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Author: Geschwender, Laura Ellen

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1.	Geschwender, Laura Ellen
1.	The Consequences of Job Loss for the Likelihood, Extent, and Stability of Later Employment Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Probit; Part-Time Work; Racial Differences; Sex Equality; Transition, Job to Job; Unemployment The risk of job loss threatens workers across occupations and industries and alters the quality of life of those who experience it. The purpose of this research is to examine the long-term consequences of job loss for several labor market outcomes, including becoming reemployed, leaving the labor force, working part-time involuntarily and voluntarily, and the likelihood of experiencing subsequent job loss or making other job transitions. I compare the effect of job loss not leaving one's job as well as to other voluntary and involuntary job transitions. Finally, I determine whether the effect of job loss differs by sex, race, and age, thereby exacerbating race and sex inequality in the employment outcomes. Using pooled cross-sectional data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) from 1987 to 1994, I look at each of these outcomes up to five years after the year when I measure whether a job loss or other transition took place. I estimate random-effects probit models to determine the lagged effect of experiencing a job loss or making other job transitions on the employment outcomes for each of the subsequent five years. My research demonstrated that experiencing a job loss did in fact decrease the likelihood of being employed up to four years later and increased the likelihood of leaving the labor force up to five years later, net of control variables and of subsequent job transitions, relative to not leaving one's job. I also found that experiencing a job loss increased the likelihood of working part-time and part-time involuntarily up to five years later. Finally, my research indicated that experiencing a job loss increased the likelihood of experiencing a subsequent job loss and making other subsequent job transitions. The effect of experiencing a job loss did not differ significantly from the effect of making other job transitions. The effect of job loss on the employment outcomes I examined did not differ by sex, race, or age. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that job loss had negative consequences for the likelihood, extent, and stability of later employment for up to five years later.
	Bibliography Citation Geschwender, Laura Ellen. The Consequences of Job Loss for the Likelihood, Extent, and Stability of Later Employment. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1998.

2.	Geschwender, Laura Ellen
2.	Why Do Southern Children Have Lower Verbal Facility Scores Than Children in Other Regions? M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Bias Decomposition; Child Development; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Geographical Variation; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Regions; Religion; Religious Influences; Tests and Testing This paper seeks to explain regional differences in young children's scores on standardized tests of verbal facility. Using a sample of 3 to 6 year old children of employed mothers in 1986 from the NLSY, the author regresses children's verbal facility on region, and adds explanatory variables in sets. It was found that factors explaining much of the regional variation in verbal facility include: maternal ethnicity, maternal measured mental ability, mother being raised fundamentalist, maternal religious attendance, home environment, maternal hourly pay, and maternal work hours. These factors are discussed as possible indicators of environmental complexity. The findings have implications for regional differences in social inequality.
	Bibliography Citation Geschwender, Laura Ellen. Why Do Southern Children Have Lower Verbal Facility Scores Than Children in Other Regions? M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1991.

3.	Geschwender, Laura Ellen Parcel, Toby L.
3.	Objective and Subjective Parental Working Conditions' Effects on Child Outcomes: A Comparative Test Research in the Sociology of Work 5 (1995): 259-284 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: JAI Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Job Satisfaction; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Unions; Working Conditions Examines the impact of objective and subjective parental working conditions on child cognitive outcomes and quality of children's home environments, based on data from the 1988 National Longitudinal Survey on a sample of 721 mothers and their children ages 5-8. Multiple regression analyses indicate that maternal job satisfaction positively affects the quality of children's home environments. While there is a bivariate association between maternal job satisfaction and child cognitive outcomes, maternal satisfaction is not a significant predictor of cognition, net of objective working conditions and control variables. Because quality of home environments affects cognition, however, maternal job satisfaction has an indirect influence on child cognitive outcomes through quality of the home environment. Findings suggest that the meaning of work can have intergenerational consequences. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
	Bibliography Citation Geschwender, Laura Ellen and Toby L. Parcel. "Objective and Subjective Parental Working Conditions' Effects on Child Outcomes: A Comparative Test." Research in the Sociology of Work 5 (1995): 259-284.

4.	Geschwender, Laura Ellen Parcel, Toby L.
4.	Why Do Southern Children Have Lower Verbal Facility Scores Than Children in Other Regions? Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Child Development; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; General Assessment; Geographical Variation; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Religious Influences; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper seeks to explain regional differences in young children's scores on standardized tests of verbal facility. Using a sample of 3 to 6 year old children of employed mothers in 1986 from the NLSY, the author regresses children's verbal facility on region, and adds explanatory variables in sets. It was found that factors explaining much of the regional variation in verbal facility include: maternal ethnicity, maternal measured mental ability, mother being raised fundamentalist, maternal religious attendance, home environment, maternal hourly pay, and maternal work hours. These factors are discussed as possible indicators of environmental complexity. The findings have implications for regional differences in social inequality.
	Bibliography Citation Geschwender, Laura Ellen and Toby L. Parcel. "Why Do Southern Children Have Lower Verbal Facility Scores Than Children in Other Regions?" Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1991.

5.	Parcel, Toby L. Geschwender, Laura Ellen
5.	Explaining Regional Variation in Verbal Facility Among Young Children Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): General Assessment; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Race; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Regions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Earlier version presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Cincinnati OH, August 1991. Data from the 1986 survey of NLSY mothers' children suggest that southern children aged 3-6 score close to 9 points lower than children in the North Central states on PPVT-R, a standardized test of receptive vocabulary, while children in the Northeast and West score close to children in the North Central states. We argue that regional variation in demographic composition. and in patterns of familial interaction as influenced by regional variations in subculture account for the findings. Descriptive analyses reveal regional differences in maternal characteristics and attitudes, family composition, parental working conditions. and children's home environments, most suggesting Southern disadvantage. Multivariate analyses suggest that regional variation in maternal race and ethnicity; maternal mental ability; maternal background, socialization, and church attendance; maternal working conditions; children's home environments; and child gender account for the differences. We comment on the importance of familial social capital in contributing to regional inequality in cognitive outcomes.
	Bibliography Citation Parcel, Toby L. and Laura Ellen Geschwender. "Explaining Regional Variation in Verbal Facility Among Young Children." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 1991.

6.	Parcel, Toby L. Geschwender, Laura Ellen
6.	Explaining Southern Disadvantage in Verbal Facility Among Young Children Social Forces 73,3 (March 1995): 841-872. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2580549 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Health; Children, Home Environment; Family Characteristics; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Mothers, Race; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Regions; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data on children from the 1986 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) suggest that children aged 3 to 6 from the Deep South score lower than children in the north central states on PPVT-R, a standardized test of receptive vocabulary, while children in the Northeast and West and Border South score close to children in the north central states. We argue that regional variation in demographic composition/social class, and in patterns of family social capital as influenced by regional variations in subculture account for the findings. Descriptive analyses reveal regional differences in maternal characteristics and attitudes, family composition, parental working conditions, and children's home environments, most suggesting southern disadvantage. Multivariate analyses suggest that regional variation in maternal race and ethnicity account for the observed differences among girls. Among boys, these factors--in addition to maternal background, socialization, and very frequent church attendance; maternal working conditions; and children's home environments--contribute to explaining the differences.
	Bibliography Citation Parcel, Toby L. and Laura Ellen Geschwender. "Explaining Southern Disadvantage in Verbal Facility Among Young Children." Social Forces 73,3 (March 1995): 841-872.

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