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Author: Garcia-Manglano, Javier

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1.	Garcia-Manglano, Javier
1.	Opting Out and Leaning In: The Life Course Employment Profiles of Early Baby Boom Women in the United States Demography 52,6 (December 2015): 1961-1993. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-015-0438-6 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Marriage; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most literature on female employment focuses on the intersection between women's labor supply and family events such as marriage, divorce, or childbearing. Even when using longitudinal data and methods, most studies estimate average net effects over time and assume homogeneity among women. Less is known about diversity in women's cumulative work patterns over the long run. Using group-based trajectory analysis, I model the employment trajectories of early Baby Boom women in the United States from ages 20 to 54. I find that women in this cohort can be classified in four ideal-type groups: those who were consistently detached from the labor force (21 %), those who gradually increased their market attachment (27 %), those who worked intensely in young adulthood but dropped out of the workforce after midlife (13 %), and those who were steadily employed across midlife (40 %). I then explore a variety of traits associated with membership in each of these groups. I find that (1) the timing of family events (marriage, fertility) helps to distinguish between groups with weak or strong attachment to the labor force in early adulthood; (2) external constraints (workplace discrimination, husband's opposition to wife's work, ill health) explain membership in groups that experienced work trajectory reversals; and (3) individual preferences influence labor supply across women's life course. This analysis reveals a high degree of complexity in women's lifetime working patterns, highlighting the need to understand women's labor supply as a fluid process.
	Bibliography Citation Garcia-Manglano, Javier. "Opting Out and Leaning In: The Life Course Employment Profiles of Early Baby Boom Women in the United States." Demography 52,6 (December 2015): 1961-1993.

2.	Garcia-Manglano, Javier
2.	The Life-Course Employment Profiles of Early Baby-Boom Women: A Group-Based Trajectory Analysis Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Employment; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The abundance of research on women’s response to specific work and family transitions contrasts with our limited knowledge of the cumulative effects of women’s work and family experiences over the long run. This paper uses group-based trajectory analysis to model the lifetime work trajectories of early baby boomers in the United States, from ages 20 to 54. I find that this cohort’s long-term employment profiles can be summarized in four groups: those who worked consistently (37.8 percent), those who remained largely out of the labor force (22.8 percent), those who gradually increased their work attachment (26.7 percent), and a group of women who worked intensely during young adulthood, but later dropped out of the workforce in dramatic numbers (12.7 percent). I then explore the factors associated with membership in each of these employment trajectories, and relate women’s employment patterns with their wage and occupational long-term profiles.
	Bibliography Citation Garcia-Manglano, Javier. "The Life-Course Employment Profiles of Early Baby-Boom Women: A Group-Based Trajectory Analysis." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014.

3.	Garcia-Manglano, Javier
3.	Working for Pay or Raising a Family? Work Expectations and Market Outcomes in Two Cohorts of American Women Presented: London, England, Centre for Longitudinal Studies Conference, University of London, Institute of Education, November 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Institute of Education, University of London Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Occupational Attainment; Occupational Choice Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the progress made in women’s access to employment opportunities, today a non-negligible proportion of women specialize in childcare and family work, engaging in market work in a part time, discontinuous basis. This study seeks a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying women’s weak employment trajectories. During the 1970s, new norms and expectations regarding women’s work spread rapidly in the United States. Taking advantage of this intense period of social change, I exploit variation in work expectations across two cohorts of American women, early and late baby boomers, who reached young adulthood before and after the onset of the gender revolution, respectively. Using data from two National Longitudinal Surveys –NLS-Young Women (1968) and NLS-Youth (1979)– I explore the mechanisms through which low work expectations in young adulthood shape human capital investments and lead some women to low and intermittent working trajectories across their adult life courses. Preliminary results show that, among women, holding low work expectations in young-adulthood is associated with lower human capital investments and a higher likelihood of entering female-dominated jobs. Low work expectations in young adulthood also lead to weaker employment trajectories and lower occupational attainment across the life course.
	Bibliography Citation Garcia-Manglano, Javier. "Working for Pay or Raising a Family? Work Expectations and Market Outcomes in Two Cohorts of American Women." Presented: London, England, Centre for Longitudinal Studies Conference, University of London, Institute of Education, November 2012.

4.	Kahn, Joan R. Garcia-Manglano, Javier Bianchi, Suzanne M.
4.	The Motherhood Penalty at Midlife: Long-Term Effects of Children on Women's Careers Journal of Marriage and Family 76,1 (February 2014): 56-72. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12086/abstract Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Life Course; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Occupational Status; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty The authors build on prior research on the motherhood wage penalty to examine whether the career penalties faced by mothers change over the life course. They broaden the focus beyond wages to also consider labor force participation and occupational status and use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women to model the changing impact of motherhood as women age from their 20s to their 50s (n = 4,730). They found that motherhood is “costly” to women's careers, but the effects on all 3 labor force outcomes attenuate at older ages. Children reduce women's labor force participation, but this effect is strongest when women are younger and is eliminated by the 40s and 50s. Mothers also seem able to regain ground in terms of occupational status. The wage penalty for having children varies by parity, persisting across the life course only for women who have 3 or more children.
	Bibliography Citation Kahn, Joan R., Javier Garcia-Manglano and Suzanne M. Bianchi. "The Motherhood Penalty at Midlife: Long-Term Effects of Children on Women's Careers." Journal of Marriage and Family 76,1 (February 2014): 56-72.

5.	Kahn, Joan R. Garcia-Manglano, Javier Bianchi, Suzanne M.
5.	The Motherhood Penalty at Midlife: The Long-Term Impact of Birth-Timing on Women’s Careers Presented: Dallas TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2010 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): First Birth; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Life Course; Maternal Employment; Occupations; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A growing body of research has shown that mothers pay a significant wage penalty for having children, especially while their children are young. In this paper, we take a life course perspective to study the long-term impact of both the number and timing of births on women’s wages and occupations at midlife. We use data from the Young Women’s cohort of the National Longitudinal Study to examine the motherhood gap for women as they age through their forties and fifties. Our underlying question is whether the career penalty (especially for women with early first births) grows narrower or wider as women grow older. In addition to incorporating human capital measures reflecting accumulated work experience and training, we also consider the impact of women’s attitudes reflecting their preferences about gender roles, the value of work and the importance of the family.
	Bibliography Citation Kahn, Joan R., Javier Garcia-Manglano and Suzanne M. Bianchi. "The Motherhood Penalty at Midlife: The Long-Term Impact of Birth-Timing on Women’s Careers." Presented: Dallas TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2010.

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