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Author: Saffer, Henry

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1.	Grossman, Michael Chaloupka, Frank J. Saffer, Henry Laixuthai, Adit
1.	Effects of Alcohol Price Policy on Youth: A Summary of Economic Research Journal of Research on Adolescence 4,2 (1994): 347-364 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; College Dropouts; College Graduates; Cost-Benefit Studies; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Economics, Regional; Mortality; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher.
	Bibliography Citation Grossman, Michael, Frank J. Chaloupka, Henry Saffer and Adit Laixuthai. "Effects of Alcohol Price Policy on Youth: A Summary of Economic Research." Journal of Research on Adolescence 4,2 (1994): 347-364.

2.	Saffer, Henry Dave, Dhaval
2.	Alcohol Advertising and Alcohol Consumption By Adolescents NBER Working Paper No. 9676, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2003. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w9676.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Gender Differences; Market Level Data; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Monitoring the Future (MTF); Racial Differences The purpose of this paper is to empirically estimate the effects of alcohol advertising on adolescent alcohol consumption. The theory of brand capital is used to explain the effects of advertising on consumption. The industry response function and the evidence from prior studies indicate that the empirical strategy should maximize the variance in the advertising data. The approach in this paper to maximizing the variance in advertising data is to employ cross sectional data. The Monitoring the Future (MTF) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) data sets, which include only data for adolescents, are employed for the empirical work. These data sets are augmented with alcohol advertising data, originating on the market level, for five media. Use of both the MTF and the NLSY97 data sets improves the empirical analysis since each data set has its own unique advantages. The large size of the MTF makes it possible to estimate regressions with race and gender specific subsamples. The panel nature of the NLSY97 makes it possible to estimate individual fixed effects models. In addition, very similar models can be estimated with both data sets. Since the data sets are independent, the basically consistent findings increase the confidence in all the results. The results indicate that blacks participate in alcohol less than whites and their participation cannot be explained with the included variable as well as it can for whites. A comparison of male and female regressions shows that price and advertising effects are generally larger for females. Models which control for individual heterogeneity result in larger advertising effects implying that the MTF results may understate the effect of alcohol advertising. The results based on the NLSY97 suggest that a complete ban on all alcohol advertising could reduce adolescent monthly alcohol participation by about 24 percent and binge participation by about 42 percent. The past month price-participat ion elasticity was estimated at about -0.28 and the price-binge participation elasticity was estimated at about -0.51. Both advertising and price policies are shown to have the potential to substantially reduce adolescent alcohol consumption.
	Bibliography Citation Saffer, Henry and Dhaval Dave. "Alcohol Advertising and Alcohol Consumption By Adolescents." NBER Working Paper No. 9676, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2003.

3.	Saffer, Henry Dave, Dhaval
3.	Alcohol Advertising and Alcohol Consumption by Adolescents Health Economics 15,6 (June 2006): 617-637. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.1091/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Gender; Heterogeneity; Market Level Data; Monitoring the Future (MTF); Racial Studies; Television Viewing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates the effects of alcohol advertising on adolescent alcohol consumption. The theory of an industry response function and evidence from prior studies indicate the importance of maximizing the variance in advertising measures. Monitoring the Future (MTF) and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) data are augmented with alcohol advertising, originating on the market level, for five media. The large sample of the MTF allows estimation of race and gender-specific models. The longitudinal nature of the NLSY97 allows controls for unobserved heterogeneity with state-level and individual fixed effects. Price and advertising effects are generally larger for females relative to males. Controls for individual heterogeneity yield larger advertising effects, implying that the MTF results may understate the effects of alcohol advertising. Results from the NLSY97 suggest that a 28% reduction in alcohol advertising would reduce adolescent monthly alcohol participation from 25% to between 24 and 21%. For binge participation, the reduction would be from 12% to between 11 and 8%. The past month price-participation elasticity is estimated at -0.26, consistent with prior studies. The results show that reduction of alcohol advertising can produce a modest decline in adolescent alcohol consumption, though effects may vary by race and gender. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
	Bibliography Citation Saffer, Henry and Dhaval Dave. "Alcohol Advertising and Alcohol Consumption by Adolescents." Health Economics 15,6 (June 2006): 617-637.

4.	Saffer, Henry Dave, Dhaval Grossman, Michael
4.	A Behavioral Economic Model of Alcohol Advertising and Price Health Economics 25,7 (July 2016): 816-828. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.3186/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Self-Control/Self-Regulation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper presents a new empirical study of the effects of televised alcohol advertising and alcohol price on alcohol consumption. A novel feature of this study is that the empirical work is guided by insights from behavioral economic theory. Unlike the theory used in most prior studies, this theory predicts that restriction on alcohol advertising on TV would be more effective in reducing consumption for individuals with high consumption levels but less effective for individuals with low consumption levels. The estimation work employs data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and the empirical model is estimated with quantile regressions. The results show that advertising has a small positive effect on consumption and that this effect is relatively larger at high consumption levels. The continuing importance of alcohol taxes is also supported. Education is employed as a proxy for self-regulation, and the results are consistent with this assumption. The key conclusion is that restrictions on alcohol advertising on TV would have a small negative effect on drinking, and this effect would be larger for heavy drinkers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
	Bibliography Citation Saffer, Henry, Dhaval Dave and Michael Grossman. "A Behavioral Economic Model of Alcohol Advertising and Price." Health Economics 25,7 (July 2016): 816-828.

5.	Saffer, Henry Dave, Dhaval Grossman, Michael
5.	Behavioral Economics and the Demand for Alcohol: Results from the NLSY97 NBER Working Paper No. 18180, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2012. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w18180 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Behavior; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Education; Market Level Data; Modeling; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Television Viewing The behavioral economic model presented in this paper argues that the effect of advertising and price differ by past consumption levels. The model predicts that advertising is more effective in reducing consumption at high past consumption levels but less effective at low past consumption levels. Conversely, the model predicts that higher prices are effective in reducing consumption at low past consumption levels but less effective at high past consumption levels. Unlike the models used in most prior studies, this model predicts that the effects of policy on average consumption and on the upper end of the distribution are different. Both FMM and Quantile models were estimated. The results from these regressions show that heavy drinkers are more responsive to advertising and less responsive to price than are moderate drinkers. The empirical evidence also supports the assumption that education is a proxy for self-regulation. The key conclusions are that restrictions on advertising are targeted at heavy drinkers and are an underutilized alcohol control policy. Higher excise taxes on alcohol reduce consumption by moderate drinkers and are of less importance in reducing heavy consumption.
	Bibliography Citation Saffer, Henry, Dhaval Dave and Michael Grossman. "Behavioral Economics and the Demand for Alcohol: Results from the NLSY97." NBER Working Paper No. 18180, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2012.

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