implications for regional differences in social inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geschwender, Laura Ellen. Why Do Southern Children Have Lower Verbal Facility Scores Than Children in Other Regions? M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1991. |
2190. |
Geschwender, Laura Ellen Parcel, Toby L. |
Why Do Southern Children Have Lower Verbal Facility Scores Than Children in Other Regions? Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Child Development; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; General Assessment; Geographical Variation; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Religious Influences; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper seeks to explain regional differences in young children's scores on standardized tests of verbal facility. Using a sample of 3 to 6 year old children of employed mothers in 1986 from the NLSY, the author regresses children's verbal facility on region, and adds explanatory variables in sets. It was found that factors explaining much of the regional variation in verbal facility include: maternal ethnicity, maternal measured mental ability, mother being raised fundamentalist, maternal religious attendance, home environment, maternal hourly pay, and maternal work hours. These factors are discussed as possible indicators of environmental complexity. The findings have implications for regional differences in social inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Geschwender, Laura Ellen and Toby L. Parcel. "Why Do Southern Children Have Lower Verbal Facility Scores Than Children in Other Regions?" Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1991. |
2191. |
Ghadyani, Samaneh |
Essays on SNAP Participation, BMI, and Food Purchasing Decisions Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of South Florida, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Geocoded Data; Legislation; Program Participation/Evaluation; Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly Food Stamps) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 1 studies the effects of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) on SNAPeligible individuals' BMI. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the largest program in the U.S. to protect low-income families from hunger. Although decreasing food insecurity is universally approved, the SNAP program is not without its critiques. Many studies have reported a link between participation in SNAP and obesity among the poor. In this study, the effects of an expansion of SNAP benefits on SNAP-eligible individuals' BMI compared to ineligible people are examined. The expansion introduced by ARRA increased the average value of benefits for SNAP recipients by about 13.6% compared to the previous year. Accounting for the endogeneity of an explanatory variable and systematic underreporting of participation status are the primary challenges of finding the SNAP's causal impacts on BMI. The difference-in-differences model is estimated the ARRA-related SNAP-expansion on SNAP-eligible people's BMI to address the mentioned challenges. Restricted data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 is used, which is a panel of 12,686 individuals aged 14 to 22 years old in the first year of the interview (1979). The fixed-effect estimation results suggest that SNAP expansion increased the BMI rates among SNAP-eligible adults; however, quantile regression shows a different portrait of changes across the whole sample. Although people in lower quantiles of BMI started to lose weight, individuals in higher quantiles reacted significantly different to this event. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ghadyani, Samaneh. Essays on SNAP Participation, BMI, and Food Purchasing Decisions. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of South Florida, 2021. |
2192. |
Ghandour, Lilian A. |
Young Adult Alcohol Involvement: The Role of Parental Monitoring, Child Disclosure, and Parental Knowledge during Childhood Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2009. DAI-B 69/12, Jun 2009. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-School involvement; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Underage drinking is a leading public health problem in the United States. Despite the empirical support for the protective influence of parental monitoring on youth alcohol involvement, recently the construct has been criticized for typically being a measure of parental knowledge of children's whereabouts, behaviors, and peer associations rather than active parental behavior. Moreover, studies exploring the role of child disclosure on parental knowledge and youth alcohol use remain scant. Using data from the ongoing biennial National Longitudinal Survey on Youth surveys, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to empirically define parental monitoring using measures encompassing multiple facets of the construct. Parental monitoring was ultimately operationalized using a second-order confirmatory factor model, with four first-order factors (i.e. parental school involvement, communication, time involvement, rules/decision-making) supporting the definition of a 'set of correlated parenting behaviors' (Dishion & McMahon, 1998). Consistent with a transactional conceptual framework (Wills & Dishion, 2004), path analysis examined the direct and indirect longitudinal associations between parental monitoring, child disclosure, parental knowledge, and alcohol involvement among children and young adults. Findings indicated that parental monitoring was a significant protective factor for females across a number of alcohol use measures, both directly and indirectly via child disclosure, maternal knowledge, and early alcohol initiation in the case of subsequent heavier alcohol use. In males, higher monitoring levels in middle childhood protected against alcohol-problem use in young adulthood. Child disclosure reduced the odds of binge drinking in females, controlling for negative peer pressure and maternal alcohol use. Through proper monitoring practices, parents play an important role in reducing both short-term and long-term alcohol involvement in youth, particularly among females. Proper monitoring could help buffer the observed independent effect of negative peer pressure in early childhood on later youth alcohol use. Child disclosure was an important mediator that warrants further attention. The study provides further support for parenting influences on youth alcohol use and will help guide existing family-focused evidence-based programs aimed at reducing youth substance use and misuse. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ghandour, Lilian A. Young Adult Alcohol Involvement: The Role of Parental Monitoring, Child Disclosure, and Parental Knowledge during Childhood. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2009. DAI-B 69/12, Jun 2009.. |
2193. |
Ghilagaber, Gebrenegus Wänström, Linda |
Adjusting for Selection Bias in Assessing the Relationship between Sibship Size and Cognitive Performance Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 178,4 (October 2015): 925-944. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rssa.12098/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Development; Family Size; Modeling, Multilevel; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Sample Selection; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Consistent negative correlations between sibship size and cognitive performance (as measured by intelligence quotient and other mental aptitude tests) have been observed in past empirical studies. However, parental decisions on family size may correlate with variables affecting child cognitive performance. The aim of this study is to demonstrate how selection bias in studies of sibship size effects can be adjusted for. We extend existing knowledge in two aspects: as factors affecting decisions to increase family size may vary across the number and composition of current family size, we propose a sequential probit model (as opposed to binary or ordered models) for the propensity to increase family size; to disentangle selection and causality we propose multilevel multiprocess modelling where a continuous model for performance is estimated jointly with a sequential probit model for family size decisions. This allows us to estimate and adjust for the correlation between unmeasured heterogeneity affecting both family size decisions and child cognitive performance. The issues are illustrated through analyses of scores on Peabody individual achievement tests among children of the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. We find substantial between-family heterogeneity in the propensity to increase family size. Ignoring such selection led to overestimation of the negative effects of sibship size on cognitive performance for families with 1-3 children, when known sources of selection were accounted for. However, the multiprocess modelling proposed could efficiently identify and control for such bias due to adverse selection. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ghilagaber, Gebrenegus and Linda Wänström. "Adjusting for Selection Bias in Assessing the Relationship between Sibship Size and Cognitive Performance." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 178,4 (October 2015): 925-944.
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2194. |
Ghimire, Keshar Mani Maclean, Johanna Catherine |
Economic Conditions at School-leaving and Self-employment Economics Letters 137 (December 2015): 154-156. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176515004498 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Geocoded Data; Life Course; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Schooling; Self-Employed Workers; State-Level Data/Policy In this study we use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to estimate the impact of economic conditions at school-leaving on self-employment across the lifecourse. We find no evidence that the economic conditions at school-leaving affect self-employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ghimire, Keshar Mani and Johanna Catherine Maclean. "Economic Conditions at School-leaving and Self-employment." Economics Letters 137 (December 2015): 154-156.
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2195. |
Ghosh, Mistu |
A Longitudinal Analysis of Welfare Use and Educational Attainment Among Teenage Parents: Comparing the Effects of Socioeconomic Background with Age and Marital Status at Childbirth Ph.D. Dissertation, Tulane University, 2002. DAI-A 63/03, p. 1145, Sep 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Family Studies; Mobility, Economic; Parents, Single; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Poverty; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Teenagers; Welfare Between the 1960s and early 1990s, unprecedented numbers of unwed teenage women gave birth and then used public assistance to support themselves and their children. To outraged conservatives, this trend proved that teenagers were abusing the welfare system by having children outside marriage and then using welfare money to support their indolent lifestyles. The liberals counter-argued that since an overwhelming majority of single teenage mothers were poor and socially disadvantaged, they would have received welfare irrespective of whether they had postponed childbirth. The liberals therefore believed that poverty and lack of opportunity for upward social and economic mobility were the underlying causes of single teenage births and welfare use. Set against the backdrop of this debate and using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths data, in this study I follow the life experiences of 225 single teenage parents between 1979 and 1993 in order to examine how parenthood affected their educational or welfare status. I also examine how their experiences differed from their peers, who were of the same age but had children either after they were married or after they were relatively older. Furthermore. I study the influence of childhood socio-economic status on men and women's later life chances, regardless of their marital and fertility status. Lastly, I compare the educational attainment of single teenage mothers with that of single teenage fathers. My findings show that irrespective of their socio-economic backgrounds, having children as teenagers increased single women's chances of receiving welfare for longer periods. However, their childhood socio-economic status had a much larger impact on men and women's later educational status than their age and marital status at childbirth. Finally, even though single teenage mothers experienced greater day to day child-care responsibilities, their educational attainment was at par with that of single teenage fathers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ghosh, Mistu. A Longitudinal Analysis of Welfare Use and Educational Attainment Among Teenage Parents: Comparing the Effects of Socioeconomic Background with Age and Marital Status at Childbirth. Ph.D. Dissertation, Tulane University, 2002. DAI-A 63/03, p. 1145, Sep 2002. |
2196. |
Giancola, Susan P. |
Adolescent Behavior Problems: Peer Pressure "Is" All It Is Cracked Up To Be Presented: New Orleans, LA, American Educational Research Association Annual Conference, April 2000. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/16/bc/0d.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; High School; Longitudinal Surveys; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Schooling; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Student misbehavior is a problem affecting schools across the nation. Many school districts are searching for programs to remediate and reform problematic behavior in students. In order to develop successful programs, it is important first to understand what constitutes student misbehavior and second to determine reasons for students' behavior. The subjects for this study are participants in the National Longitudinal Study of 1988. Factors explaining students' behavior were looked at in 1988, 1990, and 1992, thus following them from 8th grade through their senior year. The data from this study confirms the existence of a common misbehavior construct comprised of both misbehavior and substance abuse items. Findings also support the ecological theory of behavior, where discipline problems are a result of a complex interaction of influences and thus should be treated within the system, rather than individually. The influence of an adolescent's peer group was found to explain student behavior throughout the high school years better than any other variable. Having academically-oriented friends seemed to encourage students to behave well and to help them resist drugs and alcohol. Negative peer influence seemed to greatly increase a student's risk for behavior problems and substance abuse. (Contains 12 tables and 24 references.) (JDM) |
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Bibliography Citation
Giancola, Susan P. "Adolescent Behavior Problems: Peer Pressure "Is" All It Is Cracked Up To Be." Presented: New Orleans, LA, American Educational Research Association Annual Conference, April 2000. |
2197. |
Gibbons, Robert Katz, Lawrence F. Lemieux, Thomas Parent, Daniel |
Comparative Advantage, Learning, and Sectoral Wage Determination NBER Working Paper No. 8889, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2002. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w8889 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Industrial Sector; Occupations; Skills; Wage Determination; Wage Differentials; Wages We develop a model in which a worker |
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Bibliography Citation
Gibbons, Robert, Lawrence F. Katz, Thomas Lemieux and Daniel Parent. "Comparative Advantage, Learning, and Sectoral Wage Determination." NBER Working Paper No. 8889, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2002. |
2198. |
Gibbons, Robert Katz, Lawrence F. Lemieux, Thomas Parent, Daniel |
Comparative Advantage, Learning, and Sectoral Wage Determination Journal of Labor Economics 23,4 (October 2005): 681-723. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/491606 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Labor Economics; Modeling; Skilled Workers; Skills; Vocational Preparation; Wages We develop a model in which a worker's skills determine the worker's current wage and sector. The market and the worker are initially uncertain about some of the worker's skills. Endogenous wage changes and sector mobility occur as labor market participants learn about these unobserved skills. We show how the model can be estimated using nonlinear instrumental variables techniques. We apply our methodology to study wages and allocation of workers across occupations and industries using individual-level panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We find that high-wage sectors employ high-skill workers and offer high returns to workers' skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Gibbons, Robert, Lawrence F. Katz, Thomas Lemieux and Daniel Parent. "Comparative Advantage, Learning, and Sectoral Wage Determination." Journal of Labor Economics 23,4 (October 2005): 681-723.
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2199. |
Gibbs, Robert M. |
Going Away to College and Wider Urban Job Opportunities Take Highly Educated Youth Away from Rural Areas Rural Development Perspectives 10,3 (June 1995): 35-44 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): College Education; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Educational Attainment; Family Influences; High School Completion/Graduates; Higher Education; Occupational Status; Residence; Rural Youth; Rural/Urban Differences; Rural/Urban Migration Rural high school graduates are less likely to graduate from college than their urban counterparts, mostly because they are less likely to attend college. Half of rural college attendees leave home and do not return by age 25. Those that do return are drawn largely by home ties and intervening life choices rather than local job opportunities. (Author/SV) |
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Bibliography Citation
Gibbs, Robert M. "Going Away to College and Wider Urban Job Opportunities Take Highly Educated Youth Away from Rural Areas." Rural Development Perspectives 10,3 (June 1995): 35-44.
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2200. |
Gibson, Diane M. |
Food Stamp Program Participation and Obesity: Estimates from the NLSY79 JCPR Working Paper No. 279, Joint Center for Poverty Research, September 2002. Also: http://www.jcpr.org/wp/WPprofile.cfm?ID=321 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the relationship between Food Stamp Program (FSP) participation and adult obesity. Based on past empirical research and the human capital model of the demand for health developed by Grossman (1972), the expected relationship between FSP participation and obesity is indeterminate. This paper uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to examine this relationship empirically and estimates reduced form models of the demand for health with obesity and body mass index (BMI) as the outcomes of interest. A benefit of using the NLSY79 is that it is possible to include detailed controls for current income, FSP participation and long-term eligibility for and participation in the FSP, as well as individual fixed effects. Current and long-term FSP participation are positively and significantly related to obesity and BMI for low-income women in models with individual fixed effects. The estimates suggest that benefits from the FSP do not have the same relationship to obesity and BMI as cash income or as other benefits provided by the government. Current FSP participation is associated with approximately a 9.2% increase in the predicted probability of obesity and five years of FSP participation in the previous five years is associated with approximately a 19.4% increase in the predicted probability of obesity for low-income women. The relationship between FSP participation and BMI, although statistically significant, is considerably smaller in percentage terms. Current FSP participation is associated with approximately a 0.7% increase in predicted BMI and five years of FSP participation in the previous five years is associated with approximately a 2.8% increase in predicted BMI for low-income women. Current and long-term FSP participation are not significantly related to obesity for low-income married men in models with individual fixed effects. However, long-term FSP participation is positively and significantly related to BMI. Five years of FSP participation in the previous five years is associated with approximately a 3.3% increase in predicted BMI for low-income married men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gibson, Diane M. "Food Stamp Program Participation and Obesity: Estimates from the NLSY79." JCPR Working Paper No. 279, Joint Center for Poverty Research, September 2002. |
2201. |
Gibson, Diane M. |
Food Stamp Program Participation Is Positively Related To Obesity In Low Income Women The Journal of Nutrition 133,7 (July 2003): 2225-2231. Also: http://www.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/7/2225 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society for Nutritional Sciences Keyword(s): Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Income Level; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examined the relationship between Food stamp Program (FSP) participation and the obesity of low income individuals using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Obesity was defined as body mass index [greater than or equal to] 30 kg/[m.sup.2]. The data were arranged as a panel with multiple observations per individual, and the models of obesity included current and long-term FSP participation, additional demographic, socioeconomic and environment characteristics and individual fixed effects. Individual fixed effects were used to take into account unobserved differences across individuals that did not vary over time. In ordinary least squares models, current and long-term FSP participation were significantly related to the obesity of low income women (P < 0.05), but not of low income men. For low income women, current participation in the FSP was associated with a 9.1% increase in the predicted probability of current obesity. Participation in the FSP in each of the previous five years compared to no participation over that time period was associated with approximately a 20.5% increase in the predicted probability of current obesity. These models did not control for food insecurity, and this omission potentially complicates the interpretation of the FSP participation variables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gibson, Diane M. "Food Stamp Program Participation Is Positively Related To Obesity In Low Income Women." The Journal of Nutrition 133,7 (July 2003): 2225-2231.
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2202. |
Gibson, Diane M. |
Influence of Food Stamp Program Participation on Adult Health: Estimated from the NLSY79 Presented: Washington, DC, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Small Grants Program Conference, October 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Keyword(s): Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gibson, Diane M. "Influence of Food Stamp Program Participation on Adult Health: Estimated from the NLSY79." Presented: Washington, DC, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Small Grants Program Conference, October 2001. |
2203. |
Gibson, Diane M. |
Long-Term Food Stamp Program Participation Is Positively Related to Simultaneous Overweight in Young Daughters and Obesity in Mothers Journal of Nutrition 136,4 (April 2006): 1081-1085 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Society for Nutritional Sciences Keyword(s): Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers and Daughters; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research using longitudinal data has found a positive and significant relationship between Food Stamp Program (FSP) participation and overweight in young girls and obesity in low-income women. This paper examined whether these relationships occurred simultaneously for members of the same family using longitudinal data on young (aged 4.5-11.5 y) girls and their mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The results of ordinary least squares models that included detailed measures of individual, family, and environment characteristics and daughter or mother fixed effects indicated that all of the positive association between long-term FSP participation and overweight in daughters was accounted for by the association between long-term FSP participation and simultaneous overweight in daughters and obesity in mothers. Similarly, all of the positive association between long-term FSP participation and obesity in mothers was accounted for by the association between long-term FSP participation and simultaneous obesity in mothers and overweight in at least 1 young daughter. These results suggest that the relationship between long-term FSP participation and weight is a family phenomenon. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gibson, Diane M. "Long-Term Food Stamp Program Participation Is Positively Related to Simultaneous Overweight in Young Daughters and Obesity in Mothers." Journal of Nutrition 136,4 (April 2006): 1081-1085.
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2204. |
Gibson, Diane M. |
The Neighborhood Food Environment and Adult Weight Status: Estimates from Longitudinal Data American Journal of Public Health 101,1 (January 2011): 71-78. Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/101/1/71 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Neighborhood Effects; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Rural/Urban Differences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. OBJECTIVES: I used longitudinal data to consider the relationship between the neighborhood food environment and adult weight status. METHODS: I combined individual-level data on adults from the 1998 through 2004 survey years of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 with zip code-level data on the neighborhood food environment. I estimated ordinary least squares models of obesity, body mass index (BMI), and change in BMI. RESULTS: For residents of urban areas, the neighborhood density of small grocery stores was positively and significantly related to obesity and BMI. For individuals who moved from a rural area to an urban area over a 2-year period, changes in neighborhood supermarket density, small grocery store density, and full-service restaurant density were significantly related to the change in BMI over that period. CONCLUSIONS: Residents of urban neighborhoods with a higher concentration of small grocery stores may be more likely to patronize these stores and consume more calories because small grocery stores tend to offer more unhealthy food options than healthy food options. Moving to an urban area may expose movers to a wider variety of food options that may influence calorie consumption. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gibson, Diane M. "The Neighborhood Food Environment and Adult Weight Status: Estimates from Longitudinal Data." American Journal of Public Health 101,1 (January 2011): 71-78.
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2205. |
Gibson, Diane M. |
The Neighborhood Food Environment and Adult Weight Status: Estimates Using Longitudinal Data Presented: Ithaca, NY, American Society of Health Economists, 3rd Biennial Conference, June 20-23, 2010. Also: http://ashecon2010.abstractbook.org/presentations/893/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Geocoded Data; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Neighborhood Effects; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Individual-level data on adults from the 1998 through 2004 waves of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 were combined with ZIP Code-level data on the neighborhood food environment. Ordinary Least Squares models of obesity and Body Mass Index were estimated that included detailed measures of the neighborhood food environment as well as individual, family and other neighborhood characteristics and individual fixed effects. For residents of urban areas, the neighborhood density per square mile of small grocery stores was positively and significantly related to obesity and BMI, but the neighborhood densities of other types of food retail and food service establishments were not significantly related to weight status. For residents of rural areas there were no significant relationships between neighborhood establishment densities and weight status. The results of the empirical analyses are consistent with the hypothesis that an increase in the neighborhood density of small grocery stores in urban leads to increased calorie consumption for neighborhood residents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gibson, Diane M. "The Neighborhood Food Environment and Adult Weight Status: Estimates Using Longitudinal Data." Presented: Ithaca, NY, American Society of Health Economists, 3rd Biennial Conference, June 20-23, 2010. |
2206. |
Gicheva, Dora |
Educational, Career and Family Outcomes of Young Professional Workers Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Education; Gender Differences; Occupations; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this dissertation I explore the early career paths of highly educated workers. In the first two chapters I focus on the inherent preferences for job mobility and leisure and their impact on the careers of young professionals. The third chapter links workers' investments in education to the timing of family formation. Little evidence exists on the relationship between working hours and future wage growth. In the first chapter I examine this relationship and show a well-defined convexity: the positive effect of hours is stronger at high levels of labor supply. A four-wave panel survey of men and women who registered to take the GMAT between June 1990 and March 1991 is used to show that this relationship is especially strong for young professional workers, but it is also present in the more broadly representative 1979 cohort of the NLSY. As the underlying mechanism for this empirical regularity, I propose a job-ladder model in which workers differ in their preferences for leisure. The findings can be used to account for up to half of the gender gap in wage growth. The second chapter links a worker's propensity to change jobs to the educational choices she makes. A model of the choice of graduate management program type based on job search theory predicts that more mobile workers are more likely to enroll in a full-time Master of Business Administration program. The chapter also adds to the literature on employer-provided general training; the model predicts that employers are more likely to provide tuition assistance to workers who find quits costly. I use the survey of GMAT registrants to show that these predictions hold true empirically. In the third chapter I focus on the effect of student debt on marriage and fertility. Using the GMAT Registrant Survey, I find that higher amounts of business school loans decrease the probability of observing marriage or births, particularly for men. Other sources of financing like employer-provided tuition assistance do not have such an effect. I also show evidence that expectations about fertility do not influence observed student debt. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gicheva, Dora. Educational, Career and Family Outcomes of Young Professional Workers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2010. |
2207. |
Gicheva, Dora |
Working Long Hours and Early Career Outcomes in the High-End Labor Market Journal of Labor Economics 31,4 (October 2013): 785-824. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/669971 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Labor Market Outcomes; Wage Growth; Work Hours/Schedule This study establishes empirically a positive but nonlinear relationship between weekly hours and hourly wage growth. For workers who put in over 47 hours per week, 5 extra hours are associated with a 1% increase in annual wage growth. This correlation is not present when hours are lower. The relationship is especially strong for young professionals. Data on promotions provide evidence in support of a job-ladder model that combines higher skill sensitivity of output in higher-level jobs with heterogeneous preferences for leisure. The results can be used to account for part of the gender wage gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gicheva, Dora. "Working Long Hours and Early Career Outcomes in the High-End Labor Market." Journal of Labor Economics 31,4 (October 2013): 785-824.
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2208. |
Gifford, Kirk D. |
Signaling in the Market for GED Graduates: Empirical Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington State University, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Continuing Education; Education, Secondary; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Quits; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Self-Employed Workers; Tests and Testing; Training, On-the-Job The General Educational Development (GED) is becoming increasingly popular as a means to high school certification. As sponsor of the GED, the American Council on Education markets a GED credential as equivalent to a diploma obtained through the traditional high school route. The council suggests that GED graduates are comparable to high school graduates in terms of higher educational and vocational success. Recent economic research has generated considerable controversy over this claimed equivalency. This dissertation develops a game theoretical, signaling model that describes the market for high school credentials and empirically tests the model to investigate the differences between the labor market outcomes of traditional high school students and the labor market outcomes of GED credentialed individuals. The data for the empirical analysis come from 1979-93 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Standard regression analysis is used, with corrections for existing selection biases. I find evidence to suggest that GED test takers are a heterogenous group. Those who take the exam shortly after dropping out of high school, signal high ability to the market and are paid a high wage, while those who take the exam later in life are paid a lower wage. Specifically, examining a sample of NLSY females, I find that those who take the GED early have comparable wages and work slightly more than those who graduate from a traditional high school. A sample of NLSY males suggests that early GED test takers do not fare as well as their high school counterparts, but do better than dropouts who don't take the exam. For males, these age-at-examination-date effects are eliminated when I correct for selection bias, suggesting that the GED is not an investment in human capital, but acts purely as a signal of ability and motivation. Conversely, the distinction between signaling and human capital development is not as clear for females. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gifford, Kirk D. Signaling in the Market for GED Graduates: Empirical Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington State University, 1996. |
2209. |
Giguere, Rachelle Marie |
How Incarceration Affects Juveniles: A Focus on the Changes in Frequency and Prevalence of Criminal Activity M.A. Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Crime; Criminal Justice System; Incarceration/Jail Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There has been a longstanding debate over the effectiveness of correctional institutions. Some argue that incarceration deters offenders while others argue that the experience of being incarcerated causes individuals to continue in their life of crime. Resolving this debate is of particular importance for young individuals when there is a national push for the increased treatment of youth as adults. Using NLSY panel data, this study focuses on how the criminal offending of a sample of incarcerated youth changes over time in relation to incarceration while including a control group of youth who are not incarcerated but are similar in demographics. Close attention is paid to overcome past problems with validity. The findings suggest that incarceration does little to stop criminal paths or future contacts with the criminal justice system, but perhaps may even have harmful effects on youth, particularly drug sellers, over the short term. |
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Bibliography Citation
Giguere, Rachelle Marie. How Incarceration Affects Juveniles: A Focus on the Changes in Frequency and Prevalence of Criminal Activity. M.A. Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, 2005. |
2210. |
Gihleb, Rania |
Three Essays on Female Labor Supply and Assortative Mating Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston University, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Husbands; Labor Supply; Wage Growth; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This thesis focuses on female labor supply, human capital and assortative mating. The first chapter examines the link between the gap in spousal education and the labor supply behavior of married women over the life-cycle. Based on data from the 1965-2011 March Current Population Surveys and the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, it documents that, all else equal, if the wife's education exceeds her husband's then she is substantially more likely to be employed than if she is less educated than her husband (up to 14.5 percentage points). A dynamic life-cycle model of endogenous marriage and labor supply decisions in a collective framework is formulated and structurally estimated. It establishes that the link between a husband's educational attainment and a wife's labor supply decision, at the time of marriage, produces dynamic effects due to human capital accumulation and implied wage growth. Returns to experience account for 57 percent of the employment gap observed between women who had married "down" and those who married "up". Counterfactuals also indicate that, alone, the changes in assortative mating patterns across cohorts, which are implied by the changes in the marginal distributions of education, are able to explain a sizable proportion (roughly 25 percent) of the observed rise in married women's labor force participation. The second chapter analyzes the evolution of educational assortative mating along racial lines. Previous studies suggest that preferences have changed across cohorts in the US to produce an increase in assortative mating. The analysis in the second chapter challenges the metric of measurement for assortative mating and shows that educational assortative mating has been stable over time for blacks and whites despite social and economic changes that might have impacted individual's incentives to form a marriage. The third chapter proposes a novel instrument for catholic school attendance that exploits the abrupt shock to catholic schools' human capital in the aftermath of the second Vatican council. It shows that the positive correlation between Catholic schooling and student outcomes is explained by selection bias. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gihleb, Rania. Three Essays on Female Labor Supply and Assortative Mating. Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston University, 2014. |
2211. |
Gihleb, Rania Lifshitz, Osnat |
Dynamic Effects of Educational Assortative Mating on Labor Supply IZA Discussion Paper No. 9958, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 2016. Also: http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=9958 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Husbands; Labor Supply; Marriage; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In 30% of young American couples the wife is more educated than the husband. Those women are characterized by a substantially higher employment (all else equal), which in turn amplifies income inequality across couples. Using NLSY79, we formulate and structurally estimate a dynamic life-cycle model of endogenous marriage and labor supply decisions in a collective framework. We establish that the education gap at the time of marriage, produces dynamic effects due to human capital accumulation and implied wage growth. Inequality between couples is largely driven by the persistence in labor supply choices and only slightly affected by assortative matching. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gihleb, Rania and Osnat Lifshitz. "Dynamic Effects of Educational Assortative Mating on Labor Supply." IZA Discussion Paper No. 9958, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 2016. |
2212. |
Gihleb, Rania Lifshitz, Osnat |
Dynamic Effects of Educational Assortative Mating on Labor Supply Review of Economic Dynamics published online (8 October 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.red.2021.10.001. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094202521000740 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Economic Dynamics Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Unemployment Rate; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The gender education gap has undergone a transition in the post-war period, from favoring men to favoring women. As a result, in 30% of young American couples, the wife is more educated than the husband. These "married down" women display substantially higher employment rates, relative to women with husbands with the same or higher level of educational attainment. We argue that the interaction between work and marital decisions can explain the higher employment rates of women who marry down. Returns to experience are key in this mechanism, since they lock in early employment choices. We formulate a dynamic life cycle model of marriage and divorce, with endogenous labor supply decisions, and structurally estimate it using NLSY79. We show that returns to experience account for 45% of the employment gap between married down women and married up women. The estimates further suggest that the changes in educational sorting patterns across cohorts can explain 11% of the rise in married women's employment between the 1945 and 1965 cohorts. Finally, we simulate a shift from joint to individual taxation. The model predicts a larger increase in married down women's employment rate. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gihleb, Rania and Osnat Lifshitz. "Dynamic Effects of Educational Assortative Mating on Labor Supply." Review of Economic Dynamics published online (8 October 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.red.2021.10.001.
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2213. |
Giles-Sims, Jean Straus, Murray A. Sugarman, David B. |
Child, Maternal, and Family Characteristics Associated with Spanking Family Relations 44 (1995): 170-176. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Children, Adjustment Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Discipline; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Behavior; Parenting Skills/Styles; Punishment, Corporal; Welfare This article presents descriptive data on frequency and distribution of spanking by mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Spanking rates are often high for all groups, but patterns also vary by age, sex, SES, marital status, ethnicity, religion, and community type. Policy discussion focuses on reevaluation of spanking norms, arguments for using the term corporal punishment in research and policy, and strategies to reduce the use of physical force as discipline. |
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Bibliography Citation
Giles-Sims, Jean, Murray A. Straus and David B. Sugarman. "Child, Maternal, and Family Characteristics Associated with Spanking." Family Relations 44 (1995): 170-176. .
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2214. |
Gill, Andrew Matthew |
Drug Use and the Value of Life Working Paper, College of Business and Economics, California State University, Fullerton, May 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Columbia University Press Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Drug Use; Heterogeneity; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between illicit drug use and compensating wage differentials for risk of job-related death. The motivation for this paper proposes the following three conditions: 1. Heterogeneity in individual willingness to bear job risks. 2. Correlation between drug use and willingness to bear job risks helps to identify this heterogeneity. 3. Hersch and Viscusi (1990) found that cigarette smokers and nonseatbelt wearers received lower compensating differentials for risk of nonfatal lost workday injuries than nonsmokers and seatbelt wearers. The findings are discussed and tend to support the above conditions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gill, Andrew Matthew. "Drug Use and the Value of Life." Working Paper, College of Business and Economics, California State University, Fullerton, May 1993. |
2215. |
Gill, Andrew Matthew Foley, Jack |
Predicting Educational Attainment for a Minor Child: Some Further Evidence Journal of Forensic Economics 9,2 (1996): 101-112. Also: http://www.nafe.net/JFE/j09_2_01.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of Forensic Economics Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Family Background and Culture; High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; High School Students; Mothers, Education; Racial Differences; Religion; Rural/Urban Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper reexamines SK's educational attainment model using data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Three key issues motivate the work. First, the NLSY data allow us to avoid the truncation problem encountered by SK in estimating their model of educational attainment. SK note that one limitation of their analysis is that all respondents in their sub-sample from the NLS72 had completed high school. Thus, as they acknowledge, they could not directly estimate the probability that an individual will complete high school which, in turn, limits their ability to estimate population probabilities of educational attainment. The NLSY data set avoids this problem since it contains information on individuals who did not complete high school. Second, we expand the number of explanatory variables used by SK to take advantage of the wealth of family background and demographic characteristics available in the NLSY. SK specify race, parents' education, and an urban-rural control as determinants of future educational attainment. We extend this list to include the influence of such factors as parents' occupation, family composition, number of siblings, and the religion in which one was raised. Finally, we are able to examine the sensitivity of SK's major results to different and more recent data. The NLS72 survey ended in 1986. Since the respondents were highschool seniors in 1972, a large majority of those who completed a college degree would have done so sometime in the mid to late 1970s. The NLSY survey, in contrast, is a continuing survey that was first administered in 1979 when respondents were 14 to 21 years of age. Most college degree recipients would have completed their education roughly between 1982 and 1988. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gill, Andrew Matthew and Jack Foley. "Predicting Educational Attainment for a Minor Child: Some Further Evidence." Journal of Forensic Economics 9,2 (1996): 101-112.
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2216. |
Gill, Andrew Matthew Leigh, Duane E. |
Community College Enrollment, College Major, and the Gender Wage Gap ILR Review 54,1 (October 2000): 163-181. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/001979390005400109 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Gender Differences; Wage Gap The literature on the narrowing of the gender wage gap during the 1980s considers, among other factors, the closing of the male-female differential in post-secondary education. This paper looks specifically at the role played by the dramatic relative increase in women's enrollment in two-year colleges. With independent cross-sections developed using NLSY data, the authors find that the gender wage gap narrowed by 0.0469 log points between 1985 and 1990 and by 0.0932 log points between 1989 and 1994. The more pronounced decrease observed for 1989-94 is largely explained by erosion of male-female differences in weeks worked, job tenure, and full-time employment. A more novel finding is evidence that while change in the quantity of education provides essentially no explanatory power, disaggregating education by two-year and four-year providers and by major field of study accounts for 8.5-11% of the closing of the wage gap over the 1989-94 period. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gill, Andrew Matthew and Duane E. Leigh. "Community College Enrollment, College Major, and the Gender Wage Gap." ILR Review 54,1 (October 2000): 163-181.
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2217. |
Gill, Andrew Matthew Leigh, Duane E. |
Do the Returns to Community Colleges Differ between Academic and Vocational Programs? Journal of Human Resources 38,1 (Winter 2003): 134-155. Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/XXXVIII/1/134.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): College Dropouts; College Education; College Graduates; Colleges; Earnings; Transfers, Skill; Vocational Education; Vocational Training This paper provides new evidence about the payoffs to community colleges' terminal training programs as distinct from their traditional transfer function. Using NLSY data, we offer three main findings. First, four-year college graduates who started at a community tcollege are not at a substantial earnings disadvantage relative to those who started at a four-year college. Second, community college students in terminal training programs enjoy a positive payoff comparable to that received by four-year college starters who do not graduate. Finally, we find evidence of positive self-selection for community college students who choose the terminal training track. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gill, Andrew Matthew and Duane E. Leigh. "Do the Returns to Community Colleges Differ between Academic and Vocational Programs?" Journal of Human Resources 38,1 (Winter 2003): 134-155.
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2218. |
Gill, Andrew Matthew Michaels, Robert J. |
Does Drug Use Lower Wages? Industrial and Labor Relations Review 45,3 (April 1992): 419-434. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2524269 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Drug Use; Employment; Labor Force Participation; Wages Microdata from the 1980 and 1984 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLS-Y) were used to examine the effects of drug use on wages and employment. It was shown that, once an allowance is made for self-selection effects, drug users actually received higher wages than nondrug users. Data on marijuana and cocaine use from the 1984 NLS-Y were used to examine the hypothesis that drug use reduces labor market productivity, as measured by wages. It was found that, although long-term and on-the-job use of marijuana negatively affected wages, the net productivity effect for all marijuana users was positive. No statistically significant association was found between cocaine use and productivity. The results of the 2 studies indicate that drug use, apparently irrespective of frequency, does not degrade earnings. (ABI/Inform) |
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Bibliography Citation
Gill, Andrew Matthew and Robert J. Michaels. "Does Drug Use Lower Wages?" Industrial and Labor Relations Review 45,3 (April 1992): 419-434.
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2219. |
Gill, Andrew Matthew Michaels, Robert J. |
Employment and Earnings Effects of Drug Use: Discussion by the Authors Industrial and Labor Relations Review 45,3 (April 1992): 449-451. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2524271 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cornell University Press Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Earnings; Employment; Endogeneity; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Substance Use; Wage Levels; Wage Models In Does Drug Use Lower Wages?, Andrew M. Gill and Robert J. Michaels examine the effects of drug use on wages and employment, based on microdata from the 1980 and 1984 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey. In contrast to previous research, these findings indicate that, if an allowance is made for self-selection effects, drug users actually received higher wages than nonusers. Another surprising finding is that, while all drug users as a sample population had lower employment levels than nonusers, users of hard drugs did not. In Labor Market Effects of Marijuana and Cocaine Use among Men, Charles A. Register uses data from the 1984 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 12,686 respondents) to examine the hypothesis that drug use reduces labor market productivity, as measured by wages. Controlling for the probability of employment and the endogeneity of drug use, it is found that, although long-term and on-the-job use of marijuana negatively affects wages, the net productivity effect for all marijuana users is positive. It is concluded that no statistically significant association exists between cocaine use and productivity. In Employment and Earnings Effects of Drug Use, Discussion by the Authors Gill and Michaels discuss questions left unanswered by Register and Williams, e.g., how drug use might reduce employment and the long-term labor market effects of drug use, and explore future research strategies to estimate fixed-effects specifications of the drug use-earnings relationship. Register and Williams comment on the consistency between their findings and those of Gill and Michaels, but also point out differences, including their divergent methodological styles, Gill's and Michaels's inclusion of women in their study, and different definitions of drug use. Policy implications are briefly discussed. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Gill, Andrew Matthew and Robert J. Michaels. "Employment and Earnings Effects of Drug Use: Discussion by the Authors." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 45,3 (April 1992): 449-451.
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2220. |
Gill, Andrew Matthew Michaels, Robert J. |
The Determinants of Illegal Drug Use Contemporary Policy Issues 9,3 (July 1991): 93-105. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1991.tb00345.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Drug Use; Earnings; Modeling, Probit; Time Use; Wages Drug use is analyzed using a model in which an individual's time is allocated among labor, non-drug consumption, leisure, and drug use, where the individual is cognizant of the effect of drug use on wages. Comparative static results are analyzed, and data from the NLSY are used to estimate a probit model of the individual decision to use drugs. It is found that noneconomic factors dominate the decision for both harder drugs and for drugs more broadly defined. Wages and the associated difference in wages between users and nonusers do not influence the likelihood of drug use. Variables indicating underlying personality problems, such as those associated with problem drinking, and a predisposition to illegal acts exert strong influences. Because drug price data are not available, these findings cannot be taken as being conclusive. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Gill, Andrew Matthew and Robert J. Michaels. "The Determinants of Illegal Drug Use." Contemporary Policy Issues 9,3 (July 1991): 93-105.
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2221. |
Gill, Andrew Matthew Wolfson, Murray |
Market Opportunities and the Job-Risk Choices of Black Men Working Paper, College of Business and Economics, California State University, Fullerton, May 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: College of Business and Economics (Mihaylo), California State University, Fullerton Keyword(s): Family Background and Culture; Human Capital; Job Hazards; Modeling; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we attempt to shed light on these differences by analyzing risk behavior in the labor market. We present a model of the demand for safety that emphasizes the role of human capital, personal and family background, and differential labor market opportunities in determining the job-risk choices of black males. Job-Risk choices are analyzed by combining a measure of job risk for three-digit occupations with data drawn from the 1984 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We find that human capital differences between whites and blacks are important in determining job risk through their effects on white-collar employment, but also that a large part of the risk differential is unexplained. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gill, Andrew Matthew and Murray Wolfson. "Market Opportunities and the Job-Risk Choices of Black Men." Working Paper, College of Business and Economics, California State University, Fullerton, May 1993. |
2222. |
Gill, H. Leroy Haurin, Donald R. Phillips, Jeff |
Mobility and Fertility in the Military Social Science Quarterly 75,2 (June 1994): 340-353 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas Press Keyword(s): Earnings, Wives; Fertility; Marital Stability; Military Service; Mobility; Regions; Religion; Wages, Women; Wives, Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gill, H. Leroy, Donald R. Haurin and Jeff Phillips. "Mobility and Fertility in the Military." Social Science Quarterly 75,2 (June 1994): 340-353.
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2223. |
Gilleskie, Donna B. Han, Euna Norton, Edward C. |
Disentangling the Contemporaneous and Dynamic Effects of Human and Health Capital on Wages over the Life Cycle NBER Working Paper No. 22430, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2016. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w22430 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Human Capital; Life Cycle Research; Wage Determination; Wages, Women; Weight In this study we quantify the life-cycle effects of human and health capital on the wage distribution of females, with a focus on health measured by body mass. We use NLSY79 data on women followed annually up to twenty years during the time of their lives when average annual weight gain is greatest. We allow body mass to explain variation in wages contemporaneously conditional on observed measures of human capital and productivity histories (namely, education, employment experience, marital status, and family size) and dynamically over the life cycle through its impact on the endogenous histories of behaviors that determine wages. We find significant differences in the contemporaneous effect and the dynamic effect of body mass on wages, both across females of different races and over the distribution of wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gilleskie, Donna B., Euna Han and Edward C. Norton. "Disentangling the Contemporaneous and Dynamic Effects of Human and Health Capital on Wages over the Life Cycle." NBER Working Paper No. 22430, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2016. |
2224. |
Gilleskie, Donna B. Han, Euna Norton, Edward C. |
Disentangling the Contemporaneous and Dynamic Effects of Human and Health Capital on Wages over the Life Cycle Review of Economic Dynamics 25 (April 2017): 350-383. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094202517300418 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Economic Dynamics Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Human Capital; Life Cycle Research; Wage Levels; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Women; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We quantify the life-cycle effects of human and health capital on the wage distribution of women, with a focus on health capital measured by body mass. We use NLSY79 data on women followed annually up to twenty years during the time of their lives when average annual weight gain is greatest. We measure the wage impact of current body mass (i.e., the contemporaneous or direct effect) while controlling for observed measures of human capital (namely, educational attainment, employment experience, marital status tenure, and family size) and the impacts of an evolving body mass (i.e., the dynamic or indirect effects) on the endogenous histories of behaviors that produce these human capital stocks. We find significant differences in the contemporaneous and dynamic effects of body mass on wages by age, by race, and by wage level. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gilleskie, Donna B., Euna Han and Edward C. Norton. "Disentangling the Contemporaneous and Dynamic Effects of Human and Health Capital on Wages over the Life Cycle." Review of Economic Dynamics 25 (April 2017): 350-383.
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2225. |
Gilleskie, Donna B. Han, Euna Norton, Edward C. |
Untangling the Direct and Indirect Effects of Body Mass Dynamics on Earnings Presented: Toronto, Ontario, 8th World Congress on Health Economics, July 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: International Health Economics Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Earnings; Modeling, Random Effects; Obesity; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study we aim to assess the effect of body mass on earnings. It has been shown that the body mass of white females is negatively correlated with wages (Cawley, 2004). We argue that this observed correlation may capture the influence of body mass on life-cycle decisions such as educational attainment, work experience, marital status, and fertility, which, in turn, determine wages. Similarly, these behaviors may impact body mass over the life cycle. Admittedly, body mass may still have an observed direct impact on wages if weight affects productivity on the job (which, in most data sets, is immeasurable) or if discrimination (also immeasurable) exists. To disentangle these direct and indirect effects we propose to model wages of individuals while jointly explaining accumulation of education and work experience, the decisions to work, to marry, and to have children, and the evolution of body mass over time. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY, 1979 cohort) and construct a research sample of individuals who are followed annually from the ages of 18-26 in 1983 through the ages of 37-45 in 2002. Because we model many individual decisions and outcomes e.g., education, employment, marriage, children, wages, and body mass) that are potentially correlated through unobserved permanent and time-varying individual characteristics, we use an estimation framework that simultaneously explains variation in the multiple behaviors by variation in both observed and unobserved factors. We model the unobserved factors using a discrete non-linear random effects method that does not require us to make assumptions about the distribution of these unobservables. Rather than simply recover the effect of body mass on the average wage, we estimate the density of wages conditional on observable and unobservable variables using the conditional density estimation technique. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gilleskie, Donna B., Euna Han and Edward C. Norton. "Untangling the Direct and Indirect Effects of Body Mass Dynamics on Earnings." Presented: Toronto, Ontario, 8th World Congress on Health Economics, July 2011. |
2226. |
Gilleskie, Donna B. Lutz, Byron F. |
The Impact of Employer-Provided Health Insurance on Dynamic Employment Transitions NBER Working Paper No. 7307, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1999. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W7307 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Clare Jellick; Health Care; Heterogeneity; Marital Status; Mobility, Labor Market We estimate the impact of employer-provided health insurance (EPHI) on the job mobility of males over time using a dynamic empirical model that accounts for unobserved heterogeneity. Previous studies of job-lock reach different conclusions about possible distortions in labor mobility stemming from an employment-based health insurance system: a few authors find no evidence of job-lock, while most find reductions in the mobility of insured workers of between 20 and 40%. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth which describes the health insurance an individual holds, as well as whether he is offered insurance by his employer. This additional information allows us to model the latent individual characteristics that are correlated with the offer of EPHI, the acceptance of EPHI, and employment transitions. Our results provide an estimate of job-lock unbiased through correlation with positive job characteristics and individual specific turnover propensity. We find no evidence of job-lock among married males, and produce small estimates of job-lock among unmarried males of between 10 and 15%. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gilleskie, Donna B. and Byron F. Lutz. "The Impact of Employer-Provided Health Insurance on Dynamic Employment Transitions." NBER Working Paper No. 7307, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1999. |
2227. |
Gilleskie, Donna B. Lutz, Byron F. |
The Impact of Employer-Provided Health Insurance on Dynamic Employment Transitions Journal of Human Resources 37,1 (Winter 2002): 129-162. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3069606 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Benefits; Benefits, Insurance; Clare Jellick; Health Care; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Heterogeneity; Job Tenure; Male Sample; Marital Status We estimate the impact of employer-provided health insurance (EPHI) on the job mobility of males over time using a dynamic empirical model that accounts for unobserved heterogeneity. Previous studies of job-lock reach different conclusions about possible distortions in labor mobility stemming from an employment-based health insurance system: a few authors find no evidence of job-lock, although most find reductions in the mobility of insured workers of between 20 and 40 percent. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth which includes variables describing the health insurance an individual holds, as well as whether he is offered insurance by his employer. This additional information allows us to model the latent individual characteristics that are correlated with the offer of EPHI, the acceptance of EPHI, and employment transitions. Our results provide an estimate of job-lock unbiased through correlation with positive job characteristics and individual specific turnover propensity. We find no evidence of job-lock among married males, and produce small estimates of job-lock among unmarried males of between 10 and 15 percent. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gilleskie, Donna B. and Byron F. Lutz. "The Impact of Employer-Provided Health Insurance on Dynamic Employment Transitions." Journal of Human Resources 37,1 (Winter 2002): 129-162.
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2228. |
Gillespie, Brian Joseph |
Adolescent Behavior and Achievement, Social Capital, and the Timing of Geographic Mobility Advances in Life Course Research 18,3 (September 2013): 223-233. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040260813000178 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Achievement; Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Academic Development; Extracurricular Activities/Sports; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Residential; Modeling, Multilevel; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Social Capital This paper examines the relationship between geographic mobility and adolescent academic achievement and behavior problems. Specifically, it addresses how the effects of moving differ by age and how social capital moderates the impact of moving on children (aged six to 15). Children's behavior problems and academic achievement test scores were compared across four survey waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006) and matched to data from their mothers’ reports from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The findings indicate that the negative behavioral effects of geographic mobility on adolescents are most pronounced for individuals relocating to a new city, county, or state as opposed to those moving locally (i.e., within the same city). Furthermore, as suggested by a life-course perspective, the negative effects of moving on behavior problems decrease as children get older. The results also show that several social capital factors moderate the effects of moving on behavior but not achievement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gillespie, Brian Joseph. "Adolescent Behavior and Achievement, Social Capital, and the Timing of Geographic Mobility." Advances in Life Course Research 18,3 (September 2013): 223-233.
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2229. |
Gillespie, Brian Joseph |
Household Mobility in America: Patterns, Processes, and Outcomes Palgrave Macmillan, 2017: DOI: 10.1057/978-1-349-68271-3. Also: http://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/978-1-349-68271-3 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Life Course; Mobility; Mobility, Residential Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The author studies household mobility and includes multiple chapters using data from NLSY cohorts. In particular, see "Household Mobility Decisions and Location Choice" and "Individual- and Family-Level Mobility Effects" (NLSY97) and "Mobility Effects and Cumulative Mobility Contexts" (NLSY79 and Children of the NLSY79). |
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Bibliography Citation
Gillespie, Brian Joseph. Household Mobility in America: Patterns, Processes, and Outcomes. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017: DOI: 10.1057/978-1-349-68271-3.. |
2230. |
Gillespie, Brian Joseph |
Parents, Children, and Residential Mobility in Life Course Perspective Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Achievement; Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Residential; Modeling, Multilevel; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Social Capital Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This multi-paper dissertation addresses the association of residential mobility with different realms of individual and family outcomes as well as the implications of family on residential mobility and choice. The first section reviews the existing literature on residential mobility and implications for families. Situated in a life course perspective, the three substantive chapters include: (1) a longitudinal analysis of the implications of residential mobility for child educational achievement and behavior at different stages of adolescence, (2) an examination of the association between residential mobility and changes in parenting processes, and (3) a longitudinal analysis of the relationship between early intergenerational and family solidarity and later geographic distance to parents in the Netherlands. The concluding section of the dissertation summarizes the findings of these three chapters and situates the findings within a broader theoretical and empirical context. Residential Mobility and Adolescent Achievement and Behavior. Chapter two examines the relationship between residential mobility and adolescent academic achievement and behavior problems. Specifically, this chapter addresses how the effects of moving differ by age and how social capital moderates the impact of moving on children. Children's behavior problems and academic achievement test scores were compared across four survey waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006) and matched to data from their mothers' reports from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. As suggested by a life-course perspective, the negative effects of moving on behavior problems decrease as children get older. The results also show that several social capital factors moderate the effects of moving on behavior but not achievement. Residential Mobility and Change in Parenting Processes. In chapter three, the association between residential mobility and changes in parenting style and parental monitoring are investigated using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Logistic and multinomial logistic regression results indicate that moving is not significantly associated with change in parental monitoring. Moving is significantly associated with changes in parenting style for both mothers and fathers. However, specific changes in parenting styles for residentially mobile mothers and fathers depend upon the parenting style exhibited before the move. These changes also depend on the gender composition of the parent-child dyad. Early Intergenerational Cohesion and Later Geographic Distance to Parents. The aim of the fourth chapter is to provide a clearer understanding of the longitudinal factors affecting adult children's geographic distance to their parents. Using the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study, regression analysis was adopted to determine the relationship between early parent-child closeness (ages 18–35) and later adult geographic distance to parents, controlling for a host of theoretically important variables. The findings indicate that early closeness to parent is significantly associated with later geographic distance to parents. Preliminary support for these findings is shown using nationally representative data from the United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gillespie, Brian Joseph. Parents, Children, and Residential Mobility in Life Course Perspective. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 2012. |
2231. |
Gilliland, Claire Chipman |
Investigating Religion and Inequality through Women's Work‐Family Pathways Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion published online (26 July 2020): DOI: 10.1111/jssr.12676. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jssr.12676 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for the Scientific Study of Religion Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Family Formation; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Religion; Women This project investigates the relationship between religious involvement and women's work and family pathways in the United States. I identify five work‐family configurations using National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) data and latent class analysis. These configurations incorporate cohabitation histories, timing of family formation, and maternal employment. Then, I analyze how adolescent religiosity and personal and family characteristics are associated with subsequent work‐family pathways. Affiliation with an evangelical Protestant tradition is associated with women who form families early, while Catholic affiliation is tied to later family formation. Importantly, family background characteristics such as living with both biological parents and higher parental education, as well as race/ethnicity and the respondent's educational attainment, are the most consistent variables associated with work‐family configurations. These results suggest that religious involvement, when considered alongside family background, contributes to women's unequal work‐family pathways in adulthood. The close links between religion, family, and stratification are evident in the study of women's work‐family experiences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gilliland, Claire Chipman. "Investigating Religion and Inequality through Women's Work‐Family Pathways." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion published online (26 July 2020): DOI: 10.1111/jssr.12676.
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2232. |
Ginja, Rita |
Income Shocks and Investments in Human Capital Working Paper, University College London, London, England, January, 2010. Also: http://www.eief.it/files/2010/02/0304-rita-ginja_jm-paper.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University College London Keyword(s): American Time Use Survey (ATUS); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX); Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income Dynamics/Shocks; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Social Capital; Time Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also presented at the SOLE and EALE joint meetings, University College London, June 2010 How well can parents insure their children's future? This paper aims at answering this question by studying the link between income shocks and parental investments in children in terms of time and goods. The paper presents three main contributions: (1) it estimates the degree of response to income shocks in families with young children, without imposing an a priori insurance setup; (2) it analyzes empirically the mechanism behind the degree of insurance found, in particular, the role of wealth and public transfers, and heterogeneity in responses to shocks by education and family structure; (3) finally, it proposes a useful way to use common information in the NLSY79 and the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) to combine these three data sets and construct a panel of income, expenditures and time use. I use local business cycles as exogenous variation to families' resources. These are an unpredictable component of county unemployment rate, which I obtain after removing year and county effects from the time-series of county unemployment rate. I find that (1) families only partially insure against income shocks, but expenditures in education of children respond less to shocks than household consumption, as parents try to shield them against shocks because investments may be complements across children's life-cycle; (2) income elasticity of investments in terms of time is larger in families with young children than in families where there are only school-age children, because at early ages there is a larger substitutability between different uses of time; and (3) better off families use savings to buffer against shocks whereas poor families resort on public transfers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ginja, Rita. "Income Shocks and Investments in Human Capital." Working Paper, University College London, London, England, January, 2010. |
2233. |
Ginsberg, Steven |
Switching Tracks In Search of the Right Career Path; For Young, Skilled Workers Who Jump From Job to Job, Earnings Potential Might Not Be Affected, But Benefits Are Washington Post, April 05, 1998, Financial; Pg. H04. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Employment; Job Satisfaction; Job Search; Job Turnover; Occupational Aspirations; Wage Levels; Wages; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article discusses the impact of young workers switching employers on their future wages. The article cites NLSY data which indicates that switching jobs early in one's career does not have a negative impact on future wages and that men who switched jobs earned 5-7% more than those who stayed with one employer. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ginsberg, Steven. "Switching Tracks In Search of the Right Career Path; For Young, Skilled Workers Who Jump From Job to Job, Earnings Potential Might Not Be Affected, But Benefits Are." Washington Post, April 05, 1998, Financial; Pg. H04. |
2234. |
Ginther, Donna K. |
Alternative Estimates of the Effect of Schooling on Earnings Review of Economics and Statistics 82,1 (February 2000): 103-116. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2646676 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Family Structure; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines how assumptions imposed on the data influence estimates of schooling's effect on earnings. The paper models schooling decisions as treatment effects and imposes assumptions about schooling selection to estimate bounds on the treatment effect. The study begins by using the worst-case bounds derived by Manski (1989, 1990, 1994, 1995) and adds assumptions from the Roy model of schooling self-selection to narrow the bounds on the schooling treatment effect. The bounds are narrowed further by using family structure, college proximity, and school-quality characteristics as exclusion restrictions. The selection problem requires the researcher to make explicit assumptions to estimate the effect of schooling on earnings. This paper demonstrates that different selection assumptions yield very different results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ginther, Donna K. "Alternative Estimates of the Effect of Schooling on Earnings." Review of Economics and Statistics 82,1 (February 2000): 103-116.
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2235. |
Ginther, Donna K. Pollak, Robert A. |
Does Family Structure Affect Children's Educational Outcomes? Working Paper 2000-13a, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, December 2000. Also: http://www.frbatlanta.org/frbatlanta/filelegacydocs/wp0013a.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Education; Family Structure; Household Composition; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Residence; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we examine the effect of family structure on children's educational outcomes by exploiting the sibling structure in the NLSY and NLSY-Child to control for unobserved heterogeneity across families and individuals. We also compare outcomes for children within the same family?stepchildren with their half-siblings in the same blended family who are the biological children of both parents. Using panel data methods to control for unobserved heterogeneity across families, we find that family structure effects are statistically insignificant. Finally, comparing half-siblings in our data, we find no difference in educational outcomes as a function of family structure. Our empirical results are consistent with at least two interpretations. First, they can be interpreted as evidence that estimates of family structure effects reflect selection rather than causation. Second, they can be interpreted as evidence that the presence of stepchildren disrupts families. (Copyright: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 2000.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Ginther, Donna K. and Robert A. Pollak. "Does Family Structure Affect Children's Educational Outcomes?" Working Paper 2000-13a, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, December 2000. |
2236. |
Ginther, Donna K. Pollak, Robert A. |
Does Family Structure Affect Children's Educational Outcomes? Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Family Structure; Household Composition; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we estimate a statistical model of intra-household allocation of human capital that controls for family structure and uses data from the NLSY79, NLSY79-Child, and PSID. Our analysis begins with estimates of the effect of family structure on children's educational outcomes assuming family structure is exogenously assigned. Next, we exploit the sibling structure in the data to control for unobserved heterogeneity across families using family fixed effects. Finally, we compare educational outcomes for stepchildren and their half-siblings in the same blended family who are the biological children of both parents. As additional variables are added to the specification, family structure effects attenuate. Using fixed effects estimates, we find that family structure effects are statistically insignificant. Comparing half-siblings in our data, we find no difference in educational outcomes as a function of family structure. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ginther, Donna K. and Robert A. Pollak. "Does Family Structure Affect Children's Educational Outcomes?" Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002. |
2237. |
Ginther, Donna K. Pollak, Robert A. |
Family Structure and Children's Educational Outcomes: Blended Families, Stylized Facts, and Descriptive Regressions Working Paper, Population Research Center, NORC & the University of Chicago, March 2004. Also: http://www.spc.uchicago.edu/prc/pdfs/ginthe02.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Family Structure; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Siblings This paper is a revised and retitled version of "Does Family Structure Affect Children's Educational Outcomes?" This paper adds to the growing literature describing correlations between children's educational outcomes and family structure. Although popular discussions focus on the distinction between twoparent families and single-parent families, McLanahan and Sandefur [1994] show that outcomes for stepchildren are similar to outcomes for children in single-parent families. McLanahan and Sandefur describe their results as showing that the crucial distinction is between children who were reared by both biological parents and children who were not. This description is misleading. This paper shows that educational outcomes for both types of children in blended families -- stepchildren and their half-siblings who are the joint biological children of both parents -- are similar to each other and substantially worse than outcomes for children reared in traditional nuclear families. We conclude that, as a description of the data, the crucial distinction is between children reared in traditional nuclear families (i.e., families in which all children are the joint biological children of both parents) and children reared in other family structures (e.g., single-parent families or blended families). We then turn from "stylized facts" (i.e., simple correlations) which control only for family structure to "descriptive regressions" which control for other variables such as family income. When controls for other variables are introduced, the relationship between family structure and children's educational outcomes weakens substantially and is often statistically insignificant. In the conclusion we clarify the question, "What is the effect of family structure on outcomes for children?" Interpreted literally, the question asks about the effect of one endogenous variable on another. We argue for reformulating the family structure question by specifying some explicit counterfactual, and express a preference for a policy-relevant counterfactual. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ginther, Donna K. and Robert A. Pollak. "Family Structure and Children's Educational Outcomes: Blended Families, Stylized Facts, and Descriptive Regressions." Working Paper, Population Research Center, NORC & the University of Chicago, March 2004. |
2238. |
Ginther, Donna K. Pollak, Robert A. |
Family Structure and Children's Educational Outcomes: Blended Families, Stylized Facts, and Descriptive Regressions Demography 41,4 (2004): 671-696. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/y452487043748w32/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Education; Educational Outcomes; Family Structure; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article adds to the growing literature describing correlations between children's educational outcomes and family structure. Popular discussions have focused on the distinction between two-parent families and single-parent families. This article shows that educational outcomes for both types of children in blended families stepchildren and their half-siblings who are the joint children of both parents are similar to each other and substantially worse than outcomes for children reared in traditional nuclear families. We conclude that as a description of the data, the crucial distinction is between children reared in traditional nuclear families (i.e., families in which all children are the joint children of both parents) and children reared in other family structures (e.g., single-parent families or blended families). We then turn from "stylized facts" (i.e., simple correlations) that control only for family structure to "descriptive regressions" that control for other variables such as family income. When controls for other variables are introduced, the relationship between family structure and children's educational outcomes weakens substantially and is often statistically insignificant. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ginther, Donna K. and Robert A. Pollak. "Family Structure and Children's Educational Outcomes: Blended Families, Stylized Facts, and Descriptive Regressions." Demography 41,4 (2004): 671-696.
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2239. |
Giri, Jeeten Krishna Kumaresan, Talitha |
The Business Cycle, Health Behavior, and Chronic Disease: A Study over Three Decades Economics and Human Biology 43 (December 2021): 101029. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X21000538 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Gender Differences; Health, Chronic Conditions; Obesity; Racial Differences; Unemployment Rate, Regional The effect of macroeconomic fluctuations on individual health remains highly debated. We estimate the effect of the business cycle on health and health behavior in the U.S. using the NLSY79 panel data for 11,406 respondents between 1979 and 2014. Most of our survey respondents have no chronic illness in 1979, and develop these conditions during the sample period. This allows us to estimate the true effect of economic fluctuation on the likelihood of developing chronic conditions. The results indicate a considerable difference in the cyclic variation of chronic diseases. After controlling for innate individual characteristics such as family health history, and unobserved regional characteristics, we find that obesity decreases during economic downturns, while diabetes, hypertension, and congestive heart failure increase. Sub-sample analyses show that Blacks are more likely to develop diabetes and hypertension and are less likely to develop obesity during economic downturns than other racial groups. The incidence of obesity declines during recessions for women, while males are more likely to develop diabetes. Income loss, particularly among Blacks, and lack of change in physical activity mediate these differential effects. |
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Bibliography Citation
Giri, Jeeten Krishna and Talitha Kumaresan. "The Business Cycle, Health Behavior, and Chronic Disease: A Study over Three Decades." Economics and Human Biology 43 (December 2021): 101029.
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2240. |
Girtz, Robert |
The Effects of Personality Traits on Wages: A Matching Approach Labour: Review of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations 26,4 (December 2012): 455-471. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9914.2012.00556.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Propensity Scores; Self-Esteem; Wages I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to estimate the effects of adolescent measurements of self-esteem and locus of control on adult wages using propensity score matching. An adolescent possessing high self-esteem will experience between 8.5 and 9.2 per cent higher wages as an adult. This result is statistically significant and robust to the addition of cognitive skill and family background characteristics. When cognitive skill and family background characteristics are controlled for, locus of control as an adolescent is insignificant in explaining adult wages. This result is contrary to findings in the literature. |
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Bibliography Citation
Girtz, Robert. "The Effects of Personality Traits on Wages: A Matching Approach." Labour: Review of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations 26,4 (December 2012): 455-471.
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2241. |
Girtz, Robert |
The Impact of Personality on Economic Decisions Ph.D. Dissertation, Middle Tennessee State University, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Propensity Scores; Self-Esteem; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation contains three chapters focusing on the impact of several personality traits -- locus of control, self-esteem and self-monitoring - on economic outcomes including wages, educational attainment, and decisions in game-theoretical experiments. In the first chapter, entitled "The Effects of Personality Traits on Wages: A Matching Approach," I utilize the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to estimate the effects of adolescent measurements of self-esteem and locus of control on adult wages using propensity score matching. An adolescent possessing high self-esteem will experience between 8.5 to 9.2 percent higher wages as an adult. When cognitive skill and family background characteristics are controlled for, locus of control as an adolescent is insignificant in explaining adult wages. In the second chapter entitled "Self-esteem, Educational Attainment and Wages: A Question of Selection," I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 again to explore the relationship between self-esteem and wages found in the first chapter more closely. I find that self-esteem partially estimates selection into higher levels of education. Conditional on this selection, the remaining direct effects of self-esteem on wages are negligible. This evidence suggests that self-esteem affects wages indirectly through educational attainment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Girtz, Robert. The Impact of Personality on Economic Decisions. Ph.D. Dissertation, Middle Tennessee State University, 2012. |
2242. |
Girtz, Robert |
The Mediation Effect of Education on Self-Esteem and Wages Journal of Labor Research 35,4 (December 2014): 358-372. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12122-014-9187-3/fulltext.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Self-Esteem; Wages; Wages, Adult Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research suggests a positive relationship between adolescent self-esteem and adult wages. Drawing data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I refine the empirical relationship between self-esteem, wages, and education. The effect of self-esteem on wages is positive and significant when estimating models for the entire sample. This effect, however, becomes statistically insignificant when estimating models for subsamples sorted by educational level. In addition, mediation models suggest that roughly one-third of the total effect of self-esteem on wages is mediated by education. In total, these results indicate that there is a significantly less pronounced direct effect of self-esteem on wages than previously found in the literature. A substantial portion of the effect self-esteem has on wages occurs through its effect on educational attainment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Girtz, Robert. "The Mediation Effect of Education on Self-Esteem and Wages." Journal of Labor Research 35,4 (December 2014): 358-372.
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2243. |
Gitchel, Dent Turner, Ronna Rumrill, Phillip D. |
Differential Item Functioning in Rehabilitation Research Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation 36,3 (January 2010): 361-369. Also: http://iospress.metapress.com/content/f483002747020717/?p=1c6f8f17df8147daba0f3199c5500f3b&pi=11 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: IOS Press Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Disability; Rehabilitation; Scale Construction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Measurement is critical to Rehabilitation practice and research. To provide effective services and to have valid research results, it is imperative to have valid and reliable assessment tools. Differential Item Functioning (DIF) is a statistical procedure which better enables us to assess both the validity and the results of measurement instruments. As such, it is a methodology that can be very beneficial to the field of Rehabilitation. The purposes of this article are to (a) explain the fundamental principles and components of DIF, (b) discuss the practical implications of DIF for the Rehabilitation discipline, and (c) provide an example of DIF implementation and interpretation of results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gitchel, Dent, Ronna Turner and Phillip D. Rumrill. "Differential Item Functioning in Rehabilitation Research." Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation 36,3 (January 2010): 361-369.
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2244. |
Gitter, Robert J. Reagan, Patricia Benton |
Reservation Wages: An Analysis of the Effects of Reservations on Employment of American Indian Men American Economic Review 92,4 (September 2002): 1160-1168. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/00028280260344696 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Employment; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Studies; Wages, Men; Wages, Reservation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. American Indians living on reservations have experienced numerous economic problems, however no previous research has examined the effects of reservations on individual employment rates, controlling for other observable attributes. In this paper, the authors explore the effects of reservations on employment using a sample of young males from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). They compare outcomes for Indians with those of a nationally representative cross section of the same birth cohort controlling for (1) contemporaneous proximity to a reservation and (2) whether the respondent lived at age 14 in a country with a reservation. Results show that American Indian males fare worse than other men in the labor market. The authors' data suggest that controlling for other factors, including local labor-market conditions, proximity to a reservation reduces the probability of employment among Indian men by 11 percentage points. Having lived in a country with a reservation at age 14 reduces the probability of employment among Indian men by 5-10 percentage points. In addition, neither measure of proximity to a reservation reduces employment of other groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gitter, Robert J. and Patricia Benton Reagan. "Reservation Wages: An Analysis of the Effects of Reservations on Employment of American Indian Men." American Economic Review 92,4 (September 2002): 1160-1168.
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2245. |
Gittleman, Maury |
Medicaid and Wealth: A Re-Examination B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 11,1 (2011): 69 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Keyword(s): Medicaid/Medicare; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Savings; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Do public insurance programs crowd out private savings? I examine the relationship between Medicaid and wealth and make a contribution to the literature on this issue in two primary ways. First, I apply the instrumental-variables approach developed by Gruber and Yelowitz (1999) to a different dataset, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79), while at the same time examining an alternative instrument. The results turn out to differ depending on the instrument and, for one of the instruments, to be sensitive to assumptions needed to identify Medicaid's effects. Second, I make use of the SIPP data employed by Gruber and Yelowitz themselves, and examine the sensitivity of their conclusions to omitted factors that may be related to both Medicaid eligibility and to wealth accumulation. While more robust than the results using the NLSY79, the SIPP estimates are found to depend both on the sample used and on certain specification restrictions. Taken together, the results suggest caution in making inferences about the impact of Medicaid on wealth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gittleman, Maury. "Medicaid and Wealth: A Re-Examination." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 11,1 (2011): 69.
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2246. |
Gittleman, Maury |
Medicaid and Wealth: An Examination Using the NLSY79 Working Paper No. 448, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2011. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/osmr/abstract/ec/ec110060.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Insurance, Health; Medicaid/Medicare; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Savings; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Wealth Do public insurance programs crowd out private savings? I examine the relationship between Medicaid and wealth and make a contribution to the literature on this issue in three primary ways. First, I apply the instrumental-variables approach developed by Gruber and Yelowitz (1999) to a different dataset, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79), while at the same time examining an alternative instrument. The results turn out to differ depending on the instrument and, for one of the instruments, to be sensitive to assumptions needed to identify Medicaid’s effects. Second, using the longitudinal data in the NLSY79, I am able to observe families before and after becoming eligible for Medicaid, and use fixed-effects to control for family-specific unobservable factors that are correlated with both Medicaid eligibility and wealth accumulation. It turns out, however, that assessment of the impact of Medicaid by means of fixed effects has its limitations as well. Third, I make use of the SIPP data used by Gruber and Yelowitz themselves, and examine the sensitivity of their conclusions to omitted factors that may be related to both Medicaid eligibility and to wealth accumulation. While more robust than the results using the NLSY79, the SIPP estimates are found to depend on the sample used and on certain specification restrictions. Taken together, the results suggest caution in making inferences about the impact of Medicaid on wealth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gittleman, Maury. "Medicaid and Wealth: An Examination Using the NLSY79." Working Paper No. 448, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2011. |
2247. |
Gittleman, Maury Aughinbaugh, Alison Aileen Pierret, Charles R. |
Why Is the Rate of College Dropout so High and Why Is It Rising for Men? Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Dropouts; College Graduates; Gender Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the NLSY79 and NLSY97, we examine changes in college completion rates and their causes. We find that college completion rates fell from one cohort to the next, with the rate for men dropping sharply, while that for women increased. Thus, any explanation for these trends must be able to account for gender differences. We will model the probability of completing college as a function of three different categories of variables: 1) student attributes; 2) characteristics of the postsecondary institutions; and 3) measures of any “mismatch” between the ability of the student and the quality of the institution. We will decompose differences over time in college completion rates into portions attributable to changes in the observed characteristics between cohorts and to changes in the coefficients. The portion attributable to changes in the observed characteristics will be further examined to assess the relative importance of student characteristics, institutional resources and mismatch. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gittleman, Maury, Alison Aileen Aughinbaugh and Charles R. Pierret. "Why Is the Rate of College Dropout so High and Why Is It Rising for Men?" Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
2248. |
Gittleman, Maury Kleiner, Morris M. |
Wage Effects of Unionization and Occupational Licensing Coverage in the United States Working Paper No. 19061. National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2013. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w19061 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Occupations; Unions; Wage Determination; Wage Models Recent estimates in standard models of wage determination for both unionization and occupational licensing have shown wage effects that are similar across the two institutions. These cross-sectional estimates use specialized data sets, with small sample sizes, for the period 2006 through 2008. Our analysis examines the impact of unions and licensing coverage on wage determination using new data collected on licensing statutes that are then linked to longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2010. We develop several approaches, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, to measure the impact of these two labor market institutions on wage determination. Our estimates of the economic returns to union coverage are greater than those for licensing requirements. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gittleman, Maury and Morris M. Kleiner. "Wage Effects of Unionization and Occupational Licensing Coverage in the United States." Working Paper No. 19061. National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2013. |
2249. |
Gittleman, Maury Kleiner, Morris M. |
Wage Effects of Unionization and Occupational Licensing Coverage in the United States Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) Review 69,1 (January 2016): 142-172. Also: http://ilr.sagepub.com/content/69/1/142 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Training; Unions; Wage Determination; Wage Effects Recent estimates in standard models of wage determination for both unionization and occupational licensing have shown wage effects that are similar across the two institutions. These cross-sectional estimates use specialized data sets, with small sample sizes, for the period 2006 to 2008. The authors' analysis examines the impact of unions and licensing coverage on wage determination using new data collected on licensing statutes that are then linked to longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2010. They develop several approaches, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, to measure the impact of these two labor market institutions on wage determination. The estimates of the economic returns to union coverage are greater than those for licensing statutes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gittleman, Maury and Morris M. Kleiner. "Wage Effects of Unionization and Occupational Licensing Coverage in the United States." Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) Review 69,1 (January 2016): 142-172.
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2250. |
Giudici, Francesco Pallas, Aaron M. |
Social Origins and Post-High School Institutional Pathways: A Cumulative Dis/advantage Approach Social Science Research 44 (March 2014): 103-113. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X13001580 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Occupational Status; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors The social stratification that takes place during the transition out of high school is traditionally explained with theoretical frameworks such as status attainment and social reproduction. In our paper, we suggest the cumulative dis/advantage hypothesis as an alternative theoretical and empirical approach that explains this divergence in institutional pathways as the result of the dynamic interplay between social institutions (in our case, schools) and individuals’ resources. We use data from the NLSY79 in order to compute institutional pathways (defined by educational and occupational status) of 9200 high school graduates. Optimal Matching Analysis and Cluster Analysis generated a typology of life course pathways. Our results show that both ascribed characteristics and students’ high school characteristics and resources are predictors of post-high school pathways. |
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Bibliography Citation
Giudici, Francesco and Aaron M. Pallas. "Social Origins and Post-High School Institutional Pathways: A Cumulative Dis/advantage Approach." Social Science Research 44 (March 2014): 103-113.
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2251. |
Gius, Mark Paul |
An Estimate of the Effects of Age, Taxes, and Other Socioeconomic Variables on the Alcoholic Beverage Demand of Young Adults Social Science Journal 42,1 (January 2005): 13-24. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362331904001041 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: JAI Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Alcohol Use; Geocoded Data; Socioeconomic Factors; Taxes The purpose of the present study is to determine the effects that age, taxes and other socioeconomic variables have on the alcoholic beverage demand of young adults. OLS regression analysis, in combination with a Chow Test and a pooled data set, is used to determine the effects of age, taxes and other socioeconomic variables on alcohol consumption. NLSY-Geocode data is used in the analysis. Results suggest that taxes have minor effects on alcohol consumption, and the only factors that are statistically significant in all analyses are marital status, sex, race, and level of education. In addition, statistical tests indicate that the factors that affect alcohol consumption change as a person ages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gius, Mark Paul. "An Estimate of the Effects of Age, Taxes, and Other Socioeconomic Variables on the Alcoholic Beverage Demand of Young Adults." Social Science Journal 42,1 (January 2005): 13-24.
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2252. |
Gius, Mark Paul |
Health Insurance and Young Adults: An Analysis Using the NLSY Atlantic Economic Journal 38,3 (September 2010): 381-382. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/4q4g367lq80282r8/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: International Atlantic Economic Society Keyword(s): Insurance, Health; Regions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The article focuses on the use of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in analyzing the health insurances of young adults in the U.S. The use of the NLSY intends to determine the factors that affect the health insurance coverage of young adults. The logistic regression has been used in formulating the equation of the NLSY. One group which is typically discussed in regards to its lack of health insurance is the young adult segment of the population. For the age group 18-26, 32% lack health insurance (Holahan and Kenney, Timely Analysis of Immediate Health Policy Issue, 2008). For the entire non-elderly population, the uninsured rate is closer to 18%. In addition, although this age group constitutes only 18% of the adult population, it makes up over 28% of the uninsured (Holahan and Kenney, Timely Analysis of Immediate Health Policy Issue, 2008). Because of this, the young adult segment of the population is the ideal group to use in an analysis of the determinants of health insurance coverage. Several studies have been conducted on health insurance coverage (Markowitz, Gold, and Rice, Medical Care, 1991; Newacheck, et al., Pediatrics, 1999; Callahan and Cooper, Pediatrics, 2005; Gruber, Journal of Economic Literature, 2008; Levine, McKnight, and Heep, NBER Working Paper, 2009; and Gius, International Journal of Applied Economics, 2010). Most of these studies used descriptive statistics and correlation analyses to ascertain the extent of the uninsured. Few looked at the determinants of health insurance coverage, and even fewer examined the insurance coverage rates of young adults. The purpose of the present study is to determine the factors that affect the health insurance coverage of young adults. This study will use as its data set the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a data set that has not been used in prior studies on health insurance coverage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gius, Mark Paul. "Health Insurance and Young Adults: An Analysis Using the NLSY." Atlantic Economic Journal 38,3 (September 2010): 381-382.
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2253. |
Gius, Mark Paul |
The Economics of the Criminal Behavior of Young Adults: Estimation of an Economic Model of Crime with a Correction for Aggregate Market and Public Policy Variables - Statistical Data Included American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58,4 (1999): 947-957. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1999.tb03402.x/pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Inc. Keyword(s): Crime; Gender Differences; Modeling, Logit; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Racial Differences This study uses a combination of individual-level and county-level data to estimate an economic model of crime for young adults similar to that used by Becker (1968) and Trumbull (1989). In order to estimate a model of crime in which both individual-level and county-level data are used, it is necessary to take account of the bias introduced by using aggregate-level data in conjunction with individual-level data. In order to eliminate this bias, a technique derived by Moulton (1990) is employed. Results from a logit regression model indicate that race, sex, and peer pressure have statistically significant effects on the probability that a young adult will commit a crime. Results also suggest that police presence, as measured by county-level per capita police expenditures, does not deter young adults from committing crimes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gius, Mark Paul. "The Economics of the Criminal Behavior of Young Adults: Estimation of an Economic Model of Crime with a Correction for Aggregate Market and Public Policy Variables - Statistical Data Included." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58,4 (1999): 947-957.
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2254. |
Gius, Mark Paul |
The Effect of Curfews on Juvenile Criminal Activity: An Individual-Level Analysis Presented: Boston, MA, 68th International Atlantic Economic Conference, R10-1 Urban and Regional Economics, 8-11 October 2009. Also: http://iaes.confex.com/iaes/Boston68/techprogram/P3262.HTM Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: International Atlantic Economic Society Keyword(s): Crime; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of the present study is to determine the impact of juvenile curfews on the criminal activities of young adults. Using individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey Youth - Geocode (NLSY) data set and estimating an economic model of crime for young adults, the present study finds that curfews have no statistically-significant effect on youth-related criminal behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gius, Mark Paul. "The Effect of Curfews on Juvenile Criminal Activity: An Individual-Level Analysis." Presented: Boston, MA, 68th International Atlantic Economic Conference, R10-1 Urban and Regional Economics, 8-11 October 2009. |
2255. |
Gius, Mark Paul |
The Effect of Income Taxes on Interstate Migration: An Analysis by Age and Race Annals of Regional Science 46,1 (February 2011): 205-218. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/m6818845052r8251/fulltext.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Income; Job Status; Migration; Racial Differences; State-Level Data/Policy; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The topic of interstate migration and the effects of taxes on migration have been extensively studied. Prior research has examined not only many possible determinants of migration but also the migrations of various populations, including the elderly, African-Americans, and the college educated. The present study will attempt to differentiate itself from this prior research by looking at the effect of income taxes on the interstate migration of both whites and African-Americans at various ages. Another distinguishing feature of the present study is that it will use data from the NLSY-Geocode, a data set not used previously for this type of study. Results of the present study are similar to the results of prior works; income taxes have an effect on migration for most races and age groups. Individuals move from states with high income taxes to states with low income taxes; these results corroborate the results obtained from the use of aggregate, state-level data. In addition, results of the present study suggest that non-economic factors, such as ties to a particular state and changes in employment status, are also important factors in an individual's migration decision. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gius, Mark Paul. "The Effect of Income Taxes on Interstate Migration: An Analysis by Age and Race ." Annals of Regional Science 46,1 (February 2011): 205-218.
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2256. |
Gius, Mark Paul |
The Effect of Taxes on Alcoholic Consumption: An Individual Level of Analysis with a Correction for Aggregate Public Policy Variables Pennsylvania Economic Review 11,1 (Spring 2002): 76-93 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pennsylvania Economic Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Modeling, OLS; Modeling, Probit; State-Level Data/Policy; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The present study estimates alcohol demand functions at the individual level in order to determine the effect of taxes on alcoholic beverage demand. The present study combines two unique data sets: the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and data on alcoholic beverage taxes at the state level. Using ordinary least squares and binomial probit regression analyses, both of which are corrected for aggregate public policy variables, results of the present study indicate that alcoholic beverage taxes (distilled spirits taxes, wine taxes, and beer taxes) have no effect on the alcoholic beverage consumption of adults aged 29-33 years. Binge drinking (defined as having 6 or more drinks on one occasion) is also not affected by taxes. A revised regression that eliminates the aggregate variables results in a finding that taxes may have a statistically-significant effect on alcohol consumption. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gius, Mark Paul. "The Effect of Taxes on Alcoholic Consumption: An Individual Level of Analysis with a Correction for Aggregate Public Policy Variables." Pennsylvania Economic Review 11,1 (Spring 2002): 76-93.
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2257. |
Gius, Mark Paul |
The Effects of Curfews on Juvenile Criminal Activity: An Individual-Level Analysis Applied Economics Letters 18,4 (March 2011): 311-313. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504851003689643 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Arrests; Behavior, Antisocial; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Geocoded Data The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of juvenile curfews on the criminal activities of young adults. Using individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - Geocode (NLSY) data set and estimating an economic model of crime for young adults, this study finds that although curfews have no statistically significant effect on the criminal behaviour of young adults, they do have a negative effect on the arrests of young adults. These results differ somewhat from the results of prior studies but lend support to community officials who believe that curfews are an effective tool in combating juvenile crime. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gius, Mark Paul. "The Effects of Curfews on Juvenile Criminal Activity: An Individual-Level Analysis." Applied Economics Letters 18,4 (March 2011): 311-313.
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2258. |
Gius, Mark Paul |
The Impact of Job Mobility on Earnings: Using Occupational and Industrial Classifications to Identify Job Changes International Review of Applied Economics 28,2 (March 2014): 181-190. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02692171.2013.838545#.UvveIxDvDpV Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Earnings; Industrial Classification; Occupational Status; Occupations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median number of years that a US worker has been with their current employer is 4.4 years. Although many job changes may not be classified as ‘career changes,’ any type of job change may have an impact on a person’s future earnings. In the present study, the following three types of job changes are examined in order to determine which ones result in higher incomes: a change in occupational status; a change in industry; or a change in both. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a log-linear wage regression with a correction for self-selection is estimated. Results suggest that changing jobs within the same industry or within the same occupation both increase a person’s income. However, a job change that is characterized by both a change in industry and occupation reduces a person’s income. The present study is one of the few studies to examine the effects of job mobility on earnings when mobility is defined in the context of changes in occupational and/or industrial classification. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gius, Mark Paul. "The Impact of Job Mobility on Earnings: Using Occupational and Industrial Classifications to Identify Job Changes." International Review of Applied Economics 28,2 (March 2014): 181-190.
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2259. |
Gius, Mark Paul |
The Impact of Provider Availability and Legal Restrictions on the Demand for Abortions by Young Women Social Science Journal 44,3 (July 2007): 495-506. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362331907000894 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: JAI Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Abortion; Contraception; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors; State-Level Data/Policy The purpose of the present study is to determine the factors that affect the abortion decision at the individual level. Using individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and state-level data on abortion providers and legal restrictions on abortions, results suggest that legal restrictions had no statistically significant effects on the abortion decision, but that the number of per capita abortion providers does affect the decision whether or not to abort a fetus. Socioeconomic characteristics, such as age and race, also have effects on the abortion decision. [Copyright 2007 Elsevier] Copyright of Social Science Journal is the property of Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Gius, Mark Paul. "The Impact of Provider Availability and Legal Restrictions on the Demand for Abortions by Young Women." Social Science Journal 44,3 (July 2007): 495-506.
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2260. |
Gius, Mark Paul |
The Impact of Ultrasound Laws on the Demand for Abortions by Young Women Journal of Applied Business and Economics 12,5 (October 2011): 54-65. Also: http://www.na-businesspress.com/JABE/jabescholar.html Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: North American Business Press Keyword(s): Abortion; Legislation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of the present study is to determine if laws requiring ultrasounds have any effect on abortion. Using individual-level data from the NLSY and a sample selection model, results suggest that ultrasound requirement laws have a negative effect on the abortion decision of a young woman. In addition to the ultrasound requirement laws, other important determinants of the decision to abort were marital status, the presence of other children, and urban residence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gius, Mark Paul. "The Impact of Ultrasound Laws on the Demand for Abortions by Young Women." Journal of Applied Business and Economics 12,5 (October 2011): 54-65.
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2261. |
Gius, Mark Paul |
Using NLSY-Geocode Data to Determine the Effects of Taxes and Minimum Age Laws on the Alcoholic Beverage Demand of Young Adults New York Economic Review 34 (Fall 2003) 38-50. Also: http://organizations.oneonta.edu/nysea/fall2003.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State Economics Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Modeling, Logit; State-Level Data/Policy; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the present study, OLS and logit regression analysis are used to determine the effect that minimum age laws and taxes have on alcohol consumption and binge drinking. NLSY-Geocode data are used in order to construct individual-level demand equations. The use of this data allows for the identification of the individual's state of residence and thus enables the researcher to properly match the individual to the appropriate state alcohol tax rate. Results indicate that taxes have a negative effect on alcohol consumption but no effect on binge drinking. Minimum age laws, however, are effective in reducing both the total quantity of alcohol consumed and binge drinking. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gius, Mark Paul. "Using NLSY-Geocode Data to Determine the Effects of Taxes and Minimum Age Laws on the Alcoholic Beverage Demand of Young Adults." New York Economic Review 34 (Fall 2003) 38-50.
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2262. |
Gius, Mark Paul Ceccucci, Wendy |
The Impact of Information Technology on Labour Productivity in the Service and Trade Sectors of the USA Briefing Notes in Economics 45 (June/July 2000): 1-6. Also: http://www.richmond.ac.uk/bne/MarkGius.PDF Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Richmond - The American International University in London Keyword(s): Computer Use/Internet Access; Information Networks; Labor Productivity; Technology/Technological Changes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The last two decades have witnessed an explosion in the power and capabilities of ordinary computers and information technology equipment in general. Even more interesting, however, is the fact that, between 1960 and 1990, the price of computing, or processing power, in the US shrank in real terms by a factor of 6000 (Economist, 1991, p.30)1. Getting more computing power for less money has not escaped the interest of US business enterprises. In 1970, information technology equipment accounted for 11% of all durable equipment purchased by private enterprises; by 1989, that figure had risen to 51% (Economist, 1991, p.30). Unfortunately, it has been difficult to establish whether the extent of such investments in information technology has resulted in any realized cost savings or any increase in labour productivity. Existing empirical studies of the relationship between information technology deepening and labour productivity have yielded conflicting results. At the aggregate level, Oliner and Sichel (1994) find that information technology does not make a significant contribution to output growth. Using industry level data, Morrison and Berndt (1991) find that computing technology has had only a very small impact on technical progress. In another study, Morrison and Berndt (1992), find that, in most industries, integration of processing power is uncorrelated with multi-factor productivity. Parsons, et al (1993) report very low returns for information technology investments for Canadian banks. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gius, Mark Paul and Wendy Ceccucci. "The Impact of Information Technology on Labour Productivity in the Service and Trade Sectors of the USA." Briefing Notes in Economics 45 (June/July 2000): 1-6.
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2263. |
Gladden, Tricia Lynn Taber, Christopher Robert |
The Relationship Between Wage Growth and Wage Levels JCPR Working Paper 173, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, October 2000. Also: http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/jcpr/workingpapers/wpfiles/TaberGladdenSG2000.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Heterogeneity; Job Training; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Skill Formation; Skilled Workers; Wage Growth; Wage Levels; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the last thirty years we have witnessed large increases in the "returns to skill." These changes in the wage structure have renewed interest in increasing the skill levels of low skill workers. Attempts to do this through job training programs have been largely unsuccessful as the wage gains from these programs tend to be quite modest. In rethinking questions about subsidizing skill formation it is useful to step back and explore the issue of wage growth among low skilled workers. Despite the large amount of work in labor economics devoted towards the wage process we know surprisingly little about the mechanics of wage growth, particularly among low skilled workers. This work furthers this knowledge by exploring the link between wage growth and wage levels building on our previous work. While many different policies to raise the wages of low wage workers have been proposed, the simplest and most common is increasing labor force attachment. One of the most robust findings in labor economics is that wages increase with work experience, however very little of this work has estimated the extent of this growth among low wage workers. In part, this hole in the literature may have arisen because there are serious econometric issues behind the wage growth process involving parameter heterogeneity, endogeneity, and selection issues. We are attempting this hole and address these issues. This work extends the literature on the covariance structure of wages by focusing on low skill workers using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Our previous work indicates that in examining wage growth among the poor, it is extremely important to include measures of actual experience. This is problematic in that labor market experience is likely to be endogenous and related to wage levels and wage growth. We have developed a framework that allows for these relationships. It incorporates individual "fixed effects" in both wage levels and wag e growth. We are estimating this model using Generalized Methods of Moments. Our results to date find little relationship between wage levels and log wage growth. After completing this, we will simulate the impact of labor force participation on future wages of low wage workers. Identification requires strong assumptions about the error structure. While we cannot completely avoid these type of assumptions, we will test the robustness of the results using a wide range of alternatives. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gladden, Tricia Lynn and Christopher Robert Taber. "The Relationship Between Wage Growth and Wage Levels." JCPR Working Paper 173, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, October 2000. |
2264. |
Gladden, Tricia Lynn Taber, Christopher Robert |
The Relationship Between Wage Growth and Wage Levels Journal of Applied Econometrics 24,6 (September-October 2009): 914-932. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jae.1072/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Wage Growth; Wage Levels; Wages; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate the covariance between the permanent component of wages and a random coefficient on experience in models both with potential experience and with actual experience. Actual experience is allowed to be arbitrarily correlated with both the permanent component of wages and the random component on experience. We find no evidence that workers of higher ability experience faster wage growth. Our point estimates suggest that a worker with a one standard deviation higher level of permanent ability would have a return to annual potential experience that is 0.61 of a percentage point lower. The analogous point estimate for actual experience is 0.87 of a point lower. Contrary to the popular perception, wage growth among low-skill workers appears to be at least as high as that for a medium-skilled worker. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gladden, Tricia Lynn and Christopher Robert Taber. "The Relationship Between Wage Growth and Wage Levels." Journal of Applied Econometrics 24,6 (September-October 2009): 914-932.
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2265. |
Glaeser, Edward L. Mare, David C. |
Cities and Skills NBER Working Paper No. 4728, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1994. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W4728 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Modeling, Fixed Effects; Rural/Urban Differences; Rural/Urban Migration; Transfers, Skill; Variables, Instrumental; Wage Dynamics; Wage Growth; Wage Theory This paper examines the productivity (and wage) gains from locating in dense, urban environments. We distinguish between three potential explanations of why firms are willing to pay urban workers more: (I) the urban wage premium is spurious and is the result of omitted ability measures, (2) the urban wage premium works because cities enhance productivity and (3) the urban wage premium is the result of faster skill accumulation in cities. Using a combination of standard regressions, individual fixed effects estimation (using migrants) and instrumental variables methods, we find that the urban wage premium does not represent omitted ability bias and it is only in part a level effect to productivity. The bulk of the urban wage premium accrues over time as a result of greater skill accumulation in cities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glaeser, Edward L. and David C. Mare. "Cities and Skills." NBER Working Paper No. 4728, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1994. |
2266. |
Glaeser, Edward L. Mare, David C. |
Cities and Skills Journal of Labor Economics 19,2 (April 2001): 316-342. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/319563 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Human Capital; Migration; Skilled Workers; Skills; Urbanization/Urban Living; Wage Growth; Wage Levels; Wages Workers in cities earn 33% more than their nonurban counterparts. A large amount of evidence suggests that this premium is not just the result of higher ability workers living in cities, which means that cities make workers more productive. Evidence on migrants and the cross effect between urban status and experience implies that a significant fraction of the urban wage premium accrues to workers over time and stays with them when they leave cities. Therefore, a portion of the urban wage premium is a wage growth, not a wage level, effect. This evidence suggests that cities speed the accumulation of human capital. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glaeser, Edward L. and David C. Mare. "Cities and Skills." Journal of Labor Economics 19,2 (April 2001): 316-342.
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2267. |
Glaeser, Edward L. Sacerdote, Bruce |
Why is There More Crime in Cities? NBER Working Paper No. 5430, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1996. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5430 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Family Structure; Illegal Activities; Urbanization/Urban Living Effect of higher pecuniary benefits, lower arrest probabilities, lower probability of recognition, and characteristics that reflect tastes, social influences, and family structure; based on victimization data; US. Based on results of the National Crime Victimization Survey, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and the Uniform Crime Reports. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5430 |
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Bibliography Citation
Glaeser, Edward L. and Bruce Sacerdote. "Why is There More Crime in Cities?" NBER Working Paper No. 5430, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1996. |
2268. |
Glaeser, Edward L. Sacerdote, Bruce |
Why Is There More Crime in Cities? Journal of Political Economy 107,6 (December 1999): S225-S258. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250109 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Crime; Rural/Urban Differences Crime rates are much higher in big cities than in either small cities or rural areas. This paper explains this connection by using victimization data, evidence from the NLSY on criminal behavior, and the Uniform Crime Reports. Higher pecuniary benefits for crime in large cities can explain at most one-quarter of the connection between city size and crime rates. Lower probabilities of arrest and a lower probability of recognition are features of urban life, but these factors seem to explain at most one-fifth of the urban crime effect. Between one-third and one-half of the urban effect on crime can be explained by the presence of more female-headed households in cities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glaeser, Edward L. and Bruce Sacerdote. "Why Is There More Crime in Cities?" Journal of Political Economy 107,6 (December 1999): S225-S258.
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2269. |
Glass, Jennifer L. Levitte, Yael Sassler, Sharon Michelmore, Katherine |
Retention of Women in the STEM Labor Force: Gender Similarities and Differences with a Focus on Destination Status Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Educational Outcomes; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Occupational Choice; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Non-Traditional; STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While much recent scholarly attention has been focused on getting women into the STEM labor force, less attention has been paid to keeping them in STEM occupations across the life course. This research follows college graduates in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 panel who transitioned into the STEM labor force following college graduation. Using multinomial modeling of the hazard of leaving a STEM employer, we estimate the covariates of leaving to take a new STEM job, to move into a non-STEM job, and to exit the labor force for women and men. Survival curves show few gender differences overall in the rate at which women and men leave their first STEM job.. Multivariate hazard models show that preschool aged children disproportionately encourage job moves out of STEM for women, including moves out of the labor force, while having a partner employed in a STEM field facilitates retention. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glass, Jennifer L., Yael Levitte, Sharon Sassler and Katherine Michelmore. "Retention of Women in the STEM Labor Force: Gender Similarities and Differences with a Focus on Destination Status." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2012. |
2270. |
Glass, Jennifer L. Noonan, Mary Christine |
Telecommuting and Earnings Trajectories Among American Women and Men 1989-2008 Social Forces 95, 1 (1 September 2016): 217-250. Also: https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/95/1/217/2427137 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Telecommuting; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While flexibility in the location of work hours has shown positive organizational effects on productivity and retention, less is known about the earnings effects of telecommuting. We analyze weekly hours spent working from home using the 1989-2008 panels of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth. We describe the demographic and occupational characteristics of the employees engaged in telecommuting, then track their earnings growth with fixed-effects models, focusing on gender and parental status. Results show substantial variation in the earnings effects of telecommuting based on the point in the hours distribution worked from home. Working from home rather than the office produces equal earnings growth in the first 40 hours worked, but "taking work home" or overtime telecommuting yields significantly smaller increases than overtime worked on-site. Yet, most observed telecommuting occurs precisely during this low-yield overtime portion of the hours distribution. Few gender or parental status differences emerged in these processes. These trends reflect potentially widespread negative consequences of the growing capacity of workers to perform their work from any location. Rather than enhancing true flexibility in when and where employees work, the capacity to work from home mostly extends the workday and encroaches into what was formerly home and family time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glass, Jennifer L. and Mary Christine Noonan. "Telecommuting and Earnings Trajectories Among American Women and Men 1989-2008." Social Forces 95, 1 (1 September 2016): 217-250.
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2271. |
Glass, Jennifer L. Noonan, Mary Christine |
Workplace Flexibility Policies and Wage Growth: Do Organizational Characteristics Matter? Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=71714 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Education; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wage Growth; Work Hours/Schedule; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores the wage trajectories of workers using flexible work practices to see how emplwoyers evaluate such workers under a variety of organizational settings. Earlier research has shown markedly lower wage growth for professional and managerial mothers who use flexible work arrangements when their children are small (Glass, 2004). Fathers and non-parents who use the same workplace policies have not been carefully evaluated. This study estimates fixed effects models of respondents in the 1989-2002 panels of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth to assess the comparative impact of having a flexible schedule, working from home, and working reduced hours on the wage growth of mothers, fathers, and non-parents. We further explore differences in the size of wage penalties based on occupational sector, firm size, and occupational characteristics such as customer or client contact and supervisory authority. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glass, Jennifer L. and Mary Christine Noonan. "Workplace Flexibility Policies and Wage Growth: Do Organizational Characteristics Matter?" Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
2272. |
Glass, Jennifer L. Sassler, Sharon Levitte, Yael Michelmore, Katherine |
What's So Special about STEM? A Comparison of Women's Retention in STEM and Professional Occupations Social Forces 92,2 (2013): 723-756. Also: http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/92/2/723 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): College Graduates; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Exits; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Non-Traditional; STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics); Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We follow female college graduates in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and compare the trajectories of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)-related occupations to other professional occupations. Results show that women in STEM occupations are significantly more likely to leave their occupational field than professional women, especially early in their career, while few women in either group leave jobs to exit the labor force. Family factors cannot account for the differential loss of STEM workers compared to other professional workers. Few differences in job characteristics emerge either, so these cannot account for the disproportionate loss of STEM workers. What does emerge is that investments and job rewards that generally stimulate field commitment, such as advanced training and high job satisfaction, fail to build commitment among women in STEM. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glass, Jennifer L., Sharon Sassler, Yael Levitte and Katherine Michelmore. "What's So Special about STEM? A Comparison of Women's Retention in STEM and Professional Occupations." Social Forces 92,2 (2013): 723-756.
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2273. |
Glassford, Tyler Huang, Jin |
The Associations Between Body Mass Index and Health Problems: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey Cohort 1979 Presented: New Orleans LA, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Educational Attainment; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background/Purpose: Much research has been conducted to examine the relationships between body mass index (BMI) and health issues. For example, past research has shown that increasing BMI relates to increased prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and dyslipidemia. However, research has not sought to parse out the dynamics among BMI, health problems, and other socioeconomic factors. This study replicates and extends Bays et al. (2007) to assess the role of BMI on health problems, while controlling for social factors. Methods: The present research utilized data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). The NLSY79 is a nationally representative survey collecting annual information from a cohort of 12,686 since 1979. The dependent variable was any of BMI-related health problems reported by respondents prior to 2006, for example high blood sugar, congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, and, myocardial infarctions. Those reporting at least one health condition were coded "1" on the dependent variable, and others were coded "0". The independent variable was individual's BMI calculated from self-reported information of height and weight in 2006. BMI was subsequently categorized into four groups with scores of less than 18.5 being underweight, between 18.5 and 24.9 as normal, 25 through 29.9 overweight, and scores greater than 29.9 being obese. Other control variables include individual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, such as age, educational attainment, and wage. Logistic regression was conducted to assess the association between BMI and health problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glassford, Tyler and Jin Huang. "The Associations Between Body Mass Index and Health Problems: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey Cohort 1979." Presented: New Orleans LA, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2017. |
2274. |
Glauber, Rebecca |
Family-friendly Policies for Rural Working Mothers Policy Brief No 15, Carsey Institute, Dunham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Summer 2009. Also: http://www.carseyinstitute.unh.edu/publications/PB_FamilyPolicies_09.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Carsey Institute Keyword(s): Census of Population; Education; Income; Insurance, Health; Job Training; Labor Force Participation; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Occupational Status; Rural Women; Rural/Urban Differences; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This brief presents an analysis of differences in access to family-friendly policies between rural and urban mothers. Rural Americans are disadvantaged in income, education, and employment (see Table 1). As this brief shows, they are also less likely to have access to family-friendly policies. Compared to urban mothers, rural mothers are less likely to have access to paid sick days, health insurance, dental insurance, parental leave, flextime, and job training. Single mothers in rural America fare the worst, primarily because they have less education, they work for smaller firms, and they work in occupations and industries that are less likely to offer family-friendly benefits. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glauber, Rebecca. "Family-friendly Policies for Rural Working Mothers." Policy Brief No 15, Carsey Institute, Dunham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Summer 2009. |
2275. |
Glauber, Rebecca |
Gender and Race in Families and at Work: Fatherhood and Men's Labor Market Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Census of Population; Economics of Gender; Fatherhood; Gender; Life Course; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Why does the gender gap in earnings increase over women and men's life course? Why are mothers penalized in the labor market, whereas fathers are rewarded? Most studies have answered these questions by focusing on the devaluation of women's work and on the dilemmas that mothers face in negotiating competing demands of work and families. In contrast, I focus on patterns of gender-linked advantages for men in work and families. I analyze fathers' labor market outcomes by drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1970 to 2000 U.S. Censuses. I argue that gender structures mothers and fathers' experiences in work and families and reduces women's long-term occupational prospects and possibilities for economic independence while increasing men's. I find that gender intersects with race, class, and occupational status and leads to a larger fatherhood wage premium for relatively advantaged men (married, whites, professionals, or the college educated). For married white men, one child is associated with a $7,300 increase in annual earnings. For married black men, one child is associated with a $3,100 increase in annual earnings. Although married white men earn a premium for each additional child, married black men pay a penalty for having more than two children. Married white men also spend more time at work on the birth of a child, whereas married black men do not. These outcomes remain robust in fixed effects and instrumental variable models. They likely reflect the gender division of labor as well as employers' preferential treatment of fathers over childless men. Over the past three decades married white men have experienced a significant reduction in their fatherhood earnings premium. Married black men have not experienced any change in the small premium that they earn for having one and two children, and they have experienced an increase in the penalty that they pay for having a third child. The rise of racial inequality between married white and black fathers parallels the erosion of black men's employment stability. As gender inequality between mothers and fathers subsided over the past thirty years, racial inequality among married fathers has increased. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glauber, Rebecca. Gender and Race in Families and at Work: Fatherhood and Men's Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, 2007. |
2276. |
Glauber, Rebecca |
Marriage and the Motherhood Wage Penalty Among African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites Journal of Marriage and Family 69,4 (November 2007): 951-961. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4622500 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Racial Studies; Wage Differentials; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty This study draws on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 5,929) to analyze the moderating effects of race and marriage on the motherhood wage penalty. Fixed-effects models reveal that for Hispanic women, motherhood is not associated with a wage penalty. For African Americans, only married mothers with more than 2 children pay a wage penalty. For Whites, all married mothers pay a wage penalty, as do all never-married mothers and divorced mothers with 1 or 2 children. These findings imply that racial differences in the motherhood wage penalty persist even for women with similar marital statuses, and they suggest that patterns of racial stratification shape women's family experiences and labor market outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Marriage & Family is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Glauber, Rebecca. "Marriage and the Motherhood Wage Penalty Among African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites ." Journal of Marriage and Family 69,4 (November 2007): 951-961.
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2277. |
Glauber, Rebecca |
Race and Gender in Families and at Work:The Fatherhood Wage Premium Gender and Society 22,1 (February 2008): 8-30. Also: http://gas.sagepub.com/content/22/1/8.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Ethnic Differences; Family Formation; Fatherhood; Gender; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parenthood; Racial Differences; Wage Models Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to explore the intersections of gender anti race on fathers' labor market outcomes. Fixed-effects models reveal that for married whites and Latinos, the birth of a child is associated with an increase in hourly wages, annual earnings, and annual time spent at work. For married Black men, the birth of a child is associated with a smaller increase in hourly wages and annual earnings but not associated with an increase in annual time spent at work. Furthermore, married Black men do not experience an increase in hourly wages or work hours because of a reduction in their wives' work hours. In contrast, married whites and Latinos earn more when their wives work less. These findings imply that gendered workplace and family experiences differ among fathers and that not all men benefit from specific family formations in exactly the same way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Gender & Society is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Glauber, Rebecca. "Race and Gender in Families and at Work:The Fatherhood Wage Premium." Gender and Society 22,1 (February 2008): 8-30.
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2278. |
Glauber, Rebecca |
Women’s Work and Working Conditions: Are Mothers Compensated for Lost Wages? Work and Occupations 39,2 (May 2012):115-138. Also: http://wox.sagepub.com/content/39/2/115.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Occupational Choice; Occupations; Occupations, Female; Wage Gap; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Few studies have analyzed variation in the motherhood wage penalty by the sex composition of women’s jobs. This study draws on nationally representative data to investigate the motherhood wage penalty for women who work in female-dominated, male-dominated, and integrated jobs. Fixed-effects estimates reveal that women who work in female-dominated jobs pay a larger motherhood wage penalty than women who work in other jobs. This larger penalty is not offset by measurable compensating differentials, such as flexible scheduling or part-time work hours. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glauber, Rebecca. "Women’s Work and Working Conditions: Are Mothers Compensated for Lost Wages? ." Work and Occupations 39,2 (May 2012):115-138.
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2279. |
Glauber, Rebecca Gozjolko, Kristi L. |
Do Traditional Fathers Always Work More? Gender Ideology, Race, and Parenthood Journal of Marriage and Family 73,5 (October 2011): 1133-1148. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Fatherhood; Fathers; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Racial Differences; Work Hours/Schedule Research has shown that men who express traditional gender ideologies spend more time in paid work when they become fathers, whereas men who express egalitarian ideologies spend less time in paid work. This study extends previous research by examining racial differences among men. We drew on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N = 23,261) and found that fatherhood was associated with an increase in married White men's time spent in paid work. The increase was more than twice as strong for traditional White men than for egalitarian White men. In contrast, both egalitarian and traditional African American men did not work more when they became fathers. These findings suggest that African American men may express gender traditionalism but adopt more egalitarian work–family arrangements. This study also presents evidence of an interaction among race, class, and gender ideology that shapes fathers' time spent in paid work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glauber, Rebecca and Kristi L. Gozjolko. "Do Traditional Fathers Always Work More? Gender Ideology, Race, and Parenthood." Journal of Marriage and Family 73,5 (October 2011): 1133-1148.
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2280. |
Glauber, Rebecca Young, Justin Robert |
On the Fringe: Family-Friendly Benefits and the Rural-Urban Gap Among Working Women Journal of Family and Economic Issues 36,1 (March 2015): 97-113. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10834-014-9418-z/fulltext.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Insurance, Health; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Rural Women; Rural/Urban Differences; Unions; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study drew on longitudinal, nationally representative data to estimate rural-urban inequality in women's access to family-friendly benefits. Multivariate fixed effects regression models showed that compared to urban women, rural women's odds of reporting access were 11% lower for flexible work scheduling, 24% lower for job-protected maternity leave, 13% lower for paid sick time, 21% lower for vacation time, and 20% lower for health insurance. The rural-urban gap in sick time was explained by differences in unionization, as rural women were less likely to be unionized than urban women. Our findings suggest that rural women's work-family experiences may be more constrained than urban women's work-family experiences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glauber, Rebecca and Justin Robert Young. "On the Fringe: Family-Friendly Benefits and the Rural-Urban Gap Among Working Women." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 36,1 (March 2015): 97-113.
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2281. |
Gleason, Philip M. Veum, Jonathan R. Pergamit, Michael R. |
Drug and Alcohol Use at Work: A Survey of Young Workers Monthly Labor Review 114,8 (August 1991): 3-7. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1991/08/art1abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Drug Use; Gender Differences; Industrial Sector; Occupations; Racial Differences This article uses data from the 1984 NLSY to examine the incidence of drug use on the job among young workers in the United States. It is found that drug use is higher among men than women, among whites than minorities, and among workers aged 19 to 23 than those aged 24 to 27. Blue-collar workers have higher rates of drug use than white-collar workers. Also, drug use is most common among young workers in entertainment/recreation and construction industries, and least common among those in professional services and public administration industries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gleason, Philip M., Jonathan R. Veum and Michael R. Pergamit. "Drug and Alcohol Use at Work: A Survey of Young Workers." Monthly Labor Review 114,8 (August 1991): 3-7.
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2282. |
Glied, Sherry A. |
Is Smoking Delayed Smoking Averted? American Journal of Public Health 93,3 (March 2003): 412-416. Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/93/3/412 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Health Factors; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Antismoking efforts often target teenagers in the hope of producing a new generation of never smokers. Teenagers are more responsive to tobacco taxes than are adults. The author summarizes recent evidence suggesting that delaying smoking initiation among teenagers through higher taxes does not generate proportionate reductions in prevalence rates through adulthood. In consequence, the impact of taxes on smoking among youths overstates the potential long-term public health effects of this tobacco control strategy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glied, Sherry A. "Is Smoking Delayed Smoking Averted?" American Journal of Public Health 93,3 (March 2003): 412-416.
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2283. |
Glied, Sherry A. |
Youth Tobacco Control: Reconciling Theory and Empirical Evidence Journal of Health Economics 21,1 (January 2002): 117-135. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629601001187 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Health Factors; Taxes; Teenagers; Youth Problems Youth smoking is an important target for public policy. The implicit assumption behind targeting youth is that policies that reduce youth smoking initiation will reduce lifetime smoking propensities. This assumption has never been tested empirically. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to follow the smoking pattern of one cohort of teenagers. I examine how smoking rates in youth and young adulthood are affected by the taxes individuals faced at age 14. In panel data analysis, I find that the effects of taxes at age 14 are considerably attenuated by adulthood. I find some evidence suggesting that this result is a consequence of delayed smoking initiation that is correlated with taxes. These results suggest that reducing smoking among teens through tax policy may not be sufficient to substantially reduce smoking in adulthood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glied, Sherry A. "Youth Tobacco Control: Reconciling Theory and Empirical Evidence." Journal of Health Economics 21,1 (January 2002): 117-135.
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2284. |
Glied, Sherry A. Neidell, Matthew J. |
The Economic Value of Teeth NBER Working Paper No. 13879, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2008. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w13879 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Discrimination, Employer; Earnings, Husbands; Economic Well-Being; Gender Differences; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Market Outcomes; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Well-Being Healthy teeth are a vital and visible component of general well-being, but there is little systematic evidence to demonstrate their economic value. In this paper, we examine one element of that value, the effect of oral health on labor market outcomes, by exploiting variation in access to fluoridated water during childhood. The politics surrounding the adoption of water fluoridation by local water districts suggests exposure to fluoride during childhood is exogenous to other factors affecting earnings. We find that women who resided in communities with fluoridated water during childhood earn approximately 4% more than women who did not, but we find no effect of fluoridation for men. Furthermore, the effect is almost exclusively concentrated amongst women from families of low socioeconomic status. We find little evidence to support occupational sorting, statistical discrimination, and productivity as potential channels of these effects, suggesting consumer and employer discrimination are the likely driving factors whereby oral health affects earnings |
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Bibliography Citation
Glied, Sherry A. and Matthew J. Neidell. "The Economic Value of Teeth." NBER Working Paper No. 13879, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2008. |
2285. |
Glied, Sherry A. Neidell, Matthew J. |
The Economic Value of Teeth Journal of Human Resources 45,2 (March 2010): 468-496. Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/45/2/468.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Discrimination, Employer; Earnings; Economic Well-Being; Gender Differences; Health Reform; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Market Outcomes; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Well-Being This paper examines the effect of oral health on labor market outcomes by exploiting variation in fluoridated water exposure during childhood. The politics surrounding the adoption of water fluoridation by local governments suggests exposure to fluoride is exogenous to other factors affecting earnings. Exposure to fluoridated water increases women's earnings by approximately 4 percent, but has no detectable effect for men. Furthermore, the effect is largely concentrated amongst women from families of low socioeconomic status. We find little evidence to support occupational sorting, statistical discrimination, and productivity as potential channels, with some evidence supporting consumer and possibly employer discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Human Resources is the property of University of Wisconsin Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Glied, Sherry A. and Matthew J. Neidell. "The Economic Value of Teeth." Journal of Human Resources 45,2 (March 2010): 468-496.
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2286. |
Glied, Sherry A. Prabhu, Ashwin Edelman, Norman H. |
The Cost of Primary Care Doctors NBER Working Paper 14568, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2008. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w14568.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); College Graduates; High School Transcripts; Human Capital; Human Capital Theory; Labor Force Participation; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Training, Occupational This study uses a human capital model to estimate the societal cost of producing a physician service. Physician human capital consists of the underlying human capital (productivity) of those who become physicians and the job-specific investments (physician training) added to this underlying capital. The value of physicians' underlying human capital is estimated by forecasting an age-earnings profile for doctors based on the characteristics in youth of NLSY cohort participants who subsequently became doctors. Published estimates are used to measure the total cost (wherever paid) of investments in physician training. These data are combined to compute the societal cost per primary care physician visit. The estimated societal cost per primary care physician visit is much higher than the average co-payment per primary care service and generally higher than the current Medicare compensation rate per service unit. The private return to primary care physician training is relatively low, in the range of 7-9%. At current levels of supply, the marginal social costs of primary care visits appear to be equal to or greater than marginal social benefits. We conduct these analyses using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). The NLSY79 is a nationally representative survey of 12,686 men and women, which contains extensive information about the characteristics of sampled youth in their late teens (ages 14-22). The survey tracked these youth annually through 1994 and biennially since then. The NLSY79 collects an extensive array of information, including family socioeconomic characteristics, respondent background, occupational information, and annual income. The study also contains information about respondent aptitudes and achievements measured before they made choices about future occupations. The aptitude and achievement measures we use are the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) and High School GPA. The AFQT is a measure of trainability and is a majo r criterion for armed forces enlistment. The AFQT score is derived from select sections of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), using a methodology developed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Of the entire sample, a total of 11, 914 youths (94%) completed the AFQT test. We compute high school GPAs from data gathered during a High School Transcript Survey conducted as part of the NLSY79 during 1980-1983. Transcript information was collected for respondents who were 17 years of age or older (at the time of the survey) and who had finished or were expected to finish high school in the US. Credits and final grades were collected for up to 64 courses, across all 4 years of high school. We used this information to compute a high school GPA. Of the NLSY79 sample, 8,778 (70%) of respondents provided complete transcript information. We compare future physicians to other college completers (since both physicians and non-physicians make comparable investments in college-level education). We also limit the sample to men who work full time (35 hours a week or more), since we will use data on physicians who are full time labor force participants. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glied, Sherry A., Ashwin Prabhu and Norman H. Edelman. "The Cost of Primary Care Doctors." NBER Working Paper 14568, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2008. |
2287. |
Glied, Sherry A. Prabhu, Ashwin Edelman, Norman H. |
The Cost of Primary Care Doctors Forum for Health Economics and Policy 12,1 Article 4 (2009): 1-24. Also: http://www.bepress.com/fhep/12/1/4/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Berkeley Electronic Press (bpress) Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Earnings; Financial Investments; Health Care; Human Capital; Medicaid/Medicare; Occupational Investment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research Objective: This study offers a novel approach to workforce planning in the physician market. Rather than projecting the future demand for physician services, a human capital model is used to estimate the societal cost of producing a physician service. The socially optimal workforce is one at which (at optimal practice scale), the societal cost of producing a physician service is equal to the societal benefit obtained from the service. Study Design: Physician human capital consists of two components: the underlying human capital (productivity) of those who become physicians and the job-specific investments (physician training) added to this underlying capital. The value of physicians' underlying human capital is estimated using a regression analysis of the National Longitudinal Sample of Youth (NLSY). For those in the survey who did not go on to become doctors, income over time is modeled as a function of a rich set of variables measured in youth, including family background, educational attainment and a range of high-school level performance tests. This equation is then used to forecast an age-earnings profile for doctors based on the characteristics in youth of those NLSY cohort participants who subsequently became doctors. Next, published estimates are used to measure the total cost (wherever paid) of investments in physician training. Combining these estimates, the social cost per primary care physician provided visit and Medicare relative value unit (RVU) is determined. Principal Findings: Physicians are drawn from the highest performing group of high school students. The earnings of comparable students who do not become doctors and the predicted earnings of would be doctors are substantially above the population mean. The opportunity cost of physician human capital is thus very high. The estimated societal cost per primary care physician visit is substantially higher than the average co-payment. The societal cost per primary care physician provided RVU is generally higher than the current Medicare compensation rate per RVU. The private return to primary care physician training is relatively low, in the range of 7-9%. Conclusions: At current levels of supply, the marginal social costs of primary care visits appear to be equal to or greater than marginal social benefits of many primary care services. In considering expansions of primary care capacity, it may be efficient to increase the use of complementary, lower-skilled practitioners. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glied, Sherry A., Ashwin Prabhu and Norman H. Edelman. "The Cost of Primary Care Doctors." Forum for Health Economics and Policy 12,1 Article 4 (2009): 1-24.
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2288. |
Goddik, Steen |
Unmarried Women Do Not Show Psychological Harm from Abortion: Letter in re: Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women British Medical Journal 324,7345 (May 2002): 1097. Also: http://www.bmj.com/content/324/7345/1097.full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Abortion; Depression (see also CESD); Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Psychological Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Note: This is a critique of Reardon and Cougle article "Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women." See NLS Bibliography entry #3866 and #3941. EDITOR--Reardon and Cougle start their paper by making unwarranted claims, which they attribute to an article by Major et al. (1, 2) That article in fact makes conclusions opposite to their own: Major et al state that the women experiencing psychological problems or regret after abortion are those with prior episodes of depression.(1) Reardon and Cougle turn this on its head, trying to make it look as though prior psychological state predicts depression associated with a pregnancy, whether aborted or carried to term. Major et al, of course, claim no such thing. Reardon and Cougle's study finds that in unmarried women levels of depression do not differ between those who abort their pregnancy and those who carry it to term,(2) which seems to negate the push to limit access to abortion for teenagers. This might well be the most important finding in the study, as enormous effort is placed on limiting teenagers' access to abortion in the United States, where the Elliott Institute is based (www.cpcworld.org/hope-net/CPC/Elliott-Institute.html); this raises doubt about the authors' claim that they have no conflict of interest. Certainly, this study shows that depression is not a factor in the issue of teenagers obtaining abortions. The authors seek to explain this away, but only with unsubstantiated speculations. If they have so little faith in their result why are they trying to present the study as a factual one? (1) Major B, Cozzarelli C, Cooper ML, Zubek J, Richards C, Wilhite M, et al. Psychological responses of women after first-trimester abortion. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 777-784[ISI][Medline]. (2) Reardon D, Cougle J. Depression and unintended pregnancy in the national longitudinal survey of youth: a cohort study. BMJ 2002; 324: 151-152. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goddik, Steen. "Unmarried Women Do Not Show Psychological Harm from Abortion: Letter in re: Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women." British Medical Journal 324,7345 (May 2002): 1097.
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2289. |
Goetz, Kathryn W. |
Women's Alcohol Consumption: Personal, Familial, and Geopolitical Dimensions Ph.D. Dissertation, Oregon State University, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Education; Family Influences; Family Studies; Marriage; Mothers, Behavior; Parental Influences; Religion; Social Influences; Women's Studies A sample of 1,003 women, age 22 in 1983-84 and age 27 in 1988-89, were selected from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Personal, familial, and geopolitical predictors of alcohol consumption were evaluated at each time period and longitudinally. The study integrated macro- and micro-level influences to determine their influence on individual alcohol consumption. Personal and familial were most influential. Availability of alcohol and political economy had little effect on consumption. Mother's history of alcohol abuse was more important than father's. At age 22 education, being married, and having children reduced consumption, as did a prior affiliation with a religion that proscribed the use of alcohol reduced consumption. At age 27 education, being married, and children decreased consumption, but religious affiliation and parent's consumption were not significant. While marital status at age 22 reduced drinking at that age, it led to greater consumption at age 27. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goetz, Kathryn W. Women's Alcohol Consumption: Personal, Familial, and Geopolitical Dimensions. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oregon State University, 1994. |
2290. |
Golan, Limor Sanders, Carl |
Racial Gaps, Occupational Matching, and Skill Uncertainty Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, Second Quarter (2019): 135-53. Also: https://doi.org/10.20955/r.101.135-53 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Keyword(s): Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Occupations; Racial Differences; Skills; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. White workers in the United States earn almost 30 percent more per hour on average than Black workers, and this wage gap is associated with large racial differences in occupational assignments. In this article, we theoretically and empirically examine the Black-White disparity in occupations. First, we present a model based on Antonovics and Golan (2012) that relates occupational assignments to the incentives workers face while learning about their own unknown ability. Second, we document differences between Black and White workers in both the complexity of skills required in their initial occupations and the growth rates of this complexity over time. To do this, we match panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 with the Dictionary of Occupational Titles measures of occupational characteristics and find that, compared with White workers, Black workers start in occupations requiring less-complex skills, see slower growth in job complexity over time, and are relatively more likely to transition to jobs with lower complexity. Finally, we consider the relationship between our model and our empirical findings; for example, discrimination in hiring early in the career can have long-term consequences on the ability of Black workers to learn their best occupational match and explains part of their lower wage growth. We conclude with suggestions for policy and future research directions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Golan, Limor and Carl Sanders. "Racial Gaps, Occupational Matching, and Skill Uncertainty." Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, Second Quarter (2019): 135-53.
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2291. |
Goldberg, Julia S. |
The Long Reach of Families: Family Structure History, Parental Support, and the Reproduction of Inequality in Young Adulthood Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Divorce; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Marital History/Transitions; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This project is composed of three empirical chapters. The first chapter uses matched mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY79) to describe the association between young adults' family structure and their emotional closeness to their parents. The second chapter uses data from a sample of college students from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (NLSY97) to evaluate the association between students' family structure and their receipt of financial assistance for college. Finally, the third chapter uses data from the NLSY97 to evaluate whether differences in family structure by parents' socioeconomic status can account for socioeconomic disparities in young adults' educational attainment at the population level. Taken together, these chapters document how family structure continues to matter for children's wellbeing as they embark on their adult lives, and they add new evidence to the debate about the importance of family structure for intergenerational mobility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldberg, Julia S. The Long Reach of Families: Family Structure History, Parental Support, and the Reproduction of Inequality in Young Adulthood. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015. |
2292. |
Goldberger, Arthur Manski, Charles F. |
Review Article: The Bell Curve by Herrnstein and Murray Journal of Economic Literature 33,2 (June 1995): 762-776. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2729026 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): I.Q.; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Goldberger and Manaski critique Herrnstein and Murray's "The Bell Curve" from an economics perspective, articulating flaws in the study's empirical analysis as well as its reliance on insufficient anecdotal evidence. Among their arguments is that Murray and Herrnstein are "obsessed" with using NLSY data and that NLSY regressions offer "no meaningful empirical evidence on the dynamic of American society" as it pertains to the claims of "The Bell Curve." |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldberger, Arthur and Charles F. Manski. "Review Article: The Bell Curve by Herrnstein and Murray." Journal of Economic Literature 33,2 (June 1995): 762-776.
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2293. |
Goldberger, Arthur Manski, Charles F. |
The Bell Curve: A Perspective From Economics Focus 17, 2 (Fall-Winter 1995). Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/pubs/focusold/17.2.a/bell_curve_econ.txt Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): I.Q.; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Goldberger and Manaski critique Herrnstein and Murray's "The Bell Curve" from an economics perspective, articulating flaws in the study's empirical analysis as well as its reliance on insufficient anecdotal evidence. Among their arguments is that Murray and Herrnstein are "obsessed" with using NLSY data and that NLSY regressions offer "no meaningful empirical evidence on the dynamic of American society" as it pertains to the claims of "The Bell Curve." |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldberger, Arthur and Charles F. Manski. "The Bell Curve: A Perspective From Economics." Focus 17, 2 (Fall-Winter 1995).
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2294. |
Goldin, Claudia |
From the Valley to the Summit: A Brief History of the Quiet Revolution that Transformed Women's Work Regional Review 14,Q1 (2005): 5-12. Also: http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/nerr/rr2005/q1/section1a.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Career Patterns; Job Aspirations; Labor Force Participation; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Throughout recorded history, individual women have reached summits, and their accomplishments have been touted as evidence that women could achieve greatness. But it has taken considerably longer for substantial numbers of women--more than a token few— to reach the peaks. Until recently, the vast majority of women--even college graduates--occupied the valleys, not the summits. They had jobs, not careers. The only reason we can have a meaningful discussion today about “women at the top” is because a quiet revolution took place about 30 years ago. It followed on the heels of a noisier revolution, although the quiet one had greater longrun impact. The revolution was accomplished by many who were unaware they were part of a grand transformation that would deeply affect women and their families for decades to come. They were the unwitting foot soldiers of an upheaval that transformed women's employment and the workforce. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldin, Claudia. "From the Valley to the Summit: A Brief History of the Quiet Revolution that Transformed Women's Work." Regional Review 14,Q1 (2005): 5-12.
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2295. |
Goldin, Claudia |
From the Valley to the Summit: A Brief History of the Quiet Revolution that Transformed Women's Work In: Inequality and Society: Social Science Perspectives on Social Stratification. J. Manza and M. Sauder, eds.New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Company, April 2009. Also: http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail-contents.aspx?ID=10589 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: W.W. Norton and Company Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Career Patterns; Job Aspirations; Labor Force Participation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 35. [Publisher's blurb] Designed for undergraduate courses on inequality, this reader is the first and only one to incorporate political inequality into the discussion of social stratification. With the ideal balance of classic essays and more contemporary studies, Inequality and Society covers the standard themes of poverty and inequality while bringing political institutions into the analysis. See also: GOLDIN, CLAUDIA From the Valley to the Summit: A Brief History of the Quiet Revolution that Transformed Women's Work Regional Review 14, Q1 (2005): 5-12. Also: http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/nerr/rr2005/q1/section1a.pdf |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldin, Claudia. "From the Valley to the Summit: A Brief History of the Quiet Revolution that Transformed Women's Work" In: Inequality and Society: Social Science Perspectives on Social Stratification. J. Manza and M. Sauder, eds.New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Company, April 2009.
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2296. |
Goldin, Claudia |
From the Valley to the Summit: The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Work NBER Working Paper No. 10335, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2004. Also: http://www.economics.harvard.edu/~goldin/papers/valleytosummit.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Career Patterns; Job Aspirations; Labor Force Participation Meaningful discussions about "women at the top" can take place today only because a quiet revolution occurred about thirty years ago. The transformation was startlingly rapid and was accomplished by the unwitting foot soldiers of an upheaval that transformed the workforce. It can be seen in a number of social and economic indicators. Sharp breaks are apparent in data on labor market expectations, college graduation rates, professional degrees, labor force participation rates, and the age at first marriage. Turning points are also evident in most of the series for college majors and occupations. Inflection or break points in almost all of these series occur from the late 1960s to the early 1970s and for cohorts born during the 1940s. Whatever the precise reasons for change, a great divide in college-graduate women's lives and employment occurred about 35 years ago. Previously, women who reached the peaks often made solo climbs and symbolized that women, contrary to conventional wisdom, could achieve greatness. But real change demanded a march by the masses from the "valley to the summit." That march began with cohorts born in the late 1940s. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldin, Claudia. "From the Valley to the Summit: The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Work." NBER Working Paper No. 10335, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2004. |
2297. |
Goldin, Claudia |
The Long Road to the Fast Track: Career and Family NBER Working Paper No. 10331, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w10331.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; College Graduates; Family Formation; Women The career and family outcomes of college graduate women suggest that the twentieth century contained five distinct cohorts.' Each cohort made choices concerning career and family subject to different constraints. The first cohort, graduating college from the beginning of the twentieth century to the close of World War I, had either family or career.' The second, graduating college from around 1920 to the end of World War I, had job then family.' The third cohort the college graduate mothers of the baby boom' graduated college from around 1946 to the mid-1960s and had family then job.' The fourth cohort graduated college from the late 1960s to the late 1970s. Using the NLS Young Women I demonstrate that 13 to 18 percent achieved career then family' by age 40. The objective of the fifth cohort, graduating from around 1980 to 1990, has been career and family,' and 21 to 28 percent (using the NLS Youth) have realized that goal by age 40. I trace the demographic and labor force experiences of these five cohorts of college graduates and discuss why career and family' outcomes changed over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldin, Claudia. "The Long Road to the Fast Track: Career and Family." NBER Working Paper No. 10331, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004. |
2298. |
Goldin, Claudia |
The Long Road to the Fast Track: Career and Family Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 596,1 (November 2004): 20-35. Also: http://ann.sagepub.com/content/596/1/20.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Career Patterns; College Graduates; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Family Studies; Labor Market Demographics; Women's Education; Women's Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The career and family outcomes of college graduate women suggest that the twentieth century contained five distinct cohorts. The first cohort, graduating college from 1900 to 1920, had either "family or career." The second, graduating from 1920 to 1945, had "job then family." The third cohort, the college graduate mothers of the baby boom, graduated from 1946 to the mid1960s and had "family then job." Among the fourth cohort, graduating college from the late 1960s to 1980 and whose stated goal was "career then family," 13 to 18 percent achieved both by age forty. The objective of the fifth cohort, graduating from around 1980 to 1990, has been "career and family," and 21 to 28 percent have realized that goal by age forty. The author traces the demographic and labor force experiences of these five cohorts of college graduates and discusses why "career and family" outcomes changed over time. Copyright: 2004 American Academy of Political & Social Science |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldin, Claudia. "The Long Road to the Fast Track: Career and Family ." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 596,1 (November 2004): 20-35.
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2299. |
Goldin, Claudia Kerr, Sari Pekkala Olivetti, Claudia |
When the Kids Grow Up: Women's Employment and Earnings across the Family Cycle NBER Working Paper No. 30323, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2022. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w30323 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Fathers; Gender Differences; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Wage Gap; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Women earn less than men, and that is especially true of mothers relative to fathers. Much of the widening occurs after family formation when mothers reduce their hours of work. But what happens when the kids grow up? To answer that question, we estimate three earning gaps: the "motherhood penalty," the "price of being female," and the "fatherhood premium." When added together these three produce the "parental gender gap," defined as the difference in income between mothers and fathers. We estimate earnings gaps for two education groups (college graduates and high school graduates who did not complete college) using longitudinal data from the NLSY79 that tracks respondents from their twenties to their fifties. As the children grow up and as women work more hours, the motherhood penalty is greatly reduced, especially for the less-educated group. But fathers manage to expand their relative gains, particularly among college graduates. The parental gender gap in earnings remains substantial for both education groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldin, Claudia, Sari Pekkala Kerr and Claudia Olivetti. "When the Kids Grow Up: Women's Employment and Earnings across the Family Cycle." NBER Working Paper No. 30323, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2022. |
2300. |
Goldman, Alyssa |
Examining the Effects of Adult Children's Incarceration on Mothers' Health Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Incarceration/Jail; Mothers, Health; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent scholarly attention highlights the negative effects of mass incarceration on the health of inmates, their partners, and children. Considerably less research examines the health implications for the parents of those adults who experience incarceration. This is a potentially important omission when estimating the "spillover" effects of the prison boom, as parents of the incarcerated may bear the burden of their child's incarceration in a number of ways that can adversely impact their health and wellbeing. In this study, I use the NLSY79 Child and Young Adults survey to estimate how having a child who experiences incarceration may impact mothers' well-being. Findings suggest that the mothers of those who directly experience incarceration may disproportionately experience poorer general health. I consider potential mechanisms of this association in light of prior research on incarceration and family wellbeing, as well as the implications for health disparities and aging. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldman, Alyssa. "Examining the Effects of Adult Children's Incarceration on Mothers' Health." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
2301. |
Goldman, Alyssa |
Linked Lives in Double Jeopardy: Child Incarceration and Maternal Health at Midlife Journal of Health and Social Behavior 60,4 (2019): 398-415. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022146519882328 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Children; Grandmothers; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Incarceration/Jail; Mothers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Parents' relationships with their adult children play an important role in shaping mid and later life health. While these relationships are often sources of support, stressors in the lives of children can compromise parents' health as they age. I consider that a child's incarceration is also a stressor that could imperil parents' health through social, emotional, and economic strains that parents may experience as a result. Using data on 3,159 mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 in a series of lagged dependent variable regression models, I find that a child's incarceration is associated with declines in maternal health between ages 40 and 50. These associations are largest for mothers who had grandchildren by their child at the time of the child's incarceration. I close by discussing the implications of child incarceration for intergenerational ties and other social determinants of midlife health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldman, Alyssa. "Linked Lives in Double Jeopardy: Child Incarceration and Maternal Health at Midlife." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 60,4 (2019): 398-415.
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2302. |
Goldsmith, Arthur H. Veum, Jonathan R. |
Wages and the Composition of Experience Southern Economic Journal 69,2 (October 2002): 429-445. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061681 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Human Capital Theory; Job Skills; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Wage Models; Wage Theory; Work Experience This paper provides evidence on the relation between alternative forms of experience and wages using data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Prior labor market experience is segmented into mutually exclusive categories based on industry and occupation to examine how subsequent employers value skills acquired on previous jobs. We find that most forms of experience, including tenure at the current job, provide a comparable return. However, the wage return to prior experience in a different occupation and industry is significantly lower. Such "career changes" constitute over half of all prior work experience among workers in their mid-30s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldsmith, Arthur H. and Jonathan R. Veum. "Wages and the Composition of Experience." Southern Economic Journal 69,2 (October 2002): 429-445.
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2303. |
Goldsmith, Arthur H. Veum, Jonathan R. Darity, William A. Jr. |
Are Being Unemployed and Being Out of the Labor Force Distinct States? A Psychological Approach Journal of Economic Psychology 16,2 (July 1995): 275-295. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016748709500009D Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Heterogeneity; Labor Force Participation; Psychological Effects; Self-Esteem; Unemployment Examined whether a difference in psychological well-being exists between unemployed people and labor force drop-outs (i.e., unemployed people who become so discouraged that they cease searching for employment). Data were from 12,686 persons (aged 14-22 years) in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, who have been interviewed annually since 1979. Joblessness fostered feelings of externality. Also, as duration of joblessness advanced so did feelings of helplessness, thus favoring the stages of psychological impairment theory. Data on the psychological status of the jobless are consistent with the view of K. B. Clark and L. H. Summers (1979) that the 2 forms of joblessness are effectively indistinguishable. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1996 American Psychological Association, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldsmith, Arthur H., Jonathan R. Veum and William A. Jr. Darity. "Are Being Unemployed and Being Out of the Labor Force Distinct States? A Psychological Approach." Journal of Economic Psychology 16,2 (July 1995): 275-295.
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2304. |
Goldsmith, Arthur H. Veum, Jonathan R. Darity, William A. Jr. |
The Impact of Labor Force History on Self-Esteem and Its Component Parts, Anxiety, Alienation and Depression Journal of Economic Psychology 17,2 (April 1996): 183-220. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167487096000037 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Employment; Heterogeneity; Labor Force Participation; Quits; Self-Esteem; Unemployment Estimated the correlation between unemployment and self-esteem. A methodology that controls for 3 potential sources of bias (omitted variables, unobserved heterogeneity, and data selection) was used. Data were drawn from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which provided detailed information on the personal characteristics of 1,198 14-21 yr olds, including their self-esteem and labor force experiences. Evidence of the damage of joblessness on an individual's perception of self-worth was found. Exposure to bouts of both forms of joblessness (unemployment or time out of the labor force) was also found to harm self-esteem. Decompositional analysis suggested that joblessness damages self-esteem by generating feelings of depression. The authors suggest that policies designed to lessen joblessness will also yield a psychologically healthier labor force. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1997 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldsmith, Arthur H., Jonathan R. Veum and William A. Jr. Darity. "The Impact of Labor Force History on Self-Esteem and Its Component Parts, Anxiety, Alienation and Depression." Journal of Economic Psychology 17,2 (April 1996): 183-220.
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2305. |
Goldsmith, Arthur H. Veum, Jonathan R. Darity, William A. Jr. |
The Impact of Psychological and Human Capital on Wages Economic Inquiry 35,4. (October 1997): 815-829. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1997.tb01966.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Human Capital; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Manpower Programs; Occupational Choice; Psychological Effects; Self-Esteem; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Wages Historically, economists have taken the position that psychological capital is either unobservable or unmeasurable; thus, heretofore, little evidence has been available on the contribution of psychological capital to wages. Using data drawn from two different waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the authors offer evidence that psychological capital has both a direct effect--via self-esteem--and an indirect effect--through locus of control--on an individual's real wage. They find a person's wage is more sensitive to changes in self-esteem than to comparable alterations in human capital. Both relative wages and human capital contribute to self-esteem. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldsmith, Arthur H., Jonathan R. Veum and William A. Jr. Darity. "The Impact of Psychological and Human Capital on Wages." Economic Inquiry 35,4. (October 1997): 815-829.
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2306. |
Goldsmith, Arthur H. Veum, Jonathan R. Darity, William A. Jr. |
The Psychological Impact of Unemployment and Joblessness Journal of Socio-Economics 25,3 (Fall 1996): 333-358. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535796900098 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Job Search; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Quits; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Unemployment Economists have identified two principal adverse effects of unemployment. One is the output foregone that could have been produced if unemployed workers had been productively employed. The second is the psychological damage suffered by unemployed workers and their families. Psychologists have offered theories to explain how experiences such as Joblessness may lead to a deterioration in mental health. They also have designed and validated survey instruments capable of measuring various aspects of emotional health. Unfortunately, their efforts to document the psychological impact of unemployment have been plagued by data limitations, while economists largely have ignored this task. The purpose of this study is three-fold. First, we discuss why unemployment and Joblessness are likely to influence an individual's perception of personal efficacy, locus of control, and hence psychological well-being. Second, we discuss and critique existing efforts to examine the relationship between labor force experiences and locus of control. Third, we investigate the relationship between Joblessness and its component parts—unemployment and dropping out of the labor force—on personal locus of control, using observations from the NLSY and an alternative methodological framework. The NLSY is a longitudinal data set that contains detailed information on the personal characteristics of individuals in the sample, their labor force experiences and a specific personal locus of control. In discussing the results we also attempt to shed some new light on the debate between Clark and Summers (1979) and Flinn and Heckman (1982, 1983) over the question of whether being out of the labor force and being unemployed should be thought of as distinct states. We add further insight into this issue by examining whether there are psychological differences, as measured by locus of control, between otherwise comparable members of these two groups. Finally, we reconsider the Ellwood and Ruhm exchange over whether joblessness and unemployment lead to “psychological” scarring. We find that labor force experiences fail to influence personal locus of control for male youths. There is evidence, however, that perception of personal efficacy is altered by joblessness among young women. As the duration of a current unemployment spell lengthens, the likelihood of holding beliefs of personal efficacy decline for young women. There is also some evidence of scarring among women. For females who in the past have spent time both unemployed and out of the labor force, the greater the duration of their joblessness the more likely is a reduction in feelings of personal efficacy and more aggravated one's self-perception of helplessness. We also offer psychological evidence on the relative emotional well-being of the unemployed and labor force drop outs that largely supports the position of Clark and Summers that these conditions are largely indistinguishable. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldsmith, Arthur H., Jonathan R. Veum and William A. Jr. Darity. "The Psychological Impact of Unemployment and Joblessness." Journal of Socio-Economics 25,3 (Fall 1996): 333-358.
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2307. |
Goldsmith, Arthur H. Veum, Jonathan R. Darity, William A. Jr. |
Unemployment, Joblessness, Psychological Well-being and Self-esteem: Theory and Evidence Journal of Socio-Economics 26,2 (January 1997): 133-158. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535799800067 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Self-Esteem; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment, Youth; Well-Being Social psychologists Erikson (1959), Jahoda (1979, 1981, 1982) and Seligman (1975) believe that exposure to events such as joblessness are capable of impairing an individual's psychological well-being. Psychological well-being is a multidimensional concept. Therefore, the impact of unemployment on mental health is likely to be manifest in many forms, including denigration of self-worth or self-esteem. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between joblessness and its component parts, unemployment and dropping out of the labor force, on self-esteem using data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The NLSY is well suited for such an investigation since it contains detailed information on the personal characteristics of individuals in the sample, as well as their labor force experiences and measures of self-esteem. Two additional issues will be addressed. First, we examine the psychological counterpart of Ellwood's (1982) hypothesis that joblessness may scar an individual. Second, we shed new light on the debate between Clark and Summers (1979) and Flinn and Heckman (1982, 1983) over whether being out of the labor force (OLF) and being unemployed should be thought of as distinct states. We find that joblessness damages self-esteem for female youths; however, the damage is akin to a blemish. Surprisingly, prior labor force experiences generally fail to influence perceptions of self-worth on the part of young men. However, we do find that for both young men and women who in the past spent time out of the labor force, the greater the duration of their exposure to this form of joblessness, the lower their level of self-esteem. We also offer psychological evidence on the relative emotional wellbeing of the unemployed and labor force drop outs that largely supports the position of Clark and Summers that these conditions are essentially indistinguishable. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldsmith, Arthur H., Jonathan R. Veum and William A. Jr. Darity. "Unemployment, Joblessness, Psychological Well-being and Self-esteem: Theory and Evidence ." Journal of Socio-Economics 26,2 (January 1997): 133-158.
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2308. |
Goldsmith, Arthur H. Veum, Jonathan R. Darity, William A. Jr. |
Working Hard for the Money? Efficiency Wages and Worker Effort Journal of Economic Psychology 21,4 (August 2000): 351-385. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167487000000088 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Benefits; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Simultaneity; Wage Levels; Wages This paper offers a test of the relative wage version of the efficiency wage hypothesis - that firms are able to improve worker productivity by paying workers a wage premium. Psychologists believe work effort reflects motivation that is governed by a feature of personality referred to as locus of control. Measures of locus of control are available in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Using data drawn from the NLSY in 1992, structural real wage and effort equation are simultaneously estimated. It is found that receiving an efficiency wage enhances a person's effort and that person's providing greater effort earn higher wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldsmith, Arthur H., Jonathan R. Veum and William A. Jr. Darity. "Working Hard for the Money? Efficiency Wages and Worker Effort." Journal of Economic Psychology 21,4 (August 2000): 351-385.
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2309. |
Goldstein, Adam Knight, Carly R. |
Boom, Bust, Repeat: Financial Market Participation and Cycles of Speculation American Journal of Sociology 128,5 (March 2023). Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/723953 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Economic Behaviors; Economic Theories, Behavioral; Financial Activities, Risky; Financial Asset Bubble; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Financial Capitalism; Financial Investments; Financial Investments, Aggressive; Financial Investments, Conservative; Financial Market Boom-and-Bust Cycle; Financial Market Participation; Financial Speculation; Stock Market; Stock Market Crash This article asks whether the experience of a boom-and-bust cycle renders economic actors more or less likely to engage in risky financial activities in the future. The financialization of U.S. households has occurred in the context of two successive mass-participatory asset bubbles: first in the stock market during the 1990s and later in the housing market during the 2000s. Behavioral economic theories predict that prior experience of market crashes should dampen speculative tendencies and prompt actors to behave more conservatively. By contrast, the authors build on the sociological literature about the financialization of daily life to develop an alternative hypothesis: that participation in financial markets increases actors’ tendencies to engage in risky investment by socializing them to attend to novel market opportunities. The authors test these alternatives using panel data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Results from both control function and matched regression models reveal that those who participated more directly in the late 1990s stock market were more prone to invest aggressively in the mid-2000s housing market. These positive effects obtain irrespective of whether households gained or lost wealth during the bubble. The results provide new evidence about how financial capitalism is reshaping economic behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldstein, Adam and Carly R. Knight. "Boom, Bust, Repeat: Financial Market Participation and Cycles of Speculation." American Journal of Sociology 128,5 (March 2023).
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2310. |
Golembiewski, Kevin |
What is the Effect of Having a Disabled Sibling on a Youth’s Outcome? Honors Thesis (B.A.), Department of Economics, College of the Holy Cross, 2010 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: College of the Holy Cross Keyword(s): Birth Order; Child Health; Disability; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In 1988, there were 7.1 million non-disabled children living with a disabled family member. Since this time, the number of disabled Americans has increased substantially. Hence, it is reasonable to assume that millions of children currently live with disabled siblings. Although millions of children equate to a huge pool of potential human capital, the question of how these children are impacted by having a disabled sibling has yet to be addressed. This paper studies how youths’ educational development and future income are affected by having a disabled sibling. The findings suggest that a child’s educational development is significantly and positively affected by having a disabled sibling, and also that there is no significant relationship between a youth having a disabled sibling and her or his future income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Golembiewski, Kevin. "What is the Effect of Having a Disabled Sibling on a Youth’s Outcome?." Honors Thesis (B.A.), Department of Economics, College of the Holy Cross, 2010. |
2311. |
Golosov, Michael Troshkin, Maxim Tsyvinski, Aleh Weinzierl, Matthew C. |
Preference Heterogeneity and Optimal Capital Income Taxation Working Paper No. 16619. National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2010. Also: www.nber.org/papers/w16619.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Earnings; Modeling; Skilled Workers; Taxes We examine a prominent justification for capital income taxation: goods preferred by those with high ability ought to be taxed. In an environment where commodity taxes are allowed to be nonlinear functions of income and consumption, we derive an analytical expression that reveals the forces determining optimal commodity taxation. We then calibrate the model to evidence on the relationship between skills and preferences and extensively examine the quantitative case for taxes on future consumption (saving). In our baseline case of a unit intertemporal elasticity, optimal capital income tax rates are 2% on average and 4.5% on high earners. We find that the intertemporal elasticity of substitution has a substantial effect on optimal capital taxation. If the intertemporal elasticity is one-third, optimal capital income tax rates rise to 15% on average and 23% on high earners; if the intertemporal elasticity is two, optimal rates fall to 0.6% on average and 1.6% on high earners. Nevertheless, in all cases that we consider the welfare gains of using optimal capital taxes are small. |
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Bibliography Citation
Golosov, Michael, Maxim Troshkin, Aleh Tsyvinski and Matthew C. Weinzierl. "Preference Heterogeneity and Optimal Capital Income Taxation." Working Paper No. 16619. National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2010. |
2312. |
Gong, Guan |
Mortality, Education and Bequest Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 2 studies interdependence between health and educational attainment. The structural estimation framework fully imposes the restrictions of the existing theoretical hypotheses on the correlation between health and education. The model's estimates imply that an individual's initial health status has a substantial influence on an individual's educational attainment and the expected probability of survival. Policy experiments based on the model's estimates indicate that a health expenditure subsidy conditional on high school attendance would have a larger impact on the educational attainment than a direct college tuition subsidy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gong, Guan. Mortality, Education and Bequest. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 2005. |
2313. |
Gonul, Fusun Feride |
An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of AFDC on Work, Childbearing, and Marital Status Decisions of Young Women Paper, Graduate School of Industrial Administration, Carnegie-Mellon University, 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Carnegie-Mellon University Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing; Hispanics; Labor Force Participation; Life Cycle Research; Marital Status; Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper presents an empirical analysis of labor force participation, marital status and fertility patterns of young Hispanic, black and white women over the observed portion of their life cycle with special attention to the effect of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) on their decisions. While prior literature has primarily considered effects of AFDC payments on these decision variables separately, there is no comparable evidence when these choices are considered simultaneously. In this study three choice variables, marital status, labor force participation, and fertility, are interacted with each other in a hazard function framework. Estimation is done using data from the NLSY. The main findings are such that a favorable change in the basic AFDC guarantee gives incentives to have a child, and incentives not to work. Impact of AFDC on changes in marital status is found to be insignificant. There is some evidence that the insignificant effect of AFDC on marriage probability is due to the interaction of work and childbearing decisions with the marriage decision. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gonul, Fusun Feride. "An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of AFDC on Work, Childbearing, and Marital Status Decisions of Young Women." Paper, Graduate School of Industrial Administration, Carnegie-Mellon University, 1988. |
2314. |
Gonul, Fusun Feride |
Astructural and Structural Methods in the Estimation of Models of Labor Force Participation and Search Behavior Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1986. DAI-A 47/08, p. 3144, Feb 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior; Gender Differences; Job Tenure; Labor Force Participation; Layoffs; Mobility; Research Methodology; Unemployment My dissertation consists of three essays. Two of the essays belong to the class of astructural models that specify waiting-time distributions with and without time-varying regressors to depict the gross features of dynamic labor force participation behavior. The third essay builds a wealth maximization model that solves for the individual's decision to work or not, and estimates the structural parameters of the model employing a dynamic programming algorithm within a maximum likelihood routine. The first essay is an attempt to determine whether or not unemployment and out of the labor force are distinct states following recent work in this area. Waiting-time distributions are estimated using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience youth cohort, and the two states are tested for equivalence using a restricted sample where transitions between unemployment and out of the labor force are deleted due to insufficient information on beginning and ending dates of these passages. Then all the information in the data is included and the test is performed again with a special treatment of the missing dates using 'an exponential Bessel function' distribution that is developed by enumerating all possible transitions in the period with missing dates. Contrary to previous results, unemployment and out of the labor force are equivalent states for young men. However, they are not equivalent for young women. The second essay discusses the implications and various interpretations of a defective Gompertz-like hazard function widely employed by economists. A nondefective distribution is derived and the performance of both distributions is compared and the predictive power of each distribution is analyzed. If the behavioral model under investigation mostly displays stayer characteristics, then the defective distribution can explain the immobility more parsimoniously than a nondefective one, and if the model mostly displays mover characteristics, then a nondefective distribution has more explanatory power than the defective one. The third essay builds a wealth maximization model of labor force participation in a nonstationary environment with layoffs and uncertain job offers. Given the structural parameter estimates, experiments are performed to ascertain the impact of changes in forcing variables on unemployment and employment duration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gonul, Fusun Feride. Astructural and Structural Methods in the Estimation of Models of Labor Force Participation and Search Behavior. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1986. DAI-A 47/08, p. 3144, Feb 1987. |
2315. |
Gonul, Fusun Feride |
Determining Whether Unemployment and Out-of-the-Labor Force are Distinct States Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Unemployment, Youth This report focuses on the question of whether or not unemployment and out-of-the-labor force are equivalent. It is shown, using data from the 1979 survey of the NLSY, that for males the two states are not distinct while for females the states are distinct. These findings raise serious questions about the meaning of official unemployment statistics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gonul, Fusun Feride. "Determining Whether Unemployment and Out-of-the-Labor Force are Distinct States." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985. |
2316. |
Gonul, Fusun Feride |
Dynamic Labor Force Participation Decisions of Males in the Presence of Layoffs and Uncertain Job Offers Journal of Human Resources 24,2 (Spring 1989): 195-220. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145853 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Employment; Job Tenure; Labor Force Participation; Layoffs; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration; Wages; Work History This paper presents a utility maximization model of workers who make decisions to work or not over a life time. When they work they earn wage income, when they do not work they have leisure time but earn no income. The objective is to maximize the presented discounted value of utility arising from the participation decisions. In addition to duration probabilities, state dependence enters the model by the existence of a different risk while working, namely, the dismissal risk, than the one while not working, namely, the possibility of no job offers. The method used in solving and estimating this problem is to embed a dynamic programming algorithm within a maximum likelihood routine. The data are from the NLSY. Given the structural parameter estimates, experiments are performed to ascertain the impact of changes in forcing variables on unemployment and employment duration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gonul, Fusun Feride. "Dynamic Labor Force Participation Decisions of Males in the Presence of Layoffs and Uncertain Job Offers." Journal of Human Resources 24,2 (Spring 1989): 195-220.
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2317. |
Gonul, Fusun Feride |
New Evidence on Whether Unemployment and Out of the Labor Force are Distinct States Discussion Paper No. 90-6. Economics Research Center-NORC, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Research Methodology; Unemployment This paper focuses on the question of whether or not people who are out of the labor force (OLF) should be included in unemployment measures. If people who are OLF can obtain jobs as often as the people who are unemployed, then there is no real distinction between the two states of nonemployment. There have been two studies dealing with this issue in an empirical framework: Clark and Summers (1982) conclude that for teenagers, unemployment and OLF are not distinct states while Flinn and Heckman (1982) find the opposite for white male high school graduates. New evidence for high school graduates is presented by gender, and it is found that while for young women the two states are distinct, for young men they are not. The methodology adopted in this paper enables one to use the incomplete transition data in the NLSY on unemployment and OLF, and to obtain estimates of the full transaction matrix between three labor force states. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gonul, Fusun Feride. "New Evidence on Whether Unemployment and Out of the Labor Force are Distinct States." Discussion Paper No. 90-6. Economics Research Center-NORC, 1989. |
2318. |
Gonzalez-Martinez, Claudia Alejandra |
Racial Discrimination And Costs of Labor Force Participation Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2003. DAI-A 64/11, p. 4153, May 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Employer; Educational Attainment; Endogeneity; Hispanics; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics; Modeling; Skills; Wage Determination; Wage Differentials; Wage Models Most explanations for persistent discrimination rely on the observability of productive characteristics. It has been assumed that constructing accurate ability assessments is harder when employer and employee belong to different groups. Thus, if employers are dominated by one demographic type, a different wage schedule for each group results. Previous studies have failed to consider costs of labor force participation. The introduction of these costs leads to a fall in the mean productivity of workers as their signals become noisier. My dissertation develops and tests a statistical discrimination model that internalizes these costs. The first chapter develops a static model of statistical discrimination where, as the result of an outside alternative and a sunk investment in education, minorities are paid lower wages. The second chapter presents four extensions to the model. The first two consider costs of participation that are a function of ability. The third considers several levels of education. The fourth recognizes that the discriminatory outcome is the result of informational disparities because employers belong to a single group. Hence, I endogenize the decision of becoming a firm. If the presence of minorities in the population is large enough, discrimination disappears. However, since complete segregation is not sustainable, if minorities are a small proportion of the population, this group may exhibit lower average productivity than the dominant type in the labor force. The empirical predictions are that, conditional on facing the same costs, minorities are more likely to graduate from high school and are paid lower and flatter wage schedules. The third chapter explores these predictions using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). Evidence that low ability blacks and Hispanics are more likely to complete high school than comparable whites is found. Regressions of the logarithm of wages conditional on skills, shown that blacks receive lower wages than the other two groups. Hispanics are paid flatter wages than whites, but the Hispanic-white wage gap is totally accounted for by skill differences. These findings are consistent with a model of statistical discrimination with costly labor market entry. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gonzalez-Martinez, Claudia Alejandra. Racial Discrimination And Costs of Labor Force Participation. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2003. DAI-A 64/11, p. 4153, May 2004. |
2319. |
Gonzalez, Kathryn E. |
Within-Family Differences in Head Start Participation and Parent Investment Economics of Education Review 74 (February 2020): 101950. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775718307507 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Head Start; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parental Investments; Siblings There is limited understanding of how parents' allocation of investments across their children are affected by differences in their children's participation in programs that promote early development. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine whether parents reinforce or compensate for differences in their children's access to an early education program, Head Start. I use a family fixed effects approach to contrast measures of parental investment, when children were age 5 through 14, for children who attended Head Start relative to their siblings who did not attend preschool. I find that parents provided lower levels of cognitive stimulation and emotional support to children who attended Head Start relative to their siblings who did not attend preschool. Although impacts are relatively small in magnitude (0.05 SD), results suggest that parent compensate for differences in access to early childhood educational opportunities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gonzalez, Kathryn E. "Within-Family Differences in Head Start Participation and Parent Investment." Economics of Education Review 74 (February 2020): 101950.
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2320. |
Gonzalez, Kathryn E. |
Within-Family Differences in Head Start Participation and Parent Investment Behavior Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Child Care; Head Start; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parental Investments; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data for the present study come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, and include 4,297 children and families where there were differences across siblings in the type of childcare used (Head Start, other center-based preschool, or home-based care), and where children were aged 3-4 between 1986 and 2002. The outcomes of interest include observer-collected and parent-reported measures of cognitive stimulation and emotional support provided by the child's family from the Home Observation Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventory for ages 5 to 14. This study builds on the literature using family fixed effects to estimate the causal impact of Head Start participation (e.g. Garces, Thomas and Currie, 2002). I use family fixed effects to compare levels of parental investment in education (cognitive stimulation and emotional support) throughout childhood (ages 5 to 14) for children who attended Head Start relative to their siblings who did not attend preschool. To account for differences in parental investment over the course of childhood, I compared levels of parental investment when siblings were the same age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gonzalez, Kathryn E. "Within-Family Differences in Head Start Participation and Parent Investment Behavior." Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2016. |
2321. |
Good, David H. Pirog-Good, Maureen A. |
Child Support Enforcement for Teenage Fathers: Problems and Prospects Presented: [S.L.], Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management Meetings, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Child Support; Children; Deviance; Earnings; Fathers; Fathers and Children; Labor Force Participation; Teenagers; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Each state administers a Child Support Enforcement (CSE) program which establishes paternities, obtains and enforces child support orders and distributes the child support collected. The treatment of teenage fathers by the CSE program varies widely across states and from jurisdiction to jurisdiction within states. Data from the NLSY indicate that about 7.4 percent of teenage males become fathers, very few live with their children, and most of the absent fathers never come into contact with the CSE program. The authors show that teen fathers who live with their children enter the labor market earlier that other teenage males to the long-run detriment of their earnings. However, the earnings of absent teen fathers are at least as high as that of teens who never become fathers and that the potential of teen fathers to contribute to the support of their children increases with time. National guidelines for the treatment of teenage fathers by the CSE program are recommended with specific recommendations concerning the early establishment of paternity and the setting of child support award amounts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Good, David H. and Maureen A. Pirog-Good. "Child Support Enforcement for Teenage Fathers: Problems and Prospects." Presented: [S.L.], Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management Meetings, 1990. |
2322. |
Goodman, Ellen |
Working Moms Raise Children, Not Statistics Houston Chronicle, March 7, 1999, Outlook; Pg. 6 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Houston Chronicle Publishing Company Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: Boston Globe, March 4, 1999, Op-Ed; Pg. A19. Also: Plain Dealer, March 4, 1999, Editorials and Forum; Pg. 9B. This opinion piece discusses the effect of maternal employment on child development. It references Elizabeth Harvey's study of the subject, which uses NLSY79 and Children of the NLSY79 data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goodman, Ellen. "Working Moms Raise Children, Not Statistics." Houston Chronicle, March 7, 1999, Outlook; Pg. 6. |
2323. |
Goodman, John L. Jr. Nichols, Joseph B. |
Does FHA Increase Home Ownership or Just Accelerate It? Journal of Housing Economics 6,2 (June 1997): 184-202. Also: http://www.idealibrary.com/links/artid/jhec.1997.0208 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Qualification standards in the main home mortgage insurance program administered by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) are less stringent than the standards set by conventional lenders. However, households that qualify only for FHA financing of a modestly priced home in a given year are a narrow financial stratum of the population. The paper uses data from two longitudinal surveys (PSID NLSY) to document that membership in that stratum changes frequently. Most of the "FHA only" qualifiers graduate to conventional qualification within a few years. The study also shows that most renters wait years to purchase once they have first qualified. The paper concludes that, to the extent that FHA has any influence on home ownership, it is mostly to accelerate home purchase, not to enable it among households that otherwise would never be able to buy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goodman, John L. Jr. and Joseph B. Nichols. "Does FHA Increase Home Ownership or Just Accelerate It?" Journal of Housing Economics 6,2 (June 1997): 184-202.
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2324. |
Goodman, Joshua |
The Wages of Sinistrality: Handedness, Brain Structure and Human Capital Accumulation HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP12-002, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2012. Also: http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/7779971 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: John F. Kennedy School of Government Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); British Cohort Study (BCS); Cognitive Ability; Digit Span (also see Memory for Digit Span - WISC); Earnings; Handedness; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupational Status; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Left- and right-handed individuals have different brain structures, particularly in relation to language processing. Using five data sets from the US and UK, I show that poor infant health increases the likelihood of a child being left-handed. I argue that handedness can thus be used to explore the long-run impacts of differential brain structure generated in part by poor infant health. Even conditional on infant health and family background, lefties exhibit economically and statistically significant human capital deficits relative to righties. Compared to righties, lefties score a tenth of a standard deviation lower on measures of cognitive skill and, contrary to popular wisdom, are not over-represented at the high end of the distribution. Lefties have more emotional and behavioral problems, have more learning disabilities such as dyslexia, complete less schooling, and work in less cognitively intensive occupations. Differences between left- and right-handed siblings are similar in magnitude. Most strikingly, lefties have six percent lower annual earnings than righties, a gap that can largely be explained by these differences in cognitive skill, disabilities, schooling and occupational choice. Lefties work in more manually intensive occupations than do righties, further suggesting that lefties’ primary labor market disadvantage is cognitive rather than physical. Those likely be left-handed due to genetics show smaller or no deficits relative to righties, suggesting the importance of environmental shocks as the source of disadvantage. Handedness provides parents and schools a costlessly observable characteristic with which to identify young children whose cognitive and behavioral development may warrant additional attention. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goodman, Joshua. "The Wages of Sinistrality: Handedness, Brain Structure and Human Capital Accumulation." HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP12-002, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2012. |
2325. |
Goodman, Joshua |
The Wages of Sinistrality: Handedness, Brain Structure, and Human Capital Accumulation Journal of Economic Perspectives 28,4 (Fall 2014): 193-212. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23973564?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); British Cohort Study (BCS); Cognitive Ability; Digit Span (also see Memory for Digit Span - WISC); Earnings; Handedness; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using five datasets from the United States and the United Kingdom, I show that, consistent with prior research, both maternal left-handedness and poor infant health increase the likelihood of a child being left-handed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goodman, Joshua. "The Wages of Sinistrality: Handedness, Brain Structure, and Human Capital Accumulation." Journal of Economic Perspectives 28,4 (Fall 2014): 193-212.
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2326. |
Goodnight, Jackson A. D'Onofrio, Brian M. Cherlin, Andrew J. Emery, Robert E. Van Hulle, Carol A. Lahey, Benjamin B. |
Effects of Multiple Maternal Relationship Transitions on Offspring Antisocial Behavior in Childhood and Adolescence: A Cousin-Comparison Analysis Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 41,2 (February 2013): 185-198. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10802-012-9667-y Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Birth Order; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Genetics; Kinship; Marital Instability; Modeling, Multilevel; Parental Influences; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies of the association between multiple parental relationship transitions (i.e., when a parent begins or terminates an intimate relationship involving cohabitation) and offspring antisocial behavior have varied in their efforts to rule out confounding influences, such as parental antisocial behavior and low income. They also have been limited in the representativeness of their samples. Thus, it remains unclear to what degree parents’ multiple relationship transitions have independent effects on children’s antisocial behavior. Analyses were conducted using data on 8,652 6–9-year-old, 6,911 10–13-year-old, and 6,495 14–17-year-old offspring of a nationally representative sample of U.S. women. Cousin-comparisons were used in combination with statistical covariates to evaluate the associations between maternal relationship transitions and offspring antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence. Cousin-comparisons suggested that associations between maternal relationship transitions and antisocial behavior in childhood and early adolescence are largely explained by confounding factors. In contrast, the associations between maternal relationship transitions and offspring delinquency in late adolescence were robust to measured and unmeasured confounds. The present findings suggest that interventions aimed at reducing exposure to parental relationship transitions or addressing the psychosocial consequences of exposure to parental relationship transitions could reduce risk for offspring delinquency in late adolescence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goodnight, Jackson A., Brian M. D'Onofrio, Andrew J. Cherlin, Robert E. Emery, Carol A. Van Hulle and Benjamin B. Lahey. "Effects of Multiple Maternal Relationship Transitions on Offspring Antisocial Behavior in Childhood and Adolescence: A Cousin-Comparison Analysis." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 41,2 (February 2013): 185-198.
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2327. |
Goodnight, Jackson A. Donahue, Kelly L Waldman, Irwin D. Van Hulle, Carol A. Rathouz, Paul J. Lahey, Benjamin B. D'Onofrio, Brian M. |
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Associations between Infant Fussy Temperament and Antisocial Behavior in Childhood and Adolescence Behavior Genetics 46,5 (September 2016): 680-692. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10519-016-9794-2 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Children, Temperament; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Genetics; Kinship; Modeling, Biometric; Modeling, Multilevel; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research suggests that fussy temperament in infancy predicts risk for later antisocial behavior (ASB) in childhood and adolescence. It remains unclear, however, to what extent infant fussiness is related to later ASB through causal processes or if they both reflect the same family risk factors for ASB. The current study used two approaches, the comparison of siblings and bivariate biometric modeling, to reduce familial confounding and examine genetic and environmental influences on associations between fussiness in the first 2 years of life and ASB in childhood and late adolescence. Analyses were conducted on data from a prospective cohort (9237 at 4–9 years and 7034 at 14–17 years) who are the offspring of a nationally representative sample of US women. In the full sample, fussiness predicted both child and adolescent ASB to small but significant extents, controlling for a wide range of measured child and family-level covariates. When siblings who differed in their fussiness were compared, fussiness predicted ASB in childhood, but not ASB during adolescence. Furthermore, results from a bivariate Cholesky model suggested that even the association of fussiness with childhood ASB found when comparing siblings is attributable to familial factors. That is, although families with infants who are higher in fussiness also tend to have children and adolescents who engage in greater ASB, the hypothesis that infant fussiness has an environmentally mediated impact on the development of future ASB was not strongly supported. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goodnight, Jackson A., Kelly L Donahue, Irwin D. Waldman, Carol A. Van Hulle, Paul J. Rathouz, Benjamin B. Lahey and Brian M. D'Onofrio. "Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Associations between Infant Fussy Temperament and Antisocial Behavior in Childhood and Adolescence." Behavior Genetics 46,5 (September 2016): 680-692.
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2328. |
Goodnight, Jackson A. Lahey, Benjamin B. Van Hulle, Carol A. Rodgers, Joseph Lee Rathouz, Paul J. Waldman, Irwin D. D'Onofrio, Brian M. |
A Quasi-Experimental Analysis of the Influence of Neighborhood Disadvantage on Child and Adolescent Conduct Problems Journal of Abnormal Psychology 121,1 (February 2012): 95-108. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942334 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Birth Order; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Characteristics; Family Income; Gender Differences; Kinship; Modeling, Multilevel; Mothers, Behavior; Neighborhood Effects; Siblings; Variables, Independent - Covariate A quasi-experimental comparison of cousins differentially exposed to levels of neighborhood disadvantage (ND) was used with extensive measured covariates to test the hypothesis that neighborhood risk has independent effects on youth conduct problems (CPs). Multilevel analyses were based on mother-rated ND and both mother-reported CPs across 4-13 years (n = 7,077) and youth-reported CPs across 10-13 years (n = 4,524) from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. ND was robustly related to CPs reported by both informants when controlling for both measured risk factors that are correlated with ND and unmeasured confounds. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ND has influence on conduct problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goodnight, Jackson A., Benjamin B. Lahey, Carol A. Van Hulle, Joseph Lee Rodgers, Paul J. Rathouz, Irwin D. Waldman and Brian M. D'Onofrio. "A Quasi-Experimental Analysis of the Influence of Neighborhood Disadvantage on Child and Adolescent Conduct Problems." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 121,1 (February 2012): 95-108.
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2329. |
Goosby, Bridget J. |
The Impact of Poverty Duration on Youth Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University 2003. DAI-A 64/09, p. 3500, Mar 2004 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Home Environment; Children, Well-Being; Demography; Depression (see also CESD); Family Studies; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Human Capital; Life Course; Marital Status; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Health; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parents, Behavior; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Welfare Drawing upon the life course perspective and a theoretical framework synthesizing human capital and cultural capital perspectives, this study tests the effects of poverty experiences on the cognitive and behavioral outcomes of young adolescents. This study addresses several questions: (1) What is the effect of poverty experiences on adolescents' cognitive and behavioral outcomes, and how do these outcomes vary by race? (2) Does maternal mental health, maternal behavior, and home context mediate the effect of poverty experiences on adolescent outcomes? (3) Do prior behavioral problems and test scores affect behavioral problems and test scores of adolescents? Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the effects of poverty experiences on adolescent behavioral problems and test scores is examined for 1824 African American and white adolescents aged 10 to 14. The explanatory measures used to predict adolescent behavioral and cognitive outcomes included: poverty experience (poverty duration and welfare receipt duration), maternal psychological resources (mastery, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem), and parenting and context in 1994 and 1996 (cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and physical context). The analyses also include child background characteristics (age, race, and sex) and maternal background characteristics (years of education, AFQT scores, age at child's birth, and marital status). I employ ordinary least squares regression to examine the impact of the explanatory variables on adolescent behavioral problems and test scores. An intervening model is used to test the mediating influence of maternal psychological resources, parenting behavior, and physical context on the relationship between poverty experiences and adolescent outcomes. I found that poverty duration significantly increases adolescent internalized and externalized behavioral problems, and significantly reduces Reading and Math test scores. The detrimental impact of poverty is stronger for white adolescents than for African American adolescents. I also found that maternal psychological resources, parenting, and physical context mediate poverty's effect on adolescent outcomes. These findings suggest the desirability of continued efforts to alleviate the effects of economic strain on poor families. Also, the strong effects of maternal mental health suggests that more emphasis on improvements to maternal and child psychological well-being should be addressed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goosby, Bridget J. The Impact of Poverty Duration on Youth Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University 2003. DAI-A 64/09, p. 3500, Mar 2004. |
2330. |
Goosby, Bridget J. Cheadle, Jacob E. |
Birth Weight, Math and Reading Achievement Growth: A Multilevel Between-Sibling, Between-Families Approach Social Forces 87,3 (March 2009): 1291-1320. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40345162 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Academic Development; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Educational Attainment; Family Environment; Family Studies; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Multilevel; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We used multilevel covariance structure analysis to study the relationship between birth weight, family context and youth math and reading comprehension growth from approximately ages 5 through 14 within and between families. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Child Sample, we examined the relationship between birth weight and subsequent academic achievement growth disparities, distinguishing between birth weight and other contextual social confounders. We found that smaller birth weight is associated with lower math and reading scores at age 5. Additional findings indicated that the home environment has important developmental consequences from early childhood and into adolescence. Overall, the pattern of findings painted a complex picture of disadvantage, beginning in the womb and extending through a variety of mechanisms into adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Social Forces is the property of University of North Carolina Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Goosby, Bridget J. and Jacob E. Cheadle. "Birth Weight, Math and Reading Achievement Growth: A Multilevel Between-Sibling, Between-Families Approach." Social Forces 87,3 (March 2009): 1291-1320.
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2331. |
Goosby, Bridget J. Cheadle, Jacob E. |
Birth Weight, Math, and Reading Achievement Growth: A Multilevel Between-Sibling, Between-Families Approach Working Paper #07-21, National Poverty Center, August 2007. Also: http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/NPC%20Working%20Paper%20BW%20math%20and%20reading.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Poverty Center Keyword(s): Academic Development; Birthweight; Educational Attainment; Family Environment; Family Studies; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We used multilevel covariance structure analysis to study the relationship between birth weight, family context, and youth math and reading comprehension growth from approximately age 5 until about age 14. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Child Sample (CNLSY79), we build on previous research examining both the causal relationship between birth weight and subsequent academic achievement disparities, distinguishing between birth weight and other contextual social confounders both within and between families. Taking into account family characteristics, including those that vary between-siblings within-families, we find that lower birth weight is associated with lower math and reading scores at age 5. Although these birth weight gaps do not increase as children age, they do not decrease either. Additional findings indicate that the home environment has important developmental consequences from early childhood and into adolescence. Overall, this pattern of findings paints a complex picture of disadvantage, beginning in the womb and extending through a variety of mechanisms into adolescence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goosby, Bridget J. and Jacob E. Cheadle. "Birth Weight, Math, and Reading Achievement Growth: A Multilevel Between-Sibling, Between-Families Approach." Working Paper #07-21, National Poverty Center, August 2007. |
2332. |
Gorbachev, Olga Luengo-Prado, Maria Jose |
The Credit Card Debt Puzzle: The Role of Preferences, Credit Access Risk, and Financial Literacy Review of Economics and Statistics 101,2 (May 2019): 294-309. Also: https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/rest_a_00752 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Financial Literacy; Risk Perception We use the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to revisit what is termed the credit card debt puzzle: why consumers simultaneously co-hold high-interest credit card debt and low-interest assets that could be used to pay down this debt. Relative to individuals with no credit card debt but positive liquid assets, borrower-savers have very different perceptions of future credit access risk and use credit cards for precautionary motives. Moreover, changing perceptions about credit access risk are essential for predicting transitions among the two groups. Preferences and the composition of financial portfolios also play a role in these transitions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gorbachev, Olga and Maria Jose Luengo-Prado. "The Credit Card Debt Puzzle: The Role of Preferences, Credit Access Risk, and Financial Literacy." Review of Economics and Statistics 101,2 (May 2019): 294-309.
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2333. |
Gorbachev, Olga Luengo-Prado, Maria Jose |
The Credit Card Debt Puzzle: The Role of Preferences, Credit Risk, and Financial Literacy Working Paper No. 2016-6, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, July 2016. Also: https://www.bostonfed.org/publications/research-department-working-paper/2016/the-credit-card-debt-puzzle-the-role-of-preferences-credit-risk-and-financial-literacy.aspx Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Keyword(s): Assets; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Financial Literacy; Savings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As of 1983 in the United States, and later in Denmark and the United Kingdom, researchers have documented a type of consumer behavior that has come to be known as the "credit card debt puzzle": individuals who choose to revolve unsecured high-interest credit card debt while also holding low interest-bearing monetary assets that could be used to pay down these balances. The authors use a dataset constructed from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) in order to test different theoretical explanations for the credit card debt puzzle. The NLSY dataset permits examination of the credit card debt puzzle over different time periods, it contains measures of intelligence, financial literacy, and risk preferences, and provides details on household income, assets and liabilities. Based on reported amounts of credit card debt and liquid monetary assets, the authors divide the NLSY79 respondents into four categories: borrower-saver (the puzzle group holding both debt and assets), borrowers (debt, no assets), neutral (no debt, no assets), and savers (assets, no debt). |
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Bibliography Citation
Gorbachev, Olga and Maria Jose Luengo-Prado. "The Credit Card Debt Puzzle: The Role of Preferences, Credit Risk, and Financial Literacy." Working Paper No. 2016-6, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, July 2016. |
2334. |
Gordanier, John Marc |
Effects of Firm Structure on Wages and Careers Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2006. DAI-A 67/12, Jun 2007. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Firm Size; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Occupational Choice; Self-Reporting; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three essays concerning self-selection, learning, and incentives arising from the structure of the firm. The first chapter investigates the relationship between wages and the size of previous employers. Despite the plethora of papers examining the firm-size wage premium, there is little attention to potential long-term effects of firm size on wages. This paper documents a positive association between current wages and previous firm size, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The magnitude of this relationship is larger among workers that are more able. These workers are also substantially more likely to be working in large firms. I develop a dynamic model where workers choose the size of their employer to maximize career earnings. Large firms offer the opportunity to specialize, which increases the rate of learning. The model induces self-selection based on human capital into large firms and higher career wages for those that start in large firms. The second essay develops a framework where some firms employ up-or-out rules, while others do not. Up-or-out rules are optimal for firms when they must screen new associates to find partners and have an incentive to maintain partnership quality. I show that when workers have heterogeneous effort costs, the higher effort cost workers will self-select into firms that do not use up-or-out rules. A costly investment, in the form of effort as an associate, is required to reveal productivity as a partner. Workers with high effort costs do not find the investment worthwhile, thus, they will not make partner and select firms where they can retain their firm-specific human capital. The final essay looks at the incentive effects associated with up-or-out rules. I describe a model with heterogeneous abilities among associates. Firms observe a noisy signal of output based on associate ability and effort. Using permanent associates as well as partnership, the firm is able to induce the optimal effort from all types; up-or-out rules alone cannot accomplish this. Use of a consolation prize requires the firm to increase the rewards of partnership, to prevent high ability workers from pooling with lower ability workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gordanier, John Marc. Effects of Firm Structure on Wages and Careers. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2006. DAI-A 67/12, Jun 2007.. |
2335. |
Gordon, Grey Jones, John Bailey Neelakantan, Urvi Athreya, Kartik |
Incarceration, Employment, and Earnings: Dynamics and Differences Presented: New Orleans LA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2023 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Incarceration/Jail; Markov chain / Markov model; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We study the dynamics of incarceration, employment, and earnings. Our hidden Markov model distinguishes between first-time and repeat incarceration, between persistent and transitory nonemployment and earnings risks, and accounts for nonresponse bias. We estimate the model via maximum likelihood using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, accounting for the large differences in incarceration rates by race, education level, and gender. First-time incarceration is associated with 32% (51%) lower expected lifetime earnings and 6 (10) fewer years of employment for Black (White) men with a high school degree. Among less-educated men, differences in incarceration and nonemployment can explain around half the Black-White lifetime earnings gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gordon, Grey, John Bailey Jones, Urvi Neelakantan and Kartik Athreya. "Incarceration, Employment, and Earnings: Dynamics and Differences." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2023. |
2336. |
Gordon, Rachel A. |
Confidential Data Files Linked to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort: A Case Study Presented: Washington, DC, Workshop on Confidentiality of and Access to Research Data Files, October 1999. Also: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cnstat/workshop_confidentiality.html#P42_4124 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Child Care; Children, Well-Being; Geocoded Data; Neighborhood Effects; Residence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Paper presented at the "Improving Access to and Confidentiality of Research Data". http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9958&page=59 The paper provides three examples of the use of confidential geocodes attached to the Children of the NLSY79: (1) collaborative work on the general association between neighborhood characteristics and young children's well-being, and how such associations may be mediated by family processes, (2) a study of the ways in which such associations may depend on the region of the United States in which the family lives, and (3) a study considering the associations between local child care availability and families' arrangements for maternal employment and child care..Throughout, I note several reasons why these analyses were uniquely possible with the geocoded Children of the NLSY79. In short, in contrast to what had typically been small, localized studies of child development, the Children of the NLSY79 was the first attempt to provide a large, national sample of young children with detailed psychological assessments. With the family's physical location of residence geocoded, these data provided a unique opportunity to have sufficient sample sizes and sufficient geographic variation to examine how neighborhood context mattered for child development within different sub-groups of conceptual interest, including children of different gender and ethnicity and families living in different regions of the county and in communities of varying urbanicity. Our collaborative research revealed that looking within these sub-groups indeed mattered. Namely, we found that associations differed by ethnicity and gender in some cases, that associations between neighborhood characteristics and children's cognitive and behavioral well-being were stronger in the Northeast and Midwest than in the South and West regions of the United States, and that there were both co nsistencies and differences by urbanicity in the associations between the availability of child care centers and families' use of center-based child care. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gordon, Rachel A. "Confidential Data Files Linked to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort: A Case Study." Presented: Washington, DC, Workshop on Confidentiality of and Access to Research Data Files, October 1999. |
2337. |
Gordon, Rachel A. |
Measuring Constructs in Family Science: How Can Item Response Theory Improve Precision and Validity? Journal of Marriage and Family 77,1 (February 2015): 147-176. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12157/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Scale Construction; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT This article provides family scientists with an understanding of contemporary measurement perspectives and the ways in which item response theory (IRT) can be used to develop measures with desired evidence of precision and validity for research uses. The article offers a nontechnical introduction to some key features of IRT, including its orientation toward locating items along an underlying dimension and toward estimating precision of measurement for persons with different levels of that same construct. It also offers a didactic example of how the approach can be used to refine conceptualization and operationalization of constructs in the family sciences, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (n = 2,732). Three basic models are considered: (a) the Rasch and (b) two-parameter logistic models for dichotomous items and (c) the Rating Scale Model for multicategory items. Throughout, the author highlights the potential for researchers to elevate measurement to a level on par with theorizing and testing about relationships among constructs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gordon, Rachel A. "Measuring Constructs in Family Science: How Can Item Response Theory Improve Precision and Validity?" Journal of Marriage and Family 77,1 (February 2015): 147-176.
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2338. |
Gordon, Rachel A. |
Multigenerational Coresidence and Welfare Policy Journal of Community Psychology 27,5 (September 1999): 525-549 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Office of University Partnerships - OUP Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Grandmothers; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As part of the 1996 federal welfare reform, lawmakers required unmarried, minor parents to live with their own parents (or another qualified adult). This paper considers a few key issues related to this requirement: (1) Prior to the living arrangements requirement, did income from Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) lead teenage mothers to move out of their parents' home? (2) Did young mothers who stayed at home do better or worse that their peers who moved out? (3) How solid is the research evidence about these topics? Measurement barriers in census data prior to the mid-1990s and in state program administrative data, in the past and still today, impede identification of all teenage parents who live at home. Yet, even given this undercount, available data indicates that most unmarried, minor mothers lived with their parents, or other adult relatives, prior to the 1996 welfare reform. Although the research based on the topic is small, there is not clear evidence that the small fraction of young mothers who moved out of their parents' home did so because they could use AFDC income. Consistent descriptive evidence does suggest that living in a three-generational household is associated with teenage mothers' greater economic self-sufficiency; at the same time, however, coresiding teenage mothers appear to exhibit poorer parenting skills and the effects on their children and their own parents remain little understood. These findings are discussed in relation to the minor parent policy, and recommendations for future research are made including: (1) collection of data that better identifies minor parent families living in senior parents' households, (2) using whole-family perspectives that look beyond the minor mother to the well-being of her parents, children, and other family members, (3) studies that consider the selection of teenage mothers into various living arrangements when studying their consequences, and (4) intensive studies of positive and negative aspects of family functioning and social networks when minor mothers live in various living arrangements. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gordon, Rachel A. "Multigenerational Coresidence and Welfare Policy." Journal of Community Psychology 27,5 (September 1999): 525-549.
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2339. |
Gordon, Rachel A. Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay |
Availability of Child Care in the United States: A Description and Analysis of Data Sources Working Paper, Department of Sociology and Institute of Government and Public Affairs, University of Illinois at Chicago and Northwestern University, 2000. Also: http://wf.educ.msu.edu/working_abs.html#0016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Illinois at Chicago Keyword(s): Census of Population; Child Care; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Lack of high quality, affordable child care is an oft cited impediment to a maageable work-family balance. This is particularly true given demographic trends toward more dual earner families and employed unmarried parents in the U.S., and given political focus on reducing long term welfare dependency through parents' employment. However, researchers have lacked data about the availability of child care in communities, restricting research on these topics. In this paper, we lay out a conceptual framework regarding the importance of child care availability in a community, considering potential variation based on the urbanicity of the area and the economic resources of its residents. We then describe and evaluate several indicators of child care availability that have been released by the U.S. Census Bureau over the last 15 years. We examine the validity of these data for measuring child care availability using community- and individual-level analyses. We discuss the data sources' benefits and limitations, and point to directions for future data developments and research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gordon, Rachel A. and P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale. "Availability of Child Care in the United States: A Description and Analysis of Data Sources." Working Paper, Department of Sociology and Institute of Government and Public Affairs, University of Illinois at Chicago and Northwestern University, 2000. |
2340. |
Gordon, Rachel A. Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay |
Availability of Child Care in the United States: A Description and Analysis of Data Sources Demography 38, 2 (May 2001): 299-316. Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/demography/v038/38.2gordon.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Census of Population; Child Care; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Lack of high quality, affordable child care is an oft cited impediment to a maageable work-family balance. This is particularly true given demographic trends toward more dual earner families and employed unmarried parents in the U.S., and given political focus on reducing long term welfare dependency through parents' employment. However, researchers have lacked data about the availability of child care in communities, restricting research on these topics. In this paper, we lay out a conceptual framework regarding the importance of child care availability in a community, considering potential variation based on the urbanicity of the area and the economic resources of its residents. We then describe and evaluate several indicators of child care availability that have been released by the U.S. Census Bureau over the last 15 years. We examine the validity of these data for measuring child care availability using community- and individual-level analyses. We discuss the data sources' benefits and limitations, and point to directions for future data developments and research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gordon, Rachel A. and P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale. "Availability of Child Care in the United States: A Description and Analysis of Data Sources." Demography 38, 2 (May 2001): 299-316.
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2341. |
Gordon, Rachel A. Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay |
Women's Participation in Market Work and the Availability of Child Care in the United States Working Paper No. 99-05, NORC and the University of Chicago, 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC Keyword(s): Child Care; Geocoded Data; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Simultaneity; Work Hours/Schedule Also: Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 1999. This paper moves beyond the typical correlates of individual mothers' decisions to participate in market work and to use non-maternal child care by examining how child care availability in the community relates to families' arrangements for employment and child care in communities of varying income level and population density. We measure center child care availability in all U.S. ZIP codes using several business-level data sources (Economic Census, ZIP code Business Patterns) and a Special Tabulation of the 1990 Decennial Census, the latter of which also provides an estimate of family day care availability. Descriptive analyses suggest that center care is more available when both a sufficient population base and a source of income (private of subsidies) are present, as in low and high income urban areas. In contrast, family day care is most available in middle income, non-metropolitan areas. Using data for 3- to 6-year olds in the geocoded Children of the NLSY data set, we (1) jointly predict whether a woman works in the market and whether she places her child in another's care and (2) simultaneously predict the number of hours employed mothers' work and the hours their children spend in relative care, center-based care, and family day care. Findings suggest that available care may be necessary for some mothers to enter the market work or to select a type of child care, especially in the non-metropolitan areas of the U.S. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gordon, Rachel A. and P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale. "Women's Participation in Market Work and the Availability of Child Care in the United States." Working Paper No. 99-05, NORC and the University of Chicago, 1999. |
2342. |
Gorman, Elizabeth H. |
Bringing Home the Bacon: Marital Allocation of Income-Earning Responsibility, Job Shifts, and Men's Wages Journal of Marriage and Family 61,1 (February 1999): 110-122. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353887 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Family Environment; Husbands, Income; Marital Status; Marriage; Sexual Division of Labor; Time Use Studies show that married men earn more than single men, even when human capital is controlled there has been little effort to integrate the study of the marriage effect on men's wages with the literature on the division of labor in the household or to understand behavioral processes that link marital status to men's wages. This study: addresses both oversights. Three dominant perspectives on the allocation of household responsibilities suggest that married couples are likely to assign more income-earning responsibility to the husband These perspectives can be extended to predict that married men set higher earnings goals than single men. Married men are likely to be more attentive to opportunities to increase their earnings and to risks that could reduce their earnings, Using data from fire National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study focuses on men's job-shift processes. Findings indicate that married men are more likely, than single men to pursue job-shift patterns that result in greater wage gains and to avoid those that result in lower wage gains and that a portion of the marriage differential in men's wages is attributable to job-shift processes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gorman, Elizabeth H. "Bringing Home the Bacon: Marital Allocation of Income-Earning Responsibility, Job Shifts, and Men's Wages." Journal of Marriage and Family 61,1 (February 1999): 110-122.
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2343. |
Gorman, Linda |
Disputing Discrimination, Data Don't Back Up Accusations of Economic Bias Rocky Mountain News, March 13, 1994, Editorial; Ed. F; Pg. 79A Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Denver Publishing Company Keyword(s): Economics of Discrimination; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Gordon uses NLSY79 data to support her critique of studies that claim to "'single-out' wage differences based solely on race.'' She argues against the validity of such research by drawing an analogy to high school test scores. Her argument is as follows: "In 1980, the highest and lowest scores for white high school graduates in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were about the same as those for black high school graduates. On average, however, the scores of black graduates were much lower - 75% of the black high school graduates scored below the 25th percentile of the white high school graduates. This means that - again on average - black high school graduates are not as well prepared academically as white ones. But statistical studies that only use schooling to equalize individual differences do not recognize this. As a result, when black students have poorer jobs or lower wages, statistical studies may attribute the difference to discrimination when it is really due to differing levels of skill." |
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Bibliography Citation
Gorman, Linda. "Disputing Discrimination, Data Don't Back Up Accusations of Economic Bias." Rocky Mountain News, March 13, 1994, Editorial; Ed. F; Pg. 79A. |
2344. |
Gorman, Linda Thomas, George W. |
General Intellectual Achievement, Enlistment Intentions, and Racial Representativeness in the U.S. Military Armed Forces and Society 19,4 (Summer 1993): 611-624. Also: http://afs.sagepub.com/content/19/4/611.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces & Society Keyword(s): I.Q.; Intelligence; Military Enlistment; Poverty; Racial Studies; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. racial composition of those who want to join the military reflects that of the general population. Using a sample of young men from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this article examines the effects of four different specifications of the independent variables race, poverty status, high school enrollment, age, and test score on an individual's enlistment intentions. The coefficient estimates were maximum likelihood estimates of a logistic regression model with an ordinal dependent variable. The results suggest that enlistment intentions depend heavily on intellectual achievement and poverty as well as race, and that models ignoring this may attribute false importance to the effects of race on intentions to enlist. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gorman, Linda and George W. Thomas. "General Intellectual Achievement, Enlistment Intentions, and Racial Representativeness in the U.S. Military." Armed Forces and Society 19,4 (Summer 1993): 611-624.
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2345. |
Gorry, Aspen Gorry, Devon Trachter, Nicholas |
Learning and Life Cycle Patterns of Occupational Transitions International Economic Review 60,2 (May 2019): 905-937. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/iere.12371 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Life Cycle Research; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Choice; Wages Individuals experience frequent occupational switches during their lifetime and initial worker characteristics are predictive of future patterns of occupational switching. We construct a quantitative model of occupational choices with worker learning and occupation specific productivity shocks to match life cycle patterns of occupational transitions and quantify the value of occupational mobility and learning. For the average 18‐year‐old worker, the value of being able to switch occupations is about 67 months of the maximum wage they could earn in the model and the value of a worker learning their type is about 32 months of this maximum wage. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved |
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Bibliography Citation
Gorry, Aspen, Devon Gorry and Nicholas Trachter. "Learning and Life Cycle Patterns of Occupational Transitions." International Economic Review 60,2 (May 2019): 905-937.
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2346. |
Gorry, Devon |
Consequences of Teenage Childbearing on Child Outcomes in the United States Journal of Policy Analysis and Management published online (15 November 2022): DOI: 10.1002/pam.22451. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pam.22451 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Labor Market Outcomes; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Children of teen mothers have worse academic, labor market and behavioral outcomes in the United States, but it is not clear whether these poor outcomes are caused by having a young mother or driven by selection into teen motherhood. Understanding the reasoning behind poor child outcomes is important for designing effective policies to improve child trajectories. Simple correlations using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults (NLSY79CY) confirm that outcomes for children of teenage mothers are worse relative to children of older mothers. These negative relationships persist after controlling for background variables or including family fixed effects, though the magnitudes are attenuated. However, these approaches fail to fully account for selection into teen motherhood. To overcome selection, I employ an empirical strategy that relies on miscarriages to put bounds on the causal effects of teen childbearing. These bounds show that teen childbearing among mothers who choose to give birth does not cause adverse outcomes for children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gorry, Devon. "Consequences of Teenage Childbearing on Child Outcomes in the United States." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management published online (15 November 2022): DOI: 10.1002/pam.22451.
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2347. |
Gortmaker, Steven L. Bielby, William T. |
Cost of Watching Television: A Longitudinal Assessment of the Effect of Heavy Viewing on Earnings Working Paper, School of Public Health Harvard University, Boston MA, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: School of Public Health, Harvard University Keyword(s): Behavior; Earnings; Gender Differences; Health Factors; Household Income; Human Capital; Leisure; Minorities; Obesity; Self-Esteem; Television Viewing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the 1981 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to examine the impact of time spent watching television on subsequent earnings. The focus is on a sample of some 8,000 respondents during 1986-1988. It is hypothesized that heavy viewing might make an impact on subsequent earnings either by choosing to allocate time to leisure over investment in human capital, or by being a consequence of behavioral or subjective characteristics that are valued negatively in the labor market which makes any association between viewership and subsequent earnings spurious. Estimated coefficients indicated that each additional hour of television viewed per week was associated with a decrease in personal income of $40.72 for males and $73.89 for females, independent of household income, schooling, marital status, maternal/paternal education, height, self-esteem, age, and minority status. Other control variables related to productivity and/or earnings capacity include cognitive ability, self-esteem, chronic health conditions, and extreme obesity. Results provide evidence for the substantial impact of television viewing on subsequent earnings and point to the need for further research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gortmaker, Steven L. and William T. Bielby. "Cost of Watching Television: A Longitudinal Assessment of the Effect of Heavy Viewing on Earnings." Working Paper, School of Public Health Harvard University, Boston MA, 1995. |
2348. |
Gortmaker, Steven L. Kagan, Jerome Caspi, Avshalom Silva, Phil A. |
Daylength During Pregnancy and Shyness in Children: Results from Northern and Southern Hemispheres Developmental Psychobiology 31,2 (September 1997): 107-114. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291098-2302%28199709%2931:2%3C107::AID-DEV3%3E3.0.CO;2-O/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Gerontological Society of America Keyword(s): Behavior; Children, Behavioral Development; Cross-national Analysis; Genetics; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Shyness; Temperament An extreme degree of shyness in young children is a temperamental trait under modest genetic influence and characterized by distinct physiological profiles. Complete longitudinal data for the US were available for 2,415 children (aged 2-7 yrs) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, Youth cohort. A 2nd analysis used data from a complete cohort of births born during a 1-yr period in New Zealand. These data indicate that maternal exposure to short daylenth during pregnancy, especially the midpoint of gestation, predicts an increased risk of subsequent shy behavior in children. Estimates of attributable risk indicate that approximately one-quarter of shyness prevalence can be linked to pregnancy during times of reduced daylength. This phenomenon might be mediated by changing concentrations of melatonin, serotonin, or other neurotransmitters or corticoids that are known to covary with seasonal variations in daylength. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1997 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Gortmaker, Steven L., Jerome Kagan, Avshalom Caspi and Phil A. Silva. "Daylength During Pregnancy and Shyness in Children: Results from Northern and Southern Hemispheres." Developmental Psychobiology 31,2 (September 1997): 107-114.
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2349. |
Gortmaker, Steven L. Must, Aviva Perrin, James M. Sobol, Arthur M. |
Social and Economic Consequences of Overweight in Adolescence and Young Adulthood New England Journal of Medicine 329,14 (September 1993): 1036-1037 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Educational Attainment; Health Factors; Household Income; Marital Status; Obesity; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gortmaker, Steven L., Aviva Must, James M. Perrin and Arthur M. Sobol. "Social and Economic Consequences of Overweight in Adolescence and Young Adulthood." New England Journal of Medicine 329,14 (September 1993): 1036-1037.
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2350. |
Gortmaker, Steven L. Must, Aviva Sobol, Arthur M. Peterson, Karen E. Colditz, Graham A. Dietz, William H. |
Television Viewing as a Cause of Increasing Obesity Among Children in the United States, 1986-1990 Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 150,4 (April 1996): 356-362. Also: http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/150/4/356 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Medical Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Obesity; Television Viewing; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents has increased, and television viewing has been suggested as a cause. We examined the relation between hours of television viewed and the prevalence of overweight in 1990, and the incidence and remission of overweight from 1986 to 1990 in a nationally representative cohort of 746 youths aged 10 to 15 years in 1990 whose mothers were 25 to 32 years old. Overweight was defined as a body mass index higher than the 85th percentile for age and gender. RESULTS: We observed a strong dose-response relationship between the prevalence of overweight in 1990 and hours of television viewed. The odds of being overweight were 4.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.2 to 9.6) times greater for youth watching more than 5 hours of television per day compared with those watching 0 to 2 hours. When adjustments were made for previous overweight (in 1986), baseline maternal overweight, socioeconomic status, household structure, ethnicity, and maternal and child aptitude test scores, results were similar (odds ratio, 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.3 to 12.1). We also found significant relations between television viewing and increased incidence and decreased remission of overweight during this 4-year period, adjusted for baseline covariates. The adjusted odds of incidence were 8.3 (95% confidence interval, 2.6 to 26.5) times greater for youth watching more than 5 hours of television per day compared with those watching for 0 to 2 hours. Estimates of attributable risk indicate that more than 60% of overweight incidence in this population can be linked to excess television viewing time. CONCLUSION: Television viewing affects overweight among youth, and reductions in viewing time could help prevent this increasingly common chronic health condition. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gortmaker, Steven L., Aviva Must, Arthur M. Sobol, Karen E. Peterson, Graham A. Colditz and William H. Dietz. "Television Viewing as a Cause of Increasing Obesity Among Children in the United States, 1986-1990." Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 150,4 (April 1996): 356-362.
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2351. |
Gortmaker, Steven L. Perrin, James M. Weitzman, Michael Homer, Charles J. |
An Unexpected Success Story: Transition to Adulthood in Youth with Chronic Physical Health Conditions. Special Issue: Late Adolescence and the Transition to Adulthood Journal of Research on Adolescence 3,3 (1993): 317-336 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Educational Attainment; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Self-Esteem; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gortmaker, Steven L., James M. Perrin, Michael Weitzman and Charles J. Homer. "An Unexpected Success Story: Transition to Adulthood in Youth with Chronic Physical Health Conditions. Special Issue: Late Adolescence and the Transition to Adulthood." Journal of Research on Adolescence 3,3 (1993): 317-336.
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2352. |
Gottfries, Axel Teulings, Coen |
Returns to On-the-job Search and the Dispersion of Wages Discussion Paper No. CFM-DP2016-29, Centre for Macroeconomics, London, October 2016. Also: http://www.centreformacroeconomics.ac.uk/Discussion-Papers/2016/CFMDP2016-29-Paper.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Centre for Macroeconomics Keyword(s): Job Search; Layoffs; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A wide class of models with On-the-Job Search (OJS) predicts that workers gradually select into better-paying jobs, until lay-off occurs, when this selection process starts over from scratch. We develop a simple methodology to test these predictions. Our inference uses two sources of identification to distinguish between returns to experience and the gains from OJS: (i) time-variation in job-finding rates and (ii) the time since the last lay-off. Conditional on the termination date of the job, job duration should be distributed uniformly. Using extreme value theory, we can infer the shape of the wage-offer distribution from the effect of the time since the last lay-off on wages. This methodology is applied to the NLSY 79. We find remarkably strong support for all implications. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gottfries, Axel and Coen Teulings. "Returns to On-the-job Search and the Dispersion of Wages." Discussion Paper No. CFM-DP2016-29, Centre for Macroeconomics, London, October 2016. |
2353. |
Gottfries, Axel Teulings, Coen |
Returns to On-The-Job Search and Wage Dispersion Labour Economics published online (17 November 2022): 102292. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537122001828 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Job Search; Layoffs; Wages A wide class of models with On-the-Job Search (OJS) predict that workers gradually select into better jobs. We develop a simple method based on the expected number of job offers received that can be used to measure match quality, identify the wage offer distribution and estimate the contribution of OJS to wage dispersion and the increase in wages over the lifecycle. The method uses two sources of identification: (i) time variation in job-finding rates and (ii) individual variation in the time since the last layoff. Applying this method to the NLSY79, we find that the standard deviation of the wage-offer distribution is 13% and that OJS accounts for 8% of the total wage dispersion and 30% of the wage-increase over the lifecycle. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gottfries, Axel and Coen Teulings. "Returns to On-The-Job Search and Wage Dispersion." Labour Economics published online (17 November 2022): 102292.
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2354. |
Gottlieb, Aaron |
Beyond Parental Incarceration: The Effects of Household Incarceration on the Intergenerational Transmission of Disadvantage through Family Structure Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Structure; Heterogeneity; Household Influences; Incarceration/Jail Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Two of the most pronounced social trends in the United States over the last 40 years are the increase in childbearing outside of marriage and the increase in incarceration. Yet, no research has explored whether having a household member incarcerated influences a child’s risk of growing up to have a premarital birth. Using data on the children of mothers in the NLSY79, I find that having a household member incarcerated between ages 10 to 14 increases a child’s the risk of growing up to have a premarital first birth by approximately 40%. The findings also show heterogeneity in the consequences of household incarceration, with paternal incarceration and extended household incarceration being particularly important risk factors for having a premarital first birth. These findings suggest that research exclusively emphasizing the consequences of parental incarceration has likely underestimated the consequences of the prison boom. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gottlieb, Aaron. "Beyond Parental Incarceration: The Effects of Household Incarceration on the Intergenerational Transmission of Disadvantage through Family Structure." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
2355. |
Gottlieb, Aaron |
Beyond Parental Incarceration: The Effects of Household Incarceration on the Risk of Premarital First Birth Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Structure; Heterogeneity; Household Influences; Incarceration/Jail Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Two of the most pronounced social trends in the United States over the last 40 years are the increase in childbearing outside of marriage and the increase in incarceration. Yet, no research has explored whether having a household member incarcerated during childhood influences a child's risk of having a premarital birth. Using data on the children of mothers interviewed in the NLSY79, I find that having a household member incarcerated between ages 10 to 14 increases a child's risk of growing up to have a premarital first birth by approximately 40% in both covariate adjustment and propensity score matching approaches. The findings also show that both the incarceration of immediate and extended family household members are important risk factors for having a premarital first birth. Taken together, these findings suggest that research exclusively emphasizing the consequences of parental incarceration has likely underestimated the consequences of the prison boom. One important way that household incarceration transmits disadvantage is by impacting family structure across generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gottlieb, Aaron. "Beyond Parental Incarceration: The Effects of Household Incarceration on the Risk of Premarital First Birth." Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014. |
2356. |
Gottlieb, Aaron |
Household Incarceration in Early Adolescence and Risk of Premarital First Birth Children and Youth Services Review 61 (February 2016): 126-134. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740915301353 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; First Birth; Household Influences; Incarceration/Jail In the second half of the 20th century, the United States experienced a massive increase in incarceration. In response to this growth, a burgeoning scholarship has sought to explore the collateral consequences of incarceration for young children. However, this scholarship has less frequently explored the impact of incarceration on long-term outcomes, how incarceration experienced in periods other than early childhood impacts children, and whether the incarceration of family members other than parents has negative implications for children. Using data from the children of the mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I explore whether household incarceration experienced in early adolescence is associated with a child's risk of growing up to have a premarital first birth. The results suggest that, even after including a rich set of covariates, children who experience household incarceration in early adolescence are at greater risk of having a premarital first birth, particularly when the father or an external household member is incarcerated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gottlieb, Aaron. "Household Incarceration in Early Adolescence and Risk of Premarital First Birth." Children and Youth Services Review 61 (February 2016): 126-134.
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2357. |
Gottlieb, Aaron |
Mass Incarceration in the United States: New Evidence on Implications and Ways Forward Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Princeton University, 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; First Birth; Incarceration/Jail; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Currently, the U.S. has the highest incarceration rate of all large countries in the world. Beginning in the 1970s, the U.S. criminal justice system underwent a dramatic transformation in its sentencing practices that is largely responsible for today's historic levels of incarceration. In this dissertation, I provide evidence on two questions: 1) What are the implications of the growth in incarceration; and 2) Can rhetoric be used to increase public support for rolling back U.S. incarceration rates? The first two empirical chapters of this dissertation provide evidence addressing the first question. In the first empirical chapter, I use data from 15 advanced democratic countries from 1971-2010 to explore whether cross-national variation in incarceration rates contributes to cross-national variation in relative poverty rates. The results suggest that there is no average association, but this obscures the fact the association is contingent on a country's level of welfare state generosity and female employment. In the second empirical chapter, I explore whether U.S children who experience the incarceration of household members are at greater risk of experiencing a premarital first birth. The results suggest that experiencing household incarceration in early adolescence is associated with an increase in a child's risk of growing up to have a premarital first birth, particularly when a father or extended household member is incarcerated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gottlieb, Aaron. Mass Incarceration in the United States: New Evidence on Implications and Ways Forward. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Princeton University, 2016. |
2358. |
Gottschalk, Peter |
Correlations Between Mothers' and Daughters' Welfare Experiences Working Paper, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconson - Madison, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers and Daughters; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Poverty; Research Methodology; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This report describes the previous work on intergenerational correlation of welfare experiences of mothers and daughters and presents new evidence based on the NLSY. Previous studies artificially limited the time period over which mothers and daughters were observed by focusing on the mothers' and daughters' experience during limited windows during the beginning and end of the survey. The descriptive duration tables and multivariate equations presented in this report overcome this drawback by using all the information in the survey. The results show a strong degree of correlation between mothers' and daughters' welfare experiences. The daughters of mothers who received assistance were more likely to have a child at every given age and were much more likely to start an AFDC spell after the birth of their first child. The facts presented are consistent with two competing theories - daughters may have experiences similar to their mothers' because they face similar constraints or because tastes or information are passed from one generation to the next. Since these two theories have very different policy implications, this study is only an intermediate step in the study of intergenerational welfare dependency. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gottschalk, Peter. "Correlations Between Mothers' and Daughters' Welfare Experiences." Working Paper, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconson - Madison, 1989. |
2359. |
Gottschalk, Peter |
Earnings Mobility of Primary Earners Final Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1980 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Employment; Life Cycle Research; Mobility; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Underemployment; Work History Data from five cohorts of the NLS were used to determine the degree of earnings mobility in the lower tail of the earnings distribution. The study documents that a substantial proportion of the low earnings population was immobile. Two major policy conclusions result from this study. First, there is a demonstrated need for programs for the chronically underemployed. Earnings poverty is more than a transitory or life-cycle phenomenon. Likewise, it is a problem that affects more people than the stereotypical teenager, ex-offender or welfare mother. Second, programs should be targeted at people with histories of low earnings over more than one year. However, if long work histories are not available it is better to target programs on people with recent low earnings than to use other attributes such as race, region or educational attainment as proxies to identify the long-term earnings poor. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gottschalk, Peter. "Earnings Mobility of Primary Earners." Final Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1980. |
2360. |
Gottschalk, Peter |
The Intergenerational Transmission of Welfare Participation: Facts and Possible Causes Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 11,2 (Spring 1992): 254-272. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/3325367/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups; Event History; Family Income; Hispanics; Income Level; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers and Daughters; Wage Dynamics; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Two methodological issues in measuring intergenerational correlations in welfare participation are explored. One controls for differences in eligibility as well as participation, the other uses event history analysis on mothers' and daughters' welfare histories. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is used to measure the intergenerational correlation among whites, blacks, & Hispanics. It is concluded that: (1) parental participation in Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) is correlated with daughters' AFDC participation for whites & Hispanics; (2) parents' participation does not seem to be capturing solely the effects of low income, which leads to a correlation in mothers' and daughters' eligibility; and (3) the loss of income if the parent does not participate raises the probability that the daughter will receive assistance. The effect of this income loss offsets nearly half of the participation effect for whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gottschalk, Peter. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Welfare Participation: Facts and Possible Causes ." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 11,2 (Spring 1992): 254-272.
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2361. |
Gough, Margaret |
Birth Spacing, Human Capital, and the Motherhood Penalty at Midlife in the United States Demographic Research 37, Article 13 (July-December 2017): 363-416. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/26332200 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Motherhood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The objective [of this article] is to estimate the effects of birth spacing on midlife labor market outcomes and assess the extent to which these effects vary by education and age at first birth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gough, Margaret. "Birth Spacing, Human Capital, and the Motherhood Penalty at Midlife in the United States." Demographic Research 37, Article 13 (July-December 2017): 363-416.
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2362. |
Gough, Margaret |
Consequences of Family Events: Three Papers on Family Change and Subsequent Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Labor Market Outcomes; Maternal Employment; Motherhood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Chapter 3, I shift my focus away from the effect of labor market changes on the household to consider the effect of family events on labor market outcomes. Specifically, I examine how birth spacing, along with birth timing, affects mothers' long-term labor market outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gough, Margaret. Consequences of Family Events: Three Papers on Family Change and Subsequent Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 2012. |
2363. |
Gough, Margaret Dorius, Cassandra J. |
Rethinking Shotgun Marriage Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Teenage childbearing has been linked to negative outcomes for women, but little is known about how teenage mothers' relationship experiences might exacerbate long-term health vulnerabilities, net of early disadvantage. We examine how women fare when they "double down" and have subsequent births with the same man (e.g., through post-conception marriage). We ask whether these women have better health outcomes at midlife than women who break up with their partner and form new childbearing relationships later, and whether they have equivalent outcomes to non-teenage mothers. Using NLSY79 data we estimate inverse probability of treatment models of single-partner fertility on midlife physical health and depression risk. Accounting for exposure to early disadvantage, teenage mothers who committed to their partners early have worse physical health at midlife than other mothers, and the effect seems to worsen with age. These mothers also have much higher odds of depression than other single-partner fertility mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gough, Margaret and Cassandra J. Dorius. "Rethinking Shotgun Marriage." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
2364. |
Gough, Margaret Killewald, Alexandra |
Does Spacing Matter? The Effect of Child Spacing on the Cumulative Labor Force Outcomes of Mothers Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Family History; Family Planning; Family Size; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The role of first-birth timing for mothers' economic outcomes has interested researchers for some time, yet research that considers the implications of the spacing of children, in addition to the timing, is sparse. Longer birth intervals may disadvantage women by prolonging the child-rearing period and extending time out of full-time employment, or, alternatively, may advantage women by diminishing the intensity of the child-rearing period, facilitating ongoing labor force attachment. We use longitudinal data from NLSY79 and employ a matching strategy to estimate the long-term effect of long birth intervals on mothers' labor force outcomes. By doing so, we contribute to the literature on the intersection between women's fertility and their labor force outcomes, filling a gap in the literature that has disproportionately ignored the implications of decisions about higher-parity births. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gough, Margaret and Alexandra Killewald. "Does Spacing Matter? The Effect of Child Spacing on the Cumulative Labor Force Outcomes of Mothers." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
2365. |
Gould, Eric D. |
Marriage and Career: The Dynamic Decisions of Young Men Working Paper, Department of Economics, Hebrew University, May 2004. Also: http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~sauerr/seminar_papers/marriage_career_may2004.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Hebrew University Keyword(s): Divorce; Educational Returns; Marriage; Occupational Choice Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper estimates the returns to career decisions in the marriage market and the returns to marital choices in the labor market. Theoretically, investments in the labor market could affect the chances of receiving a marriage offer, the type of offer, and the probability of getting divorced. Also, marital status could affect one's outcomes in the labor market, most notably the "marriage premium" in wages. To untangle this simultaneous decision-making process, I develop a dynamic programming model of the joint career and marital decisions of young men between the ages of 16 and 39. The results show that labor market decisions are strongly influenced by their returns in the marriage market. If there were no returns to career choices in the marriage market, men would tend to work less, study less, and choose blue-collar jobs over white-collar jobs. These results suggest that the existing literature underestimates the true returns to human capital investments by ignoring their returns in the marriage market. In addition, the results show that the "marriage premium" is much lower than traditional OLS estimates, and is virtually non-existent for higher wage men. This result suggests that while marriage may make low wage men more serious about their careers, marriage has little effect on high wage men who are already highly motivated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gould, Eric D. "Marriage and Career: The Dynamic Decisions of Young Men." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Hebrew University, May 2004. |
2366. |
Gould, Eric D. Weinberg, Bruce A. Mustard, David B. |
Crime Rates and Local Labor Market Opportunities in the United States: 1979-1997 Review of Economics and Statistics 84,1 (February 2002): 45-61. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3211738 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Crime; Employment, Youth; Labor Force Participation; Male Sample; Simultaneity; Unemployment Rate; Unemployment, Youth; Wages; Wages, Young Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The labor market prospects of young, unskilled men fell dramatically in the 1980s and improved in the 1990s. Crime rates show a reverse pattern: increasing during the 1980s and failing in the 1990s. Because young, unskilled men commit most crime, this paper seeks to establish a causal relationship between the two trends. Previous work on the relationship between labor markets and crime focused mainly on the relationship between the unemployment rate and crime, and found inconclusive results. In contrast, this paper examines the impact of both wages and unemployment on crime, and uses instrumental variables to establish causality. We conclude that both wages and unemployment are significantly related to crime, but that wages played a larger role in the crime trends over the last few decades. These results are robust to the inclusion of deterrence variables, controls for simultaneity, and controlling for individual and family characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gould, Eric D., Bruce A. Weinberg and David B. Mustard. "Crime Rates and Local Labor Market Opportunities in the United States: 1979-1997." Review of Economics and Statistics 84,1 (February 2002): 45-61.
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2367. |
Government Accountability Office |
Employment Arrangements: Improved Outreach Could Help Ensure Proper Worker Classification GAO-06-656, Government Accountability Office, Washington DC, July 11, 2006. Also: http://www.gao.gov/docsearch/abstract.php?rptno=GAO-06-656 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: Government Accountability Office (GAO), since July 2004 Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Benefits, Insurance; Child Labor; Insurance, Health; Part-Time Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Millions of U.S. workers participate in "contingent" employment, such as temporary or part-time work, and not in permanent or full-time jobs. The Department of Labor (DOL) enforces several labor laws to protect these and other workers, including the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), which provides minimum wage, overtime pay, and child labor protections. In June 2000, GAO reported that contingent workers lagged behind standard full-time workers in terms of income, benefits, and workforce protections, and that some employees do not receive worker protections because employers misclassified them as independent contractors. GAO was asked to update this report by describing (1) the size and nature of the contingent workforce, (2) the benefits and workforce protections provided to contingent workers, and (3) the actions that DOL takes to detect and address employee misclassification. We analyzed DOL survey data on contingent workers and interviewed DOL officials. Contingent workers constituted a relatively constant proportion of the total workforce from 1995 through 2005 and had diverse characteristics. While the population of the contingent workforce grew by an estimated 3 million workers during this time period, the proportion of contingent workers in the total workforce remained relatively constant at about 31 percent. In 2005, there were about 42.6 million contingent workers in the workforce. Contingent workers vary in terms of their demographic characteristics, industries, and occupations. For example, on average, contingent workers range in age from about 35 years for one category of temporary workers to about 48 years for self-employed workers. In addition, contingent workers are employed in a wide range of industries and occupations, including the services industry, construction, and retail trade. A smaller proportion of contingent workers than of standard full-time workers has health insurance or pension benefits, or is protected by key workforce... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] (4) hoped the job would lead to permanent employment.8 Studies using data from the BLS National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show that events such as the birth of a child or a change in marital status affect the likelihood of entering different types of employment arrangements and prompt some workers to enter contingent work arrangements.9 |
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Bibliography Citation
Government Accountability Office. "Employment Arrangements: Improved Outreach Could Help Ensure Proper Worker Classification." GAO-06-656, Government Accountability Office, Washington DC, July 11, 2006. |
2368. |
Government Accountability Office |
ONDCP Media Campaign: Contractor's National Evaluation Did Not Find That the Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign Was Effective in Reducing Youth Drug Use GAO-06-818, Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, Washington DC, August 25, 2006. Also: http://www.gao.gov/docsearch/abstract.php?rptno=GAO-06-818 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: Government Accountability Office (GAO), since July 2004 Keyword(s): Dual-Career Families; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. GAO's review of Westat's evaluation reports and associated documentation leads to the conclusion that the evaluation provides credible evidence that the campaign was not effective in reducing youth drug use, either during the entire period of the campaign or during the period from 2002 to 2004 when the campaign was redirected and focused on marijuana use. By collecting longitudinal data--i.e., multiple observations on the same persons over time--using generally accepted and appropriate sampling and analytic techniques, and establishing reliable methods for measuring campaign exposure, Westat was able to produce credible evidence to support its findings about the relationship between exposure to campaign advertisements and both drug use and intermediate outcomes. In particular, Westat was able to demonstrate that its sample was not biased despite sample coverage losses, maintained high follow-up response rates of sampled individuals to provide for robust longitudinal analysis, established measures of exposure that could detect changes in outcomes on the order of magnitude that ONDCP expected for the campaign and that could reliably measure outcomes, and used sophisticated statistical methods to isolate causal effects of the campaign. |
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Bibliography Citation
Government Accountability Office. "ONDCP Media Campaign: Contractor's National Evaluation Did Not Find That the Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign Was Effective in Reducing Youth Drug Use." GAO-06-818, Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, Washington DC, August 25, 2006. |
2369. |
Government Accountability Office |
Unemployment Insurance: Factors Associated with Benefit Receipt GAO-06-341, Government Accountablity Office, Washington DC, March 2006. Also: http://www.gao.gov/docsearch/abstract.php?rptno=GAO-06-341 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Government Accountability Office (GAO), since July 2004 Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Unemployment; Unemployment Compensation; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment Insurance; Unions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Unemployment Insurance (UI), established in 1935, is a complex system of 53 state programs that in fiscal year 2004 provided $41.3 billion in temporary cash benefits to 8.8 million eligible workers who had become unemployed through no fault of their own. Given the size of the UI program, its importance in helping workers meet their needs when they are unemployed, and the little information available on what factors lead eligible workers to receive benefits over time, GAO was asked to determine (1) the extent to which an individual worker's characteristics, including past UI benefit receipt, are associated with the likelihood of UI benefit receipt or unemployment duration, and (2) whether an unemployed worker's industry is associated with the likelihood of UI benefit receipt and unemployment duration. Using data from a nationally representative sample of workers born between 1957 and 1964 and spanning the years 1979 through 2002, and information on state UI eligibility rules, GAO used multivariate statistical techniques to identify the key factors associated with UI benefit receipt and unemployment duration. In its comments, the Department of Labor stated that while there are certain qualifications of our findings, the agency applauds our efforts and said that this report adds to our current knowledge of the UI program. Certain characteristics are associated with the likelihood of receiving UI benefits and unemployment duration. UI-eligible workers that GAO studied are more likely to receive UI benefits if they have higher earnings prior to becoming unemployed, are younger, have more years of education, or if they have a history of past UI benefit receipt when compared with otherwise similar workers. GAO found that past experience with the UI program has a particularly strong effect on the future likelihood of receiving UI benefits. However, some characteristics, such as receiving a higher maximum weekly UI benefit amount, are not associated with a greater likelihood of receiving UI benefits. UI-eligible workers who receive UI benefits have longer unemployment duration than workers with similar characteristics. Also, UI-eligible workers are more likely to experience longer unemployment duration if they have lower earnings before becoming unemployed or have fewer years of education. Other characteristics associated with longer unemployment duration include being African-American, female, or not belonging to a union. GAO found no relationship between past UI benefit receipt and subsequent unemployment duration. UI-eligible workers from certain industries are more likely than similar workers in other industries to receive UI benefits and experience shorter unemployment duration. Specifically, GAO's simulations show that the likelihood of receiving UI benefits during a first period of unemployment is highest among workers from the mining and manufacturing industries. Furthermore, the likelihood of receiving UI benefits when unemployed increases with each previous period of UI receipt across all industries, and the most notable increase occurs in public administration. First-time unemployed workers from construction and manufacturing experience significantly shorter unemployment duration than workers from other industries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Government Accountability Office. "Unemployment Insurance: Factors Associated with Benefit Receipt." GAO-06-341, Government Accountablity Office, Washington DC, March 2006. |
2370. |
Government Accountability Office Nilsen, Sigurd R. |
Employee Misclassification: Improved Outreach Could Help Ensure Proper Worker Classification Washington, DC, GAO-07-859T, Government Accountablity Office, May 8, 2007. Also: www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-07-859T Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: Government Accountability Office (GAO), since July 2004 Keyword(s): Benefits; Benefits, Insurance; Insurance, Health; Labor Supply; Minimum Wage; Social Security; Unemployment Insurance; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. GAO Testimony before the Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support and Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Statement of Sigurd R. Nilsen, Director Education, Workforce, and Income Security. In his testimony Mr. Nilsen finds: Some workers do not receive worker protections to which they are entitled because employers misclassify them as independent contractors when they should be classified as employees. Key worker protections include minimum hourly wage and overtime pay and access to unemployment insurance. The Department of Labor (DOL) enforces several labor laws to protect workers, including the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Misclassification can also have a negative impact on tax collection for Social Security, unemployment insurance, and other programs. This testimony draws upon a previous GAO report and focuses specifically on (1) the number and characteristics of independent contractors, (2) the workforce protections and benefits provided to employees that typically are not available to independent contractors, and (3) the actions that DOL takes to detect and address employee misclassification. The number of independent contractors in the total employed workforce grew from 6.7 percent in 1995 to 7.4 percent in 2005. In 2005, there were 10.3 million independent contractors. Independent contractors, in 2005, had an average age of 46 years, were almost twice as likely to be male than female, and almost two-thirds had some college or higher education. Independent contractors were employed in a wide range of industries (such as professional services and construction) and occupations (including sales and management). When employees are misclassified as independent contractors, they may be excluded from coverage under key laws designed to protect workers and may not have access to employer-provided health insurance coverage and pension plans. Moreover, misclassification of employees can affect the administration of many federal and state programs, such as payment of taxes and payments into state workers' compensation and unemployment insurance programs. Notably, the tests used to determine whether a worker is an independent contractor or an employee are complex,... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of GAO Reports is the property of U.S. Government Accountability Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Government Accountability Office and Sigurd R. Nilsen. "Employee Misclassification: Improved Outreach Could Help Ensure Proper Worker Classification." Washington, DC, GAO-07-859T, Government Accountablity Office, May 8, 2007. |
2371. |
Gowen, Ohjae |
Becoming a Father, Staying a Father: An Examination of the Cumulative Wage Premium for U.S. Residential Fathers Social Forces published online (18 May 2023): DOI: 10.1093/sf/soad066. Also: https://academic.oup.com/sf/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/sf/soad066/7171431 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Coresidence; Fatherhood; Modeling, Marginal Structural; Wage Differentials; Wages, Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The instability of fathers' co-residence with children has become an increasingly prevalent experience for U.S. families. Despite long-standing scholarship examining the relationship between fatherhood and wage advantages, few studies have investigated how variation in fathers' stable co-residence with a child may produce temporal changes in the wage premium over the life course. Building on prior explanations of the fatherhood wage premium, I test if the wage premium grows with time since the birth of a resident child and if the premium depends on fathers' co-residence with a child. I use marginal structural models with repeated outcome measures and data from 4060 men in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to assess the cumulative influence of co-residential biological fatherhood on wages. I find that each year of residential fatherhood is associated with a wage gain of 1.2 percent, while the immediate wage benefit to residential fatherhood is minor. Thus, the fatherhood premium is better understood as an unfolding process of cumulative advantage rather than a one-time bonus. Furthermore, the wage premium ceases to accumulate once fathers lose co-residential status with a child, which highlights the contingency of the premium on stable co-residence. Together, these findings shed light on one pathway through which family (in)stability--a phenomenon fundamentally embedded in individual life experiences--stratifies men's wages across the life course. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gowen, Ohjae. "Becoming a Father, Staying a Father: An Examination of the Cumulative Wage Premium for U.S. Residential Fathers." Social Forces published online (18 May 2023): DOI: 10.1093/sf/soad066.
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2372. |
Grabmeier, Jeff |
Job Stability is no Virtue for Young Men OnCampus, 27,17, (April 9, 1998): 14 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Office of University Relations, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Gender Differences; Job Turnover; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Researchers Rosella Gardecki and David Neumark conducted a study of 2,844 people who participated in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth that appears in the journal "Industrial and Labor Relations". The study shows that young men who jump from one job to another in their early years after school don't seem to be hurting their later wages, a new national study suggests. If anything, men who stay in their first occupation or industry may earn 5 to 7 percent less than their peers who have moved on, according to the results. However, the effect of job stability on young women workers is less clear, researchers say. Young men probably begin employment in lower-wage industries and occupations, so those that stay there may eventually earn less. The study showed that women who show early job stability may have slightly higher wages than job-switchers-but no more than 2 percent. This may because of employers' concerns about commitment. Gardecki was quoted as saying. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grabmeier, Jeff. "Job Stability is no Virtue for Young Men." OnCampus, 27,17, (April 9, 1998): 14. |
2373. |
Grabmeier, Jeff |
One Way Childhood Trauma Leads to Poorer Health for Women Ohio State News, September 17, 2019. Also: https://news.osu.edu/one-way-childhood-trauma-leads-to-poorer-health-for-women/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Researchers have long known that childhood trauma is linked to poorer health for women at midlife. A new study shows one important reason why. The national study of more than 3,000 women is the first to find that those who experienced childhood trauma were more likely than others to have their first child both earlier in life and outside of marriage -- and that those factors were associated with poorer health later in life. [News article based on Williams, Kristi and Brian Finch. "Adverse Childhood Experiences, Early and Nonmarital Fertility, and Women's Health at Midlife." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 60,3 (September 2019): 309-325.] |
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Bibliography Citation
Grabmeier, Jeff. "One Way Childhood Trauma Leads to Poorer Health for Women." Ohio State News, September 17, 2019. |
2374. |
Graefe, Deborah Roempke |
Parental Cohabitation, Marriage, and Single Motherhood: Life Course Transitions of American Children Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childhood Education, Early; Childhood Residence; Children; Cohabitation; Families, Two-Parent; Life Course; Marriage; Motherhood; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines, for the first time, the life course experiences of children living with nonmarried cohabiting couples, and subsequent transitions to married-couple and female-headed families. Using 1992 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) merged child-mother data, life histories are constructed for children born during the 1980s, a time during which cohabitation before first marriage increased dramatically. Findings show almost 6 percent of American children are born into nonmarital cohabiting families, and more than l-in-4 children will live in a cohabiting family by age 14. The probability of birth into a cohabiting family varies considerably by mothers' characteristics, with children of never-married single mothers 4 times as likely to be born into a cohabiting family as children of never-married single mothers. Despite its increasing importance, no previous study documents children's experiences with parental cohabitation or examines the etiology of transitions into and out of such unions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Graefe, Deborah Roempke. "Parental Cohabitation, Marriage, and Single Motherhood: Life Course Transitions of American Children." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997. |
2375. |
Graefe, Deborah Roempke Lichter, Daniel T. |
Life Course Transitions of American Children: Parental Cohabitation, Marriage, and Single Motherhood Demography 36,2 (May 1999): 205-217. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/u778278h0315u010/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Health; Cohabitation; Demography; Event History; Family Studies; Life Course; Marital Status; Marriage; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The life course transitions into and from families headed by unmarried cohabiting couples for a recent cohort of American children are examined. Life table estimates, based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth mother-child files, indicate about one in four children will live in a family headed by a cohabiting couple sometime during childhood. Economic uncertainty is an important factor determining whether children in single-parent families subsequently share a residence with a mother's unmarried partner. Moreover, virtually all children in cohabiting-couple families will experience rapid subsequent changes in family status. The estimates provide a point of departure for future work on children's exposure to parental cohabitation and its social and economic implications. |
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Bibliography Citation
Graefe, Deborah Roempke and Daniel T. Lichter. "Life Course Transitions of American Children: Parental Cohabitation, Marriage, and Single Motherhood." Demography 36,2 (May 1999): 205-217.
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2376. |
Graham, Bryan S. Hahn, Jinyong Poirier, Alexandre Powell, James L. |
Quantile Regression with Panel Data NBER Working Paper No. 21034, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2013. Also: http://nber.org/papers/w21034 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Collective Bargaining; Data Quality/Consistency; Earnings; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Statistical Analysis; Unions We apply our methods to study the effects of collective bargaining coverage on earnings using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Consistent with prior work (e.g., Chamberlain, 1982; Vella and Verbeek, 1998), we find that using panel data to control for unobserved worker heterogeneity results in sharply lower estimates of union wage premia. We estimate a median union wage premium of about 9 percent, but with, in a more novel finding, substantial heterogeneity across workers. The 0.1 quantile of union effects is insignificantly different from zero, whereas the 0.9 quantile effect is of over 30 percent. Our empirical analysis further suggests that, on net, unions have an equalizing effect on the distribution of wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Graham, Bryan S., Jinyong Hahn, Alexandre Poirier and James L. Powell. "Quantile Regression with Panel Data." NBER Working Paper No. 21034, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2013. |
2377. |
Graham, Bryan Hahn, Jinyong Poirier, Alexandre Powell, James L. |
A Quantile Correlated Random Coefficients Panel Data Model Journal of Econometrics 206,2 (October 2018): 305-335. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407618300952 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Collective Bargaining; Earnings; Heterogeneity; Modeling, Fixed Effects We propose a generalization of the linear quantile regression model to accommodate possibilities afforded by panel data. Specifically, we extend the correlated random coefficients representation of linear quantile regression (e.g., Koenker, 2005; Section 2.6). We show that panel data allows the econometrician to (i) introduce dependence between the regressors and the random coefficients and (ii) weaken the assumption of comonotonicity across them (i.e., to enrich the structure of allowable dependence between different coefficients). We adopt a "fixed effects" approach, leaving any dependence between the regressors and the random coefficients unmodelled. We motivate different notions of quantile partial effects in our model and study their identification... We apply our methods to study the effects of collective bargaining coverage on earnings using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Consistent with prior work (e.g., Chamberlain, 1982; Vella and Verbeek, 1998), we find that using panel data to control for unobserved worker heterogeneity results in sharply lower estimates of union wage premia. We estimate a median union wage premium of about 9 percent, but with, in a more novel finding, substantial heterogeneity across workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Graham, Bryan, Jinyong Hahn, Alexandre Poirier and James L. Powell. "A Quantile Correlated Random Coefficients Panel Data Model." Journal of Econometrics 206,2 (October 2018): 305-335.
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2378. |
Graham, Carol Felton, Andrew |
Variance in Obesity Across Cohorts and Countries: A Norms-Based Explanation Using Happiness Surveys CSED Working Paper No. 44, The Brookings Institution, Washington DC, September 2005. Also: http://www.brookings.edu/es/dynamics/papers/CSED_wp42.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); CESD (Depression Scale); Cross-national Analysis; Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; General Social Survey (GSS); Obesity; Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) We use well being surveys to help explain the variance in obesity incidence across socioeconomic cohorts in the United States and Russia, with a focus on the role of norms. In the U.S., obesity is largely a poor people's problem, and the same groups suffer higher well being costs from being obese. Poor whites have higher obesity-related well being costs than blacks or Hispanics. Respondents in the top income quintile who are obese and those who depart from the weight norm for their profession also suffer higher well being costs than the average. Stigma seems to be higher for those in higher status professions. We find modest evidence that causality runs from overweight to depression rather than the other way around. In Russia, in contrast, obesity and well being are positively correlated. The relationship seems to be driven by the prosperity that is associated with obesity rather than by the excess weight per se, and we find no evidence of stigma. In both countries, there is a wide margin in both countries for tailoring public health messages to marshal the attention of very different cohorts. For the U.S., we rely on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), which has been conducted since 1979 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and has been following over 12,000 adolescents throughout their lives. While other data sets report trends in obesity in the U.S., this survey is particularly valuable because it has panel data on respondents' health, well-being, and a number of attitudinal variables. Additionally, we merged cohorts from the NLSY and the General Social Survey (GSS). The GSS is a large, over-time (not panel) survey for the U.S. While it does not have the detailed data on height and weight that is in the NLSY, it does have a standard happiness question, which is not in the NLSY. For Russia we rely on the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS), a nationally representative panel that has been conducted most years since 1995, with approximately 10,000 respondents in each year's survey and typically 2 or 3 over time observations for each respondent in the survey. |
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Bibliography Citation
Graham, Carol and Andrew Felton. "Variance in Obesity Across Cohorts and Countries: A Norms-Based Explanation Using Happiness Surveys." CSED Working Paper No. 44, The Brookings Institution, Washington DC, September 2005. |
2379. |
Grannis, Kerry Searle Sawhill, Isabel V. |
Improving Children’s Life Chances: Estimates from the Social Genome Model Report No. 48, Social Genome Project Series, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, October 2013. Also: http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/10/11-improving-childrens-life-chances-sawhill-grannis Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Achievement; Children, Academic Development; Children, Well-Being; Economic Well-Being; Family Income; Gender Differences; Life Course; Mobility, Economic; Modeling, Simulation; School Entry/Readiness There is ample evidence that children born to poorer families do not succeed at the same rate as children born to the middle class. On average, low-income children lag behind on almost every cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and health measure. These gaps start early—some of the newest research suggests that cognitive gaps are detectable in infancy—and persist throughout childhood and into adulthood. What’s more, the trend has been worsening over time: despite improvements in closing gender and race gaps over the last half century, the difference between average outcomes by socio-economic status has gotten larger in test scores, college enrollment rates, and family formation patterns. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grannis, Kerry Searle and Isabel V. Sawhill. "Improving Children’s Life Chances: Estimates from the Social Genome Model." Report No. 48, Social Genome Project Series, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, October 2013. |
2380. |
Grant, Bridget F. Harford, Thomas C. Grigson, M. Beth |
Stability of Alcohol Consumption Among Youth--A National Longitudinal Study Journal of Studies on Alcohol 49,3 (1988): 253-260. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Stability_of_Alcohol_Consumption_among_Youth_A_National_Longitudinal_Surve/3800.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior; Gender Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The present study draws upon the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Labor Market Experience in Youth (ages 17-24) to describe alcohol use patterns over a 2year period during the transition years between adolescence and young adulthood. Specifically, turnover in current and heavier drinking levels among panel members was examined by charting incidence, remission, chronicity, and abstinence between 1982 and 1983. The prevalence of each consumption level increased between the ages of 17 and 22 but declined thereafter for each sex until the age of 24. Changes in prevalence from 1982 to 1983 were shown to be a function of changes in drinking level status. The analysis of turnover in current and heavier drinking levels indicated that there was continuity in drinking behavior over time. Sex differences were examined and their implications to internal and external age- and sex- appropriate constraints and paradigmatic development were explicated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grant, Bridget F., Thomas C. Harford and M. Beth Grigson. "Stability of Alcohol Consumption Among Youth--A National Longitudinal Study." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 49,3 (1988): 253-260.
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2381. |
Grant, Bridget F. Stinson, Frederick S. Harford, Thomas C. |
Age at Onset of Alcohol Use and DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A 12-Year Follow-Up Journal of Substance Abuse 13,4 (2001): 493-504. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899328901000967 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Behavior, Antisocial; Drug Use; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Substance Use Data are from the NLSY79. Examined the relationship between age at drinking onset and the development of alcohol abuse and dependence. 5,792 individuals (aged 17-24 yrs) reported the age of drinking onset and were assessed for the relationship between age at drinking onset and the development of alcohol abuse and dependence at 7- and 12-yr follow-ups. Results show that the likelihood of alcohol dependence decreased by 5% at 7-yr follow-up and 9% at 12-yr follow-up for each year drinking onset was delayed, even when controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and problem indicators. At 12-yr follow-up, the likelihood of alcohol abuse increased by 7% with each decreasing year of age at drinking onset, while age at drinking onset was not related to alcohol abuse at 7-yr follow-up. Several other risk factors were strong and consistent predictors of abuse and dependence at both follow-ups, including being male, divorced, separated or never married, younger, and having an early history of antisocial behaviors and marijuana use. It is concluded that early onset drinking is a strong predictor of alcohol use disorders, particularly dependence disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record Copyright.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Grant, Bridget F., Frederick S. Stinson and Thomas C. Harford. "Age at Onset of Alcohol Use and DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A 12-Year Follow-Up." Journal of Substance Abuse 13,4 (2001): 493-504.
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2382. |
Grant, Darren |
The Effect of Implicit Contracts on the Movement of Wages over the Business Cycle: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Surveys Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56,3 (April 2003): 393-409. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3590915 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, NLSY97, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Unemployment; Wage Determination; Wage Growth; Wage Models; Wage Theory A 1991 study by Paul Beaudry and John DiNardo found evidence of internal labor markets that augment incumbent workers' wages when the external labor market is tight (when unemployment is low) and shield their wages when it is slack. Current wages, they found, depend on the tightest labor market conditions observed since a worker was hired, not current labor market tightness or labor market tightness at the time of hiring. This paper replicates and extends that research using data from six cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys that together span more than three decades, as well as an estimation framework more robust than that in the original study. The author finds strong support for Beaudry and DiNardo's key prediction. Supplementary regressions confirm other implications of the theory as well. Recently, at least, the effect of implicit contracting on wages has been similar for men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Grant, Darren. "The Effect of Implicit Contracts on the Movement of Wages over the Business Cycle: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Surveys." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56,3 (April 2003): 393-409.
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2383. |
Gray, Jeffrey S. |
Divorce Probabilities and Young Women's Occupational Choices Working Paper, Department of Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, May 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Agriculture and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois Keyword(s): Divorce; Labor Force Participation; Occupational Choice; Occupational Status; Variables, Instrumental; Wives, Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Longitudinal data suggest that young women increase their labor force participation two to three years prior to divorcing. This increase in labor market activity largely reflects a rise in the percentage of wives working in professional and managerial occupations. This paper investigates the direction of causality between wives' employment decisions and divorce probabilities using instrumental variables techniques. The results support the hypothesis that rising divorce probabilities contribute to women's increasing participation in professional occupations. A women's occupational choice does not have a significant effect on her probability of divorce. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gray, Jeffrey S. "Divorce Probabilities and Young Women's Occupational Choices." Working Paper, Department of Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, May 1994. |
2384. |
Gray, Jeffrey S. |
The Fall in Men's Return to Marriage: Declining Productivity Effects or Changing Selection? Journal of Human Resources 32,3 (Summer 1997): 481-504. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146180 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Earnings, Wives; Household Models; Human Capital; Marital Status; Variables, Instrumental; Wage Equations; Wives, Income Historically, one of the most robust findings from human capital wage equations has been that married men earn more than men who never marry. However, the earnings premium paid to married compared with never-married men declined by more than 40 percent during the 1980s. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys (young men and youth cohorts) are used to explore two competing explanations for this decline: changes in the selection of high-wage men into marriage and changes in the productivity effects of marriage due to declining specialization within households. The results suggest that the drop in the marriage wage premium was due largely to a decline in the productivity effects associated with marriage. Instrumental variables estimation suggests that these declining productivity effects can be explained by a reduction in the average degree of specialization across households coupled with an increase in the wage penalty associated with wives' labor market hours. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gray, Jeffrey S. "The Fall in Men's Return to Marriage: Declining Productivity Effects or Changing Selection?" Journal of Human Resources 32,3 (Summer 1997): 481-504.
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2385. |
Gray, Jeffrey S. Beller, Andrea H. Graham, John W. |
Childhood Family Structure, Child Support, and Labor Market Outcomes of Young Men Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Support; Childhood Residence; Children, Home Environment; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Probit; Parents, Single; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An alarming trend among families in the U.S. is the increase in the percentage of children living with only one parent, usually their mother. In this paper, we investigate empirically the direct effect of the absence of at least one parent from the household during childhood on the labor market outcomes--earnings and employment--of young black and white men, paying particular attention to the effect of child support payments. Employing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) for 1990 and 1994, we apply OLS estimation to the natural logarithm of earnings and probit to the probability of being in the labor force. Preliminary findings indicate that living in a non-intact family as a child has a direct negative effect on the wages of young men, especially for whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gray, Jeffrey S., Andrea H. Beller and John W. Graham. "Childhood Family Structure, Child Support, and Labor Market Outcomes of Young Men." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997. |
2386. |
Gray, Kenneth C. Wang, Dan Shang |
An Analysis of the Firm Size Variable in Youth Employment Using the NLS-Y Data Base Journal of Vocational Education Research 14,4 (Fall 1989): 35-49. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ404744&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ404744 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Vocational Education Research Association Keyword(s): Duncan-Blau Survey; Education; Employment, Youth; Firm Size; Vocational Education A study investigated the distribution of young workers among firms of various sizes using the National Longitudinal Study of Labor Market Experience, New Youth Cohort, 1980-1985. The majority of young workers aged 15-29 were employed by small firms. Distribution was affected by gender, race, and educational attainment, but not by residence or high school curriculum. (Author/SK) |
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Bibliography Citation
Gray, Kenneth C. and Dan Shang Wang. "An Analysis of the Firm Size Variable in Youth Employment Using the NLS-Y Data Base." Journal of Vocational Education Research 14,4 (Fall 1989): 35-49.
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2387. |
Green, Carole A. Ferber, Marianne A. |
Do Detailed Work Histories Help to Explain Gender and Race/Ethnic Wage Differentials? Review of Social Economy 63,1 (March 2005): 55-85. Also: http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/link.asp?id=w75356p73042g088 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Social Economics Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Wage Gap; Work Histories The continuing gender and race/ethnic pay gaps continue to be a matter of considerable concern. Using detailed NLSY data we examine the effects of a number of variables often thought to explain a large part of these gaps. Because the new variables explain some of the differentials our results provide no justification for ascribing all the remaining differentials to discrimination. On the other hand, they explain very little and therefore give no support to those who would discount the possibility of discrimination. |
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Bibliography Citation
Green, Carole A. and Marianne A. Ferber. "Do Detailed Work Histories Help to Explain Gender and Race/Ethnic Wage Differentials?" Review of Social Economy 63,1 (March 2005): 55-85.
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2388. |
Green, Carole A. Ferber, Marianne A. |
Long-Term Impact of Labor Market Interruptions: How Crucial Is Timing? Review of Social Economy 66,3 (September 2008): 351-379. Also: http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/ehost/pdf?vid=3&hid=106&sid=2338df91-7fbf-4d7c-b8fa-239f91d9cfff%40sessionmgr112 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Social Economics Keyword(s): Job Search; Labor Supply; Quits; Time Use; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration In this day of two earner and single adult families many women and a small but growing minority of men face the decision whether and when to drop out of the labor force for a time, most often in order to take care of young children or in some cases of elderly family members. In addition, both women and men face the risk of occasional interruptions in their labor force participation when they are unable to find a job. In this study we use the NLSY79 data to investigate the long run effects on earnings of dropping out of the labor force and/or of being unemployed during the first 15 years of the careers of men and women firmly attached to the labor force, with particular attention to the importance of the timing of these interruptions. After controlling for numerous relevant factors, we find no significant negative impact on wage growth associated with time out of the labor force either early on or later, but do find that unemployment during the second half of the period has such effects both for men and for women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Green, Carole A. and Marianne A. Ferber. "Long-Term Impact of Labor Market Interruptions: How Crucial Is Timing?" Review of Social Economy 66,3 (September 2008): 351-379.
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2389. |
Green, Lisa H. |
Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Experience and Adult Health Presented: San Diego, CA, AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting, June 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: AcademyHealth Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Modeling; Morbidity; Occupational Prestige; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research Objective: To better elucidate the role of socioeconomic experience in the race/ethnicity and health relationship among working-age adults, this study examines multiple domains of socioeconomic experience within a lifecourse paradigm. The aims of this study are to identify the racial/ethnic differences in global health outcomes among working age adults, and to determine what role individual-level socioeconomic experience has in explaining these differences. Study Design: Sex and sex-race stratified multivariate linear regression models were used to examine the impact of education, occupational prestige and 19 year income on five health outcomes (SF-12 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scores, depression, major morbidities and minor morbidities) measured at age 40. Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 for the years 1979-2000.... Those who have reached age 40 and answered the age 40 health module were included (n=3,154) in this study. Principal Findings: In sex stratified models, socioeconomic factors alone fully accounted for observed disparities, and provided a protective effect for major and minor morbidities among black and Mexican respondents, compared to white counterparts. Income in particular played a strong role in explaining racial/ethnic differences. The sex and race stratified models revealed that socioeconomic factors impact different population groups in different ways. Income appeared to have a lagged effect among black men and women, and no effect on Mexican men and women. Education exhibited a gradient effect for most sex-race categories and occupational prestige had minimal to no effect on health outcomes of respondents, compared to white counterparts. Income in particular played a strong role in explaining racial/ethnic differences. In sex and race stratified models, income appeared to have a lagged effect among black men and women, and no effect on Mexican men and women. Education exhibited a gradient effect for most sex-race categories and occupational prestige had minimal to no effect on health outcomes. Conclusions: This study addresses gaps in the literature on whether more complex and perhaps more robust definitions of socioeconomic experience attenuate observed racial/ethnic disparities in health, and on how such socioeconomic patterns over the life course predict health in adulthood. Health status is also key to understanding the health of working adults, where morbidity is relatively low and mortality is disproportionately dominated by HIV, injury and homicide. The working age population represents the most productive segment of the U.S. population, both economically and socially, and represents a much overlooked subgroup ripe for preventive health intervention. Understanding the health differentials and needs during this productive time period, prior to more significant and rapid health declines in later life, are critical. Prior reviews have examined mortality or disease endpoints (e.g. cardiovascular, cancer, other morbidity) with substantially less attention paid to more global concepts of health. Additional research capturing both the longitudinal and contextual dimensions of socioeconomic experience in a broader population is still needed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Green, Lisa H. "Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Experience and Adult Health." Presented: San Diego, CA, AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting, June 2004. |
2390. |
Green, Lisa H. |
Socioeconomic Experience, Race/Ethnicity and Adult Health Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, October 2004. DAI-A 65/04, p. 1550, Oct 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Census of Population; Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Family Income; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Income Distribution; Modeling; Morbidity; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors Objective. This study examines the role of individual- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic characteristics over time in predicting adult health outcomes for individuals of different racial/ethnic backgrounds. Data. The study population was drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) with respondents' census tract residence matched with 2000 Decennial Census data. The NLSY79 cohort is a nationally representative sample of the non-institutionalized, civilian population aged 14–21 in 1979, surveyed annually and now biennially from 1979 to the present. Those who had answered the age 40 health module were included in this study (n = 3,154). Methods. Sex and sex-race/ethnicity stratified multivariate linear regression models were used to examine the impact of education, occupational standing, income and neighborhood characteristics on five health outcomes (SF-12 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scores, depression, major morbidities and minor morbidities) measured at age 40. Census tract “neighborhoods” were characterized by racial/ethnic make-up, median family income, percent affluent, and percent of idle youth. Results. In sex stratified models, individual-level socioeconomic factors alone fully accounted for observed racial/ethnic disparities in overall physical health and depression symptom levels, and provided a protective effect for major and minor morbidities among black and Mexican respondents, compared to white counterparts. Income appeared to have a positive, but lagged effect among black men and women, and no effect on Mexican men and women. Education exhibited a positive gradient effect for most sex-race categories and occupational standing had minimal to no effect on health outcomes. Neighborhood factors did not explain racial/ethnic health differentials beyond individual level socioeconomic experience, though tract-level socioeconomic resources had a protective effect on health, while the proportion of idle youth had a decidedly negative effect, particularly for women. Conclusions. Results suggest that policies addressing socioeconomic inequities may reap significant health benefits, particularly with respect to addressing racial/ethnic health disparities. Programs aimed at improving education, income distribution and earnings should be considered in the health disparities discussion. Additional research on the pathways through which socioeconomic factors influence health are needed to better guide such program endeavors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Green, Lisa H. Socioeconomic Experience, Race/Ethnicity and Adult Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, October 2004. DAI-A 65/04, p. 1550, Oct 2004. |
2391. |
Green, Michael J. Stritzel, Haley Smith, Chelsea Popham, Frank Crosnoe, Robert |
Timing of Poverty in Childhood and Adolescent Health: Evidence from the US and UK Social Science and Medicine 197 (January 2018): 136-143. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953617307347 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Health; British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Children, Poverty; Family Income; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Poverty; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Childhood poverty is associated with poorer adolescent health and health behaviours, but the importance of the timing of poverty remains unclear. There may be critical or sensitive periods in early life or early adolescence, or poverty may have cumulative effects throughout childhood. Understanding when poverty is most important can support efficient timing of interventions to raise family income or buffer against the effects of low income, but answers may vary across social contexts. The US and the UK are a useful comparison with similar liberal approaches to cash transfers, but very different approaches to healthcare provision. Utilising data from large population studies in the US (n = 9408; born 1979-1996) and UK (n = 1204; born 1991-1997), this study employs a structured life course approach to compare competing hypotheses about the importance of the timing or pattern of childhood exposure to poverty in predicting adolescent health limitations, symptoms of psychiatric distress, and smoking at age 16 (age 15/16 in US). Household income histories identified experience of poverty (measured as <60% of the national median equivalised income for a given year) in early life (ages 0-5), mid-childhood (ages 6-10) and early adolescence (ages 11-15). The Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) compared fit across models with variables representing different life course patterns of exposure to poverty. Adolescent distress was not associated with poverty in either country. In both countries, however, variables representing cumulative or persistent experiences of poverty exhibited optimal fit of all poverty exposure variables in predicting adolescent smoking and health limitations. There was also evidence of an early life sensitive period for smoking in the US. Poverty was more persistent in the US, but associations between poverty and outcomes were consistent across countries. Although poverty can have cumulative effects on health and behaviour, early interventions may offer the best long-term protection. |
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Bibliography Citation
Green, Michael J., Haley Stritzel, Chelsea Smith, Frank Popham and Robert Crosnoe. "Timing of Poverty in Childhood and Adolescent Health: Evidence from the US and UK." Social Science and Medicine 197 (January 2018): 136-143.
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2392. |
Green, Patricia L. Hoogstra, Lisa A. Ingels, Steven J. Greene, Harrison N. Marnell, Patricia K. |
Formulating a Design for the ECLS: A Review of Longitudinal Studies Working Paper No. 97-24, U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Washington DC, August 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Education Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Canada, Canadian; Child Care; Child Health; Children; Cognitive Ability; Cross-national Analysis; Divorce; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Family Background and Culture; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; Maternal Employment; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Parents, Single; Poverty; Self-Esteem The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS) is a new study that will focus on children's early school experiences beginning with kindergarten. The ECLS is being developed under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), with additional financial and technical support provided by the Administration of Children, Youth, and Families, the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Special Education Programs and Office of Indian Education, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Consumer Service. Approximately 23,000 children throughout the country will be selected to participate as they enter kindergarten and will be followed as they move from kindergarten through 5th grade. Base-year data will be collected in the fall of 1998, with additional spring follow-up data collections scheduled for 1999 through 2004. Information about children's neighborhoods, families, schools, and classrooms will be collected from parents, teachers, and school administrators. Because of the magnitude and complexity of the ECLS, NCES has set aside an extended period of time for planning, designing, and testing the instruments and procedures that will be used in the main study. NCES and its contractor, the National Opinion Research Center, are using this time to examine a variety of issues pertaining to the sampling and assessment of young children and their environments. The design phase of the study will culminate in a large-scale field test during the 1996-97 school year. NCES has sought the participation and input of many individuals and organizations throughout the design phase of the ECLS. The participation of these individuals and Organizations has resulted in a set of design papers that identify policy and research questions in early education, map the content of the ECLS study instruments to these questions, and explore and evaluate different methods for assessing the development of children and for capturing data about their homes, schools, and classrooms. This paper is one of several that were prepared in support of ECLS design efforts. The information on the studies described in this paper were current at the time the paper was written. We recognize that work on some of the studies has moved forward since that time. It is our hope that the information found in this paper not only will provide background for the development of the ECLS, but will be useful to researchers developing studies of young children and their educational experiences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Green, Patricia L., Lisa A. Hoogstra, Steven J. Ingels, Harrison N. Greene and Patricia K. Marnell. "Formulating a Design for the ECLS: A Review of Longitudinal Studies." Working Paper No. 97-24, U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Washington DC, August 1997. |
2393. |
Greene, Angela Dungee Emig, Carol |
Conference on Father Involvement: A Summary Report Bethesda, MD, NICHD Family and Child Well-Being Research Network by Child Trends, July 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Keyword(s): Children, Well-Being; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Involvement; Household Composition; Parents, Single This report summarizes the presentations and findings from the "Conference on Father Involvement" which took place on October 10 and 11, 1996 and the half-day Methodology Workshop held on October 12, 1996. These activities were sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Family and Child Well-Being Research Network. Conference organizers invited noted researchers to present multidisciplinary perspectives on the study of fatherhood and empirical papers examining aspects of two broad and complementary questions pertaining to factors that predict increased involvement of fathers and the impact of father involvement on child outcomes. Following the main conference a Methodology Workshop was held to provide a forum for more in-depth discussion of methodological issues related to the study of father involvement. This conference was the third in a year-long series of meetings designed to improve the capacity of the federal statistical system to conceptualize, measure, and gather information from men about their fertility and their role as fathers. This series of meetings was organized by representatives of the various federal agencies that gather and use data on children and families, with significant input from leading members of the research community and support from the Ford, Kaiser, and Annie E. Casey Foundations. In addition, the comprehensive work of the Center on Fathers and Families (NCOFF) at the University of Pennsylvania enhances the federal initiative to improve data on fathers. The other meetings in this series' are described in the introduction to this report (pp. 1-5). |
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Bibliography Citation
Greene, Angela Dungee and Carol Emig. "Conference on Father Involvement: A Summary Report." Bethesda, MD, NICHD Family and Child Well-Being Research Network by Child Trends, July 1997. |
2394. |
Greenstein, Theodore N. |
Are the "Most Advantaged" Children Truly Disadvantaged By Early Maternal Employment? Effects on Child Cognitive Outcomes Journal of Family Issues 16,2 (March 1995): 149-169. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/16/2/149.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Children, Preschool; Children, School-Age; Cognitive Development; Household Income; Income; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examined the effects of early maternal employment on the cognitive ability of 2,040 4-6 year old children drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Some scholars have hypothesized that it is the most advantaged of society's children who are negatively affected by early maternal employment. If this is true, advantages such as high levels of cognitive stimulation in the home or household income should not affect cognitive ability as strongly for children of mothers who were employed during early childhood as they do for children whose mothers were not employed. Of 24 possible interaction effects that would confirm this hypothesis, only 1 is significant and not completely consistent with the hypothesis. In terms of effects on cognitive outcomes, the most advantaged children are not disproportionately disadvantaged by early maternal employment. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1995 American Psychological Association, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Greenstein, Theodore N. "Are the "Most Advantaged" Children Truly Disadvantaged By Early Maternal Employment? Effects on Child Cognitive Outcomes." Journal of Family Issues 16,2 (March 1995): 149-169.
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2395. |
Greenstein, Theodore N. |
Causal Structure of Children's Cognitive Outcomes: Effects of Family Economic Well-Being and Family Structure Presented: Chicago, IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Children; Children, Home Environment; Cognitive Ability; Family Structure; Fathers, Presence; Marital Status; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. To study the effects of family structure & economic circumstances on child cognitive ability, the 1986-1994 Child Supplements to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used to make 4 synthetic cohorts of children ages 5-12. Using these data, a structural equation model of the process through which family structure & economic circumstances affect child cognitive ability was tested. Results indicate that (1) the effects of family income on cognitive ability are indirect & mediated by quality of the child's home environment; (2) while family structure variables, e.g., mother's marital status & presence of the child's father in the household, have modest effects on cognitive ability, their effects are transmitted primarily through quality of the home environment; & (3) maternal employment has little effect on child cognitive ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Greenstein, Theodore N. "Causal Structure of Children's Cognitive Outcomes: Effects of Family Economic Well-Being and Family Structure." Presented: Chicago, IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1999. |
2396. |
Greenstein, Theodore N. |
Gender Ideology, Marital Disruption, and the Employment of Married Women Journal of Marriage and Family 57,1 (February 1995): 31-42. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353814 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Employment, Part-Time; Household Income; Household Models; Household Structure; Marital Disruption; Marital Stability; Sex Roles; Sexual Division of Labor; Wage Rates; Wages, Women; Women's Roles The present research studies the process through which gender ideology moderates the effects of wives' employment on marital stability. A mode, proposed here suggests that gender ideology functions as a lens through which inequalities in the division of household labor are viewed. Nontraditional women are hypothesized to view these inequalities as unjust because they view marriage as an egalitarian partnership, while traditional women do not perceive these inequalities as inherently unfair. Marital stability is presumed to be linked to perceptions of the fairness of the marital relationship. The model is confirmed by results from piecewise-constant exponential models of marital disruption for the 3,284 women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth who experienced a first marriage between 1979 and 1990. Number of hours of paid employment per week is negatively related to marital stability for women holding nontraditional gender ideologies, but not for women with traditional views. |
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Bibliography Citation
Greenstein, Theodore N. "Gender Ideology, Marital Disruption, and the Employment of Married Women." Journal of Marriage and Family 57,1 (February 1995): 31-42.
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2397. |
Greenstein, Theodore N. |
Maternal Employment and Child Behavioral Outcomes - A Household Economics Analysis Journal of Family Issues 14,3 (September 1993): 323-354. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/14/3/323.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Care; Education; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Maternal Employment; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research employs the household economics approach to study the effects of maternal employment and substitute child care on the social behavior of a national sample of 4- and 5-year-old children. Mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey's youth cohort were asked to rate their child's social behavior using items from the Behavioral Problems Index. The household economics approach predicts that behavioral outcomes for children of employed mothers will differ from those of children whose mothers were not employed to the extent that the substitution of market goods and services for nonmarket goods and services is imperfect. The study tests three hypotheses analyzing the interactions of family income and emotional support level with indicators of maternal employment and use of substitute child care. In general, the findings do not support the contention that maternal employment is associated with negative behavioral outcomes for young children. The findings of this and related studies suggest redirecting the research agenda on maternal employment and families to include analyses of the beneficial aspects of maternal employment for child well-being and to develop policies designed to promote the well-being of children with employed parents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Greenstein, Theodore N. "Maternal Employment and Child Behavioral Outcomes - A Household Economics Analysis." Journal of Family Issues 14,3 (September 1993): 323-354.
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2398. |
Greenwell, Lisa |
Early Determinants of Heterogeneity and Work Commitment Among Women Near the Time of Childbirth Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; First Birth; Heterogeneity; Labor Force Participation; Life Cycle Research; Minorities; Minority Groups; Parents, Single; Unemployment; Welfare; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. People with unstable labor force participation are often assumed to be weakly committed to work. Such assumptions have been made of women, and of minority groups who have high rates of unemployment. There is particular concern with potential "cultures of dependence," through which intergenerational transmission of attitudes is thought to affect subsequent work behavior, particularly among single welfare mothers with children. Research necessary to address the "culture of dependence" hypothesis remains inconclusive about the relations between work commitment attitudes and subsequent work behavior. This is partly because determinants of work commitment and work behavior have not been examined independently of life-cycle changes. Therefore, this paper examines early determinants of work in a particular life-cycle stage-one year following first childbirth, when working is likely to be especially difficult for women. With an extract of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) containing data on women who had a first birth between 1980 and 1986, logit regression is used to determine how labor force participation a year after the first birth is related to: 1) work commitment (measured between the ages of 14 and 22); 2) family and local context characteristics that have been hypothesized to affect work commitment (e.g., whether the mother worked, whether the young woman lived in a single-parent household, whether the family received welfare, unemployment rates in the county where the young woman grew up); 3) other characteristics, such as region of residence and personal characteristics, including self-esteem. The paper also estimates how measures of work commitment relate to background and area-level characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Greenwell, Lisa. "Early Determinants of Heterogeneity and Work Commitment Among Women Near the Time of Childbirth." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993. |
2399. |
Greenwell, Lisa Leibowitz, Arleen A. Klerman, Jacob Alex |
Do Women's Early Work Commitment and Welfare Attitudes Predict Employment After Childbirth? Working Paper DRU-427-1-NICHD, Santa Monica, CA, RAND, 1994. Also: http://www.rand.org/labor/dru_archive.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Employment; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; First Birth; Maternal Employment; Self-Esteem; Welfare; Work Attitudes In this study, the authors investigate women's work commitment and welfare attitudes in adolescence, and how these relate to women's employment status a year after their first childbirth. The authors find that willingness to combine family and work, rather than simply a desire to work, predicts employment a year after first childbirth, net of background and social psychological characteristics. Though women with welfare backgrounds are less likely to be subsequently employed, women's welfare attitudes are unrelated to their subsequent employment. These findings suggest that women's willingness to use welfare is compatible with work commitment, and with employment while an infant is present. |
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Bibliography Citation
Greenwell, Lisa, Arleen A. Leibowitz and Jacob Alex Klerman. "Do Women's Early Work Commitment and Welfare Attitudes Predict Employment After Childbirth?" Working Paper DRU-427-1-NICHD, Santa Monica, CA, RAND, 1994. |
2400. |
Greenwell, Lisa Leibowitz, Arleen A. Klerman, Jacob Alex |
Welfare Background, Attitudes, and Employment Among New Mothers Journal of Marriage and Family 60,1 (February 1998): 175-193. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353450 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Attitudes; First Birth; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Logit; Self-Esteem; Sex Roles; Welfare This article investigates whether new mothers' chances of being employed appear to be influenced by an intergenerationally transmitted welfare culture. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are analyzed using logit and ordinary least squares regression. The findings show that, as adolescents, new mothers with welfare backgrounds were more willing than others to use welfare but were no less likely to have positive attitudes toward work. Adolescents' work attitudes influence their chances of being employed when they are new mothers, but adolescents' welfare attitudes do not. These results suggest that new mothers' chances of being employed be not influenced by an intergenerationally transmitted welfare culture. Also available as a RAND reprint, RP-738, http://www.rand.org/cgi-bin/Abstracts/e-getabbydoc.pl?RP-738 |
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Bibliography Citation
Greenwell, Lisa, Arleen A. Leibowitz and Jacob Alex Klerman. "Welfare Background, Attitudes, and Employment Among New Mothers." Journal of Marriage and Family 60,1 (February 1998): 175-193.
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2401. |
Gregg, Paul Jonsson, Jan O. Macmillan, Lindsey Mood, Carina |
The Role of Education for Intergenerational Income Mobility: A Comparison of the United States, Great Britain, and Sweden Social Forces 96,1 (1 September 2017): 121-152. Also: https://academic.oup.com/sf/article/3885844 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): British Cohort Study (BCS); Cross-national Analysis; Educational Returns; Family Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Sons; Sweden, Swedish Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies have found that intergenerational income persistence is relatively high in the United States and Britain, especially as compared to Nordic countries. We compare the association between family income and sons' earnings in the United States (National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979), Britain (British Cohort Study 1970), and Sweden (Population Register Data, 1965 cohort), and find that both income elasticities and rank-order correlations are highest in the United States, followed by Britain, with Sweden being clearly more equal. We ask whether differences in educational inequality and in return to qualifications can explain these cross-country differences. Surprisingly, we find that this is not the case, even though returns to education are higher in the United States. Instead, the low income mobility in the United States and Britain is almost entirely due to the part of the parent-son association that is not mediated by educational attainment. In the United States and especially Britain, parental income is far more important for earnings at a given level of education than in Sweden, a result that holds also when controlling for cognitive ability. This goes against widespread ideas of the United States as a country where the role of ascription is limited and meritocratic stratification prevails. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gregg, Paul, Jan O. Jonsson, Lindsey Macmillan and Carina Mood. "The Role of Education for Intergenerational Income Mobility: A Comparison of the United States, Great Britain, and Sweden." Social Forces 96,1 (1 September 2017): 121-152.
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2402. |
Greve, Henrich R. Fujiwara-Greve, Takako |
Job Search with Organizational Size As a Signal Social Forces 82,2 (December 2003): 643-670. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3598205 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Firm Size; Job Search; Labor Market Studies, Geographic Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It is in workers' interest to leave their jobs if better work can be found, but imperfect information on outside opportunities impedes their job search. We describe two theories on workers' search using the organizational size as a proxy for work characteristics and derive hypotheses on how the organizational size distribution in a labor market affects job separations. We test the hypotheses with NLSY 79 data on job separations, finding that diversity in organizational sizes affects worker mobility. Workers are more likely to move within counties with many organizations larger than their current one or many organizations of different sizes and are more likely to leave counties lacking these characteristics. Copyright of Social Forces is the property of University of North Carolina Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Greve, Henrich R. and Takako Fujiwara-Greve. "Job Search with Organizational Size As a Signal." Social Forces 82,2 (December 2003): 643-670.
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2403. |
Griesdorn, Tim S. Durband, Dorothy B. |
Does Self-control Predict Wealth Creation Among Young Baby Boomers? Journal of Family and Economic Issues 37,1 (March 2016): 18-28. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10834-015-9437-4/fulltext.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Educational Attainment; Home Ownership; Income; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Net Worth; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Savings; Self-Control/Self-Regulation; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Why similar people have different patterns of wealth accumulation is puzzling. The behavioral life-cycle hypothesis indicates self-control is an important aspect of household saving behavior. This study investigated if household wealth creation from 1994 to 2008 could be predicted by self-control among a sample of young baby boomers using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) data. Variables that significantly predicted 2008 net worth included homeownership, 1994 net worth, income, bankruptcy filing, inheritance, education level, race, marital status, children, retirement planning activities, locus of control, and self-mastery. The addition of self-control predictors to a regression model improved the model's ability to predict net worth by 1.3% above and beyond the human capital, financial status, and demographic predictor variables. In total, the model explained 60% of the variance in net worth. Findings indicated that individuals who invested in their human capital, were homeowners, and had higher self-control, accumulated more wealth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Griesdorn, Tim S. and Dorothy B. Durband. "Does Self-control Predict Wealth Creation Among Young Baby Boomers?" Journal of Family and Economic Issues 37,1 (March 2016): 18-28.
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2404. |
Griesler, Pamela C. Kandel, Denise B. |
Ethnic Differences in Correlates of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking Journal of Adolescent Health 23,3 (September 1998):167-180. Also: http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X%2898%2900029-9/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bias Decomposition; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Deviance; Ethnic Differences; Family Characteristics; Hispanics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Religious Influences; Role Models; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Social Environment; Substance Use PURPOSE: To examine the correlates of cigarette smoking among African-American, Hispanic, and white adolescents in a cross-sectional national sample. METHODS: A total of 1795 mother-child dyads from the 1992 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were selected for analyses. Measures of adolescents cigarette smoking and family, individual, peer, and sociodemographic risk factors were analyzed. RESULTS: White youths reported the highest rates of lifetime, current, and persistent smoking, and initiated smoking at a significantly earlier age than African-Americans and Hispanics. Except for maternal cigarette smoking and substance use, African-Americans and Hispanics experienced a disproportionately larger number of purported risk factors than whites. Multivariate analyses revealed common and ethnic-specific correlates of adolescent lifetime and current smoking, with many more significant associations among whites than minorities. Common correlates included youth's age across all three ethnic groups, problem behaviors and delinquency among whites and African-Americans, and perceived peer pressure to smoke among whites and Hispanics. Ethnic-specific correlates included maternal smoking, maternal cocaine use, low maternal religiosity, and negative scholastic attitudes, which increased smoking for whites; and positive parenting, which reduced smoking for African-Americans. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of effects of maternal smoking and perceived peer pressure to smoke on African-American adolescents compared with whites suggests that role modeling and interpersonal influence may be more important determinants of smoking for white than African-American adolescents. The differential impact of family and peer factors on the smoking of adolescents of different ethnicity warrants further investigation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Griesler, Pamela C. and Denise B. Kandel. "Ethnic Differences in Correlates of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking." Journal of Adolescent Health 23,3 (September 1998):167-180.
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2405. |
Griesler, Pamela C. Kandel, Denise B. Davies, Mark |
Ethnic Differences in Predictors of Initiation and Persistence of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Nicotine and Tobacco Research 4,1 (February 2002): 79-93. Also: http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/1/79.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Carfax Publishing Company ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Health; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Depression (see also CESD); Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Aims: To identify and compare predictors of adolescent smoking initiation and persistence among African American, Hispanic and White adolescents in a longitudinal national sample. Design: The sample includes 1537 mother-child dyads from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Family, youth, peer and sociodemographic risk and protective factors were analyzed. Findings: White adolescents reported the highest rates of smoking initiation and persistence; African Americans and Hispanics the lowest. Multivariate analyses revealed mostly common and few ethnic-specific predictors of smoking initiation and persistence. For initiation, maternal current smoking, child age, child problem behavior, and perceived peer pressure to smoke were predictive across ethnic groups; female gender and ineffective parenting were predictive among Whites only. For persistence, child age, child problem behavior and perceived scholastic competence were predictive across ethnic groups; negative mood was predictive among Whites only. Conclusions: More common than unique factors predict smoking initiation and persistence among adolescents of different ethnicity. However, the power to detect ethnicity-by-predictor interactions with respect to persistence was low. Social factors are more important for smoking initiation, whereas individual factors are more important for persistence, although child problem behaviors are common determinants both of initiation and persistence. With few exceptions, universal anti-smoking interventions should be targeted to youths of different ethnicity. (Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, 2002.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Griesler, Pamela C., Denise B. Kandel and Mark Davies. "Ethnic Differences in Predictors of Initiation and Persistence of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth ." Nicotine and Tobacco Research 4,1 (February 2002): 79-93.
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2406. |
Griffin, Peter Ganderton, Philip T. |
Evidence on Omitted Variable Bias in Earnings Equations Economics of Education Review 15,2 (April 1996): 139-148. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0272775796000015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Economics of Discrimination; Economics of Gender; Economics of Minorities; Family Background and Culture; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Labor Economics; Occupational Choice; Occupations; Racial Differences; School Quality; Schooling; Skills; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels In this paper we propose that family background variables are significant in earnings equations because they measure investments in children made by families in the home, over and above formal schooling investments and schooling quality. Together these variables account for a significant proportion of the difference between estimated rates of return to schooling across racial groups. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we observe a convergence of rates of return across racial groups after accounting for differences in these variables. The estimated equations are used to predict that average minority earnings would be almost identical to white earnings if minorities experienced the same family background and school quality as whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Griffin, Peter and Philip T. Ganderton. "Evidence on Omitted Variable Bias in Earnings Equations." Economics of Education Review 15,2 (April 1996): 139-148.
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2407. |
Griffy, Benjamin S. |
Search and the Sources of Life-Cycle Inequality International Economic Review published online (18 June 2021): DOI: 10.1111/iere.12522. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/iere.12522 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Earnings; Job Search; Life Cycle Research; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Unemployment; Wealth I study how initial wealth affects lifetime earnings inequality when labor markets are frictional. To do this, I construct a model life-cycle model with search frictions, incomplete markets, and endogenous human capital accumulation. In the model, incomplete markets prevent low-wealth workers from smoothing consumption, causing them to accept low pay jobs while unemployed. In anticipation, they build savings instead of human capital while employed. This amplifies the importance of initial wealth for life-cycle inequality. Using this model, I find that differences in initial wealth cause larger differences in lifetime earnings than either initial human capital or ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Griffy, Benjamin S. "Search and the Sources of Life-Cycle Inequality." International Economic Review published online (18 June 2021): DOI: 10.1111/iere.12522.
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2408. |
Grinberg, Alice |
The Effect of Birth Order on Occupational Choice Atlantic Economic Journal 43,4 (December 2015): 463-476. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11293-015-9474-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: International Atlantic Economic Society Keyword(s): Birth Order; Family Size; Occupational Choice Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research suggests that birth order has a profound influence on personality development, but there has been little research investigating the effect of birth order on a person's occupational choice. A number of psychologists, including Frank Sulloway and Reid Claxton, argue that first-borns are more likely to become managers because their order in the family trains them in managerial and leadership skills. In contrast, several economists, such as Gary Becker, argue that first-borns are often economically successful because they receive more resources from their parents than other children. This occurs both because they tend to have fewer siblings and because they receive their parents' unshared attention before their younger siblings are born. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) of 1979, we investigate which of these models best accords with the data. We find that first-borns are indeed more likely to select managerial positions than later-borns, but that this effect is due to first-borns having, on average, fewer siblings than others, not to being first-born per se. Further, we find the effect of family size is strongest among lower-income families, lending support to Becker's hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grinberg, Alice. "The Effect of Birth Order on Occupational Choice." Atlantic Economic Journal 43,4 (December 2015): 463-476.
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2409. |
Grinstein-Weiss, Michal Shanks, Trina Williams Beverly, Sondra |
Family Assets and Child Outcomes: Current Evidence and Future Directions Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Assets; Children, Well-Being; Educational Attainment; Home Ownership; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the United States, there are great racial and income disparities in wealth holdings. Asset poverty, the inability to meet basic needs if family income is lost, particularly affects households with children. If a loss of income were to occur, more than half of U.S. families with children lack the liquid assets to support the family at the poverty level for 3 months. Although support exists for asset-building policies, current policies disproportionally favor high-income households. For example, tax deductions are offered for home mortgage interest, but these deductions do not benefit renters or low-income households with limited tax liability. A recent report indicates that the bottom 60 percent of taxpayers received only 4 percent of federal spending on asset-building programs in one budget cycle. In response to this disparity, the asset-building field has designed and tested several programs designed to help low- and moderate-income families save and build assets. This paper systematically reviews empirical evidence on the relationship between assets and child outcomes. It then examines policy demonstrations that promote asset-building among low-income families. Specifically, we examine evidence from (1) such national data sets as the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth; and (2) quasi-experimental and randomized controlled trials, such as the Community Advantage Program, the Saving for Education, Entrepreneurship, and Downpayment (SEED) program, and SEED for Oklahoma Kids. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grinstein-Weiss, Michal, Trina Williams Shanks and Sondra Beverly. "Family Assets and Child Outcomes: Current Evidence and Future Directions." Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013. |
2410. |
Grissmer, David W. Flanagan, Ann. |
Improving the NAEP Data For Policy Analysis Working Paper, Washington DC: National Center for Educational Statistics, 1997. Also: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309062853/html/45.html#pagetop Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Education Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Education; Family Influences; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP); National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS) Grissmer and Flanagan combined information from several federal databases to help explore student performance data, define problems areas for close examination, and stimulate discussion of possible solutions. They investigated potential sources of improved performance by combining NAEP information with census data, information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and from the National Education Longitudinal Study. They studied academic gains in relation to data on changing family characteristics, changed education and social policies, and increased investment. Like other analysts, Grissmer and Flanagan found a strong relationship between family variables and academic performance. Most important, however, they found that class size and student/teacher ratio variables bore s lesser but still strong relationship to academic performance, a finding that ran counter to earlier, much publicized research. The smaller class sizes were funded by compensatory educational monies available to minority students and schools during the time period studied. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grissmer, David W. and Ann. Flanagan. "Improving the NAEP Data For Policy Analysis." Working Paper, Washington DC: National Center for Educational Statistics, 1997. |
2411. |
Grissmer, David W. Flanagan, Ann. |
Why Did The Black-White Score Gap Narrow In The 1970s And 1980s? In: The Black-White Test Score Gap. C. Jencks and M. Phillips, eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1998: pp. 182-226 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Education; National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP); National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Grissmer and his colleagues look at several different educational changes that may have had an impact on the rise in black students' test scores. They find that some changes in education appear to have mattered more than others. To determine how trends in test scores are related to other social changes, the authors relate National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) data to family characteristics from the Current Population Survey and the National Education Longitudinal Survey and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grissmer, David W. and Ann. Flanagan. "Why Did The Black-White Score Gap Narrow In The 1970s And 1980s? " In: The Black-White Test Score Gap. C. Jencks and M. Phillips, eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1998: pp. 182-226
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2412. |
Grissmer, David W. Kirby, Sheila Nataraj Berends, Mark Williamson, Stephanie |
Student Achievement and the Changing American Family MR-488-LE, Rand Corporation, Institute on Education and Training, 1994. Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/2006/MR488.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Demography; Family Characteristics; Family Environment; Family Size; Income; Labor Force Participation; Minority Groups; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Parents, Single Perceived declines in student achievement and family environment and the perceived ineffectiveness of increases in educational expenditures have stimulated the present investigation, which focuses primarily on estimating the change in achievement test scores that can be attributed to changing family and demographic characteristics. Family characteristics included in the analysis were income, family size, parental education levels, age of the mother at the child's birth, labor-force participation of the mother, and single-parent families. The analysis estimates effects of family changes on achievement scores of a national sample of students aged 14 to 17 in 1970 to 1975 and 1990 using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of 1980 and the National Education Longitudinal Survey of 1988. Using test scores as the sole measure of the effects of changes in the family provides no evidence of a deteriorating family environment for youth in 1990 compared to the same age group in 1970-1975. This study does not support the view that the schools of the 1970s and 1980s have deteriorated in significant ways with respect to the schools of the 1950s and 1960s in their instruction, and it suggests that schools have made significant progress in decreasing educational inequalities for minorities. Eighteen tables and 44 figures illustrate the discussion. (Contains 82 references.) (SLD) |
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Bibliography Citation
Grissmer, David W., Sheila Nataraj Kirby, Mark Berends and Stephanie Williamson. Student Achievement and the Changing American Family. MR-488-LE, Rand Corporation, Institute on Education and Training, 1994.. |
2413. |
Grissmer, David W. Kirby, Sheila Nataraj Berends, Mark Williamson, Stephanie |
Student Performance and the Changing American Family RB-8009, RAND Research Brief Series, December 1994. Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB8009.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Demography; Family Characteristics; Family Environment; Income; Labor Force Participation; Minority Groups; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Parents, Single; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing This research brief describes work documented in Student Achievement and the Changing American Family (MR-488-LE). Full document online: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_briefs/2009/RB8009.pdf Critics of American education frequently blame lagging student performance on the deteriorating American family structure. Moreover, it is widely asserted that substantial spending on schools and social programs over the past two decades has failed to reverse the educational downtrend. However, a recent study conducted by RAND’s Institute for Education and Training sharply challenges this view. First, the study points out that prior research--contrary to public perception--has reported gains in student performance between 1970 and 1990, as measured by nationally representative test score data. The largest gains were made by minority students, although a substantial gap still remains. Second, the study finds that demographic trends affecting the family over this time period contributed to rising test scores. Third, the minority gains cannot be fully explained by changing family characteristics, suggesting that we need to look to other factors for explanations. The most likely explanations are rising public investment in schools and families and equal educational opportunity policies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grissmer, David W., Sheila Nataraj Kirby, Mark Berends and Stephanie Williamson. "Student Performance and the Changing American Family." RB-8009, RAND Research Brief Series, December 1994. |
2414. |
Grissom, Jason Reininger, Michelle |
Who Comes Back? A Longitudinal Analysis of the Re-entry Behavior of Exiting Teachers Education Finance and Policy 7,4 (2012): 425-454. Also: http://cepa.stanford.edu/content/who-comes-back-longitudinal-analysis-re-entry-behavior-exiting-teachershttp://cepa.stanford.edu/content/who-comes-back-longitudinal-analysis-re-entry-behavior-exiting-teachers Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Education Policy Analysis at Stanford University Keyword(s): Exits; Gender Differences; Labor Supply; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Motherhood; Teachers/Faculty; Work Reentry Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While a large literature examines the factors that lead teachers to leave teaching, few studies have systematically examined what factors impact teachers’ decisions to re-enter the profession after exiting. Drawing on research on the role of family characteristics in predicting teacher work behavior, we examine predictors of re-entry after a spell out. We employ survival analysis of time to re-entry for teachers who exit using longitudinal work data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. We find that teachers who are younger, better paid and more experienced are more likely to re-enter. We also find that women are more likely to return to teaching than men. Child-rearing plays an important role in this difference. In particular, women are less likely to re-enter with young children in the home. We conclude that re-entrants may be an important source of teacher labor supply and that policies focused on the needs of teachers with young children may be effective means for districts to attract returning teachers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grissom, Jason and Michelle Reininger. "Who Comes Back? A Longitudinal Analysis of the Re-entry Behavior of Exiting Teachers." Education Finance and Policy 7,4 (2012): 425-454.
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2415. |
Gritsch, Martin |
Public vs. Private Schools: The Impact on Wage Rates Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research 7,3 (2006): 3-18. Also: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5529/is_200609/ai_n21406884 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Allied Academies, Inc. Keyword(s): Education; Private Schools; Private Sector; Public Schools; Public Sector Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Educational reform has attracted a lot of attention both in political and academic circles in recent years, and it continues to do so. Newly elected office holders at the federal as well as the state level (e.g., U.S. President George W. Bush and New Jersey Governor James E. McGreevey) made education one of the centerpieces of their respective campaigns. One of the hotly debated topics is the issue of school vouchers which would permit parents to take their children out of the public school system and send them to a private school instead. They would receive a voucher in the amount that the public system would not have to spend for educating one fewer student. So far, the experience with voucher programs is limited, but in mid-February 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court indicated that at least some of the judges held the opinion that such vouchers could be used for schools with religious affiliation without violating the separation of church and state. This suggests a possible expansion of school voucher programs in the future. Before such larger-scale voucher programs are enacted, however, it would seem desirable to gain knowledge about the relative benefits of private versus public schools. Dating back to the work of James Coleman and his colleagues (Coleman, Hoffer, and Kilgore, 1982; Coleman and Hoffer, 1987), researchers have attempted to analyze and quantify such benefits. This paper contributes to the relevant literature in the following ways: First, unlike much of the literature (e.g., Coleman, Hoffer, and Kilgore, 1982; Coleman and Hoffer, 1987; Evans and Schwab, 1995) which uses data from the "High School and Beyond Study" as primary data source, I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). As described in more detail in Section 2, the NLSY79 is a panel data set which is rich in information both at the individuals' level as well as at the level of the educational institution the respondents attended. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gritsch, Martin. "Public vs. Private Schools: The Impact on Wage Rates." Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research 7,3 (2006): 3-18.
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2416. |
Gritz, R. Mark |
The Impact of Training on the Frequency and Duration of Employment Working Paper, University of Washington, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Employment; Employment, Youth; Gender Differences; Job Training; Labor Force Participation; Private Sector; Training; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this study is to determine whether training will increase the amount of time an individual spends in employment over an extended period. Training can influence this quantity through an effect on either the frequency or the duration of employment spells. A natural framework for modeling the influence of training on both the number and length of employment episodes is provided by continuous time duration models. Using data from the NLSY, the estimation results obtained indicate that participation in a private training program improves the employment prospects of women by increasing both the frequency and duration of employment spells. The implications are less clear for men in that participation in private programs increases the length of both employment and nonemployment episodes. In the case of government programs, participation in training leads to a decline in the amount of time spent employed by both women and men; however, this effect is based upon a small number of observations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gritz, R. Mark. "The Impact of Training on the Frequency and Duration of Employment." Working Paper, University of Washington, 1990. |
2417. |
Gritz, R. Mark Durante, Richard Keane, Michael P. Lessler, Judith |
An Examination of School-to-Work Transitions in the NLSY Technical Proposal, Battelle Memorial Institute, August 13, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Labor Force Participation; School Completion; Schooling, Post-secondary; Training; Transition, School to Work; Welfare; Work Experience This proposed research program will conduct a comprehensive examination of school-to-work transitions in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohort. The results from the five research projects included in the program will enhance the ability of BLS to continue disseminating vital information to policy makers, educating the public so that labor force participants can make more informed choices, and improving NLS survey procedures. The design of the program captures several key elements influencing youths' progression through school to employment. In the first stage, young men and women must successfully negotiate their way to graduation from high school. The second stage encountered in the school-to-work path involves the advancement into postsecondary education. The third project will focus on the interactions of training programs, two- and four-year colleges, and work experience and their impacts on wages and employment. The fourth project will address a closely related issue: the importance of borrowing constraints for youths' decisions to continue in school, and it analyzes how various government policies might induce greater participation in schooling. The final project will assess the reliability and quality of the NLSY survey that provides the data that are essential to improve understanding of the school-to-work transition process. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gritz, R. Mark, Richard Durante, Michael P. Keane and Judith Lessler. "An Examination of School-to-Work Transitions in the NLSY." Technical Proposal, Battelle Memorial Institute, August 13, 1994. |
2418. |
Gritz, R. Mark MaCurdy, Thomas E. |
Participation in Low-Wage Labor Markets by Young Men NLS Discussion Paper No. 93-16, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl920030.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Dual Economic Theory; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Mobility; Work Histories This in-progress research uses data from the NLSY to analyze the process of earnings mobility during the early stages of the life-cycle, with the main effort devoted to understanding the role that participation in low-wage labor markets plays in this process. This research will develop a comprehensive picture of where low-paying jobs fit into the career paths of individuals, including an assessment of both the short-term and the long-term consequences of involvement in low-wage employment on subsequent mobility. This picture will identify the characteristics of workers who participate in low-wage labor markets, the extent to which these workers remain in or return to such markets, and the routes of escape from low- paying jobs. This research has two major objectives. (1) The first task will be to formulate an integrated data set incorporating information on experiences in employment distinguished by level of pay, on schooling and training activities, and on periods of nonemployment. The NLSY offers an unparalleled source for constructing a data set of this type. Part of this task includes several analyses designed to check the reliability of our earnings and employment quantities. (2) The second task will be to develop an empirical model that will summarize youths' experiences in four distinct activities: high-earnings employment, low-earnings employment, educational pursuits, and nonemployment. The estimation of this model will provide a complete characterization not only of the average amounts of time that individuals spend in these activities during the initial years of their working lifetimes, but also of the likelihood that they will move between activities in a particular sequence and for specific durations. To present the implications of this model in a readily understandable format, this project will implement a simple simulation strategy that directly assesses the relationships linking the various categories of employment and time spent not working for different demographic groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gritz, R. Mark and Thomas E. MaCurdy. "Participation in Low-Wage Labor Markets by Young Men." NLS Discussion Paper No. 93-16, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992. |
2419. |
Gritz, R. Mark MaCurdy, Thomas E. Mroz, Thomas |
An Evaluation of the NLSY Working Paper, Seattle WA: Battelle Memorial Institute, February 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center Keyword(s): Attrition; Demography; Employment, Youth; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; Sample Selection The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) has become one of the most widely used data sources for investigating many of the economic and demographic circumstances faced by young adults during the 1980s. As the NLSY enters its second decade, some researchers may be concerned about the current representativeness of the NLSY due to attrition which has plagued other longitudinal data sets. There has been surprisingly little attrition from the NLSY, but there has been little research done to date to determine the relevance of the researchers' concern. This study will investigate the nature and potential consequences of attrition in the NLSY, by carrying out an empirical study of the reliability of these data focusing on three groups of questions: 1. Does the sample selection from the NLSY on the basis of attrition status alter the distributions of earnings and other labor-market variables in a way that changes our picture of youths' employment experiences? 2. How well does the NLSY replicate the labor-market experiences of various demographic segments of the youth population in the US? 3. What are the characteristics of those who miss surveys in the NLSY? Also, what are the characteristics of those who return to the sample? |
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Bibliography Citation
Gritz, R. Mark, Thomas E. MaCurdy and Thomas Mroz. "An Evaluation of the NLSY." Working Paper, Seattle WA: Battelle Memorial Institute, February 1994. |
2420. |
Groen, Jeffrey |
Occupation-Specific Human Capital and Local Labour Markets Oxford Economic Papers 58,4 (October 2006): 722-741. Also: http://oep.oxfordjournals.org/content/58/4/722.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Employer Opportunity Pilot Project (EOPP); Human Capital; Local Labor Market; Market Size; Occupations; Training, On-the-Job Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most skills acquired through on-the-job training may be specific to an occupation and therefore transferable to some but not all firms. This paper explores the relationship between the size of the local market for an occupation-specific skill and job-training outcomes. The Stevens (1994) model of training predicts that as market size increases, job turnover increases and training becomes more general. I test these predictions using data on blue-collar workers and variation in market size across US metropolitan areas. The empirical results support the theoretical predictions and the impacts are most relevant at low levels of market size. |
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Bibliography Citation
Groen, Jeffrey. "Occupation-Specific Human Capital and Local Labour Markets." Oxford Economic Papers 58,4 (October 2006): 722-741.
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2421. |
Grogan-Kaylor, Andrew |
The Effect of Corporal Punishment on Antisocial Behavior in Children Social Work Research 28,3 (September 2004): 153-163. Also: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,url,uid&db=aph&an=14315449 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Ethnic Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parenting Skills/Styles; Punishment, Corporal; Racial Differences; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study was conducted to examine the effect of corporal punishment on antisocial behavior of children using stronger statistical controls than earlier literature in this area; to examine whether the effect of corporal punishment on antisocial behavior is nonlinear; and to investigate whether the effects of corporal punishment on antisocial behavior differ across racial and ethnic groups. The author used a nonexperimental design and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The analysis was conducted using fixed-effects methods to control for observed independent variables and unobserved time-invariant variables. Corporal punishment had a nontrivial effect on children's antisocial behavior in later years despite the strong controls introduced by the fixed-effects models. The analysis provides no evidence for differences in the effect of corporal punishment across racial and ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Grogan-Kaylor, Andrew. "The Effect of Corporal Punishment on Antisocial Behavior in Children." Social Work Research 28,3 (September 2004): 153-163.
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2422. |
Grogger, Jeffrey |
Arrests, Persistent Youth Joblessness, and Black/White Employment Differentials Review of Economics and Statistics 74,1 (February 1992): 100-106. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109547 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Employment, Youth; Heterogeneity; Illegal Activities; Racial Differences; Unemployment, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Economists have long been concerned with the labor market problems of young men. Recently, research has indicated that one-fourth to one-half of all men are active in crime at some point during their youth. Furthermore, joblessness and criminal activity vary similarly by age and race. I analyze two data sets containing arrest and employment information to assess whether criminal activities may underlie persistent joblessness and black/white employment differentials among young men. Two different approaches are taken to control for individual heterogeneity. Arrests generate some persistence in non-employment. Moreover, arrests account for nearly two-thirds of the black/white employment differential in a sample of arrestees, and nearly one-third of the difference in a more general sample. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grogger, Jeffrey. "Arrests, Persistent Youth Joblessness, and Black/White Employment Differentials." Review of Economics and Statistics 74,1 (February 1992): 100-106.
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2423. |
Grogger, Jeffrey |
Immigration and Crime Among Young Black Men: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth In: Help or Hindrance?: The Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans. D. S. Hamermesh and F. D. Bean eds. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998: pp. 322-342 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Black Studies; Black Youth; Crime; Employment; Immigrants See also, Help or Hindrance? : the Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans / Daniel S. Hamermesh and Frank D. Bean, eds., in this on-line bibliography. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grogger, Jeffrey. "Immigration and Crime Among Young Black Men: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth" In: Help or Hindrance?: The Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans. D. S. Hamermesh and F. D. Bean eds. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998: pp. 322-342
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2424. |
Grogger, Jeffrey |
Incarceration-Related Costs of Early Childbearing In: Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. R.A. Maynard, ed. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1997: pp. 95-143 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Vanderbilt University Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Adolescent; Deviance; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Illegal Activities; Incarceration/Jail; Maternal Employment; Parents, Single This chapter begins by presenting descriptive statistics showing that the children of young teen mothers are almost three times as likely to be behind bars at some point in their adolescence or early 20s as are the children of mothers who delayed childbearing. When the analysis controls for a number of important background factors the link between young teen childbearing and incarceration remains, although the extent of the difference is greatly reduced. In a further effort to tease out the effect of teen childbearing per se, the author takes a novel approach to controlling for unobservable characteristics of the mother that may be correlated with her early age at first birth. He uses a comparison group consisting of the subsequent children of mothers who first gave birth as a young teen. The mothers are the same. They are simply older. The link between young teen childbearing and higher incarceration rates among the offspring remains, although its magnitude is further reduced. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grogger, Jeffrey. "Incarceration-Related Costs of Early Childbearing" In: Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. R.A. Maynard, ed. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1997: pp. 95-143
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2425. |
Grogger, Jeffrey |
Market Wages and Youth Crime NBER Working Paper No. 5983, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1997. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Illegal Activities; Time Use; Wage Models; Wage Rates Youth crime is widespread. To study the effect of market wages on youth crime, I analyze a time-allocation model in which consumers face parametric wages and diminishing marginal returns to crime. Under these assumptions, an individual who works will commit crime if the returns to the first hour of crime exceed his market wage. This decision rule imposes considerable structure on the econometric model, which I estimate using data from the National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort. The empirical model provides estimates of the determinants of criminal returns and of the wage responsiveness of criminal participation. Young men's behavior appears to be very responsive to price incentives. My estimates suggest that falling real wages may have been an important determinant of rising youth crime over the past two decades. Moreover, wages explain an important component of the racial differential in criminal participation, and they largely explain the age distribution of crime. Full-text available on-line: Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5983 |
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Bibliography Citation
Grogger, Jeffrey. "Market Wages and Youth Crime." NBER Working Paper No. 5983, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1997. |
2426. |
Grogger, Jeffrey |
Market Wages and Youth Crime Journal of Labor Economics 16,4 (October 1998): 756-791. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Modeling; Wage Differentials; Wages; Youth Problems To investigate the problem of widespread youth crime, a time allocation model in which consumers face parametric wages and diminishing marginal returns to crime is analyzed. The theory motivates an econometric model that is estimated using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Estimates suggest that youth behavior is responsive to price incentives and that falling real wages may have been an important determinant of rising youth crime during the 1970s and 1980s. Moreover, wage differentials explain a substantial component of both the racial differential in criminal participation and the age distribution of crime. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grogger, Jeffrey. "Market Wages and Youth Crime." Journal of Labor Economics 16,4 (October 1998): 756-791.
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2427. |
Grogger, Jeffrey |
The Effect of Arrests on the Employment and Earnings of Young Men Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, 1 (February 1995): 51-71. Also: http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/110/1/51.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Incarceration/Jail Many young men commit crime, and many are arrested. I estimate the effect of arrests on the employment and earnings of arrestees, using a large longitudinal data set constructed by merging police records with UI earnings data. I find that the effects of arrests are moderate in magnitude and rather short-lived. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grogger, Jeffrey. "The Effect of Arrests on the Employment and Earnings of Young Men." Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, 1 (February 1995): 51-71.
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2428. |
Grogger, Jeffrey Ronan, Nick |
Intergenerational Effects of Fatherlessness on Educational Attainment and Entry-level Wages NLS Discussion Paper No. 96-30, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1995. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl950080.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Children, Well-Being; Divorce; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Family Characteristics; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Parents, Single; Siblings Final Report to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1, 1995. The objective of this study is to estimate the effects of fatherlessness on the children's educational attainment and entry-level wages. We consider an important methodological issue not addressed by previous researchers: unobserved heterogeneity across families. One can imagine that families vary greatly in a number of ways that are unobservable to the analyst. Moreover, many of these unobservable family characteristics are likely to be correlated both with the probability of divorce and with the well-being of the children. Thus a cross-sectional regression of children's educational attainment on a measure of their childhood family structure fails to identify the effects of living in a fatherless family, because the effects of fatherlessness are confounded with the effects of the family-specific unobservables. We would generally expect such unobserved heterogeneity to lead to exaggerated estimates of the true effects of fatherlessness. We adjust for family-specific unobservables by making within-family comparisons. Drawing on previous research, we specify a child's human capital to depend on the number of years she spends in a single-parent family. Because children enter and leave the family at different times, the duration of a spell of fatherlessness generally will vary among siblings. To eliminate the effects of family-specific unobservables, we difference the data within families, relating differences in human capital to differences in the duration of the fatherless spell. The approach we adopt instead is method-of-moments estimation. We implement this approach by using sibling comparisons to estimate the extent of the measurement error in our retrospective data. The data are taken from the NLSY. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grogger, Jeffrey and Nick Ronan. "Intergenerational Effects of Fatherlessness on Educational Attainment and Entry-level Wages." NLS Discussion Paper No. 96-30, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1995. |
2429. |
Gronberg, Timothy J. Reed, W. Robert |
Estimating Workers' Marginal Willingness to Pay for Job Attributes Using Duration Data Journal of Human Resources 29,3 (Summer 1994): 911-931. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146258 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Job Knowledge; Job Search; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Choice; Occupational Investment; Wage Models This paper develops and applies a method for estimating workers' marginal willingness to pay for job attributes when workers' job choices are characterized by imperfect information and labor market search. As an application, this paper analyzes the job durations of white males using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohort and the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Estimates of workers' willingness to pay derived from the job duration model are compared with those derived from an hedonic wage model. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gronberg, Timothy J. and W. Robert Reed. "Estimating Workers' Marginal Willingness to Pay for Job Attributes Using Duration Data." Journal of Human Resources 29,3 (Summer 1994): 911-931.
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2430. |
Grossbard, Shoshana Mukhopadhyay, Sankar |
Marriage Markets as Explanation for Why Heavier People Work More Hours IZA Journal of Labor Economics 6,9 (December 2017): DOI: 10.1186/s40172-017-0059-y. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40172-017-0059-y Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Marriage; Modeling, OLS; Siblings; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Is BMI related to hours of work through marriage market mechanisms? We empirically explore this issue using data from the NLSY79 and NLSY97 and a number of estimation strategies (including OLS, IV, and sibling FE). Our IV estimates (with same-sex sibling's BMI as an instrument and a large set of controls including wage) suggest that a one-unit increase in BMI leads to an almost 2% increase in White married women's hours of work. However, BMI is not associated with hours of work of married men. We also find that a one-unit increase in BMI leads to a 1.4% increase in White single women's hours of work, suggesting that single women may expect future in-marriage transfers that vary by body weight. We show that the positive association between BMI and hours of work of White single women increases with self-assessed probability of future marriage and varies with expected cumulative spousal income. Comparisons between the association between BMI and hours of work for White and Black married women suggest a possible racial gap in intra-marriage transfers from husbands to wives. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grossbard, Shoshana and Sankar Mukhopadhyay. "Marriage Markets as Explanation for Why Heavier People Work More Hours." IZA Journal of Labor Economics 6,9 (December 2017): DOI: 10.1186/s40172-017-0059-y.
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2431. |
Grossberg, Adam J. |
The Effect of Formal Training on Employment Duration SSRN Working Paper Series, Social Science Research Network, January 17, 2000. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=183408 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Employment; Human Capital; Statistical Analysis; Training; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate the effects of formal training on employment duration. Using an approach meant to distinguish between training as an unconditional investment and training as an outcome conditional on the quality of the job match, I find that on-site training received early in an employment spell--before the quality of a job match is likely to have been fully revealed--results in significantly longer employment spells, particularly for men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grossberg, Adam J. "The Effect of Formal Training on Employment Duration." SSRN Working Paper Series, Social Science Research Network, January 17, 2000. |
2432. |
Grossberg, Adam J. Sicilian, Paul |
Legal Minimum Wages and Employment Duration Southern Economic Journal 70,3 (January 2004): 631-646. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4135335 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Gender Differences; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Labor Economics; Minimum Wage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Wage Rates Estimates the effect of minimum wage on employment duration in the U.S., using event history data from the 1988-1994 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Turnover due to rents created by minimum wages; Dependence of the net effect of minimum wage on its magnitude relative to the typical wage in the labor market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grossberg, Adam J. and Paul Sicilian. "Legal Minimum Wages and Employment Duration." Southern Economic Journal 70,3 (January 2004): 631-646.
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2433. |
Grossman, Daniel S. Tello-Trillo, Sebastian Willage, Barton |
Health Insurance for Whom? The 'Spill-up' Effects of Children's Health Insurance on Mothers NBER Working Paper No. 29661, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2022. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w29661 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Children; Geocoded Data; Insurance, Health; Medicaid/Medicare; Mothers; State-Level Data/Policy; Well-Being A rich literature documents the benefits of social safety net programs for children. This paper focuses on an unexplored margin: how children's programs impact parents' well-being. We explore changes in children's public health insurance and its effects on parents' economic and behavioral outcomes. Using a simulated eligibility for Medicaid eligibility expansions in the 1980s and 1990s, we isolate variation in children's Medicaid eligibility due to changes in government policies. We find that increases in children's Medicaid eligibility increases the likelihood a mother is married, decreases her labor market participation, and reduces her smoking and alcohol consumption. Our findings suggest improved maternal well-being as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression score, a proxy for mental health. These results uncover a new link that provides an important mechanism, parental well-being, for interpreting the literature's findings on the long-term, short-term, and intergenerational effects of Medicaid coverage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grossman, Daniel S., Sebastian Tello-Trillo and Barton Willage. "Health Insurance for Whom? The 'Spill-up' Effects of Children's Health Insurance on Mothers." NBER Working Paper No. 29661, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2022. |
2434. |
Grossman, Michael Chaloupka, Frank J. Saffer, Henry Laixuthai, Adit |
Effects of Alcohol Price Policy on Youth: A Summary of Economic Research Journal of Research on Adolescence 4,2 (1994): 347-364 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; College Dropouts; College Graduates; Cost-Benefit Studies; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Economics, Regional; Mortality; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grossman, Michael, Frank J. Chaloupka, Henry Saffer and Adit Laixuthai. "Effects of Alcohol Price Policy on Youth: A Summary of Economic Research." Journal of Research on Adolescence 4,2 (1994): 347-364.
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2435. |
Groves, Lincoln |
Three Essays on U.S. Social Policy's Impact on the Human Capital Development of Young Adults At-Risk of Poverty Ph.D. Dissertation, Depart of Public Administration, Syracuse University, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Educational Attainment; Program Participation/Evaluation; Social Security Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My final dissertation chapter investigates how a particular college fund guarantee affected achievements in higher education. Utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) and a difference-in-differences model, this work re-examines the impact of the Social Security Student Benefits Program (SSSBP) on post-secondary educational attainment, a topic first studied by Dynarski (2003). By exploiting a larger panel of data and exploring degree attainment at various ages, my coauthor and I find that disadvantaged youth potentially qualifying for SSSBP funds - e.g., those losing a father before they turned 18 - were over 20 pp more likely to obtain higher education degrees beyond their high school diploma than similar students who would have qualified for benefits, but-for the program's termination in May 1982. Initial program impacts - i.e., those by age 23 - show an increase in Associate's degree attainment. As these respondents age, however, many go on to obtain four year degrees. Impacts are large and statistically significant, and suggestive that social programs seeking to reduce the financial costs of Associate's degrees - such as the one announced by President Obama in his 2015 State of the Union Address - could be well-targeted. |
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Bibliography Citation
Groves, Lincoln. Three Essays on U.S. Social Policy's Impact on the Human Capital Development of Young Adults At-Risk of Poverty. Ph.D. Dissertation, Depart of Public Administration, Syracuse University, 2015. |
2436. |
Groves, Lincoln Lopoo, Leonard M. |
Federal Financial Aid and Family Formation: Examining the Social Security Student Benefit Program Journal of Family and Economic Issues 39,3 (September 2018): 436-444. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10834-018-9568-5 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Benefits, Disability; Family Formation; Financial Assistance; Program Participation/Evaluation; Social Security Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A broad empirical literature asks if social policies designed to provide benefits to low-income families also affect family formation patterns. While most of the evidence suggests that family formation effects are small at best, and often nonexistent, recent research argues that policies that alter budget constraints considerably should have greater family formation impacts. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the Social Security Student Benefit Program (SSSBP), a program designed to provide large higher education subsidies for the children of disabled, retired, or deceased parents. Conditions for receipt of SSSBP created strong incentives to delay marriage. Utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979, and a difference-in-differences model, we found that women potentially qualifying for the SSSBP were much less likely to marry before age 22 and were older when they had children, while the program did not influence the probability of women ever marrying or having children. Impacts on men, however, were negligible. |
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Bibliography Citation
Groves, Lincoln and Leonard M. Lopoo. "Federal Financial Aid and Family Formation: Examining the Social Security Student Benefit Program." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 39,3 (September 2018): 436-444.
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2437. |
Groves, Lincoln Lopoo, Leonard M. |
Federal Financial Aid, Educational Attainment, and Family Formation: Re-Examining the Social Security Student Benefit Program Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Formation; Financial Assistance; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Program Participation/Evaluation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the NLSY79 and a difference-in-differences model, our preliminary results show that the SSSB [Social Security Student Benefit] program had no overall effect on the educational attainment of recipients. However, these initial results do not consider the distributional effects of the program. Additional analyses show that the elimination of the program for individuals aged 18 to 22 created large reductions in the likelihood of Associate's degree receipt. In contrast, the benefits had small and statistically insignificant effects on earning a Bachelor's degree. We test the robustness of our result using similar cohorts from the PSID, and our results are consistent with those found in the NLSY79. |
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Bibliography Citation
Groves, Lincoln and Leonard M. Lopoo. "Federal Financial Aid, Educational Attainment, and Family Formation: Re-Examining the Social Security Student Benefit Program." Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015. |
2438. |
Grubbs-Eller, Teresa Jo |
Child Care Expenditure and Mothers' Labor Supply: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland - College Park, 1989. DAI-A 51/03, p. 953, Sep 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Care; Children; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Multilevel; Mothers; Simultaneity; Work Hours/Schedule The tremendous growth during the 1970's and 1980's in the labor force participation rates of mothers with young children has made child care an important policy issue. Ad hoc stories of mothers being 'priced out of the work force by child care expenses' are abundant. Using data from the 1982 and 1985 panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this dissertation clarifies the effect of child care expenditure on married mothers' labor supply. The first issue addressed is whether child care expenditure is a fixed cost of labor force participation or an hourly cost of work. A closely related issue considered is whether allowing for any fixed costs of work is necessary in modeling married mothers' labor supply decisions. If fixed costs of work are important, then the parameters of the labor force participation and hours supply decision are no longer jointly determined. The final issue considered is whether the child care expenditure and labor force participation decisions are simultaneous. If the unmeasured factors associated with child care expenditure are correlated with unmeasured factors associated with labor force participation, the ordinary least squares estimates of the parameters in the child care equation will be biased. The empirical evidence as to whether child care costs are fixed or variable is mixed. Three models of labor supply and child care expenditure are estimated. The first model assumes that child care is a variable cost and does not allow for any fixed costs of work. Here, the effect of child care expenditure was generally statistically significant. Child care expenditure acts much like a decrease in the wage. In the second and third models, which allow for fixed costs, child care expenditure significantly decreases the probability of labor force participation, but does not have a significant effect on hours supplied by workers, regardless of whether child care is assumed to be a fixed or a variable cost. The empirical results for models that allow for fixed costs suggest that fixed costs are important in determining labor supply. Working mothers appear to face higher costs per week than non-working mothers would face if they entered the labor force. My empirical results are used to evaluate the probable effects of proposed child care subsidies on married mothers' labor force participation. Simple exercises suggest that government subsidies for the cost of child care would generally have a substantial effect in increasing the probability of labor force participation if actual child care expenses were reimbursed through a voucher or refundable dependent car tax credit. General income subsidies to families with young children would not impact married mothers' labor force participation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grubbs-Eller, Teresa Jo. Child Care Expenditure and Mothers' Labor Supply: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland - College Park, 1989. DAI-A 51/03, p. 953, Sep 1990. |
2439. |
Gruber, Jonathan |
Risky Behavior Among Youths: An Economic Analysis Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Behavioral Problems; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Contraception; Crime; Drug Use; Sexual Activity The papers in this volume were presented at a conference at the South Seas Plantation in December 1999. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Introduction : Jonathan Gruber. 1. Risky Behavior among Youths: Some Issues from Behavioral Economics : Ted O'Donoghue and Matthew Rabin. 2. Youth Smoking in the United States: Evidence and Implications : Jonathan Gruber and Jonathan Zinman. 3. Teens and Traffic Safety : Thomas S. Dee and William N. Evans. 4. The Sexual Activity and Birth Control Use of American Teenagers : Phillip B. Levine. 5. Explaining the Rise in Youth Suicide : David M. Cutler, Edward L. Glaeser and Karen E. Norberg. 6. Marijuana and Youth : Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Michael Grossman, Frank J. Chaloupka, Patrick M. O'Malley, Lloyd D. Johnston, and Matthew C. Farrelly. 7. The Determinants of Juvenile Crime : Steven D. Levitt and Lance Lochner. 8. Environment and Persistence in Youthful Drinking Patterns : Philip J. Cook and Michael J. Moore. 9. Dropout and Enrollment Trends in the Postwar Period: What Went Wrong in the 1970s? : David Card and Thomas Lemieux. 10. Youths at Nutritional Risk: Malnourished or Misnourished? : Jay Bhattacharya and Janet Currie. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gruber, Jonathan. Risky Behavior Among Youths: An Economic Analysis. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2001. |
2440. |
Gruber, Jonathan Hungerman, Daniel M. |
The Church versus the Mall: What Happens When Religion Faces Increased Secular Competition? Quarterly Journal of Economics 123,2 (May 2008): 831-862. Also: http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/123/2/831.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Legislation; Religion; Religious Influences; State-Level Data/Policy Recently economists have begun to consider the causes and consequences of religious participation. An unanswered question in this literature is the effect upon individuals of changes in the opportunity cost of religious participation. In this paper, we identify a policy-driven change in the opportunity cost of religious participation based on state laws that prohibit retail activity on Sunday, known as "blue laws." Many states have repealed these laws in recent years, raising the opportunity cost of religious participation. We use a variety of data sets to show that when a state repeals its blue laws religious attendance falls and that church donations and spending fall as well. These results do not seem to be driven by declines in religiosity prior to the law change, nor do we see comparable declines in membership in or giving to nonreligious organizations after a state repeals its laws. We then assess the effects of changes in these laws on drinking and drug use behavior in the NLSY. We find that repealing blue laws leads to an increase in drinking and drug use and that this increase is found only among the initially religious individuals who were affected by the blue laws. The effect is economically significant; for example, the gap in heavy drinking between religious and nonreligious individuals falls by about half after the laws are repealed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gruber, Jonathan and Daniel M. Hungerman. "The Church versus the Mall: What Happens When Religion Faces Increased Secular Competition?" Quarterly Journal of Economics 123,2 (May 2008): 831-862.
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2441. |
Gruber, Jonathan Hungerman, Daniel M. |
The Church vs the Mall: What Happens When Religion Faces Increased Secular Competition? NBER Working Paper No. 12410, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2006. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w12410.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior; Drug Use; Legislation; Religious Influences; State-Level Data/Policy Recently economists have begun to consider the causes and consequences of religious participation. An unanswered question in this literature is the effect upon individuals of changes in the opportunity cost of religious participation. In this paper we identify a policy-driven change in the opportunity cost of religious participation based on state laws that prohibit retail activity on Sunday, known as "blue laws." Many states have repealed these laws in recent years, raising the opportunity cost of religious participation. We construct a model which predicts, under fairly general conditions, that allowing retail activity on Sundays will lower attendance levels but may increase or decrease religious donations. We then use a variety of datasets to show that when a state repeals its blue laws religious attendance falls, and that church donations and spending fall as well. These results do not seem to be driven by declines in religiosity prior to the law change, nor do we see comparable declines in membership or giving to nonreligious organizations after a state repeals its laws. We then assess the effects of changes in these laws on drinking and drug use behavior in the NLSY. We find that repealing blue laws leads to an increase in drinking and drug use, and that this increase is found only among the initially religious individuals who were affected by the blue laws. The effect is economically significant; for example, the gap in heavy drinking between religious and non religious individuals falls by about half after the laws are repealed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gruber, Jonathan and Daniel M. Hungerman. "The Church vs the Mall: What Happens When Religion Faces Increased Secular Competition?" NBER Working Paper No. 12410, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2006. |
2442. |
Grunow, Daniela Aisenbrey, Silke |
Economic Instability and Mothers' Employment: A Comparison of Germany and the U.S. Advances in Life Course Research 29 (September 2016): 5-15. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040260815000544 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Childbearing; Cross-national Analysis; German Life History Study; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Occupational Choice; Unemployment Rate Do economic fluctuations change the labour market attachment of mothers? How is the reentry process into the labour market after childbirth dependent on the country context women live in? Are these processes affected by occupational status? We address these questions using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth and the German Life History Study. Event history analyses demonstrate that in Germany and the United States, mothers who work in high occupational status jobs before birth return more quickly to their jobs and are less likely to interrupt their careers. During legally protected leave periods, mothers return at higher rates, exemplifying that family leaves strengthen mothers' labour force attachment. Economic fluctuations mediate this latter finding, with different consequences in each country. In the United States, mothers tend to return to their jobs faster when unemployment is high. In Germany, mothers on family leave tend to return to their jobs later when unemployment is high. The cross-national comparison shows how similar market forces create distinct responses in balancing work and care. |
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Bibliography Citation
Grunow, Daniela and Silke Aisenbrey. "Economic Instability and Mothers' Employment: A Comparison of Germany and the U.S." Advances in Life Course Research 29 (September 2016): 5-15.
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2443. |
Gryn, Thomas A. |
Effects of Relationship Transitions and Paternal Residency on Fathering Salience: Evidence from the NLSY79 Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Event History; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Presence; Male Sample Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. One aspect of fatherhood that has not been well studied is denial of paternity by men after previously acknowledging a biological child. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), I utilize event history analysis to examine how the hazard of denying a previously confirmed biological child varies by male relationship trajectories and by paternal residency with children. My hypotheses are that men are more likely to disclaim children when they have experienced a recent relationship transition, when they are not resident with their children, and when visitation with nonresident children is not frequent. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gryn, Thomas A. "Effects of Relationship Transitions and Paternal Residency on Fathering Salience: Evidence from the NLSY79." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. |
2444. |
Gryn, Thomas A. Mott, Frank L. |
Paternal Relationship History and Male Fertility: Evidence from the NLSY Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Event History; Hispanics; Male Sample; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses unique longitudinal data for a national sample of over 4,000 men and their children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth who were repeatedly interviewed between 1979 and 1998 to examine cumulative and parity-specific fertility trajectories, and their linkages with the patterning of relationships over time. A particular focus will be on exploring the extent that black, white, and possibly non-black Hispanic, respondents differ in these linkages. In addition to describing trajectories for these men as they age from middle/late adolescence to their late thirties, we use event history methodology to explore the determinants of progression to a first birth, and from a first to second birth sorting out the extent to which marriage, cohabitation histories, as well as the number of different reported partners in these relationships impact on parity progression independent of a number of socio-economic and demographic antecedents, and how this varies by race/ethnicity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gryn, Thomas A. and Frank L. Mott. "Paternal Relationship History and Male Fertility: Evidence from the NLSY." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002. |
2445. |
Gu, Yanmin |
Labor Unions and Career Mobility of American Workers Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Mobility; Mobility, Interfirm; Mobility, Labor Market; Social Influences; Socioeconomic Factors; Unions This study first estimates the union effects on various mobility rates including overall mobility rate, rates of job shifts with and without interruption, and inter- and intra-firm mobility rates. It then examines union effects on the destinations of corresponding moves. This study employs a longitudinal sample of 548 American young workers drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) from 1979 to 1993. Moreover, it draws its information on occupational prestige score from the 1990 prestige scale file of General Social Survey (GSS) and the union density information from the 1983 to 1993 Current Population Survey (CPS). By linking these two sources of information to that of the NLSY sample, it is able to estimate the union effects on the mobility rates and their socioeconomic consequences. Event history analysis is used to estimate the union effects on the five mobility rates. After that, GEE logistic marginal models are used to investigate the socioeconomic consequences of each mobility regime. The results show that (1) unions in general reduce occupation mobility and increase job stability. Since the early years of employment for American workers are characterized by job insecurity and interruptions, unions play a positive role for American young workers' steady job transitions; (2) unions' impact on the socioeconomic consequences of job mobility varies. They apparently increase organized workers' social standing. On the other hand, unions reduce their members' earnings associated with job mobility; (3) the threat effect of organizing varies depending on whether it is occupation based or industry based. Occupational based union threat effect has a negative impact on the social standing of job mobility but a positive effect on the earnings associated with job shifts. On the other hand, industrial based union threat effect, in contrast, has a positive effect on the social prestige of job shifts while a negative impact on the earnings of job shifts. Nevertheless, both types of threat effect reduce job mobility and increase labor market stability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gu, Yanmin. Labor Unions and Career Mobility of American Workers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1998. |
2446. |
Guardado, Jose R. |
The Effects of Worker Investments in Safety on Risk of Accidents and Wages Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2008. Also: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/47004982/The-effects-of-worker-investments-in-safety-on-risk-of-accidents-and-wages Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Accidents; Body Mass Index (BMI); Injuries; Wages; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This thesis examines the relationship between the risk of work accidents, investments in safety, and wages. Standard theory predicts that safety investments lower wages since workers and firms have negative tradeoffs between these variables. However, this hinges on the assumption that safety is modifiable only by firms. In this thesis, I incorporate worker investment in safety to the conventional model to examine its effects on risk and wages. The model predicts that risk falls and wages rise when workers invest in safety. I then test these predictions empirically. Because worker safety investments are difficult to measure, I take an indirect approach. Previous studies find that body weight is positively associated with the risk of accidents (injuries), suggesting workers can invest in safety by maintaining a lower weight. Thus, using body mass index (BMI) as a proxy for such investment, and the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), I estimate the effect of high BMI on the risk of experiencing a workplace injury. I find that obesity increases the risk of injury by 22 percent. However, although non-obese workers have higher safety-related productivity, this is probably not (entirely) due to purposeful investment. I then use the 1979 NLSY and job risk data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics to examine whether worker investments in safety (safety-related productivity) increase wages. Comparing wage differences in high and low risk jobs for low- and high-BMI workers, I find that obese workers earn a 5 percent smaller return to risk than their non-obese counterparts, which is consistent with the hypothesis. Finally, in a similar analysis but focusing more on the effects of weight per se, I assess whether a correlation between weight and wages can be explained by safety-related productivity. I find that obese males in high risk jobs earn 5 percent lower wages than their non-obese counterparts due to their lower safety-related productivity. For females, between 49 and 78 percent of the wage effects of obesity yielded by cross-sectional estimates can be explained by lower safety-related productivity, and the remainder by individual heterogeneity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guardado, Jose R. The Effects of Worker Investments in Safety on Risk of Accidents and Wages. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2008.. |
2447. |
Guardado, Jose R. Ziebarth, Nicolas R. |
Worker Investments in Safety, Workplace Accidents, and Compensating Wage Differentials International Economic Review 60,1 (February 2019): 133-155. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/iere.12347 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Accidents; Body Mass Index (BMI); Injuries, Workplace; Wage Differentials The theory of compensating wage differentials (CWDs) assumes that firms supply and workers demand workplace safety, predicting a positive relationship between accident risk and wages. This paper allows for safety provision by workers, which predicts a countervailing negative relationship between individual risk and wages: firms pay higher wages for higher safety‐related productivity. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth panel data and data on fatal and nonfatal accidents, our precise CWDs imply a value of a statistical injury of $45.4 thousand and a value of a statistical life of $6.3 million. In line with our model, individual risk and wages are negatively correlated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guardado, Jose R. and Nicolas R. Ziebarth. "Worker Investments in Safety, Workplace Accidents, and Compensating Wage Differentials." International Economic Review 60,1 (February 2019): 133-155.
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2448. |
Guettabi, Mouhcine |
Three Essays in Applied Microeconomics Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Body Mass Index (BMI); Obesity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 1: Can Twenty Minutes on the Treadmill Save You From Bankruptcy? The Impact of Obesity on Consumer Bankruptcy. Abstract: Over the last two decades, both bankruptcy and obesity rates in the U.S. have seen a steady rise. Obesity being one of the leading causes of medical and morbidity related economic costs; we study if it has any influence on personal bankruptcy. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we employ a duration model to investigate the relative importance of obesity on the timing of bankruptcy. Even after accounting for possible endogeneity of BMI and controlling for a wide variety of individual and aggregate-level confounding factors, being obese puts one at a greater risk of filing for bankruptcy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guettabi, Mouhcine. Three Essays in Applied Microeconomics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University, 2012. |
2449. |
Guettabi, Mouhcine Munasib, Abdul |
Is There a Tradeoff between Remote Living and Healthy Living? The Impact of Remoteness on Body Weight Review of Regional Studies 48,2 (2018): 173-92. Also: https://rrs.scholasticahq.com/article/7998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Regional Science Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Geocoded Data; Rural Areas; Rural/Urban Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we examine the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and the remoteness of the county in which the individual lives. Remoteness in this study is identified by calculating the geographical position of the county with respect to metropolitan areas of different sizes (urban hierarchy) of the location. Since BMI affects where an individual chooses to live, there may be endogeneity bias. To address this concern, we identify patterns of mobility in which the choice of location is independent of BMI. In a framework that accounts for unobserved individual-level heterogeneity and sources of endogeneity bias, we show that after controlling for urban sprawl or location density, there is no systematic manner through which remoteness affects body weight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guettabi, Mouhcine and Abdul Munasib. "Is There a Tradeoff between Remote Living and Healthy Living? The Impact of Remoteness on Body Weight." Review of Regional Studies 48,2 (2018): 173-92.
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2450. |
Guettabi, Mouhcine Munasib, Abdul |
The Impact of Obesity on Consumer Bankruptcy Economics and Human Biology 17 (April 2015): 208-224. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X14000884 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Body Mass Index (BMI); Obesity Over the last two decades, both bankruptcy and obesity rates in the U.S. have seen a steady rise. As obesity is one of the leading causes of medical and morbidity related economic costs, its influence on personal bankruptcy is analyzed in this study. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we employ a duration model to investigate the relative importance of obesity on the timing of bankruptcy. Even after accounting for possible endogeneity of BMI and controlling for a wide variety of individual and aggregate-level confounding factors, being obese puts one at a greater risk of filing for bankruptcy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guettabi, Mouhcine and Abdul Munasib. "The Impact of Obesity on Consumer Bankruptcy." Economics and Human Biology 17 (April 2015): 208-224.
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2451. |
Guettabi, Mouhcine Munasib, Abdul |
Urban Sprawl, Obesogenic Environment, and Child Weight Journal of Regional Science 54,3 (June 2014): 378-401. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jors.12123/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Environment, Pollution/Urban Density; Exercise; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Maternal Employment; Mobility, Residential; Obesity; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Residence; Weight Using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth along with the child survey, we examine the relationship between urban sprawl of U.S. metro counties and the body mass index (BMI) of children who reside in these counties. We make a distinction between urban sprawl in a county and its geographical placement in the urban hierarchy. Even after accounting for unobserved individual heterogeneity and resulting selection bias, we find that urban sprawl is positively related to child BMI and distance to large metros is negatively related to child BMI. These effects are somewhat pronounced among girls and middle/high school children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guettabi, Mouhcine and Abdul Munasib. "Urban Sprawl, Obesogenic Environment, and Child Weight." Journal of Regional Science 54,3 (June 2014): 378-401.
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2452. |
Guo, Guang |
The Timing of the Influences of Cumulative Poverty on Children's Cognitive Ability and Achievement Social Forces 77,1 (September 1998): 257-287. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3006017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Home Environment; Children, Poverty; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Genetics; Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Is childhood such a critical period by the end of this period, cumulative poverty would have exerted maximum effect on children's cognitive outcomes? Or are cognitive outcomes more a function of the length of exposure to poverty regardless of the life stage in which the child is exposed to poverty? The NLSY, which measures each child's cognitive development repeatedly over time, was analyzed to answer these questions. We distinguish between ability and achievement. Ability is a more stable trait than achievement and tends to be determined by both environmental and genetic factors early in life. Achievement on the other hand is more acquired. This study shows that long-term poverty has substantial influences on both ability and achievement, but the time patterns of these influences are distinctly different. Childhood appears to be a much more crucial period for the development of cognitive ability than early adolescence. In contrast, poverty experienced in adolescence appears to be more influential to adolescent achievement than poverty experienced earlier in life. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guo, Guang. "The Timing of the Influences of Cumulative Poverty on Children's Cognitive Ability and Achievement." Social Forces 77,1 (September 1998): 257-287.
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2453. |
Guo, Guang Harris, Kathleen Mullan |
The Mechanisms Mediating the Effects of Poverty on Children's Intellectual Development Demography 37,4 (November 2000): 431-447. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/c08312674v02ng22/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Child Care; Child Health; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although adverse consequences of poverty for children are documented widely, little is understood about the mechanisms through which the effects of poverty disadvantage young children. In this analysis we investigate multiple mechanisms through which poverty affects a child's intellectual development. Using data from the NLSY and structural equation models, we have constructed five latent factors (cognitive stimulation, parenting style, physical environment, child's ill health at birth, and ill health in childhood) and have allowed these factors, along with child care, to mediate the effects of poverty and other exogenous variables. We produce two main findings. First, the influence of family poverty on children's intellectual development is mediated completely by the intervening mechanisms measured by our latent factors. Second, our analysis points to cognitive stimulation in the home, and (to a lesser extent) to parenting style, physical environment of the home, and poor child health at birth, as mediating factors that are affected by lack of income and that influence children's intellectual development. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guo, Guang and Kathleen Mullan Harris. "The Mechanisms Mediating the Effects of Poverty on Children's Intellectual Development." Demography 37,4 (November 2000): 431-447.
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2454. |
Guo, Guang Vanwey, Leah K. |
Sibship Size and Intellectual Development: Is the Relationship Causal? American Sociological Review 64,2 (April 1999): 169-187. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657524 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Family Characteristics; Family Environment; Family Size; Genetics; Intelligence; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Originally Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2-4, 1998 Previous research has consistently found a negative statistical relationship between sibship size and children's intellectual development. Two explanations have been offered for this finding. The prevailing explanation is that the relationship is causal, suggesting that limiting family size would lead to more intelligent children. A second explanation maintains that the relationship is spurious--that one or more undetermined factors correlated with family size are causally related to intellectual development. Using data on children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we reexamine the issue using change models. These change models allow us to control for such unmeasured effects as family intellectual climate, family value system, and family genetic heritage. We begin by replicating in these data the negative statistical relationship between three cognitive measures and sibship size. We then apply the change models to siblings measured at two points in time and to repeated measures of the same individuals. By considering sibship size as an individual trait that changes over time, we control for effects that are shared across siblings and over time. When these shared effects are controlled, the negative relationship between sibship size and intellectual development disappears, casting doubt on the causal interpretation of the negative relationship conventionally found. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guo, Guang and Leah K. Vanwey. "Sibship Size and Intellectual Development: Is the Relationship Causal?" American Sociological Review 64,2 (April 1999): 169-187.
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2455. |
Guo, Guang Vanwey, Leah K. |
The Effects of Closely Spaced and Widely Spaced Sibship Size on Intellectual Development: Reply to Phillips and Downey et al. American Sociological Review 64,2 (April 1999): 199-206. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657527 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A response to Meredith Phillips's & Douglas B. Downey et al's (both 1999) analyses of the authors' contention that sibship size has little influence on children's intellectual development. Whereas Phillips' commentary is welcomed, it is asserted that Downey et al have failed to invalidate the authors' contention. Contrary to the latter's assertion, it is suggested that cross-sectional model analyses of both closely & widely spaced sibship size are potentially misleading. It is contended that the change model effectively controlled "unobserved permanent family characteristics." Downey et al's assertion that change & cross-sectional models are comparable is rejected because both models analyze different measures of sibship size & children's intellectual growth. Moreover, their contention that the authors presented a static representation of the family is repudiated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guo, Guang and Leah K. Vanwey. "The Effects of Closely Spaced and Widely Spaced Sibship Size on Intellectual Development: Reply to Phillips and Downey et al." American Sociological Review 64,2 (April 1999): 199-206.
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2456. |
Guo, Junjie |
Essays on Human Capital Externalities and Migration Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Census of Population; College Education; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 1 shows that wage grows faster with experience in labor markets with larger shares of college-educated workers (college share). An instrumental variable and panel data with individual fixed effects are used to address the potential endogeneity of college share and the sorting of workers across labor markets respectively. The effect of the college share of a labor market is shown to persist after workers leave the market, suggesting that a larger college share raises returns to experience through the accumulation of human capital valuable in all markets. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guo, Junjie. Essays on Human Capital Externalities and Migration. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2016. |
2457. |
Guo, Naijia |
The Effect of an Early Career Recession on Schooling and Lifetime Welfare International Economic Review 59,3 (August 2018): 1511-1545. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/iere.12312 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Economic Changes/Recession; Job Search; Schooling; Work History This paper evaluates the lifetime welfare and labor market consequences of experiencing a recession during youth, using a directed search equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents and aggregate shocks. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guo, Naijia. "The Effect of an Early Career Recession on Schooling and Lifetime Welfare." International Economic Review 59,3 (August 2018): 1511-1545.
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2458. |
Guo, Naijia |
The Impact of an Early Career Recession on Schooling and Lifetime Welfare Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Economic Changes/Recession; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Labor Supply; Life Course; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper evaluates the long-term welfare consequences from experiencing a recession as youths, taking into account the impact on schooling, future job mobility, human capital accumulation, labor supply and wages. The paper also explores the mechanisms that account for lifetime wage changes by decomposing those changes into different channels: changes from schooling, from work experience, and from job mobility. To achieve these goals, this paper develops and estimates a search equilibrium model with heterogenous agents and aggregate shocks. The model is an extension of a directed search model, the Block Recursive Equilibrium framework of Menzio and Shi (2010), which remains tractable when it is solved outside of the steady state. The counterfactual analysis shows that experiencing the 1981-1982 recession at age 16-22 causes a 2.2% to 3.0% loss in lifetime welfare. Endogenizing schooling decision avoids overestimation of the welfare loss. The wage decomposition shows that the loss from job mobility explains the majority of the wage loss during the recession, and the loss in experience and tenure persists long after the recession. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guo, Naijia. The Impact of an Early Career Recession on Schooling and Lifetime Welfare. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 2014. |
2459. |
Guo, Siying |
A Model of Religious Involvement, Family Processes, Self-Control, and Juvenile Delinquency in Two-Parent Families Journal of Adolescence 63 (February 2018): 175-190. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140197117302154 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Process Measures; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Religious Influences; Self-Control/Self-Regulation Family processes, adolescent religious involvement, and self-control may serve as important mechanisms that mediate the relationship between parental religious involvement and delinquency. However, at present no study has systematically investigated the relationships among these factors and how these mediating mechanisms work. To address this gap, path analyses are conducted to test the hypothesized pathways whereby parental religious involvement operates to discourage delinquent behaviors of offspring. The study variables are taken from three waves of the study of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and its descendent NLSY79 Child and Young Adults at two year intervals (2000, 2002, and 2004). 1020 American adolescents who are 10-14 years old in 2002 are selected for final analyses. The findings suggest that parental religious involvement does not affect adolescent delinquency four years later directly, but indirectly through its influence on adolescent religious involvement, parenting practices, inter-parental conflict, and their interactions with adolescent self-control. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guo, Siying. "A Model of Religious Involvement, Family Processes, Self-Control, and Juvenile Delinquency in Two-Parent Families." Journal of Adolescence 63 (February 2018): 175-190.
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2460. |
Guo, Yan |
Comparison of Youth Migration Patterns Across Cohorts: Evidence from Two National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology, Utah State University, December 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Degree; College Graduates; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Internal-External Attitude; Migration; Migration Patterns; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research is a systematic comparison of youth migration experiences between two birth cohorts, using the first ten rounds of two national longitudinal surveys of youth, NLSY79 and NLSY97. Results show both changes and continuities in youth migration patterns across cohorts for ages 16-25. Specifically, youth today have a delayed but stronger migration momentum than the late baby boom generation, the dividing point being at age 22. Women are more likely to migrate than men in the recent cohort, but not in the older cohort. Whites migrate considerably more than blacks and Hispanics consistently across cohorts. The likely life events in youth's transition to adulthood are important indicators of youth's migration propensity for both cohorts. Particularly, graduating with a bachelor's degree is the most powerful predictor of youth's migration propensity. Other life events such as getting married; becoming separated, divorced, or widowed; dropping out of college; and losing a job are also significantly associated with youth migration. In general, the effects of these life events on youth's migration propensity are weakened across cohorts, but the importance of having a college degree on migration propensity has been increasing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guo, Yan. Comparison of Youth Migration Patterns Across Cohorts: Evidence from Two National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology, Utah State University, December 2009. |
2461. |
Guo, Yan |
The Effects of Family Background Variables on Children's Educational Attainment M.S. Thesis, Utah State University, 2001. MAI, 40, no. 03 (2001): 612 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Household Income; Human Capital; Marital Status; Parents, Single; Racial Differences This study examines the effects of parents' marital status on educational attainment among youth in the United States. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used, specifically from the survey of youth ages 14-22 in 1979. A sample of 2,390 respondents is examined using multiple regression to estimate the effects of gender, age, race/ethnicity, family structure and size, family resources, and students' self-esteem on children's educational attainment. Children living in single-parent families obtain less education than children in two-parent families, but with other variables controlled this effect disappears. Children from minority groups-non-Hispanic black and Hispanic-receive slightly fewer years of education in both family types. Females, especially non-Hispanic black and Hispanic females, attain more years of education than their male counterparts particularly in single parent households. Family financial and human capital is the best predictor of children's educational attainment in both single and two-parent families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guo, Yan. The Effects of Family Background Variables on Children's Educational Attainment. M.S. Thesis, Utah State University, 2001. MAI, 40, no. 03 (2001): 612. |
2462. |
Guo, Yan Berry, Eddy Helen Marquart-Pratt, Sandra T. |
Comparing Youth Migration in the United States: Evidence from the NLSY79 and NLSY97 Presented: Warsaw, Poland, European Survey Research Association, June-July 2009. Also: http://surveymethodology.eu/conferences/warsaw-2009/presentation/353/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: European Survey Reseach Association (ESRA) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Employment, Youth; Life Course; Marital Status; Migration Patterns; Mobility Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Americans are known for their highly mobility, as during the 1990s, the "average" person in the United States moved about eleven times throughout the course of his life. Youths especially have high mobility rates. Previous research demonstrates that period and cohort effects are important to address with regard to explaining migration across individuals and across time. This research compares youth migration experience (ages 16 to 26 years) in the U.S. using two national longitudinal surveys, NLSY79 and NLSY97, including ten waves of data for each cohort. First, migration rates of youths across these two groups are compared. Next, the factors influencing migration are examined for both age groups across three types of migration: primary, onward and return. We emphasize comparison of what motivates migration across the groups, focusing on a core set of explanatory factors. We also examine key changes occurring in youths' life course: changes in marital status, educational attainment and employment as key dimensions of similarity or difference across the two time periods. Features of the longitudinal analysis are highlighted, especially with regard to using person-year periods and the question of repeated observations across individuals. We discuss key findings of the research as pertain to future studies of youth migration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guo, Yan, Eddy Helen Berry and Sandra T. Marquart-Pratt. "Comparing Youth Migration in the United States: Evidence from the NLSY79 and NLSY97." Presented: Warsaw, Poland, European Survey Research Association, June-July 2009. |
2463. |
Guo, Yan Marquart-Pratt, Sandra T. Berry, Eddy Helen |
Comparing Migration Consequences Across Cohorts Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, April 2008. Also: http://paa2008.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=81707 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Economics of Minorities; Economics, Demographic; Economics, Regional; Labor Economics; Life Course; Migration Patterns Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research demonstrates that migration patterns differ across groups. Migration can also be shaped by broader processes of social change such as political and economic shifts, which take place at various levels of interaction, including local, national, and, in some instances, global scales. This research compares migration patterns across two cohorts using NLSY data (NLSY79 and NLSY97) in order to compare patterns of migration across these two cohorts and examine how they differ on various dimensions, including individual characteristics, migration types, and with regard to key life transitions such as entry into the labor market. Of key interest is the extent to which community level attributes and/or broader social forces influence patterns of migration in conjunction with various individual-level processes noted to be influential in previous research. Preliminary results show some group-based differences, though further exploration is required. Later analyses will integrate community characteristics as another potential source of variation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guo, Yan, Sandra T. Marquart-Pratt and Eddy Helen Berry. "Comparing Migration Consequences Across Cohorts." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, April 2008. |
2464. |
Gupta, Nabanita Datta |
Probabilities of Job Choice and Employer Selection and Male-Female Occupational Differences American Economic Review 83,2 (May 1993): 57-61. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117640 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Modeling; Occupational Choice; Occupational Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An explicit model was estimated of the occupational status of workers as determined by the interaction of two choices: a worker's choice of occupation and the employer's choice of that worker for that occupation. The data sample consisted of 3,540 young men and women from the 1982 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The results indicate that gender differences in occupations are due to differences in both worker and employer preferences. Predicted probabilities of workers' job choices indicate that women are likelier than men to select the "female" (at least 60 percent female) and service occupations and less likely to select the crafts/labor and professional/managerial occupations. In terms of employer selection, predicted probabilities indicate that men are more likely than women to be chosen for the professional/managerial and service occupations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gupta, Nabanita Datta. "Probabilities of Job Choice and Employer Selection and Male-Female Occupational Differences." American Economic Review 83,2 (May 1993): 57-61.
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2465. |
Gupta, Nabanita Datta |
The Role of Preferences and Constraints as Determinants of Male-Female Occupational Differences Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1992. DAI-A 53/07, p. 2492, Jan 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Sex; Gender Differences; Occupational Choice; Occupations, Female; Simultaneity An important policy issue concerning the U.S. labor market is whether the observed clustering of women in a few low-paid occupations is indicative of discrimination against them. An alternative hypothesis is that such differences reflect gender differences in preferences for occupations. This thesis attempts to empirically distinguish between these two hypotheses by determining which hypothesis better fits the data available and by separating the effect of heterogeneous preferences from the effect of wage and hiring discrimination on the observed occupational distributions. Two distinct modelling strategies are pursued. The first is a hedonic model of constrained occupational choice which assumes that workers choose their preferred consumption-leisure-job attribute package subject to a market locus of wage-attribute packages. The parameters of specific functional forms for preferences and the market locus are derived using a three-stages non-linear least squares simultaneous equations estimator. Data are drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort (NLSY) and the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT). A Wald test indicates that the observed asymmetry in occupational distributions by gender is due more to gender differences in constraints than to gender differences in preferences. The second model considers occupational attainment as the outcome of two discrete choice processes. The worker chooses an occupation from a set of discrete occupations with exogenously determined levels of job attributes. The employer chooses whether or not to accept that worker for that occupation. This allows the possibility of job queues and hiring discrimination. Non-linear iterative methods are used to maximize the likelihood function. Using data from NLSY and DOT the existence of such queues are tested in three non-female-dominated occupations: Professional/Managerial, Crafts/Laborers and Services. The results show significant evidence that job-queues are important for both women and men in each of the three non-female occupations. Likelihood ratio tests show that gender differences in occupational distributions are due both to gender differences in worker preferences for occupations and to gender differences in employer selection of workers. F-tests and t-tests indicate that women are more likely to choose the female-dominated and Service occupations and less likely to choose the Crafts/Labor occupation while employers are less likely to hire women in the Professional/Managerial and Service occupations. The two models yield slightly different conclusions regarding the importance of preferences relative to constraints in part due to methodological differences in approach. However, both approaches conclude that constraints are important and that women face different labor market opportunities than men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gupta, Nabanita Datta. The Role of Preferences and Constraints as Determinants of Male-Female Occupational Differences. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1992. DAI-A 53/07, p. 2492, Jan 1993. |
2466. |
Gustafson, Cynthia Karen |
Effects of Job Displacement on Younger Workers Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Displaced Workers; Divorce; Earnings; Family Structure; Family Studies; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Labor Economics; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Fixed Effects This dissertation explores the effects of job displacement on younger workers. A job displacement is commonly defined as a job separation that results from no fault of the worker. Workers, for example, are displaced if their plant closes or if they are laid off without recall; displaced workers are not workers who were fired. Chapter 2 explores the long-term effects of job displacement on labor market outcomes and how these effects depend on post-displacement mobility across location, industry, and occupation. Chapter 3 explores the effects of displacement on marriage, divorce, and separation rates, along with fertility. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a dataset rarely used in research on displacement, to construct a group of displaced workers and a comparison group containing non-displaced workers. Using a generalized difference-in-differences model that includes individual fixed effects, I estimate what displaced workers labor market outcomes and family structure would have been had they not been displaced. I find that displacement has a large, negative effect on employment, earnings, and hours worked even six years after displacement. Six years after displacement, nonemployment is 8 percent higher among displaced workers than among their non-displaced counterparts. Among individuals who return to work, displacement decreases long-term earnings and hours worked by 8 and 4 percent, respectively. The long-term earnings and hours worked reductions for displaced workers who had at least two years of tenure when they were displaced are 15 and 8 percent, respectively. Long-term earnings reductions are 8 percent for immobile workers but only 4 percent for workers who change locations. Displaced workers who switch either industry or occupation suffer larger short-term earnings losses from displacement, yet contrary to previous findings the switchers and stayers have similar long-term costs. The effects of displacement on women's family structure are unclear. For men, however, displacement permanently decreases their flow into marriage, while largely increasing their flow out of marriage. Both the probabilities of divorce and separation double post-displacement, yet these effects appear to only be temporary. Displacement is estimated to permanently decrease male's probability of having a child by about 20 percent. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gustafson, Cynthia Karen. Effects of Job Displacement on Younger Workers. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 1999. |
2467. |
Gustafson, Cynthia Karen |
Job Displacement and Mobility of Younger Workers Working Paper 8, The Center for Labor Economics, University of California - Berkeley, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Labor Economics, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Displaced Workers; Earnings; Employment, Youth; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores the long-term effects of job displacement on younger workers and how these effects depend on post-displacement mobility across location, industry and occupation. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to construct a group of displaced workers and a comparison group containing non-displaced workers. Using a generalized "difference-in differences" model that includes individual fixed effects, I estimate what displaced workers' employment status, earnings, and hours worked would have been had they not been displaced and how these effects vary by post-displacement mobility decisions. I find that displacement has a large negative effect on employment, earnings, and hours worked. Seven percent of displaced workers are not employed six years after displacement yet would have been but for displacement. Among individuals who return to work, displacement decreases workers' earnings and hours worked by 14% and 8%, respectively, in the long-term. Workers who move locations find a long-term earnings cost of 10% compared with immobile workers' cost of 15%. Contrary to previous findings, workers who switch either industry or occupation have similar long-term earnings losses as workers who stay in their same industry or occupation. The effects of mobility, however, vary largely when conditioning on a worker characteristic. Copyright (c) 2001 Cambridge University Press |
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Bibliography Citation
Gustafson, Cynthia Karen. "Job Displacement and Mobility of Younger Workers." Working Paper 8, The Center for Labor Economics, University of California - Berkeley, 1998. |
2468. |
Gustafson, Cynthia Karen Levine, Phillip B. |
Less-Skilled Workers, Welfare Reform, and the Unemployment Insurance System NBER Working Paper No. 6489, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6489 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Benefits; Family Background and Culture; Skilled Workers; Skills; Unemployment Compensation; Unemployment Insurance; Welfare Examines how workers fare in the system, estimating their likelihood of becoming eligible for and collecting benefits; argues that the provision mandating that separations from jobs be involuntary prevents most workers from gaining insurance eligibility; 1957-97; US. Based on National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NSLY) data on family and personal backgrounds and labor market activity of 12,686 people born between 1957 and 1964. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gustafson, Cynthia Karen and Phillip B. Levine. "Less-Skilled Workers, Welfare Reform, and the Unemployment Insurance System." NBER Working Paper No. 6489, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998. |
2469. |
Gustafsson, Siv S. Stafford, Frank P. |
Links Between Early Childhood Programs and Maternal Employment in Three Countries The Future of Children: Long-Term Outcomes of Early Childhood Programs 5,3 (Winter 1995). Also: http://www.futureofchildren.org/pubs-info2825/pubs-info_show.htm?doc_id=77657 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Princeton - Brookings Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Cross-national Analysis; Family Structure; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Maternal Employment; Occupational Choice; Sweden, Swedish; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Early childhood programs are usually viewed as a service that promotes children's development. In addition, these programs often serve a broader purpose of enabling mothers with young children to join the paid labor force. Therefore, government policies relating to the provision and use of child care programs reflect such economic and social factors as the demand for women workers in the labor market; expectations of the relationship among government, family, and the private market; and the value placed on maintaining traditional family structures with a breadwinner, a homemaker, and children. This article examines the evolution of policies toward maternal employment and child care provision in the United States, Sweden, and the Netherlands-three countries that differ sharply in the extent of government involvement in child and family policy, and in the emphasis government leaders place on promoting or discouraging maternal employment. This analysis shows that child care policy is best viewed as but one element among many that make it more or less likely that mothers of young children will be employed and will need to rely on early childhood programs to care for their youngsters. The design of tax codes, labor laws, parental leave policies, and cash assistance programs combines with child care policies to shape women's choices about employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gustafsson, Siv S. and Frank P. Stafford. "Links Between Early Childhood Programs and Maternal Employment in Three Countries." The Future of Children: Long-Term Outcomes of Early Childhood Programs 5,3 (Winter 1995).
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2470. |
Gustman, Alan L. Anderson, Patricia M. Engelhardt, Gary V. Samwick, Andrew A. |
Wages, Fringe Benefits and Savings: Interactions and Implications for Determination of Labor Market Outcomes Analysis with the National Longitudinal Survey Technical Proposal Response to Bureau of Labor Statistics SGA 940-04 from U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1994 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Job Turnover; Labor Market Outcomes; Mobility, Labor Market; Pensions; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Savings; Wage Differentials; Wages; Wealth The project consists of five interrelated studies. The first study is an economic analysis with the Survey of Mature Women, but has a significant methodological component pertaining to the use of employer provided pension plan descriptions. The second study uses these data for the first time in a retirement analysis. Third is a study using the data for Mature Women to analyze labor market risk in the form of wage and employment variation, exploring the implications of such variation for asset accumulation and labor market decisions. The fourth study analyzes the role of health insurance in the labor market, and in particular the effects of health insurance on labor market turnover, among NLSY respondents, among those in the survey of Young Women, and among the Mature Women sample. The fifth focuses on asset formation early in the career, especially in the form of housing wealth, and considering the implications of housing wealth for labor market turnover. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gustman, Alan L., Patricia M. Anderson, Gary V. Engelhardt and Andrew A. Samwick. "Wages, Fringe Benefits and Savings: Interactions and Implications for Determination of Labor Market Outcomes Analysis with the National Longitudinal Survey." Technical Proposal Response to Bureau of Labor Statistics SGA 940-04 from U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1994. |
2471. |
Guthrie, Katherine Sokolowsky, Jan |
Obesity and Credit Risk Working Paper, Mason School of Business, College of William and Mary, April 2012. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1786536 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Mason School of Business, College of William and Mary Keyword(s): Credit/Credit Constraint; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Obesity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Obesity provides a potentially informative signal about individuals' choices and preferences. Using NLSY survey data, we estimate that the loan delinquency rate among the obese is 20 percent higher than among the non-obese after controlling for numerous observable, prohibited, and - to lenders - unobservable credit risk factors. The economic significance of obesity for delinquencies is comparable to that of job displacements. Obesity is particularly informative about future delinquencies among those with low credit risk. In terms of channels, we find that the obesity effect is at least partially mediated through poor health, but is not attributable to individuals' time preferences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guthrie, Katherine and Jan Sokolowsky. "Obesity and Credit Risk." Working Paper, Mason School of Business, College of William and Mary, April 2012. |
2472. |
Guthrie, Katherine Sokolowsky, Jan |
Obesity and Household Financial Distress Critical Finance Review 6,1 (2017): 133-178. Also: http://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/CFR-0034 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Now Publishers Inc. Keyword(s): Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Obesity provides a potentially informative signal about individuals' choices and preferences. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data, we estimate that debt delinquency is 20 percent higher among the obese than the non-obese after controlling for an extensive set of financial and economic credit risk factors. The economic significance of obesity for delinquencies is comparable to that of job displacements. Obesity is particularly informative about delinquencies among those with low credit risk. In terms of channels, we find that the conditional obesity effect is partially mediated through health, but is not attributable to individuals' attitudes, time and risk preferences, or cognitive skills. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guthrie, Katherine and Jan Sokolowsky. "Obesity and Household Financial Distress." Critical Finance Review 6,1 (2017): 133-178.
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2473. |
Guvenen, Fatih Kuruscu, Burhanettin Tanaka, Satoshi Wiczer, David Geoffrey |
Multidimensional Skill Mismatch NBER Working Paper No. 21376, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2015. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w21376 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Earnings; Occupational Choice; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Skills What determines the earnings of a worker relative to his peers in the same occupation? What makes a worker fail in one occupation but succeed in another? More broadly, what are the factors that determine the productivity of a worker-occupation match? In this paper, we propose an empirical measure of skill mismatch for a worker-occupation match, which sheds light on these questions. This measure is based on the discrepancy between the portfolio of skills required by an occupation (for performing the tasks that produce output) and the portfolio of abilities possessed by a worker for learning those skills. This measure arises naturally in a dynamic model of occupational choice with multidimensional skills and Bayesian learning about one's ability to learn these skills. In this model, mismatch is central to the career outcomes of workers: it reduces the returns to occupational tenure, and it predicts occupational switching behavior. We construct our empirical analog by combining data from the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), O*NET, and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Our empirical results show that the effects of mismatch on wages are large and persistent: mismatch in occupations held early in life has a strong effect on wages in future occupations. Skill mismatch also significantly increases the probability of an occupational switch and predicts its direction in the skill space. These results provide fresh evidence on the importance of skill mismatch for the job search process. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guvenen, Fatih, Burhanettin Kuruscu, Satoshi Tanaka and David Geoffrey Wiczer. "Multidimensional Skill Mismatch." NBER Working Paper No. 21376, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2015. |
2474. |
Guzzo, Karen Benjamin Dorius, Cassandra J. |
Challenges in Measuring and Studying Multipartnered Fertility in American Survey Data Population Research and Policy Review 35,4 (August 2016): 553-579. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-016-9398-9 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Data Quality/Consistency; Fertility, Multiple Partners; Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Multipartnered fertility ("MPF") has become a major topic of interest in the United States due to potential negative linkages with parental, child, and family wellbeing. A first step in studying any newly emerging (or newly identified) social phenomenon is to properly define the issue and identify its prevalence. However, this is problematic in the case of MPF because most existing sources of data were not originally designed to study MPF. We examine the major data sources used to produce estimates of MPF in the United States, discussing the methodological issues that produce conflicting prevalence estimates and providing guidelines for producing comparable estimates. We also discuss important considerations for research seeking to link MPF and outcomes. Our recommendations will help researchers situate their findings in the broader literature and spur future research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guzzo, Karen Benjamin and Cassandra J. Dorius. "Challenges in Measuring and Studying Multipartnered Fertility in American Survey Data." Population Research and Policy Review 35,4 (August 2016): 553-579.
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2475. |
Guzzo, Karen Benjamin Dorius, Cassandra J. |
Does Maternal Multipartnered Fertility Affect the Mother-Child Relationship? Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Fertility, Multiple Partners; Mothers; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Siblings; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Multipartnered fertility (MPF) is widely considered detrimental to family and child well-being, yet the mechanisms by which MPF may affect well-being are unclear. We suggest that due to the higher instability and greater complexity of families with MPF, children with half-siblings may have a weaker mother-child relationship than children with only full siblings. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY) and drawing from both mother’s and children’s reports, we compare the perceptions of firstborn children with younger siblings from MPF and single-partner fertility (SPF) homes regarding how much their mothers monitor and spend time with them, how close they feel to their mother and how much they share with their mother, and how often they perceive their mother missing important events. The NLSY provides rich background information and data on family instability and transitions to more accurately allow us to isolate the effects of MPF from other factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Guzzo, Karen Benjamin and Cassandra J. Dorius. "Does Maternal Multipartnered Fertility Affect the Mother-Child Relationship?" Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
2476. |
Gwin, Carl R. Gwin, Carol F. North, Charles M. Orman, Wafa Hakim |
Understanding Religious Choice: A Product Attributes Model Application Presented: Oklahoma, City, Southwest Decision Sciences Institute 2009 meetings. Also: http://www.swdsi.org/swdsi2009/Papers/9B03.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southwest Decision Sciences Institute Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Geographical Variation; Regions; Religion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also presented at the 2009 annual meeting of the Western Economic Association International. This paper investigates how consumer preferences play a role in a person's choice of a “brand” of religion. Understanding how consumers make tradeoffs in selecting between religions is critical to developing a model of consumer choice in this important area of everyday life. We approach this topic theoretically by using the product characteristics paradigm initially developed by Lancaster (1966) and analyzed as a "Product Attributes Model" by Gwin and Gwin (2003). In a product attributes model, consumers choose from a set of brands that embody a bundle of product attributes rather than choosing from among a set of one-dimensional products. By incorporating the multidimensionality of religious goods into the consumer choice problem, the product attributes model is ideal for analyzing religious choice among differentiated alternatives in a competitive market. Using religious data from two surveys, we use attribute maps to identify existing consumer preferences and current religious brand (denominational) positioning. Our results show that understanding the dimensions of religious choice can guide religious denominations in developing the appropriate combination of belief and religious activities for their target consumer. Our framework can also help denominations determine if they need to re-position their church to better meet their consumers' needs or to grow as a church. |
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Bibliography Citation
Gwin, Carl R., Carol F. Gwin, Charles M. North and Wafa Hakim Orman. "Understanding Religious Choice: A Product Attributes Model Application." Presented: Oklahoma, City, Southwest Decision Sciences Institute 2009 meetings. |
2477. |
Hachet, Kimberly A. |
Determining Infants' and Toddlers' Home Environments: A Comprehensive Model of Children of Employed Mothers M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Health; Children, Home Environment; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Poverty; Racial Differences; Regions This paper examines determinants of the home environments of six to thirty-five month old children of employed mothers, using data from the 1988 NLSY Merged Child-Mother Data Set (N=554). Multiple regression reveals that male children, younger children, children with health problems, and children living in poverty have lower HOME scores. Children of black and Mexican-Hispanic mothers, mothers with low self-esteem, and mothers living in the South have weaker home environments. While greater occupational complexity of mothers results in a stronger home environment, the same for fathers results in a weaker home environment. Finally, fewer children and greater interaction of the mother with her spouse lead to stronger home environments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hachet, Kimberly A. Determining Infants' and Toddlers' Home Environments: A Comprehensive Model of Children of Employed Mothers. M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1991. |
2478. |
Hadd, Alexandria Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
Intelligence, Income, and Education as Potential Influences on a Child's Home Environment: A (Maternal) Sibling-Comparison Design Developmental Psychology 53,7 (July 2017): 1286-1299. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/53/7/1286.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Home Environment; Household Income; Intelligence; Kinship; Mothers; Parental Influences; Siblings The quality of the home environment, as a predictor, is related to health, education, and emotion outcomes. However, factors influencing the quality of the home environment, as an outcome, have been understudied--particularly how children construct their own environments. Further, most previous research on family processes and outcomes has implemented between-family designs, which limit claims of causality. The present study uses kinship data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to construct a maternal sibling-comparison design to investigate how maternal and child traits predict the quality of home environment. Using a standard between-family analysis, we first replicate previous research showing a relationship between maternal intelligence and the quality of the home environment. Then, we reevaluate the link between maternal intelligence and the home environment using differences between maternal sisters on several characteristics to explain differences between home environments for their children. Following, we evaluate whether child intelligence differences are related to home environment differences in the presence of maternal characteristics. Results are compared with those from the between-family analysis. Past causal interpretations are challenged by our findings, and the role of child intelligence in the construction of the home environment emerges as a critical contributor that increases in importance with development. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hadd, Alexandria and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "Intelligence, Income, and Education as Potential Influences on a Child's Home Environment: A (Maternal) Sibling-Comparison Design." Developmental Psychology 53,7 (July 2017): 1286-1299.
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2479. |
Hagedorn, Marcus Manovskii, Iourii |
Job Selection and Wages over the Business Cycle American Economic Review 103,2 (April 2013): 771-803. Also: https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.103.2.771 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Job Tenure; Unemployment; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We consider a model with on-the-job search where current wages depend only on current aggregate labor market conditions and idiosyncratic match-specific productivities. We show theoretically that the model replicates the findings in Bils (1985) and Beaudry and DiNardo (1991) on the history dependence in wages. We develop a method to measure match qualities in the data and show empirically that various variables summarizing past aggregate labor market conditions have explanatory power for current wages only because they are correlated with match qualities. They lose any predictive power once match qualities are accounted for. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hagedorn, Marcus and Iourii Manovskii. "Job Selection and Wages over the Business Cycle." American Economic Review 103,2 (April 2013): 771-803.
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2480. |
Hageman, Sally Anne |
Health Savings Account Effects on Health and Debt Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Health, Chronic Conditions; Savings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. More than a decade ago Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) were deemed contrary to social work values and practice (Gorin, 2006). More recent research, however, demonstrated HSAs may help individuals' access financial resources when encountering financial barriers (Hageman & St. George, 2019). To further examine the potential of HSAs, this study examines HSA effects on health and debt outcomes. Applying the framework of the social determinants of health (Dahlgren & Whitehead, 1991) and the health lifestyles theory (Cockerham, 2005), a subset of 12,686 respondents from three years (2010, 2012, and 2014) of secondary quantitative data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) was drawn. The sample included respondents who answered survey questions about owning an HSA, chronic disease status, health behavior, and health-related debt. Descriptive, bivariate, weighted logistic regression, and generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses were conducted. Descriptive analyses indicated about 47% of HSA owners were male, 64% were Non-Black/Non-Hispanic race/ethnicity, with an average age of 53.34 (SD=2.26) years old, 99% owned their home, and had an average income of $126,853 (SD=$122,994). About 75% of HSA owners reported they did not have a chronic disease and 70% reported they did not have health-related debt. Weighted logistic regression was conducted to determine if Chronic Disease status was associated with HSA ownership status. Results indicated Chronic Disease status (p=.88) was not significantly associated with owning an HSA. GEE was conducted to determine whether HSA ownership status was associated with respondent debt. Results of the GEE analysis indicated HSA ownership status (p=.76) was not significantly associated with reporting Debt. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hageman, Sally Anne. Health Savings Account Effects on Health and Debt. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 2019. |
2481. |
Hageman, Sally Anne |
Health-related Debt and Health Savings Accounts over Time Social Work in Health Care 61,1 (2022): 1-14. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00981389.2022.2027846 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Health, Chronic Conditions; Savings This study examines Health Savings Account (HSA) effects on health-related debt outcomes. Applying the health lifestyles theory, a subset of 12,686 respondents from three years (2010, 2012, and 2014) of secondary quantitative data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) was drawn. The sample included respondents who answered survey questions about owning an HSA, chronic disease status, health behavior, and health-related debt. Descriptive, bivariate, and generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses were conducted. Results indicate HSA ownership status (p = .76) is not significantly associated with reporting health-related debt. Implications for social work practice are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hageman, Sally Anne. "Health-related Debt and Health Savings Accounts over Time." Social Work in Health Care 61,1 (2022): 1-14.
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2482. |
Hageman, Sally Anne Frey, Jodi Jacobson |
Health Savings Account Associations from a Social Work Perspective Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work published online (7 March 2022): DOI: 10.1080/26408066.2022.2029787. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/26408066.2022.2029787 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Health, Chronic Conditions; Savings Purpose: The research question addressed is whether health and debt variables are associated with HSA ownership status. Method: This study explores HSA associations using a subset (n = 3,400) of 12,686 respondents from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY). Descriptive, bivariate, and weighted logistic regressions were conducted. Results: About 75% of HSA owners reported they did not have a chronic disease or health-related debt. Weighted logistic regressions results indicate chronic disease status and debt are not significantly associated with owning an HSA. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hageman, Sally Anne and Jodi Jacobson Frey. "Health Savings Account Associations from a Social Work Perspective." Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work published online (7 March 2022): DOI: 10.1080/26408066.2022.2029787.
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2483. |
Hahn, Andrew Friedman, Barry |
Did the CETA System Work for Disadvantaged Youth? An Overview of Program Impacts after Program Participation In: CETA Youth Employment Record: Final Report to US Department of Labor. A. Hahn and R. Lerman, eds. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1983. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED241619&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED241619 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA); Socioeconomic Status (SES); Teenagers; Vocational Education An analysis of comparison between the CETA group and a matched comparison group showed one consistent result: CETA youth worked less in unsubsidized jobs than their matched counterparts. A two part explanation is presented to account for this finding: (1) the unsubsidized work of the CETA group was low because of continuing subsidized work; (2) as subsidized jobs ended, unsubsidized jobs did not replace them immediately since they were found only slowly. The unsubsidized work of the CETA group consequently remained below that of their counterparts. One can surmise that the CETA group shortfall should be only temporary and that eventually unsubsidized jobs will be found, but this assumption remains to be tested when later NLSY interview waves become available. Also examined were the positive CETA effects for particular subgroups. No single pattern emerged for who gains, but findings include: (1) slightly more CETA youth enrolled in school in both follow up years; (2) total weeks worked was greater among CETA youth in 1979; (3) minority CETA participants who were in school in the follow up year worked more weeks of unsubsidized jobs than their matches in 1979 but not in 1980; (4) by 1980 more CETA young women (enrolled in school and working) worked than their counterparts in unsubsidized jobs; and (5) generally, the only unsubsidized employment variable for which a CETA advantage appeared is earnings per week. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hahn, Andrew and Barry Friedman. "Did the CETA System Work for Disadvantaged Youth? An Overview of Program Impacts after Program Participation" In: CETA Youth Employment Record: Final Report to US Department of Labor. A. Hahn and R. Lerman, eds. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1983.
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2484. |
Haider, Steven J. |
Review of: Divergent Paths: Economic Mobility in the New American Labor Market Journal of Economic Literature 41,1 (March 2003): 235-236. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3217413 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Labor Market Outcomes; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Labor Market Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Wages are down. Inequality is up. Job security is down. These are common refrains from the popular press and the academic literature from the 1980s through the mid-1990s. Divergent Pathes tackles these issues head-on from an interesting perspective and with a useful and novel method. The perspective is to analyze the career development of young workers. The method is to examine changes in career development by comparing two NLS cohorts, one from the 1960s and 1970s and one from the 1980s and 1990s. The result of the analysis is a rich description of changes in how careers unfold. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haider, Steven J. "Review of: Divergent Paths: Economic Mobility in the New American Labor Market." Journal of Economic Literature 41,1 (March 2003): 235-236.
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2485. |
Hakim, Catherine |
Labour Mobility and Employment Stability: Rhetoric and Reality on the Sex Differential in Labour-Market Behaviour European Sociological Review 12,1 (May 1996): 1-31. Also: http://esr.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/1/1.abstract Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Employment, Part-Time; Gender Differences; Housework/Housewives; Job Tenure; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Surveys; Labor Turnover; Mobility; Mobility, Labor Market; Mobility, Occupational; Sexual Division of Labor; Unions; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. National survey data for GB & other industrial societies are drawn on to evaluate claims that sex differentials in labor mobility & employment stability have disappeared with rising female (F) labor-force participation. Results for GB show a continuing sex differential of 50% in the standard measures of labor turnover & job tenure; these are typical of the European Community & other industrial societies. Further, such sex differentials are dramatically increased when the focus changes to movement in & out of the labor force instead of attachment to a particular employer: Fs are 2-4 times more likely than men to enter & exit the workforce in a given period. Work histories display even more fundamental sex differences, & show that discontinuous employment has been replacing continuous employment & the homemaker career among Fs. The methodological implications for the analyses of cross-sectional & longitudinal data, & the substantive & theoretical implications for understanding F employment, are addressed. It is concluded that qualitative divisions within the F workforce can no longer be ignored, as they impact on occupational grade, earnings, & life chances, & can distort cross-national comparisons. 15 Tables, 2 Figures, 128 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Hakim, Catherine. "Labour Mobility and Employment Stability: Rhetoric and Reality on the Sex Differential in Labour-Market Behaviour." European Sociological Review 12,1 (May 1996): 1-31.
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2486. |
Hakim, Catherine |
Lifestyle Preferences versus Patriarchal Values: Causal and Non-Causal Attitudes Advances in Life Course Research 8 (2003): 69-91. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040260803080043 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Sex Roles; Women There is solid evidence, from longitudinal studies such as the NLS and PSID, of the significant long-term impact of values and life goals on occupational attainment and earnings. So far these findings have not been incorporated into sociological and economic theory. Preference theory does this, identifying the social and economic context in which values and attitudes can become important predictors of women's (and men's) behavior. A theoretical and methodological distinction between causal and noncausal attitudes and values is made, illustrated by data on lifestyle preferences and patriarchal values from comparative surveys in GB and Spain. The results show that lifestyle preferences have a major impact on women's choices between family work and employment, whereas patriarchal values are only tenuously linked to behavior. 6 Tables, 44 References. Adapted from the source document |
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Bibliography Citation
Hakim, Catherine. "Lifestyle Preferences versus Patriarchal Values: Causal and Non-Causal Attitudes." Advances in Life Course Research 8 (2003): 69-91.
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2487. |
Halaby, Charles N. |
Panel Models for the Analysis of Change and Growth in Life Course Studies In: Handbook of the Life Course. J. Mortimer and M. Shanahan, eds., New York: Springer, 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Earnings; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; School Completion; Wages, Adult Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Panel data figure prominently in research on the many aspects of the life course. The longitudinal structure of panel data, with the properties of many units (individuals, families, etc.) measured on several occasions spread over time, is ideal for observational studies of life course processes. Panel data have proven useful for research on subjects as fundamental as the causes and consequences of marital stability and dissolution (Biblarz & Raftery 1993; Thornton, Axinn, & Teachman, 1995), the social psychological development and well-being of children and adults (Booth & Amato, 1991; Chase-Lansdale, Cherlin & Kiernan, 1995; Moen, Robison, & Dempster-McClain, 1995; Nagin & Tremblay, 1999), and the evolution of conventional (Diprete & McManus, 1996) and deviant careers (Land & Nagin, 1996; Sampson & Laub, 1992), as well as for research on the issues surrounding the timing of all these processes and related transitions. There is now widespread agreement that panel data and the analytical advances they make possible are essential for rigorously addressing the types of questions that drive and are central to many life course studies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Halaby, Charles N. "Panel Models for the Analysis of Change and Growth in Life Course Studies " In: Handbook of the Life Course. J. Mortimer and M. Shanahan, eds., New York: Springer, 2003
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2488. |
Hall, Matthew Farkas, George |
Adolescent Cognitive Skills, Attitudinal/Behavioral Traits and Career Wages Social Forces 89,4 (June 2011): 1261-1285. Also: http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/89/4/1261.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Attitudes; Behavioral Differences; Cognitive Ability; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Ethnic Groups; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Self-Esteem; Self-Reporting Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to estimate the effects of cognitive skills (measured by the Armed Forces Qualification Test) and attitudinal/behavioral traits (a latent factor based on self-reported self-esteem, locus of control, educational aspirations and educational expectations) on career wage trajectories of white, black and Latino/a men and women. We find that both cognitive and attitudinal/behavioral traits affect initial wages and wage growth, above and beyond their effects on schooling and transcript-reported high school grades. The relative size of these effects, however, varies by race/ethnicity. We also show that black and Latino men, and black women have substantially flatter wage trajectories than white men and women. Using wage decomposition techniques, we find that the lower wages of these groups are partially, but not fully, accounted for by group differences in cognitive skill and attitudinal/behavioral traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Social Forces is the property of University of North Carolina Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Hall, Matthew and George Farkas. "Adolescent Cognitive Skills, Attitudinal/Behavioral Traits and Career Wages." Social Forces 89,4 (June 2011): 1261-1285.
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2489. |
Ham-Rowbottom, Kathleen A. Emptage, Nicholas P. Prause, JoAnn Dooley, David |
Symptomatic Repercussions of Early Drinking Onset: Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Presented: Irvine, CA, Western Psychological Association Convention, April 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Psychological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Early drinking onset is often associated with problematic drinking behaviors later in life, but whether this connection is spurious or causal remains unclear. We address this problem using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a panel that when 18 - 25 years old retrospectively reported drinking onset (often when they were early adolescents or children). Seven years later, DSM-IV criteria were used to characterize problematic drinking in this panel. Respondents were 29 - 37 years old in 1994 when information on alcohol symptoms was acquired (n=5,656). NLSY items that were comparable to the alcohol abuse and dependence symptom criteria in the DSM-IV were matched to the symptom criteria for these disorders. The odds of developing symptoms of alcohol abuse or dependence were assessed for respondents who reported early alcohol drinking onset (ADO) in both of two early drinking groups (prior to 14 years-old and between 15-16 years-old), controlling for potential confounding variables (e.g., family history of alcoholism). In an attempt to identify the mechanism by which early ADO influences later alcohol disorder, we also investigated potential mediating variables (e.g., years of education, mental health indicators). Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that controlling both confounding and mediating variables, early ADO remained significantly associated with the risk of both alcohol dependence and abuse. Relative to respondents 17 years old or older, the odds of alcohol abuse or dependence were two to two-and-a-half times greater for ADO of 14 years old or younger. The odds of alcohol dependence were greater for those ever charged with an illegal act, for increased depression, and for a family history of alcoholism. The odds of alcohol dependence fell with additional children in the household, with increases in education, and with increases in self-esteem One implication of this research is to raise questions about the reliab ility of retrospective recall of ADO and to suggest inquiring earlier when young people are nearer in age to their actual ADO. Another preliminary implication is to support interventions targeted at delaying ADO as a means of preventing adult alcohol disorder. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ham-Rowbottom, Kathleen A., Nicholas P. Emptage, JoAnn Prause and David Dooley. "Symptomatic Repercussions of Early Drinking Onset: Alcohol Abuse and Dependence." Presented: Irvine, CA, Western Psychological Association Convention, April 2002. |
2490. |
Ham, John C. Li, Xianghong Reagan, Patricia Benton |
Matching and Semi-parametric IV Estimation, a Distance-Based Measure of Migration, and the Wages of Young Men Journal of Econometrics 161, 2 (April 2011): 208-227. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407610002460 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Graduates; Male Sample; Migration; School Dropouts; Statistical Analysis; Wage Growth Our paper estimates the effect of US internal migration on wage growth for young men between their first and second job. Our analysis of migration extends previous research by: (i) exploiting the distance-based measures of migration in the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 (NLSY79); (ii) allowing the effect of migration to differ by schooling level and (iii) using propensity score matching to estimate the average treatment effect on the treated (ATET) for movers and (iv) using local average treatment effect (LATE) estimators with covariates to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) and ATET for compliers. We believe the Conditional Independence Assumption (CIA) is reasonable for our matching estimators since the NLSY79 provides a relatively rich array of variables on which to match. Our matching methods are based on local linear, local cubic, and local linear ridge regressions. Local linear and local ridge regression matching produce relatively similar point estimates and standard errors, while local cubic regression matching badly over-fits the data and provides very noisy estimates. We use the bootstrap to calculate standard errors. Since the validity of the bootstrap has not been investigated for the matching estimators we use, and has been shown to be invalid for nearest neighbor matching estimators, we conduct a Monte Carlo study on the appropriateness of using the bootstrap to calculate standard errors for local linear regression matching. The data generating processes in our Monte Carlo study are relatively rich and calibrated to match our empirical models or to test the sensitivity of our results to the choice of parameter values. The estimated standard errors from the bootstrap are very close to those from the Monte Carlo experiments, which lends support to our using the bootstrap to calculate standard errors in our setting. From the matching estimators we find a significant positive effect of migration on the wage growth of college graduates, and a marginally significant negative effect for high school dropouts. We do not find any significant effects for other educational groups or for the overall sample. Our results are generally robust to changes in the model specification and changes in our distance-based measure of migration. We find that better data matters; if we use a measure of migration based on moving across county lines, we overstate the number of moves, while if we use a measure based on moving across state lines, we understate the number of moves. Further, using either the county or state measures leads to much less precise estimates. We also consider semi-parametric LATE estimators with covariates (Frolich 2007), using two sets of instrumental variables. We precisely estimate the proportion of compliers in our data, but because we have a small number of compliers, we cannot obtain precise LATE estimates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ham, John C., Xianghong Li and Patricia Benton Reagan. "Matching and Semi-parametric IV Estimation, a Distance-Based Measure of Migration, and the Wages of Young Men." Journal of Econometrics 161, 2 (April 2011): 208-227.
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2491. |
Ham, John C. Reagan, Patricia Benton Li, Xianghong |
Propensity Score Matching, a Distance-Based Measure of Migration, and the Wage Growth of Young Men Working Paper No. 05.13, Institute for Economic Policy Research, December 2004. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=671062 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Economic Policy Research Keyword(s): College Graduates; High School Dropouts; Migration Patterns; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Our analysis of migration differs from previous research in three important aspects. First, we exploit the confidential geocoding in the NLSY79 to obtain a distance-based measure. Second, we let the effect of migration on wage growth differ by schooling level. Third, we use propensity score matching to measure the effect of migration on the wages of those who move. We develop an economic model and use it to (i) assess the appropriateness of matching as an econometric method for studying migration and (ii) choose the conditioning variables used in the matching procedure. Our data set provides a rich array of variables on which to match. We find a significant effect of migration on the wage growth of college graduates of 10 percent, and a marginally significant effect for high school dropouts of -12 percent. If we use either a measure of migration based on moving across county lines or state lines, the significant effects of migration for college graduates and dropouts disappear. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ham, John C., Patricia Benton Reagan and Xianghong Li. "Propensity Score Matching, a Distance-Based Measure of Migration, and the Wage Growth of Young Men." Working Paper No. 05.13, Institute for Economic Policy Research, December 2004. |
2492. |
Hamad, Rita Brown, Daniel M. Basu, Sanjay |
The Association of County-level Socioeconomic Factors with Individual Tobacco and Alcohol Use: A Longitudinal Study of U.S. Adults BMC Public Health 19 (December 2019): 390. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-019-6700-x Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Geocoded Data; Local Area Unemployment; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Place-based factors have been implicated as root causes of socioeconomic disparities in risky health behaviors such as tobacco and alcohol use. Yet few studies examine the effects of county-level socioeconomic characteristics, despite the fact that social and public health policies are often implemented at the county level. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that county-level socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with individual tobacco and alcohol use. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamad, Rita, Daniel M. Brown and Sanjay Basu. "The Association of County-level Socioeconomic Factors with Individual Tobacco and Alcohol Use: A Longitudinal Study of U.S. Adults." BMC Public Health 19 (December 2019): 390.
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2493. |
Hamad, Rita Cohen, Alison K. Rehkopf, David |
Changing National Guidelines Is Not Enough: The Impact of 1990 IOM Recommendations on Gestational Weight Gain among US Women International Journal of Obesity 40 (2016): 1529-1534. Also: https://www.nature.com/articles/ijo201697 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Health Reform Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background and Objectives: Gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with both long- and short-term maternal and child health outcomes, particularly obesity. Targeting maternal nutrition through policies is a potentially powerful pathway to influence these outcomes. Yet prior research has often failed to evaluate national policies and guidelines that address maternal and child health. In 1990, the U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) released guidelines recommending different GWG thresholds based on women's pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), with the goal of improving infant birth weight. In this study, we employ quasi-experimental methods to examine whether the release of the IOM guidelines led to changes in GWG among a diverse and nationally representative sample of women. Methods: Our sample included female participants of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth who self-reported GWG for pregnancies during 1979-2000 (n=7442 pregnancies to 4173 women). We compared GWG before and after the guidelines were released using difference-in-differences (DID) and regression discontinuity (RD) analyses. Results: In DID analyses we found no reduction in GWG among overweight/obese women relative to normal/underweight women. Meanwhile, RD analyses demonstrated no changes in GWG by pre-pregnancy BMI for either overweight/obese or normal/underweight women. Results were similar for women regardless of educational attainment, race or parity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamad, Rita, Alison K. Cohen and David Rehkopf. "Changing National Guidelines Is Not Enough: The Impact of 1990 IOM Recommendations on Gestational Weight Gain among US Women." International Journal of Obesity 40 (2016): 1529-1534.
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2494. |
Hamad, Rita Rehkopf, David |
Poverty and Child Development: A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit American Journal of Epidemiology 183,9 (1 May 2016): 775-784. Also: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/183/9/775.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Poverty; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Socioeconomic Factors; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although adverse socioeconomic conditions are correlated with worse child health and development, the effects of poverty-alleviation policies are less understood. We examined the associations of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on child development and used an instrumental variable approach to estimate the potential impacts of income. We used data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 8,186) during 1986-2000 to examine effects on the Behavioral Problems Index (BPI) and Home Observation Measurement of the Environment inventory (HOME) scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamad, Rita and David Rehkopf. "Poverty and Child Development: A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit." American Journal of Epidemiology 183,9 (1 May 2016): 775-784.
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2495. |
Hamad, Rita Rehkopf, David |
Poverty, Pregnancy, and Birth Outcomes: A Study of the Earned Income Tax Credit Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 29,5 (September 2015): 444-452. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppe.12211/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Birthweight; Breastfeeding; CESD (Depression Scale); Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Household Income; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Program Participation/Evaluation; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control) The study sample includes women surveyed in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 2985) and their children born during 1986-2000 (n = 4683). Outcome variables include utilisation of prenatal and postnatal care, use of alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy, term birth, birthweight, and breast-feeding status. We first examine the health effects of both household income and EITC payment size using multivariable linear regressions. We then employ instrumental variables analysis to estimate the causal effect of income on perinatal health, using EITC payment size as an instrument for household income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamad, Rita and David Rehkopf. "Poverty, Pregnancy, and Birth Outcomes: A Study of the Earned Income Tax Credit." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 29,5 (September 2015): 444-452.
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2496. |
Hamb, Kristin Danielle |
The Significance of Higher Education on the Racial Gap in Marriage Rates Honors Thesis (B.A.), Department of Economics, Duke University, 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Duke University Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Educational Attainment; Marriage; Modeling, Probit; Racial Differences; Undergraduate Research; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, I examine the effect higher education has on the age of marriage and how this differs between black and white women. Becker’s theory of positive assortative mating in marriage markets lead me to predict higher levels of education would decrease the probability of being married by 30 and 40 for black women more than white women. My probit regressions showed that, despite an initial delay in marriage, increased education had a positive effect on the probability of marriage for black women confirming that lesser educated black women are more at risk of falling into the racial marriage gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamb, Kristin Danielle. "The Significance of Higher Education on the Racial Gap in Marriage Rates." Honors Thesis (B.A.), Department of Economics, Duke University, 2009. |
2497. |
Hamermesh, Daniel S. |
12 Million Salaried Workers Are Missing NBER Working Paper No. 8016, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2000 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Attitudes; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earnings; General Social Survey (GSS); Job Satisfaction; Job Tenure; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wages Evidence from Current Population Surveys through 1997, various cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys, and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics suggests that the fraction of American employees paid salaries stayed constant from the late 1960s through the late 1970s, but fell slightly thereafter through the late 1990s. Accounting for the changing industrial, occupational, demographic and economic structure of the work force shows that the fraction was 9 percentage points below what would have been expected in the late 1970s. This shortfall is not explained by growth in the temporary help industry, by institutional changes in overtime or wage payment regulation, by the increasing openness of American labor and product markets, nor by convergence of nonwage aspects of hourly and salaried employment. A theory of worker commitment and employers' monitoring costs explains the determination of pay status. While monitoring costs may have changed consistent with the decline in salaried work, only declining worker commitment is also consistent with an observed relative decline in earnings of hourly workers. Various waves of the General Social Surveys provide direct evidence that workers' commitment/trustworthiness declined during this period. Data from several cohorts of men in the NLS imply that there was a detrimental change in the work attitudes of young men in the lower half of the distribution of early-career job satisfaction, a conclusion that is bolstered by the relative decline in job tenure among hourly-paid workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamermesh, Daniel S. "12 Million Salaried Workers Are Missing." NBER Working Paper No. 8016, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2000. |
2498. |
Hamermesh, Daniel S. |
Changing Inequality in Markets for Workplace Amenities Quarterly Journal of Economics 114,4 (November 1999): 1085-1124. Also: http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/114/4/1085.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Injuries; Wage Differentials Among U.S. industries where earnings rose relatively from 1979-1995, injury rates declined relatively. Obversely, during the 1960s narrowing interindustry wage differentials were associated with an increase in the relative risk of injury in high-wage industries. Evidence from the NLSY suggests similar results among full-time workers between 1988 and 1996. Between 1973 and 1991 the disamenity of evening/night work was increasingly borne by low-wage male workers. Changing earnings inequality has understated changing inequality in the returns to work. Assuming skill-neutral changes in the cost of reducing these disamenities, estimates of the implied income elasticities of demand for amenities are well above unity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamermesh, Daniel S. "Changing Inequality in Markets for Workplace Amenities." Quarterly Journal of Economics 114,4 (November 1999): 1085-1124.
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2499. |
Hamermesh, Daniel S. |
Moms' Time--Married or Not IZA Discussion Paper No. 13997, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), December 2020. Also: https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/13997/moms-timemarried-or-not Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): American Time Use Survey (ATUS); Child Care; Depression (see also CESD); Housework/Housewives; Marital Disruption; Time Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using time-diary data from the U.S. and six wealthy European countries, I demonstrate that non-partnered mothers spend slightly less time performing childcare, but much less time in other household activities than partnered mothers. Unpartnered mothers' total work time--paid work and household production--is slightly less than partnered women's. In the U.S. but not elsewhere they watch more television and engage in fewer other leisure activities. These differences are independent of any differences in age, race/ethnicity, ages and numbers of children, and household incomes. Non-partnered mothers feel slightly more pressured for time and much less satisfied with their lives. Analyses using the NLSY79 show that mothers whose partners left the home in the past two years became more depressed than those whose marriages remained intact. Coupled with evidence that husbands spend substantial time in childcare and with their children, the results suggest that children of non-partnered mothers receive much less parental care--perhaps 40 percent less--than other children; and most of what they receive is from mothers who are less satisfied with their lives. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamermesh, Daniel S. "Moms' Time--Married or Not." IZA Discussion Paper No. 13997, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), December 2020. |
2500. |
Hamermesh, Daniel S. |
The Changing Distribution of Job Satisfaction NBER Working Paper No. 7332, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1999. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w7332 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Germany, German; Job Satisfaction; Skills; Wages; Wages, Young Men The distribution of job satisfaction widened across cohorts of young men in the United States between 1978 and 1988, and between 1978 and 1996, in ways correlated with changing wage inequality. Satisfaction among workers in upper earnings quantiles rose relative to that of workers in lower quantiles. An identical phenomenon is observed among men in West Germany in response to a sharp increase in the relative earnings of high-wage men in the mid-1990s. Several hypotheses about the determinants of satisfaction are presented and examined using both cross-section data on these cohorts and panel data from the NLSY and the German SOEP. The evidence is most consistent with workers regret about the returns to their investment in skills affecting their satisfaction. Job satisfaction is especially responsive to surprises in the returns to observable skills, less so to surprises in the returns to unobservables; and the effects of earnings shocks on job satisfaction dissipate over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamermesh, Daniel S. "The Changing Distribution of Job Satisfaction." NBER Working Paper No. 7332, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1999. |