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1001. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Discrimination and Human Capital: A Challenge to Economic Theory & Social Justice Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 29,2 (June 2002): 105-124. Also: http://www.wmich.edu/hhs/newsletters_journals/jssw/29-2.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Michigan University School of Social Work Keyword(s): Affirmative Action; Discrimination; Discrimination, Age; Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Job; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Racial Differences; Schooling; Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports findings of a study using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to test the rational choice theory that discrimination discourages investments in human capital. Nearly 60% of the study sample (N=5585) reported job-hiring discrimination (race, nationality, sex, or age) between 1979 and 1982 and they were found to invest more in job training programs and additional schooling between 1983 and 1998 than those reporting no such discrimination. White males were found to have the greatest advantage over black males and females in regard to job training and over black females in regard to additional schooling. Findings suggest that appeals to affirmative action policies and programs based on race and sex remain warranted. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Discrimination and Human Capital: A Challenge to Economic Theory & Social Justice." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 29,2 (June 2002): 105-124.
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1002. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Economic Mobility in a Youth Cohort, 1979-1993 Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Marital Status; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Social; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Draws on National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to examine correlates of economic mobility among a youth cohort (N = 2,745) stratified by ethnicity/race & sex, 1979-1993. Findings show that (1) 14.2% of the families of youth reported no change in economic level; (2) low-income white males & females had greater upward mobility than other sex & ethnicity/race groups; (3) black females had the least upward mobility & the most downward mobility relative to other groups; (4) only highest grade completed accounted for variance in lifetime economic mobility across all sex & ethnicity/race groups; & (5) other correlates of economic mobility - eg, marital status, years of full-time work, & use of public assistance programs - varied by sex & ethnicity/race groups. Implications for poverty-related policy are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Economic Mobility in a Youth Cohort, 1979-1993." Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1998. |
1003. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Economic Mobility in a Youth Cohort, 1979-1997 Journal of Poverty 5,3 (2001): 39-63. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J134v05n03_03 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Economic Changes/Recession; Education; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Family Income; Gender Differences; Income; Income Level; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Poverty; Racial Differences; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Economic mobility in a youth cohort (n = 1956) was examined between 1979 and 1997. Increasing percentages of youth were found to reside in families with no change in economic status stratified by class. The rate of economic stasis of youth living in affluent families was more than twice that of those in middle-income families and more than four times that of those in poor families. Little variation in economic mobility was found among affluent families stratified by sex and ethnicity/race, although white males had less downward mobility than black females. Greater variation in economic mobility was found among poor families, with white males having greater upward mobility than other males and white females having greater upward mobility than black females and males. Finally, education was positively related to economic mobility for most sub-groups, as was receipt of SSI, while receipt of AFDC/TANF decreased economic mobility only among white males. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Economic Mobility in a Youth Cohort, 1979-1997." Journal of Poverty 5,3 (2001): 39-63.
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1004. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Economic Well-Being in a Youth Cohort Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services 79,1 (January 1998): 83-92. Also: http://www.familiesinsociety.org/ShowAbstract.asp?docid=1802 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Manticore Publishers Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Education; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. COPYRIGHT 1998 Families International Inc. Using multiple regression analysis on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the author found that the level of economic well-being varied by sex and race or ethnicity. Education, hours worked, and marital status were the most consistent predictors of economic well-being, depending on the sex and race or ethnicity of respondents in 1992 and 1985, and self-esteem was also a consistent predictor among Hispanic men and White women in 1992. Nonetheless, the influence of education on economic well-being declined between 1985 and 1992 for all groups except White women, while the influence of hours worked declined for all groups except Hispanic women and Black men. The findings provided empirical evidence for the reported generalized anxiety in regard to people's ability to influence their economic well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Economic Well-Being in a Youth Cohort." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services 79,1 (January 1998): 83-92.
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1005. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Escaping Poverty and Becoming Self-Sufficient Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 24,3 (September 1997): 5-23 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Michigan University School of Social Work Keyword(s): Marital Status; Poverty; Welfare; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using logistic regression analysis on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth this study found that sociodemographic factors were far more influential in determining escape from poverty and becoming self-sufficient than social psychological factors. The number of years respondents lived in poverty was the best predictor of escaping poverty while the number of years respondents made use of public assistance programs was the best predictor of becoming self-sufficient. Marital status and change in the number of hours worked influenced the prospect for escaping poverty though not becoming self-sufficient. Implications regarding the changing philosophy of social welfare from income maintenance to self-sufficiency are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Escaping Poverty and Becoming Self-Sufficient." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 24,3 (September 1997): 5-23.
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1006. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Family Characteristics, Public Program Participation, and Civic Engagement Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 37,2 (June 2010): 35-61. Also: http://www.wmich.edu/hhs/newsletters_journals/jssw/37-2.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Michigan University School of Social Work Keyword(s): Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Characteristics; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Medicaid/Medicare; Social Roles; Volunteer Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study tested for differences on the type and extent of civic engagement between use of visible programs such as Food Stamps and Medicaid and less visible programs such as the Earned Income Tax Credit while accounting for family and sociodemographic characteristics. Policy feedback theory guided the study which used data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys. Challenging prior research, means-tested Food Stamps, Medicaid, or EITC program participants were as likely as non-participants to devote time to activities aimed at changing social conditions. What social service agencies can do to enhance civic engagement is discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Family Characteristics, Public Program Participation, and Civic Engagement." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 37,2 (June 2010): 35-61.
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1007. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Family Poverty and Public Dependency Presented: New York, NY, Society for the Study of Social Problems Annual Meetings, August 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for the Study of Social Problems Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Education; Family Characteristics; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Gender Differences; Marital Status; Poverty; Self-Esteem; Unemployment Compensation; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1993) were used to identify determinants of public benefits among families above & below the official poverty line in 1992. The relative effects of sociodemographic and attitudinal/cultural characteristics were assessed to determine the likelihood of male and female respondents receiving AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children), food stamps, and/or unemployment compensation (UC) benefits. The hypothesis that sociodemographic factors would have far greater explanatory power than attitudinal/cultural characteristics in determining use of public assistance, regardless of sex and poverty status, was tested with a sample of nearly 1,300, 22.3% of whom received either AFDC, UC, food stamps, or some combination. Logistic regression analysis revealed that many of the same sociodemographic characteristics exerted similar influence among men & women on the likelihood of using public assistance, regardless of poverty status. Marital status & education were notable exceptions. Female recipients of public assistance were less likely to be married, while male recipients were more likely to be married only if they were poor. Education affected only the nonpoor. Regarding attitudinal/cultural characteristics, age of first sexual intercourse influenced use of public assistance only for nonpoor women, while self-esteem did so only for poor women. Findings suggest that men and women used public assistance as a buffer against economic vulnerability, and that increased education might be a less effective means to self-sufficiency than commonly thought. Antipoverty policy implications are discussed. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Family Poverty and Public Dependency." Presented: New York, NY, Society for the Study of Social Problems Annual Meetings, August 1996. |
1008. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Family Poverty and Public Dependency Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services 78,1 (January-February 1997): 13-25. Also: http://www.familiesinsociety.org/ShowAbstract.asp?docid=733 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Manticore Publishers Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Education; Family Characteristics; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Gender Differences; Marital Status; Poverty; Self-Esteem; Unemployment Compensation; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The author used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, survey year 1993, to identify determinants of public benefits among families above and below the official poverty line in 1992. The relative effects of sociodemographic and attitudinal/cultural characteristics were assessed to determine the likelihood of male and female respondents receiving Aid to Families with Depend dent Children, food stamps, and/or unemployment-compensation benefits. Results indicated that many sociodemographic characteristics exerted similar influence on men and women regarding the likelihood of using public assistance regardless of poverty status. Marital status and education were notable exceptions. Findings suggested that men and women used public assistance as a buffer against economic vulnerability and that increased education might be a less effective means to self-suffciency than commonly thought. Antipoverty policy implications are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Family Poverty and Public Dependency." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services 78,1 (January-February 1997): 13-25.
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1009. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Grandparents and Coresident Grandchildren in a Youth Cohort Journal of Family Issues 22,5 (July 2001): 541-556. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/22/5/541.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Coresidence; Grandchildren; Grandparents Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examined correlates of grandparent-grandchild coresidency in 1998, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Among parents 40 years of age or younger in 1998 (N = 5,019), 107 reported grandchildren in the same households. Compared with other parents, coresident grandparents were older, less educated, much younger at the time of the birth of their first child, and 2 to 4 times as likely to be female, single, Black, poor, and unemployed. The majority (81.3%) of coresident grandparents had one grandchild living with them. Only 5.5% lived in skipped-generation households. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Grandparents and Coresident Grandchildren in a Youth Cohort." Journal of Family Issues 22,5 (July 2001): 541-556.
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1010. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Head Start, Other Preschool Programs, and Life Success in a Youth Cohort Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 30,2 (June 2003): 105-126. Also: http://www.wmich.edu/hhs/newsletters_journals/jssw/30-2.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Michigan University School of Social Work Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Economic Well-Being; Head Start; Mobility, Economic; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Preschool Children; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study assesses the effects of Head Start and other preschool programs on five life success measures in a U.S. cohort of youth (N= 5,621). The life successes indices are average annual income-to-poverty ratios, economic mobility, and number of years the youth lived in families whose incomes fell below official poverty thresholds, received Food Stamps, and received TANF/AFDC. Controlling for a variety of background and other factors in separate regression models for each life success measure, results show that youth who participated in preschool programs other than Head Start had higher average annual income-to-poverty ratios than non-preschoolers. Bivariate findings corroborate previous research indicating that Head Starters are economically and behaviorally disadvantaged compared to other preschool and non-preschool children. Multivariate findings of this study also show that Head Starters do as well as non-preschoolers in regard to the four other life success measures. In essence, on these measures Head Starters become mainstreamed by the time they enter the labor force, start their own families, and form their own households, such that they fare no better or worse than other preschoolers and non-preschoolers in regard to economic mobility, years lived in poor families, and receipt of Food Stamps and TANF/AFDC. Findings support continued funding of Head Start but also suggest that higher levels of funding may be necessary to raise family incomes above poverty comparable to other preschool programs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Head Start, Other Preschool Programs, and Life Success in a Youth Cohort." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 30,2 (June 2003): 105-126.
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1011. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Head Start, Poor Children, and Their Families Journal of Poverty 2,2 (1998): 1-22. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J134v02n02_01 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Family Studies; Head Start; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Mothers; Mothers, Education; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Residence; Welfare This study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the NLS's Child-Mother file to identify characteristics associated with the likelihood of poor children ever having participated in a Head Start program, and, among those who did, of their having lived in persistently poor families. Using logistic regression analysis on all children of survey year 1992 female respondents who had lived at least one year in poverty, the study found that number of years in poverty, race, and mother's marital status in 1992 were associated with the likelihood of a child's participating in Head Start. Among Head Start participants, mother's education level, mother's age at time of first birth, residency, the emotional dimension of the child's home environment, and mother's marital status were associated with persistent poverty. When number of years Head Start families received AFDC and/or Food Stamps was accounted for, only mother's marital status, residency, and number of years on public assistance were associated with persistent poverty. Policy implications were discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Head Start, Poor Children, and Their Families." Journal of Poverty 2,2 (1998): 1-22.
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1012. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Marital Status and Other Correlates of Personal Bankruptcy, 1986–2004 Marriage and Family Review 44,1 (Fall 2008): 5-32. Also: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~db=all~content=g903677742 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Economic Well-Being; Marital Status Relying on National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) data, this retrospective cohort study found that 11.6% (n¼882) of the eligible study sample (N¼7,609) declared personal or nonbusiness, nonentrepreneurial between 1986 and 2004. These debtors had average annual incomes that were about 2.5 times official poverty thresholds. Those who were divorced in 2004 were most likely to have declared bankruptcy (16.4%), followed by separated (13.9%), married with spouses present (11.2%), and never–married (7.0%) persons. Specific correlates of bankruptcy varied by year. Marital status was associated with likelihood of declaring bankruptcy in only 6 of 14 survey years: Never-married persons at the time of declared bankruptcy were less likely than married persons to declare, whereas formerly married persons, whether divorced or separated, were more likely than married persons to do so. Formerly married persons who declared bankruptcy bounced back economically to a lesser degree than did married persons, even though their predeclared bankruptcy levels of economic well-being were roughly equivalent. Interaction effects showed that formerly married women were more likely to declare bankruptcy than their male counterparts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Marital Status and Other Correlates of Personal Bankruptcy, 1986–2004." Marriage and Family Review 44,1 (Fall 2008): 5-32.
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1013. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Patterns and Predictors of Debt: A Panel Study, 1985-2008 Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 39,2 (June 2012): 7-29. Also: http://www.wmich.edu/hhs/newsletters_journals/jssw/39-2.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Michigan University School of Social Work Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Gender Differences; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Income Level; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Marital Status; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Relying on panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), this study finds that about half the study sample (N = 5,304) never experienced annual debt between 1985 and 2008, that the vast majority of those who incurred annual debt were short-term (1 year) or intermittent debtors (2-4 years), that the proportion of the study sample in debt for the most part declined over time, but also that the level of debt increased. Multinomial regression results indicated that health status and level of changes in income are robust predictors of debt in general, that age and race/ethnicity are robust predictors of short-term and intermittent debt, that locus of control, family structure during adolescence, SES, work effort, and marital status are robust predictors of intermittent and chronic debt, and that self-esteem, gender, SES, and work effort are robust predictors of chronic debt. Findings challenge blanket contentions that a culture of debt characterizes individuals and families in the U.S and they present a more nuanced portrait of debtors than the stereotype as young and single. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Patterns and Predictors of Debt: A Panel Study, 1985-2008." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 39,2 (June 2012): 7-29.
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1014. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Personal Retirement Accounts and the American Welfare State: A Study of Income Volatility and Socioeconomic Status as Correlates of PRA Support Journal of Poverty 12,2 (June 2008): 229-250. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10875540801973625 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Retirement/Retirement Planning; Social Security; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Welfare Based on a sample (n = 6,407) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort, this study found a sizable majority (69.1%) of support to replace a portion of Social Security with Private Retirement Accounts. Logistic regression analysis showed that SES was a robust predictor of PRA support, particularly for upper class vs. lower class respondents. Findings suggested that there may be less support for a major pillar of welfare state social provisioning, despite successful Congressional attempts to block related legislation to date, especially since the opinions of more affluent persons tend to have greater resonance with policymakers than those of lower income individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Personal Retirement Accounts and the American Welfare State: A Study of Income Volatility and Socioeconomic Status as Correlates of PRA Support." Journal of Poverty 12,2 (June 2008): 229-250.
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1015. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Prevalence and Patterns of Earned Income Tax Credit Use Among Eligible Tax-Filing Families: A Panel Study, 1999-2005 Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 91,1 (January 2010): 8-15. Also: http://www.familiesinsociety.org/ShowAbstract.asp?docid=3950 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Manticore Publishers Keyword(s): Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly Food Stamps); Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Use of the EITC is increasingly important for eligible individuals and families in light of changes to public policies and welfare programs, such as with PRWORA and TANF. Relying on National Longitudinal Survey data over a 7-year study period, this study shows that about one third of those in their prime working years are likely to be classified as working poor. Despite that striking percentage, low-income, prime-age working adults have low EITC take-up rates (less than 20% of EITC-eligible families filed for the credit) despite federal, state, and private outreach efforts. This was found to be the case even for groups considered less economically vulnerable or in need of social protections, such as men in general and married persons. Additional direct practice, advocacy, and policy goals aimed at increasing the take-up rate for the EITC are identified. Social workers and other helping professionals would do well by their working-poor clientele to be knowledgeable about the EITC program, inquire about tax-filing status as part of routine data collection, and encourage those EITC-eligible nonfilers to file. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Prevalence and Patterns of Earned Income Tax Credit Use Among Eligible Tax-Filing Families: A Panel Study, 1999-2005." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 91,1 (January 2010): 8-15.
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1016. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
The Earned Income Tax Credit: A Study of Eligible Participants vs. Non-participants Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 33,1 (March 2006): 9-29. Also: http://www.wmich.edu/hhs/newsletters_journals/jssw/33-1.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Michigan University School of Social Work Keyword(s): Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Gender; Marital Status; Poverty; Racial Differences; Residence; Self-Employed Workers; Socioeconomic Factors; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study (N = 1,504) showed that about half the EITC eligible tax filers in 2001 did not file EITC tax returns and that differences between EITC tax filers and non-EITC tax filers varied by birth place, Food Stamp program participation, marital status, race, residence, sex, socioeconomic history, and worker classification. Findings suggested that the EITC is well targeted in the sense that economically marginalized groups are likely to participate and that increased outreach efforts are also needed to ensure greater participation among tax filers eligible for the EITC but who are less likely to claim it, especially self-employed persons and those residing in the Northeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "The Earned Income Tax Credit: A Study of Eligible Participants vs. Non-participants." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 33,1 (March 2006): 9-29.
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1017. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
The Effects of Socioeconomic Status, Perceived Discrimination and Mastery of Health Status in a Youth Cohort Social Work in Health Care 37,2 (2003): 17-42. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J010v37n02_02 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Discrimination; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES) This study examined the influence of socioeconomic status, perceived discrimination, and sense of mastery over one's life on the health status of a subsample of a US cohort of youth (N=969). When controlling for a variety of social characteristics and personal attributes, only sense of mastery over one's life, measured by the Pearlin Mastery Scale, affected physical and mental health statuses. Perceived discrimination, affected only mental health status, while SES over the life course affected only physical health. Findings affirmed the efforts of professions like social work that stress self-determination and empowerment enabling individuals to enhance their own social function and improve conditions in their communities and in society at large. They also suggested that in regard to mental health advocacy efforts to decrease health disparities can find social justice related grounds based on gender. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "The Effects of Socioeconomic Status, Perceived Discrimination and Mastery of Health Status in a Youth Cohort." Social Work in Health Care 37,2 (2003): 17-42.
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1018. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
The GED as a Predictor of Mid-Life Health and Economic Well-Being Journal of Poverty 9,4 (December 2005): 73-97. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J134v09n04_05 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Economic Well-Being; Family Income; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Human Capital; Illnesses; Self-Reporting; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Guided by human capital, socialization, and institutionalization theories, this study examined mid-life health and economic well-being of General Education Development (GED) certificate recipients. Relying on a study sample (N = 1,927) obtained from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, GED recipients were found to have worse mid-life outcomes than conventional high school graduates on measures of family income and depression and to have better mid-life outcomes than high school dropouts on measures of assets, family income, depression, and self-reported physical illnesses. Findings suggested that GED recipients should not be unnecessarily lumped together with high school graduates and that programs and services targeting potential and subsequent GED recipients and high school dropouts to remain in school might not only improve their mid-life labor market and economic outcomes, but also their physical and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "The GED as a Predictor of Mid-Life Health and Economic Well-Being." Journal of Poverty 9,4 (December 2005): 73-97.
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1019. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
The Impact of Intergenerational Head Start Participation on Success Measures Among Adolescent Children Journal of Family and Economic Issues 25,2 (Summer 2004): 199-223. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/g5m8514278766268/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Childhood Education, Early; Depression (see also CESD); Head Start; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty This study examines the influence of intergenerational Head Start participation on success outcomes among adolescent children of mother-adolescent pairs (N = 1,251). Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey's Child-Mother (NLSCM) files. Of 290 adolescents who participated in Head Start as children, one-third (n = 97) had mothers who had also participated in Head Start when they were children. Graduates of Head Start appear roughly comparable to other adolescents in regard to highest grade completed, a sense of mastery, perceived health, and level of depressive symptoms. They do not attain the levels of achievements as other adolescents in regard to reading comprehension and years living above the poverty level. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "The Impact of Intergenerational Head Start Participation on Success Measures Among Adolescent Children." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 25,2 (Summer 2004): 199-223.
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1020. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
U.S. Social Welfare Reform: Policy Transitions from 1981 to the Present International Series on Consumer Science, January 31, 2011. Also: http://www.springer.com/social+sciences/book/978-1-4419-7673-4?changeHeader Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA); Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Studies; Program Participation/Evaluation; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. U.S. Social Welfare Reform examines the evolution of major Federal cash assistance programs to low-income families, from the advent of the Reagan administration to the early Obama years. Written for the professional (but not requiring expertise in quantitative analysis to understand it), it details which programs succeeded, analyzes why others failed, and highlights the need for further reform in the context of today's economic climate....The uniqueness of its scope and presentation suits U.S. Social Welfare Reform to researchers in family relations, family sociology, economics of the family, and social policy, whether the task at hand is reviewing past events or charting a future course of action. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. U.S. Social Welfare Reform: Policy Transitions from 1981 to the Present. International Series on Consumer Science, January 31, 2011.. |
1021. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Working and Poor: A Panel Study of Maturing Adults in the U.S. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services 88,3 (July-September 2007): 351-359. Also: http://www.familiesinsociety.org/ShowAbstract.asp?docid=3644 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Manticore Publishers Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Family Income; Gender Differences; Poverty; Racial Differences; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and highlights the extent of poverty and working poverty between 1986 and 2004 (N = 5,164). Over one third (34.2%) of the study sample lived in a poor family at least one year, and nearly one fourth (24.2%) lived in a working poor family at least one year. In addition, almost three fourths (70.1%) of those who lived in a poor family at least one year also lived at least one year in a working poor family. Differences were found by gender and race/ethnicity. Findings suggest that poverty as a social problem is better formulated in terms of working rather than nonworking poverty and that gender and race/ethnicity disparities are prevalent. Policy options, such as expansion of the earned income tax credit and implementation of a basic income guarantee, are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Families in Society is the property of Alliance for Children and Families and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Working and Poor: A Panel Study of Maturing Adults in the U.S." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services 88,3 (July-September 2007): 351-359.
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1022. |
Card, David E. Blank, Rebecca M. |
Finding Jobs: Work and Welfare Reform New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Labor Market Segmentation; Mothers, Education; Skills; Wage Growth; Wage Levels Finding Jobs offers a thorough examination of the low-skill labor market and its capacity to sustain this rising tide of workers, many of whom are single mothers with limited education. Each chapter examines specific trends in the labor market to ask such questions as: How secure are these low-skill jobs, particularly in the event of a recession? What can these workers expect in terms of wage growth and career advancement opportunities? How will a surge in the workforce affect opportunities for those already employed in low-skill jobs? |
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Bibliography Citation
Card, David E. and Rebecca M. Blank. Finding Jobs: Work and Welfare Reform. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000. |
1023. |
Card, J. J. Reagan Ritter, R. T. |
Sourcebook of Comparison Data for Evaluating Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting Programs Palo Alto, CA: Sociometrics Corporation, 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sociometrics Corporation Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Data Quality/Consistency; Demography; Education; Education Indicators; Evaluations; Parenting Skills/Styles; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This source book contains 51 tables of data for use in the evaluation of adolescent pregnancy and parenting programs, both for primary prevention programs and for care programs. The publication provides age and race stratified norms for females on a set of demographic, health, sex, fertility, education, and word-related variables that are the core of the Minim Evaluation Data Set recommended by the Panel on Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing of the National Academy of Sciences. Guidelines for use of these norms to conduct cost-effective evaluations are included, along with illustrative case studies. The manual provides current data on antecedent and outcome variables usually included in evaluation of adolescent pregnancy and parenting programs as a source of comparison statistics when planning a program evaluation or an alternative to the collection of data from a control group. Source book data are derived from: (1) the l982 National Servile of Female? Growth, cycle III (National Center for Health Statistics); (2) 1984 birth certificate data (National Center for Health Statistics; and (3) the 1979-1985 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (Ohio State University). Evaluators can make best use of the source book hi considering these variables in the planning phase of the evaluation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Card, J. J. Reagan and R. T. Ritter. Sourcebook of Comparison Data for Evaluating Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting Programs. Palo Alto, CA: Sociometrics Corporation, 1988. |
1024. |
Cardiff-Hicks, Brianna Lafontaine, Francine Shaw, Kathryn L. |
Do Large Modern Retailers Pay Premium Wages? NBER Working Paper No. 20313, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2014. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w20313.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Firm Size; Job Promotion; Wages With malls, franchise strips and big-box retailers increasingly dotting the landscape, there is concern that middle-class jobs in manufacturing in the U.S. are being replaced by minimum wage jobs in retail. Retail jobs have spread, while manufacturing jobs have shrunk in number. In this paper, we characterize the wages that have accompanied the growth in retail. We show that wage rates in the retail sector rise markedly with firm size and with establishment size. These increases are halved when we control for worker fixed effects, suggesting that there is sorting of better workers into larger firms. Also, higher ability workers get promoted to the position of manager, which is associated with higher pay. We conclude that the growth in modern retail, characterized by larger chains of larger establishments with more levels of hierarchy, is raising wage rates relative to traditional mom-and-pop retail stores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cardiff-Hicks, Brianna, Francine Lafontaine and Kathryn L. Shaw. "Do Large Modern Retailers Pay Premium Wages?" NBER Working Paper No. 20313, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2014. |
1025. |
Carey, Benedict |
Bad Behavior Does Not Doom Pupils, Studies Say New York Times, November 13, 2007: Health. Also: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/13/health/13kids.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: New York Times Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); British Cohort Study (BCS); Children, Academic Development; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Entry/Readiness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. "Educators and psychologists have long feared that children entering school with behavior problems were doomed to fall behind in the upper grades. But two new studies suggest that those fears are exaggerated." |
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Bibliography Citation
Carey, Benedict. "Bad Behavior Does Not Doom Pupils, Studies Say." New York Times, November 13, 2007: Health. |
1026. |
Carey, Benedict |
Troubled Young Pupils may Turn Out Well, too, Studies Say International Herald Tribune, November 12, 2007: Americas. Also: http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/11/12/america/kids.php Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: International Herald Tribune Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); British Cohort Study (BCS); Children, Academic Development; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Entry/Readiness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. "Educators and psychologists have long feared that kindergartners with behavior problems were doomed to fall behind in the upper grades. But two new studies suggest that many young children who are identified as troubled or given diagnoses of mental disorders settle down in time and do as well in school as their peers." |
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Bibliography Citation
Carey, Benedict. "Troubled Young Pupils may Turn Out Well, too, Studies Say." International Herald Tribune, November 12, 2007: Americas. |
1027. |
Carlson, Daniel L. |
Challenges and Transformations: Childbearing and Changes in Teens' Educational Aspirations and Expectations Journal of Youth Studies 19,5 (May 2016): 706-724. Also: http://tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13676261.2015.1098771 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although much of the focus on teen childbearing has been on its potential costs to teen parents and their children, emerging research suggests that teen childbearing while challenging can be a positively transformative experience for teens. One such transformation is enhanced educational aspirations and expectations. Much of the research on the positive consequences of teen childbearing for teens' educational orientations, however, has come from in-depth interviews with teen mothers that have methodological limitations. Using panel data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and NLSY79 – Young Adult Survey 1994 (NLSY79-YA) this study finds that over time, teens' educational expectations and aspirations increase, on average, regardless of parental status. Nevertheless, there is significant heterogeneity in how expectations and aspirations change. Teen parents have lower odds of increasing, and greater odds of decreasing, their aspirations and expectations over a 2-year period compared to their childless counterparts. These patterns, however, shift across cohorts. Unlike the NLSY79, there are no differences in the odds of lowering aspirations and expectations between teen parents and non-parents in the NLSY79-YA. Moreover, the lower odds of increasing aspirations/expectations among mothers and white teen parents compared to fathers and black teen parents in the NLSY79 cohort are not found in the NLSY79-YA. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Daniel L. "Challenges and Transformations: Childbearing and Changes in Teens' Educational Aspirations and Expectations." Journal of Youth Studies 19,5 (May 2016): 706-724.
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1028. |
Carlson, Daniel L. |
Deviations From Desired Age at Marriage: Mental Health Differences Across Marital Status Journal of Marriage and Family 74,4 (August 2012): 743-758. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00995.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Age at First Marriage; CESD (Depression Scale); Expectations/Intentions; Health, Mental/Psychological; Marital Status; Marriage Although several factors condition mental health differences between married and never-married adults, given recent increases in marriage delay and permanent singlehood, one modifying factor—deviation from desired age at marriage—has yet to be examined. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N = 7,277), the author tested whether deviation from desired age at marriage shapes the mental health of married and never-married adults as well as mental health differences between them. The results showed that most respondents failed to meet their initial preference for age at marriage. Marrying both earlier and later than desired (compared to on time) resulted in poorer mental health and fewer benefits compared to never marrying. For the never-married, mental health was best, and differences compared to the married were nonsignificant, for those nearest their desired age at marriage. As timing deviations increased, however, a mental health deficit among the never-married emerged. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Daniel L. "Deviations From Desired Age at Marriage: Mental Health Differences Across Marital Status." Journal of Marriage and Family 74,4 (August 2012): 743-758.
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1029. |
Carlson, Daniel L. |
Do Differences in Expectations and Preferences Explain Racial/Ethnic Variation in Family Formation Outcomes? Advances in Life Course Research 25 (September 2015): 1-15. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040260815000271 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Expectations/Intentions; Family Formation; First Birth; Marriage; Racial Differences Race/ethnic differences in family formation are well-documented and scholars have often pointed to both structural and ideational factors to explain them. Yet, investigations into the role that ideational differences play have been sparse and limited in numerous ways. Using NLSY79 data, this study investigates whether variations in family formation expectations and preferences explain race/ethnic differences in family formation outcomes for the occurrence, timing, and sequencing of first marriage and first birth. Significant differences in family formation outcomes, expectations, and preferences are found across race/ethnicity. Expectations and preferences explain as much as 17% of race/ethnic differences in family formation behavior, although typically they explain 10%, and in the case of nonmarital childbearing, less than 3% of the variation. The limited predictive power of expectations and preferences for race/ethnic differences is the result of statistically significant yet substantively small differences and substantial incongruence between expectations, preferences and outcomes, especially for Blacks and Hispanics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Daniel L. "Do Differences in Expectations and Preferences Explain Racial/Ethnic Variation in Family Formation Outcomes?" Advances in Life Course Research 25 (September 2015): 1-15.
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1030. |
Carlson, Daniel L. |
Do Differences in Intentions Explain Racial/Ethnic Variation in Family Formation Outcomes? Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Family Formation; Marriage; Parenthood; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Racial/ethnic differences in family formation are well-documented and scholars have often pointed to both structural and cultural/ideational factors to explain them. Yet, investigations into the role that cultural/ideational differences play have been sparse and limited in numerous ways. Using NLSY79 data, this study investigates how variations in family formation intentions explain group differences in family formation outcomes for the occurrence, timing, and sequencing of marriage and parenthood. Significant differences in family formation outcomes and intentions are found across race/ethnicity. Intentions for marriage entry and timing explain approximate 33% of the Black-White difference in age at first marriage and substantially suppress Hispanic-White differences in age at marriage. For other outcomes – ever marrying, becoming a parent, age at first birth, and nonmarital childbearing – intentions account for less than 10% of group differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Daniel L. "Do Differences in Intentions Explain Racial/Ethnic Variation in Family Formation Outcomes?" Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014. |
1031. |
Carlson, Daniel L. Williams, Kristi |
Parenthood, Life Course Expectations, and Mental Health Society and Mental Health 1,1 (March 2011): 20-40. Also: http://smh.sagepub.com/content/1/1/20.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society and Mental Health Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Ethnic Differences; First Birth; Health, Mental/Psychological; Life Course; Marriage; Parenthood; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although past research indicates that giving birth at a young age and prior to marriage negatively affects mental health, little is known about the role of individual expectations in shaping these associations. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the authors consider how individual expectations for the sequencing of marriage and parenthood and the timing of first births shape mental health outcomes associated with premarital childbearing and age at first birth, and they investigate variation in the role of expectations across gender and race/ethnicity. Results indicate that expecting children before marriage ameliorates the negative mental health consequences of premarital first births and that subsequently deviating from expected birth timing, either early or late, results in increased distress at all birth ages. In both cases, however, the degree and manner in which expectations matter differ by gender and race/ethnicity. Expectations for premarital childbearing matter only for African Americans’ mental health, and although later-than-expected births are associated with decreased mental health for all groups, earlier-than-expected births are associated only with decreased mental health for women, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Daniel L. and Kristi Williams. "Parenthood, Life Course Expectations, and Mental Health." Society and Mental Health 1,1 (March 2011): 20-40.
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1032. |
Carlson, Daniel Lee |
Changes in Family Formation: Baby Boomers' Life Course Expectations for Marriage and Parenthood and Their Ability to Meet Them Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. Also: http://paa2011.princeton.edu/hps/PAA2011PreliminaryProgram.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Formation; Family Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Daniel Lee. "Changes in Family Formation: Baby Boomers' Life Course Expectations for Marriage and Parenthood and Their Ability to Meet Them." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
1033. |
Carlson, Daniel Lee |
Explaining the Curvilinear Relationship Between Age at First Birth and Depression Among Women Social Science and Medicine 72,4 (February 2011): 494-503. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953610008282 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Parenthood Recent research suggests that the effect of age at first birth on mental health for women is curvilinear, with first births at both young (age 20 and younger) and older ages (after age 30) being positively associated with psychological distress. Scholars have theorized that accumulated disadvantages and physical health problems associated with age at first birth explain this pattern, although empirical support for these explanations has varied. Using data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this study provides evidence of an alternative explanation for this curvilinear relationship through its focus on: 1) the relationship between deviations from expected age at first birth and women's actual age at first birth, and 2) the effect deviations from expected age at first birth have on mental health. Results indicate that deviating from their expected age at first birth results in higher levels of depressive symptoms for women in midlife who transition into parenthood both earlier and later than expected. These deviations from expected birth timing account for the upward trend in depressive symptoms at older ages of first birth, but explain only a small amount of the higher levels of depressive symptoms at younger ages. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Daniel Lee. "Explaining the Curvilinear Relationship Between Age at First Birth and Depression Among Women." Social Science and Medicine 72,4 (February 2011): 494-503.
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1034. |
Carlson, Daniel Lee |
Well, What Did You Expect?: Family Transitions, Life Course Expectations, and Mental Health Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 2010. Also: http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/docview/815326445/fulltextPDF/12CE04ABEE447550442/1?accountid=9783 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Marriage; CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Expectations/Intentions; Health, Mental/Psychological; Marriage; Parenthood; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. One of the most substantial social developments in the United States over the last half century has been the dramatic shift in the way individuals now experience marriage and parenthood. These demographic changes are important because marital and parental status, as well as the timing and order in which these family transitions are made, affect psychological well-being. Although the links between marriage, parenthood, and well-being are well-established, these research findings and the policies based on them implicitly assume that the associations between marriage, parenthood, and psychological well-being are universal and invariant, when in fact they are not. In this study I focus on one under explored set of factors - individuals' life course expectations - which may condition these associations. Although a large body of research and theory in developmental psychology emphasizes the importance of expectations in shaping identity development and consequently, well-being, sociological and demographic research on family status and mental health has, with a few exceptions, largely ignored this perspective. I integrate these two research traditions to develop and test a theoretical model which argues that the mental health effects of role acquisition or absence, and the timing and sequencing of role entry, likely depends on expectations for role acquisition, timing, and sequencing. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) I find substantial variation in individuals' ability to meet their expectations for the occurrence, timing, and sequencing of marriage and parenthood. For the most part, recent increases in permanent singlehood, age at marriage, childlessness, age at first birth, and pre-marital childbearing were not expected. OLS regression on respondents' reported depressive symptoms at age 40 indicate that expectations for the occurrence, timing, and sequencing of marriage and parenthood generally moderate mental he alth outcomes associated with the transition into marriage and parenthood, producing significant variation not only in mental health outcomes but also in mental health differences across marital and parental status. The fact that most of the demographic changes in family formation were not expected indicates that for those at their forefront these changes resulted in a substantial degree of structural strain, leaving few in this cohort psychologically unaffected. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Daniel Lee. Well, What Did You Expect?: Family Transitions, Life Course Expectations, and Mental Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 2010.. |
1035. |
Carlson, Lisa Guzzo, Karen Benjamin Wu, Hsueh-Sheng |
Birth Spacing and Working Mothers’ Within-Organization Career Paths American Sociological Association published online (4 March 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231241230845 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Employment; Job Patterns; Labor Force Participation; Motherhood; Motherhood Penalty; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Work Disruption; Work History; Work Reentry; Working Patterns Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The mechanisms behind mothers’ wage penalties remain unclear. In this article, the authors consider the role of birth spacing and changes in employers after a second birth. Using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and competing risk event history models, the authors investigate how spacing between first and second births influences the likelihood of returning to a pre–second birth employer, changing employers, or remaining outside of the labor force within six months of the second birth. The authors find no differences in the influence of birth spacing on the likelihood of returning to an employer versus changing employers but that shorter birth spacings relate to lower likelihoods of returning to the labor market. There is some evidence that birth spacing and postbirth employment varies by age at first birth, marital status, and occupation. Overall, the results suggest that although birth spacing is relevant for returning postbirth to employment, job changes are unlikely to drive mothers’ wage penalties. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Lisa, Karen Benjamin Guzzo and Hsueh-Sheng Wu. "Birth Spacing and Working Mothers’ Within-Organization Career Paths." American Sociological Association published online (4 March 2024).
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1036. |
Carlson, Marcia Jeanne |
Do Fathers Really Matter?: Father Involvement and Social-Psychological Outcomes for Adolescents Working Paper #99-04, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, Princeton University, November 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Office of Population Research, Princeton University Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Well-Being; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Deviance; Family Structure; Fatherhood; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Influence; Fathers, Involvement; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Siblings; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper was presented at the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management Annual Meetings, November 1999, in Washington, DC. This paper uses new data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine how father involvement affects several behavioral outcomes for adolescents ages 10 to 14. Descriptive statistics on the sample characteristics and father involvement are presented; then, regression models are estimated to assess the overall effect of involvement by biological fathers, as well as the effect of involvement in particular family situations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Marcia Jeanne. "Do Fathers Really Matter?: Father Involvement and Social-Psychological Outcomes for Adolescents." Working Paper #99-04, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, Princeton University, November 1999. |
1037. |
Carlson, Marcia Jeanne |
Family Structure, Father Involvement and Adolescent Behavioral Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, August 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavioral Problems; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Divorce; Family Structure; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Involvement; Fathers, Presence; Marriage; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; School Suspension/Expulsion; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Recent changes in the demographics of American families have led to a striking increase in the number of families headed by a single parent. As fewer children spend most or all of their childhood living with two biological parents, concern has risen about the consequences of various family structures for children's development and well-being. This dissertation examines the effects of family structure on adolescent behavioral outcomes and the mechanisms by which those effects operate. Regression analyses are conducted using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for adolescents ages 10 to 14 in 1996. Dependent variables include measures of externalizing and internalizing behaviors such as delinquency, substance use, school suspension and negative feelings. A range of mediating factors is assessed, with emphasis on the role of father involvement. Consistent with previous research, results from this dissertation show significant deleterious effects of single-parent families for children and adolescents. The findings also indicate that most of the effects of family structure can be accounted for by a range of intervening factors and background characteristics. Family structure operates through mediating factors which include the father-child relationship, economic status, and negative peer influence. Father involvement is a particularly important mediator that partially "explains" the greater behavioral problems observed among adolescents in single-parent families. Variations with respect to the effects of father involvement are explored. Involvement by biological fathers is associated with improved behavioral scores for all adolescents regardless of living arrangements, although involvement by residential fathers appears to have a greater effect than involvement by non-residential fathers; these conclusions, however, are tentative and require further analysis using a larger sample of adolescents. Initial evidence indicates that involvement by step fathe rs does not improve adolescent behavior, although the small number of cases living in step families prevents definitive conclusions from being drawn. The level of biological father involvement is strongly associated with the quality of relationship between the mother and the father, particularly for adolescents who live with their biological, married parents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Marcia Jeanne. Family Structure, Father Involvement and Adolescent Behavioral Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, August 2000. |
1038. |
Carlson, Marcia Jeanne Corcoran, Mary E. |
Family Structure and Children's Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes Journal of Marriage and Family 63,3 (August 2001): 779-792. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00779.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; CESD (Depression Scale); Children, Behavioral Development; Family Income; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pearlin Mastery Scale We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to examine the effect of various family structures on behavioral and cognitive outcomes for children ages 7 to 10. We extend previous research by using a longitudinal definition of family structure and by exploring multiple mechanisms through which family structure may affect children in two outcome domains. We find that family income, mother's psychological functioning, and the quality of the home environment are particularly important for children's behavior, while family income and mother's aptitude have notable effects on children's cognitive test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Marcia Jeanne and Mary E. Corcoran. "Family Structure and Children's Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes." Journal of Marriage and Family 63,3 (August 2001): 779-792.
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1039. |
Carlson, Marcia Jeanne Pilkauskas, Natasha VanOrman, Alicia |
Examining the Antecedents of U.S. Nonmarital Fathering using Two National Datasets Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Event History; Fatherhood; Fathers; Fathers, Biological; Fertility; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The dramatic rise in U.S. nonmarital childbearing in recent decades has generated considerable attention from both researchers and policymakers alike, particularly with respect to the implications for women and children. In turn, an extensive literature has examined the factors that predict women's nonmarital childbearing. Far less is known about the antecedents of nonmarital fatherhood, largely because data about men, especially low-income men who are disproportionately unmarried fathers, have been much less readily available. In this paper, we use data from two national datasets with multinomial logit models and event history analysis to examine the antecedents of contemporary U.S. nonmarital fathering. Preliminary results suggest that black and Hispanic men are much more likely to have a child outside of marriage, and higher education and older age at first sex strongly diminish the likelihood of having a nonmarital birth. We discuss the implications of our results for future research and public policy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Marcia Jeanne, Natasha Pilkauskas and Alicia VanOrman. "Examining the Antecedents of U.S. Nonmarital Fathering using Two National Datasets." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
1040. |
Carlson, Marcia Jeanne Turner, Kimberly J. |
Fathers Unequal: Men as Partners and Parents in an Era of Rapid Family Change Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Family Influences; Fatherhood; Fathers; Fathers, Influence; Fathers, Involvement Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While the rising inequality in U.S. family life and its implications has received growing scholarly attention, less well understood is the fact that these family changes have had profoundly different implications for women versus men—mothers versus fathers. In the context of rising/high family instability, mothers are more likely to live with their children, while fathers are likely to live away from their children. In this paper, I present new evidence about fathers’ roles with children and rising inequality in fatherhood that has emerged over the last half century, drawing on data from the Current Population Survey (1976-2010) and the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Fathers’ diminished roles in family life—and growing inequality in such, likely has profound implications for children, mothers, fathers themselves, and society. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Marcia Jeanne and Kimberly J. Turner. "Fathers Unequal: Men as Partners and Parents in an Era of Rapid Family Change." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
1041. |
Carlson, Marcia Jeanne VanOrman, Alicia Pilkauskas, Natasha |
Examining the Antecedents of U.S. Nonmarital Fatherhood Demography 50,4 (August 2013): 1421-1447. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-013-0201-9 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Fatherhood; Marital Status; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the dramatic rise in U.S. nonmarital childbearing in recent decades, limited attention has been paid to factors affecting nonmarital fatherhood (beyond studies of young fathers). In this article, we use data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort to examine the antecedents of nonmarital fatherhood, as compared to marital fatherhood. Overall, we find the strongest support across both data sets for education and race/ethnicity as key predictors of having a nonmarital first birth, consistent with prior literature about women�s nonmarital childbearing and about men�s early/teenage fatherhood. Education is inversely related to the risk of nonmarital fatherhood, and minority (especially black) men are much more likely to have a child outside of marriage than white men. We find little evidence that employment predicts nonmarital fertility, although it does strongly (and positively) predict marital fertility. High predicted earnings are also associated with a greater likelihood of marital childbearing but with a lower likelihood of nonmarital childbearing. Given the socioeconomic disadvantage associated with nonmarital fatherhood, this research suggests that nonmarital fatherhood may be an important aspect of growing U.S. inequality and stratification both within and across generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carlson, Marcia Jeanne, Alicia VanOrman and Natasha Pilkauskas. "Examining the Antecedents of U.S. Nonmarital Fatherhood." Demography 50,4 (August 2013): 1421-1447.
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1042. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. |
Heterogeneity in the Returns to Schooling: Implications for Policy Evaluation Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2003. DAI-A 64/07, p. 2602, Jan 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Heterogeneity; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Schooling; Tuition In this paper I examine the empirical importance of accounting for heterogeneity (and selection) in the estimation of the returns to schooling and in the evaluation of education policy. I study white males and females in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and High School and Beyond, and white males in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. I find that, across datasets, heterogeneity (and selection) in returns is an empirically relevant phenomenon. The return to schooling for the average student in college is systematically above the return to schooling for the average individual indifferent between going to college or not (marginal individual). It is also generally above the return for individuals induced to go to college by different tuition subsidies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M. Heterogeneity in the Returns to Schooling: Implications for Policy Evaluation. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2003. DAI-A 64/07, p. 2602, Jan 2004. |
1043. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. |
Human Capital Policy for Europe Presented: Brussels, Belgium, Workshop on Quality and Efficiency in Education and Training, May 2004. Also: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/events/2004/bxl0504/carneiro_en.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Directorate General - Economic and Financial Affairs Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Cross-national Analysis; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Income Distribution; International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Racial Differences; Skills; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We live in a time of turbulence. There are large flows of individuals, capital and information and knowledge across the world. There are constant and rapid changes to which individuals need to adapt everyday. In such a world the abilities to process information and to be flexible will sell at a large premium, while inflexibility and ignorance are a recipe for a most likely failure. In such a world, it is important to be highly skilled. In this paper I argue that there is a skill problem in Europe and I present some basic principles that should be in the background of a human capital strategy for Europe. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M. "Human Capital Policy for Europe." Presented: Brussels, Belgium, Workshop on Quality and Efficiency in Education and Training, May 2004. |
1044. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Cunha, Flavio Heckman, James J. |
Technology of Skill Formation Presented: Florence, Italy, Society for Economic Dynamics Annual Meeting, Villa La Pietra, July 1-3, 2004 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Economic Dynamics Keyword(s): Child Development; Human Capital; I.Q.; Life Cycle Research; Skill Formation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper presents formal models of child development that capture the essence of recent findings from the empirical literature on child development. The goal is to provide theoretical frameworks for interpreting the evidence from a vast empirical literature, for guiding the next generation of empirical studies and for formulating policy. We start from the premise that skill formation is a life-cycle process. It starts in the womb and goes on throughout most of the adult life. Families and firms have a role in this process that is at least as important as the role of schools. There are multiple skills and multiple abilities that are important for adult success. Abilities are both inherited and created, and the traditional debate of nature versus nurture is outdated and scientifically obsolete. The technology of skill formation has two additional important characteristics. The first one is that IQ and behavior are more plastic at early ages than at later ages. Furthermore, behavior is much more malleable than IQ as individuals age. The second is that human capital investments are complementary over time. Early investments increase the productivity of later investments. Early investments are not productive if they are not followed up by later investments. The returns to investing early in the life cycle are high. Remediation of inadequate early investments is difficult and very costly. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M., Flavio Cunha and James J. Heckman. "Technology of Skill Formation." Presented: Florence, Italy, Society for Economic Dynamics Annual Meeting, Villa La Pietra, July 1-3, 2004. |
1045. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Ginja, Rita |
Partial Insurance and Investments in Children Working Paper 2012:20, Uppsala Center for Labor Studies (UCLS), Department of Economics, Uppsala University, December 2012. Also: http://swopec.hhs.se/uulswp/abs/uulswp2012_022.htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Uppsala University Keyword(s): Family Income; Family Resources; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Human Capital; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Insurance; Parent-Child Interaction; Parental Investments; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the impact of permanent and transitory shocks to income on parental investments in children. We use panel data on family income, and an index of investments in children in time and goods, from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Consistent with the literature focusing on non-durable expenditure, we find that there is only partial insurance of parental investments against permanent income shocks, and we cannot reject the hypothesis full insurance against temporary shocks. Nevertheless, the magnitude of the estimated responses is small. A permanent shock corresponding to 10% of family income leads, at most, to an increase in investments of 1.3% of a standard deviation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M. and Rita Ginja. "Partial Insurance and Investments in Children." Working Paper 2012:20, Uppsala Center for Labor Studies (UCLS), Department of Economics, Uppsala University, December 2012. |
1046. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Ginja, Rita |
Partial Insurance and Investments in Children Economic Journal 126,596 (October 2016): F66-F95. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ecoj.12421 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Royal Economic Society (RES) Keyword(s): Family Income; Family Resources; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Human Capital; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Insurance; Parental Investments Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article studies the impact of permanent and transitory shocks to income on parental investments in children. We use panel data on family income and an index of investments in children, from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We find that there is partial insurance of parental investments against permanent income shocks but the magnitude of the estimated responses is small. We cannot reject the hypothesis of full insurance against temporary shocks. Another interpretation of our findings is that insurance possibilities are limited but the fact that skill is a non-separable function of parental investments over time results in small reactions of these investments to income shocks, especially at later ages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M. and Rita Ginja. "Partial Insurance and Investments in Children." Economic Journal 126,596 (October 2016): F66-F95.
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1047. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Ginja, Rita |
Preventing Behavior Problems in Childhood and Adolescence: Evidence from Head Start Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008. Also: http://client.norc.org/jole/SOLEweb/8201.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; CESD (Depression Scale); Crime; Depression (see also CESD); Head Start; Health, Mental/Psychological; Obesity This paper shows that participation in Head Start decreases behavioral problems, grade repetition, and obesity of children at ages 12 and 13, and depression, criminal behavior, and obesity at ages 16 and 17. Head Start eligibility rules induce discontinuities in program participation as a function of income, which we use to identify program impacts. Since there is a range of discontinuities (they vary with family size, state and year), we identify the effect of Head Start for a large set of individuals, as opposed to a small set of people around a single discontinuity. We use data on females from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of the Youth (NLSY79) combined with a panel of their children, the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of 1979 (CNLSY79). We focus on the impact of the program in two age groups – children 12 to 13 (using the BPI scale and an indicator for smoking habits, indicators of grade repetition, special education attendance, and obesity) and adolescents 16 to 17 (using mental health and motivational outcomes using measures of depressive symptoms (the CESD), criminal behavior, smoking habits and obesity). |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M. and Rita Ginja. "Preventing Behavior Problems in Childhood and Adolescence: Evidence from Head Start." Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008. |
1048. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Hansen, Karsten T. Heckman, James J. |
Removing the Veil of Ignorance in Assessing the Distributional Impacts of Social Policies IZA Discussion Paper No. 453, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), March 2002. Also: ftp://ftp.iza.org/dps/dp453.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Modeling; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper summarizes our recent research on evaluating the distributional consequences of social programs. This research advances the economic policy evaluation literature beyond estimating assorted mean impacts to estimate distributions of outcomes generated by different policies and determine how those policies shift persons across the distributions of potential outcomes produced by them. Our approach enables analysts to evaluate the distributional effects of social programs without invoking the "Veil of Ignorance" assumption often used in the literature in applied welfare economics. Our methods determine which persons are affected by a given policy, where they come from in the ex-ante outcome distribution and what their gains are. We apply our methods to analyze two proposed policy reforms in American education. These reforms benefit the middle class and not the poor. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M., Karsten T. Hansen and James J. Heckman. "Removing the Veil of Ignorance in Assessing the Distributional Impacts of Social Policies." IZA Discussion Paper No. 453, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), March 2002. |
1049. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Heckman, James J. |
Human Capital Policy In: Inequality in America: What Role for Human Capital Policies? J. Heckman and A. Krueger, eds., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003: 77-240 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); College Education; College Enrollment; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Human Capital; Job Training; Life Cycle Research; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Racial Equality/Inequality; School Quality; Skill Formation; Tuition This paper considers alternative policies for promoting skill formation that are targetted to different stages of the life cycle. We demonstrate the importance of both cognitive and noncognitive skills that are formed early in the life cycle in accounting for racial, ethnic and family background gaps in schooling and other dimensions of socioeconomic success. Most of the gaps in college attendance and delay are determined by early family factors. Children from better families and with high ability earn higher returns to schooling. We find only a limited role for tuition policy or family income supplements in eliminating schooling and college attendance gaps. At most 8% of American youth are credit constrained in the traditional usage of that term. The evidence points to a high return to early interventions and a low return to remedial or compensatory interventions later in the life cycle. Skill and ability beget future skill and ability. At current levels of funding, traditional policies like tuition subsidies, improvements in school quality, job training and tax rebates are unlikely to be effective in closing gaps. Introduction / Benjamin M. Friedman -- Inequality, too much of a good thing / Alan B. Krueger -- Human capital policy / Pedro Carneiro and James J. Heckman -- Comments / George Borjas, Eric Hanushek, Lawrence Katz, Lisa Lynch, Lawrence H. Summers -- Responses / Alan B. Krueger, Pedro Carneiro and James J. Heckman -- Rejoinders / Alan B. Krueger, Pedro Carneiro and James J. Heckman. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M. and James J. Heckman. "Human Capital Policy" In: Inequality in America: What Role for Human Capital Policies? J. Heckman and A. Krueger, eds., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003: 77-240
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1050. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Heckman, James J. |
The Evidence on Credit Constraints in Post-Secondary Schooling NBER Working Paper No. 9055, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2002. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w9055 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; College Enrollment; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Returns; Family Income; Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Schooling; Schooling, Post-secondary This paper examines the family income--college enrollment relationship and the evidence on credit constraints in post-secondary schooling. We distinguish short-run liquidity constraints from the long-term factors that promote cognitive and noncognitive ability. Long-run factors crystallized in ability are the major determinants of the family income--schooling relationship, although there is some evidence that up to 4% of the total U.S. population is credit constrained in a short-run sense. Evidence that IV estimates of the returns to schooling exceed OLS estimates is sometimes claimed to support the existence of substantial credit constraints. This argument is critically examined. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M. and James J. Heckman. "The Evidence on Credit Constraints in Post-Secondary Schooling." NBER Working Paper No. 9055, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2002. |
1051. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Heckman, James J. |
The Evidence on Credit Constraints in Post-Secondary Schooling The Economic Journal 112, 482 (October 2002): 705-734 Also: http://netec.mcc.ac.uk/BibEc/data/Articles/ecjeconjlv:112:y:2002:i:482:p:705-734.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Royal Economic Society (RES) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; College Enrollment; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Returns; Family Income; Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Schooling; Schooling, Post-secondary Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the family income--college enrollment relationship and the evidence on credit constraints in post-secondary schooling. We distinguish short-run liquidity constraints from the long-term factors that promote cognitive and noncognitive ability. Long-run factors crystallized in ability are the major determinants of the family income--schooling relationship, although there is some evidence that up to 4% of the total U.S. population is credit constrained in a short-run sense. Evidence that IV estimates of the returns to schooling exceed OLS estimates is sometimes claimed to support the existence of substantial credit constraints. This argument is critically examined. This article draws on both the NLSY79 and the Children of the NLSY79, utilizing PIAT Math scores from the latter dataset. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M. and James J. Heckman. "The Evidence on Credit Constraints in Post-Secondary Schooling." The Economic Journal 112, 482 (October 2002): 705-734.
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1052. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Heckman, James J. Hansen, Karsten T. |
Estimating Distributions of Treatment Effects with an Application to the Returns to Schooling and Measurement of the Effects of Uncertainty on College Choice IZA Discussion Paper No. 767, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); College Enrollment; Colleges; Educational Returns; LISREL; Modeling; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: NBER Working Paper No. 9546, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2003. http://nber.nber.org/papers/w9546 This paper uses factor models to identify and estimate distributions of counterfactuals. We extend LISREL frameworks to a dynamic treatment effect setting, extending matching to account for unobserved conditioning variables. Using these models, we can identify all pairwise and joint treatment effects. We apply these methods to a model of schooling and determine the intrinsic uncertainty facing agents at the time they make their decisions about enrollment in school. Reducing uncertainty in returns raises college enrollment. We go beyond the "Veil of Ignorance" in evaluating educational policies and determine who benefits and who loses from commonly proposed educational reforms. We consider the information on these individuals from age 19 to age 35. For our analysis, we use the random sample of the NLSY and restrict the sample to 1161 white males for whom we have information on schooling, several parental background variables, test scores and behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M., James J. Heckman and Karsten T. Hansen. "Estimating Distributions of Treatment Effects with an Application to the Returns to Schooling and Measurement of the Effects of Uncertainty on College Choice." IZA Discussion Paper No. 767, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2003. |
1053. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Heckman, James J. Masterov, Dimitriy V. |
Labor Market Discrimination and Racial Differences in Premarket Factors NBER Working Paper No. 10068, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2003. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w10068.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Bias Decomposition; Children, Academic Development; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Hispanics; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Labor Market Outcomes; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Racial Differences; Skill Formation; Wage Gap This paper examines minority-white wage gaps. Neal and Johnson (1996) show that controlling for ability measured in the teenage years eliminates young adult wage gaps for all groups except for black males, for whom they eliminate 70% of the gap. Their study has been faulted because minority children and their parents may have pessimistic expectations about receiving fair rewards for their skills and so they may invest less in skill formation. If this is the case, discrimination may still affect wages, albeit indirectly, though it would appear that any racial differences in wages are due to differences in acquired traits. We find that gaps in ability across racial and ethnic groups open up at very early ages, long before child expectations are likely to become established. These gaps widen with age and schooling for Blacks, but not for Hispanics which indicates that poor schools and neighborhoods cannot be the principal factors affecting the slow black test score growth rate. Test scores depend on schooling attained at the time of the test. Adjusting for racial and ethnic differences in schooling attainment at the age the test is taken reduces the power of measured ability to shrink wage gaps for blacks, but not for other minorities. The evidence from expectations data are mixed. Although all groups are quite optimistic about future schooling outcomes, minority parents and children have more pessimistic expectations about child schooling relative to white children and their parents when their children are young. At later ages, expectations are more uniform across racial and ethnic groups. However, we also present some evidence that expectations data are unreliable and ambiguous. We also document the presence of disparities in noncognitive traits across racial and ethnic groups. These characteristics have been shown elsewhere to be important for explaining the labor market outcomes of adults. This evidence points to the importance of early (preschool) family factors and environments in explaining both cognitive and noncognitive ability differentials by ethnicity and race. Policies that foster both types of ability are far more likely to be effective in promoting racial and ethnic equality for most groups than are additional civil rights and affirmative action policies targeted at the workplace. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M., James J. Heckman and Dimitriy V. Masterov. "Labor Market Discrimination and Racial Differences in Premarket Factors." NBER Working Paper No. 10068, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2003. |
1054. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Heckman, James J. Masterov, Dimitriy V. |
Labor Market Discrimination and Racial Differences in Premarket Factors Journal of Law and Economics 48,1 (April 2005): 1-40. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/426878 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Bias Decomposition; Children, Academic Development; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math) This paper investigates the relative significance of differences in cognitive skills and discrimination in explaining racial/ethnic wage gaps. We show that cognitive test scores for exams taken prior to entering the labor market are influenced by schooling. Adjusting the scores for racial/ethnic differences in education at the time the test is taken reduces their role in accounting for the wage gaps. We also consider evidence on parental and child expectations about education and on stereotype threat effects. We find both factors to be implausible alternative explanations for the gaps we observe. We argue that policies need to address the sources of early skill gaps and to seek to influence the more malleable behavioral abilities in addition to their cognitive counterparts. Such policies are far more likely to be effective in promoting racial and ethnic equality for most groups than are additional civil rights and affirmative action policies targeted at the workplace. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M., James J. Heckman and Dimitriy V. Masterov. "Labor Market Discrimination and Racial Differences in Premarket Factors." Journal of Law and Economics 48,1 (April 2005): 1-40.
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1055. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Lee, Sokbae |
Estimating Distributions of Potential Outcomes Using Local Instrumental Variables with an Application to Changes in College Enrollment and Wage Inequality Journal of Econometrics 149,2 (April 2009): 191-208. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407609000281 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Colleges; High School Completion/Graduates; Schooling; Variables, Instrumental; Wage Equations; Wages This paper extends the method of local instrumental variables developed by Heckman and Vytlacil [Heckman, J., Vytlacil E., 2005. Structural equations, treatment, effects and econometric policy evaluation. Econometrica 73(3), 669–738] to the estimation of not only means, but also distributions of potential outcomes. The newly developed method is illustrated by applying it to changes in college enrollment and wage inequality using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of 1979. Increases in college enrollment cause changes in the distribution of ability among college and high school graduates. This paper estimates a semiparametric selection model of schooling and wages to show that, for fixed skill prices, a 14% increase in college participation (analogous to the increase observed in the 1980s), reduces the college premium by 12% and increases the 90–10 percentile ratio among college graduates by 2%. [Copyright 2009 Elsevier] Copyright of Journal of Econometrics is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M. and Sokbae Lee. "Estimating Distributions of Potential Outcomes Using Local Instrumental Variables with an Application to Changes in College Enrollment and Wage Inequality." Journal of Econometrics 149,2 (April 2009): 191-208.
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1056. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Meghir, Costas Parey, Matthias |
Intergenerational Effects of Mothers Schooling on Children's Outcomes: Causal Links and Transmission Channels Working Paper, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), London, October 12, 2005. Also: http://www.fundacionareces.es/PDF/educacion/carneiro.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), London Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); School Progress; Tuition; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The objective of this paper is to investigate mothers education as a driving force behind children's schooling outcomes and to explore channels through which the effect of mothers schooling is transmitted. Using matched data from the female participants of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and their children, we study the causal effect of mothers education on children's outcomes when they are aged nine to ten. We exploit geographical and intertemporal variation in mothers schooling cost at the time when the mother grew up. The data allows to control for mothers ability and family background factors. Our results indicate substantial intergenerational returns to education. We find that children's math test score and a measure of grade repetition are significantly affected by mothers education, but we do not find effects on an index of behavioural problems. The rich data set allows us to study different channels which may transmit the effect of mothers education on children's outcomes, including aspects of mother characteristics and parental investments. In particular, we find a significant effect of mothers education on the mothers age when she gave birth to her first child, on available family income and on the cognitive home environment provided by the parents. In line with related literature, we find IV results that are substantially higher than OLS results, indicating heterogeneity in returns. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M., Costas Meghir and Matthias Parey. "Intergenerational Effects of Mothers Schooling on Children's Outcomes: Causal Links and Transmission Channels." Working Paper, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), London, October 12, 2005. |
1057. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Meghir, Costas Parey, Matthias |
Maternal Education, Home Environments and the Development of Children and Adolescents IZA Discussion Paper No. 3072, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), September 2007. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Progress; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We study the intergenerational effects of maternal education on children's cognitive achievement, behavioral problems, grade repetition and obesity. We address endogeneity of maternal schooling by instrumenting with variation in schooling costs when the mother grew up. Using matched data from the female participants of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and their children, we can control for mother's ability and family background factors. Our results show substantial intergenerational returns to education. For children aged 7-8, for example, our IV results indicate that an additional year of mother's schooling increases the child's performance on a standardized math test by almost 0.1 of a standard deviation, and reduces the incidence of behavioral problems. Our data set allows us to study a large array of channels which may transmit the effect of maternal education to the child, including family environment and parental investments at different ages of the child. We find that income effects, delayed childbearing, and assortative mating are likely to be important, and we show that maternal education leads to substantial differences in maternal labor supply. We investigate heterogeneity in returns, and we present results focusing both on very early stages in the child's life as well as adolescent outcomes. We present a falsification exercise to support the validity of our instruments, and our results are found to be robust in a sensitivity analysis. We discuss policy implications and relate our findings to intergenerational mobility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M., Costas Meghir and Matthias Parey. "Maternal Education, Home Environments and the Development of Children and Adolescents." IZA Discussion Paper No. 3072, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), September 2007. |
1058. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Meghir, Costas Parey, Matthias |
Maternal Education, Home Environments and the Development of Children and Adolescents Presented: Denver, CO, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2011. Forthcoming: Journal of European Economic Association. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Cognitive Development; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Obesity; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Progress; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We study the intergenerational effects of maternal education on children's cognitive achievement, behavioral problems, grade repetition and obesity. We address endogeneity of maternal schooling by instrumenting with variation in schooling costs when the mother grew up. Using matched data from the female participants of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and their children, we can control for mother's ability and family background factors. Our results show substantial intergenerational returns to education. For children aged 7-8, for example, our IV results indicate that an additional year of mother's schooling increases the child's performance on a standardized math test by almost 0.1 of a standard deviation, and reduces the incidence of behavioral problems. Our data set allows us to study a large array of channels which may transmit the effect of maternal education to the child, including family environment and parental investments at different ages of the child. We find that income effects, delayed childbearing, and assortative mating are likely to be important, and we show that maternal education leads to substantial differences in maternal labor supply. We investigate heterogeneity in returns, and we present results focusing both on very early stages in the child's life as well as adolescent outcomes. We present a falsification exercise to support the validity of our instruments, and our results are found to be robust in a sensitivity analysis. We discuss policy implications and relate our findings to intergenerational mobility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M., Costas Meghir and Matthias Parey. "Maternal Education, Home Environments and the Development of Children and Adolescents." Presented: Denver, CO, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2011. Forthcoming: Journal of European Economic Association. |
1059. |
Carneiro, Pedro M. Meghir, Costas Parey, Matthias |
The Effect of Mother's Schooling on Children's Outcomes: Causal Links and Transmission Channels Working Paper, University College London and Institute for Fiscal Studies, May 3, 2006. Also: http://www.tinbergen.nl/cost/london/parey.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), London Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); School Progress; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Several economists have recently tried to isolate the causal effect of parental schooling on child outcomes through the use of different empirical designs, analogous to those used to examine the impact of schooling on wages, namely twin studies and instrumental variables. In this paper we follow the latter strategy and estimate the effect of maternal schooling on children's outcomes. We use white children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), a rich dataset that contains detailed information on children outcomes at several ages, home environments and maternal characteristics. The available information allows to estimate the importance of maternal schooling for several outcomes of the child at different ages, and potential channels by which an increase in maternal education translates into improved child outcomes. We instrument mother's schooling with the presence of a public four year college in the county of residence at age 14, average tuition in public 4 year colleges in the county of residence at age 17, and average unemployment rate and blue collar wages in the state of residence at age 17. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro M., Costas Meghir and Matthias Parey. "The Effect of Mother's Schooling on Children's Outcomes: Causal Links and Transmission Channels." Working Paper, University College London and Institute for Fiscal Studies, May 3, 2006. |
1060. |
Carneiro, Pedro Heckman, James J. Vytlacil, Edward |
Estimating Marginal Returns to Education NBER Working Paper No. 16474, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2010. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w16474 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Educational Returns; Variables, Instrumental This paper estimates the marginal returns to college for individuals induced to enroll in college by different marginal policy changes. The recent instrumental variables literature seeks to estimate this parameter, but in general it does so only under strong assumptions that are tested and found wanting. We show how to utilize economic theory and local instrumental variables estimators to estimate the effect of marginal policy changes. Our empirical analysis shows that returns are higher for individuals with values of unobservables that make them more likely to attend college. We contrast the returns to well-defined marginal policy changes with IV estimates of the return to schooling. Some marginal policy changes inducing students into college produce very low returns. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro, James J. Heckman and Edward Vytlacil. "Estimating Marginal Returns to Education." NBER Working Paper No. 16474, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2010. |
1061. |
Carneiro, Pedro Heckman, James J. Vytlacil, Edward |
Evaluating Marginal Policy Changes and the Average Effect of Treatment for Individuals at the Margin Econometrica 78,1 (January 2010): 377–394. Also: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctppca/chv_econometrica.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Average Marginal Treatment Effect; Effects of Marginal Policy Changes; Marginal Policy Relevant Treatment Effect; Marginal Treatment Effect This paper develops methods for evaluating marginal policy changes. We characterize how the effects of marginal policy changes depend on the direction of the policy change, and show that marginal policy effects are fundamentally easier to identify and to estimate than conventional treatment parameters. We develop the connection between marginal policy effects and the average effect of treatment for persons on the margin of indifference between participation in treatment and nonparticipation, and use this connection to analyze both parameters. We apply our analysis to estimate the effect of marginal changes in tuition on the return to going to college. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro, James J. Heckman and Edward Vytlacil. "Evaluating Marginal Policy Changes and the Average Effect of Treatment for Individuals at the Margin." Econometrica 78,1 (January 2010): 377–394. A.
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1062. |
Carneiro, Pedro Meghir, Costas Parey, Matthias |
Maternal Education, Home Environments, and the Development of Children and Adolescents Journal of the European Economic Association 11, s1 (January 2013): 123-160. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01096.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Achievement; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Body Mass Index (BMI); Cognitive Development; Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Obesity; Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We study the intergenerational effects of maternal education on children’s cognitive achievement, behavioral problems, grade repetition, and obesity, using matched data from the female participants of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and their children. We address the endogeneity of maternal schooling by instrumenting it with variation in schooling costs during the mother’s adolescence. Our results show substantial intergenerational returns to education. Our data set allows us to study a large array of channels which may transmit the effect of maternal education to the child, including family environment and parental investments at different ages of the child. We discuss policy implications and relate our findings to the literature on intergenerational mobility. © 2013 European Economic Association |
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Bibliography Citation
Carneiro, Pedro, Costas Meghir and Matthias Parey. "Maternal Education, Home Environments, and the Development of Children and Adolescents." Journal of the European Economic Association 11, s1 (January 2013): 123-160.
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1063. |
Carr, Nicholas A. Sages, Ronald Alan Fernatt, Frederick R. Nabeshima, George G. Grable, John E. |
Health Information Search and Retirement Planning Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 26,1 (2015): 3-16. Also: http://afcpe.org/journal-articles.php?volume=395&article=505 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Financial Counseling and Planning Education (U.S.) (AFCPE) Keyword(s): Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Retirement/Retirement Planning Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research has found a relationship between the health habits of individuals and their financial well-being. Little research has been conducted, however, to explore the nature of the health-wealth connection. The purpose of this study was to explore and test the association of physical health behaviors, namely exercise and diet, and health information search behaviors, and financial wellness. Using data from the 2008 wave of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), retirement planning activities were used as a proxy for financial wellness, and self-determination theory as a framework for the analysis, this study found that individuals who engage in health information search behaviors, such as reading the contents and nutrition details of food labels, are more likely to engage in financial planning activities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carr, Nicholas A., Ronald Alan Sages, Frederick R. Fernatt, George G. Nabeshima and John E. Grable. "Health Information Search and Retirement Planning." Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 26,1 (2015): 3-16.
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1064. |
Carr, Rhoda Viellion |
Effects of Teenage Work Experience Over Ten Years: Evidence From the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Ph.D. Dissertation, Tulane University, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Education, Secondary; Educational Attainment; Employment; Family Formation; Family Studies; Income; Labor Force Participation; Work Experience This dissertation reports findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) concerning the effects of working during the teen years on educational attainment, labor force participation, income, family formation, and alcohol and drug use at age 22 and age 26. The sample includes all those in the 1962-1964 birth cohorts. Results from my analysis of long-term effects suggest moderately negative effects on educational attainment-- working youth are less likely to attend college or to complete four or more years of college. However, working during high school has a positive effect on a variety of labor force outcomes (labor force participation, employment status, and income) at age 22 and age 26, despite the small educational decrement that working youth suffer. Those with more work experience during their teens marry earlier, and are somewhat more likely to use alcohol and marijuana. The study concludes that, by the early to mid-twenties, the labor force and income gains somewhat offset the educational decrements that result from working while in high school. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carr, Rhoda Viellion. Effects of Teenage Work Experience Over Ten Years: Evidence From the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Ph.D. Dissertation, Tulane University, 1995. |
1065. |
Carr, Rhoda Viellion Wright, James D. Brody, Charles J. |
Effects of High School Work Experience a Decade Later: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey Sociology of Education 69,1 (January 1996): 66-81. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2112724 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): College Graduates; Educational Attainment; Employment, In-School; Employment, Youth; High School Completion/Graduates; Income Level; Job Status; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Unions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Reports data from the 1979-1991 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for a sample of 2,716 young people (ages 16-19 when first surveyed) on the effects of working while in high school on educational attainments & a variety of labor force outcomes roughly a decade after high school completion. Previous studies focused on short-term consequences & reported mixed & contradictory results. Here, results suggest moderately negative long-term effects on educational attainment in that working youths are less likely to attend or to complete 4+ years of college. However, working during high school has a positive effect on a variety of labor force outcomes (labor force participation, employment status, & income) even a decade later, despite the small educational decrement that working youths suffer. It is concluded that, a decade later, labor force & income gains somewhat offset the educational decrements that are related to working while in high school. 5 Tables, 21 References. Adap ted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Carr, Rhoda Viellion, James D. Wright and Charles J. Brody. "Effects of High School Work Experience a Decade Later: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey." Sociology of Education 69,1 (January 1996): 66-81.
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1066. |
Carrillo-Tudela, Carlos Smith, Eric |
Search Capital Review of Economic Dynamics 23 (January 2017): 191-211. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094202516300345 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Economic Dynamics Keyword(s): Employment History; Job Search Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper first documents the extent of return employment: workers returning to employers they worked for previously within the same employment spell. Employer returns are typically involuntary and lead to lower earnings. To understand these features, the paper then develops an equilibrium model of worker recall and on-the-job search in which job seekers hold onto information they acquire about job opportunities as insurance in the event of a job destruction shock. Allowing workers to recall contacts increases the probability of a job-to-job transition with the number of jobs previously held during the employment spell while the probability of an job-to-unemployment transition decreases. These transition patterns are consistent with empirical evidence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carrillo-Tudela, Carlos and Eric Smith. "Search Capital." Review of Economic Dynamics 23 (January 2017): 191-211.
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1067. |
Carrington, William J. Fallick, Bruce C. |
Do Some Workers Have Minimum Wage Careers? Monthly Labor Review 124,5 (May 2001): 17-27. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2001/05/art2abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): College Graduates; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Demography; High School Completion/Graduates; Minimum Wage; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels Examines incidence of and proportion of time spent in minimum and near-minimum wage jobs among workers who have finished high school or college; based on the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY79); statistical analysis; US. Includes relative incidence of minimum wage jobholding across various demographic groups; in broader context of Current Population Survey (CPS) 1993-94. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carrington, William J. and Bruce C. Fallick. "Do Some Workers Have Minimum Wage Careers?" Monthly Labor Review 124,5 (May 2001): 17-27.
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1068. |
Carrington, William J. Fallick, Bruce C. |
Minimum Wage Careers NTIS Report PB2000107225, Federal Reserve System, Washington DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Aug. 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Employment; Income Level; Legislation; Minimum Wage This paper investigates the extent to which people spend careers on minimum wage jobs. We find that a small but non-trivial number of National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) spend 25%, 50% or even 75% of the first ten years of their career on minimum or near-minimum wage jobs. Workers with these minimum wage careers tend to be drawn from groups such as women, blacks, and the less-educated that are generally overrepresented in the low-wage population. The results indicate that lifetime incomes of some workers may be supported by a minimum wage. At the same time, these same groups would be disproportionately affected by any minimum wage-induced disemployment. The results suggest that minimum wage legislation has non-negligible effects on the lifetime opportunities of a significant minority of workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carrington, William J. and Bruce C. Fallick. "Minimum Wage Careers." NTIS Report PB2000107225, Federal Reserve System, Washington DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Aug. 1999. |
1069. |
Carter, Angela |
Adolescent Delinquent Behavior and Job Search Support Presented: New Orleans LA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Job Search; Social Contacts/Social Network Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A substantial literature examines the effects of formal sanctions on later-life employment outcomes. However, individuals who have histories of adolescent delinquent behavior but who are never arrested, convicted, or incarcerated may also suffer diminished employment outcomes. In this paper, I test whether delinquency may result in informal sanctions stemming from an offender's social network. Relationships and their associated social capital are important in finding jobs, often regulating information about job openings and application processes. People in an adolescent's life frequently know about offending that goes unnoticed by the juvenile justice system. Employed people are often less likely to assist someone they think would be an unreliable employee, so offenders may have difficulty mobilizing network ties. Delinquents may also accumulate more criminal, rather than legal, social capital by becoming embedded in networks that are less helpful for legitimate job search. To examine these issues, I use propensity score weighting to analyze 25 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (n= approx. 6,000 at wave 1). I test whether the relationship between adolescent offending and adult employment is mediated by adolescent offenders' diminished access to job search support such as asking "friends/relatives" and "teachers/professors" for help finding their current job. |
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Bibliography Citation
Carter, Angela. "Adolescent Delinquent Behavior and Job Search Support." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2016. |
1070. |
Cascio, Elizabeth Ulrich |
Do Investments in Universal Early Education Pay Off? Long-Term Effects of Introducing Kindergartens into Public Schools NBER Working Paper 14951, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2009. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w14951 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Age at School Entry; Elementary School Students; Head Start; Preschool Children; Racial Differences In the 1960s and 1970s, many states introduced grants for school districts offering kindergarten programs. This paper exploits the staggered timing of these initiatives to estimate the long-term effects of a large public investment in universal early education. I find that white children aged five after the typical state reform were less likely to be high school dropouts and had lower institutionalization rates as adults. I rule out similar positive effects for blacks, despite comparable increases in their enrollment in public kindergartens in response to the initiatives. The explanation for this finding that receives most empirical support is that state funding for kindergarten crowded out participation in federally-funded early education among the poorest five year olds. […I use these data to construct an indicator for whether a respondent was likely to have attended Head Start at age five (see Appendix).40 40These data were used in Garces, Thomas, and Currie (2002). The 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth also asked respondents retrospective questions about Head Start enrollment in the mid-1990s, but covers only cohorts born 1960 through 1964 and does not ask about ages at which enrolled. ] |
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Bibliography Citation
Cascio, Elizabeth Ulrich. "Do Investments in Universal Early Education Pay Off? Long-Term Effects of Introducing Kindergartens into Public Schools." NBER Working Paper 14951, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2009. |
1071. |
Cascio, Elizabeth Ulrich |
Quasi-Experimental Analyses of Early Schooling Investments Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 2003. DAI-B 64/10, p. 4752, Apr 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Age at School Entry; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Childhood Education, Early; Education; Educational Returns; Labor Market Demographics; Preschool Children; Racial Differences; School Entry/Readiness; Schooling; State-Level Data/Policy This dissertation draws quasi-experiments from the history of American education to estimate the returns to public investments in the formal schooling of young children. The first chapter analyzes the returns to preschool provision. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, most states in the American South began funding public school kindergartens for the first time, contributing to sizable and rapid increases in kindergarten attendance in the region. Using variation in the timing of state funding initiatives, I find large reductions in grade retention rates among southern blacks aged five near the time of the reform. Similar analyses show a smaller effect on grade progression for southern whites, and little, if any, effect on early high school dropout rates for children of either race. Effects on black grade progression are similar to those observed for targeted, high quality early interventions, though not large enough to justify universal access to the program. The second chapter, co-authored with Ethan Lewis, uses school entry legislation to estimate the effect of a year of schooling on standardized test performance during high school. Because entry laws specify an exact date, they generate sharp differences in average age at school entry, and therefore in average completed schooling among enrolled students of nearly the same chronological age. Constructing comparisons using this regression discontinuity and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find that a year of schooling during late adolescence yields small gains to performance on the Armed Forces Qualifying Test. Effects are sufficiently small to argue that age-adjusted scores yield an unbiased measure of skill upon labor market entry and that a year of schooling has a larger effect on attainment when a child is young. The third and final chapter estimates the reliability of the standard proxy for grade repetition, whether a child is enrolled below grade given his age. I find that roughly 80 percent of students are correctly classified by the proxy. School entry legislation plays a key role in misclassification, which will impart severe attenuation bias on regression coefficients in applications where below grade is used as an outcome or explanatory variable. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cascio, Elizabeth Ulrich. Quasi-Experimental Analyses of Early Schooling Investments. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 2003. DAI-B 64/10, p. 4752, Apr 2004. |
1072. |
Cascio, Elizabeth Ulrich Lewis, Ethan Gatewood |
Schooling and the AFQT: Evidence From School Entry Laws Working Paper No. 05-1, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, January 2005. Also: http://www.phil.frb.org/files/wps/2005/wp05-1.pdf; Also IZA Discussion Paper No. 1481. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Keyword(s): Age at School Entry; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); I.Q.; Racial Differences; Schooling; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Is the Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT) a measure of achievement or ability? The answer to this question is critical for drawing inferences from studies in which it is employed. In this paper, we test for a relationship between schooling and AFQT performance in the NLSY 79 by comparing test-takers with birthdays near state cutoff dates for school entry. We instrument for schooling at the test date with academic cohort—the year in which an individual should have entered first grade—in a model that allows age at the test date to have a direct effect on AFQT performance. This identification strategy reveals large impacts of schooling on the AFQT performance of racial minorities, providing support for the hypothesis that the AFQT measures school achievement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cascio, Elizabeth Ulrich and Ethan Gatewood Lewis. "Schooling and the AFQT: Evidence From School Entry Laws." Working Paper No. 05-1, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, January 2005. |
1073. |
Cascio, Elizabeth Ulrich Lewis, Ethan Gatewood |
Schooling and the Armed Forces Qualifying Test: Evidence from School-Entry Laws The Journal of Human Resources 41,2 (Spring 2006): 294-318. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40057277 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Age at School Entry; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Ethnic Differences; High School; Minorities; Racial Differences; School Entry/Readiness; Schooling; State-Level Data/Policy How much can late schooling investments close racial and ethnic skill gaps? We investigate this question by exploiting the large differences in completed schooling that arise among teenagers with birthdays near school-entry cutoff dates. We estimate that an additional year of high school raises the Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT) scores of minorities in the NLSY79 by 0.31 to 0.32 standard deviations. These estimates imply that closing existing racial and ethnic gaps in schooling could close skill gaps by between 25 and 50 percent. Our approach also uncovers a significant direct effect of season of birth on test scores, suggesting that previous estimates using season of birth as an instrument for schooling are biased. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cascio, Elizabeth Ulrich and Ethan Gatewood Lewis. "Schooling and the Armed Forces Qualifying Test: Evidence from School-Entry Laws." The Journal of Human Resources 41,2 (Spring 2006): 294-318.
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1074. |
Case, Anne Paxson, Christina |
Stature and Status: Height, Ability, and Labor Market Outcomes Journal of Political Economy 116,3 (June 2008):499-532. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/589524 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); British Cohort Study (BCS); Cognitive Ability; Cross-national Analysis; Digit Span (also see Memory for Digit Span - WISC); Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study; Genetics; Height; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Fixed Effects; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Siblings; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT The well-known association between height and earnings is often thought to reflect factors such as self-esteem, social dominance, and discrimination. We offer a simpler explanation: height is positively associated with cognitive ability, which is rewarded in the labor market. Using data from the United States and the United Kingdom, we show that taller children have higher average cognitive test scores and that these test scores explain a large portion of the height premium in earnings. Children who have higher test scores also experience earlier adolescent growth spurts, so that height in adolescence serves as a marker of cognitive ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Case, Anne and Christina Paxson. "Stature and Status: Height, Ability, and Labor Market Outcomes." Journal of Political Economy 116,3 (June 2008):499-532.
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1075. |
Caspary, Gretchen Lynn |
Effects of Parental AFDC Receipt on Children and Adolescents: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 2003. DAI-A 64/04, p. 1425, Oct 2003 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Welfare This study estimates the relationship between parental welfare receipt and several cognitive and behavioral outcomes in childhood and adolescence/young adulthood. Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Ordinary least squares and fixed-effects regressions suggest an association between AFDC receipt and some outcomes. Welfare received in very early childhood appears to be negatively associated with reading scores and hyperactivity in childhood, but receipt in the preschool period (age 4-5) is linked to an improvement in incidences of peer conflict. Parental AFDC receipt during adolescence is associated with decreased years of completed education among the daughters of recipients. Possible pathways of these effects are discussed. Nevertheless, the conclusion of this study is that, overall, there does not appear to be a significant association between parental welfare receipt and most of the child and adolescent outcomes examined here. Suggestions are made for future research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caspary, Gretchen Lynn. Effects of Parental AFDC Receipt on Children and Adolescents: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 2003. DAI-A 64/04, p. 1425, Oct 2003. |
1076. |
Caspary, Gretchen Lynn |
Longitudinal Effects of Parental Welfare Receipt on Children and Adolescents Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birth Outcomes; Childbearing, Adolescent; Children; Cohabitation; Divorce; Family Structure; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Marriage; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Completion; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this paper is to test the effects of parental welfare receipt (Aid to Families with Dependent Children and Food Stamps) on children and adolescents. In the first part of the study I am using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) Mother-Child Data to relate parental history of welfare receipt to cognitive and behavioral outcomes measured in children aged 6-7. Cognitive outcomes include the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT): Math, Reading Recognition, and Reading Comprehension, and, for behavioral outcomes, the Behavior Problems Index. In the second phase of the study I examine welfare receipt data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and outcomes in adolescents, including: level of schooling completed; teen nonmarital births; employment; own welfare receipt; and own family structure, including cohabitation, marriage and divorce. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caspary, Gretchen Lynn. "Longitudinal Effects of Parental Welfare Receipt on Children and Adolescents." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998. |
1077. |
Casper, Lynne M. Hogan, Dennis P. |
Family Networks in Prenatal and Postnatal Health Social Biology 37,1-2 (Spring-Summer 1990): 84-101 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for the Study of Social Biology Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Child Health; Children, Health Care; Family Structure; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Support Networks Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examined the effects of kin access on prenatal health practices, birth outcome, and postnatal health practice for infants born to black and white mothers (aged 21-28 yrs) in the U.S. in 1984-86. Data were compiled from (1) the NLSY, (2) the Children of the NLSY, and (3) special kin access data files. There was no evidence supporting the notion that kin access positively affected the prenatal and postnatal health practices of young mothers. Young mothers who resided with their mothers or other adult kin, and those who are in close proximity to them, were no more likely to seek prenatal care during the first trimester or to avoid smoking or drinking during pregnancy. [APA] |
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Bibliography Citation
Casper, Lynne M. and Dennis P. Hogan. "Family Networks in Prenatal and Postnatal Health." Social Biology 37,1-2 (Spring-Summer 1990): 84-101.
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1078. |
Cassirer, Naomi Braungart-Rieker, Julie Leclere, Felicia Ziembroski, Jessica |
Maternal Employment and Children's Behavioral and Cognitive Development Over Time Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2001 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the effects of maternal employment on children's cognitive and behavioral development from preschool through adolescence. Current research offers mixed evidence as to whether maternal employment is harmful, inconsequential, or beneficial for children's outcomes, but is limited by its reliance on cross-sectional research designs to study development outcomes that are dynamic and process-oriented. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a panel study of a national sample of youth aged 14-21 in 1979. In 1986, the NLSY began collecting data on the children of female respondents, including behavioral and cognitive assessments. We use the linked child-mother data and hierarchical growth curve models to examine the effects of maternal work arrangement on children's cognitive and behavioral outcomes at initial assessment and on children's behavioral and cognitive trajectories from 1986 to 1996. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cassirer, Naomi, Julie Braungart-Rieker, Felicia Leclere and Jessica Ziembroski. "Maternal Employment and Children's Behavioral and Cognitive Development Over Time." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2001. |
1079. |
Castex, Gonzalo |
College Risk and Return Review of Economic Dynamics 26 (October 2017): 91-112. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S109420251730039X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Economic Dynamics Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; College Dropouts; College Education; Educational Returns; Family Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A large number of studies report high returns to college education. However, a large fraction of high school graduates do not pursue higher education. To reconcile these facts, I develop a heterogeneous-agent life-cycle model with endogenous college enrollment and uninsurable risk of college completion. The risk of failing to complete college explains 14% (18%) of returns to a 4-year (2-year) college. Risk premium varies with individual ability and family income. Using the model, I analyze how costs and benefits of college education affect enrollments and dropouts. Model predictions are consistent with trends in enrollment and dropout observed in the data and findings in related literature. |
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Bibliography Citation
Castex, Gonzalo. "College Risk and Return." Review of Economic Dynamics 26 (October 2017): 91-112.
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1080. |
Castex, Gonzalo Dechter, Evgenia |
The Changing Roles of Education and Ability in Wage Determination Presented: Chicago IL, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Education; Educational Returns; Technology/Technological Changes; Wage Determination; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines changes in returns to formal education and cognitive ability over the last 20 years using the 1979 and 1997 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We show that cognitive skills had a substantially larger impact on wages in the 1980s than in the 2000s. Returns to education were higher in the 2000s. These developments are not explained by changing distributions of workers’ observable characteristics or by changing labor market structure. We show that the decline in returns to ability can be attributed to differences in the growth rate of technology between the 1980s and 2000s. |
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Bibliography Citation
Castex, Gonzalo and Evgenia Dechter. "The Changing Roles of Education and Ability in Wage Determination." Presented: Chicago IL, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2012. |
1081. |
Castex, Gonzalo Dechter, Evgenia |
The Changing Roles of Education and Ability in Wage Determination Journal of Labor Economics 32,4 (October 2014): 645-684. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/673392 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Technology/Technological Changes; Wage Determination; Wages This study examines changes in returns to formal education and cognitive skills over the past 20 years using the 1979 and 1997 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We show that cognitive skills had a 30%-50% larger effect on wages in the 1980s than in the 2000s. Returns to education were higher in the 2000s. These developments are not explained by changing distributions of workers' observable characteristics or by changing labor market structure. We show that the decline in returns to ability can be attributed to differences in the growth rate of technology between the 1980s and 2000s. |
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Bibliography Citation
Castex, Gonzalo and Evgenia Dechter. "The Changing Roles of Education and Ability in Wage Determination." Journal of Labor Economics 32,4 (October 2014): 645-684.
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1082. |
Catalano, Ralph Goldman-Mellor, Sidra Saxton, Katherine Margerison-Zilko, Claire E. Subbaraman, Meenakshi Lewinn, Kaja Anderson, Elizabeth |
The Health Effects of Economic Decline Annual Review of Public Health 32 (April 2011): 431-450. Also: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101146 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Annual Reviews Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Economic Well-Being; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Poverty; Stress; Unemployment Political pronouncements and policy statements include much conjecture concerning the health and behavioral effects of economic decline. We both summarize empirical research concerned with those effects and suggest questions for future research priorities. We separate the studies into groups defined by questions asked, mechanisms invoked, and outcomes studied. We conclude that although much research shows that undesirable job and financial experiences increase the risk of psychological and behavioral disorder, many other suspected associations remain poorly studied or unsupported. The intuition that mortality increases when the economy declines, for example, appears wrong. We note that the research informs public health programming by identifying risk factors, such as job loss, made more frequent by economic decline. The promise that the research would identify health costs and benefits of economic policy choices, however, remains unfulfilled and will likely remain so without stronger theory and greater methodological agreement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Catalano, Ralph, Sidra Goldman-Mellor, Katherine Saxton, Claire E. Margerison-Zilko, Meenakshi Subbaraman, Kaja Lewinn and Elizabeth Anderson. "The Health Effects of Economic Decline." Annual Review of Public Health 32 (April 2011): 431-450.
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1083. |
Cattan, Peter |
Child-Care Problems: An Obstacle to Work Monthly Labor Review 114,10 (October 1991): 3-9. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1991/10/art1abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Child Care; Educational Attainment; Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Hispanics; Maternal Employment; Poverty; Racial Differences; Unemployment The lack of affordable child care can be a serious obstacle that prevents mothers of young children from seeking or holding employment. To examine this issue, data are derived from the NLSY, an ongoing sample of persons in the U.S. who, in 1986, were 21 to 29 years old. An estimated 1.1 million mothers in this age group said they were out of the labor force because of child care problems in 1986. They represented almost 14% of the total population of mothers in this age group and 23% of all people out of the labor force in 1986. Poor mothers were much more likely than other mothers to be out of the labor force due to child care problems, and minority mothers, particularly Hispanics, were more likely to be out of the labor force due to child care problems than mothers who were poor and lacked high school diplomas. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Cattan, Peter. "Child-Care Problems: An Obstacle to Work." Monthly Labor Review 114,10 (October 1991): 3-9.
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1084. |
Cattan, Sarah Julie |
Psychological Traits and the Gender Wage Gap Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Gender Differences; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Modeling; Noncognitive Skills; Self-Esteem; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation examines the role that psychological factors play in explaining the gender wage gap. To do so, I propose a methodology that extends the standard approach used in the literature interested in this question in three main dimensions. First, I rely on an economic model that captures multiple channels through which gender differences in traits can influence gender wage inequality. Second, I account for measurement error in the measures of psychological traits by using latent factor models. Third, I estimate entire counterfactual wage distributions in order to measure the contribution of gender differences in traits to the gender wage gap along the whole wage distribution instead of focusing on its mean. Implementing this methodology in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I find that gender differences in cognition and self-confidence explain a considerable fraction of the gender wage gap, with the majority of this effect being due to gender differences in self-confidence. Moreover, I establish evidence of substantial heterogeneity in the effect that gender gaps in psychological traits have on the gender wage gap along the wage distribution. In particular, gender gaps in self-confidence and, to a lesser extent, cognition explain a greater fraction of the gender wage gap at the top than at the bottom of the wage distribution. By comparing my estimates to those obtained from implementing two standard decomposition methods widely used in the gender wage gap literature, I show that failing to account for the heterogeneity of returns to traits across occupations and for measurement error in observed measures of traits leads to substantial biases in the analysis of the role that psychological factors play in explaining the gender wage gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cattan, Sarah Julie. Psychological Traits and the Gender Wage Gap. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2012. |
1085. |
Catterall, James S. |
A Process Model of Dropping Out of School: Implications for Research and Policy in an Era of Raised Academic Standards Mimeo, Center for the Study of Evaluation, University of California - Los Angeles, 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for the Study of Evaluation (CSE), UCLA Keyword(s): Dropouts; Education, Secondary; High School Dropouts; Longitudinal Surveys Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper draws on path-like models of student attrition developed by researchers concerned with American higher education to suggest a process model of dropping out of school which is applicable to secondary schools. It notes that existing research on school dropouts has been conducted largely without the guidance of such a model. Central features of the model, the academic and social systems of the school, are discussed and the influence of individual student characteristics and of activities in the larger social system are considered. Accumulated evidence on school dropouts is discussed in light of the suggested model. Ways in which this evidence tends to support the structure and central constructs of the model are explained. Four national longitudinal surveys are identified (Project Talent, Youth in Transition Survey, the NLSY, and High School and Beyond Survey) and the major studies describing the surveys and using them to study dropouts are cited along with their findings. Findings are reported in the areas of pupil background factors, in-school performance and activities, and out-of-school interactions. Some implications of the model for future research into dropping out, the effects of legislated academic standards for the high school diploma, and dropout prevention efforts are explored. Four pages of references as well as figures and tables are included. [ERIC ED-281137] |
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Bibliography Citation
Catterall, James S. "A Process Model of Dropping Out of School: Implications for Research and Policy in an Era of Raised Academic Standards." Mimeo, Center for the Study of Evaluation, University of California - Los Angeles, 1986. |
1086. |
Caucutt, Elizabeth M. Lochner, Lance John |
Borrowing Constraints on Families with Young Children Presented: Cleveland, OH, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Research Department Conference on Innovation in Education, November 17-18, 2005. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Debt/Borrowing; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Family Structure; Mothers, Race; Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates the role of family income and borrowing constraints in determining early invest-ments in children and youth achievement scores. As figure 3 shows, youths raised in families in the bottom third of the income distribution are much less likely to be among the highest PIAT test scorers (at ages 13–14) than are those in middle- and high-income groups.3 While more than 50 percent of all 13- to 14-year-olds in the top tercile of the income distribution are in the top third of the test-score distribution, fewer than 20 percent of those in the bottom income tercile managed such scores. These findings raise the natural question: To what extent do family borrowing constraints during early childhood and adolescence influence early investments in chil-dren, cognitive achievement levels, and ultimately college attendance and completion? Summary from Slides of the oral presentation at the conference. [Editor] Schooling Outcomes and Family Income
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Bibliography Citation
Caucutt, Elizabeth M. and Lance John Lochner. "Borrowing Constraints on Families with Young Children." Presented: Cleveland, OH, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Research Department Conference on Innovation in Education, November 17-18, 2005.. |
1087. |
Caucutt, Elizabeth M. Lochner, Lance John |
Early and Late Human Capital Investments, Borrowing Constraints and the Family Working Paper No. 18493. National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2012. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w18493; also presented at the 2012 Society of Economic Dynamics Annual Meetings and at the 2012 AEA Meetings. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): College Graduates; Debt/Borrowing; Family Income; Family Structure; Financial Investments; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education This paper investigates the importance of family borrowing constraints in determining human capital investments in children at early and late ages. We begin by providing new evidence from the Children of the NLSY (CNLSY) which suggests that borrowing constraints bind for at least some families with young children. Next, we develop an intergenerational model of lifecycle human capital accumulation to study the role of early versus late investments in children when credit markets are imperfect. We analytically establish the importance of dynamic complementarity in investment for the qualitative nature of investment responses to income and policy changes. We extend the framework to incorporate dynasties and use data from the CNLSY to calibrate the model. Our benchmark steady state suggests that roughly half of young parents and 12% of old parents are borrowing constrained, while older children are unconstrained. We also identify strong complementarity between early and late investments, suggesting that policies targeted to one stage of development tend to have similar effects on investment in both stages. We use this calibrated model to study the effects of education subsidies, loans and transfers offered at different ages on early and late human capital investments and subsequent earnings in the short-run and long-run. A key lesson is that the interaction between dynamic complementarity and early borrowing constraints means that early interventions tend to be more successful than later interventions at improving human capital outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caucutt, Elizabeth M. and Lance John Lochner. "Early and Late Human Capital Investments, Borrowing Constraints and the Family." Working Paper No. 18493. National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2012. |
1088. |
Caucutt, Elizabeth M. Lochner, Lance John Park, Youngmin |
Correlation, Consumption, Confusion, or Constraints: Why do Poor Children Perform so Poorly? NBER Working Paper No. 21023, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2015. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w21023 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Academic Development; Children, Poverty; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Risk Perception The economic and social mobility of a generation may be largely determined by the time it enters school given early developing and persistent gaps in child achievement by family income and the importance of adolescent skill levels for educational attainment and lifetime earnings. After providing new evidence of important differences in early child investments by family income, we study four leading mechanisms thought to explain these gaps: an intergenerational correlation in ability, a consumption value of investment, information frictions, and credit constraints. In order to better determine which of these mechanisms influence family investments in children, we evaluate the extent to which these mechanisms also explain other important stylized facts related to the marginal returns on investments and the effects of parental income on child investments and skills. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caucutt, Elizabeth M., Lance John Lochner and Youngmin Park. "Correlation, Consumption, Confusion, or Constraints: Why do Poor Children Perform so Poorly?" NBER Working Paper No. 21023, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2015. |
1089. |
Caucutt, Elizabeth M. Lochner, Lance John Park, Youngmin |
Correlation, Consumption, Confusion, or Constraints: Why Do Poor Children Perform so Poorly? Scandinavian Journal of Economics 119,1 (January 2017): 102-147. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/sjoe.12195/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Academic Development; Children, Poverty; Credit/Credit Constraint; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Early developing and persistent gaps in child achievement by family income combined with the importance of adolescent skill levels for schooling and lifetime earnings suggest that a key component of intergenerational mobility is determined before individuals enter school. After documenting important differences in early child investments by family income, we study four leading mechanisms thought to explain these gaps: intergenerational ability correlation, consumption value of investment, information frictions, and credit constraints. We evaluate whether these mechanisms are consistent with other stylized facts related to the marginal returns on investments and the effects of parental income on child investments and skills. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caucutt, Elizabeth M., Lance John Lochner and Youngmin Park. "Correlation, Consumption, Confusion, or Constraints: Why Do Poor Children Perform so Poorly?" Scandinavian Journal of Economics 119,1 (January 2017): 102-147.
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1090. |
Caughy, Margaret O'Brien |
Health and Environmental Effects on the Academic Readiness of School-Age Children Developmental Psychology 32,3 (May 1996): 515-522. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/32/3/515/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Children, Academic Development; Children, Preschool; Children, School-Age; Family Income; Health Factors; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Morbidity; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Entry/Readiness; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Secondary analysis was used to examine how health and environmental risk affect mathematics and reading readiness in a sample of 867 5- and 6-year-old children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Measures of risk included low birth weight, length of hospitalization at birth, rehospitalization during the first year of life, family income, maternal education, and the quality of the home environment. Although academic readiness was largely explained by environmental risk, child morbidity had a significant independent impact on reading performance. Furthermore, interaction analyses indicated that child morbidity was predictive of poor mathematics performance only for children from impoverished homes. In contrast, results also indicated that low birth weight children may be less able to benefit from higher levels of maternal education in terms of reading performance. These findings are discussed in the context of developmental risk. (PsycINFO Data base Copyr ight 1996 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Caughy, Margaret O'Brien. "Health and Environmental Effects on the Academic Readiness of School-Age Children." Developmental Psychology 32,3 (May 1996): 515-522.
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1091. |
Caughy, Margaret O'Brien |
Influence of Early Health Morbidity and Environmental Risk Factors on the Cognitive Functioning of Young School Age Children Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Health; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Morbidity; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care The purpose of this project was to examine the independent and interactive effects of early health morbidity and environmental risk factors on the cognitive functioning of children as they entered school. A large national sample of 867 children was drawn from the NLSY of five- and six-year olds who completed the 1986 NLSY assessment battery. Data available included reported maternal substance use during pregnancy, length of gestation, birthweight, length of hospitalization after birth, infant health status, daycare participation, Head Start participation, family income, household composition, level of maternal education, quality of the home environment and current child health. The dependent measure included 3 subtests of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT): Mathematics, Reading Recognition, and Reading Comprehension. Analysis techniques included correlation analysis, analysis of variance, and hierarchical multiple linear regression. The results of multivariate modelling was confirmed twice, once on half of the sample that was reserved from multivariate analyses and once on the cohort of children that completed the 1988 NLSY assessment. Results of the analyses indicated that environmental factors had the most significant impact on child outcome. The quality of the home environment mediated most of the effect of the environment although level of maternal education appeared to have some independent effect on reading abilities. There was little impact of health factors on child performance 1986. However, there was a suggestion of some influence of early health morbidity on the change in performance over time. A robust interaction between daycare and income emerged wherein daycare participation appeared to reduce the gap between low income children and their higher income peers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caughy, Margaret O'Brien. Influence of Early Health Morbidity and Environmental Risk Factors on the Cognitive Functioning of Young School Age Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1992. |
1092. |
Caughy, Margaret O'Brien DiPietro, Janet A. Strobino, Donna M. |
Day-Care Participation as a Protective Factor in the Cognitive Development of Low-Income Children Child Development 65,2 (April 1994): 457-471. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1131396 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Child Care; Children, Preschool; Children, School-Age; Cognitive Development; Education Indicators; Educational Status; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income Level; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors The impact of day-care participation during the first 3 years of life on the cognitive functioning of school age children was examined. 867 5- and 6-year-old children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth who completed the 1986 assessment were included in the sample. The dependent measures were scores on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT) subtests of mathematics and reading recognition. In addition to day-care participation, the impact of the pattern of day-care was examined by analyzing the effect of the number of years in day-care, the timing of initiation of day-care, and type of day-care arrangement. Initiation of day-care attendance before the first birthday was associated with higher reading recognition scores for children from impoverished home environments and with lower scores for children from more optimal environments. In addition, a significant interaction between the type of day-care arrangement and the quality of the home environment emerged for mathematics performance. Center-based care in particular was associated with higher mathematics scores for impoverished children and with lower mathematics scores for children from more stimulating home environments. These findings are discussed in the context of developmental risk. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caughy, Margaret O'Brien, Janet A. DiPietro and Donna M. Strobino. "Day-Care Participation as a Protective Factor in the Cognitive Development of Low-Income Children." Child Development 65,2 (April 1994): 457-471.
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1093. |
Cawley, John |
An Instrumental Variables Approach to Measuring the Effect of Body Weight on Employment Disability Health Services Research 35,5, pt 2 (December 2000): 1159-1179. Also: http://www.hsr.org/ArticleAbstracts/cawley355.cfm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. National Library of Medicine Keyword(s): Benefits, Disability; Children; Cognitive Ability; Disabled Workers; Education; Employment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Income; Modeling, Probit; Variables, Instrumental; Weight; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: To measure the effect of body weight on employment disability. Data Sources: Female respondents to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a nationally representative sample of American youth, surveyed from 1979 to 1998, merged with data from the child sample of the NLSY. Study Design: A series of probit models and probit models with instrumental variables is estimated with the goal of measuring the effect of body weight on employment disability. The two outcomes of interest are whether a woman reports that her health limits the amount of work that she can do for pay, and whether she reports that her health limits the kind of work that she can do for pay. The models control for factors that affect the probability of health limitations on employment, such as education, cognitive ability, income of other family members, and characteristics of children in the household. Self-reports of height and weight are corrected for reporting error. Principal Findings: All else being equal, heavier women are more likely to report employment disability. However, this overall correlation may be due to any or all of the following factors: weight causing disability, disability causing weight gain, or unobserved factors causing both. Instrumental variables estimates provide no evidence that body weight affects the probability of either type of employment disability. Conclusions: This study finds no evidence that body weight causes employment disability. Instead, the observed correlation between heaviness and disability may be due to disability causing weight gain or unobservable factors causing both disability and weight gain. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cawley, John. "An Instrumental Variables Approach to Measuring the Effect of Body Weight on Employment Disability." Health Services Research 35,5, pt 2 (December 2000): 1159-1179.
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1094. |
Cawley, John |
Body Weight and Women's Labor Market Outcomes NBER Working Paper No. 7841, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2000. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W7841 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Earnings; Employment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Hispanics; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupations; Variables, Instrumental; Wages, Women; Weight; Women Several studies have found that, all else equal, heavier women earn less. Previous research has been unable to determine whether high weight is the cause of low wages, the result of low wages, or whether unobserved factors cause both higher weight and lower wages. Applying the method of instrumental variables to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this paper attempts to generate consistent estimates of the effect of weight on labor market outcomes for women. Three labor market outcomes are studied: hourly wages, employment, and sector of occupation. This paper finds that weight lowers wages for white women; among this group, a difference in weight of two standard deviations (roughly sixty-five pounds) is associated with a difference in wages of 7%. In absolute value, this is equivalent to the wage effect of roughly one year of education, two years of job tenure, or three years of work experience. In contrast, this paper finds only weak evidence that weight lowers wages for hispanic women, and no evidence that weight lowers the wages of black women. This paper also concludes that there is no effect of weight on the probability of employment or sector of occupation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cawley, John. "Body Weight and Women's Labor Market Outcomes." NBER Working Paper No. 7841, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2000. |
1095. |
Cawley, John |
Obesity and Labor Market Outcomes Working Paper, Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University Keyword(s): Blue-Collar Jobs; Body Mass Index (BMI); Discrimination; Ethnic Differences; Gender; Height; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling; Obesity; Racial Differences; Wages; Weight; White Collar Jobs Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies of the relationship between body weight and wages found mixed results. This paper uses a larger dataset and several regression strategies in an attempt to generate more consistent estimates of the effect of body weight on wages. Differences across gender, race and ethnicity are explored. This paper finds that weight lowers wages for white females; OLS estimates indicate that a difference in weight of two standard deviations (roughly sixty-five pounds) is associated with a difference in wages of 9%. In absolute value, this is equivalent to the wage effect of roughly on and a half years of education or three years of work experience. Negative correlations between weight and wages observed for gender-ethnic groups other than white females appear to be due to unobserved heterogeneity. For all gender-ethnic groups, there is little evidence that current wages affect current weight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cawley, John. "Obesity and Labor Market Outcomes." Working Paper, Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, 2002. |
1096. |
Cawley, John |
The Impact of Obesity on Wages Journal of Human Resources 39,2 (Spring 2004): 451-474. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3559022 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Economics of Discrimination; Obesity; Wage Determination; Wage Levels; Wage Rates; Wages; Weight Previous studies of the relationship between body weight and wages have found mixed results. This paper uses a larger data set and several regression strategies in an attempt to generate more consistent estimates of the effect of weight on wages. Differences across gender, race, and ethnicity are explored. This paper finds that weight lowers wages for white females; OLS estimates indicate that a difference in weight of two standard deviations (roughly 65 pounds) is associated with a difference in wages of 9 percent. In absolute value, this is equivalent to the wage effect of roughly one and a half years of education or three years of work experience. Negative correlations between weight and wages observed for other gender-ethnic groups appear to be due to unobserved heterogeneity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cawley, John. "The Impact of Obesity on Wages." Journal of Human Resources 39,2 (Spring 2004): 451-474.
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1097. |
Cawley, John |
What Explains Race and Gender Differences in the Relationship between Obesity and Wages? Gender Issues 21,3 (Summer 2003): 30-49. Also: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rlh&an=15535370 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Periodicals Service Company and Schmidt Periodicals GmbH Keyword(s): Benefits; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Gender Differences; Obesity; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research has consistently found strong race and gender differences in the correlation between obesity and wages. This paper tests four possible explanations for these differences: (1) there is voluntary sorting of the obese into jobs with better health benefits at the expense of lower wages, that differs by gender and race/ethnicity; (2) weight affects self-esteem or depression in a manner that varies by gender and race/ethnicity; (3) weight affects physical health and disability in a manner that varies by gender and race/ethnicity; (4) there is weight-based discrimination in employment that differs by gender and race/ ethnicity. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data for 1981-2000, this paper finds evidence consistent with the physical health and disability hypothesis, but little evidence to support the other three hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Cawley, John. "What Explains Race and Gender Differences in the Relationship between Obesity and Wages?" Gender Issues 21,3 (Summer 2003): 30-49.
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1098. |
Cawley, John Conneely, Karen Heckman, James J. Vytlacil, Edward |
Cognitive Ability, Wages, and Meritocracy In: Intelligence, Genes, and Success: Scientists Respond to THE BELL CURVE. B. Devlin, et al, eds., New York, NY: Springer Verlag, 1997. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Demography; Education; Gender Differences; Genetics; I.Q.; Intelligence; Racial Differences; Statistical Analysis; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previously issued as: NBER Working Paper No. W5645, Issued in July 1996. A scientific response to the best-selling The Bell Curve which set off a hailstorm of controversy upon its publication in 1994. Much of the public reaction to the book was polemic and failed to analyse the details of the science and validity of the statistical arguments underlying the book conclusion. Here, at last, social scientists and statisticians reply to The Bell Curve and its conclusions about IQ, genetics and social outcomes. Contents: Part I Overview: 1 Reexamining The Bell Curve, Stephen E. Fienberg and Daniel Resnick: 2 A Synopsis of The Bell Curve, Terry W. Belke: Part II The Genetics-Intelligence Link: 3 Of Genes and IQ, Michael Daniels, Bernie Devlin,and Kathryn Roeder: 4 The Malleability of Intelligence is Not Constrained by Heritabiligy, Douglas Waslsten: 5 Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in Health: Environmental, Psychosocial,and Physiological Pathways, Burton Singer and Carol Ryff: Part III Intelligence and the Measurement of IQ: 6 Theoretical and Technical Issues in Identifying a Factor of General Intelligence: 7 The Concept and Utility of Intelligence, Earl Hunt: 8 Is There a Cognitive Elite in America?, Nicholas Lemann: Part IV Intelligence and Success: Reanalyses of Data From the NLSY: 9 Cognitive Ability, Wages,and Meritocracy, John Cawley, Karen Conneely, James Heckman,and Edward Vytacil: 10 The Hidden Gender Restriction: The Need for Proper Controls When Testing for Racial Discrimination, Alexander Cavallo, Hazem El-Abbadi,and Randal Heeb: 11 Does Staying in School Make You Smarter? The Effect of Education on IQ in The Bell Curve, Christoper Winship and Sanders Korenman: 12 Cognitive Ability, Environmental. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cawley, John, Karen Conneely, James J. Heckman and Edward Vytlacil. "Cognitive Ability, Wages, and Meritocracy" In: Intelligence, Genes, and Success: Scientists Respond to THE BELL CURVE. B. Devlin, et al, eds., New York, NY: Springer Verlag, 1997.
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1099. |
Cawley, John Conneely, Karen Heckman, James J. Vytlacil, Edward |
Measuring the Effects of Cognitive Ability NBER Working Paper No. 5645, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1996. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5645 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Demography; Gender Differences; Intelligence; Occupational Choice; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Differentials; Wage Rates This paper presents new evidence from the NLSY on the importance of meritocracy in American society. In it, we find that general intelligence, or "g"--a measure of cognitive ability--is dominant in explaining test score variance. The weights assigned to tests by "g" are similar for all major demographic groups. These results support Spearman's theory of "g." We also find that "g" and other measures of ability are not rewarded equally across race and gender, evidence against the view that the labor market is organized on meritocratic principles. Additional factors beyond "g" are required to explain wages and occupational choice. However, both blue collar and white collar wages are poorly predicted by "g" or even multiple measures of ability. Observed cognitive ability is only a minor predictor of social performance. White collar wages are more "g" loaded than blue collar wages. Many noncognitive factors determine blue collar wages. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5645. See also, "Cognitive Ability, Wages, and Meritocracy" published in: Intelligence, Genes, and Success. Devlin, Bernie etal. ed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cawley, John, Karen Conneely, James J. Heckman and Edward Vytlacil. "Measuring the Effects of Cognitive Ability." NBER Working Paper No. 5645, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1996. |
1100. |
Cawley, John Heckman, James J. Vytlacil, Edward |
Cognitive Ability and the Rising Return to Education NBER Working Paper No. 6388, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1998. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W6388 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Gender Differences; I.Q.; Intelligence; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Differentials; Wage Rates This paper examines the contribution of the rise in the return to ability to the rise in the economic return to education. All of the evidence on this question comes from panel data sets in which a small collection of adjacent birth cohorts is followed over time. The structure of the data creates an identification problem that makes it impossible to identify main age and time effects and to isolate all possible age-time interactions. In addition, many education-ability cells are empty due to the stratification of ability with educational attainment. These empty cells or identification problems are literature and produce a variety of different estimates. We test and reject widely used linearity assumptions invoked to identify the contribution of the return to ability on the return to schooling. Using nonparametric methods find little evidence that the rise in the return to education is centered among the most able. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cawley, John, James J. Heckman and Edward Vytlacil. "Cognitive Ability and the Rising Return to Education." NBER Working Paper No. 6388, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1998. |
1101. |
Cawley, John Heckman, James J. Vytlacil, Edward |
Meritocracy in America: Wages Within and Across Occupations NBER Working Paper No. 6446, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1998. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w6446 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Gender Differences; Modeling; Occupational Choice; Racial Differences; Simultaneity; Wage Determination; Wages In The Bell Curve, Hermstein and Murray argue that the U.S. economy is a meritocracy in which differences in wages (including differences across race and gender) are explained by differences in cognitive ability. In this paper we test their claim for wages conditional on occupation using a simultaneous model of occupation choice and wage determination. Our results contradict Herrnstein and Murray's claim that the U.S. labor market operates only on meritocratic principles. Full-text available on-line: http://nberws.nber.org/papers/W6446 |
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Bibliography Citation
Cawley, John, James J. Heckman and Edward Vytlacil. "Meritocracy in America: Wages Within and Across Occupations." NBER Working Paper No. 6446, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1998. |
1102. |
Cawley, John Heckman, James J. Vytlacil, Edward |
Notes: On Policies to Reward the Value Added by Educators The Review of Economics and Statistics 81,4 (November 1999): 720-727. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2646720 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Socioeconomic Factors; Teachers/Faculty; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. One current educational reform seeks to reward the "value added" by teachers and schools based on the average change in pupil test scores over time. In this paper, we outline the conditions under which the average change in scores is sufficient to rank schools in terms of value added. A key condition is that socioeconomic outcomes be a linear function of test scores. Absent this condition, one can still derive the optimal value-added policy if one knows the relationship between test scores and socioeconomic outcomes, and the distribution of test scores both before and after the intervention. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find a nonlinear relationship between test scores and one important outcome: log wages. We find no consistent pattern in the curvature of log wage returns to test scores (whether percentiles, scaled, or raw scores). This implies that, used alone, the average gain in test scores is an inadequate measure of school performance and current value-added methodology may misdirect school resources. [ABI/Inform] |
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Bibliography Citation
Cawley, John, James J. Heckman and Edward Vytlacil. "Notes: On Policies to Reward the Value Added by Educators." The Review of Economics and Statistics 81,4 (November 1999): 720-727.
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1103. |
Cawley, John Heckman, James J. Vytlacil, Edward |
On Policies to Reward the Value Added by Educators Review of Economics and Statistics 81,4 (November 1999): 720-727. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2646720 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Education; Socioeconomic Factors; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. One current educational reform seeks to reward the value added by teachers and schools based on the average change in pupil test scores over time. The conditions under which the average change in scores is sufficient to rank schools in terms of value added are outlined. A key condition is that socioeconomic outcomes be a linear function of test scores. Absent this condition, one can still derive the optimal value-added policy if one knows the relationship between test scores and socioeconomic outcomes, and the distribution of test scores both before and after the intervention. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a nonlinear relationship is found between test scores and one important outcome: log wages. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Cawley, John, James J. Heckman and Edward Vytlacil. "On Policies to Reward the Value Added by Educators." Review of Economics and Statistics 81,4 (November 1999): 720-727.
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1104. |
Cawley, John Heckman, James J. Vytlacil, Edward |
Understanding the Role of Cognitive Ability in Accounting for the Recent Rise in the Economic Return to Education In: Meritocracy and Economic Inequality. K. Arrow, S. Bowles, and S. Durlauf, eds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Princeton University Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; I.Q.; Intelligence; Occupational Choice; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Differentials; Wage Rates; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previously issued as "Cognitive Ability and the Rising Return to Education", Working Paper No. 6388, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1998. This chapter examines the contribution of the rise in the return to ability to the rise in the economic return to education. All of the evidence on this question comes from panel data sets in which a small collection of adjacent birth cohorts is followed over time. The structure of the data creates an identification problem that makes it impossible to identify main age and time effects and to isolate all possible age-time interactions. In addition, many education-ability cells are empty due to the stratification of ability with educational attainment. These empty cells or identification problems are literature and produce a variety of different estimates. We test and reject widely used linearity assumptions invoked to identify the contribution of the return to ability on the return to schooling. Using nonparametric methods find little evidence that the rise in the return to education is centered among the most able. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Cawley, John, James J. Heckman and Edward Vytlacil. "Understanding the Role of Cognitive Ability in Accounting for the Recent Rise in the Economic Return to Education" In: Meritocracy and Economic Inequality. K. Arrow, S. Bowles, and S. Durlauf, eds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000
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1105. |
Cawley, John Simon, Kosali Ilayperuma |
The Impact of Macroeconomic Conditions on the Health Insurance Coverage of Americans In: NBER Book Series, Frontiers in Health Policy Research 6,1. D. Cutler and A. Garber, eds., NBER Books, 2003:87-115. Also: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c9865.pdf?new_window=1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Health Care; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Heterogeneity; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Unemployment In March 2001, the longest economic expansion in U.S. history ended, and an economic recession began. This paper seeks to provide a better understanding of the historical relationship between macroeconomic variables and health insurance coverage. We use data from two nationally representative samples: the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The longitudinal nature of our data allows us to remove individual-specific, time-invariant heterogeneity and to focus on changes in health insurance status in response to changes in macroeconomic variables. The results confirm our prediction that the probability of any health insurance coverage is negatively associated with unemployment rate. We find that a one percentage point increase in the state unemployment rate is associated with a decrease in the probability of health insurance coverage, through any source, of 0.62 percent for men, 0.54 percent for women, and 1.1 percent for children. However, our prediction that an indicator variable for national recession would be negatively correlated with the probability of health insurance coverage is not supported by the data. We find that changes in employment status explain roughly one-quarter of the correlation between health insurance coverage and unemployment rates. Our estimates imply that 440,000 men, 436,000 women, and 494,000 children have lost health insurance coverage during the current recession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Cawley, John and Kosali Ilayperuma Simon. "The Impact of Macroeconomic Conditions on the Health Insurance Coverage of Americans" In: NBER Book Series, Frontiers in Health Policy Research 6,1. D. Cutler and A. Garber, eds., NBER Books, 2003:87-115.
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1106. |
Ceballos, Miguel |
Maternal and Infant Health of Mexican Immigrants in Chicago: A Comparative Analysis of Local and National Data Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Immigrants; Infants; Migration; Mothers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the mechanisms influencing maternal and child health by examining the effect of the migration process on the health of the Mexican-origin (Mexican American and Mexican immigrant) population living in South Chicago. Specifically, this study examines the existence of the epidemiological paradox: the empirical finding that health outcomes of infants born to Mexican-origin women are better than or equal to the health outcomes of infants born to U.S.-born white women. This paper also examines the less-studied finding: the health outcomes of the Mexican-origin population deteriorate with increased duration in the United States. Data analyzed comes from a study of recently pregnant Mexican-origin women of single and multiple parity from South Chicago. The study contains survey and medical record data on maternal and infant health, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables. This paper provides a comparative analysis of this data with such national datasets as the HHANES, NHANES, NLSY, and NSFG. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ceballos, Miguel. "Maternal and Infant Health of Mexican Immigrants in Chicago: A Comparative Analysis of Local and National Data." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002. |
1107. |
Cebi, Merve |
Employer-Provided Health Insurance and Labor Supply of Married Women Upjohn Institute Working Paper No. 11-171, Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute, March 11, 2011. Also: http://research.upjohn.org/up_workingpapers/171/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Employment; Insurance, Health; Labor Supply; Marriage; Wages; Wages, Women; Wives, Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This work presents new evidence on the effect of husbands’ health insurance on wives’ labor supply. Previous cross-sectional studies have estimated a significant negative effect of spousal coverage on wives’ labor supply. However, these estimates potentially suffer from bias due to the simultaneity of wives’ labor supply and the health insurance status of their husbands. This paper attempts to obtain consistent estimates by using several panel data methods. In particular, the likely correlation between unobserved personal characteristics of husbands and wives – such as preferences for work – and potential joint job choice decisions can be controlled by using panel data on intact marriages. The findings, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Current Population Survey, suggest that the negative effect of spousal coverage on labor supply found in cross-sections results mainly from spousal sorting and selection. Once unobserved heterogeneity is controlled for, a relatively smaller estimated effect of spousal coverage on wives’ labor supply remains. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cebi, Merve. "Employer-Provided Health Insurance and Labor Supply of Married Women." Upjohn Institute Working Paper No. 11-171, Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute, March 11, 2011. |
1108. |
Cebi, Merve |
Locus of Control and Human Capital Investment Revisited Journal of Human Resources 42,4 (Fall 2007): 919-932. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40057334 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Child Development; Cognitive Development; Fertility; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Modeling; Occupational Choice; Teenagers This paper examines the effect of teenagers' outlooks--specified as their locus of control--on educational attainment and labor market outcomes. I replicate the study of Coleman and DeLeire (2003) and test the predictions of their theoretical model using a different data set--National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The findings fail to support the predictions of the model and suggest that locus of control is not a significant determinant of educational outcomes once cognitive ability is controlled for; however, locus of control is rewarded in the labor market later in life. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cebi, Merve. "Locus of Control and Human Capital Investment Revisited." Journal of Human Resources 42,4 (Fall 2007): 919-932.
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1109. |
Cebi, Merve |
Three Empirical Studies of Human Capital, Labor Supply, and Health Care Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2008. DAI-A 69/09, Mar 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; Insurance, Health; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Self-Regulation/Self-Control Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Locus of control and human capital investment revisited. Locus of control (LOC) is a psychological concept that measures the extent to which an individual believes she has control over her life (internal control) as opposed to believing that luck controls her life (external control). Findings from the early empirical literature suggested that internal LOC is related to higher educational attainment and earnings. However, a key concern in the early literature is that LOC could merely be a proxy for unobserved ability, which could itself increase education and earnings. To distinguish between the effects of LOC and the effects of ability, Coleman and DeLeire (2003) present a model of human capital investment that incorporates LOC. I test the predictions of the Coleman-DeLeire model using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. My findings fail to support Coleman and DeLeire's predictions and suggest that LOC is not a significant determinant of educational outcomes once cognitive ability is controlled for; however, LOC does lead to higher earnings later in life. Employer-provided health insurance and labor supply of married women. This work presents new evidence on the effect of husbands' health insurance on wives' labor supply. Previous cross-sectional studies have estimated a significant negative effect of spousal coverage on wives' labor supply. However, these estimates potentially suffer from bias because wives' labor supply and the health insurance status of their husbands are interdependent and chosen simultaneously. This paper attempts to obtain consistent estimates by using several panel data methods. In particular, the likely correlation between unobserved characteristics of husbands and wives affecting labor supply--such as preferences for work--can be captured using panel data on intact marriages, and potential joint job choice decisions can be controlled using fixed-effects instrumental variables methods. The findings, using data from the Current Population Survey and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, suggest that the negative effect of spousal coverage on labor supply found in cross-sections results mainly from spousal sorting and selection. There is only a small estimable effect of spousal coverage on wives' labor supply. Health insurance tax credits and health insurance coverage of low-income single mothers. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 introduced a refundable tax credit for low-income families who purchased health insurance coverage for their children. This health insurance tax credit (HITC) existed during tax years 1991, 1992, and 1993, and was then rescinded. We use Current Population Survey data and a difference-in-differences approach to estimate the HITC's effect on private health insurance coverage of low-income single mothers. The findings suggest that during 1991-1993, the health insurance coverage of single mothers was about 6 percentage points higher than it would have been in the absence of the HITC. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cebi, Merve. Three Empirical Studies of Human Capital, Labor Supply, and Health Care. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2008. DAI-A 69/09, Mar 2009. |
1110. |
Cebi, Merve Wang, Chunbei |
Employer-provided Health Insurance and Labor Supply of Married Women Eastern Economic Journal 39,4 (Fall 2013): 493-510. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23524347 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Keyword(s): Husbands; Insurance, Health; Labor Supply; Wives, Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This work presents new evidence on the relationship between husbands' health insurance and wives' labor supply. Several studies using cross-sectional data have suggested that spousal coverage reduces wives' labor supply; however, these estimates potentially suffer from bias due to simultaneity of wives' labor supply and husbands' health insurance. This paper attempts to obtain consistent estimates by applying several panel data estimators to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The estimates suggest that the negative relationship found in cross-sections results mainly from spousal sorting and selection; controlling for unobserved heterogeneity leads to a smaller estimated effect of spousal coverage on wives' labor supply. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cebi, Merve and Chunbei Wang. "Employer-provided Health Insurance and Labor Supply of Married Women." Eastern Economic Journal 39,4 (Fall 2013): 493-510.
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1111. |
Cellini, Stephanie Riegg McKernan, Signe-Mary Ratcliffe, Caroline |
The Dynamics of Poverty in the United States: A Review of Data, Methods, and Findings Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 27,3 (Summer 2008): 577-605. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pam.20337/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Census of Population; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Poverty; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper reviews the literature on poverty dynamics in the U.S. It surveys the most prevalent data, theories, and methods used to answer three key questions: How likely are people to enter, exit, and reenter poverty? How long do people remain in poverty? And what events are associated with entering and exiting poverty? The paper then analyzes the combined findings of the literature, discussing overarching patterns of poverty dynamics, differences among demographic groups, and how poverty probabilities, duration, and events have changed over time. We conclude with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings and avenues for future research. © 2008 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cellini, Stephanie Riegg, Signe-Mary McKernan and Caroline Ratcliffe. "The Dynamics of Poverty in the United States: A Review of Data, Methods, and Findings." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 27,3 (Summer 2008): 577-605.
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1112. |
Centeno, Mario |
The Match Quality Gains from Unemployment Insurance Journal of Human Resources 39,3 (Summer 2004): 839-63. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3559000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Job Tenure; Unemployment Insurance This paper assesses the benefits of unemployment insurance (UI) by measuring its effect in match quality. We note that UI generosity should affect the decision to match or not and should therefore have some effect on match quality. Using NLSY data, we analyze the relationship between post-unemployment job tenure and measures of the state-level UI generosity and the unemployment rate at the time the job is started. We show that greater UI generosity leads to longer job tenure. Furthermore, we find some evidence that this effect is more pronounced during busts, UI having a limited dampening effect on the cyclical variation in match quality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Centeno, Mario. "The Match Quality Gains from Unemployment Insurance." Journal of Human Resources 39,3 (Summer 2004): 839-63.
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1113. |
Centeno, Mario Jose Gomes de Freitas |
Essays on Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Human Capital; Job Search; Self-Employed Workers; Unemployment; Unemployment Insurance; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This thesis studies three different aspects of the labor market functioning. In the first chapter I investigate how the unemployment insurance (UI) system affects match quality. The argument is that UI enables workers to sort themselves into better jobs. I present a model of job-search that predicts procyclical match quality and that higher UI reduces mismatch over the cycle. Using data from the NLSY I find that a higher level of UI increases duration of postunemployment matches started in both phases of the cycle, and that this effect is larger in recessions, decreasing the cyclical sensitivity of match quality. These results point out to a beneficial effect of the UI system often neglected in policy debates. The second chapter studies the wage setting process. I present a simple matching model that predicts a decrease in wage sensitivity to the labor market stance as the employment relationship evolves. The worker appropriates a portion of the value of the match-specific human capital she is accumulating, thereby gradually becoming shielded from the vagaries of the labor market. I present empirical evidence supporting this prediction: the elasticity of wages to the unemployment rate decreases with tenure. This result is robust to different specifications that allow for job heterogeneity, and it contributes to the interpretation of recent evidence of changes in the effect of the business cycle on wages. The third chapter discusses the role for self-employment in a highly regulated labor market with low unemployment rate. Self-employment can be better characterized as a host of jobs, close substitute to salaried work, being the way the market tries to work around the government intervention of firing costs. The Portuguese case is considered. Using worker level data I characterize transitions into and out of self-employment. The typical worker entering self-employment after losing a salaried job does not experience unemployment, enters self-employment in growing indu stries, and does not have a high-school diploma. These results are consistent with self-employment matches having the flexibility characteristics of low quality jobs, allowing less skilled workers to find alternative jobs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Centeno, Mario Jose Gomes de Freitas. Essays on Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2000. |
1114. |
Certain, Laura K. Kahn, Robert S. |
Prevalence, Correlates, and Trajectory of Television Viewing Among Infants and Toddlers Pediatrics 109, 4 (April 2002): 634-642. Also: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/109/4/634 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Child Care; Depression (see also CESD); Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Infants; Longitudinal Surveys; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors; Television Viewing OBJECTIVES: Recognizing the negative effects of television on children, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children 2 years and older watch <2 hours of television per day and that children younger than 2 years watch no television. However, relatively little is known about the amount of television viewed by infants and toddlers. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence and correlates of television viewing that exceeds the AAP guidelines for 0- to 35-month-olds and to examine the trajectory of a child's viewing over time. METHODS: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1990 to 1998, were used to analyze reported television viewing at 0 to 35 months of age and to follow the trajectory of a child's viewing from infancy through age 6. Logistic regression models were used to determine risk factors associated with greater television viewing at 0 to 35 months and the association of early viewing habits with school-age viewing. RESULTS: Seventeen percent of 0- to 11-month-olds, 48% of 12- to 23-month-olds, and 41% of 24- to 35-month-olds were reported to watch more television than the AAP recommends. Compared with college graduates, less-educated women were more likely to report that their children watched more television than recommended. Children who watched >2 hours per day at age 2 were more likely to watch >2 hours per day at age 6 (odds ratio: 2.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.8-3.9), controlling for maternal education, race, marital status and employment, household income, and birth order. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial number of children begin watching television at an earlier age and in greater amounts than the AAP recommends. Furthermore, these early viewing patterns persist into childhood. Preventive intervention research on television viewing should consider targeting infants and toddlers and their families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Certain, Laura K. and Robert S. Kahn. "Prevalence, Correlates, and Trajectory of Television Viewing Among Infants and Toddlers." Pediatrics 109, 4 (April 2002): 634-642.
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1115. |
Cetron, Marvin J. Davies, Owen |
Trends Now Shaping the Future Futurist 39,3 (May-June 2005): 37-51 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: World Future Society Keyword(s): Job Analysis; Job Patterns; Job Turnover Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Discusses trends in the future of science and technology around the world. Impact of new technologies on U.S. job creation from 2002 to 2004; Increase in the total U.S. federal outlays on research and development; Advantage of the advances in transportation technology to travel and shipping; Role of genetic research in accelerating advances in medicine and in the growth of medical knowledge. NLSY79 data are used for the table "Job Hoppers in the United States", page 9. "Educated women are the most-frequent job hoppers in their youth but among the least frequent as they mature." |
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Bibliography Citation
Cetron, Marvin J. and Owen Davies. "Trends Now Shaping the Future." Futurist 39,3 (May-June 2005): 37-51.
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1116. |
Cha, Ariana Eunjung |
Loathe Your Job in Your 20s or 30s? That May Hurt Your Health by Your 40s Washington Post, August 23, 2016, To Your Health section Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Satisfaction; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An analysis by Ohio State University's Jonathan Dirlam and Hui Zheng, presented this week [August 2016] at the American Sociological Association's annual meeting, shows that job satisfaction in your late 20s and 30s appears to be linked to your health in your 40s. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cha, Ariana Eunjung. "Loathe Your Job in Your 20s or 30s? That May Hurt Your Health by Your 40s." Washington Post, August 23, 2016, To Your Health section. |
1117. |
Cha, Hyungmin Crosnoe, Robert |
The Health of Mothers of Adult Children with Serious Conditions Journal of Marriage and Family published online (28 January 2022): DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12823. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12823 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Children, Illness; Disability; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Mothers, Health Objective: This study examined the association between parenting adult children with serious conditions and mothers' midlife health in the United States. Background: The literature about the link between the parenting status of having an adult child with a serious condition and maternal wellbeing can be advanced by systematic analysis of the cumulative role that this parenting status can play in maternal health over the life course as opposed to at any one point. Methods: Propensity score reweighting models of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 and its linked child and young adult data estimated disparities in midlife health among mothers of adult children with serious conditions (disabilities, developmental disorders, chronic diseases) and mothers of typically developing children, including examining variation by how long mothers had been in this parenting role and moderation by maternal education and marital status. Results: Mothers of young adult children with serious conditions had poorer physical (but not mental) health at midlife than other mothers, especially when more years had elapsed since the child was diagnosed with or developed the condition. These patterns did not differ by maternal education and marital status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cha, Hyungmin and Robert Crosnoe. "The Health of Mothers of Adult Children with Serious Conditions." Journal of Marriage and Family published online (28 January 2022): DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12823.
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1118. |
Cha, Youngjoo Weeden, Kim A. Schnabel, Landon |
Is the Gender Wage Gap Really a Family Wage Gap in Disguise? American Sociological Review 88,6 (November 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224231212464 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Gender Equality/Inequality; Gender Gap; Marriage; Motherhood; Motherhood Penalty; Mothers; Mothers, Income; Occupations; Parenthood; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite large literatures on gender and family wage gaps (e.g., the motherhood wage penalty, fatherhood wage premium, and the marriage premium) and widespread recognition that the two gaps are intertwined, the extent and pattern of their relationships are underexplored. Using data from the 2018 Survey of Income and Program Participation, we show that family wage gaps are strongly associated with the gender wage gap, as long assumed in the literature, but with important caveats. The gender-differentiated wage returns to parenthood contribute 29 percent of the gender wage gap. One third of this is associated with occupation, but very little with other worker and job attributes. The gender-differentiated returns to marriage contribute another 33 percent, two thirds of which is associated with worker and job attributes but very little with occupation. However, 36 percent of the gender wage gap is unrelated to these family wage gaps, and the gender wage gap among childless workers remains substantial. Moreover, for Black and Hispanic workers, the pattern of association is more complex and generally weaker than for White workers. These results caution against focusing solely on the wage gap between “mothers and others” and suggest new directions for research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cha, Youngjoo, Kim A. Weeden and Landon Schnabel. "Is the Gender Wage Gap Really a Family Wage Gap in Disguise?" American Sociological Review 88,6 (November 2023).
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1119. |
Chaffee, Benjamin W. Abrams, Barbara Cohen, Alison K. Rehkopf, David |
Socioeconomic Disadvantage in Childhood as a Predictor of Excessive Gestational Weight Gain and Obesity in Midlife Adulthood Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 12,4 (December 2015): . Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12982-015-0026-7/fulltext.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Childhood; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Modeling, Marginal Structural; Obesity; Physical Characteristics; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Socioeconomic Background; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Lower childhood socioeconomic position is associated with greater risk of adult obesity among women, but not men. Pregnancy-related weight changes may contribute to this gender difference. The objectives of this study were to determine the associations between: 1. childhood socioeconomic disadvantage and midlife obesity; 2. excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and midlife obesity; and 3. childhood socioeconomic disadvantage and excessive GWG, among a representative sample of childbearing women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chaffee, Benjamin W., Barbara Abrams, Alison K. Cohen and David Rehkopf. "Socioeconomic Disadvantage in Childhood as a Predictor of Excessive Gestational Weight Gain and Obesity in Midlife Adulthood." Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 12,4 (December 2015): .
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1120. |
Chalfin, Aaron Deza, Monica |
The Intergenerational Effects of Education on Delinquency Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 159 (March 2019): 553-571. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268117302123 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Attainment; Geocoded Data; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences; State-Level Data/Policy Children of less educated parents are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior. One explanation for this is that better educated parents are inherently more likely to raise children in ways that are less conducive to criminal participation. Alternatively, additional parental education may change parents' behavior in ways that reduces their children's propensity to commit crime. Using data from the NLSY79 and variation induced by changes in compulsory schooling laws in the United States, we find that an increase in parental education reduces delinquent behavior among the children of those exposed to compulsory schooling laws. This research is the first to uncover evidence of an intergenerational effect of education on crime in the United States. We conclude that previous analyses of compulsory schooling laws − and investments in education more generally − appreciably underestimate the full benefits of investments in education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chalfin, Aaron and Monica Deza. "The Intergenerational Effects of Education on Delinquency." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 159 (March 2019): 553-571.
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1121. |
Chaloupka, Frank J. Laixuthai, Adit |
Do Youths Substitute Alcohol and Marijuana? Some Econometric Evidence Presented: Lake Tahoe, NV, Issues in the Economic Analysis of Substance Abuse Session of the Western Economic Association Meetings, June 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Illegal Activities; Substance Use This working paper examines the persistently high level of youth drinking. Youth drinking and alcohol abuse have been a focus of government policy since the mid 1970's. When the 26th amendment to the Constitution lowered the voting age to 18 years, a number of states followed by also lowering their minimum legal drinking ages. By 1984, the federal government became involved in what had traditionally been left up to states to decide by enacting the Federal Uniform Drinking Age Act. This act pressured states into raising all legal drinking ages to 21 years or suffer the penalty of losing part of the highway funds they received from the federal government. By 1988, all states had complied. The higher drinking ages succeeded in reducing youth alcohol use and abuse. However, drinking, heavy drinking, drunken driving, and other measures of youth alcohol abuse remain stubbornly high with approximately 30 percent of high school seniors reporting at least one heavy drinking episode (five or more drinks on a single occasion) at least once in the previous two weeks. Unpublished econometric studies suggest that part of the reason for the persistently high level of youth drinking may be the success of the "War on Drugs", particularly with respect to marijuana. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chaloupka, Frank J. and Adit Laixuthai. "Do Youths Substitute Alcohol and Marijuana? Some Econometric Evidence." Presented: Lake Tahoe, NV, Issues in the Economic Analysis of Substance Abuse Session of the Western Economic Association Meetings, June 1993. |
1122. |
Chang, Jen Jen |
Effects of Maternal Depressive Symptomatology on the Continuity and Discontinuity of Problem Behaviors and Substance Use in Offspring: A Life Course Perspective Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Public Health, Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, March 2006. DAI-B 66/09, p. 4752, Mar 2006 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Health; Children, Behavioral Development; Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Fathers, Involvement; Growth Curves; Hispanics; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Racial Differences; Substance Use; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Maternal depression has been well documented to adversely impact maternal-child relationships, parenting practices, family functioning, and children's development and well-being. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this dissertation first examined the effects of maternal depressive symptoms (MDS) on the trajectories of child problem behaviors (CPB) through growth curve model analysis. Further, this dissertation investigated the association between MDS and offspring substance use from childhood to adulthood by applying Generalized Estimating Equations analysis. Finally, the dissertation used data from the Florida Healthy Start Prenatal Screening program to study the lifetime mental health services use (MHS) by race/ethnicity among pregnant women with depression. Findings of this dissertation indicate that children of mothers with depressive symptoms had higher levels of CPB over time. The adverse effect of early exposure to MDS on CPB may be greater for younger children than older children. The effects of MDS on CPB varied by different levels of father's involvement. Higher levels of father's involvement were associated with less CPB. Similarly, early exposure to MDS was associated with increased risk of cigarette and marijuana use but not with alcohol use from childhood to young adulthood, after controlling for confounders. In the investigation of MHS, Whites were more likely to use MHS than Blacks and Hispanics. Racial/ethnic differences were found in the factors that impede or enable MHS use. Residential instability, drug/alcohol use during pregnancy, an existing illness, and violence victimization were significant predictors of increased use of MHS use among all ethnic subgroups after controlling for covariates. Higher education attainment increased MHS use among Whites and Hispanics only. Health insurance coverage and smoking during pregnancy significantly predicted increased use of MHS among Blacks and Hispanics only. Having more children is inversely associated with MHS use among Whites. Findings from this dissertation further our understanding of the long term effects of MDS on child problem behaviors and factors related to racial differences in MHS women with depression. Maternal depression is an important public health problem. Policies and programs that promote depression screening among women are needed to ensure positive developmental outcomes in children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chang, Jen Jen. Effects of Maternal Depressive Symptomatology on the Continuity and Discontinuity of Problem Behaviors and Substance Use in Offspring: A Life Course Perspective. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Public Health, Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, March 2006. DAI-B 66/09, p. 4752, Mar 2006. |
1123. |
Chang, Jen Jen |
Maternal Depressive Symptoms and the Trajectories of Child Problem Behaviors in a National U.S. Sample Presented: Miami, FL: Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology (MCHB/EPI) 11th Annual Conference. December 7-9, 2005 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Health; Children, Behavioral Development; Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Fathers, Involvement; Growth Curves; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Racial Differences; Substance Use This study was conducted to explore the effects of early exposure to maternal depressive symptoms on a trajectory of child internalizing and externalizing behaviors over time. In the past, it is evident that not all children of depressed mother fair worse than other children. Actually, many of children of depressed mother exhibit competent adaptation to other circumstances, so it is also important for us to explore what makes these children resilient to the adverse environment, and fathers' role in family study has been neglected. And this study examined father's positive involvement and a fact modified in this association of interests. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chang, Jen Jen. "Maternal Depressive Symptoms and the Trajectories of Child Problem Behaviors in a National U.S. Sample." Presented: Miami, FL: Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology (MCHB/EPI) 11th Annual Conference. December 7-9, 2005. |
1124. |
Chang, Jen Jen |
Psychological Stress and Maternal Mental Health -- Transcript Presented: Miami, FL: Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology 11th Annual Conference (MCH EPI): "Making Methods and Practice Matter for Women, Children and Families". December, 2005. Also: http://webcast.hrsa.gov/conferences/mchb/cdc/mchepi2005/transcripts/session_5c.htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Family Studies This presentation was a Webcast at the 11th Annual MCHB/EPI Miami Conference, the full text of which can be found at: http://webcast.hrsa.gov/conferences/mchb/cdc/mchepi2005/transcripts/session_5c.htm This study was conducted to explore the effects of early exposure to maternal depressive symptoms on a trajectory of child internalizing and externalizing behaviors over time. In the past, it is evident that not all children of depressed mother fair worse than other children. Actually, many of children of depressed mother exhibit competent adaptation to other circumstances, so it is also important for us to explore what makes these children resilient to the adverse environment, and fathers' role in family study has been neglected. And this study examined father's positive involvement and a fact modified in this association of interests. The data results for this study come from the mother/child data center national longitudinal survey of youth, which I refer to as NLSY79. The study period I chose is between 1992 to 2002, given that the maternal depressive symptom was first measured in this longitudinal study starting in 1992. At baseline, child age ran from zero to ten years old, and mothers' ages range from 27 to 34 in 1992. NLSY 79 was conducted every two years. Mother and children were both followed up every two years. And most of the survey were in-person survey, computer assisted. The study inclusion criteria include complete data on exposure, which is maternal depressive symptom in this case, and children have to have lived with the mother in 1992. And since this is a longitudinal study, the child outcome data has to have at least more than one wave of data between 1992 and 2002. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chang, Jen Jen. "Psychological Stress and Maternal Mental Health -- Transcript." Presented: Miami, FL: Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology 11th Annual Conference (MCH EPI): "Making Methods and Practice Matter for Women, Children and Families". December, 2005. |
1125. |
Chang, Jen Jen Halpern, Carolyn T. Kaufman, Jay S. |
Maternal Depressive Symptoms, Father's Involvement, and the Trajectories of Child Problem Behaviors in a US National Sample Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 161,7 (July 2007): 697-703. Also: http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/161/7/697?ck=nck Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Medical Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Health; Children, Behavioral Development; Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Fathers, Involvement; Growth Curves; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Racial Differences; Substance Use; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective To examine the effect of maternal depressive symptoms on child problem behavior trajectories and how the father's positive involvement may modify this association. Design Secondary data analysis using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Setting A nationally representative household sample of men and women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Participants The study sample includes 6552 mother-child dyads interviewed biennially between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 2002; children were 0 to 10 years old at baseline. Main Outcome Measures Maternal self-reports of child internalizing and externalizing behaviors were assessed repeatedly using a modified Child Behavior Checklist. Results Linear growth curve models indicate that the adverse effects of maternal depressive symptoms on child problem behavior trajectories become negligible after controlling for the father's involvement and other covariates, including the child's age, sex, and race/ethnicity; the mother's educational level; maternal age at child birth; number of children; poverty status; urban residence; and father's residential status. Positive involvement by the father was inversely associated with child problem behavior trajectories. The effects of maternal depressive symptoms on child problem behaviors varied by the level of the father's positive involvement. Conclusion When the father actively compensates for limitations in the depressed mother's functioning, the child's risk of problem behaviors may be reduced. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chang, Jen Jen, Carolyn T. Halpern and Jay S. Kaufman. "Maternal Depressive Symptoms, Father's Involvement, and the Trajectories of Child Problem Behaviors in a US National Sample." Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 161,7 (July 2007): 697-703.
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1126. |
Chang, Yu-Chun Regina Rudd, Nancy M. |
An Exploratory Study of the Economic Theory of Marriage Presented: Auburn AL, Southeastern Regional Association of Family Economics Home Management Annual Conference, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southeastern Regional Association of Family Economics Home Management Keyword(s): Demography; Earnings, Husbands; Human Capital Theory; Marriage; Modeling; Time Use; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The decision to marry is of crucial importance for young women because of its major implications for, among other things, their economic status and allocation of time. Psychologists and sociologists have tried to explain why people get married and why they pick particular mates. However, they have not developed a systematic analysis of the determinants of marriage. Economic analysis has been used to study such aspects of human behavior as fertility, labor force participation, investment in human capital, and remarriage following marital disruption. Yet, the first marriage decision has been almost completely ignored by economists. This study applies an economic model to the first marriage decisions of young women and seeks to explore factors associated with the probability of marriage for this group of women. With a better understanding of young women's marriage behavior and its determinants, trends in this demographic phenomenon can be better predicted. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chang, Yu-Chun Regina and Nancy M. Rudd. "An Exploratory Study of the Economic Theory of Marriage." Presented: Auburn AL, Southeastern Regional Association of Family Economics Home Management Annual Conference, 1991. |
1127. |
Chao, Shih-Yi |
Work Conditions and Marriage Dissolution Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Marital Dissolution; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The new economy in the United State influences deeply on employment, marriage and family. Although previous research paid attention upon the relationship between work and marital dissolution, the mechanisms are still unclear. The study uses 1979-2010 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, which is national representative dataset, and follows the lives of American youth born between 1957 and 1964. The study employ demands-resources (JD-R) model to specify the mechanisms of working conditions, as well as consider both individual-level and contextual-level working conditions to see the impacts of specific dimensions of work on marriage dissolution, and disentangle the black box regarding mechanisms of education disparity in marital quality and stability. The preliminary descriptive result shows that people who stay in marriage have less number of job, and have better work conditions, such as paid vacation, paid sick day, parental leave, child care provided by companies, flexible schedule, health insurance, and job satisfaction. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chao, Shih-Yi. "Work Conditions and Marriage Dissolution." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
1128. |
Chao, Shih-Yi |
Working Conditions and Marital Dissolution Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Divorce; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Marital Dissolution; Work Hours/Schedule; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The vast demographic changes in families and workplace in the U.S. accompany with increasing demands of work and family involvement. Understanding the relationship between work and family can reveal how the new economy competes and negotiates with family, and what people pay to sustain the system. Applying JD-R model to NLSY79 with discrete-time hazard model, this study discusses how specific dimensions of working conditions influence the risk of divorce. The results show a full time job lower men's divorce risk they encounter. In contrast, longer working hours influence women's marital stability. Women who work at rotated shift suffer from higher risk of divorce than those at fixed shift. Personal income has no significant influence on men’s divorce risk, while women's personal income is positively related to the risk of divorce. In addition, fringe benefits cannot effectively predict the risk of divorce for men, whereas paid sick days reduce women's divorce risk, and health insurance facilitates women's willing to get divorced. In summary, the influence of working conditions on divorce depends on the image of conventional gender division of labor in household. Although women's employment keep going up, and gender equality spread widely, conventional breadwinner-homemaker family seems not be challenged for couples of NLSY79 cohort, as well as women’s disadvantages in the labor market, which forces women to stay in marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chao, Shih-Yi. "Working Conditions and Marital Dissolution." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
1129. |
Chaparro, Juan |
Occupational Choice and Returns to Skills in the United States: Evidence from the NLSY79 and O*NET Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. Also presented at the Midwest Economics Association annual meeting, March 2015. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Job Requirements; Occupational Choice; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Skills; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Occupational choices carry substantial information about a worker's human capital. They are informative about a worker's education, experience and skills. Workers, however, self-select into occupations. Therefore, occupational indicators are endogenous variables in any wage equation. This paper defines an occupation as a vector in a space of skill requirements, and proposes an instrumental variables approach to deal with endogeneity. I combine data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort (NLSY79), with data from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), a publicly available database sponsored by the U.S. Department of Labor. By doing so, I instrument the math requirements of a worker's occupation in 2010 with the math requirements of the worker's preferred occupation back in 1979. A similar instrument is used for language requirements. Such procedure allows me to measure the wage return to math and language skills for individuals represented by the NLSY79 sample. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chaparro, Juan. "Occupational Choice and Returns to Skills in the United States: Evidence from the NLSY79 and O*NET." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. Also presented at the Midwest Economics Association annual meeting, March 2015.. |
1130. |
Chaparro, Juan |
Skills over the Life Cycle: Evidence from the United States and the Philippines Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Life Cycle Research; Occupational Choice; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Skills; Wage Dynamics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 2 explores the skill content of occupational choices in the United States. The goal of the chapter is to measure the wage return to math and language skills, taking into account the self-selection process of occupational choice. Occupations must be treated as endogenous variables in any wage equation. I instrument the importance of math for a worker's occupation in her thirties and forties with the importance of math for the worker's preferred occupation back in her early twenties. A similar instrumental variable is proposed for language skills. This empirical strategy is possible after the combination of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1979 Cohort (NLSY79) and the Occupational Information Network (O*Net). |
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Bibliography Citation
Chaparro, Juan. Skills over the Life Cycle: Evidence from the United States and the Philippines. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, 2016. |
1131. |
Chapple, Constance L. Hope, Trina L. Whiteford, Scott W. |
The Direct and Indirect Effects of Parental Bonds, Parental Drug Use, and Self-Control on Adolescent Substance Use Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse 14,3 (2005): 17-38. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J029v14n03_02 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Drug Use; Mothers, Behavior; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parenting Skills/Styles; Scale Construction; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Substance Use Research indicates that parenting has important effects on adolescent substance use. However, the indirect effect of parenting on adolescent substance use via self-control is less understood. Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime has been extensively tested by researchers in the field of criminology, but the theory rarely has been used to predict adolescent substance use. Although Goffredson and Hirschi clearly assume that self-control is predicated on parenting, its mediating effect is rarely assessed. We find direct effects of self-control and maternal marijuana use on substance use and also find that self-control mediates the relationship between other parenting variables and adolescent substance use. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chapple, Constance L., Trina L. Hope and Scott W. Whiteford. "The Direct and Indirect Effects of Parental Bonds, Parental Drug Use, and Self-Control on Adolescent Substance Use." Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse 14,3 (2005): 17-38.
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1132. |
Charen, Mona |
Closing The Wrong Divide Tampa Tribune, June 7, 2000, Nation/World; Pg. 9 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Tribune Co. Keyword(s): Earnings; Economics of Gender; Gender; Gender Differences; Wage Gap; Wage Levels; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This opinion piece argues against the gender wage gap and President Clinton's proposed Equal Pay Initiative by citing NLSY data showing that childless women aged 27-33 earn 98% of what men earn. |
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Bibliography Citation
Charen, Mona. "Closing The Wrong Divide." Tampa Tribune, June 7, 2000, Nation/World; Pg. 9. |
1133. |
Charen, Mona |
Great Harm of Too Much Kindness Rocky Mountain News, July 4, 1996, Editorial; Pg. 63A Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Denver Publishing Company Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Children; Family Size; Fertility; Marriage; Welfare; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 1, 1996, Editorial; Pg. 13B. Also: Tampa Tribune, June 25, 1996, Nation/World, Pg. 7 This editorial argues that welfare policies decrease incentives to work and cause out of wedlock births. It cites Mark Rosenzweig's study of NLSY79 data, which demonstrates that a 10% increase in welfare benefits corresponds to a 12% increase in out of wedlock births. |
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Bibliography Citation
Charen, Mona. "Great Harm of Too Much Kindness." Rocky Mountain News, July 4, 1996, Editorial; Pg. 63A. |
1134. |
Charen, Mona |
Women Achieve Workplace Gains St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 20, 1996, Editorial; Pg. 23C Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pulitzer Inc. Keyword(s): Economics of Gender; Gender; Gender Differences; Wage Gap; Wages; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: Rocky Mountain News, December 19, 1996, Editorial; Pg. 74A. Also: Tampa Tribune, December 19, 1996, Nation/World, Pg. 17. Charen's column argues against the validity of the wage gap, citing National Longitudinal Survey data indicating that childless women aged 27-30 earn 98% of men's wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Charen, Mona. "Women Achieve Workplace Gains." St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 20, 1996, Editorial; Pg. 23C. |
1135. |
Charles, Vignetta E. Polis, Chelsea B. Sridhara, Srinivas K. Blum, Robert W. |
Abortion and Long-Term Mental Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Evidence Contraception 78,6 (December 2008): 436–450. Also: http://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824%2808%2900369-7/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Abortion; CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Claims that women who have elective abortions will experience psychological distress have fueled much of the recent debate on abortion. It has been argued that the emotional sequelae of abortion may not occur until months or years after the event. Despite unclear evidence on such a phenomenon, adverse mental health outcomes of abortion have been used as a rationale for policy-making. We systematically searched for articles focused on the potential association between abortion and long-term mental health outcomes published between January 1, 1989 and August 1, 2008 and reviewed 21 studies that met the inclusion criteria. We rated the study quality based on methodological factors necessary to appropriately explore the research question. Studies were rated as Excellent (no studies), Very Good (4 studies), Fair (8 studies), Poor (8 studies), or Very Poor (1 study). A clear trend emerges from this systematic review: the highest quality studies had findings that were mostly neutral, suggesting few, if any, differences between women who had abortions and their respective comparison groups in terms of mental health sequelae. Conversely, studies with the most flawed methodology found negative mental health sequelae of abortion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Charles, Vignetta E., Chelsea B. Polis, Srinivas K. Sridhara and Robert W. Blum. "Abortion and Long-Term Mental Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Evidence." Contraception 78,6 (December 2008): 436–450. A.
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1136. |
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay |
Impact of Early Maternal Employment on Children's Development: Insights from a National U.S. Sample Presented: Lausanne, Switzerland, International Symposium on Childcare in the Early Years: Research and Future Prospects, 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: International Symposium on Childcare Keyword(s): Child Development; Children; General Assessment; Maternal Employment; Mothers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay. "Impact of Early Maternal Employment on Children's Development: Insights from a National U.S. Sample." Presented: Lausanne, Switzerland, International Symposium on Childcare in the Early Years: Research and Future Prospects, 1990. |
1137. |
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne |
Escape from Poverty: What Makes a Difference for Children? Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Child Care; Children, Well-Being; Family Studies; Fathers; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Overview, Child Assessment Data; Poverty; Racial Differences; Welfare; Women's Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. First published: 1995. Includes bibliographical references and index. Whose responsibility? An historical analysis of the changing roles of mothers, fathers, and society -- The life circumstances and development of children in welfare families: a profile based on national survey data -- Welfare- to-work through the eyes of children -- Strategies for altering the outcomes of poor children and their families -- Policy issues of child care -- Child care and children of color -- Health policy in the Family Support Act of 1988 -- Economic issues of health care -- Dealing with dads: the changing roles of fathers -- The effects of child support reform on child well-being -- Losing ground or moving ahead? Welfare reform and children -- National surveys as data resources for public policy research on poor children -- An interdisciplinary model and data requirements for studying poor children -- Two-generation programs: a new intervention strategy and directions for future research . |
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Bibliography Citation
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. Escape from Poverty: What Makes a Difference for Children? Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995. |
1138. |
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay Gordon, Rachel A. |
Economic Hardship and the Development of Five- and Six-Year-Olds: Neighborhood and Regional Perspectives Child Development 67,6 (December 1996): 3338-3367. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01917.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Childhood Education, Early; Children, School-Age; Cognitive Development; Education; Ethnic Studies; Family Influences; Geocoded Data; Income; Neighborhood Effects; Occupations; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Regions; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status (SES) The present study examines the association between neighborhood characteristics and the development of 5- and 6-year-olds. We also explore how region might moderate the effects of neighborhoods on children, thus considering both larger (regional) and smaller (community) contexts of families. We find that structural aspects of the neighborhood at the census tract level are associated with child development in the early school-age period. For the sample as a whole neighborhood factors play a role in both cognitive and socioemotional outcomes, even when family factors are controlled. Yet only modest support for neighborhood influences on child development is evident in our main effects models. It appears that neighborhood influences on child development are underestimated or masked unless the associations are examined separately by two areas of the United States: the Midwest and Northeast versus the South and West. Significant associations between neighborhood variables and children's development are seen in the Northeastern and Midwestern regions, but less so in the Southern and Western regions of the United States. Greater economic and social resources as measured by average neighborhood SES (income, education, occupation) and greater ethnic congruity as measured by more neighbors of the same racial heritage as the child are related to higher cognitive functioning, but only in the Northeast and Midwest. Furthermore, children in these regions show more competent behavioral functioning when the relative presence of adults to children in the neighborhood is higher. In these regions, African-American but not white children show higher levels of behavior problems when community male joblessness rates are higher. We speculate about processes that might underlie these neighborhood and regional effects and point to directions for further research. (Copyright 1996 by the Society for Research in Child Development. All rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay and Rachel A. Gordon. "Economic Hardship and the Development of Five- and Six-Year-Olds: Neighborhood and Regional Perspectives." Child Development 67,6 (December 1996): 3338-3367.
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1139. |
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay Michael, Robert T. Desai, Sonalde |
Impact of Early Maternal Employment on Children's Development: The Role of the Home Environment Working Paper, Department of Educational Seminar Series, The University of Chicago, June 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Keyword(s): Child Development; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay, Robert T. Michael and Sonalde Desai. "Impact of Early Maternal Employment on Children's Development: The Role of the Home Environment." Working Paper, Department of Educational Seminar Series, The University of Chicago, June 1991. |
1140. |
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay Michael, Robert T. Desai, Sonalde |
Maternal Employment During Infancy: An Analysis of "Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY)" In: Employed Mothers and their Children. J.V. Lerner and N.L. Galambos, eds. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Garland Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Children; Employment; General Assessment; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Women Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay, Robert T. Michael and Sonalde Desai. "Maternal Employment During Infancy: An Analysis of "Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY)"" In: Employed Mothers and their Children. J.V. Lerner and N.L. Galambos, eds. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, 1991
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1141. |
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay Mott, Frank L. Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Phillips, Deborah A. |
Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY): A Unique Research Opportunity Developmental Psychology 27,6 (November 1991): 918-931. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/27/6/918/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Child Care; Children; General Assessment; Household Composition; Life Course; Maternal Employment; Mothers; NLS Description; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Research Methodology The data set known as Children of the NLSY offers unusual opportunities for research on questions not easily pursued by developmental psychologists. This article provides a history of children of the NLSY, describes the data set with special focus on the child outcome measures and a subset of maternal life history measures, highlights several of the research and policy relevant issues that may be addressed, and shows how the intersection of children's and mother's lives may be studied in less static, more life-course oriented ways. Exemplars are given in the topics of maternal employment and child care, adolescent pregnancy and child rearing, divorce, poverty, and multigenerational parenting. Implications of research using children of the NLSY for the field of developmental psychology and interdisciplinary collaboration are discussed. [PsycINFO] |
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Bibliography Citation
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay, Frank L. Mott, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn and Deborah A. Phillips. "Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY): A Unique Research Opportunity." Developmental Psychology 27,6 (November 1991): 918-931.
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1142. |
Chatterjee, Swarnankur |
Do Immigrants Have Lower Participation Rates in U.S. Financial Markets? International Journal of Business and Finance Research 3,2 (December 2009): 1-13. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1634061 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Business and Finance Research, LLC. (IBFR) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Financial Investments; Immigrants; Income; Income Risk Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey to examine the differences in individual financial market participation among native-born and immigrant Americans. The results indicate that when compared with natives, immigrants are less likely to own financial assets. A decomposition analysis of financial asset ownership reveals that income gap along with differences in educational attainment as well as the wealth and risk tolerance are the biggest contributors to this disparity. Additionally, income, wealth, inheritance, and educational attainment are positive predictors of financial market participation. Age, income, net worth and number of years of stay in the United States are positively associated with increase in financial wealth of immigrants across time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterjee, Swarnankur. "Do Immigrants Have Lower Participation Rates in U.S. Financial Markets?" International Journal of Business and Finance Research 3,2 (December 2009): 1-13.
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1143. |
Chatterjee, Swarnankur |
Health Insurance Coverage and the Role Of Income Uncertainty Economics Bulletin 29, 2 (3 June 2009): 1254-1262. Also: http://www.accessecon.com/Pubs/EB/2009/Volume29/EB-09-V29-I2-P70.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Bulletin Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Educational Attainment; Income; Insurance, Health Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses the National Longitudinal Survey data set to examine the role of income uncertainty in explaining the likelihood of health insurance coverage among individuals. After controlling for a number of socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors, the results suggest that individuals who face greater income uncertainty are less likely to have health insurance coverage. Additionally, the likelihood of health insurance coverage increases with income and educational attainment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterjee, Swarnankur. "Health Insurance Coverage and the Role Of Income Uncertainty." Economics Bulletin 29, 2 (3 June 2009): 1254-1262.
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1144. |
Chatterjee, Swarnankur |
Individual Stockownership in the United States: Native-Immigrant Gap and the Role of Risk Tolerance. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics 28 (June 2009): 160-168. Also: http://www.eurojournals.com/irjfe_28_13.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: European Journals, Inc. Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Financial Investments; Home Ownership; Immigrants; Income Level; Risk Perception Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey, cohort 1979 (NLSY79) to examine the differences in financial market participation among native-born Americans and immigrant investors. This study also investigates whether individual risk tolerance affects financial asset ownership of native-born and immigrant investors in the United States. The results indicate that, compared to natives, immigrant Americans are less likely to own financial assets such as stocks or mutual funds and that the likelihood of financial asset ownership increases with income and educational attainment for immigrants and natives alike. Immigrants also lag behind the Native-born Americans in homeownership and in having bank accounts. Results suggest that financial market participation among immigrants increases as their time in the United States increases, and that risk tolerance is a positive predictor of financial market participation for both nativeborn and immigrant Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterjee, Swarnankur. "Individual Stockownership in the United States: Native-Immigrant Gap and the Role of Risk Tolerance." International Research Journal of Finance and Economics 28 (June 2009): 160-168.
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1145. |
Chatterjee, Swarnankur Finke, Michael S. Harness, Nathaniel J. |
Individual Wealth Management: Does Self-esteem Matter? Journal of Applied Business and Economics 10,2 (2009): 1-14. Also: http://works.bepress.com/swarn_chatterjee/3/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: North American Business Press Keyword(s): Assets; Risk-Taking; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Self-esteem measures confidence in one's abilities. Prior literature has shown that higher self-esteem can also affect individual financial decision making through an increased willingness to invest in risky assets and motivation to enhance self image through wealth accumulation. However, self-esteem can also lead to wealth-destroying investment behaviors due to overconfidence and an unwillingness to accept inevitable losses. Using the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale included in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we model wealth and portfolio allocation as a function of self-esteem, socioeconomic and demographic variables. Self-esteem is positively associated with an increase in net worth between 1994 and 2004, and with the proportion of a household portfolio held in investment assets. This study adds to the literature on psychological determinants of optimal household portfolio allocation by providing evidence that the positive effects of self-esteem outweigh the negative financial behaviors identified in prior literature. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterjee, Swarnankur, Michael S. Finke and Nathaniel J. Harness. "Individual Wealth Management: Does Self-esteem Matter?" Journal of Applied Business and Economics 10,2 (2009): 1-14.
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1146. |
Chatterjee, Swarnankur Finke, Michael S. Harness, Nathaniel J. |
The Impact of Self-Efficacy on Wealth Accumulation and Portfolio Choice Applied Economics Letters 18,7 (2011): 627-631. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504851003761830 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Assets; Behavior; Demography; Financial Investments; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Self-Perception; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Socioeconomic Factors; Wealth Self-efficacy is a psychological construct based on the evaluations of one's ability to accomplish certain behaviours or achieve certain outcomes (Bandura, 1977). Although self-efficacy has been linked to health, task accomplishment, greater socio-economic status and income (Seeman and Seeman, 1983; Stretcher et al., 1986; Gecas and Seff, 1990; Judge et al., 2002; Zagorsky, 2007), there has been no study that investigates whether self-efficacy is also a predictor of greater wealth creation over a specific period of time. Applying a theoretical framework based on self-efficacy, this article investigates household financial behaviours using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) data-set. For the purpose of this study, change in wealth across time and financial market participation is modelled as a function of socio-economic and demographic variables drawn from prior literature. Findings from this research reveal that self-efficacy is indeed a predictor of investment for financial assets and is also a predictor of wealth creation across time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterjee, Swarnankur, Michael S. Finke and Nathaniel J. Harness. "The Impact of Self-Efficacy on Wealth Accumulation and Portfolio Choice." Applied Economics Letters 18,7 (2011): 627-631.
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1147. |
Chatterjee, Swarnankur Nielsen, Robert B. |
Employer-Provided Health Insurance Coverage: A Comparison of Employed Native-born and Immigrant Americans Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 40,1 (September 2011): 15-27. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1552-3934.2011.02085.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Employment; Immigrants; Insurance, Health; Job Tenure Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research examined differences in employer-based health insurance coverage among employed native-born Americans and immigrants using cross-sectional and panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey, cohort 1979 (NLSY79). Compared with native-born Americans, immigrants were 10.5% less likely to have employer-based health insurance when controlling for other social and economic characteristics. Income and educational attainment of immigrants along with length of stay were predictors of employer-based coverage. Occupational characteristics such as job tenure, full-time employment, and union membership were positively associated with having employer-based health insurance coverage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterjee, Swarnankur and Robert B. Nielsen. "Employer-Provided Health Insurance Coverage: A Comparison of Employed Native-born and Immigrant Americans." Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 40,1 (September 2011): 15-27.
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1148. |
Chatterjee, Swarnankur Zahirovic-Herbert, Velma |
A Road to Assimilation: Immigrants and Financial Markets Journal of Economics and Finance 38,2 (April 2014): 345-358. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12197-011-9224-5 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Assets; Financial Investments; Immigrants Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper compares the financial market participation of immigrants and native-born Americans. Financial asset ownership is examined after controlling for the immigrants’ country of origin using a nationally representative National Longitudinal Survey (NLSY79) data set. The determinants of preference for financial asset ownership and the amount of financial equity held by households are estimated using a two-stage procedure. The results indicate that immigrants are less likely to own financial assets and more likely to have lower financial equity than native-born residents. Income uncertainty and risk tolerance of immigrants are associated with their preference for financial investments. Immigrants’ years of residence in the United States also increase their financial asset ownership. A discussion of the implications of these findings for policy makers, immigration researchers, and scholars of household savings behavior is also included. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterjee, Swarnankur and Velma Zahirovic-Herbert. "A Road to Assimilation: Immigrants and Financial Markets ." Journal of Economics and Finance 38,2 (April 2014): 345-358.
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1149. |
Chatterjee, Swarnankur Zahirovic-Herbert, Velma |
Homeownership and Housing Equity: An Examination of Native- Immigrant Differences in Housing Wealth International Advances in Economic Research 17,2 (May 2011): 211-223. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/79ul86333263k7r6/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Home Ownership; Immigrants; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the differences in homeownership between immigrants and native-born residents using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) data. We estimate the preference for homeownership and the amount of home equity held by households using a two-stage procedure. The results indicate that, although immigrants are less likely to be homeowners, immigrants who make the decision to own homes are more likely to have greater housing equity than native-born residents. About 66 to 70% of the disparity in homeownership can be explained by the difference in characteristics. The remaining disparity results from different homeownership functions estimated for the two groups. We discuss the implications of these findings for policy makers, real estate market researchers, and scholars of consumer behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterjee, Swarnankur and Velma Zahirovic-Herbert. "Homeownership and Housing Equity: An Examination of Native- Immigrant Differences in Housing Wealth." International Advances in Economic Research 17,2 (May 2011): 211-223.
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1150. |
Chatterjee, Twisha |
Essays in Information and Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Job Search; Labor Market Outcomes; Siblings; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The second part of the thesis make a contribution to the sibling literature in Labor Economics, excavating sibling gender influences on important labor market outcomes and interactions. In chapter IV, we use US data from Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID 1968–2011) to analyse sibling effects on occupational choices. In chapter V, family influences on employment status, marital status, educational outcomes, childhood home environments, gender beliefs, and job search is evaluated to document the impact of sibling gender on real wages using US data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterjee, Twisha. Essays in Information and Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2017. |
1151. |
Chatterji, Pinka |
Effects of Adolescent Substance Use on Educational Attainment, Adult Substance Use, and the Adult Wage Rate Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Endogeneity; Health Factors; Modeling, Multilevel; Modeling, Probit; Substance Use; Variables, Instrumental; Wages, Adult The objective of the dissertation is to use three samples from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to explore the causal relationship between adolescent use of alcohol and illicit drugs and the following subsequent outcomes: (1) educational attainment; (2) adult binge drinking, marijuana use and cocaine use; and (3) the adult hourly wage. A recursive, four-equation empirical model is developed and estimated using a variety of methods to account for possible endogeneity problems in the substance use measures. The relationship between adolescent substance use and educational attainment is estimated using benchmark ordinary least squares models, two stage instrumental variables methods, bivariate probits, and sibling difference models. The adult substance use models are estimated using benchmark probits, benchmark tobits, and two stage instrumental variables methods involving limited dependent variables. Finally, the wage equation is estimated using benchmark log-linear models and two stage instrumental variable Heckman models. These results indicate that the prevention of adolescent drug use may prevent a range of important, future economic costs associated with negative adult outcomes. Benchmark results indicate that adolescent substance use has a negative impact on educational attainment and a positive effect on adult substance use. After accounting for endogeneity, adolescent substance use has a strong, positive effect on some forms of adult substance use, and adult binge drinking has a significant, negative impact on wages. Surprisingly, when endogeneity is addressed, adolescent substance use no longer has a consistent, negative effect on schooling. All the results provide evidence that parental alcoholism has a strong, positive effect on adolescent substance use and a strong, negative effect on educational attainment. The dissertation findings indicate that substance use prevention programs may prevent future economic costs. Furthermore, the importance of parental alcoholism in the dissertation results supports the idea that substance abuse preventive interventions should be aimed at families in addition to individual adolescents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterji, Pinka. Effects of Adolescent Substance Use on Educational Attainment, Adult Substance Use, and the Adult Wage Rate. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 1998. |
1152. |
Chatterji, Pinka |
What Determines Adolescent Demand For Alcohol and Marijuana? A Comparison of Findings from the NLSY79 and the NLSY97 In: Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches. R.T. Michael, ed. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001: pp. 299-338 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Gender Differences; Substance Use Chapter: Analyzed, compared, and contrasted the determinants of adolescent alcohol and drug use using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort and 1997 Cohort (NLSY79 and NLSY97, respectively). The final sample size from the NLSY79 analyses was 9,366 Ss; the final sample size from the NLSY97 analyses was 8,445 Ss. Results from the NLSY79 and NLSY97 models consistently indicate that demographic characteristics are important determinants of initiating alcohol and marijuana use before age 17 and engaging in frequent marijuana use before age 17. Girls were more likely than boys to report any alcohol or marijuana use. The effects of prices and policies on adolescent substance use are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved): |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterji, Pinka. "What Determines Adolescent Demand For Alcohol and Marijuana? A Comparison of Findings from the NLSY79 and the NLSY97" In: Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches. R.T. Michael, ed. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001: pp. 299-338
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1153. |
Chatterji, Pinka Bonuck, Karen Dhawan, Simi Deb, Nandini |
WIC Participation and the Initiation and Duration of Breastfeeding Discussion Paper No. 1246-02, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, February 2002. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/pubs/dp124602.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The objective of this paper is to measure the effect of participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) after the birth of a child on one important health behavior, the initiation and persistence of breastfeeding. The study is based on linked data on mothers and children from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Baseline, two-stage least squares, and fixed-effects model estimates show a negative effect of WIC participation on some forms of breastfeeding. The findings demonstrate that the WIC program faces a difficult challenge in encouraging low-income mothers to breastfeed while also providing needed infant formula to formula-fed infants. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterji, Pinka, Karen Bonuck, Simi Dhawan and Nandini Deb. "WIC Participation and the Initiation and Duration of Breastfeeding." Discussion Paper No. 1246-02, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, February 2002. |
1154. |
Chatterji, Pinka Desimone, Jeffrey Scott |
Adolescent Drinking and High School Dropout NBER Working Paper No. 11337, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2005. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W11337 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; High School Dropouts; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling; Mothers, Behavior; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Variables, Instrumental This paper estimates the effect of binge and frequent drinking by adolescents on subsequent high school dropout using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Young Adults. We estimate an instrumental variables model with an indicator of any past month alcohol use, which is by definition correlated with heavy drinking but should have minimal additional impact on educational outcomes, as the identifying instrument, and also control for a rich set of potentially confounding variables, including maternal characteristics and dropout risk factors measured before and during adolescence. In comparison, OLS provides conservative estimates of the causal impact of heavy drinking on dropping out, implying that binge or frequent drinking among 15 - 16 year old students lowers the probability of having graduated or being enrolled in high school four years later by at least 11 percent. Overidentification tests using two measures of maternal youthful alcohol use as additional instruments support our identification strategy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterji, Pinka and Jeffrey Scott Desimone. "Adolescent Drinking and High School Dropout." NBER Working Paper No. 11337, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2005. |
1155. |
Chatterji, Pinka Frick, Kevin D. |
Does Returning to Work After Childbirth Affect Breastfeeding Practices? NBER Working Paper No. 9630, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2003. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w9630.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Health Factors; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Probit; Work Reentry Although the Surgeon General recently highlighted breastfeeding as '......one of the most important contributors to infant health,' few health economics studies based in developed countries have considered breastfeeding as an important health behavior that can be influenced by labor market decisions and by public policies. This study examines the effect of the timing and intensity of returning to work after childbirth on the probability of initiating breastfeeding and the number of weeks of breastfeeding. Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). Baseline probit models and family-level fixed effects models indicate that returning to work within 3 months is associated with a reduction in the probability that the mother will initiate breastfeeding by 16-18%. Among those mothers who initiate breastfeeding, returning to work within 3 months is associated with a reduction in the length of breastfeeding of 4-6 weeks. We find less consistent evidence that working at least 35 hours per week (among mothers who return to work within 3 months) detracts from breastfeeding. Baseline and fixed effects models indicate that returning to full-time work is associated with a reduction in the length of breastfeeding of 1-4 weeks; however, we do not find consistent evidence regarding the association between returning to full-time work and breastfeeding initiation. Overall, the findings suggest that maternal employment is negatively associated with both breastfeeding initiation and breastfeeding duration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterji, Pinka and Kevin D. Frick. "Does Returning to Work After Childbirth Affect Breastfeeding Practices?" NBER Working Paper No. 9630, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2003. |
1156. |
Chatterji, Pinka Frick, Kevin D. |
Does Returning to Work After Childbirth Affect Breastfeeding Practices? Review of Economics of the Household, 3, 3 (September 2005): 315-335. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/k713823u340146np/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Probit; Siblings; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the effect of the timing and intensity of returning to work after childbirth on the probability of initiating breastfeeding and the number of weeks of breastfeeding. Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). Baseline probit models and family-level fixed effects models indicate that returning to work within 3 months is associated with a reduction in the probability that the mother will initiate breastfeeding by 1618%. Among those mothers who initiate breastfeeding, returning to work within 3 months is associated with a reduction in the length of breastfeeding of 45 weeks. We find less consistent evidence that working at least 35 h per week (among mothers who return to work within 3 months) detracts from breastfeeding. Future research is needed on understanding how employers can design policies and workplaces that support breastfeeding. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterji, Pinka and Kevin D. Frick. "Does Returning to Work After Childbirth Affect Breastfeeding Practices? ." Review of Economics of the Household, 3, 3 (September 2005): 315-335.
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1157. |
Chatterji, Pinka Markowitz, Sara |
The Impact of Maternal Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use on Children's Behavior Problems: Evidence from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Journal of Health Economics 20,5 (September 2001): 703-731. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016762960100090X Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Drug Use; Family Studies; Modeling, Multilevel; Mothers, Behavior; Substance Use; Variables, Instrumental The Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is used to test for evidence of a causal relationship between maternal alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use, and children's behavior problems. Ordinary least squares (OLS) results provide strong evidence that substance use is associated with behavior problems. However, OLS estimation fails to account for unobserved factors that may be correlated with substance use and child behavior. To account for this problem, mother-child and family fixed-effects models are tested. The results suggest that maternal illicit drug use is positively associated with children's behavior problems, while alcohol use has a less consistent impact. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterji, Pinka and Sara Markowitz. "The Impact of Maternal Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use on Children's Behavior Problems: Evidence from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Journal of Health Economics 20,5 (September 2001): 703-731.
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1158. |
Chatterji, Pinka Markowitz, Sara |
The Impact of Maternal Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use on Children's Behavior Problems: Evidence from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth NBER Working Paper No. 7692, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2000. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W7692 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Drug Use; Endogeneity; Family Studies; Modeling, Multilevel; Mothers, Behavior; Substance Use; Variables, Instrumental This study uses data from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test for evidence of a causal relationship between maternal alcohol use, marijuana use and cocaine use, and children's behavior problems. Ordinary least squares results provide strong evidence that maternal substance use is associated with children's behavior problems. Models that account for the potential endogeneity of maternal substance use yield mixed results. Models estimated using instrumental variables (IV) methods are inconsistent with OLS findings. Child-specific and family-specific fixed effects models suggest that maternal alcohol, marijuana and cocaine use are associated with increases in behavior problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chatterji, Pinka and Sara Markowitz. "The Impact of Maternal Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use on Children's Behavior Problems: Evidence from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." NBER Working Paper No. 7692, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2000. |
1159. |
Chay, Kenneth Y. Guryan, Jonathan Mazumder, Bhashkar |
Birth Cohort and the Black-White Achievement Gap: The Roles of Access and Health Soon After Birth NBER Working Paper 15078, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2009. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w15078 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Health Care; Mortality; National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP); Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; Sample Selection One literature documents a significant, black-white gap in average test scores, while another finds a substantial narrowing of the gap during the 1980's, and stagnation in convergence after. We use two data sources -- the Long Term Trends NAEP and AFQT scores for the universe of applicants to the U.S. military between 1976 and 1991 -- to show: 1) the 1980's convergence is due to relative improvements across successive cohorts of blacks born between 1963 and the early 1970's and not a secular narrowing in the gap over time; and 2) the across-cohort gains were concentrated among blacks in the South. We then demonstrate that the timing and variation across states in the AFQT convergence closely tracks racial convergence in measures of health and hospital access in the years immediately following birth. We show that the AFQT convergence is highly correlated with post-neonatal mortality rates and not with neonatal mortality and low birth weight rates, and that this result cannot be explained by schooling desegregation and changes in family background. We conclude that investments in health through increased access at very early ages have large, long-term effects on achievement, and that the integration of hospitals during the 1960's affected the test performance of black teenagers in the 1980's. The AFQT percentile scores are normed relative to the nationally representative sample called the Profile of American Youth from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). The NLSY sample was used to norm the AFQT using the sample of 18-23 year olds tested in 1979. A well-documented misnorming of the AFQT for the period between 1976 and 1980 led the military to inadvertently admit many more low-scoring applicants than it intended during this period. All years of our data are normed relative to the same NLSY79 cohort, even those from the misnormed period. The AFQT was subsequently renormed based on the 1997 NLSY, but this occurred after all of the cohorts in our study took the test. Consistent with the re-norming of the AFQT, application rates for the less-educated fall sharply in 1982, though overall military application remains relatively stable. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chay, Kenneth Y., Jonathan Guryan and Bhashkar Mazumder. "Birth Cohort and the Black-White Achievement Gap: The Roles of Access and Health Soon After Birth." NBER Working Paper 15078, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2009. |
1160. |
Cheadle, Jacob E. Amato, Paul R. King, Valarie |
Patterns of Nonresident Father Contact Demography 47,1 (February 2010): 206-225. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/a818107v1h6tj831/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY); Child Care; Child Support; Children, Well-Being; Cohabitation; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Involvement; Marriage; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Mothers, Education; Parent-Child Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2002 and the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (CNLSY) from 1986 to 2002 to describe the number, shape, and population frequencies of U.S. nonresident father contact trajectories over a 14-year period using growth mixture models. The resulting four-category classification indicated that nonresident father involvement is not adequately characterized by a single population with a monotonic pattern of declining contact over time. Contrary to expectations, about two-thirds of fathers were consistently either highly involved or rarely involved in their children's lives. Only one group, constituting approximately 23% of fathers, exhibited a clear pattern of declining contact. In addition, a small group of fathers (8%) displayed a pattern of increasing contact. A variety of variables differentiated between these groups, including the child's age at father-child separation, whether the child was born within marriage, the mother's education, the mother's age at birth, whether the father pays child support regularly, and the geographical distance between fathers and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheadle, Jacob E., Paul R. Amato and Valarie King. "Patterns of Nonresident Father Contact." Demography 47,1 (February 2010): 206-225.
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1161. |
Chen, Alice J. |
Essays in Health Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Business, The University of Chicago, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Obesity; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation presents three essays in health economics. The first essay sheds light on the relationship between health insurance and access to care. The second essay considers the relationship between health and labor markets. The third essay explores one facet of health inequality. The second essay concentrates on how health affects labor market outcomes. Past empirical work establishes a wage penalty from being overweight. In this essay, I exploit variation in an individual's weight over time to determine the age when weight has the largest impact on labor market outcomes. For white men, controlling for weight at younger ages does not eliminate the effect of older adult weight on wage: being overweight as a young adult only adds an additional penalty to adult wages. However, for white women, what they weigh in their early twenties solely determines the existence of an adult wage penalty. The female early-twenties weight penalty has a persistent effect on wages, and differences in marital characteristics, occupation status, or education cannot explain it. It also is not a proxy for intergenerational unobservables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Alice J. Essays in Health Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Business, The University of Chicago, 2014. |
1162. |
Chen, Alice J. |
When Does Weight Matter Most? Journal of Health Economics 31,1 (January 2012): 285-295. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629611001639 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Gender Differences; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Obesity; Wage Differentials; Wages; Weight Past empirical work establishes a wage penalty from being overweight. In this paper, I exploit variation in an individual's weight over time to determine the age when weight has the largest impact on labor market outcomes. For white men, controlling for weight at younger ages does not eliminate the effect of older adult weight on wage: being overweight as a young adult only adds an additional penalty to adult wages. However, for white women, what they weigh in their early twenties solely determines the existence of an adult wage penalty. The female early-twenties weight penalty has a persistent effect on wages, and differences in marital characteristics, occupation status, or education cannot explain it. It also is not a proxy for intergenerational unobservables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Alice J. "When Does Weight Matter Most?" Journal of Health Economics 31,1 (January 2012): 285-295.
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1163. |
Chen, Anqi Gok, Nilufer |
Will Women Catch Up to their Fertility Expectations? CRR WP 2021-4, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, February 2021. Also: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:109061 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Center for Retirement Research at Boston College Keyword(s): Childbearing; Expectations/Intentions; Family Size; Fertility Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In 2019, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) dipped to 1.71 children per woman, an all-time low and far below the replacement rate of 2.10 children. Current levels of low fertility have important implications for the economy. To assess fertility trends, demographers often look at fertility expectations. Using this metric suggests no cause for concern. Women in their early 30s today, when first asked about their childbearing expectations in their early 20s, expected to have more than two children, similar to previous cohorts. But today's 30-year-olds are much further from their 20-24 expectations than previous cohorts. And a number of trends have emerged in recent years that could suggest lower fertility. This project aims to shed light on whether women are likely to catch up to their fertility expectations and what factors influence their ability to do so. The analysis uses a regression framework to examine factors that drive fertility after age 30 for an older cohort of women surveyed in the NLSY79. The results are then used to predict the completed fertility for the younger cohort of women surveyed in the NLSY97, who are in their early- to mid-30s and still in their childbearing years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Anqi and Nilufer Gok. "Will Women Catch Up to their Fertility Expectations?" CRR WP 2021-4, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, February 2021. |
1164. |
Chen, Cuixian |
Asymptotic Properties of the Buckley-James Estimator for a Bivariate Interval Censorship Regression Model Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Binghamton, 2007. DAI-B 68/07, Jan 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Data Quality/Consistency; Modeling; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We consider a modified Buckley-James estimator (BJE) in a multivariate linear regression model in the presence of mixed interval-censoring. The BJE is one of the famous estimates which can be viewed as the counterpart of the least squares estimators (LSE). It was originally introduced by Buckley and James (1979) for right-censored data. For simplification and motivated by the data set from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we only consider a bivariate linear regression model with β = (β 1 , β 2 ), where β 1 and β 2 are both p × 1 vectors. We show that if β 1 ≠ β 2 , then it degenerates to a univariate linear regression model which is classified as case 1 in here. On the other hand, we show that if there is a linear restriction on β, for instance, the two column vectors in β are the same, that is β 1 = β 2 , it is a bivariate linear regression model which does not degenerate to a univariate linear regression model and is classified as case 2. In this thesis, we propose to estimate the regression coefficients by a modified Buckley-James estimator and show that the modified BJE is consistent and has asymptotic normality under certain discontinuous regularity conditions for both case 1 and case 2. Moreover, in case 1, various non-normal asymptotic distributions of the BJE are presented when the regularity conditions are violated. In case 2, we further carry out simulation studies to compare the asymptotic properties of the modified BJE under different sample sizes and various continuous underlying distributions. We also perform data analysis to the NLSY79 data. We further consider the estimation problem in case 1 with missing covariates involved, which is denoted as case 3. The extension of the BJE based on the generalized maximum likelihood estimator (GMLE) of the underlying distribution is discussed. The Newton-Raphson (NR) method is not feasible in computing the GMLE due to the large sample size of the real data example. We propose a self-consistent algorithm to bypass this difficulty. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Cuixian. Asymptotic Properties of the Buckley-James Estimator for a Bivariate Interval Censorship Regression Model. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Binghamton, 2007. DAI-B 68/07, Jan 2008. |
1165. |
Chen, Eva Yi-Ju Tung, Eli Yi-Liang |
Parents' Psychological Well-being and Story Reading: A Six Year Cross-Lagged Analysis Journal of Child and Family Studies published online (4 March 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s10826-022-02272-7. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-022-02272-7 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Children; Depression (see also CESD); Parents, Behavior; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research has documented significant influences of parental psychological well-being on parenting. Yet, few studies have examined multiple measures of psychological well-being simultaneously to understand the underlying pathways and mediation factors. The present study employed new parents, without chronically high depressive symptoms, to examine across-time associations between the frequency of story reading and multiple measures of parental psychological well-being, namely the depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and global sense of personal control, in the first six years after becoming parents. Cross-lagged panel models with three time intervals were constructed to examine the across-time associations with 177 new parents. Significant direct and indirect effects between parental psychological well-being and story reading in the first six years after childbirth were identified. In the first three years after childbirth, new parents with more depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem tended to engage in more frequent story reading. New parents' global sense of personal control, when the child was one to three years old, had a direct positive effect on story reading two to three years later. Through the mediation of self-esteem, parents with low psychological well-being after childbirth tended to engage in more frequent story reading when the child was three to six years old. Furthermore, the indirect effects of story reading on parental well-being were mediated by self-esteem and global sense of personal control. Findings from the present study underscored the importance of considering multiple measures of psychological well-being in understanding the bidirectional interactions between new parents' well-being and early story reading in early family context. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Eva Yi-Ju and Eli Yi-Liang Tung. "Parents' Psychological Well-being and Story Reading: A Six Year Cross-Lagged Analysis." Journal of Child and Family Studies published online (4 March 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s10826-022-02272-7.
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1166. |
Chen, Hongyu |
Three Essays in Financial Aid and Education Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Assets; College Enrollment; Financial Assistance; Geocoded Data; Home Ownership; Student Loans / Student Aid; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My dissertation studies three essays in financial aid and education. Chapter one studies the impact of student loan forgiveness plans on life-cycle decisions. A series of changes in U.S. policy on student loan repayment plans occurred between 1993 and 2015. Before the changes in policy, student loan debts were not forgiven and borrowers were expected to repay the full amount of debt. After the changes in policy, borrowers were given options to relieve a portion of their debt, with the portion being a function of income and sector of employment (public and non-profit vs. private). To study the effect of changes in student loan repayment plans on schooling, work, and borrowing decisions, I propose and structurally estimate a life-cycle dynamic discrete choice model. My simulation results imply that changes in student loan repayment plans will increase total years of postsecondary schooling by 10%, from 2.06 years to 2.29 years. In addition, 0.5% of the population who would have worked in the private sector will shift to the public sector, and 15% of student loan borrowers will be forgiven part of their debt. Chapter two studies the impact of housing wealth on college enrollment in the housing boom and the housing bust. I take advantage of the recent housing boom and bust as an exogenous source of variation. I find that a $10,000 increase in home equity increases the probability of initial college enrollment by 0.19 percentage points. Housing wealth has a larger impact on college enrollment during the housing bust than during the housing boom. The asymmetry is only economically and statistically significant for families with lower annual incomes. According to my estimates, the decline in home equity during the housing bust would have caused a drop in college enrollment of 3.5 percentage points, or 9.6%, for families with income less than $70,000, other things equal. My results provide important implications for government financial aid policy. If the goal of the government is to maximize the college enrollment impact of a given level of financial assistance, it is useful for the government to implement a need-based counter-cyclical financial aid policy. Chapter three studies the long-term effects of kindergarten enrollment on individuals' educational and social outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Hongyu. Three Essays in Financial Aid and Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2018. |
1167. |
Chen, Jen-Hao |
Early Childhood Health and Inequalities in Children’s Academic and Behavioral Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; CESD (Depression Scale); Child Health; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Siblings; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Skills learned in early childhood play an important role in the formation of human capabilities and social equality in adulthood. A handful of studies have linked socioeconomic status and family background to academic and behavioral skills in early childhood. However, relatively few studies have considered health a potentially influential factor in the development of early childhood skills. Even fewer studies have considered health indicators other than birth weight. My dissertation addresses this concern by providing a solid assessment of the role of early childhood health in children's developmental outcomes. I focused on two prevalent health conditions that have been overlooked in the demographic and sociological literature: prenatal drinking and childhood asthma. The two research studies relied on multiple sources of data, including the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 Cohort, the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, and used a variety of methods, including descriptive analyses, multivariate regressions, fixed-effects models, and multiple imputation. drinking and childhood asthma. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Jen-Hao. Early Childhood Health and Inequalities in Children’s Academic and Behavioral Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2012. |
1168. |
Chen, Jen-Hao |
Health and the Development of Academic and Behavioral Skills in Early Childhood Presented: New Orleans LA, American Educational Research Association (AERA) meeting, April 2011 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Bias Decomposition; Birthweight; CESD (Depression Scale); Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Siblings; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Jen-Hao. "Health and the Development of Academic and Behavioral Skills in Early Childhood." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Educational Research Association (AERA) meeting, April 2011. |
1169. |
Chen, Jen-Hao |
Maternal Alcohol Use during Pregnancy, Birth Weight and Early Behavioral Outcomes Alcohol and Alcoholism 47,6 (November-December 2012): 649-656. Also: http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/6/649.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Birthweight; Child Health; Infants; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Scale Construction; Siblings; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Aims: To examine the effect of maternal alcohol use during pregnancy on infant behavioral outcomes and birth weight, and to investigate the differential susceptibility of infant behavioral outcomes and birth weight to prenatal alcohol exposure. Methods: Data on children born to women taking part in the United States National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) (n = 1618) were analyzed using the sibling fixed-effects model, which helps adjust for maternal, genetic and social confounders when examining effects of pre-natal exposure to possible toxins such as alcohol. Mothers were classified as non-drinkers, light-to-moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers according to their frequency of alcohol use during pregnancy. Infants' behavioral outcomes were assessed using the modified Rothbart Infant Behavior Questionnaire in the NLSY, which measures three dimensions of behavioral outcomes: positive mood, fearfulness and difficultness. Results: Estimates from the model indicated that drinking during pregnancy was positively associated with infant difficultness, but not with positive mood or fearfulness. Further analysis by frequency of alcohol use suggested that both light-to-moderate and heavy drinking were associated with an increase in infant difficultness. Additionally, while low-to-moderate drinking during pregnancy was associated with infant difficultness, drinking at this level was not associated with low birth weight. Conclusion: The findings suggest that maternal alcohol use during pregnancy is a risk factor for infant behavioral outcomes, after taking into account many confounding factors. Infant behavioral outcomes appear to be more vulnerable to light-to-moderate levels of alcohol use during pregnancy than birth weight is. © The Author 2012. Medical Council on Alcohol and Oxford University Press. All rights reserved |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Jen-Hao. "Maternal Alcohol Use during Pregnancy, Birth Weight and Early Behavioral Outcomes." Alcohol and Alcoholism 47,6 (November-December 2012): 649-656.
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1170. |
Chen, Jie Yvonne |
An Analysis of Policy Effect on Equality of Opportunity for Health Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the first essay, I discuss the theoretical framework of equal opportunity. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young 1979 (NLSY79), I estimate the level of inequality of opportunity for health in the United States. Using a supplement survey of NLSY79, I further study the channels through which inequality of opportunity arises. My evidence suggests that inequality of opportunity for health exists for children and young adults as well. This offers support for the hypothesis that the origins of health inequality would have risen from disparities in early life experiences. In the second essay, I use an index based on Roemer [1998] to study the effect of education policies on health inequality in two exercises. First, I use the British Household Panel Survey to estimate the effect of compulsory schooling reform on health inequality. Second, I use NLSY79 to study the effect of the court-ordered education financing reforms in the United States. My results indicate that the British reform does not have any significant effect on equality of opportunity for health. The U.S. reform, however, appears to be equality enhancing under our framework. In the third essay, I discuss the optimal level of cigarette tax under the equal opportunity framework. Using cigarette taxation as policy instrument, I compute the level of health inequity under different tax rates. I estimate an empirical model in which return to smoking is allowed to vary across individuals. Policy simulations are performed to estimate the optimal cigarette taxation to equalize opportunity for health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Jie Yvonne. An Analysis of Policy Effect on Equality of Opportunity for Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2012. |
1171. |
Chen, Jing |
Selection and Serial Entrepreneurs Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 22,2 (Summer 2013): 281-311. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jems.12016/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Entrepreneurship; Learning Hypothesis; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is substantial evidence that serial entrepreneurs outperform de novo entrepreneurs. But is this positive association between prior experience and performance the result of learning by doing or of selection on ability? This paper proposes a strategy that combines the fixed-effects model and IV estimations to distinguish empirically selection effects from learning. Using panel data from the NLSY79, I find that selection on ability is the more important determinant of serial business formation and the early performance of new businesses. In contrast, the effects of learning by doing are apparent only when the analysis focuses on founding new startups in sectors closely related to entrepreneurs’ previous ventures. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Jing. "Selection and Serial Entrepreneurs." Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 22,2 (Summer 2013): 281-311.
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1172. |
Chen, Min |
Social Interaction and Youth Smoking Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Albany, 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Regions; Residence; Siblings; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Social Influences; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Young people are psychologically immature, and are easy to be influenced by others to engage in risky behaviors. Based on the data from the NLSY79, this dissertation examines how maternal smoking, sibling smoking, and living in urban and rural areas impact on youth smoking decisions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Min. Social Interaction and Youth Smoking. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Albany, 2013. |
1173. |
Chen, Stacey H. |
Does College Teach Young Men to Smoke Pot? [Revised October 2006] Presented: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Society of Labor Economists, Annual Meetings, May 5-6, 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC Keyword(s): Behavior; College Education; College Enrollment; Drug Use; Family Background and Culture Many studies have shown a link between education and health, though it is not clear whether the link is causal. This paper studies the causal effect of college education on marijuana use, one of the most widely discussed health-related behaviors of youths. On one hand, college may reduce drug use by changing preferences or by increasing the potential value of investments in health (e.g., as suggested by Grossman 1976; Fuchs 1982; Lleras-Muney 2005). On the other hand, marijuana is widely available on college campuses. Use of the drug may, therefore, increase as a consequence of exposure to college environment (a possibility suggested by Kremer and Levy 2003; Laibson 2001). Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey for Youth (NLSY), I estimate the causal link between college attendance and marijuana use with an instrumental-variables (IV) strategy. The instrumental variable is college cost in respondents' county of residence, conditional on a variety of family background variables, prior use of drugs, and state fixed effects. My results do not support the widely-held notion that education reduces drug use. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Stacey H. "Does College Teach Young Men to Smoke Pot? [Revised October 2006]." Presented: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Society of Labor Economists, Annual Meetings, May 5-6, 2006. |
1174. |
Chen, Yanni |
An Economic Analysis of Decisions on Physical Activity and Energy Imbalance: Cross-Sectional Evidence from a Panel of Middle-Aged Adults Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, 2009. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Family Income; Gender Differences; Health Care; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Probit; Obesity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Ample evidence indicates that regular physical activity has many human health benefits. Maintenance of good physical fitness enables one to meet the physical demands of work and leisure comfortably and be less prone to a number of illnesses. In addition to physical inactivity, a poor diet is another factor in energy imbalance (more calories consumed than expended). According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005, physical inactivity and poor diets are the two most important factors contributing to the increase in overweight and obesity in the United States. Overweight and obesity are major risk factors for certain chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some forms of cancer. However, over the past forth-five years, the obesity rate of U.S. adults has almost tripled, rising from 13% to 35%. The objective of this study is to examine women's and men's decisions to participate in demanding physical activity and attain a healthy weight. To achieve this, a productive household model of investment in health is first derived. Second, both trivariate probit and seemingly-unrelated-regression models of decisions on physical activity and BMI or obesity are developed. These outcomes are hypothesized to be related to health attitudes, prices of food, drink and health care services and products, the respondent's personal characteristics (such as education, adjusted family income, opportunity cost of time, occupation, marital status, race and ethnicity) and the respondent's BMI or being overweight at age 25. Third, data from the 2004 round of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) are used to fit the models. Due to basic physiological differences in men and women, separate analyses are undertaken for men and women. Also, two physical activity equations, one for participating in moderate physical activity and the other one for participating in vigorous physical activity, are fitted. Findings include: an individual who ha s a higher adjusted family income has a lower current BMI or a lower likelihood of being obese; females with higher education are more likely to be obese or have higher BMI, while males with higher education are less likely to be obese or have lower BMI; older males within our cohort have higher BMI or higher likelihood of being obese; higher prices for fresh fruits and vegetables and non-alcoholic drinks increase BMI and likelihood of obesity for females but not for males; and higher prices for processed fruits and vegetables reduce BMI and likelihood of obesity for females but not for males. In a joint test of the null hypothesis of no food and drink price effects on the possibility to be obese, the hypothesis was rejected for women but not for men. When exercise is measured in minutes and weight as BMI, the hypothesis of no effects of the prices of food and drink on BMI is rejected for women but not for men. When individuals are classified as over-weight or not over-weight at age 25 and exercise is measure in minutes and weight is measured as BMI, the null hypothesis of no impact of food and drink prices on these outcomes is rejected for early non-overweight females, but not for males or early overweight females. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Yanni. An Economic Analysis of Decisions on Physical Activity and Energy Imbalance: Cross-Sectional Evidence from a Panel of Middle-Aged Adults. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, 2009.. |
1175. |
Chen, Yanni Huffman, Wallace Edgar |
An Economic Analysis of the Impact of Food Prices and Other Factors on Adult Lifestyles: Choices of Physical Activity and Healthy Weight Presented: Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association 2009, AAEA & ACCI Joint Annual Meeting, July 26-29, 2009. Also: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/49291/2/HealthAAEA053009compla.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association (AAEA) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Family Income; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Probit; Obesity; State-Level Data/Policy; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines women's and men's decisions to participate in physical activity and to attain a healthy weight. These outcomes are hypothesized to be related to prices of food, drink and health care services and products, the respondent's personal characteristics (such as education, reading food labels (signaling a concern for good health), adjusted family income, opportunity cost of time, occupation, marital status, race and ethnicity) and his or her BMI at age 25. These decisions are represented by a trivariate probit model that is fitted to data for adults in the NLSY79 panel with geocodes that have been augmented with local area food, drink and health care prices. Separate analyses are undertaken for men and women due to basic physiological differences. Results include: Women and men who read food labels are more likely to participate in moderate and vigorous physical exercise, and women are less likely to be obese. Women with more education are more likely to be obese but educated men are less likely to be obesity. Higher prices for fresh fruits and vegetables and non-alcoholic drinks increase likelihood of obesity for females but not for males; and a higher price for processed fruits and vegetables reduce likelihood of obesity for females but not for males. A larger BMI at age 25 has wage effects later in life and also increases the probability of being obese. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Yanni and Wallace Edgar Huffman. "An Economic Analysis of the Impact of Food Prices and Other Factors on Adult Lifestyles: Choices of Physical Activity and Healthy Weight." Presented: Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association 2009, AAEA & ACCI Joint Annual Meeting, July 26-29, 2009. |
1176. |
Chen, Yu-Hsia |
Youth Labor Supply and the Minimum Hours Constraint Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Income; Labor Supply; Legislation; Minimum Wage; Rural/Urban Migration; Wages The purpose of this study is to test whether employers offer minimum hours of work, H('d), because of the fixed costs of hiring new workers and minimum wage law. If they do, the standard approach of estimating labor supply functions, which assumes that an individual can always choose his desired hours of work, will result in biased estimation, and in misleading policy implications, as the data of actual hours of work are treated as desired hours of work, while they might simply be the minimum working hours required by employers. The sample, from the 1982 NLSY, contains 194 individuals who are male, single, and high school terminal graduates in 1978 or 1979. The model with the minimum hours constraint (MWMHC) started with a linear labor supply function and a linear minimum hours (H('d)) function. The model without the minimum hours constraint (MOMHC) can be obtained from MWMHC by setting H('d) = 0. The parameters in both models were estimated by the maximum likelihood method. The likelihood ratio test was then used to test the hypothesis that there is no minimum hours constraint, which was rejected. Thus, one will get biased estimates of labor supply functions, at least for youth, if the minimum hours constraint is not taken into consideration. It was shown in MOMHC that the wage and income coefficients estimates are underestimated. As wage rates increase, the increase in minimum hours offered is less than that of desired hours of work. For those individuals working at H('d) hours, the increase in wage rate will increase their actual hours of work less than that of H('s) through the increase in H('d). Consequently, the wage coefficient estimate obtained in MOMHC will be in general underestimated. Similarly, for those individuals working H('d) hours, their actual hours of work stay intact when their nonlabor income changes. This implies underestimation of the income coefficient. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Yu-Hsia. Youth Labor Supply and the Minimum Hours Constraint. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1986. |
1177. |
Chen, Yu-Hsia |
Youth Labour Supply and the Minimum Hours Constraint: The Case of Single Males Applied Economics 23,1B (January 1991): 229-235. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036849108841067 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Chapman & Hall Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Labor Supply; Minimum Wage; Wage Effects; Wages, Youth; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Traditionally, economists estimate labor supply functions by assuming that the deserved working hours are the desired working hours. However, if employers require some minimum working hours, for example, 40 hours a week, then the results obtained by the traditional approach will be misleading since the observed working hours might not be the desired working hours. A sample of 1982 NLSY data was used to estimate a youth supply function for models with and without the minimum hours constraint. The hypothesis of no minimum hours constraint was tested. The results show that the hypothesis was rejected at the 1% significance level, indicating that the minimum hours constraint is statistically significant in estimating a labor supply function. As expected, the estimated wage and expected nonlabor income effects on youth labor supply are underestimated and insignificant if the minimum wage constraint is ignored. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Yu-Hsia. "Youth Labour Supply and the Minimum Hours Constraint: The Case of Single Males." Applied Economics 23,1B (January 1991): 229-235.
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1178. |
Chen, Zhuo Zhang, Qi |
Nutrigenomics Hypothesis: Examining the Association Between Food Stamp Program Participation and Bodyweight Among Low-Income Women Journal of Family and Economic Issues 32,3 (September 2011): 508-520. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/g0847322820k702x/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Heterogeneity; Program Participation/Evaluation; Racial Differences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the association between food stamp program participation and bodyweight among 1,723 eligible women who were respondents of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort. The study sample was stratified by race/ethnicity and two time periods, i.e., 1987–1996, 1998–2002, to allow for genetic and cultural differences and a potential structural break due to the 1996 welfare reform. We test a hypothesis based on the nutrigenomic literature suggesting that genetic heterogeneities result in varying effects of nutrition or food-borne components on metabolism. Differences in socioeconomic characteristics between participants and eligible non-participants were identified. We find a positive association between food stamp program participation and bodyweight among Hispanic women, particularly those of foreign-born. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chen, Zhuo and Qi Zhang. "Nutrigenomics Hypothesis: Examining the Association Between Food Stamp Program Participation and Bodyweight Among Low-Income Women." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 32,3 (September 2011): 508-520.
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1179. |
Cheng, Haotian |
Characteristics that Influence Financially Risky Occupational Choice M.S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Occupational Choice; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Direct employment in agriculture has historically comprised a small percentage of the total population. Improvement of technology and productivity is one reason for this phenomenon, while another is that agriculture is inherently risky. As a result, reliance on agriculture as an occupation introduces additional risk relative to many non-ag occupations. This study determines the characteristics of individuals, who are willing to choose financially risky occupations, with an emphasis on agricultural occupations, compared to the characteristics of those involved in other, non-risky occupations. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, are used to determine how demographic and risk preferences influence occupational choice. Results indicate that level of income, marital status, and gender has an impact on occupation choice for financially risky versus non-financially risky jobs. However, the results are improved when risk tolerance is included as a choice factor. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheng, Haotian. Characteristics that Influence Financially Risky Occupational Choice. M.S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University, 2017. |
1180. |
Cheng, Siwei |
A Life Course Trajectory Framework for Understanding the Intracohort Pattern of Wage Inequality American Journal of Sociology 120,3 (November 2014): 633-700. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/676841 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Wage Gap Much research has been devoted to cross-sectional and intercohort patterns of wage inequality, but relatively little is known about the mechanisms for the intracohort pattern of wage inequality. To fill this intellectual gap, this article establishes a life course trajectory (LCT) framework for understanding the intracohort pattern of wage inequality. First, the author proposes and conceptualizes three essential properties of the LCT framework (random variability, trajectory heterogeneity, and cumulative advantage) that are used to establish a mathematical formalization of the LCT framework. Both the conceptualization and the formalization imply that intracohort wage inequality will increase over the life course due to random variability, trajectory heterogeneity, and cumulative advantage. Finally, the author combines the LCT framework with the multilevel growth curve model, then applies the model to data from the NLSY79, and finds support for the significance of random variability, trajectory heterogeneity, and between-group cumulative advantage properties but not the within-group cumulative advantage property. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheng, Siwei. "A Life Course Trajectory Framework for Understanding the Intracohort Pattern of Wage Inequality." American Journal of Sociology 120,3 (November 2014): 633-700.
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1181. |
Cheng, Siwei |
Risk Pooling in The Family: Within Couple Inter-Temporal Responsiveness in Labor Market Activities Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Family Income; Family Resources; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Husbands, Income; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Wives, Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Family is a social institution that serves many social functions. Recently, a growing body of research calls attention to the role of family as a form of microlevel risk pooling, in that members of a family can pool their economic resources and adjust their behaviors to alleviate the impact of economic insecurity that they face on the labor market. The current paper studies the within-couple inter-temporal responsiveness in labor market participation as an empirical case of within-family risk pooling. Applying fixed-effect models to NLSY79 data, I found that that among married couples, the wife tends to adjust her labor supply according to the labor market outcomes of her husband, such that if the husband earns less annual income, works fewer hours, or receives a lower hourly wage, the wife will increase the amount of annual work hours or stay in employment statuses with greater level of labor market participation. In addition, the wife's responsiveness in labor market activities is greater when there is a young child present in the household, when the family income level is in the middle range, and when wife is contributing close to half of total family income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheng, Siwei. "Risk Pooling in The Family: Within Couple Inter-Temporal Responsiveness in Labor Market Activities." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
1182. |
Cheng, Siwei |
The Accumulation of (Dis)Advantage: Dynamics of the Wage Effect of Marriage over the Life Course for Men and Women Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Gender Differences; Life Course; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wage Effects; Wage Gap; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper extends current understandings of the wage effect of marriage by examining its long-term dynamics over the life course for men and women respectively. Applying fixed-effect models to 103,392 person-year observations of the NLSY79 data, I found that (1) marriage is associated with higher rate of wage growth for men, yet lower rate of wage growth for women; (2) the positive association between marriage and wage growth for men is mainly attributable to work experience while the negative association between marriage and wage growth for women is mainly attributable to childbearing; (3) the gender difference in the pattern of variations in the wage effect of marriage over the life course causes the gender wage gap to grow over the life time. And the two mechanisms account for 1/3 and 1/5, respectively, of the total growth in the gender wage gap due to marriage over a 20-year life span. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheng, Siwei. "The Accumulation of (Dis)Advantage: Dynamics of the Wage Effect of Marriage over the Life Course for Men and Women." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
1183. |
Cheng, Siwei |
The Accumulation of (Dis)advantage: The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Long-Term Wage Effect of Marriage American Sociological Review 81,1 (February 2016): 29-56. Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/81/1/29 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Life Course; Marriage; Racial Differences; Wage Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A sizable literature examines whether and why marriage affects men's and women's wages. This study advances current research in two ways. First, whereas most prior studies treat the effect of marriage as time-invariant, I examine how the wage effect of marriage unfolds over the life course. Second, whereas prior work often focuses on the population-average effect of marriage or is limited to some particular gender or racial group, I examine the intersection of gender and race in the effect of marriage. Analyzing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I find that the marriage wage premium grows steadily and at a similar pace among white and black men. The marriage wage premium declines toward negative among white women, yet it grows steadily among black women. Furthermore, measured work experience explains a substantial amount of the wage premium among black men, yet it has little explanatory power among white men, pointing to the importance of unobserved factors in white men’s marriage premium. Changes in work experience negatively affect married white women's wages, yet they positively affect married black women's wages, pointing to the important differences between black and white families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheng, Siwei. "The Accumulation of (Dis)advantage: The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Long-Term Wage Effect of Marriage." American Sociological Review 81,1 (February 2016): 29-56.
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1184. |
Cheng, Siwei |
The Age Trajectory of Earnings Inequality: An Evaluation of Three Mechanisms Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Life Course; Wage Gap; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The age trajectory of earnings inequality within a cohort of population is an important macro-level phenomenon that stems from micro-level life course process of earnings attainment. Unfortunately, the sociological understanding of this inequality-generating process over people’s life course has been hindered by the lack of formal model and systematic empirical tests (DiPrete and Eirich 2006). To rectify this intellectual gap, this paper establishes a formal model that elucidates three important mechanisms that can produce the increase in earnings inequality over age: growth rate heterogeneity, status acceleration and cumulative disturbance. In this model, we will explicate why these three mechanisms should matter for the age trajectory of earnings inequality, and demonstrate their effects through micro-simulation. Further, the formal model enables us to identify the contribution of each of the three mechanisms using micro-level longitudinal data. Using NLSY79, a nationally-representative longitudinal data of a total of 418,638 person-year observations, we find that that all three mechanisms have contributed to the increase in earnings inequality yet to varying degrees. Moreover, their contributions differ for men and women: for men, the three mechanisms explain relatively equal proportions of the increase in earnings inequality from age 25 to 45; yet, for women, the bulk (80%) of increase in earnings inequality between age 25 and 45 is explained by the mechanism of cumulative disturbance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheng, Siwei. "The Age Trajectory of Earnings Inequality: An Evaluation of Three Mechanisms." Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013. |
1185. |
Cheng, Siwei Brand, Jennie E. Zhou, Xiang Xie, Yu |
Who Benefits First? Whose Benefits Last? Economic Returns on College Over the Life Cycle Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Degree; Earnings; Educational Returns; Life Cycle Research; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most prior research on the college premium focuses on earnings at a certain age or averaged across the lifetime. We believe, however, that there are three important reasons for considering these college returns as varying over the life cycle. First, the economic benefits of college may emerge slowly rather than instantaneously over the career, therefore, college may be associated with a higher initial earnings as well as faster earnings growth rate. Second, individuals with varying propensity of attending college may also reap the returns to college at different life stages, which leads to the heterogeneity in the college premium across the propensity spectrum. Third, the life cycle variations in college premium may further depend on family and personal characteristics. Applying propensity-score based methods to data from NLSY79, our preliminary findings show that these three arguments are supported by empirical evidence in the United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheng, Siwei, Jennie E. Brand, Xiang Zhou and Yu Xie. "Who Benefits First? Whose Benefits Last? Economic Returns on College Over the Life Cycle." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
1186. |
Cheng, Siwei Brand, Jennie E. Zhou, Xiang Xie, Yu Hout, Michael |
Heterogeneous Returns to College over the Life Course Science Advances 7,51 (15 December 2021): DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7641. Also: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abg7641 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Science Keyword(s): College Graduates; High School Completion/Graduates; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Propensity Scores; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. College graduates earn higher wages than high school graduates by age 30. Among women, the advantages of a college degree decline somewhat as they age, although they are still substantial at age 50; for men, the advantage of a college degree grows throughout the life cycle. Most previous research on returns to higher education has focused on income at a single point in time or averaged over multiple years; our contribution is to study how returns vary by age. We also document how these patterns vary by the propensity of graduating from college. We find modest wage returns for mid-propensity college graduates, but large returns for low-propensity and, for men, high-propensity college graduates. Our results rely on propensity score-based matching combined with multilevel growth curve models applied to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheng, Siwei, Jennie E. Brand, Xiang Zhou, Yu Xie and Michael Hout. "Heterogeneous Returns to College over the Life Course." Science Advances 7,51 (15 December 2021): DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7641.
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1187. |
Cheng, Tyrone C. |
Impact of Family Stability on Children's Delinquency: An Implication for Family Preservation Journal of Family Social Work 8,1 (2004): 47-60. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J039v08n01_03 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Mothers, Behavior; Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Behavior Employing for analysis a set of secondary data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the present study sought signs of theoretical support for this emphasis on family preservation. Specifically,the research examined the effects on childhood delinquency of the following variables: family stability; parenting style; parental supervision; and structural factors. Binomial logistic regression conducted with the data showed that children's likelihood of becoming delinquent drops noticeably in the following circumstances: they are female; they do not live in poverty; the mother is older or is African-American; they receive stringent parental supervision; and/or they spend many years in residence with biological parents and/or step-parents. Some implications for family preservation efforts are suggested by the study results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheng, Tyrone C. "Impact of Family Stability on Children's Delinquency: An Implication for Family Preservation." Journal of Family Social Work 8,1 (2004): 47-60.
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1188. |
Cheng, Tyrone C. Lo, Celia C. |
An Analysis of Welfare Participation: Rational-Choice Perspective and Group-Threat Hypothesis Journal of Social Service Research 40,2 (March 2014): 189-200. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01488376.2013.865580 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Child Care; Child Support; Geocoded Data; Human Capital; Poverty; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This secondary data analysis examined the impacts of human capital, child care, fringe benefits, child support, ethnicity, county economy, and county minority-population size on participation in Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) by parents living at or below the federal poverty threshold. Longitudinal records of 1,789 such parents were extracted from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1996–2008). Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression showed that having personal/family problems, being African American, and residing in a county with widespread unemployment were associated positively with TANF receipt. TANF receipt was associated negatively with employment offering a retirement plan, full-time employment, part-time employment, and residence in a county with a large Hispanic population. Future research might explore the relationship between subpopulations’ sizes and states’ TANF policies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheng, Tyrone C. and Celia C. Lo. "An Analysis of Welfare Participation: Rational-Choice Perspective and Group-Threat Hypothesis." Journal of Social Service Research 40,2 (March 2014): 189-200.
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1189. |
Cheng, Tyrone C. Lo, Celia C. |
Heavy Alcohol Use, Alcohol and Drug Screening and their Relationship to Mothers' Welfare Participation: A Temporal-ordered Causal Analysis Journal of Social Policy 39,4 (October 2010): 543-559. Also: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7873718&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S004727941000022X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Child Care; Drug Use; Human Capital; Mothers; Social Environment; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This longitudinal study examined the association between heavy alcohol use, alcohol and drug-screening requirements, and social support network variables and mothers' welfare participation in the United States. The study was a secondary data analysis of 3,517 mothers. The sample was extracted from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data gathered in 1994-2004. Results of logistic regression show welfare participation is not associated with heavy alcohol use or alcohol- and drug-screening requirements, but is associated with a history of reported heavy alcohol use, informal help with childcare, and scant human capital. Results also indicate that alcohol- and drug screening required under TANF may not exclude heavy drinking mothers from TANF participation, and that social support networks do not cancel heavy drinking's association with participation. Policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheng, Tyrone C. and Celia C. Lo. "Heavy Alcohol Use, Alcohol and Drug Screening and their Relationship to Mothers' Welfare Participation: A Temporal-ordered Causal Analysis." Journal of Social Policy 39,4 (October 2010): 543-559.
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1190. |
Cheng, Tyrone C. Lo, Celia C. Weber, Joe |
Racial Disparities in Welfare Dependence and Financial Independence: Links to Human Capital, Local Economy, and State Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Policies Journal of Social Service Research 43,1 (2017): 69-84. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01488376.2016.1235070 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Economics, Regional; Ethnic Differences; Geocoded Data; Human Capital; Local Labor Market; Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare This secondary data analysis examined racial disparities in associations between welfare dependence/financial independence and human capital, local economy, and state TANF policies. A sample of 6,737 parents was extracted from the public-use data set titled "National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Results showed that restrictive TANF policies reduced African Americans' likelihood of welfare use and increased likelihood of their financial independence. Multinomial logistic results also showed that, among Hispanics, employment growth in neighboring counties promoted welfare use; whereas among Caucasians such growth promoted financial independence. County poverty increased (a) Caucasians' likelihood of welfare use and (b) Hispanics' likelihood of being working poor; it decreased Caucasians' and African Americans' likelihood of financial independence. Across ethnic groups, education reduced likelihood of welfare use and working poor status; across minority groups, education increased likelihood of financial independence, but among Caucasians it decreased such likelihood. Across ethnic groups, occupational skills hindered dependence and improved odds of employment (regardless of welfare or poverty status). This study concluded the studied TANF policies and job markets were not color-blind. Interventions this study implies include less-restrictive TANF policies, generous support services, TANF staff cultural-competence training, and anti-discrimination rules. Research investigating particular TANF policies' and services' effects by ethnicity might prove useful. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheng, Tyrone C., Celia C. Lo and Joe Weber. "Racial Disparities in Welfare Dependence and Financial Independence: Links to Human Capital, Local Economy, and State Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Policies." Journal of Social Service Research 43,1 (2017): 69-84.
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1191. |
Cheng, Tyrone C. McElderry, Cathy Gilbert |
How Do Drug Use and Social Relations Affect Welfare Participation? Social Service Review 81,1 (March 2007): 155-165. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/10.1086/510803 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Drug Use; Marital Status; Religious Influences; Welfare This study analyzes whether welfare use is longitudinally related to drug use and various measures of social relations. It conducts secondary analyses on data from a sample of 382 women. The data' which stem from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, were gathered between 1984 and 2002. The results suggest that use of marijuana or cocaine does not affect women's welfare participation to a statistically significant degree. Attending religious services and receiving low levels of child support are associated with statistically significant declines in welfare participation. Changes in marital status are linked to increases in welfare participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Social Service Review is the property of University of Chicago Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheng, Tyrone C. and Cathy Gilbert McElderry. "How Do Drug Use and Social Relations Affect Welfare Participation?" Social Service Review 81,1 (March 2007): 155-165.
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1192. |
Cheong, Keywon |
Poverty and Migration: Synthesis of Macrolevel and Microlevel Perspectives of Migration Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, 1987. DAI-A 49/09, p. 2818, March 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior; Geographical Variation; Migration; Mobility; Poverty This study assesses effects of contextual and personal characteristics on the migration propensities of individuals, with primary focus on several measurements of individual poverty status and the poverty level of the residential areas. The restricted opportunity perspective on poverty, the human capital perspective and the microeconomic perspective on migration, are the major frameworks guiding the study. Logistic regression analysis of data from the NLSY and from the 1983 County and City Data Book is employed to investigate differences in the migration behavior between the poor and nonpoor, and significant main and interactive effects of the macrolevel and microlevel factors on the migration behavior of American youth. The major findings are: (1) youth living in areas with less employment opportunities are more migratory; (2) poor youth are less migratory than the nonpoor; and (3) the poor living in areas with less employment opportunities are least migratory. These findings are consistent when migration is classified into primary and repeat migration, but are not consistent across the ethnic groups. Findings point to the importance of: (1) integrating macrolevel and microlevel perspectives for better understanding of migration behavior of individuals; (2) comparing the migration behavior of the poor with the nonpoor; and (3) controlling ethnic group status in the migration study. [UMI ADG88-23613] |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheong, Keywon. Poverty and Migration: Synthesis of Macrolevel and Microlevel Perspectives of Migration. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, 1987. DAI-A 49/09, p. 2818, March 1989. |
1193. |
Cherlin, Andrew J. |
Infant Care and Full-Time Employment In: Child Care in the 1990s: Trends and Consequences. A. Booth, ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cherlin, Andrew J. "Infant Care and Full-Time Employment" In: Child Care in the 1990s: Trends and Consequences. A. Booth, ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992
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1194. |
Cheung, Amanda K. Harden, K. Paige Tucker-Drob, Elliot M. |
Gene x Environment Interactions in Early Externalizing Behaviors: Parental Emotional Support and Socioeconomic Context as Moderators of Genetic Influences? Behavior Genetics 44,5 (September 2014): 468-486. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24980660 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Children, Behavioral Development; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Family Income; Genetics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parental Influences; Siblings; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses longitudinal population-based samples of young siblings to examine the effects of two hypothesized moderators of early externalizing behaviors: parental emotional support and family socioeconomic status. The first sample, a twin sample from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), was composed of approximately 600 twin pairs measured on externalizing at ages 4 and 5. Results indicated stronger genetic influences on externalizing at lower levels of parental emotional support but higher levels of socioeconomic status; only the latter interaction remained significant when the two moderators were simultaneously modeled. These moderation effects were not replicated in our analyses of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement (CNLSY) data, which contained 1939 pairs of full and half siblings measured on externalizing at ages 4-5 and ages 6-7. Our results highlight the need for replication in quantitative behavior genetics research on externalizing behaviors. Potential causes for non-replication are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cheung, Amanda K., K. Paige Harden and Elliot M. Tucker-Drob. "Gene x Environment Interactions in Early Externalizing Behaviors: Parental Emotional Support and Socioeconomic Context as Moderators of Genetic Influences?" Behavior Genetics 44,5 (September 2014): 468-486.
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1195. |
Chia, Yee Fei |
Dollars and Pounds: The Impact of Household Income on Childhood Weight Working Paper No. 4. Department of Economics, Cleveland State University, June 2009. Also: http://www.csuohio.edu/class/economics/WorkingPapers/Abstract.html#4 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Cleveland State University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Household Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Mothers, Health; Obesity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the impact of household income on childhood weight status for children in the United States using matched mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Instrumental variable (IV) models, household fixed effects (FE) models and household fixed effects IV (FEIV) models are estimated in order to control for causality. The results suggest that although the prevalence of childhood obesity is higher in low-income families in the sample, household income might be acting primarily as a proxy for other unobserved characteristics that determine the child’s weight status rather having a major direct causative role in determining the child’s weight status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chia, Yee Fei. "Dollars and Pounds: The Impact of Household Income on Childhood Weight." Working Paper No. 4. Department of Economics, Cleveland State University, June 2009. |
1196. |
Chia, Yee Fei |
Dollars and Pounds: The Impact of Family Income on Childhood Weight Applied Economics 45,14 (2013): 1931-1941. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036846.2011.641929 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Family Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Obesity; Weight This article examines the impact of family income on childhood weight status for children in the United States using matched mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY 79). Instrumental variable (IV) models, family Fixed Effects (FE) models and family Fixed Effects IV (FEIV) models are estimated in order to control for causality. The results suggest that although the prevalence of childhood obesity is higher in low-income families in the sample, family income might be acting primarily as a proxy for other unobserved characteristics that determine the child's weight status rather having a major direct causative role in determining the child's weight status. Also in: The Applied Economics of Weight and Obesity, Edited by Mark P. Taylor; Routledge, 2013, pp. 57-67. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chia, Yee Fei. "Dollars and Pounds: The Impact of Family Income on Childhood Weight." Applied Economics 45,14 (2013): 1931-1941.
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1197. |
Chiang, Chien-jen Sun, Sicong Hudson, Darrell L. |
Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Association between Parental Wealth and Child Behavioral Problems Presented: Phoenix AZ, Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Conference, January 2023. Also: https://sswr.confex.com/sswr/2023/webprogram/Paper50674.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Debt/Borrowing; Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Net Worth; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background/Purpose: Racial/ethnic wealth inequities are well documented and historically entrenched. Wealth plays a pivotal role in determining the social context in which children live as wealth provides access to neighborhoods with greater levels and quality of resources such as school quality indicators and perceptions of neighborhood safety. Whereas the existing literature is replete with studies that have examined the association between wealth and child development outcomes, the goal of this study is to examine the association between parental wealth and child behavior problems across race/ethnicity using longitudinal data. Methods: Data for this study were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (1979-2016). Three self-reported racial/ethnic groups were examined: Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic. The final analytic sample was 8,773. The primary dependent variables were the child behavior problem index (BPI). We constructed a median-dichotomized standardized BPI measure in addition to using the antisocial subscale and depression/anxiety subscales. Parental wealth, defined as net worth, was a time-varying variable calculated as assets minus debt, adjusting for inflation. We further created net worth quartiles within each racial/ethnic groups. To account for the within-person and within-household clustering effects, three-level logistic regression was used. We first conducted the analyses using the whole sample, followed by subgroup analyses by race/ethnicity. Results: Nearly 42% of the non-Hispanic black respondents were in debt or had zero net worth and had the lowest level of net worth compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Wealth was significantly, negatively associated with all of the BPI indicators. Compared to Non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanic children were less likely to have an above-median total BPI score (OR=.740, 95% CI .592-.925); Non-Hispanic Black children were more likely to have an above-median antisocial score (OR=1.533, 95% CI 1.311-1.792); Non-Hispanic black children were less likely to have an above-median anxiety/depression score (OR=.737, 95% CI .634-.857). For Non-Hispanic white children, greater wealth was significantly associated with lower odds of having poor behavior outcomes, compared to those in the lowest wealth quartile. For Non-Hispanic Black children, wealth was only protective against the three different behavioral problem indicators among those in the highest wealth quartile. There were no significant associations between parental wealth and child behavior problems for Hispanic children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chiang, Chien-jen, Sicong Sun and Darrell L. Hudson. "Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Association between Parental Wealth and Child Behavioral Problems." Presented: Phoenix AZ, Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Conference, January 2023. |
1198. |
Children's Defense Fund |
Declining Earnings of Young Men: Their Relation to Poverty, Teen Pregnancy, and Family Formation Report, Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Clearinghouse, Children's Defense Fund, May 1987. Also: http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/cdf/data/0116_000050_000282/0116_000050_000282.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Children's Defense Fund Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Childbearing; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earnings; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Marriage; Poverty; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This report examines how the lack of adequate job opportunities at decent wages makes it difficult for many young people, particularly young men with limited skills or educational credentials, to get a good start in the changed labor market of the 1980s. Using data from the CPS and NLSY, the report focuses primarily on the earnings and marriage rates of young men and traces the sharp declines in employment and earnings, falling marriage rates, and increasing poverty among young families and their children. Some of its key findings include: (1) between 1973 and 1984, the average real annual earnings among males ages 20 through 24 fell by nearly 30 percent, from $11,572 to $8,072 in 1984 dollars; (2) the percentage of young men able to support their family with income above the poverty line dropped from 60% in 1973 to 42% in 1984; (3) young men without high school diplomas suffered the largest percentage drop in their real annual earnings during this period; (4) among high school dropouts, those with strong basic academic skills earned twice as much as dropouts with a weaker educational foundation; and (5) youths ages 18 to 23 who have the weakest reading and math skills are eight times more likely to have children out-of-wedlock. The concluding section of the report discusses a set of strategies designed to bolster the self-sufficiency of young families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Children's Defense Fund. "Declining Earnings of Young Men: Their Relation to Poverty, Teen Pregnancy, and Family Formation." Report, Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Clearinghouse, Children's Defense Fund, May 1987. |
1199. |
Chingos, Matthew M. |
Do Public Pensions Provide Equal Pay for Equal Work? Brown Center Chalkboard, Brown Center on Education Policy, Brookings Institution, March 12, 2014. Also: http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/brown-center-chalkboard/posts/2014/03/12-public-pensions-unequal-pay-chingos Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): College Degree; Discrimination; Discrimination, Sex; Labor Force Participation; Pensions; State-Level Data/Policy; Wage Differentials My analysis is a simulation of pension benefits based on the parameters of Ohio's defined-benefit pension plan for teachers (as described by Costrell and Podgursky) applied to workforce participation histories in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). I restrict my extract of the NLSY data to respondents who had at least a bachelor's degree in 1988 (when they were 25-31 years of age) and responded to all survey waves (throughout the analysis I apply the appropriate panel weights for this subgroup of initial respondents). |
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Bibliography Citation
Chingos, Matthew M. "Do Public Pensions Provide Equal Pay for Equal Work?." Brown Center Chalkboard, Brown Center on Education Policy, Brookings Institution, March 12, 2014. |
1200. |
Chipman, Claire |
Religious Roots and Consequences of Women's Work-Family Configurations in Adulthood Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Formation; Family Models; Religion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This project contributes a more comprehensive understanding of the reciprocal relationships between religion, work, and family. Using NLSY79 data, I uncover six work-family configurations for American women using LCA; timing of family experiences and education are key in differentiating these configurations. I integrate these configurations into a model of religious involvement, using adolescent religiosity to predict work-family configurations and then predicting service attendance in adulthood with the configurations. I find evidence for a link between affiliation with an evangelical religious tradition in adolescence and early family formation. Additionally, there is a strong link between religious service attendance and one particular group of women: married, college-educated women with children. Their adolescent and adult religious participation suggest that the positive effects of religion, such as social and financial support, are concentrated within this privileged group of women. This project also demonstrates the importance of considering religion when studying work and family pathways. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chipman, Claire. "Religious Roots and Consequences of Women's Work-Family Configurations in Adulthood." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
1201. |
Chiteji, Ngina |
Wealth and Retirement: Pondering the Fate of Formerly Incarcerated Men During the Golden Years Review of Black Political Economy 48,2 (June 2021): 151-189. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0034644620964914 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Pensions; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article extends the existing literature about the consequences that having a prison record has on formerly incarcerated men's labor market outcomes by projecting forward to think about what the diminished labor market prospects may mean for men when they reach retirement age. We find that formerly incarcerated men have little wealth accumulated by their late 40s and 50s, that they have limited access to on-the-job pensions, and that some may not even be able to rely on Social Security when they are old. The article uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and focuses most of its attention on the plight of Black men and Latino men, as this is the subset of the population that was particularly affected by the nation's mass incarceration policies of the late 20th century. The implications of the findings for Black and Brown men's prospects during old age are discussed, as are the implications for the way that policy scholars think about race, aging, and public policy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chiteji, Ngina. "Wealth and Retirement: Pondering the Fate of Formerly Incarcerated Men During the Golden Years." Review of Black Political Economy 48,2 (June 2021): 151-189.
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1202. |
Chizmar, John F. Walbert, Mark S. |
Web-Based Learning Environments Guided by Principles of Good Teaching Practice The Journal of Economic Education (Summer 1999): 248-259. Also: http://econbook.kemsu.ru/SumScool/Data/Teaching/Chizmar.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): NLS Description; NLSDBA CD-ROM; Teaching Datasets/Teaching with the NLS In this article, we describe the preparation and execution of a statistics course, an undergraduate econometrics course, and a microeconomic theory course, each of which uses Internet technology as an integral part of the delivery of the course. We address the pedagogical and technical issues that must be resolved to achieve each of Chickering and Gamson's (1987) seven principles for good teaching practice using this medium. Pedagogical issues are paramount if the goal is to achieve the best teaching practice. Of equivalent importance, however, is choosing a technology that will support the chosen pedagogical strategy and work well over the World Wide Web. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chizmar, John F. and Mark S. Walbert. "Web-Based Learning Environments Guided by Principles of Good Teaching Practice." The Journal of Economic Education (Summer 1999): 248-259.
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1203. |
Cho, In Soo |
Four Essays on Risk Preferences, Entrepreneurship, Earnings, Occupations, and Gender Ph.D. Dissertation, Iowa State University, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Attitudes; Earnings; Entrepreneurship; Gender Differences; Occupations; Risk-Taking; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 2. This chapter examines the extent to which gender differences in risk aversion explain why women have a lower entrepreneurship rate, earn less, and work fewer hours than men. Data from the NLSY79 confirms previous findings that women are more risk averse than men. However, while less risk averse men tend to become self-employed, there is no significant effect of risk aversion on women's entrepreneurship decisions. Similarly, greater risk aversion increases earnings for male entrepreneurs, but it has no effect on female entrepreneurial earnings. More risk aversion lowers female wages, but the effects are of modest magnitude. On the contrary, more risk aversion raises male wages. Risk aversion does not explain variation in hours of work for either men or women. These findings and standard decomposition suggest that widely reported differences in risk aversion across genders play only a trivial role in explaining gender gaps in labor market outcomes. Chapter 3. While more risk averse individuals are less likely to become entrepreneurs, theory predicts that more risk averse entrepreneurs pick ventures with higher expected returns and so they should survive in business longer than their less risk averse counterparts. Using successive entry cohorts of young entrepreneurs in the NLSY79, we find contrary to theory that the most successful entrepreneurs are the least risk averse. This surprising finding suggests that commonly used measures of risk aversion are not indicators of taste toward risk. Instead, measured risk aversion signals weak entrepreneurial ability--the least risk averse are apparently those who can best assess and manage risks. Indeed, our interpretation is consistent with recent experimental evidence linking cognitive ability with a greater willingness to accept risk. Chapter 4. The fourth chapter investigates the stability of measured risk attitudes over time, using a 13-year longitudinal sample of individuals in the NLSY79. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cho, In Soo. Four Essays on Risk Preferences, Entrepreneurship, Earnings, Occupations, and Gender. Ph.D. Dissertation, Iowa State University, 2012. |
1204. |
Cho, In Soo Orazem, Peter |
Risk Aversion or Risk Management?: How Measures of Risk Aversion Affect Firm Entry and Firm Survival Working Paper No. 11016, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, August 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Iowa State University Keyword(s): Attitudes; Cognitive Ability; Earnings; Entrepreneurship; Firms; Occupations; Risk Perception; Risk-Taking; Self-Employed Workers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The link between measured risk aversion and the decision to become an entrepreneur is well established, but the link between risk preferences and entrepreneurial success is not. Standard theoretical models of occupational choice under uncertainty imply a positive correlation between an individual’s degree of risk aversion and the expected return from an entrepreneurial venture at the time of entry. Because the expected return is the risk neutral equivalent value, a higher expected return implies a higher survival probability, and so more risk averse entrepreneurs should survive more frequently than their less risk averse counterparts. We test that prediction using successive entry cohorts of young entrepreneurs in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). The empirical results soundly reject the prediction: the most successful entrepreneurs are the least risk averse. This surprising finding calls into question the interpretation of common measures of risk aversion as measures of taste for risk. Instead, measured risk attitudes perform as if they are indicators of entrepreneurial ability– the least risk averse are apparently those who can best assess and manage risks. Indeed, our interpretation is consistent with the work of recent experimental studies that find that the less risk averse have higher cognitive ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cho, In Soo and Peter Orazem. "Risk Aversion or Risk Management?: How Measures of Risk Aversion Affect Firm Entry and Firm Survival." Working Paper No. 11016, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, August 2011. |
1205. |
Cho, Insoo Orazem, Peter |
How Endogenous Risk Preferences and Sample Selection Affect Analysis of Firm Survival Small Business Economics published online (4 January 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s11187-019-00288-w. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-019-00288-w Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Entrepreneurship; Exits; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Risk-Taking; Sample Selection Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The roles of selection and endogeneity in measured risk preferences are illustrated using the correlation between risk attitudes and firm survival. Selection bias occurs when risk attitudes are elicited only from current entrepreneurs so that the risk attitudes of unsuccessful entrepreneurs are excluded from the analysis. Risk attitudes measured after agents enter entrepreneurship will endogenously reflect business success. Data on entrepreneurs from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics shows that when risk attitudes are measured subject to selection and endogeneity, mixed or even positive correlations between risk acceptance and the probability of firm exit occur. However, firm exits fall monotonically with willingness to accept risk when risk preference measures are not subject to selection or endogeneity related to business success. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cho, Insoo and Peter Orazem. "How Endogenous Risk Preferences and Sample Selection Affect Analysis of Firm Survival." Small Business Economics published online (4 January 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s11187-019-00288-w.
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1206. |
Cho, Insoo Orazem, Peter Rosenblat, Tanya |
Are Risk Attitudes Fixed Factors or Fleeting Feelings? Journal of Labor Research 39,2 (June 2018): 127-149. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12122-018-9262-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Attitudes; Labor Force Participation; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We investigate the stability of measured risk attitudes over time, using a 13-year longitudinal sample of individuals in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. We find that an individual's risk aversion changes systematically in response to personal economic circumstances. Risk aversion increases with lengthening spells of employment and time out of labor force, and decreases with lengthening unemployment spells. However, the most important result is that the majority of the variation in risk aversion is due to changes in measured individual tastes over time and not to variation across individuals. These findings that measured risk preferences are endogenous and subject to substantial measurement errors suggest caution in interpreting coefficients in models relying on contemporaneous, one-time measures of risk preferences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cho, Insoo, Peter Orazem and Tanya Rosenblat. "Are Risk Attitudes Fixed Factors or Fleeting Feelings?" Journal of Labor Research 39,2 (June 2018): 127-149.
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1207. |
Cho, Ryan Woon-Ho |
Thank You for Your Service? Diverging Pathways for People of Color Within the Armed Forces Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Marital History/Transitions; Military Service; Racial Differences; Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Black and Latino men, particularly in metropolitan areas, are heavily recruited into military service, often told that enlisting in the armed forces will provide the means for both social and economic mobility. While all military enlistees experience relatively equal access to opportunities and resources while in the service, questions remain as to how racial and ethnic minority veterans, particularly those of the Global War on Terror, fare after leaving the service. This dissertation examines two life processes--the job application process and remarriage--to examine how such outcomes might differ for minority veterans. Chapter 4 turns its attention to the family, and examines the marital transition of remarriage, an outcome unexplored in previous work. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I find that the gap in remarriage rates found between Black and White men in the United States disappears in the military context. Such results suggest that socioeconomic prospects are the culprit for differences in remarriage rates found at large, and that the relatively equal socioeconomic standing of service members, irrespective of race and ethnicity, help promote remarriage rates. Taken together, my research helps update and expand our understanding of the impact of military service on the life course specifically for racial and ethnic minorities, and what these differences might imply for social stratification and inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cho, Ryan Woon-Ho. Thank You for Your Service? Diverging Pathways for People of Color Within the Armed Forces. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, 2022. |
1208. |
Cho, Woo Hyun |
Promotion Prospects, Job Search and the Quit Behavior of Employed Youth Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1983. DAI-A 44/01, p. 242, July 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Employment; Job Training; Quality of Employment Survey (QES); Unions This dissertation investigates the determinants of on-the-job search behavior of employed young workers. The central hypothesis is that young workers who consider their jobs to have good promotion prospects are less likely to seek out alternative jobs than are other workers. Conversely, those workers who don't have good promotion prospects are more likely to seek out jobs elsewhere and quit when they find reasonable alternative positions. The analysis of interfirm mobility requires consideration of learning and promotion prospects within the firm. I assume that newly hired workers of a given class are indistinguishable to the firm and that they normally accumulate learning on the job. With the accumulation of job skills at the current job, they may vacate their current jobs, demand higher position at the next rank and move forward to another work activity with an enhanced stock of human capital, either within the firm or outside it. Quite naturally the junior worker's interest hinges upon the promotion probability to the next job. I frame the promotion process within the firm in terms of a cumulative advantage hypothesis, in which the initial success is assumed to be determined by a random process, but in which workers who experience success are more likely to be successful in the future. Within any time period the probability of promotion is dependent on the accumulated amount of learning and the type of job. I then estimate models of on-the-job search and quits, incorporating as an explanatory variable the young workers' promotion assessment variable. Two operational measures of promotion are used, an ex ante promotion assessment and an ex post measure of actual promotion. Tests of the model are performed, using two data sets, the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Force Behavior, Youth Survey, 1979, 1980 and 1981 and the 1973-1977 Quality of Employment Survey: PANEL. The evidence from both surveys indicates that actual quits as well as contemporaneous job search activity result from low promotion prospects. The second hypothesis I explore is that the level of learning opportunities in the current job itself strongly determines promotion prospects. The estimates confirm the hypothesis promotion prospects depend on the amount of on-the-job learning accumulation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cho, Woo Hyun. Promotion Prospects, Job Search and the Quit Behavior of Employed Youth. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1983. DAI-A 44/01, p. 242, July 1983. |
1209. |
Cho, Woo Hyun |
Promotion Prospects, Job Search and the Quit Behavior of Employed Youth Report, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, September 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Job Promotion; Job Search; Mobility, Interfirm This paper investigates the determinants of the on-the-job search and quitting behavior of employed young workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cho, Woo Hyun. "Promotion Prospects, Job Search and the Quit Behavior of Employed Youth." Report, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, September 1983. |
1210. |
Cho, Yin-Nei |
The Effect of Tangible Assets and Human Capital on the Economic Well-Being of Women After Marital Disruption Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington University, 2001. DAI-A 62/12, p. 4331, Jun 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Endogeneity; Family Income; Family Studies; Human Capital; Marital Disruption; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Women's Studies Research on the post-disruption economic well-being of women often emphasizes the role of human capital. Asset theories suggest that ownership of tangible assets should affect the economic well-being of women after disruption, but the role of tangible assets has been ignored in the empirical literature. This raises the possible issue of omitted variable bias. This research examines the consequence of omitting tangible asset variables by incorporating tangible asset variables, in conjunction with human capital variables, into a study of the economic well-being of women one year after marital disruption. Tangible asset variables include financial assets, home equity, business or real property, and motor vehicle. Endogenous switching regressions and censored regression are used to analyze the sample of 443 women, who were first divorced or separated in 1985 through 1989, from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. The sample includes 346 women who remained single and 97 women who remarried or cohabited after disruption. Results show that coefficients of human capital variables, for both single and remarried/cohabited women, are consistently higher in models excluding tangible asset variables than in models including tangible asset variables. This confirms the omitted variable bias hypothesis. Specifically, financial assets and vehicle ownership increased both family income and per capita family income for both single and remarried/cohabited women after disruption. Financial assets and vehicle ownership appear to have affected incomes by increasing work hours. Consistent with prior research, however, human capital remains a significant factor of post-disruption incomes of women. Education and work experience increased family income and per capita family income of single women and per capita family income of remarried/cohabited women. Implications for research and policy, including the inclusion of tangible asset variables in similar research and employing tangible asset building as an anti-poverty strategy, are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cho, Yin-Nei. The Effect of Tangible Assets and Human Capital on the Economic Well-Being of Women After Marital Disruption. Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington University, 2001. DAI-A 62/12, p. 4331, Jun 2002. |
1211. |
Choi, B. O. |
Estimating High Tech Army Recruiting Markets M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior; Labor Force Participation; Manpower Research; Military Recruitment; Military Service; Modeling This thesis presents exploratory model-building for identifying and analyzing the recruiting market for highly technical occupations for the Army of the future. The high-tech ratings were defined based upon their technical characteristics, qualification rates of the youth labor market, and the Army force structure. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth ( NLSY), three regression equations were developed to estimate mental eligibility for high-tech ratings as well as interest in joining the military and actual joining behavior, so that recruiting commands can allocate recruiting resources more accurately and efficiently. These prototypical equations and this method of measuring the recruiting market for high-tech ratings provide a good beginning for estimating the recruiting market for any specific occupation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Choi, B. O. Estimating High Tech Army Recruiting Markets. M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1992. |
1212. |
Choi, Heeseon |
Effects of Maternity Leave Benefits on Labor Market Outcomes Seoul Journal of Economics, 16,4 (Winter 2003): 461-489. Also: http://econ.snu.ac.kr/~journal/pdffile/vol_16/16-4.zip Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Economic Research, Seoul National University Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Job Turnover; Labor Market Outcomes; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wage Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the effects of maternity leave benefits on the labor market outcomes of mothers with newborn babies in the United States. This paper estimates the effect of maternity leave benefits after controlling for substantial intrinsic differences between maternity leave covered and uncovered workers. The fixed effects estimation method is used to analyze the wage effect. Also, more explanatory variables are added to control for heterogeneity in the analysis of the turnover and employment effects. The results support the hypothesis that maternity leave coverage is beneficial on women's labor market outcomes. Maternity leave significantly lessens turnover one year after childbirth, and is closely related with more employment outcomes after childbirth. Maternity leave also provides beneficial effect on wage profiles especially through encouraging covered women to work more hours. Maternity leave covered workers have maintained far steeper wage profiles before giving birth than uncovered workers. However, wage premium from maternity leave coverage is not large enough to cancel the negative effects of childbearing. Also, uncovered workers who start new jobs see their wages "rebound" after giving birth. This makes the slope of hourly wage profiles of uncovered workers similar with those of covered workers after giving birth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Choi, Heeseon. "Effects of Maternity Leave Benefits on Labor Market Outcomes." Seoul Journal of Economics, 16,4 (Winter 2003): 461-489.
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1213. |
Choi, Jaehee |
Who 'opts-out' and Who 'opts Back in'? Women's Labor Force Attachment before and after the First Birth Presented: Albuquerque NM, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper contributes to the exiting literature by documenting the behaviors of labor market attachment of new mothers from a nationally representative cohort. In particular, it focuses explicitly on women's exits and returns around the timing of their first childbirth using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and examines whether there are systematic differences in these behaviors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Choi, Jaehee. "Who 'opts-out' and Who 'opts Back in'? Women's Labor Force Attachment before and after the First Birth." Presented: Albuquerque NM, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2014. |
1214. |
Choi, Kate H. Denice, Patrick A. |
Racial/Ethnic Variation in the Relationship Between Educational Assortative Mating and Wives' Income Trajectories Demography (January 2023): 10421624. Also: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10421624 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Earnings, Wives; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Income; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior work has examined the relationship between educational assortative mating and wives' labor market participation but has not assessed how this relationship varies by race/ethnicity. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we estimate group-based developmental trajectories to investigate whether the association between educational assortative mating and wives' income trajectories varies by race/ethnicity. The presence, prevalence, and shapes of prototypical long-term income trajectories vary markedly across racial/ethnic groups. Whites are more likely than Blacks and Hispanics to follow income trajectories consistent with a traditional gender division of labor. The association between educational assortative mating is also stronger for Whites than for Blacks and Hispanics. White wives in educationally hypogamous unions make the greatest contribution to the couple's total income, followed by those in homogamous and hypergamous unions. Black and Hispanic wives in hypogamous unions are less likely than their peers in other unions to be secondary earners. These findings underscore the need for studies of the consequences of educational assortative mating to pay closer attention to heterogeneity across and within racial/ethnic groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Choi, Kate H. and Patrick A. Denice. "Racial/Ethnic Variation in the Relationship Between Educational Assortative Mating and Wives' Income Trajectories." Demography (January 2023): 10421624.
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1215. |
Chor, Elise |
The Role of Parents' Early Experiences in Children's Academic Achievement and Well-Being Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Children, Preschool; Children, Well-Being; Head Start; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The current study assesses the intergenerational impacts of parents' Head Start and other preschool participation. The study uses two nationally representative datasets that allow for: (1) replication and extension of Chor's previous findings; (2) consideration of additional and longer-term child outcomes including school quality, educational attainment, and adolescent psychological and physical health; and (3) application of a strong multigenerational causal framework not possible with HSIS data. The study first leverages the multigenerational data of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to estimate marginal structural models using the joint probability of parent-child participation as inverse probability weights. Next, the study draws on rich longitudinal National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to apply a combination of propensity score matching and fixed effects modeling. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chor, Elise. "The Role of Parents' Early Experiences in Children's Academic Achievement and Well-Being." Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2016. |
1216. |
Chou, Tiffany |
Labor Market Transitions of Young Adults Issue Brief Two, The Economic Security of American Households, U.S. Department of the Treasury, October 2016. Also: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/economic-policy/Documents/The%20Economic%20Security%20of%20American%20Households%20-%20Issue%202.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: U.S. Department of the Treasury Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Economic Well-Being; Labor Force Participation; Transition, School to Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This report is the second in a series examining the current economic situation of Americans in the wake of the Great Recession. This economic security brief looks at changes in how young adults are transitioning into the labor market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chou, Tiffany. "Labor Market Transitions of Young Adults." Issue Brief Two, The Economic Security of American Households, U.S. Department of the Treasury, October 2016. |
1217. |
Christensen, Sandra |
Improving Youth Employment Prospects: Issues and Options Congressional Budget Office, Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Congressional Budget Office Keyword(s): Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA); Job Training; Teenagers; Unemployment, Youth As the Congress considers reauthorization of CETA, the VEA, and the TJTC, it must appraise the ongoing characteristics of youth employment problems and decide what policies will be most appropriate to deal with them. In its efforts to create a set of policies that might improve labor market prospects for youths, this paper is intended to aid the Congress. Chapter II examines the dimensions of youth employment in more detail and presents projections for the 1980s. Alternative policy approaches are described in Chapter III. Chapters IV through VI examine current programs that attempt to implement these approaches, as well as a number of specific options that might be adopted in the future. |
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Bibliography Citation
Christensen, Sandra. "Improving Youth Employment Prospects: Issues and Options." Congressional Budget Office, Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982. |
1218. |
Christie-Mizell, C. André |
Bullying: The Consequences of Interparental Discord and Child's Self-Concept Family Process 42,2 (Summer 2003): 237-251. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=10185912&db=aph Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Family Process Inc. Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Violent; Bullying/Victimization; Child Development; Children, School-Age; Family Studies; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parents, Behavior; Self-Perception; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The objective of this research is to explore how the relationship between interparental discord and child's self-concept shapes participation in bullying behavior by elementary and middle-school children. The main finding is that child's self-concept mediates the effects of interparental discord on bullying behavior. Further, the results of the study support a symbolic interactionist view of child self-development, in which children internalize the environment provided by parents. This internalization gives way to self-concept, which guides behavior. This study adds to the growing body of literature that seeks to understand whether and how characteristics of children mediate the effects of parental attributes on behavioral outcomes. The proposed implications for the prevention of bullying include building children's self-concept, intervening in parental conflict, and involving the entire family system in the intervention process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Christie-Mizell, C. André. "Bullying: The Consequences of Interparental Discord and Child's Self-Concept." Family Process 42,2 (Summer 2003): 237-251.
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1219. |
Christie-Mizell, C. André |
Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Family Income on Child and Adolescent Bullying Sociological Focus 37,1 (February 2004): 25-41 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: North Central Sociological Association ==> Routledge (new in 2012) Keyword(s): Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Bullying/Victimization; Income Level; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Mother and Child Samples, I investigate the relationship between bullying behavior & family income. I test the hypothesis that the relationship between bullying & socioeconomic status is curvilinear, with children from low & high-income families engaging in higher levels of bullying than those from middle-income families. Further, within the proposed U-shaped relationship between bullying & family income, I examine whether children from low-income families bully more than those from high-income families. As expected, there is a curvilinear relationship between bullying & income. While low-income youth are at greatest risk for engaging in bullying, those youth at the upper end of the income gradient also have a higher propensity for participating in bullying behavior, compared to their more moderate-income counterparts. Although levels of bullying behavior decrease over time at both the lower & upper ends of the income gradient, strong curvilinear associations between bullying & family income exist both in cross-sectional & longitudinal analyses. Further, child's age, school standing, & the amount of emotional support offered to the child are important factors in the initiation of bullying & in whether the behavior persists over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Christie-Mizell, C. André. "Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Family Income on Child and Adolescent Bullying." Sociological Focus 37,1 (February 2004): 25-41.
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1220. |
Christie-Mizell, C. André |
Racial Variation in the Effects of Sons versus Daughters on the Disruption of the First Marriage Journal of Divorce and Remarriage 38,3-4 (2003): 41-60. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J087v38n03_03 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Divorce; Gender Differences; Marital Disruption; Marriage; Preschool Children; Racial Differences; Siblings; Socioeconomic Status (SES) This research investigates whether there is racial variation in how the gender composition of the sibling group impacts the probability of divorce among couples in their first marriage. For African American families, the effect of children's sex is mediated by socioeconomic status. However, with regard to Whites, the number of sons heightens the probability of divorce, while daughters have no effect on the marital union. Other sibling group characteristics are pivotal to predicting the likelihood of divorce regardless of race. The presence of preschool children in the home is negatively related to divorce, and the age range of the sibling group is inversely associated with marital disruption. (PsycINFO Database Record 2003 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Christie-Mizell, C. André. "Racial Variation in the Effects of Sons versus Daughters on the Disruption of the First Marriage." Journal of Divorce and Remarriage 38,3-4 (2003): 41-60.
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1221. |
Christie-Mizell, C. André |
The Effects of Traditional Family and Gender Ideology on Earnings: Race and Gender Differences Journal of Family and Economic Issues 27,1 (April 2006): 48-71. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/n0154055336j20x8/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Childbearing; Earnings; Economics of Gender; Economics of Minorities; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Labor Market Demographics; Racial Differences; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite increasing gains in labor market opportunities, women and racial minorities earn less than their white male counterparts. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study explores racial and gender variation in how family and gender ideology shape this wage gap. The findings reveal that traditional role attitudes reduce earnings for African American men, African American women, and white women. However, white women experience the largest threat to wages as a result of conventional gender ideology. Further, the number of children and the timing of childbearing are detrimental to black and white women's earnings, while neither of these factors hampers men's earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Christie-Mizell, C. André. "The Effects of Traditional Family and Gender Ideology on Earnings: Race and Gender Differences." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 27,1 (April 2006): 48-71.
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1222. |
Christie-Mizell, C. André Erickson, Rebecca J. |
Mothers And Mastery: The Consequences Of Perceived Neighborhood Disorder Social Psychology Quarterly 70,4 (December 2007): 340-365. Also: http://spq.sagepub.com/content/70/4/340.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Mothers; Neighborhood Effects; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Racial Differences; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of mothers, we specify the conditions under which the neighborhood context shapes the experience of mastery. In so doing, we extend the work of others who have shown that neighborhood perceptions influence one's sense of personal control over and above the effects of sociodemographic and objective neighborhood characteristics. Specifically, we demonstrate that the benefits to mastery generally afforded to mothers through marital status, household income, physical health, and living in a higher-income neighborhood are diluted by perceptions of neighborhood disorder. These findings suggest the importance of including measures of proximal experiences when attempting to link objective components of social structure with individual and family-level outcomes. Providing further support for the emphasis placed on these proximate mechanisms by the social structure and personality framework, our analyses indicate that failing to consider negative community perceptions suppresses the significant impact that central city residence and race have on mothers' sense of personal control. |
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Bibliography Citation
Christie-Mizell, C. André and Rebecca J. Erickson. "Mothers And Mastery: The Consequences Of Perceived Neighborhood Disorder." Social Psychology Quarterly 70,4 (December 2007): 340-365.
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1223. |
Christie-Mizell, C. André Keil, Jacqueline M. Kimura, Aya Blount, Stacye A. |
Gender Ideology and Motherhood: The Consequences of Race on Earnings Sex Roles 57 (2007): 689-702. Also: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9292-3 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Earnings; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Mothers; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a nationally representative US sample, this study explores the relationship between gender ideology and the earnings of African American and white mothers over a 10-year period (1988-1998). We further investigate how factors related to fertility (i.e., age at first birth and the number of children) impact earnings for these mothers. Findings show, that regardless of race, a conservative gender ideology reduces women's earnings but less so for African Americans compared to whites. With regard to fertility, the number of children is detrimental to the earnings of white mothers, but has no effect on the African American mothers in our sample. However, early childbearing does depress the earnings of African American women more so than for their white counterparts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Christie-Mizell, C. André, Jacqueline M. Keil, Aya Kimura and Stacye A. Blount. "Gender Ideology and Motherhood: The Consequences of Race on Earnings." Sex Roles 57 (2007): 689-702.
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1224. |
Christie-Mizell, C. André Keil, Jacqueline M. Laske, Mary Therese Stewart, Jennifer |
Bullying Behavior, Parents’ Work Hours and Early Adolescents’ Perceptions of Time Spent With Parents Youth and Society 43,4 (December 2011): 1570-1595. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/43/4/1570.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Bullying/Victimization; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Interaction; Social Capital Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research investigates the relationships among bullying behavior, mother’s and father’s work hours, and early adolescents’ perceptions of whether they spend sufficient time with their parents. In cross-sectional models, we find maternal work hours are modestly associated with increases in bullying behavior. However, in more rigorous change models, our findings indicate that over time maternal work hours bear no direct relationship to bullying behavior. Moreover, in our final models, an interaction between father’s work hours and perceptions of time spent with him has one of the most robust associations with bullying for adolescents. When paternal employment is full- or overtime and youth perceive they do not spend enough with their fathers, bullying behavior increases. Other important factors that shape bullying behavior are the quality of the home environment and the adolescent’s school performance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Christie-Mizell, C. André, Jacqueline M. Keil, Mary Therese Laske and Jennifer Stewart. "Bullying Behavior, Parents’ Work Hours and Early Adolescents’ Perceptions of Time Spent With Parents." Youth and Society 43,4 (December 2011): 1570-1595.
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1225. |
Christie-Mizell, C. André Keil, Jacqueline M. Stewart, Jennifer Pryor, Erin M. |
Child and Adolescent Bullying Behavior: Parents' Work Hours and Children's Perceptions of Time Presented: Boston MA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, July 2008 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bullying/Victimization; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Interaction; Social Capital Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research investigates the relationships among bullying behavior, mother’s and father’s work hours, and early adolescents’ perceptions of whether they spend sufficient time with their parents. In cross-sectional models, we find maternal work hours are modestly associated with increases in bullying behavior. However, in more rigorous change models, our findings indicate that over time maternal work hours bear no direct relationship to bullying behavior. Moreover, in our final models, an interaction between father’s work hours and perceptions of time spent with him has one of the most robust associations with bullying for adolescents. When paternal employment is full- or overtime and youth perceive they do not spend enough with their fathers, bullying behavior increases. Other important factors that shape bullying behavior are the quality of the home environment and the adolescent’s school performance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Christie-Mizell, C. André, Jacqueline M. Keil, Jennifer Stewart and Erin M. Pryor. "Child and Adolescent Bullying Behavior: Parents' Work Hours and Children's Perceptions of Time." Presented: Boston MA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, July 2008. |
1226. |
Christie-Mizell, C. André Peralta, Robert L. |
Multiple Roles and Alcohol Consumption in the Transition to Adulthood Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Attitudes; Employment; Family Influences; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Marriage; Parenthood; Social Roles; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - Young Adult sample (N=1,494), we investigated whether gender role orientation and the initiation of three adult roles (i.e., employment, marriage and parenthood) explain the higher levels of alcohol consumed by men. Gender differences in the amount of alcohol consumption during the transition to adulthood is explained by the number of roles occupied by the individual, but not necessarily by any single role or role combination. Role accumulation protects women from drinking, but does not have an impact on male drinking behavior. Our findings also indicated that, as youth mature, traditional gender role orientation is related to lower levels of drinking for both men and women, but is mediated by marriage. Finally, parenthood was the one adulthood transition that significantly decreased drinking for both men and women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Christie-Mizell, C. André and Robert L. Peralta. "Multiple Roles and Alcohol Consumption in the Transition to Adulthood." Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013. |
1227. |
Christie-Mizell, C. André Peralta, Robert L. |
The Gender Gap in Alcohol Consumption during Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood: Gendered Attitudes and Adult Roles Journal of Health and Social Behavior 50,4 (December 2009): 410-426. Also: http://hsb.sagepub.com/content/50/4/410.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Employment; Family Influences; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Genetics; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Marriage; Parenthood; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We utilize data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth young adult sample (N = 1,488) to investigate whether gender role attitudes and the occupation of and transition to three adult roles (i.e., employment, marriage, and parenthood) contribute to the maintenance of the gender gap in the frequency and quantity of alcohol use. Our results indicate that traditional gender role attitudes are related to less frequent drinking for both men and women, but role attitudes are not associated with the number of drinks consumed. We also find that employment and transitions to employment increase the frequency and quantity of drinking, but less so for women compared to men. Furthermore, marriage, parenthood, and transitions to parenthood are related to less frequent drinking for women only. In terms of the number of drinks consumed, only employment and transitions to employment distinguish men and women. Employment is related to increased quantity of drinking for men, but decreased drinking for women, while transitions to employment have no effect on men, but do decrease the amount of drinking for women. Marriage decreases the number of drinks consumed equally for both men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Christie-Mizell, C. André and Robert L. Peralta. "The Gender Gap in Alcohol Consumption during Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood: Gendered Attitudes and Adult Roles." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 50,4 (December 2009): 410-426.
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1228. |
Christie-Mizell, C. André Steelman, Lala Carr Stewart, Jennifer |
Seeing Their Surroundings: The Effects of Neighborhood Setting and Race on Maternal Distress Social Science Research 32,3 (September 2003): 402-429. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=10425007&db=aph Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Family Structure; Household Income; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Rural/Urban Differences Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth at two points in time, we examine the relationship between maternal psychological distress and perceived neighborhood disorder for three groups: African Americans, Mexican Americans and whites. Findings show that across all racial groups neighborhood perceptions are more salient in shaping levels of distress than is objective neighborhood location. However, objective location (e.g., central city residence) does considerably influence how mothers perceive their neighborhoods in the first place. These results suggest that future research on the independent consequences of the neighborhood context should incorporate both subjective assessments and objective indicators of living arrangements. We also observe that perceived neighborhood disorder and psychological distress are affected by marital status, educational attainment, household income, and employment. Moreover, compared to their Mexican American and white counterparts, family structure (e.g., number of children) appears to be more detrimental in shaping outcomes for African American mothers. [Copyright 2003 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Christie-Mizell, C. André, Lala Carr Steelman and Jennifer Stewart. "Seeing Their Surroundings: The Effects of Neighborhood Setting and Race on Maternal Distress." Social Science Research 32,3 (September 2003): 402-429.
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1229. |
Christie-Mizell, C. André Talbert, Ryan D. Hearne, Brittany Nicole Frazier, Cleothia G. Hope, Ashleigh Rene Piatt, Elizabeth E. |
Gender Variation in Depressive Symptoms and Multiple Roles during the First Decade of Midlife Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Gender Differences; Social Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This study investigated the relationship between social roles (marriage, employment, parenthood) and depressive symptoms and whether role accumulation (number of roles) versus specific role configurations (e.g., married parent) matter more for mental health by gender. Method: Utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N=7,614), we estimated depressive symptoms with regression models during the first decade of midlife -- from 40 to 50 years old. Results: The relationship between role accumulation and depressive symptoms is curvilinear, with the decrease in depressive symptoms flattening at higher numbers of roles. Role configurations that include employment (e.g., married and employed) produced the lowest levels of depressive symptoms for both women and men. Discussion: Social roles were generally good for mental health at midlife, but role gains and losses were more detrimental for women. Role configurations that did not include employment (e.g., parent only) increase depressive symptoms more for men than women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Christie-Mizell, C. André, Ryan D. Talbert, Brittany Nicole Hearne, Cleothia G. Frazier, Ashleigh Rene Hope and Elizabeth E. Piatt. "Gender Variation in Depressive Symptoms and Multiple Roles during the First Decade of Midlife." Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2019. |
1230. |
Christie-Mizell, C. André Talbert, Ryan D. Hope, Ashleigh Rene Frazier, Cleothia G. Hearne, Brittany Nicole |
Depression and African Americans in the First Decade of Midlife: The Consequences of Social Roles and Gender Journal of the National Medical Association 111,3 (June 2019): 285-295. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002796841830316X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Black Studies; Depression (see also CESD); Employment; Marital Status; Parenthood Objective: This study examined gender differences in how three social roles -- marriage, parenthood, and employment -- impact depressive symptoms and clinically significant depression for African Americans in the first decade of midlife, from 40 to 50 years old. Specifically, we sought to understand the associations between roles configurations (e.g., married parent versus employed only) and depressed mood as well as diagnosable depression. |
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Bibliography Citation
Christie-Mizell, C. André, Ryan D. Talbert, Ashleigh Rene Hope, Cleothia G. Frazier and Brittany Nicole Hearne. "Depression and African Americans in the First Decade of Midlife: The Consequences of Social Roles and Gender." Journal of the National Medical Association 111,3 (June 2019): 285-295.
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1231. |
Chu, Shan-Ying Chyi, Hau |
Welfare Use and Children's Longer-term Achievement Applied Economics 47,39 (2015): 4200-4207. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00036846.2015.1026584 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Earnings; Grade Point Average (GPA)/Grades; High School Completion/Graduates; Mothers; Welfare We investigate the effects of mothers' welfare use on children's longer-term performance. To address issues of improper comparison groups and the endogenous nature of welfare participation, we focus on less-educated single mothers and adopt a correction function approach. Data are drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 -- Children and Young Adult from 1994 to 2010. Estimation results confirm the positive longer-term effects of mothers' welfare use. On average, a child whose mother used welfare in all 20 quarters after childbirth experiences a 0.56-point increase in their yearly high school grade point average, is 12% more likely to graduate from high school and earns $1112.76 more in the first-observed income than a child whose mother does not. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chu, Shan-Ying and Hau Chyi. "Welfare Use and Children's Longer-term Achievement." Applied Economics 47,39 (2015): 4200-4207.
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1232. |
Chuan, Amanda |
Essays on Human Capital and Altruism Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Applied Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Gender Differences; Occupational Segregation; Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Chapter 2, I explore one key mechanism behind the severe occupational segregation in the non-college labor market. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (1979), I show that there exist large differences in skill profiles between men and women. In particular, "gender-based skill" for men tends to represent mechanical skill, while "gender-based skill" for women tends to represent numerical and coding ability. Using a Roy model adapted from Rosen and Willis (1979), I show that "gender-based skill" for men commands a return in the non-college labor market and therefore increases the opportunity cost of college attendance. "Gender-based skill" for women, on the other hand, does not appear to increase women's non-college earnings. Finally, I find that these skill differences significantly impact the likelihood of enrolling in college through their effect on wages. By increasing the value of the outside option to attending college for men, gender-based skill contributes to the greater college enrollment rate of women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chuan, Amanda. Essays on Human Capital and Altruism. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Applied Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 2018. |
1233. |
Chuan, Amanda |
The Impact of Oil and Gas Job Opportunities during Youth on Human Capital Southern Economic Journal published online (16 August 2022): DOI: 10.1002/soej.12595. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/soej.12595 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): College Education; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Human Capital; Industrial Sector Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Leaving school to work trades off schooling with on-the-job human capital acquisition. How do industry shocks impact how youth make this trade-off? Exploiting the geography of natural resources, I estimate the effect of oil and gas job prospects on college and work outcomes. Using CPS data, I find that these job opportunities decrease college-going for men but not women. I next assess the importance of this schooling loss for later outcomes using longitudinal geocoded NLSY79 data. I find permanent declines in college attainment but gains in employment and earnings at ages 25-30, driven by cohorts who reach college age during industry booms. The results suggest that informal human capital can compensate for schooling loss for the men who leave school for oil and gas work. They speak to the need for further research on non-college work as a form of human capital investment outside of the traditional college pathway. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chuan, Amanda. "The Impact of Oil and Gas Job Opportunities during Youth on Human Capital." Southern Economic Journal published online (16 August 2022): DOI: 10.1002/soej.12595.
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1234. |
Chuan, Amanda Zhang, Weilong |
Non-college Occupations, Workplace Routinization, and the Gender Gap in College Enrollment IZA Discussion Paper No. 16089, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2023. Also: https://docs.iza.org/dp16089.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); College Enrollment; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Occupations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores how non-college occupations contributed to the gender gap in college enrollment, where women overtook men in college-going. Using instrumental variation from routinization, we show that the decline of routine-intensive occupations displaced the non-college occupations of women, raising female enrollment. Embedding this instrumental variation into a dynamic Roy model, we find that routinization decreased returns to the non-college occupations of women, increasing their college premium. In contrast, men's non-college occupations were less susceptible to routinization. Our model estimates that workplace routinization accounted for 44% of the growth in female enrollment during 1980-2000. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chuan, Amanda and Weilong Zhang. "Non-college Occupations, Workplace Routinization, and the Gender Gap in College Enrollment." IZA Discussion Paper No. 16089, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2023. |
1235. |
Chuang, Hwei-Lin |
An Estimable Dynamic Model of Schooling: An Application to High School Dropouts' Return to School Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1990. DAI-A 51/07, p. 2477, January 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior; Dropouts; Educational Attainment; High School Dropouts; Teenagers; Wages; Wages, Reservation This dissertation is an empirical study of high school dropouts' behavior, focusing on their decision on whether to return to school. High school dropouts are known to have poorer labor market prospects than high school graduates. However, being a dropout is not necessarily a permanent condition. The data used in this study indicated that about fifty percent of high school dropouts did return to school and more than seventy percent of these returners did complete high school education eventually. Our society could thus benefit from developing or improving policies or programs that encourage dropouts to return to school. This study can provide useful information to policy-makers toward this goal. A standard discrete-time search model developed in job search theory is modified to apply to youth's in-school/out-of-school decision behavior. This model is solved for the cases of normal and lognormal distributions of the error terms. The solutions suggest that there exists a 'reservation' wage rate such that if an in-school teenager observes a wage rate lower than his reservation wage rate then he will stay in school, otherwise he will choose to drop out of school. On the other hand, if an out-of-school teenager observes a wage rate lower than his reservation wage then he will return to school. Using the male sample drawn from the 1979 through 1986 annual waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth, the model is estimated within a maximum likelihood routine. The estimated mean wage is only a few cents per hour less than the mean of observed wages. The predicted hazard rates are decreasing with duration of staying out of school. That is, the general decline in the observed hazard rates is picked up by the model. However, the model is not acceptable according to the conventional test of goodness of fit. Estimating a structural model can provide means for evaluating the impact of potential policy instruments. For example, one of the simulation results indicates that increasing the employment probabilities reduces the reservation wage rates and therefore reduces the hazard of returning to school. Thus, a policy that successfully increases the employment probability for dropout teenagers might have the side effect of discouraging dropouts to return to school. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chuang, Hwei-Lin. An Estimable Dynamic Model of Schooling: An Application to High School Dropouts' Return to School. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1990. DAI-A 51/07, p. 2477, January 1991. |
1236. |
Chuang, Hwei-Lin |
High School Youths' Dropout and Re-enrollment Behavior Economics of Education Review 16,2 (April 1997): 171-186. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775796000581 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts Numerous studies have investigated the behavior of high school dropouts from economic, sociological, and educational points of view. However, data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth indicate that being a dropout is not necessarily a permanent condition. This paper attempts to empirically study through the application of logit models the dropout behavior of youths, as well as the decision of dropouts whether to return to school. Most results from the logistic regression for dropping out of school are consistent with the common finding in the literature. One exception is that the characteristic of being black is found to be less likely associated with dropping out. Results from the logistic regression for returning to school parallel the findings in the data analysis. Both results indicate that a dropout's AFQT (Armed Forces Qualification Test) score, age, and out-of-school duration are significant factors in determining the probability of returning to school. However, dropouts' activities during their out-of-school period have little influence on their decision to return to school. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chuang, Hwei-Lin. "High School Youths' Dropout and Re-enrollment Behavior." Economics of Education Review 16,2 (April 1997): 171-186.
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1237. |
Chumchal, Martha J. Narvey, Chelsey S. Connolly, Eric J. |
Does Parental Incarceration Condition the Relationship Between Childhood Lack of Guilt and Criminal Justice Involvement? A Life-Course Analysis Crime and Delinquency published online (28 October 2022): DOI: 10.1177/00111287221130951. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00111287221130951 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Criminal Justice System; Incarceration/Jail; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research suggests that childhood lack of guilt increases risk for involvement in the criminal justice system later in life. However, few studies have explored the role of moderating factors on this association across the life course, particularly parental incarceration during adolescence, which is commonly associated with child contact with the criminal justice system. The current study analyzes self-report data from a population-based sample of U.S. youth (N = 6,581) to examine whether and to what extent parental incarceration between ages 10 and 17 moderate the association between child lack of guilt between ages 8 and 9 and incarceration from ages 18 to 32. Results from a series path models reveal that childhood lack of guilt is positively associated with adult incarceration. Parental incarceration is also associated with child incarceration, but does not moderate the direct pathway from childhood lack of guilt to incarceration. Early life lack of guilt or empathy appears to be a robust and unique independent risk factor for future criminal justice involvement. Prevention efforts should focus on identifying and treating this form of problematic behavior early in childhood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chumchal, Martha J., Chelsey S. Narvey and Eric J. Connolly. "Does Parental Incarceration Condition the Relationship Between Childhood Lack of Guilt and Criminal Justice Involvement? A Life-Course Analysis." Crime and Delinquency published online (28 October 2022): DOI: 10.1177/00111287221130951.
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1238. |
Chun, Heekyoung |
Job Insecurity and Workers' Compensation Filing Sc.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 2007. DAI-B 68/11, May 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Economics; Layoffs; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Unemployment Compensation; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Job insecurity is prevalent leading to loss of social status and poor health behaviors. The study examined the relationship between job insecurity and the probability of filing a workers' compensation claim given the experience of a work-related injury or illness. The goals were to construct job insecurity as a function of the condition of employment among workers and organizations and to investigate the consequence of workers' compensation filing. From the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, 3,280 injured workers involving 5,204 events during 1988 through 2000 were followed up. Longitudinal analyses with 29,520 observations were conducted using SAS 9.1. Different types of job insecurity at different level (e.g. at macro local economy level, job characteristics level, company level, and social structure level) were explored. Moreover, how different job insecurity measures at different levels are empirically related to workers' compensation outcome in the NLSY79 data was investigated. Many covariates including education, income, occupation (measured by either injury risk or psychosocial factors such as decision latitude, job satisfaction), industry, and type of injury were considered. Both GEE logistic regression results (OR predicting filing by insecure contract = 0.55, 95% C.I. = 0.34_0.89, OR recent unemployment experience = 0.79, 95% C.I.= 0.65_0.96, OR combined job insecurity =0.75, 95% C.I. = 0.63_0.90) and panel data analysis results (beta = -0.18, p<0.0001) showed that workers in the low job security group are less likely to file for workers' compensation when they were hurt on the job. Out of the filed cases, 53.5% were denied. The results showed that workers who have severe injury (OR = 1.85, 95% C.I. = 1.71_2.01), job insecurity (OR=1.82, 95% C.I.=1.52_2.17), low income (OR = 1.94, 95% C.I.=1.60_2.36), and manual jobs (OR =1.84, 95% C.I.=1.51_2.24) were more likely to lose wages when they filed claims. The study found that there exist negative effects of workers' compensation filing such as lost earnings, employment disadvantages, and under-compensation by workers' compensation insurers. The study suggests that workers with low job security need to be protected from any reprisal action against their employment when they were filing for workers' compensation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chun, Heekyoung. Job Insecurity and Workers' Compensation Filing. Sc.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 2007. DAI-B 68/11, May 2008. |
1239. |
Chung, Seungwon |
Linking Characteristics of the Adolescent Mothers to the Context in Which Parenting Occurs: A Study on Adolescent Mothers and their School-Aged Children of the Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Children, School-Age; Cognitive Development; Education; Family Income; Family Studies; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Adolescent; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Self-Esteem The primary purpose of the present study was to identify factors that may influence the quality of care adolescent mothers provide for their children. The factors related to the children's cognitive and behavioral outcomes were also examined. The analysis in this study was based on 566 children (341 African-American, 225 Caucasian), who were 10 to 17 years-old, from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) merged mother- child data set. Results showed that maternal characteristics at the beginning of the study influenced the life- course of the mother, and contexts in which the children were reared, namely, marital relationships, level of family income, and number of children in the household. Both maternal characteristics and contextual factors influenced the mothers' caregiving practices, and ultimately the developmental outcomes of their children. Based on regression analysis, mothers who had higher levels of intelligence and self-esteem provided better quality home environments. Children who had higher scores in two PIAT reading measures tended to come from more supportive home environments and had mothers who were more intelligent. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chung, Seungwon. Linking Characteristics of the Adolescent Mothers to the Context in Which Parenting Occurs: A Study on Adolescent Mothers and their School-Aged Children of the. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 1995. |
1240. |
Chute, Benjamin W. Wunnava, Phanindra V. |
Is There a Link Between Employer-Provided Health Insurance and Job Mobility? Evidence from Recent Micro Data IZA Discussion Paper No. 8989, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2015. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp8989.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Clare Jellick; Insurance, Health; Job Turnover Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates the prevalence and severity of job immobility induced by the provision of employer-sponsored health insurance -- a phenomenon known as 'job-lock'. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1994 to 2010, job-lock is identified by measuring the impact of employer-sponsored health insurance on voluntary job turnover frequency. Estimates from a logistic regression with random effects indicate that job-lock reduces voluntary job turnover by 20% per year. These results that are consistent with past research and are also supported by two alternative identification strategies employed in this paper. Our results indicate a persistence of the job-lock effect, despite two major policy interventions designed to mitigate it (COBRA and HIPAA) and signal a fundamental misunderstanding of its causes. Both policies made health insurance more portable between employers, but this paper presents evidence from a quasi-natural experiment to suggest that the problem is a lack of viable alternative private sources of health insurance. In this model, we find evidence that access to health insurance through one's spouse or partner dramatically increases voluntary job turnover. This finding has significant bearing on predicted impacts of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010) and the individual health insurance exchanges catalyzed by it; these new markets will create risk pools that may 'unlock' a job-locked individual by providing them a viable alternative to employer-sponsored health insurance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chute, Benjamin W. and Phanindra V. Wunnava. "Is There a Link Between Employer-Provided Health Insurance and Job Mobility? Evidence from Recent Micro Data." IZA Discussion Paper No. 8989, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2015. |
1241. |
Chyi, Hau Ozturk, Orgul Demet |
The Effects of Single Mothers' Welfare Use and Employment Decisions on Children's Cognitive Development Economic Inquiry 51,1 (January 2013): 675-706. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2012.00466.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Maternal Employment; Medicaid/Medicare; Mothers; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine the effects of single mothers' welfare use and employment decisions on children's short-run cognitive development, as measured by their preschool standardized math test scores. We control for three mechanisms through which these decisions might affect children's outcomes: direct monetary benefits, parental time invested in the child, and nonpecuniary benefits from in-kind transfer programs such as Medicaid. We employ a correction function approach and control for state-fixed effects to address the endogenous nature of welfare participation and employment decisions. Our estimates suggest that although each additional quarter of either mother's employment or welfare use results in only a small increase in a child's standardized math test score, the total effects after several quarters are sizable. We allow mothers' decisions to have varying effects on attainment by children's observed innate ability and by the intensity of welfare use and employment. A child who has the mean level of observed innate ability with a mother who simultaneously worked and used welfare in all 20 quarters after childbirth experiences an 8.25 standardized-point increase in standardized scores. The positive impact is more pronounced for the more disadvantaged children, who tend to be born to mothers with low Armed Forces Qualification Test scores, or have lower birth weights. We also examine the effects using timing of employment and welfare use, as well as children's maturity and gender. (JEL I3, J13, J22) |
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Bibliography Citation
Chyi, Hau and Orgul Demet Ozturk. "The Effects of Single Mothers' Welfare Use and Employment Decisions on Children's Cognitive Development." Economic Inquiry 51,1 (January 2013): 675-706.
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1242. |
Chyi, Hau Ozturk, Orgul Demet |
Welfare Reform and Children's Short-Run Attainments Working Paper, Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, September 8, 2008. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1238212 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Maternal Employment; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using PIAT Math test score as a measure of attainment, we find that both single mothers' work and welfare use in the first five years of their children's lives have a positive effect on children's outcomes, but this effect declines with initial ability. The higher the initial ability of a child, the lower the positive impact work and welfare have. In fact, in the case of welfare the effect is negative if a child has more than median initial ability. Furthermore, we find that the work requirement reduces a single mother's use of welfare. However, the net effect of the work requirement on a child's test score depends on whether the mother's work brings in enough labor income to compensate for the loss of welfare benefits. We also look at the implications of the welfare eligibility time limit and maternal leave policies on children's outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chyi, Hau and Orgul Demet Ozturk. "Welfare Reform and Children's Short-Run Attainments." Working Paper, Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, September 8, 2008. |
1243. |
Chyi, Hau Ozturk, Orgul Demet Zhang, Weilong |
Welfare Reform and Children's Early Cognitive Development Contemporary Economic Policy 32,4 (October 2014): 729-751. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/coep.12042/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Medicaid/Medicare; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Welfare In this paper, we use a dynamic structural model to measure the effects of (1) single mothers' work and welfare use decisions and (2) welfare reform initiatives on the early cognitive development of the children of the NLSY79 mothers. We use PIAT-Math scores as a measure of attainment and show that both the mothers' work and welfare use benefit children on average. Our simulation of a policy that combines a time limit with work requirement reduces the use of welfare and increases employment significantly. These changes in turn significantly increase children's cognitive attainment. This implies that the welfare reform was not only successful in achieving its stated goals, but was also beneficial to welfare children's outcomes. In another policy simulation, we show that increasing work incentives for welfare population by exempting labor income from welfare tax can be a very successful policy with some additional benefits for children's outcomes. Finally, a counterfactual with an extended maternal leave policy significantly reduces employment and has negative, though economically insignificant, impact on cognitive outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Chyi, Hau, Orgul Demet Ozturk and Weilong Zhang. "Welfare Reform and Children's Early Cognitive Development." Contemporary Economic Policy 32,4 (October 2014): 729-751.
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1244. |
Cifci, Eren |
A Study of the Relationship between Family Income and Worker Compensation Measured as Wage and Fringe Benefits M.A. Thesis, Department of Business Administration, Kent State University, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Family Income; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study, I investigate the relationship between family (or parental) income and worker compensation. I consider compensation in the form of wage and fringe benefits. Most existing studies of intergenerational linkages focus solely on wage income. Therefore, I add to the literature by examining the relationship between parental income and a broader measure of compensation. The data used for the analysis are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY-79). I report results separately for (i) the intergenerational income elasticity, (ii) the relationship between family income and the number of benefits provided by an individual's employer and (iii) the likelihood that each of nine specific fringe benefits is available to the individual. For much of the thesis, I consider a single year of compensation data (2008), but I also extend the analysis to a measure of long term compensation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cifci, Eren. A Study of the Relationship between Family Income and Worker Compensation Measured as Wage and Fringe Benefits. M.A. Thesis, Department of Business Administration, Kent State University, 2016. |
1245. |
Cintina, Inna |
Essays on the Link Between Alcohol Consumption and Youth Fertility Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Clemson University, 2011. Also: http://gradworks.umi.com/34/54/3454914.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Fertility; Heterogeneity; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the first chapter, I use exogenous variation in state minimum legal drinking ages to examine the relationship between restrictions on teen alcohol consumption and youth fertility. Using individual level data, I find that a decrease in the minimum drinking age during the late 1970s and 1980s leads, surprisingly, to a decrease in pregnancy rate among 15-17 year-old white women. The pregnancy rate among 15-17 year-old black women, on the other hand, significantly increases with the decrease in the drinking age. I find similar racial variations for unwanted pregnancies among 15-17 years old. The differentiated response to changes in eligibility requirements persist for 18-20 year-old women. I find evidence of a compositional change toward wanted pregnancies associated with the decrease in drinking age for 18-20 year-old white women; the eligibility restrictions have only a statistically weak effect on fertility of 18-20 year-old blacks and Hispanics. These effects can only be found in individual level data. Analysis of state-level aggregate fertility rates fails to reveal these important racial differences. In the second chapter, I study the effect of alcohol consumption on youth fertility. Alcohol consumption is often believed to be a cause of risk-taking behaviors. Despite a well-established correlation between alcohol intake and various risk-taking sexual behaviors, the causality remains unknown. I attempt to establish a causal effect of alcohol use on the likelihood of pregnancy among youth using a variety of models ranging from a fully parametric to a semi-parametric discrete factor approximation method. Using data on 17-28 year-old women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that even after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity alcohol consumption increases the likelihood of pregnancy by 4.7 percentage points. This positive effect was observed in the semi-parametric model where the cumulative distribution of heterogeneity was approximated by a 4-point discrete distribution. Quantitatively similar but statistically weaker estimates were obtained from the two-stage least squares model and the bivariate probit model. Finally, models that ignore the effect of unobserved heterogeneity failed to establish this relationship. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cintina, Inna. Essays on the Link Between Alcohol Consumption and Youth Fertility. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Clemson University, 2011.. |
1246. |
Cintina, Inna |
The Effect of Minimum Drinking Age Laws on Pregnancy, Fertility, and Alcohol Consumption Review of Economics of the Household 13,4 (December 2015): 1003-1022. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11150-014-9271-8/fulltext.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Alcohol Use; Fertility; Geocoded Data; Pregnancy, Adolescent; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Analysis of micro-level data reveals that changes in the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) could induce changes in the intensity and location of alcohol consumption, sexual behavior, and teen fertility. Effects on teen fertility vary across different populations. Among 15–20 year-old non-poor whites, less restrictive legal access to alcohol decreases the probability of first pregnancy and abortion. For this group, easier legal access to alcohol likely increases the alcohol consumption in bars. For black and poor white young women, the results are sensitive to the alcohol consumption restrictions measure. A decrease in the MLDA increases the probability of first pregnancy and abortion. Yet, using a more precise measure that accounts for the MLDA and the woman’s age, these results generally no longer hold. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cintina, Inna. "The Effect of Minimum Drinking Age Laws on Pregnancy, Fertility, and Alcohol Consumption." Review of Economics of the Household 13,4 (December 2015): 1003-1022.
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1247. |
Clark, Brian Christopher |
Essays in the Economics of Education Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2016. Also: https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/12281 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Duke University Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Underemployment; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation is comprised of three essays in the economics of education. The second essay, "The Career Prospects of Overeducated Americans," explores the incidence and persistence of overeducation for workers in the United States, using the NLSY79. |
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Bibliography Citation
Clark, Brian Christopher. Essays in the Economics of Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2016.. |
1248. |
Clark, Brian Joubert, Clément Maurel, Arnaud |
The Career Prospects of Overeducated Americans IZA Journal of Labor Economics 6,3 (December 2017): . Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40172-017-0053-4 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Career Patterns; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Overeducation; Racial Differences; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we analyze career dynamics for US workers who have more schooling than their peers in the same occupation. We use data from the NLSY79 combined with the CPS to analyze transitions into and out of overeducated employment, together with the corresponding effects on wages. Overeducation is a fairly persistent phenomenon at the aggregate and individual levels, with 66% of workers remaining overeducated after 1 year. Overeducation is not just more common but also more persistent among blacks and low-AFQT individuals. Further, the hazard rate out of overeducation drops by about 60% during the first 5 years spent overeducated. However, the estimation of a mixed proportional hazard model suggests that this is attributable to selection on unobservables rather than true duration dependence. Lastly, overeducation is associated with lower current as well as future wages, consistent with scarring effects. |
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Bibliography Citation
Clark, Brian, Clément Joubert and Arnaud Maurel. "The Career Prospects of Overeducated Americans." IZA Journal of Labor Economics 6,3 (December 2017): .
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1249. |
Clarkberg, Marin |
Birth Spacing and Maternal Involvement in the US: Employment, Breastfeeding and the Timing of Second Births Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Meetings, March 25-27, 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Breastfeeding; Employment; Fertility; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Women's employment and fertility behaviors have important links, and it is clear the women's employment delays the onset of fertility and reduces total fertility. This study examines the association between women's employment and another aspect of fertility behaviors: birth spacing. Additionally, I consider the potential effects of breastfeeding and the relationship it may have with employment in influencing birth spacing. I use data from 4,402 first time mothers in the NLS-Y in proportional hazards event history models, with employment after the first birth measured as a time-varying variable. The results indicate that once controls are entered into the model, employment slows the timing of second births among bottle-feeding mothers only. Further, breastfeeding is significantly associated with closer birth spacing. This positive effect of breastfeeding on the hazard of second birth is strong among mothers who breastfeed. These results suggest that breastfeeding mothers may be a select group. For example, they may be highly "baby oriented." Yet, controls for ideal family size and sex role ideology do not attenuate breastfeeding's effect on birth spacing. Alternatively, it may be that women who find themselves able to breastfeed and return to work post-partum may have more resources--at home, at work and/or within themselves--which enable them to proceed to a subsequent pregnancy more swiftly. |
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Bibliography Citation
Clarkberg, Marin. "Birth Spacing and Maternal Involvement in the US: Employment, Breastfeeding and the Timing of Second Births." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Meetings, March 25-27, 1999. |
1250. |
Clarkberg, Marin Hynes, Kathryn |
Childbearing and Women's Employment: Parity Differences in Job Exits Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Exits; Fertility; First Birth; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Childbearing reduces female labor force participation, but most mothers will both return to work and bear another child. Yet, little is known about how higher parity births affect maternal employment. We consider two explanations for the negative impact of childbearing on female employment. First, families compare the gains to female employment to the costs of "outside" child care. Second, some women have an underlying preference to stay home look at the onset of childbearing as an opportunity to exit the work force. These processes work together to contribute to job exits around a first birth, but the balance of these forces may change as parity increases, as many mothers have left the work force already. To examine these processes, we estimate continuous time event historical models of job exits surrounding first versus higher parity births using data on women from the 1979 through 1998 waves of the NLSY. |
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Bibliography Citation
Clarkberg, Marin and Kathryn Hynes. "Childbearing and Women's Employment: Parity Differences in Job Exits." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002. |
1251. |
Clarke, George Ronald Gemuseus |
Redistribution and Family Formation: Theory and Evidence on Individual and Collective Decision Making Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Rochester, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing, Adolescent; Endogeneity; Family Formation; Marriage; Simultaneity; Taxes; Transfers, Public Government tax and transfer programs affect many aspects of individual behavior. However, the design of these programs is the result of a collective choice process and this, in turn, might be affected by trends in individual behavior. This thesis studies interactions between these two levels of decision-making. At the individual level, the effects that taxes and transfers have on marriage, fertility and program participation decisions are considered. At the collective level, the size and generosity of cash transfer programs to poor families (AFDC) and the poor aged and disabled (SSI) are considered as the consequence of a political system that responds to the number of recipients, interactions between cash and non-cash transfer programs, and interactions between different levels of government. The thesis begins by examining the effects of public transfers on the fertility of teenage girls. A utility-maximizing, poor, teenage girl is modeled to choose between having a child out-of-wedlock and gaining access to government transfers or not having a child, finishing her education, and then marrying or working. After controlling for the endogeneity of government benefits, statistical analysis shows a large, and robust, correlation between benefit levels and teenage illegitimacy. The next chapter presents a theoretical model where voters with altruistic preferences vote over welfare benefit levels for the poor aged and disabled. Statistical analysis of the theoretical model, allowing for the simultaneity between number of recipients and benefit levels, finds that increases in voter income increase the size of cash benefits. Further, increases in medical expenditures on this group (through Medicaid) decrease cash payments to this group. The final chapter studies whether the difference in the income tax paid by married and unmarried couples with the same incomes (the "marriage tax") affects couples' marriage, divorce, and timing of marriage decisions. Using aggregate data for the United States, statistical analysis finds that the marriage tax encourages divorce and possibly discourage marriage among women under 45. Individual level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) indicates couples strategically time weddings to avoid marriage taxes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Clarke, George Ronald Gemuseus. Redistribution and Family Formation: Theory and Evidence on Individual and Collective Decision Making. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Rochester, 1996. |
1252. |
Clarke, Lynda Cooksey, Elizabeth C. Joshi, Heather Wiggins, Richard D. McCulloch, Andrew |
Consequences of Family Disruption for the Cognitive and Behavioral Development of Children in Britain and the United States Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Britain, British; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Children, Well-Being; Cognitive Development; Cross-national Analysis; Families, Two-Parent; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Structure; Family Studies; Marital Disruption; Modeling; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Does the increasing number of children living outside a conventional two-parent nuclear family, mean bad news for children? Is cognitive and emotional development being harmed by the breakdown of the family, or has a moral panic been overstated'? Evidence comes from the second generation of the British NCDS (1958 birth cohort), collected in 1991, when the study members were 33, and the American NLSY (1958-1965 cohorts), interviewed in 1992, when the subsample of their children studied were at least 4. Models relating family structure to child well-being are presented with and without adjustment for other emographic, social and economic circumstances. A multi-variate, multi-level strategy estimates heterogeneity within and between families. Simple associations between family disruption and child well-being are shown to be mediated through material and other factors. The high variability in the data defies deterministic modelling but there appear to be differing associations in the two countries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Clarke, Lynda, Elizabeth C. Cooksey, Heather Joshi, Richard D. Wiggins and Andrew McCulloch. "Consequences of Family Disruption for the Cognitive and Behavioral Development of Children in Britain and the United States." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998. |
1253. |
Classen, Timothy J. |
Changes Over Time in the Relationship of Obesity to Education Accumulation Eastern Economic Journal 43,3 (June 2017): 496-519. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41302-016-0079-5 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); College Education; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research examines whether the influence of obesity in late adolescence on education accumulation has changed over time as the rate of obesity has increased substantially over the previous three decades. Previous studies have indicated that obesity has asymmetric consequences between genders on socioeconomic outcomes such as income, wealth, and education. The results in this project allow for consideration of the influence of obesity on education accumulation as the proportion of adolescent peers with weight problems varies substantially. I utilize data from the NLSY79 and the children of women in the NLSY79 to estimate the relationships of interest. I find that obese and overweight females in both generations are less likely to attend college than their peers with BMI levels in the recommended range. As well, obese females are less likely to graduate high school, with a larger effect in the earlier generation when obesity was relatively rare. I do not find any significant relationship between weight status and college attendance or high school graduation for males. Such asymmetric results for human capital investments across genders are consistent with previous evidence that obese women face a wage penalty relative to their non-obese peers, while obese males do not. |
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Bibliography Citation
Classen, Timothy J. "Changes Over Time in the Relationship of Obesity to Education Accumulation." Eastern Economic Journal 43,3 (June 2017): 496-519.
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1254. |
Classen, Timothy J. |
Intergenerational Obesity Transmission and Correlations of Human Capital Accumulation Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) Inaugural Conference, "Economics of Population Research", June 2006 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Obesity; Siblings; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The goal of this research is to provide an estimate of the intergenerational persistence of obesity and its influence on human capital accumulation. I measure the intergenerational correlation of weight status between women and their children when both are at similar stages of development. This study contributes to the literature on the role of health as a mechanism in the correlation of economic status between generations. Prior studies of obesity have found a strong relationship between weight status and economic outcomes. Thus, the transmission of obesity between generations may explain a portion of the intergenerational correlations of economic status that have previously been characterized. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the Children and Young Adults of the NLSY79, I compute the Body Mass Index (BMI) of women and their children when both generations are between the ages of 16 and 24. In the sample used, the measured intergenerational correlation of BMI is roughly 0.35. This result differs by the gender of the offspring with a BMI correlation between female children and their mothers of 0.38, compared to a significantly lower BMI correlation of 0.32 between mothers and their sons. Intragenerational correlations are slightly lower and are highest for same-gender siblings. Women who were overweight in early adulthood are found to have a lower likelihood of high school completion and produce offspring who are also less likely to complete high school. |
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Bibliography Citation
Classen, Timothy J. "Intergenerational Obesity Transmission and Correlations of Human Capital Accumulation." Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) Inaugural Conference, "Economics of Population Research", June 2006. |
1255. |
Classen, Timothy J. |
Measures of the Intergenerational Transmission of Body Mass Index Between Mothers and Their Children in the United States, 1981 – 2004 Economics and Human Biology 8,1 (March 2010): 30-43. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X09001026 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Body Mass Index (BMI); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Obesity; Socioeconomic Factors; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Weight This research provides estimates of the intergenerational persistence of Body Mass Index (BMI) between women and their children when both are at similar stages of the lifecycle. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the Young Adults of the NLSY79, associations between the weight status of women and their children are measured when both generations are between the ages of 16 and 24. In the entire sample, the measured intergenerational correlation of BMI is significantly different from zero and equal to 0.35. This result differs by gender with a BMI correlation between female children and their mothers of 0.38, compared to a significantly lower BMI correlation of 0.32 between mothers and their sons. Measures of this relationship across the distribution of BMI using quantile regression and quadrant dependence techniques indicate that the intergenerational persistence of BMI is strongest at higher levels of BMI. Strong dependence across generations is found when categorical outcomes of obesity and overweight are implemented. These results provide evidence of the strong persistence of weight problems across generations which may affect economic mobility within families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Classen, Timothy J. "Measures of the Intergenerational Transmission of Body Mass Index Between Mothers and Their Children in the United States, 1981 – 2004." Economics and Human Biology 8,1 (March 2010): 30-43.
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1256. |
Classen, Timothy J. |
Obesity and Educational Attainment Working Paper, School of Business Administration, Loyola University Chicago, January 2009. Also: http://itp.wceruw.org/Fall%2010%20seminar/ClassenEDUObesityIV.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: School of Business Administration, Loyola University Chicago Keyword(s): Achievement; Age at First Birth; Bias Decomposition; Birth Order; Body Mass Index (BMI); College Enrollment; High School Completion/Graduates; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Obesity; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Variables, Instrumental; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research estimates the influence of adolescent weight status on levels of educational attainment. Prior studies have found a causal role of obesity in other economic outcomes such as income. Given the crucial role of human capital investments for economic success, estimates of the causal influence of weight problems on education accumulation are provided. Models ignoring the potential endogeneity of education and weight status indicate that obese and overweight females obtain less education than their peers while weight problems have no influence on educational attainment for males. Estimates accounting for the endogeneity of weight status indicate that weight problems cause a reduction in the likelihood of high school graduation for males and a reduced likelihood of college attendance for overweight females. Potential mechanisms to explain these relationships and their implication for school-based programs to reduce obesity are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Classen, Timothy J. "Obesity and Educational Attainment." Working Paper, School of Business Administration, Loyola University Chicago, January 2009. |
1257. |
Classen, Timothy J. Hokayem, Charles |
Childhood Influences of Youth Obesity Economics and Human Biology 3,2 (July 2005): 165-187. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X0500033X Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Body Mass Index (BMI); Obesity; Socioeconomic Factors; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Weight We develop a model to estimate the influence of child and parental characteristics on the likelihood that a child will become an obese or overweight youth. We use this model to test whether it is possible to forecast obesity and overweight among youth. Comparing Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) scores from these forecasts, we find that a model using childhood covariates does as well in forecasting youth obesity and overweight as a model using the covariate values contemporaneous with the youth obesity and overweight outcomes. The datasets used in this paper, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults, provide data from 1986 to 2002, allowing for the study of a child's transition to and from obesity or overweight over a long period. Explanatory variables that significantly influence the likelihood of youth obesity or overweight outcomes include the mother's obesity status and education, the youth's mental health, and certain demographic features including race, sex, and family size. These factors provide potential targets for policies that could be implemented early in life among children most likely to become obese or overweight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Classen, Timothy J. and Charles Hokayem. "Childhood Influences of Youth Obesity." Economics and Human Biology 3,2 (July 2005): 165-187.
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1258. |
Claudy, John G. Steel, Lauri |
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery: Validation for Civilian Occupations Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Data AFHRL Technical Report 90-29, Air Force Human Research Labortory, American Institute for Research, July 1990. Also: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA225244 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, Training Systems Division Keyword(s): Aptitude; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Job Requirements; Job Satisfaction; Occupational Choice; Occupations; Tests and Testing The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is a multiple-aptitude test battery used by all of the military services to determine the qualifications of candidates for enlistment and assign enlistees to military occupations. It is also administered annually to thousands of high school and college students, and represents a potentially important source of information for career guidance. The present effort examines relationships between ASVAB scores and actual career choices for a nationally representative sample of youth and young adults. Discriminate analyses were performed to assess the extent to which ASVAB scores could be used to differentiate individuals in different occupations or occupational groups. The ASVAB-based discriminant functions resulted in a significantly greater number of individuals being correctly classified than would be expected by chance. In particular, ASVAB scores were most effective in predicting occupational membership for jobs that involved higher, or lower, degrees of complexity of work with data. Additional analyses were performed to assess the extent to which ASVAB scores could differentiate individuals who were satisfied with their occupational choices. No pattern of significant relationships between ASVAB scores and job satisfaction was found. The results support the validity of the ASVAB for predicting membership in civilian occupations. Additional measures would be useful for extending the range of jobs for which membership can be effectively predicted. [NTIS AD-A225-244- 3-XAB] |
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Bibliography Citation
Claudy, John G. and Lauri Steel. "Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery: Validation for Civilian Occupations Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Data." AFHRL Technical Report 90-29, Air Force Human Research Labortory, American Institute for Research, July 1990. |
1259. |
Clemans-Cope, Lisa Hilari |
Children's Mental Health Service Use in the Community: Static and Dynamic Panel Data Models of the Treatment Effect Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2004. DAI-A 65/04, p. 1459, Oct 2004. Also: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=765937561&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; CESD (Depression Scale); Children; Children, Behavioral Development; Endogeneity; Health, Mental/Psychological; Modeling; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Random Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Statement of the problem. The objective of this dissertation is to implement and compare new approaches to measuring the effectiveness of children's mental health treatments in a community setting, especially with respect to the particular problems encountered in non-randomized studies. Static and dynamic models are proposed to address two problems associated with estimating the treatment effect. The first issue is the potential endogeneity of the treatment variables; the second is the possibility of significant dynamics in the structural model to permit certain forms of intertemporal correlation. Study data sources. The data set for this study is the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79-CHILDYA), which includes 8 biennial waves of data from children who were between the ages of 0 and 14 during the first interview in 1986. Data collected on the children's mothers collected in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) is also used. Study methods. Static and dynamic empirical models are formulated and estimated. Several approaches to estimation of the static model are presented, including ordinary least squares, fixed effects, and random effects using traditional instrumental variables estimators and the Hausman and Taylor (1981) estimator. Consistent estimation of the dynamic panel data models involves first-differencing combined with instrumental variables methods. Results are shown from the estimation of a mental health production function for children using dynamic panel data modeling techniques including the Arellano and Bond (1991) first-differenced GMM estimator and the Blundell and Bond (1998) system GMM approach. Results. Treatment variables are found to be endogenous in the mental health production function. Some dynamics are found to be significant and important to estimation. Evidence of treatment effectiveness of community mental health treatments is found in dynamic panel data estimation of antisocial problems. Results indicate that combining counseling or psychotherapy with psychopharmacological treatment may be effective, especially for children with mean antisocial scores in the normal range. Psychopharmacological treatment without counseling or psychotherapy appears to be an effective treatment for children with mean antisocial scores in the dysfunctional range. Conclusion. Dynamic panel data estimation techniques provide a useful new technique for estimating the effectiveness of children's mental health treatments in a community setting. Evidence is found that dynamics in the model are significant. Using the dynamic model with first-differenced GMM estimators, evidence is found that community mental health treatments are effective in reducing antisocial behaviors among youths. |
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Bibliography Citation
Clemans-Cope, Lisa Hilari. Children's Mental Health Service Use in the Community: Static and Dynamic Panel Data Models of the Treatment Effect. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2004. DAI-A 65/04, p. 1459, Oct 2004.. |
1260. |
Clotfelter, Charles T. Rothschild, Michael |
Studies of Supply and Demand in Higher Education Papers from an NBER Conference, May 17-19, 1991. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press, 1993. Also: http://www.nber.org/books/clot93-1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Demography; Higher Education; Human Capital Theory Economists take a serious look at issues in higher education by working on a coordinated research effort and the resulting eight papers published in this volume push the literature forward in significant ways. The first applies basic economic theory to the higher education industry. The second paper's concern is with how youth, in making human capital investment decisions, form their expectations about future earnings. The third paper is on trends in college entry by different demographic groups. The fourth paper presents evidence that the nation's most talented students are increasingly concentrated in our "elite" institutions. The fifth paper uses survey results to examine the stated plans of Harvard seniors with regard to the pursuit of academic careers and fails to find much of a trend over the period 1985-90. The sixth paper considers a potentially important determinant of the future supply of academics--federal support for graduate students and estimates a model of institutional behavior. The seventh paper applies the basic principles of finance in discussing optimal investment strategies for endowment funds. The last chapter examines public choices in public higher education, funding for public colleges and universities, and understanding legislative decisions regarding higher education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Clotfelter, Charles T. and Michael Rothschild. Studies of Supply and Demand in Higher Education. Papers from an NBER Conference, May 17-19, 1991. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press, 1993.. |
1261. |
Clouth, F. J. Pauws. S. Vermunt, J. K. |
Three-Step Latent Class Analysis with Inverse Propensity Weighting in the Presence of Differential Item Functioning Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal published online (7 February 2023): DOI: 10.1080/10705511.2022.2161384. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10705511.2022.2161384 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Clouth, F. J., Pauws. S. and J. K. Vermunt. "Three-Step Latent Class Analysis with Inverse Propensity Weighting in the Presence of Differential Item Functioning." Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal published online (7 February 2023): DOI: 10.1080/10705511.2022.2161384.
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1262. |
Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. |
Getting Ahead: The Determinants of and Payoffs to Internal Promotion for Young U.S. Men and Women IZA Discussion Paper No. 288, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2001. Also: ftp://repec.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp288.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Wage Effects; Wage Gap; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this paper examines the role of gender in the promotion process and the importance of promotions in the relative labor market outcomes of young men and women in their early careers. Specifically, how do the factors related to promotion differ for men and women? How do gender differences in promotion translate into differences in subsequent wage growth? To what extent does the promotions gap contribute to the gender wage gap? In answering these questions, alternative definitions of "promotion" will be considered. Copyright: IZA Getting ahead matters - particularly for women. The results indicate that women are less likely to be promoted. This gender gap in promotions - the magnitude of which depends on the measure of promotion considered - is explained by differences in the returns to characteristics. Had men and women in our sample faced the same promotion standard, promotion rates would have been higher for women than for men. Furthermore, the share of overall wage growth attributable to promotion is much larger for women than for men reflecting a bifurcation in outcomes between women who get ahead and women who get left behind. Eliminating gender differences in the determinants of and wage payoffs to promotion would contribute to a narrowing of the gender wage gap. This paper is also available from: Australian National University Working Paper No. 395. Australian National University - National Centre for Development Studies (NCDS). http://econpapers.hhs.se/paper/fthaunaep/395.htm |
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Bibliography Citation
Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. "Getting Ahead: The Determinants of and Payoffs to Internal Promotion for Young U.S. Men and Women." IZA Discussion Paper No. 288, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2001. |
1263. |
Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. Dunlop, Yvonne |
The Role of Gender in Job Promotions Monthly Labor Review 122,12 (December 1999): 32-38 Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1999/12/art4abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Gender; Gender Differences; Job Promotion; Unemployment Rate Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth indicate that most young men and women are promoted in their jobs on the basis of performance; although a gender gap in the rate of promotion does exist, the gap was smaller in 1996 than in 1990. This article examines the role of gender in the promotion process for young men and women early in their careers. It first highlights the qualitative nature of promotions and then focuses on who gets promoted by considering the characteristics of men and women who have been promoted. Finally, the relationship between labor market conditions-in particular, unemployment rates, and employment growth in industries and occupations-and promotion is assessed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. and Yvonne Dunlop. "The Role of Gender in Job Promotions." Monthly Labor Review 122,12 (December 1999): 32-38.
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1264. |
Cochi, Carlena Kay |
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Mandated Work/Training: Identifying the Exit and Birth Effects Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Birth Outcomes; Birth Rate; Event History; Fertility; Training, Occupational; Welfare Virtually all attempts at U.S. welfare reform throughout the history of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program have relied upon three primary beliefs: (1) that welfare induces undesirable fertility patterns, (2) that welfare receipt creates dependence, and (3) that modifications to the existing AFDC incentive structure can mitigate these undesirable behaviors. A large body of empirical literature provides no consistent support of points (1) and (2) above. This dissertation addresses the third point by testing for unintended consequences of one major welfare reform component, "workfare," during the years 1980 to 1992. Assuming that mandatory work/training represents a net increase in the cost of welfare, conventional search theory predicts that as a marginal recipient's youngest child approaches the age at which work/training program participation becomes mandatory, the woman should exhibit a behavioral response. Specifically, we would expect to observe an increase in the birth rate among recipients (as women seek to re-establish their exempt status) and/or an increase in the welfare exit rate (as women find it more desirable to work or marry than remain on AFDC with work/training requirements). Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and state welfare policy data, I estimate the probability of birth and welfare exit as a function of the age of a recipient's youngest child using individual, joint and competing risk hazard techniques and event history analysis. Birth and exit patterns are depicted under various scenarios which separately control for recipient/non-recipient variation and variation in the age of the youngest child exemption. Estimation results provide evidence of a birth response to mandated work/training and a weak exit response which runs counter to theoretical predictions. Specifically, recipients under a six year exemption regime are between 1.6 and 3.5 times more likely to have a second birth when their first child is between five and six than are non-recipients. Furthermore, these recipients are between 1.8 and 2.8 times more likely to have a second birth in this region than are those under a three-year old exemption regime. A comparison of the exit hazards under various policy regimes provides some evidence that recipients are less likely to leave AFDC when work/training enrollment is compulsory than when it is not. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cochi, Carlena Kay. Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Mandated Work/Training: Identifying the Exit and Birth Effects. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1997. |
1265. |
Cochran, Daria B. Wang, Eugene W. Stevenson, Sarah J. Johnson, Leah E. Crews, Charles |
Adolescent Occupational Aspirations: Test of Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription and Compromise Career Development Quarterly 59,5 (September 2011): 412-427. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Career Development Association (NCDA) Keyword(s): Achievement; Career Patterns; Gender Differences; Occupational Aspirations; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The authors investigated the relationship between adolescent occupational aspirations and midlife career success. The model for adolescent occupational aspirations was derived from Gottfredson's (1981) theory of circumscription and compromise. The authors hypothesized that parental socioeconomic status (SES), ability, and gender predict adolescent occupational aspirations and influence career achievement in later life. Gottfredson's model was a good fit for the data. SES and ability influenced the formation of occupational aspirations, and ability and gender predicted career achievement in later life. Additionally, occupational aspirations predicted career achievement in later life. Adolescent girls achieved less career success in midlife than did adolescent boys. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cochran, Daria B., Eugene W. Wang, Sarah J. Stevenson, Leah E. Johnson and Charles Crews. "Adolescent Occupational Aspirations: Test of Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription and Compromise." Career Development Quarterly 59,5 (September 2011): 412-427.
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1266. |
Cockerham, William C. Wolfe, Joseph D. Bauldry, Shawn |
Health Lifestyles in Late Middle Age Research on Aging 42,1 (January 2020): 34-46. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0164027519884760 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A growing body of work identifies distinct health lifestyles among children, adolescents, and young adults and documents important social correlates. This study contributes to that line of research by identifying the health lifestyles of U.S. adults entering late middle age, assessing structural predictors of membership in different health lifestyles in this understudied age-group, and examining net associations between health lifestyles, chronic conditions, and physical health. The data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 50+ Health Module. The analysis is based on respondents who answered the 50+ Health Module in 2008, 2010, 2012, or 2014 (N = 7,234). The results confirm similar relationships between health lifestyles and structural factors like class, gender, and race that prior studies observe and also reveal a unique pattern of associations between health lifestyle and health status because of diagnosed conditions that impact health behaviors in adulthood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cockerham, William C., Joseph D. Wolfe and Shawn Bauldry. "Health Lifestyles in Late Middle Age." Research on Aging 42,1 (January 2020): 34-46.
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1267. |
Coff, Russell W. |
How Buyers Cope with Uncertainty when Acquiring Firms in Knowledge-Intensive Industries: Caveat Emptor Organization Science 10,2 (March-April 1999): 144-161 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences Keyword(s): Assets; Human Capital Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Knowledge is frequently the focus of corporate acquisitions. It often cannot be acquired in efficient factor markets due to asymmetric information and because it may be bundled in teams or networks. However, variations in quality are harder to observe for knowledge-based assets than for tangible assets. This creates information dilemmas for buyers and, accordingly, a risk of overbidding, whenever a target is in a knowledge-intensive industry. This study found that most buyers took steps to mitigate the information dilemmas associated with knowledge-based assets. Specifically, buyers coped by (1) offering lower bid premia; (2) using contingent payment (e.g., stock or earnouts); and (3) increasing information both through lengthy negotiations and by avoiding tender offers. However, when the two firms drew on unrelated forms of expertise, buyers did not apply these strategies. It may be that a buyer's information needs are lower if little postacquisition integration is anticipated. An alternative explanation is that unrelated buyers may not be fully aware of the information dilemmas that they face. If so, they may be especially at risk of overbidding. The contingency relationship identified here with respect to related expertise warrants further study. Both the resource-based and diversification literatures presume that relatedness is universally important. This study suggests that it may be particularly relevant when there are knowledge-based assets. |
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Bibliography Citation
Coff, Russell W. "How Buyers Cope with Uncertainty when Acquiring Firms in Knowledge-Intensive Industries: Caveat Emptor." Organization Science 10,2 (March-April 1999): 144-161.
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1268. |
Cohen, Alison K. |
The School Setting and Health Across the Lifespan: High School Student Composition and Health Outcomes in Adulthood Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; High School; Life Course; Obesity; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I investigate the demographic composition of the high school student body and health outcomes at age 40 in a recent, nationally representative American cohort. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cohen, Alison K. "The School Setting and Health Across the Lifespan: High School Student Composition and Health Outcomes in Adulthood." Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015. |
1269. |
Cohen, Alison K. Chaffee, Benjamin W. Rehkopf, David Coyle, Jeremy R. Abrams, Barbara |
Excessive Gestational Weight Gain over Multiple Pregnancies and the Prevalence of Obesity at Age 40 International Journal of Obesity 38,5 (May 2014): 714-718. Also: http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v38/n5/abs/ijo2013156a.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Body Mass Index (BMI); Childbearing; Life Course; Mothers, Health; Obesity; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: Although several studies have found an association between excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and obesity later in life, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have explored the role of GWG events across the life course. Design and methods: We describe how the prevalence of midlife obesity (BMI greater than or equal to30 at age 40 or 41) among women varies by life course patterns of GWG (using 2009 IOM guidelines) in the USA's National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. Results: Among women who reported 1-3 births before age 40, the prevalence of midlife obesity increased with a rising number of excessive GWG events: from none (23.4%, n=875) to one (37.6%, n=707), from none (23.4%, n=875) to two (46.8%, n=427) and from none (23.4%, n=875) to three (54.6%, n=108), P<0.00005 for trend. Obesity prevalence was similar for the same number of excessive GWG events, regardless of parity. No clear pattern emerged for the sequencing of excessive GWG event(s) and later obesity. Conclusions: In our descriptive exploratory study, excessive GWG events appear to be associated with increased prevalence of obesity for parous women, suggesting the importance of preventive interventions regardless of timing of pregnancy-related weight changes over the life course. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cohen, Alison K., Benjamin W. Chaffee, David Rehkopf, Jeremy R. Coyle and Barbara Abrams. "Excessive Gestational Weight Gain over Multiple Pregnancies and the Prevalence of Obesity at Age 40." International Journal of Obesity 38,5 (May 2014): 714-718.
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1270. |
Cohen, Alison K. Kazi, Chandni Headen, Irene Rehkopf, David Hendrick, C. Emily Patil, Divya Abrams, Barbara |
Educational Attainment and Gestational Weight Gain among U.S. Mothers Women's Health Issues 26,4 (July-August 2016): 460-467. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049386716300457 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Educational Attainment; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Weight Methods: We used data from 1979 through 2010 for women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) cohort (n = 6,344 pregnancies from 2,769 women). We used generalized estimating equations to estimate the association between educational attainment and GWG adequacy (as defined by 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines), controlling for diverse social factors from across the life course (e.g., income, wealth, educational aspirations and expectations) and considering effect measure modification by race/ethnicity and prepregnancy overweight status. Results: In most cases, women with more education had increased odds of gaining a recommended amount of gestational weight, independent of educational aspirations and educational expectations and relatively robust to sensitivity analyses. This trend manifested itself in a few different ways. Those with less education had higher odds of inadequate GWG than those with more education. Among those who were not overweight before pregnancy, those with less education had higher odds of excessive GWG than college graduates. Among women who were White, those with less than a high school degree had higher odds of excessive GWG than those with more education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cohen, Alison K., Chandni Kazi, Irene Headen, David Rehkopf, C. Emily Hendrick, Divya Patil and Barbara Abrams. "Educational Attainment and Gestational Weight Gain among U.S. Mothers." Women's Health Issues 26,4 (July-August 2016): 460-467.
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1271. |
Cohen, Alison K. Nussbaum, Juliet Weintraub, Miranda L. Ritterman Nichols, Chloe R. Yen, Irene H. |
Association of Adult Depression With Educational Attainment, Aspirations, and Expectations Preventing Chronic Disease 17 (27 August 2020): 200098. Also: https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2020/20_0098.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment Introduction: Social factors across one's lifespan may contribute to the relationship between low educational attainment and depression, but this relationship has been understudied. Previous studies assessing the association between educational attainment and depression did not fully account for prior common determinants across the life course and possible interactions by sex or race/ethnicity. It is also unclear whether the link between educational attainment and depression is independent of the role of aspired educational attainment or expected educational attainment. Methods: We used generalized linear log link models to examine the association between educational attainment at age 25 and depression at age 40 in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, adjusting for confounders and mediators from childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Results: Members of each educational attainment group were less likely to be depressed at age 40 than those with less education. After adjusting for educational aspirations and educational expectations, the risk ratios became closer to the null. Neither sex nor race/ethnicity interacted with educational attainment. Additionally, low educational expectations in adolescence, but not low educational aspirations, was associated with a higher risk of depression at age 40. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cohen, Alison K., Juliet Nussbaum, Miranda L. Ritterman Weintraub, Chloe R. Nichols and Irene H. Yen. "Association of Adult Depression With Educational Attainment, Aspirations, and Expectations." Preventing Chronic Disease 17 (27 August 2020): 200098.
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1272. |
Cohen, Alison K. Ozer, Emily J. Rehkopf, David Abrams, Barbara |
High School Composition and Health Outcomes in Adulthood: A Cohort Study International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18,7 (2021): 3799. Also: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/7/3799 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute) Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; High School; Obesity; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: A multitude of empirical evidence documents links between education and health, but this focuses primarily on educational attainment and not on characteristics of the school setting. Little is known about the extent to which aggregate characteristics of the school setting, such as student body demographics, are associated with adult health outcomes. Methods: We use the U.S. nationally representative National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort to statistically assess the association between two different measures of high school student composition (socioeconomic composition, racial/ethnic composition) and two different health outcomes at age 40 (self-rated health and obesity). Results: After adjusting for confounders, high school socioeconomic composition, but not racial/ethnic composition, was weakly associated with both obesity and worse self-rated health at age 40. However, after adding adult educational attainment to the model, only the association between high school socioeconomic composition and obesity remained statistically significant. Conclusions: Future research should explore possible mechanisms and also if findings are similar across other populations and in other school contexts. These results suggest that education policies that seek to break the link between socioeconomic composition and negative outcomes remain important but may have few spillover effects onto health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cohen, Alison K., Emily J. Ozer, David Rehkopf and Barbara Abrams. "High School Composition and Health Outcomes in Adulthood: A Cohort Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18,7 (2021): 3799.
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1273. |
Cohen, Alison K. Rehkopf, David Deardorff, Julianna Abrams, Barbara |
Education and Obesity at Age 40 among American Adults Social Science and Medicine 78 (February 2013): 34-41. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953612007836 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); College Graduates; Education; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; Obesity; Racial Differences Although many have studied the association between educational attainment and obesity, studies to date have not fully examined prior common causes and possible interactions by race/ethnicity or gender. It is also not clear if the relationship between actual educational attainment and obesity is independent of the role of aspired educational attainment or expected educational attainment. The authors use generalized linear log link models to examine the association between educational attainment at age 25 and obesity (BMI≥30) at age 40 in the USA’s National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, adjusting for demographics, confounders, and mediators. Race/ethnicity but not gender interacted with educational attainment. In a complete case analysis, after adjusting for socioeconomic covariates from childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, among whites only, college graduates were less likely than high school graduates to be obese (RR= 0.69, 95%CI: 0.57, 0.83). The risk ratio remained similar in two sensitivity analyses when the authors adjusted for educational aspirations and educational expectations and analyzed a multiply imputed dataset to address missingness. This more nuanced understanding of the role of education after controlling for a thorough set of confounders and mediators helps advance the study of social determinants of health and risk factors for obesity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cohen, Alison K., David Rehkopf, Julianna Deardorff and Barbara Abrams. "Education and Obesity at Age 40 among American Adults." Social Science and Medicine 78 (February 2013): 34-41.
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1274. |
Cohen, Alison K. Ryan, Sarah Smith, Louisa H. Ream, Robert K. Glymour, M. Maria Lopez, Andrea Yen, Irene H. |
Educational Attainment Past the Traditional Age of Completion for Two Cohorts of US Adults: Inequalities by Gender and Race/Ethnicity Race and Social Problems published online (16 December 2021): DOI:10.1007/s12552-021-09352-1. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12552-021-09352-1 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Education, Adult; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Family Background and Culture; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Mobility, Social; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The vast majority of studies investigating participation in, persistence through, and consequences of postsecondary education focus on educational attainment status among the so-called traditional population of collegegoers between the ages of 18 and 24. This narrow focus leaves largely invisible the role that an expanding set of educational trajectories throughout adulthood plays in shaping social stratification. Using 35-plus and 20 years of follow-up data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY)'s 1979 and 1997 cohorts, we find that a substantial share within each cohort is attaining education well into adulthood, and that these trajectories are patterned according to key social and demographic characteristics. In both cohorts, racial/ethnic differences in educational attainment grew over time and, for those attaining the same degree, members of historically disadvantaged groups did so at an older age. Cohort differences in trajectories emerged, however, when considering the intersection of race/ethnicity and socialized gender. Through careful descriptive analysis of two generational cohorts, our study makes clear the role of educational trajectories in the process of cumulative (dis)advantage across the life course, as well as across generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cohen, Alison K., Sarah Ryan, Louisa H. Smith, Robert K. Ream, M. Maria Glymour, Andrea Lopez and Irene H. Yen. "Educational Attainment Past the Traditional Age of Completion for Two Cohorts of US Adults: Inequalities by Gender and Race/Ethnicity." Race and Social Problems published online (16 December 2021): DOI:10.1007/s12552-021-09352-1.
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1275. |
Cohen, Alison K. Smith, Louisa H. Ream, Robert K. Glymour, M. Maria Yen, Irene H. |
Educational Attainment Trajectories of U.S. Adults: Sociodemographic Differences in When People Finish Their Schooling Presented: San Antonio TX, American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, April-May 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Household Influences; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study describes lifetime educational trajectories of members of the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's 1979 cohort and explores differences in trajectories by race/ethnicity, sex, household circumstances, and other sociodemographic characteristics. We considered participants to have continued their education past a given age if at any time after that age their reported number of years of education increased, they reported earning a higher degree, or they were enrolled in high school or college. Two out of five people had not completed their education by age 25; one in eight had not completed by age 40. At every age after 18, Asians and whites had more education than African-Americans/blacks and Hispanics/Latinos. Causes and implications for these different trajectories are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cohen, Alison K., Louisa H. Smith, Robert K. Ream, M. Maria Glymour and Irene H. Yen. "Educational Attainment Trajectories of U.S. Adults: Sociodemographic Differences in When People Finish Their Schooling." Presented: San Antonio TX, American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, April-May 2017. |
1276. |
Cohen, Ian |
A Study on Obesity and its Relationship to Socioeconomic Background and Current Earnings The Park Place Economist 15,1 (2007): 28-41. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol15/iss1/11 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Earnings; Income; Obesity; Regions; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. With larger meal portions and fewer natural food production methods, many suggest that people find it difficult to maintain a healthy diet. Nevertheless, certain individuals have been able to maintain a high-quality nutritional status and avoid this unhealthy condition. What are the reasons for these differences between individuals in weight outcomes? Moreover, how does this unhealthy weight outcome affect an individual's current economic situation? In this study, I will examine the effects of socioeconomic background on obesity and test whether an individual's weight has an impact on their present salary or wage levels. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cohen, Ian. "A Study on Obesity and its Relationship to Socioeconomic Background and Current Earnings." The Park Place Economist 15,1 (2007): 28-41.
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1277. |
Cohen, Jennifer Lynn |
The Effect of Parental Involvement on Academic Achievement in Children Who Attended Head Start M.S.W. Thesis, California State University - Long Beach, 2002. MAI 41/02, p. 430, April 2003 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Ethnic Differences; Head Start; Hispanics; Parent-School involvement; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences The purpose of this study was to research whether several different forms of school parental involvement made a positive impact on a child's academic achievement among children who have previously or who are currently attending the Head Start program. Ethnic differences in parental aspirations among Caucasian, Hispanic and African American respondents were also explored. The sample for this study consisted of 192 parents of former or current Head Start children who participated in the National Longitudinal Survey (NLSY) and academic achievement was measured by PIAT math, reading recognition, reading comprehension and PPVT total standard scores. Results of the study revealed a significant relationship between the number of times a parent attended a school event and child reading recognition scores. It was found that Caucasian mothers had higher aspirations for their child's educational future than Hispanic or African American mothers did. Implications for school social work, policy and further research are also addressed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cohen, Jennifer Lynn. The Effect of Parental Involvement on Academic Achievement in Children Who Attended Head Start. M.S.W. Thesis, California State University - Long Beach, 2002. MAI 41/02, p. 430, April 2003. |
1278. |
Cohen, Jere Warner, Rebecca L. Segal, David R. |
Military Service and Educational Attainment in the All-Volunteer Force Social Science Quarterly 76,1 (March 1995): 88-104 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas Press Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Military Service; Veterans Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cohen, Jere, Rebecca L. Warner and David R. Segal. "Military Service and Educational Attainment in the All-Volunteer Force." Social Science Quarterly 76,1 (March 1995): 88-104.
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1279. |
Cohen, Ronnie |
Rise and Grind? Working Late, Volatile Hours May Lead to Depression, Illness by 50 National Public Radio, March 18, 2014, Shots section. Also: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2024/04/16/1244136216/burnout-late-shift-overwork-depression Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Public Radio (NPR) Keyword(s): Black Studies; Depression (see also CESD); Education; Health Outcomes; Health, Impacts to; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health, Physical; Sleep; Work Hours, Irregular; Work Hours/Schedule; Work Schedule, Irregular; Worker Health Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Feeling burned out and looking for reasons to work less? A new study shows that working nights and volatile schedules in young adulthood can leave you vulnerable to depression and poor health in middle age. The research examined the work schedules and sleep patterns of more than 7,000 Americans interviewed over three decades, from the ages of 22 through 50. To the surprise of the study's author, NYU Silver School of Social Work professor Wen-Jui Han, only one-quarter of the participants worked exclusively traditional daytime hours. The remainder – three-quarters of the sample of American workers born in the 1960s – worked variable hours. Those with more volatile work schedules, including night hours and rotating shifts, reported less sleep and a greater likelihood of poor health and depression at age 50 than those with more stable schedules and daytime hours. "Our work now is making us sick and poor," Han said in a Zoom interview. "Work is supposed to allow us to accumulate resources. But, for a lot of people, their work doesn't allow them to do so. They actually become more and more miserable over time." Han would like her research — published last week in PLOS One — to prompt conversations about ways to "provide resources to support people to have a happy and healthy life when they're physically exhausted and emotionally drained because of their work." She was one of those employees. In her 40s, when Han was up for tenure, she worked 16-hour days, taking time off only to eat and sleep, though not sleeping nearly enough. Her doctor warned her that her physical condition appeared more like that of a woman in her 60s. She was overworking like many young professionals who have embraced hustle culture and work around the clock. "We can say they voluntarily want to work long hours, but in reality, it's not about voluntarily working long hours," Han said. "They sense that the culture of their work demands th at they work long hours, or they may get penalized." She says the participants in her study who sacrificed sleep to earn a living, suffered depression and poor health, she said. "When our work becomes a daily stressor, these are the kind of health consequences you may expect to see 30 years down the road." Black men and women and workers with limited educations disproportionately shouldered the burden of night shifts, volatile work schedules and sleep deprivation, the study shows. White college-educated women with stable daytime work reported an average of six more hours of sleep a week than Black men who had not completed high school and who worked variable hours for most of their lives, Han's study found. And Black women who did not complete high school and switched from regular daytime hours to volatile employment in their 30s were four times more likely to report poor health than white college-educated men with stable and standard daytime work lives. The study shows a relationship between working nights and rotating shifts with poor sleep and poor health, but it cannot prove one caused the other. That said, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention links insufficient sleep with chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease and obesity, and African Americans are more likely than whites to suffer from these diseases. How much a person needs to sleep to remain healthy depends upon age, but the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the Sleep Research Society recommend that adults between 18 and 60 years old get at least seven hours of shut-eye a night. Dr. Alyson Myers appreciated the new study's focus on the connection between work schedules, sleep and poor health. The study findings confirmed what she sees in many of her diabetes patients, who often get no more than five hours of sleep after they work night shifts. She counsels them to try to switch to days, and when they do, their heal th improves, the endocrinologist and professor at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine said. Prior research has shown that sleep, diet and social habits required to work nights and rotating shifts, can increase the risk of developing diabetes. In 2019, Blacks were twice as likely as whites to die of diabetes, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. "Poor sleep is a risk factor for diabetes that very often we do not talk about," said Myers, who was not involved in the study. "One of the things that I have to preach to my patients about is that working nights, and if you get only four or five or less hours of sleep, that's going to increase your risk of diabetes and also worsen your glycemic control." One patient was angry with her when he followed her advice, switched from working nights to days and as a result had to contend with commute traffic. "But," she said in a Zoom interview, "we actually got better control of his blood sugar when he switched to working the day shift." About 16% of American workers were employed outside of daytime hours in 2019, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Many of the participants in Hans' study who had volatile work schedules tended to have part-time jobs, in some cases multiple part-time jobs. "Unfortunately," Myers said, "the trend for a lot of these people is that they have to work more than one job to survive." |
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Bibliography Citation
Cohen, Ronnie. "Rise and Grind? Working Late, Volatile Hours May Lead to Depression, Illness by 50." National Public Radio, March 18, 2014, Shots section. |
1280. |
Cohn, Elchanan Rhine, Sherrie L. W. |
Foregone Earnings of College Students in the U.S. 1970 and 1979: A Microanalytic Approach Higher Education 18,6 (1989): 681-695. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3447106 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Education; College Enrollment; Earnings; Wages The difference between male students' actual and potential earnings are analyzed based on data from the 1970 wave of the NLS of Young Men and from the 1979 NLSY. Estimates are provided by full- and part-time enrollments and level, and results compared to other estimates. [ERIC EJ402610] |
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Bibliography Citation
Cohn, Elchanan and Sherrie L. W. Rhine. "Foregone Earnings of College Students in the U.S. 1970 and 1979: A Microanalytic Approach." Higher Education 18,6 (1989): 681-695.
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1281. |
Colas, Mark Yau |
Essays in Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Colleges; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Supply; Migration; Tuition Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 1 analyzes the dynamic effects of immigration on worker outcomes by estimating an equilibrium model of local labor markets in the United States. The model includes firms in multiple cities and multiple industries which combine capital, skilled and unskilled labor in production, and forward-looking workers who choose their optimal industry and location each period as a dynamic discrete choice. Immigrant inflows change wages by changing factor ratios, but worker sector and migration choices can mitigate the effect of immigration on wages over time. I estimate the model via simulated method of moments by leveraging differences in wages and labor supply quantities across local labor markets to identify how wages and worker choices respond to immigrant inflows. Counterfactual simulations yield the following main results: (1) a sudden unskilled immigration inflow leads to an initial wage drop for unskilled workers which decreases by over half over 20 years; (2) both workers' sector-switching and migration across local labor markets play important roles in mitigating the effects of immigration on wages; (3) a gradual immigration inflow leads to significantly smaller effects on native wages than a sudden inflow. In chapter 3, I use a dynamic model to analyze how changes in major-specific tuition levels would affect college and major choice. In my model, students face borrowing constraints; therefore, relatively small changes in tuition can potentially affect college and major choice despite large differences in lifetime earnings across majors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Colas, Mark Yau. Essays in Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2017. |
1282. |
Cole, Nancy Currie, Janet |
Reported Income in the NLSY: Consistency Checks and Methods for Cleaning the Data NBER Technical Working Paper No. 160, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1994. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/t0160 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI); Data Quality/Consistency; Employment, Youth; Family Income; Income; Poverty The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth collects information about over 20 separate components of respondent income. These disaggregated income components provide many opportunities to verify the consistency of the data. This note outlines procedures we have used to identify and "clean" measurement error in the disaggregated income variables. After cleaning the income data at the disaggregated level, we reconstruct the measure of "family income" and re-evaluate poverty status. While people may not agree with all of our methods, we hope that they will be of some use to other researchers. A second purpose of this note is to highlight the value of the disaggregated data, since without it, it would be impossible to improve on the reported totals. Finally, we hope that with the advent of computerized interviewing technology, checks on the internal consistency of the data of the kind that we propose may eventually be built into interviewing software, thereby improving the quality of the data collected. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/T0160 |
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Bibliography Citation
Cole, Nancy and Janet Currie. "Reported Income in the NLSY: Consistency Checks and Methods for Cleaning the Data." NBER Technical Working Paper No. 160, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1994. |
1283. |
Cole, Shawn Shastry, Gauri Kartini |
Smart Money: The Effect of Education, Cognitive Ability, and Financial Literacy on Financial Market Participation HBS Working Paper Number: 09-071, Harvard Business School, February 2009. Also: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6093.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard Business School Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Financial Literacy; Financial Market Participation; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Household financial market participation affects asset prices and household welfare. Yet, our understanding of this decision is limited. Using an instrumental variables strategy and dataset new to this literature, we provide the first precise, causal estimates of the effects of education on financial market participation. We find a large effect, even controlling for income. Examining mechanisms, we demonstrate that cognitive ability increases participation; however, and in contrast to previous research, financial literacy education does not affect decisions. We conclude by discussing how education may affect decision-making through: personality, borrowing behavior, discount rates, risk-aversion, and the influence of employers and neighbors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cole, Shawn and Gauri Kartini Shastry. "Smart Money: The Effect of Education, Cognitive Ability, and Financial Literacy on Financial Market Participation." HBS Working Paper Number: 09-071, Harvard Business School, February 2009. |
1284. |
Coleman, J. S. Hoffer, T. |
Response to Teuber-James, Cain-Goldberger and Morgan Sociology of Education 56,4 (October 1983): 219-234. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2112552 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Longitudinal Surveys; Research Methodology Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Coleman and Hoffer critique Morgan's analysis of private school effects. They suggest that Morgan's findings are inconclusive because of his failure to weight the data, because of his small and unrepresentative sample of private school youth, and because of a misspecification in his theoretical model. |
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Bibliography Citation
Coleman, J. S. and T. Hoffer. "Response to Teuber-James, Cain-Goldberger and Morgan." Sociology of Education 56,4 (October 1983): 219-234.
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1285. |
Coleman, Priscilla K. Reardon, David C. Cougle, Jesse R. |
Child Developmental Outcomes Associated with Maternal History of Abortion Using the NLSY Data Presented: Berlin, Germany, 1st World Congress on Women's Mental Health, March 2001 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Abortion; Birth Outcomes; Child Care; Fertility; Health, Mental/Psychological; Parenting Skills/Styles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. For the abstract, see, COLEMAN, P.K.; REARDON, D.C.; COUGLE, J.R. "The Quality of the Caregiving Environment and Child Developmental Outcomes Associated with Maternal History of Abortion Using NLSY Data". |
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Bibliography Citation
Coleman, Priscilla K., David C. Reardon and Jesse R. Cougle. "Child Developmental Outcomes Associated with Maternal History of Abortion Using the NLSY Data." Presented: Berlin, Germany, 1st World Congress on Women's Mental Health, March 2001. |
1286. |
Coleman, Priscilla K. Reardon, David C. Cougle, Jesse R. |
The Quality of the Caregiving Environment and Child Developmental Outcomes Associated with Maternal History of Abortion Using NLSY Data Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 43,6 (September 2002): 743-757. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1469-7610.00095/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Abortion; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birth Outcomes; CESD (Depression Scale); Child Development; Fertility; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Background: Studies suggest that experiencing a perinatal loss may leave women vulnerable to mental health problems and may compromise parenting. Unfortunately, compared to miscarriages and stillbirths, very little research has examined the potential for grief and feelings of loss associated with elective abortion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the quality of the childcare environment and children's development among children of mothers with a history of abortion prior to childbirth (n = 672) and children of non post-abortive women (n = 4,172). Method: Data were derived from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), with comparisons based on two assessments of the caregiving environment and scores on four child outcome variables. The sample was divided into three child age categories: 1-4 years (n = 1,502), 5-9 years (n = 2,121), and 10-13 years (n = 1,524). Results: After controlling for numerous potentially confounding socio-demographic variables, lower scores were observed for the post-abortion group relative to the level of emotional support in the home among first-born children in the youngest age category. Further, among 5-9-year-olds, more behavior problems were revealed for the children of women with a history of abortion. Finally, no main effects were detected between the abortion history groups relative to the level of cognitive stimulation in the home. Conclusion: Although it is widely recognized that at least 10% of post-abortive women experience negative psychological consequences, the potential effects of negative subjective experiences on parenting need more systematic attention. (Copyright 2000 Blackwell Publishers.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Coleman, Priscilla K., David C. Reardon and Jesse R. Cougle. "The Quality of the Caregiving Environment and Child Developmental Outcomes Associated with Maternal History of Abortion Using NLSY Data." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 43,6 (September 2002): 743-757.
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1287. |
Colen, Cynthia G. |
Socioeconomic Mobility and Reproductive Outcomes Among African American and White Women in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 2005. DAI-B 66/02, p. 843, Aug 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Birthweight; Black Studies; Census of Population; Childbearing; Children, Well-Being; Family Income; Income Level; Infants; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Social; Poverty; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation examines the extent to which African American and White women in the United States who have experienced upward socioeconomic mobility are able to translate their achieved social class status into favorable maternal and infant health outcomes. It is comprised of three essays, each designed to investigate how changes in lifetime maternal socioeconomic position impact infant wellbeing. In Chapter 2, I argue that upwardly mobile Black women will face similar risks of giving birth to a low birthweight baby compared to chronically poor Black women due to three overarching factors: (1) pervasive structural-level racial inequalities; (2) individual-level responses to race-based discrimination; and (3) delayed childbearing. In Chapter 3, I employ data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the 1970 U.S. Census of Population and Housing to estimate the likelihood that African American and White women who were raised in or near poverty but achieved middle-class status in adulthood will give birth to a low birthweight baby. Results from a series of logistic regression analyses illustrate that for White women who grew up in families with limited financial resources, increases in family income during adulthood are associated with a lower probability of giving birth to a low birthweight baby. However, for their African American counterparts, the relationship between adult socioeconomic position and the risk of low birthweight, although also negative, is substantially weaker and fails to reach statistical significance. In Chapter 4, I utilize birth certificate and census data from a thirty-year time period, in order to estimate the extent to which Black and White women aged 10 to 29 alter the timing of their first and second births in response to fluctuating job availability. Results from fixed-effect Poisson regression models suggest that during the 1990s--a decade of considerable economic growth--young African American women, especially those aged 18 to 19, were likely to postpone childbearing in order to take advantage of improved occupational opportunities. Furthermore, the association between employment possibilities and age-, race-, and state-specific rates of first and second births cannot be explained by concurrent changes in welfare policy, incarceration rates, or abortion availability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Colen, Cynthia G. Socioeconomic Mobility and Reproductive Outcomes Among African American and White Women in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 2005. DAI-B 66/02, p. 843, Aug 2005. |
1288. |
Colen, Cynthia G. |
The Gift That Keeps on Giving: Racial Integration, Upward Mobility, and Health Across the Life Course Presented: Albuquerque, NM, CityMatCH Urban MCH Leadership Conference, September 2008. Also: http://www.citymatch.org/Conf2008/presentations/0922/breakoutsB/B1.ppt Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: CityMatCH at the University of Nebraska Medical Center Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Birthweight; Child Health; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Mobility, Social; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Description: Differences in adult health are thought to be partially rooted in the early conditions of life, and class disparities. How do models of the life-course perspective help us explain the long-term impacts of poverty, stress, and discrimination? How do structural level inequalities impact upward mobility? How can local health departments take current research findings and create programs that address these inequalities? Objectives: 1. Describe three models of life-course processes typically used to explain population-level health trends in the U.S. 2. Critically assess both the strengths and weaknesses of these three life-course perspectives in their ability to explain racial disparities in maternal and infant health outcomes. 3. Explain how race and SES interact to affect health outcomes over the life-course. 4. Discuss how structural level racial inequalities (residential segregation, wealth accumulation patterns, labor market segmentation, etc.) impact the ability of African American women to benefit, in terms of their health and that of their children, from upward mobility. 5. List three ways that public health programs and policy initiatives can incorporate new information about SES, race, and the life-course perspective. |
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Bibliography Citation
Colen, Cynthia G. "The Gift That Keeps on Giving: Racial Integration, Upward Mobility, and Health Across the Life Course." Presented: Albuquerque, NM, CityMatCH Urban MCH Leadership Conference, September 2008. |
1289. |
Colen, Cynthia G. Geronimus, Arline T. Bound, John James, Sherman A. |
Facing the Realities of the American Dream: Upward Maternal Socioeconomic Mobility and Black-White Disparities in Infant Birthweight Presented: Philadelphia, PA, American Public Health Association 133rd Annual Meeting and Exposition, December 10-14, 2005. Also: http://apha.confex.com/apha/133am/techprogram/paper_115060.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Birthweight; Black Studies; Census of Population; Childbearing; Children, Well-Being; Family Income; Income Level; Infants; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Social; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I utilize data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the 1970 U.S. Census of Population and Housing to determine the extent to which upward maternal socioeconomic mobility reduces the probability of giving birth to a low birthweight (LBW) baby among Black and White women in the United States. Multivariate analyses are restricted to female respondents who were living in households at age 14 for which the income to needs ratio (INR) did not exceed 200% of the national poverty threshold. I estimate a series of logistic regression models to determine whether or not increases in family income during the year in which the respondent became pregnant are associated with the risk of low birthweight. Among White women who grew up in or near poverty, the probability of giving birth to a LBW baby decreases by 48% for every one unit increase in the natural logarithm of adult family income once the effects of all other covariates are taken into account. Among African American women who grew up in or near poverty, the relationship between adult family income and low birthweight is also negative; however, the coefficient on the independent variable of interest fails to reach statistical significance at the 0.05 level. Furthermore, maternal health behaviors, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, delayed prenatal care, and inadequate weight gain, appear to have a minimal impact on the association between upward socioeconomic mobility and the risk of low birthweight for both Blacks and Whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Colen, Cynthia G., Arline T. Geronimus, John Bound and Sherman A. James. "Facing the Realities of the American Dream: Upward Maternal Socioeconomic Mobility and Black-White Disparities in Infant Birthweight." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, American Public Health Association 133rd Annual Meeting and Exposition, December 10-14, 2005. |
1290. |
Colen, Cynthia G. Geronimus, Arline T. Bound, John James, Sherman A. |
Maternal Upward Socioeconomic Mobility and Black-White Disparities in Infant Birthweight American Journal of Public Health 96,11 (November 2006): 1-11. Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/96/11/2032 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Family Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Social; Poverty; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives. We estimate the extent to which upward socioeconomic mobility limits the probability that Black and White women who spent their childhoods in or near poverty will give birth to a low-birthweight baby. Methods. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the 1970 US Census were used to complete a series of logistic regression models. We restricted multivariate analyses to female survey respondents who, at 14 years of age, were living in households in which the income-to-needs ratio did not exceed 200% of poverty. Results. For White women, the probability of giving birth to a low-birthweight baby decreases by 48% for every 1 unit increase in the natural logarithm of adult family income, once the effects of all other covariates are taken into account. For Black women, the relation between adult family income and the probability of low birthweight is also negative; however, this association fails to reach statistical significance. Conclusions. Upward socioeconomic mobility contributes to improved birth outcomes among infants born to White women who were poor as children, but the same does not hold true for their Black counterparts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Colen, Cynthia G., Arline T. Geronimus, John Bound and Sherman A. James. "Maternal Upward Socioeconomic Mobility and Black-White Disparities in Infant Birthweight." American Journal of Public Health 96,11 (November 2006): 1-11.
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1291. |
Colen, Cynthia G. Li, Qi Reczek, Corinne |
The Intergenerational Transmission of Discrimination: Children's Experiences of Unfair Treatment and Their Mother's Health at Midlife Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Discrimination; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Health; Racial Equality/Inequality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Colen, Cynthia G., Qi Li and Corinne Reczek. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Discrimination: Children's Experiences of Unfair Treatment and Their Mother's Health at Midlife." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
1292. |
Colen, Cynthia G. Li, Qi Reczek, Corinne Williams, David R. |
The Intergenerational Transmission of Discrimination: Children's Experiences of Unfair Treatment and Their Mothers' Health at Midlife Journal of Health and Social Behavior 60,4 (December 2019): 474-492. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022146519887347 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Discrimination; Ethnic Differences; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Health; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A growing body of research suggests that maternal exposure to discrimination helps to explain racial disparities in children's health. However, no study has considered if the intergenerational health effects of unfair treatment operate in the opposite direction--from child to mother. To this end, we use data from mother-child pairs in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to determine whether adolescent and young adult children's experiences of discrimination influence their mother's health across midlife. We find that children who report more frequent instances of discrimination have mothers whose self-rated health declines more rapidly between ages 40 and 50 years. Furthermore, racial disparities in exposure to discrimination among children explains almost 10% of the black-white gap but little of the Hispanic-white gap in self-rated health among these mothers. We conclude that the negative health impacts of discrimination are likely to operate in a bidirectional fashion across key family relationships. |
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Bibliography Citation
Colen, Cynthia G., Qi Li, Corinne Reczek and David R. Williams. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Discrimination: Children's Experiences of Unfair Treatment and Their Mothers' Health at Midlife ." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 60,4 (December 2019): 474-492.
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1293. |
Colen, Cynthia G. Ramey, David |
Breast Is Best: Estimating the Long-term Consequences of Breastfeeding for Childhood Wellbeing Using Sister Comparisons Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; CESD (Depression Scale); Child Health; Depression (see also CESD); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre/post Natal Behavior; Siblings; Sisters Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Since the 1970s, breastfeeding has witnessed a resurgence. Besides being economical, it is thought that breast milk contributes to beneficial health outcomes during the perinatal period and for many years to come. However, empirical evidence concerning long-term effects of breastfeeding on childhood wellbeing remains unclear. This is primarily a function of the fact that, on average, breastfed children are different from their bottle-fed counterparts along several demographic dimensions. The overarching objective of this study is to estimate the extent to which breastfeeding influences the health trajectories of children in the United States. We rely on a multipronged analytic strategy that includes growth curve models, propensity score matching, and sibling comparisons. Each approach offers a more rigorous test of the hypothesis that breastfeeding contributes to enduring positive childhood outcomes by more closely approximating the counterfactual question – what would the health of this infant be like if he/she had not been breastfed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Colen, Cynthia G. and David Ramey. "Breast Is Best: Estimating the Long-term Consequences of Breastfeeding for Childhood Wellbeing Using Sister Comparisons." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2012. |
1294. |
Colen, Cynthia G. Ramey, David |
Is Breast Truly Best? Estimating the Effects of Breastfeeding on Long-term Child Health and Wellbeing in the United States Using Sibling Comparisons Social Science and Medicine 109 (May 2014): 55-65. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953614000549 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Asthma; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Body Mass Index (BMI); Breastfeeding; CESD (Depression Scale); Child Health; Depression (see also CESD); Digit Span (also see Memory for Digit Span - WISC); Infants; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Siblings; Temperament; Weight Breastfeeding rates in the U.S. are socially patterned. Previous research has documented startling racial and socioeconomic disparities in infant feeding practices. However, much of the empirical evidence regarding the effects of breastfeeding on long-term child health and wellbeing does not adequately address the high degree of selection into breastfeeding. To address this important shortcoming, we employ sibling comparisons in conjunction with 25 years of panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to approximate a natural experiment and more accurately estimate what a particular child’s outcome would be if he/she had been differently fed during infancy. Results from standard multiple regression models suggest that children aged 4 to 14 who were breast- as opposed to bottle-fed did significantly better on 10 of the 11 outcomes studied. Once we restrict analyses to siblings and incorporate within-family fixed effects, estimates of the association between breastfeeding and all but one indicator of child health and wellbeing dramatically decrease and fail to maintain statistical significance. Our results suggest that much of the beneficial long-term effects typically attributed to breastfeeding, per se, may primarily be due to selection pressures into infant feeding practices along key demographic characteristics such as race and socioeconomic status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Colen, Cynthia G. and David Ramey. "Is Breast Truly Best? Estimating the Effects of Breastfeeding on Long-term Child Health and Wellbeing in the United States Using Sibling Comparisons." Social Science and Medicine 109 (May 2014): 55-65.
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1295. |
Colen, Cynthia G. Reczek, Corinne Zhang, Zhe |
Grandparents Know Best: Multigenerational Coresidence and Psychological Distress During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Coresidence; Depression (see also CESD); Family Structure; Grandparents; Household Composition Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the noteworthy proportion of children who reside in multigenerational households, relatively little is known about how this family structure influences child and adolescent wellbeing. We use 18 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in conjunction with latent growth curve regression models to assess the extent to which multigenerational coresidence during childhood impacts psychological distress through adolescence and young adulthood. Moreover, we investigate whether this effect depends on the duration or timing of multigenerational coresidence. Although adolescents who lived with a grandparent during childhood have higher initial depression (CES-D) scores, the rate at which these scores decline is significantly faster than adolescents who never lived with a grandparent. Children who were exposed to multigenerational coresidence during their first year of life experienced particularly rapid increases in psychological functioning, suggesting this period of the lifecourse is critical when considering the effects of family structure on wellbeing. Also presented at Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 |
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Bibliography Citation
Colen, Cynthia G., Corinne Reczek and Zhe Zhang. "Grandparents Know Best: Multigenerational Coresidence and Psychological Distress During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
1296. |
Collier, Nicole Louise |
Delinquent by the Dozen: Reexamining the Relationship between Family Size and Offending Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, The Florida State University, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Size; Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation contributes to scholarship on families and offending and, more specifically, family size and delinquency, in several ways. It examines the nature of the relationship between family size and delinquency by identifying whether the pattern is positive or negative, significant or nonsignificant, and linear or nonlinear. Multiple indicators of family size are also examined to explore heterogeneity in offending depending on sibling relatedness. To check consistency in the relationship, these patterns are examined across several datasets. This dissertation also explores theoretical pathways that help to explain the family size-delinquency relationship. Specifically, social control and strain measures are tested as mediating mechanisms. Data for this dissertation come from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. These data have several attributes that make them ideal for this study: they include, for example, large adolescent populations, males and females, and, importantly, comprehensive measures of family size, delinquency, and controls. |
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Bibliography Citation
Collier, Nicole Louise. Delinquent by the Dozen: Reexamining the Relationship between Family Size and Offending. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, The Florida State University, 2020. |
1297. |
Collins, Clayton |
Fiscal Greenhorns Need Your 'Read' Christian Science Monitor, (Dec 27, 1999): 11 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Christian Science Publishing Society, The Keyword(s): Allowance, Pocket Money; Income Level; Parenthood; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Let's just say I'm glad I read the survey before my older child - a preteen boy - saw it reported out of context somewhere. And got any Big Ideas. "About half of American teenagers receive an allowance from their parents," it read. Fair enough. "And most typically get about $50 a week." You've got to contact someone for the context. So I let fly a quiver full of questions. The full study, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, was done by Ohio State University for the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Collins, Clayton. "Fiscal Greenhorns Need Your 'Read'." Christian Science Monitor, (Dec 27, 1999): 11. |
1298. |
Collins, Linda M. Sayer, Aline G. |
New Methods for the Analysis Of Change Decade of Behavior Series. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Data Quality/Consistency; Modeling; Modeling, Multilevel This volume presents state-of-the-art methods explored by recognized authorities on the analysis of change. Chapters highlight methods for estimating and evaluating models of growth and change over time at the level of the individual; address issues of measurement that are important in the analysis of change; point out methods for separating intra-individual growth from some aspects of phenomena that are stable over time; identify larger frameworks to integrate knowledge; and provide methods for dealing with missing data. This volume of methodological advances will influence a variety of disciplines from psychology and sociology to education and economics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved). |
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Bibliography Citation
Collins, Linda M. and Aline G. Sayer. New Methods for the Analysis Of Change. Decade of Behavior Series. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001. |
1299. |
Collins, Nancy |
Does Women's Part-Time Experience Limit Mobility Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Earnings, Wives; Job Aspirations; Life Course; Occupational Aspirations; Part-Time Work; Wives, Work; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study is an effort to add to the existing, though scant, literature on the labor force mobility of women working part-time, the primary participants in part-time work. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) spanning the years 1979 to 1998, this study focuses on how women's accrual of part-time work experience over the life course affects their ability to move between different levels of labor market attachment (i.e. part-time versus full-time and non-work). No prior study distinguishes between choice and constraint in women's participation in part-time work. This study's inclusion of data on attitudes toward women's roles within the family and work is a first attempt to control for a woman's taste for part-time employment. This study expects to find that even after controlling for tastes and ability, participation in part-time work constrains a woman's ability to enter full-time work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Collins, Nancy. "Does Women's Part-Time Experience Limit Mobility." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2000. |
1300. |
Collins, William J. Wanamaker, Marianne H. |
Up from Slavery? African American Intergenerational Economic Mobility Since 1880 NBER Working Paper No. 23395, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2017. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w23395 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Black Studies; Census of Population; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Occupational Choice; Racial Differences; Wage Gap We document the intergenerational mobility of black and white American men from 1880 through 2000 by building new datasets to study the late 19th and early 20th century and combining them with modern data to cover the mid- to late 20th century. We find large disparities in intergenerational mobility, with white children having far better chances of escaping the bottom of the distribution than black children in every generation. This mobility gap was more important than the gap in parents' status in approximately determining each new generation's racial income gap. Evidence suggests that human capital disparities underpinned the mobility gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Collins, William J. and Marianne H. Wanamaker. "Up from Slavery? African American Intergenerational Economic Mobility Since 1880." NBER Working Paper No. 23395, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2017. |
1301. |
Colman, Gregory J. Dave, Dhaval |
Unemployment and Health Behaviors over the Business Cycle: A Longitudinal View NBER Working Paper No. 20748, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2014. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w20748.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Exercise; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Unemployment We examine the first-order internal effects of unemployment on a range of health behaviors during the most recent recession using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Consistent with prior studies based on cross-sectional data, we find that becoming unemployed is associated with a small increase in leisure-time exercise and in body weight, a moderate decrease in smoking, and a substantial decline in total physical activity. We also find that unemployment is associated with a decline in purchases of fast food. Together, these results imply that both energy consumption and expenditure decline in the U.S. during recessions, the net result being a slight increase in body weight. There is generally considerable heterogeneity in these effects across specific health behaviors, across the intensive and extensive margins, across the outcome distribution, and across gender. |
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Bibliography Citation
Colman, Gregory J. and Dhaval Dave. "Unemployment and Health Behaviors over the Business Cycle: A Longitudinal View." NBER Working Paper No. 20748, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2014. |
1302. |
Colman, Gregory J. Dave, Dhaval |
Unemployment and Health Behaviors over the Business Cycle: A Longitudinal View Southern Economic Journal 85,1 (July 2018): 93-120. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/soej.12283 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Economic Changes/Recession; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine the first‐order internal effects of unemployment and nonemployment on a range of health behaviors during the most recent recession using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth‐1979. Ours is the first study to analyze the effect of own‐unemployment on energy intake, energy expenditure, and the net effect (body mass index) using longitudinal records. Exploiting information enveloping the recent steep recession and prolonged recovery is valuable since recent job losers will modify their behavior little if they expect soon to be re‐employed, whereas if they expect joblessness to last, they will adjust to a possibly prolonged decline in income and increase in nonwork time. We find that becoming unemployed is associated with a small increase in leisure‐time exercise, a moderate decrease in smoking, and a substantial decline in total physical activity. We also find that unemployment and nonemployment are associated with a decline in purchases of fast food. Together, these results imply that both energy consumption and expenditure may decline in the United States during recessions, the net result being essentially no change in body weight. There is considerable heterogeneity in these effects across specific health behaviors, across the intensive and extensive margins, across the outcome distribution, and across gender. |
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Bibliography Citation
Colman, Gregory J. and Dhaval Dave. "Unemployment and Health Behaviors over the Business Cycle: A Longitudinal View." Southern Economic Journal 85,1 (July 2018): 93-120.
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1303. |
Coltrane, Scott Miller, Elizabeth C. DeHaan, Tracy Stewart, Lauren |
Fathers and the Flexibility Stigma Journal of Social Issues 69,2 (June 2013): 279-302. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/josi.12015/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Earnings; Fatherhood; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wages, Men Women face an earnings penalty associated with motherhood but researchers have paid scant attention to how fatherhood might influence men's long-term earnings. Using multiple waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and employing ordinary least squares regression and fixed effects models we investigate what happens to men who modify their employment for family reasons. Previous research shows that men work longer hours and earn more after becoming fathers, but if men are unemployed or reduce work hours for family reasons, they could experience a “flexibility stigma” depressing earnings and limiting future career opportunities. We find strong support for the flexibility stigma hypothesis. Controlling for the effects of age, race, education, intelligence, occupation, job tenure, work hours, health limitations, marital status, and number of children, we find that men who ever quit work or are unemployed for family reasons earn significantly less than others in the future. Theoretical reasons for observed findings are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Coltrane, Scott, Elizabeth C. Miller, Tracy DeHaan and Lauren Stewart. "Fathers and the Flexibility Stigma." Journal of Social Issues 69,2 (June 2013): 279-302.
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1304. |
Comanor, William S. Phillips, Llad |
The Impact of Income and Family Structure on Delinquency Journal of Applied Economics 5,2 (November 2002): 209-232. Also: http://www.cema.edu.ar/publicaciones/download/volume5/comanor.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Universidad del CEMA (UCEMA) Keyword(s): Children, Behavioral Development; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Income; Family Structure; Family Studies; Fathers, Influence; Fathers, Presence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is no more important issue in the economics of the family than the impact of parents on the behavior of their children. By providing rewards and imposing constraints, parents seek to affect their children's behavior. The explanation of these actions is that the child's conduct directly enters into the parent's utility function. In this paper, we use that framework to explore the role of parental control over his or her child's delinquent behavior. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimate the impact of family income and various dimensions of family structure on a youth's contact with the criminal justice system between the ages of 14 and 22. From this analysis, we conclude that the single most important factor affecting these measures of delinquency is the presence of his father in the home. All other factors, including family income, are much less important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]. |
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Bibliography Citation
Comanor, William S. and Llad Phillips. "The Impact of Income and Family Structure on Delinquency." Journal of Applied Economics 5,2 (November 2002): 209-232.
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1305. |
Comeau, Jinette Boyle, Michael H. |
Patterns of Poverty Exposure and Children's Trajectories of Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors SSM - Population Health 4 (April 2018): 86-94. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352827317301489 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Family Income; Health, Mental/Psychological; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Mothers, Education; Parents, Single; Poverty Using data from the Child Supplement of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we compare trajectories of externalizing and internalizing behaviors among children exposed to five patterns of poverty from birth to age 14: always or never poor -- stable patterns; a single transition into or out of poverty, or repeated fluctuations in and out of poverty -- changing patterns. We also examine how low maternal education and single parenthood interact with these poverty exposures to compound their adverse effects. Finally, we compare the magnitude of effects associated with the patterns of poverty exposure, as well as their interactions with low maternal education and single parenthood, on trajectories of externalizing and internalizing behaviors to determine if they are significantly different. Results reveal that initial levels and rates of change in children's trajectories of externalizing and internalizing behaviors are similar across the three changing patterns of poverty exposure, leading us to combine them into a single group representing intermittent poverty. Initial disparities between children who are never poor and their counterparts who are always or intermittently poor are constant over time for internalizing behaviors and grow in magnitude for externalizing behaviors. The cumulative negative effect of poverty exposure over time is stronger for externalizing vs. internalizing behaviors. Low maternal education compounds the adverse effects of persistent poverty, an effect that is similar for externalizing and internalizing behaviors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Comeau, Jinette and Michael H. Boyle. "Patterns of Poverty Exposure and Children's Trajectories of Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors." SSM - Population Health 4 (April 2018): 86-94.
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1306. |
Comings, David E. |
Gene Bomb: Does Higher Education and Advanced Technology Accelerate the Selection of Genes for Learning Disorders, ADHD, Addictive, and Disruptive Behaviors? Duarte CA: Hope Press, 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Hope Press Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Attention/Attention Deficit; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Violent; Behavioral Problems; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Fertility; Genetics; High School Dropouts; Marriage; School Suspension/Expulsion; Sexual Behavior; Siblings; Substance Use; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The following chapters use NLSY data: table of Contents for chapters: 19. The NLSY; 20. NLSY - IQ; 21. NLSY - Crime; 22. NLSY - Drug Abuse; 23. NLSY - Alcoholism; 24. NLSY - Sexual Behavior; 25. NLSY - Marriage; 26. NLSY - Welfare; 27. NLSY - Suspended or Expelled from School; 28. NLSY - Education; 29. NLSY - Grades; 30. NLSY - School Dropouts; 31. NLSY Children - Disruptive Disorders. Midwest Book Review: There seems to be an upward trend in the numbers of children and adults with attention deficit disorder, learning disabilities, anxiety, anger, and rage. The frequency of depression, suicide, crime, and related behaviors also seems to be increasing, as are the numbers of children dropping out of school, turning to drugs, alcohol, and violence. The causal factors are usually attributed to environmental factors and to the stress of an increasingly complex and technological society. In The Gene Bomb, Dr. David Comings proposes a persuasive new theory that just the opposite is occurring. He suggests that our increasingly complex society, with its requirement for more and more years of education, is selecting for the genes associated with these behavioral disorders, and that these genes are increasing and will continue to increase in frequency. Dr. Comings suggests that the critical factor is not just the number of children individuals have, but the age at which they have them, and that these undesirable behaviors are caused, in part, by genetic factors. He then demonstrates regardless of the behavior, individuals who have problems tend to have children earlier than those who do not, and that this can provide a powerful selective force for the genes involved. The dramatic difference in age at the birth of the first child is largely driven by the number of years of education. This factor has become significant only in the latter part of this century. The Gene Bomb has broad implications for public policy -- as well as the future of the human species! This is provocati ve and important for sciences, for educators, and for the general public. |
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Bibliography Citation
Comings, David E. Gene Bomb: Does Higher Education and Advanced Technology Accelerate the Selection of Genes for Learning Disorders, ADHD, Addictive, and Disruptive Behaviors? Duarte CA: Hope Press, 1996. |
1307. |
Commission on Civil Rights |
An Attempt to Measure Differences in the Quality of Education by Race, Region, and Educational Level In: Economic Status of Black Women: An Exploratory Investigation. Washington DC: Staff Report, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Educational Attainment; Geographical Variation; Racial Differences; Regions; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Utilizing data from the NLSY, this special analysis supplements data from three other data sets, the 1940-1980 Censuses, the 1970-1987 CPS, and the 1984 Survey of Income and Program Participation which are used in the main body of the report, to study racial and regional differences among women in educational attainment as measured by AFQT score and educational level. It was found that, regardless of the number of years of schooling, black women scored lower than white women. Regression analyses indicated that: (1) women's test scores rise with education and are lower overall for black women and for women living in the south; and (2) black women score relatively worse at higher, not lower, educational levels. The report concludes that lower educational quality may explain some but not all of the overall black-white differences noted earlier in the report. |
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Bibliography Citation
Commission on Civil Rights. "An Attempt to Measure Differences in the Quality of Education by Race, Region, and Educational Level" In: Economic Status of Black Women: An Exploratory Investigation. Washington DC: Staff Report, 1990
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1308. |
Como, Michael |
Do Happier People Make More Money? An Empirical Study of the Effect of a Person's Happiness on Their Income The Park Place Economist 19,1 (2011): 8. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol19/iss1/8/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU) Keyword(s): Happiness (see Positive Affect/Optimism); Income; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Income Level; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Does happiness affect workers’ incomes? More specifically, do workers who are happier make more money because their happiness levels are higher? Employees who are happy are an asset to their company. Happy employees who become ill recover faster and stay home from work an average of 15 fewer days a year than unhappy employees (Achor, 2010). Happier employees can live up to 10 years longer than their unhappy counterparts. However, statistics indicate that there are a lot of unhappy employees in the work force today (The Economist, 2009). America’s Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that work-related suicides increased by 28% between 2007 and 2008. Between June 2007 and December 2008, the proportion of employees who professed loyalty to their employers slumped from 95% to 39%; the number voicing trust in them fell from 79% to 22%. |
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Bibliography Citation
Como, Michael. "Do Happier People Make More Money? An Empirical Study of the Effect of a Person's Happiness on Their Income." The Park Place Economist 19,1 (2011): 8.
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1309. |
Comolli, Renzo |
The Economics of Sexual Orientation and Racial Perception Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2005. DAI-A 66/11, May 2006. Also: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1031047031&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sexual Orientation; Endogeneity; General Social Survey (GSS); Hispanics; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My dissertation quantifies the impact that the perception of stigmatizing characteristics has on earnings discrimination. Two stigmatizing characteristics are studied: sexual orientation and race. The key finding is that both the perception of sexual orientation and the perception of race are endogenous to the earnings generating process. In order to quantify the wage gap between heterosexuals and lesbians, gays and bisexuals (LGBs), a Mincer-style wage equation is estimated via Maximum Likelihood interval regression using data from the General Social Survey 1988-2002. I find that gay men face a 15% gap compared to heterosexual men, while the wage differential between lesbians and heterosexual women is very close to zero and not statistically significant. It is often claimed that for discrimination against LGBs to take place, the employer needs to know that the employee is LGB. I estimate an endogenous switching model in which wages and the decision whether to disclose sexual orientation to the employer are simultaneously determined. When making the disclosure decision, the employee takes into account both expected discrimination and the psychological costs of non-disclosure. Using data from the Urban Men's Health Survey, I show that gay men who do not disclose their sexual orientation to their employers would face a 16% penalty for doing so. Discrimination against racial minorities too presupposes that the employer has a perception of the employee's race. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey on Youth (NLSY) 1979-2002, I compute for each self-reported racial group (blacks, Hispanics and whites) a measure of the times in which they are perceived as white by NLSY interviewers. Blacks who are perceived as white even only occasionally face a wage gap (with respect to whites) that is less than half of the wage gap that black men who are always perceived as black face. For Hispanics, being always perceived as white eliminates the Hispanic-white wage gap completely. I also show that more educated people, people working in some white collar occupations, and people who are married are more likely to be perceived as white. |
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Bibliography Citation
Comolli, Renzo. The Economics of Sexual Orientation and Racial Perception. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2005. DAI-A 66/11, May 2006.. |
1310. |
Compton, Janice Rhoda Yates |
A Time and Place for Us: Essays on Migration, Time Preferences and Marriage Stability Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington University, 2005. DAI-A 66/07, p. 2652, Jan 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Divorce; Educational Attainment; Husbands, Attitudes; Marital Stability; Migration Patterns; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wives, Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although much of economic theory is based on individual decision making, many major economic outcomes such as marriage, divorce and family location are the result of joint decisions between a husband and wife. In my dissertation I use theoretical and empirical methods to explore how joint and individual characteristics affect couples' decisions. The first essay considers couples' choice of location. Increasingly, both husbands and wives have specialized careers and therefore may be more likely to disagree over where to reside. Previous research has suggested that large MSAs may help solve these disagreements and for this reason, large cities are especially attractive to college educated couples. However, regression analyses using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) suggest that the joint education profile of husband and wife does not affect migration behavior--it is only the education of the husband that matters. The concentration of power couples is better explained by differences in education attainment, assortative mating and divorce patterns by city size. In the second and third chapters I consider the effect of time preference on marriage and divorce, arguing that since marriage is an investment decision, the rate at which one discounts the future is an important predictor of marital stability. In the second chapter, I develop a game theoretic model of divorce with heterogeneous time preferences and temporary shocks. The model predicts that impatient individuals are more likely to divorce and have shorter marriages than patient individuals. Regression results using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are consistent with this finding. In the third chapter, I consider the incentives for, and effects of, assortative mating on time preferences. In contrast to other models of preference-based assortative mating in which "like" couples are less likely to divorce than "mixed" couples, I show that only those "like" couples who are patient enj oy lower divorce probabilities. Positive assortative mating may increase the probability of divorce for impatient individuals. Results from hazard regressions on PSID data are consistent with this hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Compton, Janice Rhoda Yates. A Time and Place for Us: Essays on Migration, Time Preferences and Marriage Stability. Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington University, 2005. DAI-A 66/07, p. 2652, Jan 2006. |
1311. |
Conaway, Carrie L. |
Involuntary Unemployment and Occupational Sex Segregation Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Gender; Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Market Segmentation; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Female; Unemployment; Unions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Occupational sex segregation has been associated with a host of negative labor market outcomes for women. But unlike many other measures, the effects of gender differences in unemployment rates tend to favor women. Women tend to be somewhat less likely to be unemployed than men, and their unemployment spells are less cyclical. Furthermore, men are more likely to become involuntarily unemployed, particularly as part of a temporary layoff. This result is in opposition to many predictions from gender discrimination, queuing, and labor market segmentation theories. I theorize that this may occur because temporary unemployment is seen as a positive outcome, providing leisure and (in some cases) unemployment insurance benefits, and/or because men are trading off employment stability in order to avoid working in "female" occupations. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the relationship between gender, occupational segregation, and unemployment. Across a series of event-history analyses, I find robust evidence that being male and working in a male-dominated occupation are statistically significantly associated with a higher likelihood of temporary, though not permanent, involuntary unemployment. Thus the gendered organization of work appears to have a significant effect on the probability of temporary involuntary unemployment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Conaway, Carrie L. "Involuntary Unemployment and Occupational Sex Segregation." Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2000. |
1312. |
Condon, Meghan Holleque, Matthew |
Entering Politics: General Self-Efficacy and Voting Behavior Among Young People Political Psychology 34,2 (April 2013): 167-181. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pops.12019/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): American National Election Studies (ANES); Mothers, Education; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Political Attitudes/Behaviors/Efficacy; Voting Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Political science traditionally conceptualizes efficacy only in relation to politics and government. In this article, we look beyond political efficacy and examine the effect of general self-efficacy on young adults' voting behavior. General self-efficacy, an individual's estimation of capacity to operate successfully across a variety of domains, is often important to the behavioral decisions of individuals entering a new domain of activity. With data from the Children of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, we examine the effect of general self-efficacy on voting behavior among young, first-time voters. We find that general self-efficacy has a positive effect on voter turnout, and this effect is strongest for young people from low socioeconomic-status families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Condon, Meghan and Matthew Holleque. "Entering Politics: General Self-Efficacy and Voting Behavior Among Young People." Political Psychology 34,2 (April 2013): 167-181.
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1313. |
Congressional Budget Office |
Sources of Support for Adolescent Mothers Washington DC: CBO Publications Office, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Congressional Budget Office Keyword(s): First Birth; Mothers, Adolescent; Teenagers; Welfare Concerns about the economic and social problems of teenage mothers and their children and about the budgetary effects of young parents' reliance on public assistance have made adolescent pregnancy and parenthood increasingly important public policy issues in recent years. This report examines the sources of income, both private and public, used by young mothers and their families. It also evaluates their overall economic well-being and outlines strategies that might be used to address their problems. Although the share of teenage women who give birth each year fell during the 1960s and 1970s and has been stable over the last decade, births to unmarried teenagers have become increasingly common. In 1988, two-thirds of the teenagers giving birth were single, compared with less than one-third in 1970. Because single teenage mothers face greater difficulties than do young married mothers, this trend has worsened the problems associated with adolescent motherhood. Many teenage mothers have severely limited economic resources to support themselves and their families. During their early years of motherhood, nearly half have incomes below the poverty line, and of those who are single and living with only their children, almost 90 percent are poor. Because they generally have few private resources, many adolescent mothers rely on assistance from the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program. About half receive AFDC at some time within five years after first giving birth, but their time on the program is generally short, with half getting benefits for less than one year. |
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Bibliography Citation
Congressional Budget Office. Sources of Support for Adolescent Mothers. Washington DC: CBO Publications Office, 1990. |
1314. |
Conley, Dalton Albright, Karen |
After the Bell: Family Background, Public Policy, and Educational Success New York, NY: Routledge, 2004. Also: http://www.questiaschool.com/read/107504305 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, NLSY97, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Employment, In-School; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Students; Time Use About the Book Since the publication of the Coleman report in the US many decades ago, it has been widely accepted that the evidence that schools are marginal in the grand scheme of academic achievement is conclusive. Despite this, educational policy across the world remains focused almost exclusively on schools. With contributions from such figures as Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Doris Entwistle and Richard Arum this book is an important contribution to a debate that has implications across the board in social sciences and policy-making. It will be required reading for students and academics within sociology, economics and education and should also find a place on the bookshelves of education policy-makers. Contents |
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Bibliography Citation
Conley, Dalton and Karen Albright. After the Bell: Family Background, Public Policy, and Educational Success. New York, NY: Routledge, 2004.. |
1315. |
Connolly, Eric J. |
Further Evaluating the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Antisocial Behavior, and Violent Victimization: A Sibling-Comparison Analysis Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 18,1 (January 2020): 3-23. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1541204019833145 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Bullying/Victimization; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A developing line of research suggests that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase the risk for antisocial behavior and future victimization. However, the mechanisms that underlie this association remain largely speculative. To address this gap in the existing body of research, data on full siblings from a large population-based sample of youth were analyzed to evaluate the direct effect of ACEs on child antisocial behavior, adolescent delinquency, and young adult violent victimization after controlling for familial confounders. Traditional between-family analyses revealed that ACEs were significantly associated with higher levels of childhood antisocial behavior, adolescent delinquent behavior, and risk for violent crime victimization. After controlling for unmeasured common genetic and shared environmental confounds using fixed-effect sibling comparisons, siblings exposed to more ACEs did not demonstrate higher levels of antisocial behavior, delinquent behavior, or risk for future victimization. The implications of these results for future ACEs research are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Connolly, Eric J. "Further Evaluating the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Antisocial Behavior, and Violent Victimization: A Sibling-Comparison Analysis." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 18,1 (January 2020): 3-23.
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1316. |
Connolly, Eric J. Beaver, Kevin M. |
Prenatal Caloric Intake and the Development of Academic Achievement Among U.S. Children From Ages 5 to 14 Child Development 86,6 (November/December 2015): 1738-1758. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdev.12409/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Birth Order; Birthweight; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Genetics; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Kinship; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Mothers, Health; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pre/post Natal Behavior; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Quality; Siblings Few studies have examined the relation between maternal caloric intake during pregnancy and growth in child academic achievement while controlling for important confounding influences. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the current study examined the effects of reduced prenatal caloric intake on growth in scores on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test from ages 5 to 14. While models controlling for within-family covariates showed that prenatal caloric intake was associated with lower reading and mathematical achievement at age 5, models controlling for between-family covariates (such as maternal IQ) and unobserved familial confounders revealed only a statistically significant association between siblings differentially exposed to prenatal caloric intake and mathematical achievement at age 5. |
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Bibliography Citation
Connolly, Eric J. and Kevin M. Beaver. "Prenatal Caloric Intake and the Development of Academic Achievement Among U.S. Children From Ages 5 to 14." Child Development 86,6 (November/December 2015): 1738-1758.
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1317. |
Connolly, Eric J. Schwartz, Joseph A. Jackson, Dylan B. Beaver, Kevin M. |
How Far Does the Apple Fall from the Tree? Maternal Delinquency and Sex-specific Patterns of Offspring Delinquent Behavior Journal of Criminal Justice 54 (January-February 2018): 50-61. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235217305159 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Parental Influences Purpose: Examine whether parental offending is directly associated with male and female offspring patterns of delinquent behavior during adolescence and indirectly associated with risk for criminal conviction in young adulthood. Methods: Latent growth curve models and growth mixture models are estimated using intergenerational data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the effects of maternal offending on rates of growth and distinct trajectories of delinquent behavior in male and female children. Results: The results revealed that maternal offending was associated with higher starting levels and slower rates of decline in delinquent behavior in male and female children. Growth mixture modeling, however, revealed that a four-class solution explained patterns of delinquency in male offspring, while a three-class solution explained patterns of delinquency in female offspring. Multivariate analyses indicated that maternal offending was more strongly associated with male offending classes than female offending classes, with males in the high and slowly declining class and moderate and increasing class demonstrating the highest risk for criminal conviction in young adulthood. Conclusions: Maternal offending is more strongly associated with serious patterns of delinquent behavior and risk for future criminal conviction in male offspring than in female offspring. |
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Bibliography Citation
Connolly, Eric J., Joseph A. Schwartz, Dylan B. Jackson and Kevin M. Beaver. "How Far Does the Apple Fall from the Tree? Maternal Delinquency and Sex-specific Patterns of Offspring Delinquent Behavior." Journal of Criminal Justice 54 (January-February 2018): 50-61.
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1318. |
Connolly, Eric J. Schwartz, Joseph A. Nedelec, Joseph L. Beaver, Kevin M. Barnes, J. C. |
Different Slopes for Different Folks: Genetic Influences on Growth in Delinquent Peer Association and Delinquency During Adolescence Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44,7 (July 2015): 1413-1427. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-015-0299-8/fulltext.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Genetics; Kinship; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An extensive line of research has identified delinquent peer association as a salient environmental risk factor for delinquency, especially during adolescence. While previous research has found moderate-to-strong associations between exposure to delinquent peers and a variety of delinquent behaviors, comparatively less scholarship has focused on the genetic architecture of this association over the course of adolescence. Using a subsample of kinship pairs (N = 2379; 52% female) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth--Child and Young Adult Supplement (CNLSY), the present study examined the extent to which correlated individual differences in starting levels and developmental growth in delinquent peer pressure and self-reported delinquency were explained by additive genetic and environmental influences. Results from a series of biometric growth models revealed that 37% of the variance in correlated growth between delinquent peer pressure and self-reported delinquency was explained by additive genetic effects, while nonshared environmental effects accounted for the remaining 63% of the variance. Implications of these findings for interpreting the nexus between peer effects and adolescent delinquency are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Connolly, Eric J., Joseph A. Schwartz, Joseph L. Nedelec, Kevin M. Beaver and J. C. Barnes. "Different Slopes for Different Folks: Genetic Influences on Growth in Delinquent Peer Association and Delinquency During Adolescence." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44,7 (July 2015): 1413-1427.
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1319. |
Contoyannis, Paul Li, Jinhu |
Family Socio-Economic Status, Childhood Life-Events and the Dynamics of Depression from Adolescence to Early Adulthood Melbourne Institute Working Paper Series No. 11/13, The University of Melbourne, 2013. Also: http://www.melbourneinstitute.com/downloads/working_paper_series/wp2013n11.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Melbourne Institute, Faculty of Business and Economics Keyword(s): Childhood; Children, Mental Health; Depression (see also CESD); Heterogeneity; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper employs a conditional quantile regression approach to examine the roles of family SES, early childhood life-events, unobserved heterogeneity and pure state dependence in explaining the distribution of depression among adolescents and young adults using data on the children of the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 cohort (CNLSY79). Our study also extends previous work by explicitly modelling depression dynamics during adolescence. To estimate dynamic models we integrate the ‘jittering’ approach for estimating conditional quantile models for count data with a recently-developed instrumental variable approach for the estimation of dynamic quantile regression models with fixed effects. |
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Bibliography Citation
Contoyannis, Paul and Jinhu Li. "Family Socio-Economic Status, Childhood Life-Events and the Dynamics of Depression from Adolescence to Early Adulthood." Melbourne Institute Working Paper Series No. 11/13, The University of Melbourne, 2013. |
1320. |
Conwell, Jordan A. Quadlin, Natasha Y. |
Race, Gender, Higher Education, and Socioeconomic Attainment: Evidence from Baby Boomers at Midlife Social Forces 100,3 (March 2022): 990-1024. Also: https://academic.oup.com/sf/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/sf/soab010/6155846 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): College Characteristics; Colleges; Educational Returns; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article investigates White, Black, and Hispanic men's and women's access and midlife labor market returns to college quality. To do so, we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 Cohort (NLSY-79), merged with college quality information from the Barron's Admissions Competitiveness Index. Although prior research has investigated similar dynamics in access and returns to higher education, this work typically excludes Hispanics and does not assess enrollments at community colleges and other less competitive colleges where Black and Hispanic enrollments tend to cluster. We find that Black-White and Hispanic-White differences in college quality, to Whites' advantage, were fully explained or reversed once we accounted for differences in students' backgrounds. At midlife, Hispanic and especially Black men had lower rates of labor force participation than White men who attended colleges of the same quality. Including such differences (i.e., years of no or part-time work) in assessing the earnings returns to college quality demonstrated striking disadvantages facing college-educated Black men relative to White men, which were not fully accounted for by background characteristics. Employment and earnings returns to college quality were not as disparate by race for women. Relative to White women, we find earnings advantages for Hispanic women among those who attended community colleges. This article demonstrates the utility of taking an intersectional and life course approach to the study of higher education and the economic returns to schooling. |
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Bibliography Citation
Conwell, Jordan A. and Natasha Y. Quadlin. "Race, Gender, Higher Education, and Socioeconomic Attainment: Evidence from Baby Boomers at Midlife." Social Forces 100,3 (March 2022): 990-1024.
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1321. |
Conwell, Jordan Andrew Pattillo, Mary |
College Mismatch and Socioeconomic Stratification and Intergenerational Mobility for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): College Characteristics; College Enrollment; Ethnic Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Researchers have recently called attention to the issue of college mismatch – students attending colleges of better quality (overmatch) or worse quality (undermatch) than their academic ability would predict. To date, the literature has reached inconsistent conclusions on whether non-white students are more or less likely than white students to mismatch. Further, studies have not investigated whether variations in college mismatch by race affect later socioeconomic stratification and intergenerational mobility by race. In this study, we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to determine whether blacks and Hispanics were more or less likely than whites to attend a mismatched college and whether and how mismatch affected college-goers' socioeconomic life courses. Compared to whites, blacks and Hispanics were significantly more likely to overmatch and significantly less likely to undermatch in their college enrollments – consistent with the functioning of an affirmative action mechanism. College overmatch and undermatch had significant effects on college-goers' educational attainment, income earned after age 25, and intergenerational educational mobility from parents' years of schooling completed. Undermatching had negative effects on these outcomes, and overmatching had positive effects. Mismatch did not significantly affect college-goers' intergenerational income mobility from their parents' income rank. For many outcomes, compared to whites, non-white students received significantly higher positive returns to matching, significantly worse penalties for undermatching, and comparably high positive returns to overmatching. Our study adds college mismatch to understandings of higher education's role in processes of stratification and mobility and contributes to debates regarding affirmative action. |
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Bibliography Citation
Conwell, Jordan Andrew and Mary Pattillo. "College Mismatch and Socioeconomic Stratification and Intergenerational Mobility for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
1322. |
Cook, Judith A. Grey, Dennis |
Child Care Arrangements Among Adolescent and Young Adult Parents: Findings from a National Survey Presented: San Antonio, TX, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1984 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Child Care; Family Influences; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purposes of this study are to identify the characteristics related to use of a particular type of caretaker (in this case a relative or nonrelative) in families with preschool children. This involves the use of a model to explain the child care choices of employed mothers of preschoolers in the years 1967 and 1971 by Richard Shortlidge, and applying this model to data from the 1978 NLS of Young Women and the 1982 NLSY. This analysis identifies age, race, sex, family composition, and region of residence as important variables. The model first demonstrates that characteristics of family composition are major influences on the nature of child care arrangements. Some household characteristics, such as the presence of a spouse or an adult, represent a family's child care resources, while others, such as the presence of both an infant and preschooler, signify additional child care responsibilities. A second finding was that the model works better to explain the child care cho ices of females than it does for males, more likely because of the strong emphasis on women's role as child caretaker in American society. Third, differences exist in predicting the child care choices of females by age at first birth. Female teenagers at birth are more constrained in their child care choices by the presence of a parent to care for the child, their region of residence and city size, and the need to arrange child care for both an infant and preschoolers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cook, Judith A. and Dennis Grey. "Child Care Arrangements Among Adolescent and Young Adult Parents: Findings from a National Survey." Presented: San Antonio, TX, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1984. |
1323. |
Cook, Philip J. Moore, Michael J. |
Drinking and Schooling Journal of Health Economics 12,4 (December 1993): 411-430. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016762969390003W Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; College Education; College Graduates; Endogeneity; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Schooling; Taxes This study employs the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to explore the effect of youthful drinking on the likelihood of college matriculation and graduation. The study finds that students who drink heavily in high school are less likely than their peers to eventually graduate from college. But the proper interpretation of the result is not clear, since high school drinking decisions are strongly influenced by aspirations for higher education. This endogeneity problem is circumvented by estimating "reduced-form" equations that relate state beer taxes and minimum drinking age to the likelihood of obtaining a college degree. The results indicate that other things equal, students who spend their high school years in states with relatively high taxes and minimum age are more likely to graduate from college. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cook, Philip J. and Michael J. Moore. "Drinking and Schooling." Journal of Health Economics 12,4 (December 1993): 411-430.
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1324. |
Cook, Philip J. Moore, Michael J. |
Environment and Persistence in Youthful Drinking Patterns In: Risky Behavior Among Youths: An Economic Analysis. J. Gruber, ed. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2001: pp. 375-437 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Substance Use; Taxes Provides evidence on the influence of the minimum purchase age and the beer excise task on youthful drinking, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 1982-85 and 1988-89. The authors find that the estimated effects of excise taxes are sensitive to specification, and they argue that increasing these taxes would reduce the prevalence of binge drinking. The authors present some descriptive statistics on how much American adolescents drink and how their use of alcohol compared with that of their counterparts in other countries. They then analyze the 25-yr trend in drinking and binging prevalence by high school seniors in the US. The similarity between this teen-drinking time profile and the time profile of adult per capita alcohol consumption suggests that the drinking decisions of teens are influence by adult drinking behavior. The authors then discuss the determinants of drinking by young adults, influencing the influence of the alcohol excise tax on alcohol abuse. Results on the persistence of youthful drinking are described with findings that suggest that alcohol availability at age 14 influences the likelihood of binging as an adult. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Cook, Philip J. and Michael J. Moore. "Environment and Persistence in Youthful Drinking Patterns" In: Risky Behavior Among Youths: An Economic Analysis. J. Gruber, ed. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2001: pp. 375-437
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1325. |
Cook, Philip J. Peters, Bethany Lynn |
The Myth of the Drinker's Bonus NBER Working Paper No. 11902, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11902.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Endogeneity; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Human Capital; Labor Market Demographics; Morbidity; Occupational Choice; Training, On-the-Job; Wages Drinkers earn more than non-drinkers, even after controlling for human capital and local labor market conditions. Several mechanisms by which drinking could increase productivity have been proposed but are unconfirmed; the more obvious mechanisms predict the opposite, that drinking can impair productivity. In this paper we reproduce the positive association between drinking and earnings, using data for adults age 27-34 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979). Since drinking is endogenous in this relationship, we then estimate a reduced-form equation, with alcohol prices (proxied by a new index of excise taxes) replacing the drinking variables. We find strong evidence that the prevalence of full-time work increases with alcohol prices -- suggesting that a reduction in drinking increases the labor supply. We also demonstrate some evidence of a positive association between alcohol prices and the earnings of full-time workers. We conclude that most likely the positive association between drinking and earnings is the result of the fact that ethanol is a normal commodity, the consumption of which increases with income, rather than an elixer that enhances productivity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cook, Philip J. and Bethany Lynn Peters. "The Myth of the Drinker's Bonus." NBER Working Paper No. 11902, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. |
1326. |
Cook, Steven T. Delgado, Enilda Arbona |
Coping With a Pre-Maritally Conceived Birth Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; College Enrollment; Family Structure; Financial Assistance; High School Completion/Graduates; Marital Status; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Births that occur to young women, especially those which are conceived before first marriage, will likely result in difficult decisions about where and with whom she should live, and how she should support herself and her child. These decisions will likely be influenced by personal characteristics of the young mother and her living arrangements before the conception. We use data from the 1979-1992 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to examine the distributions of living arrangements and financial support arrangement of young women after a premaritally conceived birth. We also model the effects of pre-conception characteristics on post-birth outcomes using multinomial logistic regressions. Our findings show that minority status, and coming from a non-intact family tend to reduce the likelihood of marriage after a premarital conception, and reduce the private financial resources available to the new mother. High school graduation and college attendance, on the othe r hand, increase the likelihood of staying off welfare. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cook, Steven T. and Enilda Arbona Delgado. "Coping With a Pre-Maritally Conceived Birth." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998. |
1327. |
Cook, Steven T. Delgado, Enilda Arbona Sandefur, Gary D. |
Coping with a Premaritally-Conceived Birth CDE Working Paper No. 98-18, Center for Demography and Ecology, 1998. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu:80/cde/cdewp/98-18ab.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Demography and Ecology Keyword(s): Childbearing; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cohabitation; Economic Well-Being; Fertility; Marital Stability; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Race; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Residence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Births that are conceived before a first marriage result in difficult decisions about where and with whom the mother should live, and how she should support herself and her child. These decisions are influenced by personal characteristics of the young mother and by her living arrangements and activities before the conception. We use data from the 1979-1992 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to examine the distributions of living arrangements and the economic wellbeing of young women after a birth that results from a premarital pregnancy. Our findings show that approximately 37 percent of the young women who have such births live with their husbands in the year following the birth, while 1/3 live with their parents, 12 percent cohabit, and 18 percent are on their own and unmarried. Race, education, living arrangements prior to conception, and other characteristics of the mothers are associated with living arrangements and economic wellbeing after the birth has occurred. Available on-line only. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cook, Steven T., Enilda Arbona Delgado and Gary D. Sandefur. "Coping with a Premaritally-Conceived Birth." CDE Working Paper No. 98-18, Center for Demography and Ecology, 1998. |
1328. |
Cooke, Roger M. Joe, Harry Chang, Bo |
Vine Copula Regression for Observational Studies AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis published online (5 June 2019): DOI: 10.1007/s10182-019-00353-5. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10182-019-00353-5 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; I.Q.; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Statistical Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. If explanatory variables and a response variable of interest are simultaneously observed, then fitting a joint multivariate density to all variables would enable prediction via conditional distributions. Regular vines or vine copulas with arbitrary univariate margins provide a rich and flexible class of multivariate densities for Gaussian or non-Gaussian dependence structures. The density enables calculation of all regression functions for any subset of variables conditional on any disjoint set of variables, thereby avoiding issues of transformations, heteroscedasticity, interactions, and higher-order terms. Only the question of finding an adequate vine copula remains. Heteroscedastic prediction inferences based on vine copulas are illustrated with two data sets, including one from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth relating breastfeeding to IQ. Some usual methods based on linear and quadratic equations are shown to have some undesirable inferences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooke, Roger M., Harry Joe and Bo Chang. "Vine Copula Regression for Observational Studies." AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis published online (5 June 2019): DOI: 10.1007/s10182-019-00353-5.
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1329. |
Cooke, Roger M. Joe, Harry Chang, Bo |
Vine Regression with Bayes Nets: A Critical Comparison with Traditional Approaches Based on a Case Study on the Effects of Breastfeeding on IQ Risk Analysis published online (13 February 2021): DOI: 10.1111/risa.13695. Also: https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13695 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Bayesian; Breastfeeding; I.Q.; Statistical Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Regular vines (R‐vines) copulas build high dimensional joint densities from arbitrary one‐dimensional margins and (conditional) bivariate copula densities. Vine densities enable the computation of all conditional distributions, though the calculations can be numerically intensive. Saturated continuous nonparametric Bayes nets (CNPBN) are regular vines. Computing regression functions from the vine copula density is termed vine regression. The epicycles of regression--including/excluding covariates, interactions, higher order terms, multicollinearity, model fit, transformations, heteroscedasticity, bias--are dispelled. One simply computes the regressions from the vine copula density. Only the question of finding an adequate vine copula remains. Vine regression is applied to a data set from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth relating breastfeeding to IQ. The expected effects of breastfeeding on IQ depend on IQ, on the baseline level of breastfeeding, on the duration of additional breastfeeding and on the values of other covariates. A child given two weeks breastfeeding can expect to increase his/her IQ by 1.5-2 IQ points by adding 10 weeks of breastfeeding, depending on values of other covariates. A child given two years breastfeeding can expect to gain from 0.48-0.65 IQ points from 10 additional weeks. Adding 10 weeks breastfeeding to each of the 3,179 children in this data set has a net present value $50,700,000 according to the Bayes net, compared to $29,000,000 according to the linear regression. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooke, Roger M., Harry Joe and Bo Chang. "Vine Regression with Bayes Nets: A Critical Comparison with Traditional Approaches Based on a Case Study on the Effects of Breastfeeding on IQ." Risk Analysis published online (13 February 2021): DOI: 10.1111/risa.13695.
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1330. |
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Consequences of Young Mothers' Marital Histories for Children's Cognitive Development Journal of Marriage and Family 59,2 (May 1997): 245-261. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353468 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Cognitive Development; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Adolescent; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Studies; Self-Esteem The research attention paid to adolescent parents and their children stems, in part, from a concern over potentially missed opportunities and hence curtailed achievement for young parents and a worry that this will increase the odds of poor developmental outcomes for children Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this article focuses on marital histories of young mothers and whether the family structure into which children of young mothers arc born and the stability of that arrangement during the child's life affect his or her academic abilities during early school years Is the marital bond important for children? Do changes in a mother's marital status influence child development? And most importantly, if so, what is the process through which marital history affects child cognitive development? Results suggest children of young mothers are affected by marital histories although children born and raised within continuously married families do not always s how significantly better academic outcomes. Nonmarital childbearing is negatively associated with cognitive performance but affects children primarily through human economic and social resources. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. "Consequences of Young Mothers' Marital Histories for Children's Cognitive Development." Journal of Marriage and Family 59,2 (May 1997): 245-261.
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1331. |
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Factors in the Resolution of Adolescent Premarital Pregnancies Demography 27,2 (May 1990): 207-218. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/bl7j9202kw04rk32/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Fertility; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the NLSY, this paper examines factors influencing the pregnancy resolution decision of premaritally pregnant teenagers. Three possible outcomes, bearing the child out-of-wedlock, legitimizing the child through marriage, or aborting, are analyzed. The effects of such factors as family structure, age at conception, race, parental education, mothers' employment, number of siblings, and religious affiliation on each pregnancy resolution decision are explored. Significant racial differences were found for the three outcomes studied and higher educational attainment levels were associated with pregnancy termination. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. "Factors in the Resolution of Adolescent Premarital Pregnancies." Demography 27,2 (May 1990): 207-218.
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1332. |
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Outcome of Adolescent First Premarital Pregnancies: The Influence of Family Background Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University, 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Background and Culture; First Birth; Household Composition; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Simultaneity; Variables, Independent - Covariate This research focuses upon how aspects of family background influence how adolescents in the United States resolve a first premarital pregnancy. Comparatively sparse attention has been paid to adolescent premarital pregnancy resolution, and previous studies that have addressed the issue have been flawed by a number of common problems. Often all three choices (abortion, out-of-wedlock parenthood, or marriage to legitimate the birth) have not been modelled as separate outcomes, and when thvis has been done, the data used have not been from a national sample precluding nationwide generalizability of results. In this research, data from the NLSY are utilized which provide a sufficiently large case base, and a diversity of racial/ethnic, religious and family structure backgrounds. Most importantly, these data reflect a conscious effort to collect quality abortion reports and thus enable the three pregnancy outcome choices to be segregated from one another, but simultaneously modelled. Pregnancies occurring between February 1973 and March 1982 are included in the analysis. Multinomial logistic regression is performed to analyze these data since the dependent variable of pregnancy outcome is comprised of three categories. The independent variables utilized (age at first conception, religious affiliation, race/ethnicity, parental education, family structure, and number of siblings), measure a number of family background characteristics hypothesized to effect how the adolescent resolves her first premarital pregnancy. All of the predictor variables (excluding religious affiliation when not modelled as part of an interaction term with race/ethnicity) were found to be significant predictors of adolescent premarital pregnancy resolution. Some, for example, race/ethnicity, parental education and number of siblings, were found to be especially powerful. The findings of this study may be put to good use in helping to pinpoint areas where services such as counselling to aborters, and provision of advice, and material goods to adolescent parents may be best provided. [UMI ADG88-22487] |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. Outcome of Adolescent First Premarital Pregnancies: The Influence of Family Background. Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University, 1988. |
1333. |
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) to Conduct Life Course Analyses In: Handbook of Life Course Health Development. N. Halfon, C. Forrest, R. Lerner and E. Faustman, eds. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) are a set of three separate US cohorts. Two of the cohorts, the NLSY79 and the NLSY97, are nationally representative, while the third, the NLSY79 Child and Young Adult cohort, follows the offspring born to female NLSY79 respondents. The NLSY79 began data collection in 1979 from an initial sample of 12,686 young men and women born between 1957 and 1964; the NLSY97 cohort, an initial group of 8984 young people born between 1980 and 1984, was first interviewed in 1997. Both the NLSY79 and NLSY97 cohorts have been interviewed annually or biennially since their inceptions. NLSY79 Child data were first obtained in 1986, when 4971 children were interviewed. Over 11,000 children have been born in total. The children have been regularly interviewed and/or assessed since 1986, many of them through their teens into their young adult years. Data for all three cohorts are remarkably suited for life course analysis due to the breadth of topical areas included in the interviews: health, education, employment, household information, family background, marital history, childcare, income and assets, attitudes, substance use, and criminal activity. The NLSY data also provide opportunities for multi-generational and kinship research. Data on health and recent research using NLSY health data are a focus of this chapter. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. "Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) to Conduct Life Course Analyses" In: Handbook of Life Course Health Development. N. Halfon, C. Forrest, R. Lerner and E. Faustman, eds. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018
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1334. |
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. Joshi, Heather Verropoulou, Georgia |
Does Mothers' Employment Affect Children's Development: Evidence from the Children of the British 1970 Birth Cohort and the American NLSY79 Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 1,1 (May 2009): 95-115 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Longview Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); British Cohort Study (BCS); Child Care; Child Health; Family Structure; Job Characteristics; Maternal Employment; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background The increasing employment of mothers of young children in the UK and the USA is widely believed to affect children adversely. Maternity leave and part-time employment, more common in the UK than the US, are possible offsets. Methods This paper analyses the cognitive and behavioural development of school-aged children by maternal employment before the child's first birthday. Data come from the second generation of two cohort studies: the 1970 British Birth Cohort Study (BCS70) and the US 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth Child (NLSY79). Both contain several outcomes per child, in some cases several children per mother. The hierarchical structure is tackled by multi-level modelling. Each data set supplies a good array of controls for confounding variables (such as maternal education and ability, family history) which may affect labour market participation. Results Similar to other studies, results are mixed and modest. Only two out of five US estimates of maternal employment in the child's first year have a significant (0.05 level) coefficient on child development – negative for reading comprehension, positive for freedom from internalized behaviour problems. None of the estimates were significant for four child outcomes modelled in Britain. Conclusions Despite public opinion to the contrary, our study finds little evidence of harm to school-age children from maternal employment during a child's infancy, especially if employment is part-time, and in a context, such as Britain in the 1990s, where several months of maternity leave is the norm. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooksey, Elizabeth C., Heather Joshi and Georgia Verropoulou. "Does Mothers' Employment Affect Children's Development: Evidence from the Children of the British 1970 Birth Cohort and the American NLSY79." Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 1,1 (May 2009): 95-115.
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1335. |
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. Karnehm, Amy Lynn |
Children of Young Mothers: The Effect of Mother's Marital Status on Children's Behavior Presented: Los Angeles, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Health; Children, Behavioral Development; Marital Status; Mothers, Adolescent; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. and Amy Lynn Karnehm. "Children of Young Mothers: The Effect of Mother's Marital Status on Children's Behavior." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1994. |
1336. |
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Jekielek, Susan Marie |
Children's Behavior Problems: Effects of Current Conditions and Maternal Resources Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Bias Decomposition; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Human Capital; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooksey, Elizabeth C., Elizabeth G. Menaghan and Susan Marie Jekielek. "Children's Behavior Problems: Effects of Current Conditions and Maternal Resources." Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1996. |
1337. |
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Jekielek, Susan Marie |
Life-Course Effects of Work and Family Circumstances on Children Social Forces 76,2 (December 1997): 637-665. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2580727 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children; Children, Well-Being; Deviance; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Human Capital; Life Course; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. How do work and family circumstances shape young children's emotional well-being and behavior? To what extent can parental resources act as buffers against adverse effects? We investigate these questions using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for a synthetic cohort of 2,342 six- and seven-year-old children born to a national cohort of young women between 1979 and 1984. As suggested by a life-course perspective, both maternal resources and current family and parental employment conditions directly impact children's behavior problems. Maternal resources also have indirect effects through current work and family circumstances. Our results suggest that improvements in current work and family circumstances can enhance children's wellbeing, even for children whose mothers have poorer emotional and cognitive resources. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooksey, Elizabeth C., Elizabeth G. Menaghan and Susan Marie Jekielek. "Life-Course Effects of Work and Family Circumstances on Children." Social Forces 76,2 (December 1997): 637-665.
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1338. |
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. Mott, Frank L. Neubauer, Stefanie A. |
Friendships and Early Relationships: Links to Sexual Invitation among American Adolescents Born to Young Mothers Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34, 3 (2002): 118-126. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12137125 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Age at First Birth; Bias Decomposition; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Dating; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. CONTEXT: Preadolescent friendships and early teenage dating relationships have implications for adolescent sexual initiation that may differ by race and gender. METHODS: Data on participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and their children are used to profile friendship and dating patterns among a sample of youth born to relatively young mothers. Logistic regression analyses examine whether these patterns predict early sexual initiation, and whether there are differences associated with gender and race. RESULTS: As youth moved from late childhood to midadolescence, they shifted from having almost exclusively same-sex, same-grade friends to having more relationships with persons who are of the opposite sex and older. By ages 15-16, 34% had had sexual intercourse; the proportion was significantly higher among blacks (45%) than among others (31%). Most adolescents reported neither frequent dating nor a steady partner by ages 15-16, although the prevaleance of such reports was related to friendship patterns in late childhood. Twelve percent of youth who initiated sex in early adolescence did so outside of a dating relationship. For most subgroups examined, the odds of initiating intercourse during early adolescence were associated with going steady, but not with frequency of dating. CONCLUSIONS: Prior social networking is an important element in predicting early sexual activity. Overall, youth whose mothers gave birth at young ages remain sexually inexperienced into middle adolescence, but certain subgroups are more likely than others to initiate early sexual activity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooksey, Elizabeth C., Frank L. Mott and Stefanie A. Neubauer. "Friendships and Early Relationships: Links to Sexual Invitation among American Adolescents Born to Young Mothers." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34, 3 (2002): 118-126.
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1339. |
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. Mott, Frank L. Neubauer, Stefanie A. |
Relationship Trajectories Among American Adolescents Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Experiences/Virginity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. INTRODUCTION EXCERPT: In this research, we focus on the role that friendship groups and relationship patterns in middle childhood and early adolescence might play in either speeding up or delaying sexual debut. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) mother and child data bases, we profile the gender and age balance of friendship groups, and the nature and intensity of heterosexual relationships as youth mature from middle childhood through the early adolescent years. We then explore whether or not these early friendship and relationship patterns appear linked through differential tendencies to become sexually active. Are there distinctly normative progression pathways in early adolescent relationships? Is there evidence that early sexual activity may be linked with distinctly non-normative prior friendship and relationship patterns? In our explorations, we play close attention to variations between boys and girls, and between black, non-Hispanic white and Hispanic youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooksey, Elizabeth C., Frank L. Mott and Stefanie A. Neubauer. "Relationship Trajectories Among American Adolescents." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2000. |
1340. |
Cooley, Marcia L. Unger, Donald G. |
The Role of Family Support in Determining Developmental Outcomes in Children of Teen Mothers Child Psychiatry and Human Development 21,3 (Spring 1991): 217-234. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/w18608nx0g5j5427/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Behavioral Publications Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Child Development; Contraception; Family Influences; Grandmothers; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Motherhood; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Support Networks; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In-depth interview data obtained in 1986 from 338 black and white mothers who had born children 6-7 years earlier when they were teenagers (14-19) reveal that such children tend to be impaired developmentally compared to children of older mothers. Since family support has frequently been proposed as a mediator of the stress that teen parents experience, data on the mothers gathered as part of the NLSY (1979-1986) are analyzed to investigate the role of family support factors and maternal characteristics in relation to children's developmental outcomes. Two models outlining the role of partner and grandmother family support are proposed to explain the process by which child development occurs within the family contexts of teen families. Implications of the results for intervention are discussed. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.] |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooley, Marcia L. and Donald G. Unger. "The Role of Family Support in Determining Developmental Outcomes in Children of Teen Mothers." Child Psychiatry and Human Development 21,3 (Spring 1991): 217-234.
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1341. |
Cooper, Daniel H. Luengo-Prado, Maria Jose |
Household Formation over Time: Evidence from Two Cohorts of Young Adults Working Paper No. 16-17, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, February 2017. Also: https://www.bostonfed.org/publications/research-department-working-paper/2016/household-formation-over-time-evidence-from-two-cohorts-of-young-adults.aspx Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Keyword(s): Household Composition; Residence, Return to Parental Home/Delayed Homeleaving Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper analyzes household formation in the United States using data from two cohorts of the national Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY)--the 1979 cohort and the 1997 cohort. The analysis focuses on how various demographic and economic factors impact household formation both within cohorts and over time across cohorts. The results show that there are substantial differences over time in the share of young adults living with their parents. Differences in housing costs and business-cycle conditions can explain up to 70 percent of the difference in household-formation rates across cohorts. Shifting attitudes toward co-habitation with parents and changes in parenting styles also play a role. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooper, Daniel H. and Maria Jose Luengo-Prado. "Household Formation over Time: Evidence from Two Cohorts of Young Adults." Working Paper No. 16-17, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, February 2017. |
1342. |
Cooper, Daniel H. Luengo-Prado, Maria Jose |
Household Formation over Time: Evidence from Two Cohorts of Young Adults Journal of Housing Economics 41 (September 2018): 106-123. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1051137717303108 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Household Composition; Parenting Skills/Styles; Residence, Return to Parental Home/Delayed Homeleaving This paper examines how various demographic and economic factors impact household formation both within and across cohorts. The results show substantial differences in the share of young adults living with their parents over time. Differences in demographics, housing costs, and business-cycle conditions can explain as much as 70 percent of the difference in household-formation rates across cohorts, a result driven in large part by increased sensitivity of young adults' household-formation decisions to economic conditions. Changes in parenting styles and shifting social norms likely also play roles. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooper, Daniel H. and Maria Jose Luengo-Prado. "Household Formation over Time: Evidence from Two Cohorts of Young Adults." Journal of Housing Economics 41 (September 2018): 106-123.
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1343. |
Cooper, Jackie |
Employee Mental Health Strained By Temp Work Medical New Today, 12 Aug 2009: pg. Also: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160396.php Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MediLexicon International Ltd. Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Employment; Employment, Part-Time; Labor Supply; Work, Atypical; Work, Contingent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The paper, "Contingent Work and Depressive Symptoms: Contribution of Health Selection and Moderating Effects of Employment Status", by AMÉLIE QUESNEL-VALLÉE, was presented August 9, 2009 at the American Sociological Association's 104th annual meeting. Workers hired for temporary, contract, casual or fixed-term positions are at risk for increased mental health problems, according to research presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association. "Temporary workers - those lacking long-term, stable employment - seem to be susceptible to declining mental health for as long as they continue to work in these so-called 'disposable' or 'second class' jobs," said Amélie Quesnel-Vallée, a medical sociologist at McGill University and the study's primary investigator. "This research shows that temporary work strains employee mental health, as contingent workers report more symptoms of depression and psychological distress than similarly employed workers who are not in these fixed-term positions." As of 2005, about 4.1 percent of the U.S. workforce - 5.7 million American workers - held a position they believed to be temporary, according to the most recent data available from the Current Population Survey. "These findings should be of particular interest for employers as they consider the long-term or global health impact of relying on a contingent workforce to meet current or future employment needs," said Quesnel-Vallée. The research team analyzed a sample of longitudinal records collected biennially between 1992 and 2002 from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). The NLSY79 is a survey of men and women born between 1957 and 1964 who were interviewed annually from 1979 to 1994, and biennially thereafter. The research team considered respondents' contingent (temporary) work status, depressive symptoms scores, poverty level and educational attainment. Results are considered representative of the general middle-aged U.S. working population. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooper, Jackie. "Employee Mental Health Strained By Temp Work." Medical New Today, 12 Aug 2009: pg. |
1344. |
Cooper, Joyce M. Richard |
Migration and Market Wage Risk Journal of Regional Science 34,4 (November 1994): 563-582. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1994.tb00883.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Human Capital; Migration; Modeling, Probit; Wage Dynamics This paper departs from the human capital tradition in the migration literature by formalizing the market- specific information contained in wages along the lines suggested by Phelp's (1969) 'island parable' of search. It allows us to incorporate the role of market wage variability as a source of information in individual migration decisions. A linear approximation to the expected utility comparison that migrants make is used to formulate a probit specification of the move or stay decision conditional on origin market and individual characteristics. The focus here is on quantifying the effects of the origin market acting through amenities and the share of market-specific wage variability as it affects forecasts of alternative wages and forecast precision. A subsample of employed males, not in school or in the military, from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLS) ages 16 to 22 yr. is used for estimation. The empirical results are consistent with the theoretically predicted relationship between migration propensities and regional differences in the information content of wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cooper, Joyce M. Richard. "Migration and Market Wage Risk." Journal of Regional Science 34,4 (November 1994): 563-582.
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1345. |
Corcoran, Mary E. Loeb, Susanna |
Will Wages Grow with Experience for Welfare Mothers? Focus 20,2 (Spring 1999): 20-21. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/focus.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Diploma; Mothers; Part-Time Work; Skilled Workers; Wage Growth; Welfare; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It appears that wages grow little for welfare recipients over time, especially for those whose skills and circumstances place them among the most disadvantaged. But welfare recipients work far fewer years than do nonrecipients, and it is not clear whether their low rates of wage growth with age are due to more meager work experience or to lower returns to that experience. Will more time working, as the new welfare regimes require, bring better jobs and higher wages? Research on work experience and women's wages consistently finds that wages grow with work experience, that prolonged periods of joblessness lower women's wages, and that wage growth is lower when work experience is part time. Welfare mothers not only have less work experience than other women, but often work part time. These factors in themselves could lead to lower wage growth over time even if returns to experience are the same for recipients and nonrecipients. |
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Bibliography Citation
Corcoran, Mary E. and Susanna Loeb. "Will Wages Grow with Experience for Welfare Mothers?" Focus 20,2 (Spring 1999): 20-21.
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1346. |
Cordero-Guzman, Hector Ruben |
Cognitive Skills, Test Scores, and Social Stratification: The Role of Family and School-Level Resources on Racial/Ethnic Differences in Scores on Standardized Tests (AFQT) Review of Black Political Economy 28,4 (Spring 2001): 31-71. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/9k0tl8rg15yr60ad/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Transaction Publishers Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; Family Resources; Minorities; Parental Investments; Racial Differences; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Quality; Social Capital; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Argues that lower scores by minorities on the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) is largely due to their lack of access to the material resources, social investments, and exposure to values, experiences, and networks of the white upper middle class; based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). In this paper I have shown that scores on the AFQT are a function of family and school level material resources and investments on individual development. The AFQT is not a measure of “intelligence (IQ),” “ability,” or “cognitive skills.” The AFQT is in large part a measure of access to material resources, social investments, and exposure to the values, experiences, and networks of the white upper middle class. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cordero-Guzman, Hector Ruben. "Cognitive Skills, Test Scores, and Social Stratification: The Role of Family and School-Level Resources on Racial/Ethnic Differences in Scores on Standardized Tests (AFQT)." Review of Black Political Economy 28,4 (Spring 2001): 31-71.
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1347. |
Cordero-Guzman, Hector Ruben |
Educational Attainment, Labor Force Participation and the Wages of White, African-American, Mexican-American, Puerto Rican, and Other Hispanic Young Males During the 1980's Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Employment, Youth; Ethnic Studies; Hispanics; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics; Minorities, Youth; Racial Studies; Wage Determination; Wage Differentials; Wage Growth This dissertation is intended as a theoretical and empirical contribution to the social science literature on education, employment, and wage determination. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) I analyze patterns of educational attainment, labor force participation and wages for a cohort of white, African-American, Mexican-American, Puerto Rican, and Other Hispanic young males and I estimate the relative importance of individual, family, school, community, and labor market level factors on each of these outcomes. I examine the process of educational attainment as a function of various individual, family, and school level characteristics and find that ethnic disparities in educational attainment are partly attributable to differences in family and school level resources. I then explore patterns of entry into the labor force and find that racial/ethnic/ national origin differences are attributable not only to disparities in education but also to differences in the effects of labor market and community level characteristics. My analysis of wages reveals that ethnic differences are attributable not only to disparities in educational attainment but also to divergence in the process of entry into the labor force and in the characteristics of the labor markets where minorities concentrate. The central theoretical point of this thesis is that to account for and explain differences in educational attainment, labor force participation, and wage growth, social science research on stratification needs to analyze not only individual level attributes but also social disparities in material and cultural resources, differences in institutional practices, and differences in the structural level conditions that set the parameters under which individuals operate. From a public policy perspective our approach suggests that solutions to the unique disadvantages of minority youth must be anchored in a detailed analysis of the connection between the individual, structural, and temporal dimensions of stratification. Solutions that reduce the nature of the educational and labor market difficulties of minority youth to putative individual inadequacies, inefficiencies, attitudes, and cultural deficits are bound to fail because |
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Bibliography Citation
Cordero-Guzman, Hector Ruben. Educational Attainment, Labor Force Participation and the Wages of White, African-American, Mexican-American, Puerto Rican, and Other Hispanic Young Males During the 1980's. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 1995. |
1348. |
Cordes, Joseph J. Goldfarb, Robert S. |
Decreasing the 'Bad' for Mixed Public Goods and Bads: The Case of Public Sculpture Eastern Economic Journal 33,2 (Spring 2007): 159-176. Also: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/eej/journal/v33/n2/abs/eej200715a.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Family Background and Culture; Private Schools; Public Schools; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Quality; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience for Youth are used to estimate the private school test score advantage. Regression results indicate that those who attend private schools score higher on the Armed Forces Qualifications Test. However, this advantage loses statistical significance with controls for family and school background. Decomposition of the private-public test score difference indicates that 78 percent of the gap can be explained by differences in average characteristics. Broken down further, 45 percent of the gap is due to differences in family background and 26 percent is due to differences in school quality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cordes, Joseph J. and Robert S. Goldfarb. "Decreasing the 'Bad' for Mixed Public Goods and Bads: The Case of Public Sculpture ." Eastern Economic Journal 33,2 (Spring 2007): 159-176.
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1349. |
Cornell, Tim |
Study: Working Moms Don't Spoil the Child with Day Care; Study Finds Kids With Working Moms Do Fine Boston Herald, March 1, 1999, News; Pg. 001 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Boston Herald Keyword(s): Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Employment; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on Elizabeth Harvey's study of the relationship between maternal employment and child development. The study, which utilizes NLSY79 and Children of the NLSY79 data, found that there was "no difference between children whose mothers were employed versus children whose mothers were not employed during the first three years." |
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Bibliography Citation
Cornell, Tim. "Study: Working Moms Don't Spoil the Child with Day Care; Study Finds Kids With Working Moms Do Fine." Boston Herald, March 1, 1999, News; Pg. 001. |
1350. |
Corwyn, Robert Flynn |
Factor Structure of Global Self-Esteem among Adolescents and Adults Journal of Research in Personality 34,4 (December 2000): 357-379 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Women The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965). Despite its frequent use, the factor structure of the RSES remains unclear. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the CFA approach to analyzing multitrait-multimethod data were used to evaluate eight competing models of the factor structure of the RSES. The models were evaluated within three diverse samples and two follow-up surveys. The results of this study indicate that the RSES is a unidimensional construct that is contaminated by a method effect primarily associated with negatively worked items. These results were found in both adolescents and adults. Moreover, the results found support for the hypothesis that the method effects diminish with increased verbal ability. The theoretical and methodological implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. |
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Bibliography Citation
Corwyn, Robert Flynn. "Factor Structure of Global Self-Esteem among Adolescents and Adults." Journal of Research in Personality 34,4 (December 2000): 357-379.
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1351. |
Cotter, David A. |
Gender Differences in Labor Force Participation: Multilevel Analyses Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study, we utilize multilevel techniques to analyze the effect of the demand for female labor on gender differences in labor force participation across metropolitan area (MA) labor markets after controlling for micro-level factors known to influence participation. We develop measures of the gendered demand for labor by indexing the degree to which the occupations in a labor market are skewed toward usually male or female occupations. Logistic regression techniques are used to compute standard micro-level models of labor force participation for young adults from the NLSY and 1990 PUMS. We then test to what extent gender differences in labor force participation co-vary with our measure of the demand for female labor across MAs. In both the NLSY and PUMS data, a higher demand for female labor is significantly related to a smaller gender penalty in the odds of labor force participation, even after extensive micro controls. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cotter, David A. "Gender Differences in Labor Force Participation: Multilevel Analyses." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 1999. |
1352. |
Cotter, David A. Hermsen, Joan M. Vanneman, Reeve |
The Effects of Occupational Gender Segregation Across Race Sociological Quarterly 44,1 (Winter 2003): 17-36. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2003.tb02389.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Ethnic Studies; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Labor Market Segmentation; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Sex Roles; Sexual Division of Labor; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The general relationship between occupational gender segregation and earnings inequality is well documented, although few studies have examined the relationship separately by race/ethnicity. This article investigates occupational gender segregation effects across whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. In addition, we explore two ways in which segregation may affect earnings: (1) by lowering the earnings of workers in female-dominated occupations and (2) by lowering the earnings of all workers in highly segregated labor markets. Our central findings are that both segregation effects contribute to earnings inequality and that the effects are observed quite broadly across racial/ethnic groups, although they particularly impact the earnings of African American women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cotter, David A., Joan M. Hermsen and Reeve Vanneman. "The Effects of Occupational Gender Segregation Across Race." Sociological Quarterly 44,1 (Winter 2003): 17-36.
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1353. |
Cotter, David A. Hermsen, Joan M. Vanneman, Reeve |
Women's Work and Working Women: The Demand for Female Labor Gender & Society 15,3 (June 2001): 429-452. Also: http://gas.sagepub.com/content/15/3/429.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Employment; Gender; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Occupations; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The demand for female labor is a central explanatory component of macrostructural theories of gender stratification. This study analyzes how the structural demand for female labor affects gender differences in labor force participation. The authors develop a measure of the gendered demand for labor by indexing the degree to which the occupational structure is skewed toward usually male or female occupations. Using census data from 1910 through 1990 and National Longitudinal Sample of Youth (NLSY) data from 261 contemporary U.S. labor markets, the authors show that the gender difference in labor force participation covaries across time and space with this measure of the demand for female labor. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cotter, David A., Joan M. Hermsen and Reeve Vanneman. "Women's Work and Working Women: The Demand for Female Labor." Gender & Society 15,3 (June 2001): 429-452.
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1354. |
Couch, Kenneth A. |
High School Vocational Education, Apprenticeship, and Earnings: A Comparison of Germany and the United States Vierteljahrshefte Zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Heft 1 (1994) Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Duncker & Humblot GmbH Keyword(s): Apprenticeships; Cross-national Analysis; Earnings; High School Curriculum; Vocational Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Couch, Kenneth A. "High School Vocational Education, Apprenticeship, and Earnings: A Comparison of Germany and the United States." Vierteljahrshefte Zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Heft 1 (1994).
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1355. |
Cougle, Jesse R. Reardon, David C. Coleman, Priscilla K. |
Depression Associated with Abortion and Childbirth: A Long-term Analysis of the NLSY Cohort Medical Science Monitor 9,4 (April 2003): CR105-112. Also: http://www.medscimonit.com/pub/vol_9/no_4/3074.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Medical Science International Ltd. Keyword(s): Abortion; Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Existing research pertaining to emotional reactions to abortion is limited by (a) short follow up periods, (b) the absence of information on prior psychological state, and (c) lack of nationally representative samples. Therefore the purpose of this study was to compare women with a history of abortion vs. delivery relative to depression using a nationally representative longitudinal design, which enabled inclusion of a control for prior psychological state. Material/Methods: The current study employed data for all women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) who experienced their first pregnancy event (abortion or childbirth) between 1980 and 1992 (n=1,884). Depression scores in 1992, an average of 8 years after the subjects' first pregnancy events, were compared after controlling for age, race, marital status, divorce history, education, income, and external locus of control scores. The latter was used to control for pre-pregnancy psychological state. Results were also examined separately for groups based on race, marital status, and divorce history. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cougle, Jesse R., David C. Reardon and Priscilla K. Coleman. "Depression Associated with Abortion and Childbirth: A Long-term Analysis of the NLSY Cohort." Medical Science Monitor 9,4 (April 2003): CR105-112.
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1356. |
Courtemanche, Charles |
Longer Hours and Larger Waistlines? The Relationship Between Work Hours and Obesity Forum for Health Economics and Policy 12,2 (May 2009): DOI: 10.2202/1558-9544.1123. Also: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/fhep.2009.12.2/fhep.2009.12.2.1123/fhep.2009.12.2.1123.xml?format=INT Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Maternal Employment; Obesity; Parental Influences; Weight; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Additional work hours may lead to weight gain by decreasing exercise, causing substitution from meals prepared at home to fast food and pre-prepared processed food, or reducing sleep. Substitution toward unhealthy convenience foods could also influence the weight of one's spouse and children, while longer work hours for adults may further impact child weight by reducing parental supervision. I examine the effects of adult work hours on the body mass index (BMI) and obesity status of adults as well as the overweight status of children. Longer hours increase one's own BMI and probability of being obese, but have a smaller and statistically insignificant effect on these outcomes for one's spouse. Mothers', but not mother's spouse's, work hours affect children's probability of being overweight. My estimates imply that changes in labor force participation account for only 1.4% of the rise in adult obesity in recent decades, but a more substantial 10.4% of the growth in childhood overweight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Courtemanche, Charles. "Longer Hours and Larger Waistlines? The Relationship Between Work Hours and Obesity." Forum for Health Economics and Policy 12,2 (May 2009): DOI: 10.2202/1558-9544.1123.
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1357. |
Courtemanche, Charles |
Rising Cigarette Prices and Rising Obesity: Coincidence or Unintended Consequence? Journal of Health Economics 28,4 (July 2009): 781-798. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016762960900037X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Obesity; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Taxes; Weight Economists have begun to debate if the rise in cigarette prices in the U.S. in recent decades has contributed to the nation’s rise in obesity, reaching conclusions that are surprisingly sensitive to specification. I show that allowing for the effect to occur gradually over several years leads to the conclusion that a rise in cigarette prices is actually associated with a long-run reduction in body mass index and obesity. This result is robust to the different methodologies used in the literature. I also provide evidence that indirect effects on exercise and food consumption may explain the counterintuitive result. |
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Bibliography Citation
Courtemanche, Charles. "Rising Cigarette Prices and Rising Obesity: Coincidence or Unintended Consequence?" Journal of Health Economics 28,4 (July 2009): 781-798.
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1358. |
Courtemanche, Charles |
Working Yourself to Death? The Relationship Between Work Hours and Obesity Working Paper, Department of Economics, Washington University - St. Louis, March 19, 2007 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Washington University - St. Louis Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Maternal Employment; Obesity; Weight; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I attempt to determine if the rise in labor force participation in the U.S. in the past half-century may have contributed to the nations growing obesity rate by examining the relationship between work hours and body weight. A causal relationship is possible since increased work hours may reduce exercise and cause substitution from meals prepared at home to fast food and pre-prepared processed food. Additional work by adults may also affect child weight by reducing parental supervision. Using panel data obtained from the 1979 cohort of the NLSY and the NLSY Child Supplement, I examine the effects of a change in adults' work hours on their own weight and that of their spouses and children. I find that a rise in work hours increases ones weight and, to a lesser extent, the weight of ones spouse. Mothers' but not fathers' work hours affect the weight of children and adolescents. I estimate that changes in employment patterns account for 6% of the rise in adult obesity between 1961 and 2004 and 10% of the increase in overweight children from 1968 to 2001. |
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Bibliography Citation
Courtemanche, Charles. "Working Yourself to Death? The Relationship Between Work Hours and Obesity." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Washington University - St. Louis, March 19, 2007. |
1359. |
Courtemanche, Charles Heutel, Garth McAlvanah, Patrick |
Impatience, Incentives, and Obesity NBER Working Paper No. 17483, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2011. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17483 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Obesity; Time Preference This paper explores the relationship between time preferences, economic incentives, and body mass index (BMI). Using data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we first show that greater impatience increases BMI even after controlling for demographic, human capital, and occupational characteristics as well as income and risk preference. Next, we provide evidence of an interaction effect between time preference and food prices, with cheaper food leading to the largest weight gains among those exhibiting the most impatience. The interaction of changing economic incentives with heterogeneous discounting may help explain why increases in BMI have been concentrated amongst the right tail of the distribution, where the health consequences are especially severe. Lastly, we model time-inconsistent preferences by computing individuals quasi-hyperbolic discounting parameters (β and δ). Both long-run patience (δ) and present-bias (β) predict BMI, suggesting obesity is partly attributable to rational intertemporal tradeoffs but also partly to time inconsistency. |
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Bibliography Citation
Courtemanche, Charles, Garth Heutel and Patrick McAlvanah. "Impatience, Incentives, and Obesity." NBER Working Paper No. 17483, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2011. |
1360. |
Courtemanche, Charles Heutel, Garth McAlvanah, Patrick |
Impatience, Incentives, and Obesity The Economic Journal 125,582 (February 2015): 1-31. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecoj.12124/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Royal Economic Society (RES) Keyword(s): Attitudes; Body Mass Index (BMI); Debt/Borrowing; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Obesity; Time Preference Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores the relationship between time preferences, economic incentives, and body mass index (BMI). We provide evidence of an interaction effect between time preference and food prices, with cheaper food leading to the largest weight gains among those exhibiting the most impatience. The interaction of changing economic incentives with heterogeneous discounting may help explain why increases in BMI have been concentrated amongst the distribution's right tail. We also model time-inconsistent preferences by computing individuals' quasi-hyperbolic discounting parameters. Both long-run patience (δ) and present-bias (β) predict BMI, suggesting obesity is partly attributable to both rational intertemporal tradeoffs and time inconsistency. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Courtemanche, Charles, Garth Heutel and Patrick McAlvanah. "Impatience, Incentives, and Obesity." The Economic Journal 125,582 (February 2015): 1-31.
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1361. |
Courtemanche, Charles McAlvanah, Patrick |
Impatience, Incentives, and Obesity Working Paper, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), March 23, 2011. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1793525 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Obesity; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Time Inconsistency; Time Preference; Time Use; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores the relationship between time preference, food prices, and body mass index (BMI). We present a model predicting that impatient individuals should both weigh more than patient individuals and experience sharper increases in weight in response to falling food prices. We then provide evidence to support these predictions using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth matched with local food prices from the Council for Community and Economic Research. Our findings suggest that the interaction of changing economic incentives with impatience can help to explain the shift to the right and thickening of the tails of the BMI distribution. Interestingly, we find no evidence of a relationship between time preference and weight loss attempts, suggesting that the observed effect on BMI represents rational inter-temporal substitution rather than self-control problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Courtemanche, Charles and Patrick McAlvanah. "Impatience, Incentives, and Obesity." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), March 23, 2011. |
1362. |
Courtemanche, Charles Tchernis, Rusty Zhou, Xilin |
Maternal Work Hours and Childhood Obesity: Evidence Using Instrumental Variables Related to Sibling School Eligibility Journal of Human Capital 13,4 (Winter 2019): 553-584. Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/705609 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Childhood; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Obesity; Siblings; Work Hours/Schedule This study exploits plausibly exogenous variation from the youngest sibling's school eligibility to estimate the effects of maternal work on the weight outcomes of older children. Data come from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth linked to the Child and Young Adult Supplement. We first show that mothers' work hours increase gradually as the age of the youngest child rises, whereas mothers' spouses' work hours do not appear to be responsive. Leveraging these insights, we develop an instrumental variables model that shows that mothers' work hours lead to larger increases in children's BMI z-scores and probabilities of being overweight and obese than those identified in previous studies. Subsample analyses find that the effects are concentrated among advantaged households, as measured by an index involving education, race, and mother's marital status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Courtemanche, Charles, Rusty Tchernis and Xilin Zhou. "Maternal Work Hours and Childhood Obesity: Evidence Using Instrumental Variables Related to Sibling School Eligibility." Journal of Human Capital 13,4 (Winter 2019): 553-584.
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1363. |
Courtemanche, Charles Tchernis, Rusty Zhou, Xilin |
Parental Work Hours and Childhood Obesity: Evidence Using Instrumental Variables Related to Sibling School Eligibility NBER Working Paper No. 23376, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2017. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w23376 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Childhood; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Obesity; Parental Influences; School Entry/Readiness; Siblings; Work Hours/Schedule This study exploits plausibly exogenous variation from the youngest sibling's school eligibility to estimate the effects of parental work on the weight outcomes of older children in the household. Data come from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth linked to the Child and Young Adult Supplement. We first show that mothers' work hours increase gradually as the age of the youngest child rises, whereas mothers' spouses' work hours exhibit a discontinuous jump at kindergarten eligibility. Leveraging these insights, we develop an instrumental variables model that shows that parents' work hours lead to larger increases in children's BMI z-scores and probabilities of being overweight and obese than those identified in previous studies. We find no evidence that the impacts of maternal and paternal work are different. Subsample analyses find that the effects are concentrated among advantaged households, as measured by an index involving education, race, and mother's marital status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Courtemanche, Charles, Rusty Tchernis and Xilin Zhou. "Parental Work Hours and Childhood Obesity: Evidence Using Instrumental Variables Related to Sibling School Eligibility." NBER Working Paper No. 23376, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2017. |
1364. |
Coverdill, James E. Kraft, Joan Marie |
Enrollment, Employment, and the Risk and Resolution of a First Premarital Pregnancy Social Science Quarterly 77,1 (March 1996): 43-59 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas Press Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cohabitation; Educational Status; Employment; Event History; Fertility; Hispanics; Marital Status; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Coverdill, James E. and Joan Marie Kraft. "Enrollment, Employment, and the Risk and Resolution of a First Premarital Pregnancy." Social Science Quarterly 77,1 (March 1996): 43-59.
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1365. |
Coverdill, James E. Kraft, Joan Marie Manley, Kelly Shannon |
Employment History, the Sex Typing of Occupations, Pay and Change in Gender-Role Attitudes: A Longitudinal Study of Young Married Women Sociological Focus 29,1 (February 1996): 47-60. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/20831767 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: North Central Sociological Association ==> Routledge (new in 2012) Keyword(s): Employment; Employment History; Gender Differences; Income; Marriage; Occupational Segregation; Sex Roles; Wives; Women's Roles; Women's Studies; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The extent to which employment history & occupational segregation by gender & pay cause young married women's gender-role attitudes to change over time is examined. Longitudinal data are drawn from the youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience (1982- 1987) for a national sample of 2,499 women ages 22-29. The results show that (1) employed women were less traditional in their views of women's appropriate roles, (2) the sex typing of occupations does not appear consequential for women's gender-role attitudes over time, & (3) both pay levels & increases alter gender-role attitudes. 4 Tables, 12 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Coverdill, James E., Joan Marie Kraft and Kelly Shannon Manley. "Employment History, the Sex Typing of Occupations, Pay and Change in Gender-Role Attitudes: A Longitudinal Study of Young Married Women." Sociological Focus 29,1 (February 1996): 47-60.
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1366. |
Covington, Reginald Monson, William Peters, H. Elizabeth Price, Joseph P. Sabia, Joseph J. |
The Consequences of Teen Fatherhood: A Cohort Comparison of the NLSY79 and NLSY97 Presented: Bethesda MD, National Center for Family and Marriage Research's Fathers and Fathering in Contemporary Contexts Research Conference, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Center for Family and Marriage Research Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Civic Engagement; Educational Attainment; Fatherhood; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research Questions: What are the consequences of having a teen birth on a variety of educational and economic outcomes and on civic engagement? What are the differences in effects for teen mothers compared to teen fathers? How have the consequences of teen parenthood changed across cohorts? How stable are the results across different methods used to account for selection into teen parenthood Conclusions: Having a teen birth has negative consequences for a variety of outcomes Some Consequences are similar for man and Women: Education; Civic engagement measures (except charitable giving) Other consequences affect women primarily: Charitable giving; Poverty; Food stamp receipt Many results are robust across multiple methods to account for selection: Education; Charitable giving (for women) Other results become insignificant when using methods that account for unobservables: Civic engagement measures (except charitable giving); Food stamp receipt; Poverty |
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Bibliography Citation
Covington, Reginald, William Monson, H. Elizabeth Peters, Joseph P. Price and Joseph J. Sabia. "The Consequences of Teen Fatherhood: A Cohort Comparison of the NLSY79 and NLSY97." Presented: Bethesda MD, National Center for Family and Marriage Research's Fathers and Fathering in Contemporary Contexts Research Conference, May 2012. |
1367. |
Covington, Reginald Peters, H. Elizabeth Price, Joseph P. Sabia, Joseph J. |
Teen Fatherhood and Educational Attainment: A Cohort Comparison of the NLSY79 and NLSY97 Presented: European Conference On Health Economics (ECHE), July 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Swiss Association for Health Economics Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Civic Engagement; College Education; Educational Attainment; Fatherhood; High School Completion/Graduates; Parenthood; Propensity Scores; Volunteer Work; Voting Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from two cohorts of youths from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997 we estimate the effect of teen parenthood on educational attainment. Across a number of econometric strategies designed to control for measured and unmeasured heterogeneity—including propensity score matching, family fixed effects and instrumental variables—we find that teen fatherhood is associated with a lower probability of high school graduation and college attendance. While the magnitudes of the adverse schooling effects are larger for teen mothers than for teen fathers in the NLSY79 cohort, the costs of fatherhood increased in the NLSY97 cohort, narrowing the gap between men and women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Covington, Reginald, H. Elizabeth Peters, Joseph P. Price and Joseph J. Sabia. "Teen Fatherhood and Educational Attainment: A Cohort Comparison of the NLSY79 and NLSY97." Presented: European Conference On Health Economics (ECHE), July 2012. |
1368. |
Covington, Reginald Peters, H. Elizabeth Sabia, Joseph J. Price, Joseph P. |
Teen Fatherhood and Educational Attainment: Evidence from Three Cohorts of Youth Working Paper, Cornell University, October 2011. Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Department of Economics, Cornell University Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; Fatherhood; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Propensity Scores; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While a large number of studies have explored the schooling effects of teen motherhood, very few have examined the consequences of teen fatherhood. Using data drawn from two cohorts of youth from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997 (NLSY79 and NLSY97), we examine the relationship between teen parenthood and educational attainment, with careful attention to the role of family- and individual-level unmeasured heterogeneity. We find that teen mothers had a larger schooling penalty than teen fathers in the earlier cohort, but this difference appears to have diminished over time, with men in the NLSY97 cohort having a larger educational penalty than those from the NLSY79 cohort. |
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Bibliography Citation
Covington, Reginald, H. Elizabeth Peters, Joseph J. Sabia and Joseph P. Price. "Teen Fatherhood and Educational Attainment: Evidence from Three Cohorts of Youth." Working Paper, Cornell University, October 2011. |
1369. |
Cowan, Benjamin W. |
Testing for Educational Credit Constraints Using Heterogeneity in Individual Time Preferences Journal of Labor Economics 34,2 (April 2016): 363-402. Also: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/683644 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Credit/Credit Constraint; Disadvantaged, Economically; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Racial Differences; Time Preference I develop a model in which individual time discount rates have a larger effect on human capital accumulation when credit constraints are binding. Impatient individuals obtain less schooling when borrowing constraints limit the ability to finance consumption during school. Using data from the NLSY79, I show that self-reported measures of time preferences have a significantly higher effect on the college attendance decisions of blacks than those of whites and the decisions of low-income youths than those of high-income youths. These results provide new evidence that members of disadvantaged groups obtain lower levels of schooling because they are credit constrained. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cowan, Benjamin W. "Testing for Educational Credit Constraints Using Heterogeneity in Individual Time Preferences." Journal of Labor Economics 34,2 (April 2016): 363-402.
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1370. |
Cowan, Benjamin W. Schwab, Benjamin |
Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance and the Gender Wage Gap Journal of Health Economics 45 (January 2016): 103-114. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629615001095 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Health Care; Insurance, Health; Wage Gap During prime working years, women have higher expected healthcare expenses than men. However, employees' insurance rates are not gender-rated in the employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) market. Thus, women may experience lower wages in equilibrium from employers who offer health insurance to their employees. We show that female employees suffer a larger wage gap relative to men when they hold ESI: our results suggest this accounts for roughly 10% of the overall gender wage gap. For a full-time worker, this pay gap due to ESI is on the order of the expected difference in healthcare expenses between women and men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cowan, Benjamin W. and Benjamin Schwab. "Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance and the Gender Wage Gap." Journal of Health Economics 45 (January 2016): 103-114.
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1371. |
Cowan, Benjamin W. Schwab, Benjamin |
The Incidence of the Healthcare Costs of Smoking Journal of Health Economics 30,5 (September 2011): 1094-1102. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629611000828 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Health Care; Insurance, Health; Obesity; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Wage Gap; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Smokers earn less than non-smokers, but much is still unknown about the source(s) of the smoker's wage gap. We build on the work of Bhattacharya and Bundorf (2009), who provide evidence that obese workers receive lower wages on account of their higher expected healthcare costs. Similarly, we find that smokers who hold employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) receive significantly lower wages than their non-smoking peers, while smokers who are not insured through their employer endure no such wage penalty. Our results have two implications: first, the incidence of smokers' elevated medical costs appears to be borne by smokers themselves in the form of lower wages. Second, differences in healthcare costs between smokers and non-smokers are a significant source of the smoker's wage gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cowan, Benjamin W. and Benjamin Schwab. "The Incidence of the Healthcare Costs of Smoking." Journal of Health Economics 30,5 (September 2011): 1094-1102.
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1372. |
Cowell, Alexander Jonathon |
The Role of Schooling in Binge Drinking and Smoking Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1999. Also: http://webcat.lib.unc.edu/record=b3440691~S1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); College Graduates; Education Indicators; Endogeneity; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Labor Economics; Taxes Although researchers agree that the higher educated engage in healthier behaviors, they have not yet uncovered the reason for this empirical regularity. This dissertation directly addresses this question in order to determine appropriate policy interventions that may lead to healthier behavior. It investigates the role of schooling in binge drinking and smoking. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that detailed semi-parametric controls for the endogeneity of schooling eliminate much of the effect of education on binge drinking. The effect of education on smoking, however, remains after controlling for endogeneity. The literature suggests two distinct theoretical explanations for the negative relationship between schooling and smoking, but it contains no practical guidelines for distinguishing between the competing explanations. This dissertation develops a testable hypothesis that isolates the reason for the estimated relationship. The competing explanations are an efficiency mechanism and future opportunity costs. The efficiency explanation is that the more educated will allocate resources away from unhealthy behaviors into healthier behaviors, and so are less likely to smoke (allocative efficiency), and/or they are better producers of health and so are less likely to smoke (productive efficiency). The alternative explanation of future opportunity costs asserts that the more educated have higher expected future income and so have more to lose from smoking. To develop a testable hypothesis, I make use of degree effects--the phenomenon of a discontinuous jump in earnings once a person gets a degree. Only future opportunity costs will lead to degree effects appearing in the health behavior equations. Neither efficiency mechanism could cause such degree effects. Several simulations are run to examine the effects of policies that operate via future opportunity costs on the health behaviors. These simulations show that the policies considered here do little to deter binge drinking. Moreover, despite the evidence that future opportunity costs deter smoking, only the extreme policy of forcing high school completion seems to have any impact on smoking. By comparison, raising cigarette taxes seems to have a relatively large effect on deterring both smoking and binge drinking. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cowell, Alexander Jonathon. The Role of Schooling in Binge Drinking and Smoking. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1999.. |
1373. |
Cox, Amy Gabrielle |
Demand For Labor And The Dynamics Of Women's Poverty In The United States Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland College Park, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Census of Population; Ethnic Differences; Family Background and Culture; Family Characteristics; Gender Differences; Labor Economics; Racial Differences; Schooling, Post-secondary; Welfare; Women's Studies Recent welfare reform assumes that the number of jobs is adequate to keep women employed and out of poverty. Focusing on the quantity of jobs, I ask whether women who live in areas with high labor demand are less likely to fall into and more likely to climb out of poverty than women who live in areas with lower demand. I answer this question with an analysis that links macro- and micro-level data to assess the effect of labor demand on women's movement into and out of poverty. Labor markets are highly segregated, and general measures of labor demand tend to obscure differential demands for specific race-gender groups. I create an annual measure of labor demand by standardizing the occupational distributions of counties by the national gender and racial-ethnic compositions of individual occupations. I use event history techniques and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1994, and the U.S. Census, 1980 and 1990, to conduct the analysis. Comparing women by race-ethnicity, I demonstrate the prevalence of poverty entrance and exit among women aged 19 to 36 and the influence of local labor demand on changes in their poverty status. I find that the demand for labor affects women's movement into and out of poverty, although not always in expected directions nor for all women. In addition, labor demand influences women's poverty exit more than it influences their poverty entrance. These results maintain when controlling for family, individual, and background characteristics. The findings shed light on factors that policy makers need to address to lower poverty among women. My focus on the demand for labor has special policy relevance in light of recent welfare reform, and I discuss implications of the results for research and public policy that relate to women's poverty. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cox, Amy Gabrielle. Demand For Labor And The Dynamics Of Women's Poverty In The United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland College Park, 1997. |
1374. |
Cox, Donald Francis |
An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Initial Occupational Choice by Male High School Graduates Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, 1986. DAI-A 47/06, p. 2263, December 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Enrollment; High School Completion/Graduates; Household Income; Income; Military Enlistment; Occupational Choice; Simultaneity; Transition, School to Work This dissertation consisted of empirical analysis of the determinants of initial occupational choice by male high school graduates. The approach used was based on the theory of random utility. According to this approach, the individual selects a particular outcome from a set of possible outcomes based on both observed and unobserved characteristics of the individual and the particular possible outcome. In this analysis, the occupational choice set contained three possible outcomes. These possibilities were civilian sector employment, military service and college enrollment. For the empirical analysis, a sample of 1,748 male high school graduates was drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths (1979-1981). The empirical model consisted of a mixed discrete/continuous simultaneous 4 equation system. Three estimation strategies were used. The first was a simple two stage logit/ordinary least squares procedure. The second was a modified two stage logit/ordinary least squares procedure that corrected for self-selectivity bias. The third strategy consisted of a modified two stage logit/ordinary least squares procedure that corrected for both self-selectivity and choice-based sampling bias. The estimation results indicate that the decision to enlist is most sensitive to the net income of the individual's family and the predicted civilian sector wage. The military experience of the individual's father and the desire to acquire additional training are also important in this decision. In addition, the differences in the estimates across the three estimation procedures illustrate the importance of correcting for sample biases. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cox, Donald Francis. An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Initial Occupational Choice by Male High School Graduates. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, 1986. DAI-A 47/06, p. 2263, December 1986. |
1375. |
Cox, Robynn J. A. Wallace, Robert B. |
The Role of Incarceration as a Risk Factor for Cognitive Impairment Journals of Gerontology: Series B, gbac138 (25 September 2022): DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac138. Also: https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/advance-article/doi/10.1093/geronb/gbac138/6717457 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Gerontological Society of America Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Incarceration/Jail Objectives: The objective of this study was to understand disparities in cognitive impairment between middle aged formerly incarcerated (FI) and nonincarcerated (NI) individuals. Methods: The 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is a nationally representative longitudinal dataset containing information on incarceration, cognitive functioning, and other health conditions. Using a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-m), adapted from the Health and Retirement Study, we analyzed the association between incarceration and cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment-not dementia, and dementia. Multivariable regression models were estimated including prior incarceration status and covariates associated with incarceration and cognitive functioning. Results: FI individuals had lower unadjusted scores on TICS-m (-2.5, p<.001), and had significantly greater unadjusted odds ratios (OR) for scoring in the cognitive impairment (OR=2.4, p<.001) and dementia (OR=2.7, p<.001) range. Differences were largely explained by a combination of risk factors associated with incarceration and cognition. Education and premorbid cognition (measured by Armed Forces Qualifying Test) separately and completely explained differences in the odds of dementia. Regardless of incarceration status, Blacks and Hispanics had significantly greater odds of cognitive impairment and dementia relative to Whites, holding other factors constant. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cox, Robynn J. A. and Robert B. Wallace. "The Role of Incarceration as a Risk Factor for Cognitive Impairment." Journals of Gerontology: Series B, gbac138 (25 September 2022): DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac138.
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1376. |
Cramer, James C. |
Family Structure and Infant Health Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Birthweight; Child Health; Childbearing; Family Structure; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Household Composition; Income; Morbidity; Mortality; Mothers; Mothers, Height Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The risks of low birthweight and infant morbidity and mortality are higher for teenage and unmarried mothers than for other mothers. These risks are conditional: the difference in risks between married and unmarried mothers is small among adolescents and large among older mothers. An explanation of the conditional risks is proposed in terms of income and family structure. Teenage and unmarried mothers have low incomes, hence the higher risks; among unmarried teenage mothers, the effects of low income are mitigated by living at home with relatives and receiving financial assistance from relatives. This hypothesis is tested with data on birthweight for white mothers, using the NLSY. The expected patterns of low income and residential and financial assistance from relatives are indeed found; differences in income and assistance by age and marital status are very large. However, income and family assistance are unrelated to birthweight and most of its proximate determinants, e.g., weight gain, prenatal care, or smoking. Thus, income and family assistance do not explain the effects of age and marital status on birthweight among white mothers. Smoking and pre-pregnancy weight-for-height do explain these effects; weight gain and prenatal care are also important. These results suggest that youth subcultures, media advertising and images, and personal preferences, not income, are the factors responsible for poor pregnancy outcomes among teenage and unmarried white mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cramer, James C. "Family Structure and Infant Health." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1987. |
1377. |
Cramer, James C. |
Patterns of Poverty and Financial Assistance Among Premature Mothers Presented: Baltimore, MD, Population Association of America Meetings, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Child Care; Childbearing; Household Composition; Life Cycle Research; Mothers; Poverty; Racial Differences; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Women who deviate from the normative life cycle by bearing children "too soon" relative to the proscribed age or sequence of events (e.g. teenage or unwed mothers) can be called "premature mothers." One of the most pressing problems experienced by premature mothers is a high incidence of poverty. This paper user NLSY data to describe patterns of poverty among premature mothers from before birth until three years after birth, by race and ethnicity. Patterns of assistance from relatives and from public programs, and relationships among the types of assistance, also are described. Several factors associated with patterns of poverty and assistance are examined. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cramer, James C. "Patterns of Poverty and Financial Assistance Among Premature Mothers." Presented: Baltimore, MD, Population Association of America Meetings, 1989. |
1378. |
Cramer, James C. |
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Birthweight: The Role of Income and Financial Assistance Demography 32,2 (May 1995): 231-247. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/q17147u630600115/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birth Order; Birthweight; Ethnic Differences; Family Income; Financial Assistance; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper attempts to explain the differences in birthweight observed between blacks, white Anglos, Chicanos, and other racial and ethnic groups. The analysis focuses on the role of income and financial assistance from relatives and public programs. Using data from the NLS Youth Panel, I construct a causal model of birthweight containing exogenous social and demographic risk factors and intervening proximate determinants of birthweight. A substantial part of the gap in birthweight between white Anglos and other ethnic groups (especially blacks) can be explained by the unfavorable socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the latter. On the other hand, blacks and other minorities smoke less and have other favorable proximate characteristics that depress differences in birthweight. When these proximate determinants are controlled, large ethic differences in birthweight remain unexplained by income and other sociodemographic factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cramer, James C. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Birthweight: The Role of Income and Financial Assistance." Demography 32,2 (May 1995): 231-247.
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1379. |
Cramer, James C. Bell, Katrina Vaast, Katherine |
Race, Ethnicity, and the Determinants of Low Birthweight in the U.S. Presented: Bethesda, MD, NICHD Workshop on Social and Demographic Research on Infant Mortality and Low Birthweight, 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Birthweight; Family Income; Household Composition; Mortality; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; Welfare This paper explores possible explanations of racial and ethnic variations in the incidence of low birthweight with a special focus on income and poverty. The paper reports on two closely-related research efforts: (1) a statistical study of data on low birthweight using the NLSY; and (2) a small, in-depth, qualitative study of young, low-income mothers from Sacramento, California. Results of the NLSY study indicated that the causal model of birthweight constructed performs moderately well among white anglo mothers. The socioeconomic, demographic, and parenting skills variables and proximate determinants generally are related to birthweight in the expected directions, but only the proximate determinants have very strong effects; the overall model explains about 13 percent of the variation in birthweight among this sample of anglos. The same model can be used also with other racial and ethnic groups. Mean birthweight is significantly lower among blacks and Puerto Ricans, and sligh tly lower among chicanos and American Indians, than among white anglos. The gap in birthweight relative to anglos is explained in terms of unfavorable socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and parenting skills of the other racial and ethnic groups. On the other hand, each group has favorable characteristics on the proximate determinants relative to anglos which depress the birthweight gap; controlling for these differences increases the estimates of birthweight gap, especially among blacks. The model sheds light on, but does not explain racial and ethnic differences in birthweight. A primary hypothesis in the research was that income is strongly associated with low birthweight and that low income accounts for much of the excess incidence of low birthweight among blacks and other minorities. This hypothesis is weakly supported at best by the evidence presented here. A discussion of the effects of income on birthweight by groups is presented. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cramer, James C., Katrina Bell and Katherine Vaast. "Race, Ethnicity, and the Determinants of Low Birthweight in the U.S." Presented: Bethesda, MD, NICHD Workshop on Social and Demographic Research on Infant Mortality and Low Birthweight, 1990. |
1380. |
Crane, Jonathan |
Effects of Home Environment, SES, and Maternal Test Scores on Mathematics Achievement Journal of Educational Research 89,5 (May-June 1996): 305-314. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00220671.1996.9941332 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Children, Home Environment; Children, Preschool; Children, School-Age; Cognitive Ability; Family Background and Culture; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Education; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Used data on 1,123 children (aged 5-9 yrs in 1988) and their mothers (aged 15-26 yrs old when children were born) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to assess the effects of home environment, SES, and maternal cognitive test scores (MTS) on mathematics achievement. Statistical analysis supported the following hypotheses: (1) home environment, SES, and MTS have independent effects on children's math scores, controlling for the other factors; (2) the 2-way relationship between MTS and children's math scores will be attenuated by controlling for home environment; (3) the 2-way relationship between MTS and children's math scores will be attenuated by controlling for SES; and (4) the 2-way relationship between SES and children's math scores will be attenuated by controlling for home environment. Home environment had a large effect on children's test scores, even when SES and MTS score controlled. The effects of SES and MTS were smaller. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1 996 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Crane, Jonathan. "Effects of Home Environment, SES, and Maternal Test Scores on Mathematics Achievement." Journal of Educational Research 89,5 (May-June 1996): 305-314.
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1381. |
Cress, Justin R. Zimmer, David M. |
Medical Savings Accounts and Preventative Health Care Utilization Journal of Economics and Management 7,1 (January 2011): 1-22. Also: http://www.jem.org.tw/content/pdf/Vol.7No.1/01.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Health Care; Insurance, Health; Savings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Introduced during the late 1990s, medical savings accounts (MSAs) increase cost sharing between employers and employees. Despite assurances from proponents claiming cost sharing will stem the tide of rising health care prices and expenditures, skeptics argue that MSA enrollment could reduce utilization of preventative care. This paper estimates preventative care demand models based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. These models measure the association between MSA enrollment and the utilization of physicals among adults and doctor visits among children. The models control for endogeneity using a variety of techniques. The results indicate that medical savings account enrollment does not significantly impact the utilization of preventative care. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cress, Justin R. and David M. Zimmer. "Medical Savings Accounts and Preventative Health Care Utilization." Journal of Economics and Management 7,1 (January 2011): 1-22.
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1382. |
Creswell, Paul D. |
Personal Bankruptcy and the Health of Families and Children Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Bankruptcy; Body Mass Index (BMI); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Health; Debt/Borrowing; Ethnic Differences; Family Income; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Height; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Home Ownership; Incarceration/Jail; Insurance, Health; Mobility, Residential; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Regions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Poor health, lack of insurance coverage, and medical debt may be key factors underlying the rise of personal bankruptcy in the United States. However, research on the connections between health and personal bankruptcy is limited. Moreover, research has yet to explore the relationship between family bankruptcy and the health and mental health of dependent children. The goal of this thesis is to address these gaps in our understanding of bankruptcy and scaffold future research and policy efforts. Chapter I provides background on bankruptcy in the US and introduces a theoretical context for the topic of bankruptcy emphasizing life course and social ecological frameworks. Chapter II describes the characteristics of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Child and Young Adult Cohort (NLSCYA) which provided the data source for the analyses. Chapter III presents the results multiple logistic regression models which seek to identify if and to what extent health factors are associated with bankruptcy filings over a twenty-year period while considering an array of potentially relevant covariates. Chapter IV furthers the analysis through the use of Cox regression models to account for the time-dependent and dynamic nature of life events (e.g. unemployment, health changes, and familial shifts). Chapter V considers the relationships between family bankruptcy and children's health and mental health using multi-state Markov models to compare the intensity of transitions into (and out of) health and mental health states for children in bankrupt and non-bankrupt households. The results of these analyses indicate that several health factors (e.g. smoking, obesity, and depressive symptomology) are associated with an increased hazard of declaring bankruptcy while health insurance coverage is associated with a lower hazard of bankruptcy. Several sociodemographic characteristics are also associated with bankruptcy. Finally, the relative hazard of a child being indicated for an emotional or behavioral problem is 56% higher for children in a family where bankruptcy is declared (HR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.10 - 2.19). In contrast, relative hazard of a family-level bankruptcy is 56% higher in families where a child is indicated as having an activity limitation (HR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.06 - 2.29). |
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Bibliography Citation
Creswell, Paul D. Personal Bankruptcy and the Health of Families and Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2014. |
1383. |
Creswell, Paul D. Witt, Whitney |
Health Limitations and Additional Predictors of Personal Bankruptcy: A Longitudinal Analysis Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N=6,259), we computed Cox proportional hazards models to explore which covariates increased time-to-bankruptcy over a 20-year period (1984-2004). The variables considered were theoretically derived from the existing literature on bankruptcy. Analyses assessed both time-variant and static covariates. During the period under analysis, 13% of the sample reported declaring bankruptcy. Experiencing a health limitation or an unemployment spell were each independently associated with shorter times-to-bankruptcy (HR: 1.30; CI: 1.07-1.57 and HR: 1.33; CI: 1.07-1.65, respectively). Being female, longer residency in the U.S., and having parents with lower levels of education were additional risk factors. Compared to remaining unmarried, experiencing marriage or divorce also increased the hazard of bankruptcy (HR: 1.79; CI: 1.45-2.21 and HR: 2.26; 1.80-2.84, respectively). |
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Bibliography Citation
Creswell, Paul D. and Whitney Witt. "Health Limitations and Additional Predictors of Personal Bankruptcy: A Longitudinal Analysis." Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013. |
1384. |
Crewson, Philip E. |
A Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Sector Entrant Quality American Journal of Political Science 39,3 (August 1995): 628-639. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111647 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wayne State University Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Private Sector; Public Sector Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Public and private sector employees differ in ways that run counter to the prediction that poor monetary incentives or image battering will leave the public sector disadvantaged in hiring quality employees. When controlling for sex, race, economic status, and occupation, entrants into the federal sector are better qualified than private sector entrants. Past research on the issue of employee quality is supplemented with a comparative analysis of public and private sector entrants during the 1980s. In the comparative analysis, AFQT scores are used as an indicator of quality. Contrary to predictions of a crisis in public employee competence, the federal government was able to attract higher quality entrants during the 1980s than the private sector. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crewson, Philip E. "A Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Sector Entrant Quality." American Journal of Political Science 39,3 (August 1995): 628-639.
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1385. |
Crewson, Philip E. |
Are the Best and the Brightest Fleeing Public Sector Employment? Evidence From the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Public Productivity and Management Review 20,4 (June 1997): 363-371 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Exits; Occupations; Private Sector; Public Sector Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Several explanations have been offered to support the assumption that the federal government cannot attract or retain quality employees. These explanations include perceptions that quality is a low priority in the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) (Rosen, 1986), poor pay drives away the most capable (Light, 1992; Packard, 1986; U.S. Government Accounting Office [GAO], 1989), ineffective planning precipitates losses (GAO, 1989), and the federal government is unable to compete with the allure of the private sector (Levine, 1986). Many of the same arguments could be used to predict a similar crisis in state and local government. Past discussion of the quality issue, however, has generally been anecdotal, limited to personnel surveys, or based on evidence restricted to technical and engineering occupations (Lane and Wolf, 1990). The cumulative outcome from these past discussions communicates to the polity that civil servants are inferior to private sector employees. This notion exists even though its basis in impressionistic employee surveys and anecdotal proofs is far from conclusive evidence of a crisis. Indeed, although recruiting and retaining quality employees serves as the bedrock of American governance, some have observed that research on this issue has been sporadic and, in some cases, lacking in scientific rigor (Light, 1992). This study responds to this dearth of information by using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to evaluate the quality of exits from the civil service. Although past studies have focused on the federal employment sector, this analysis broadens the evaluation of exit quality by also examining state and local public employee exits. Copyright 1997 Sage Publications, Inc. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crewson, Philip E. "Are the Best and the Brightest Fleeing Public Sector Employment? Evidence From the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Public Productivity and Management Review 20,4 (June 1997): 363-371.
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1386. |
Crewson, Philip E. Guyot, James F. |
Sartor Resartus: A Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Sector Entrant Quality Reanalyzed American Journal of Political Science 41,3 (July 1997): 1057-1065. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111687 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wayne State University Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Family Background and Culture; Gender Differences; Private Sector; Public Sector; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In "A Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Sector Entrant Quality" (Crewson 1995), one of us challenged, with systematic empirical evidence, a major proposition from the professional folklore. This proposition is that government in the United States faces a quality crisis because the best minds choose not to go into the public but instead into the private sector. The proposition was tested and found false by means of a cross sectional comparison of a representative national sample of entrants into comparable occupations in the federal sector, the state sector, and the private sector. When Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) scores are taken as the indicator of quality, and the regression equation controls for occupation, family background, race, and sex, then the state sector is found to employ persons with scores no lower than the scores of those in the private sector, and the federal sector employs those with significantly higher scores. The ancillary proposition from the folklore is causal rather than descriptive. It suggests that any lower level of public sector quality or any decline over time in that quality may be, in part, a result of increased diversity in the federal workforce. That such diversity does make a difference was denied with the conclusion that, "[a]lthough there has been an influx of women and minorities during the 1980s, the federal government does not appear to have imperiled quality in its effort to increase diversity." In this replication we strengthen the disconfirmation of the first proposition and empirically test the second proposition. The further undermining of the quality crisis myth proceeds by both defining more firmly the validity of the AFQT as an indicator of "quality" and testing the effects of diversity on the original regression equation. Copyright 1997 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crewson, Philip E. and James F. Guyot. "Sartor Resartus: A Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Sector Entrant Quality Reanalyzed." American Journal of Political Science 41,3 (July 1997): 1057-1065.
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1387. |
Crickenberger, Leslie C. |
The Effect of Generations and Occupations on Job Satisfaction: Examination of the NLSY Archival Data Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, Walden University, May 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Job Satisfaction; Job Turnover; Occupational Choice; Scale Construction; Social Capital Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Organizations with low job satisfaction among their employees typically have high turnover rates and poor morale. Research on job satisfaction has focused mainly on organizational factors, but has failed to examine certain employee factors such as generational differences. Recently, the impact of generational differences in the workplace has been increasingly discussed with little empirical evidence. The social information processing theory (SIP) argues that generations form similar attitudes based on shared experiences, which could explain differences in job satisfaction. The purpose of this nonexperimental quantitative study was to determine if Baby Boomers and Generation X display different levels of job satisfaction from a SIP perspective. The research questions for the study examined the effect of generations and occupations on job satisfaction as examined by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. A 2X4 ANOVA was used to examine the main effect of generation, the main effect of occupation on job satisfaction, and the interaction effect of generation by occupation. There were statistically significant main effects for generation on job satisfaction and for occupation on job satisfaction. The interaction effect of generation and occupation on job satisfaction was not significant. The results indicate that generations and occupations do affect job satisfaction and additional research is needed to understand why there are differences. The implications for positive social change include a better understanding of generations in the workplace and their effect on job satisfaction and organizational success. If organizations can adopt organizational factors to satisfy different generations, the findings suggest that they may be able to reduce turnover and decrease hiring and training expenses as a result of increased job satisfaction. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crickenberger, Leslie C. The Effect of Generations and Occupations on Job Satisfaction: Examination of the NLSY Archival Data. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, Walden University, May 2010. |
1388. |
Crispell, Diane |
Women Who Get Ahead May Not Get Richer Wall Street Journal, April 25, 1994, Section B; Page 1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Dow Jones, Inc. Keyword(s): Economics of Gender; Employment; Gender Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wage Growth; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. People Patterns column reports study by National Longitudinal Surveys sponsored by Bureau of Labor Statistics found that working women who get promotions usually get raises but not always with only 87% actually receiving increases in pay (M) |
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Bibliography Citation
Crispell, Diane. "Women Who Get Ahead May Not Get Richer." Wall Street Journal, April 25, 1994, Section B; Page 1. |
1389. |
Crittenden, Danielle |
Yes, Motherhood Lowers Pay New York Times, Late New York Edition, (Aug. 22, 1995): A15 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Personnel Psychology Keyword(s): Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Differentials; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It is not cartoonishly chauvinistic male bosses who hold women back in the statistics comparing women's salaries to that of men--it is the impinging nature of motherhood. Congressional Budget Office economist June O'Neill has discovered that "among women and men aged 27 to 33, who have never had a child, the earnings of women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are close to 98 percent of men's." It is the vast majority of women who become mothers that pull the average down to 76 percent. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crittenden, Danielle. "Yes, Motherhood Lowers Pay." New York Times, Late New York Edition, (Aug. 22, 1995): A15. |
1390. |
Crockett, Lisa J. Eggebeen, David J. Hawkins, Alan J. |
Fathers Presence and Young Children's Behavioral and Cognitive Adjustment Journal of Family Issues 14,3 (September 1993): 355-377. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/14/3/355.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Coresidence; Family Structure; Fathers; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Hispanics; Maternal Employment; Parents, Single; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The present study examined the impact of the biological father on young children's cognitive and behavioral adjustment. Using data from the 1986 Child Supplement of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the relationship between father's coresidence in the household over the first 3 years of a child's life and children's adjustment was assessed for 1,688 four- to six-year-old children. Two dimensions of father-presence were considered, reflecting the timing of the father's entry into the household and the duration of his presence during the child's first 3 years of life. Within-group analyses of variance indicated significant effects of father-presence for White and Hispanic children and for children born to teenage and older mothers. All of these initial effects disappeared, however, once controls for child characteristics, maternal characteristics, and family resources were introduced in multiple regression models. These findings suggest that the father-effects operated through family characteristics and did not represent unique effects of fathering. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crockett, Lisa J., David J. Eggebeen and Alan J. Hawkins. "Fathers Presence and Young Children's Behavioral and Cognitive Adjustment." Journal of Family Issues 14,3 (September 1993): 355-377.
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1391. |
Cromartie, John B. |
Leaving the Countryside: Young Adults Follow Complex Migration Patterns Rural Development Perspectives 8,2 (February 1993): 22-27 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Income; Migration; Racial Differences; Rural/Urban Differences A longitudinal survey, conducted 1979-88, indicates that young adults leaving nonmetro areas followed complex migration patterns normally involving multiple moves, including 15% who returned from cities to counties of origin. Rural outmigration rates and patterns differed by race and ethnicity, income, and geographic proximity to urban areas. (Author/SV) |
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Bibliography Citation
Cromartie, John B. "Leaving the Countryside: Young Adults Follow Complex Migration Patterns." Rural Development Perspectives 8,2 (February 1993): 22-27.
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1392. |
Crosnoe, Robert Johnston, Carol A. Cavanagh, Shannon Gershoff, Elizabeth T. |
Family Formation History and the Psychological Well-Being of Women from Diverse Racial-Ethnic Groups Journal of Health and Social Behavior 64, 2 (24 March 2023): 261-279. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00221465231159387 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Family Characteristics; Family Roles; Health, Mental/Psychological; Life Satisfaction; Motherhood; Mothers; Mothers, Health; Parental Marital Status; Parenthood; Racial Studies; Relationships/Partnerships; Women; Women, Black; Women, Latina; Women, White; Womens Health Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Studying disparities in psychological well-being across diverse groups of women can illuminate the racialized health risks of gendered family life. Integrating life course and demand–reward perspectives, this study applied sequencing techniques to the National Longitudinal Study of Youth: 1979 to reveal seven trajectories of partnership and parenthood through women’s 20s and 30s, including several in which parenthood followed partnership at different ages and with varying numbers of children and others characterized by nonmarital fertility or eschewing such roles altogether. These sequences differentiated positive and negative dimensions of women’s well-being in their 50s. Women who inhabited any family role had greater life satisfaction and fewer depressive symptoms, although these general patterns differed by race-ethnicity. Family roles were more closely related to well-being than ill-being for White women, parenthood had more pronounced importance across outcomes for Black women, and the coupling of partnership and parenthood generally mattered more for Latinas. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crosnoe, Robert, Carol A. Johnston, Shannon Cavanagh and Elizabeth T. Gershoff. "Family Formation History and the Psychological Well-Being of Women from Diverse Racial-Ethnic Groups." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 64, 2 (24 March 2023): 261-279.
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1393. |
Crosnoe, Robert Smith, Chelsea Strohschein, Lisa |
Human Capital in the Family and Early Transitions into Parenthood in the United States and Canada Presented: Dublin, Ireland, Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (SLLS) International Conference, October 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY); Cross-national Analysis; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Due to changing economic realities and evolving social norms, the age at which women and men transition in to parenthood is climbing in North America. Yet, despite this delayed parenthood, many men and women still become parents in their teens through early 20s, and these early transitions into parenthood are a window into both life course dynamics and societal inequality. Consider family human capital. The educational attainment of parents may factor into the timing of this transition because it is a marker of socioeconomic status, with all of the associated resources, opportunities, and norms, while the educational pathways of young people themselves may also matter because they shape current and future social and economic prospects. This multigenerational significance of human capital to the timing of parenthood, however, is likely structured by the broader institutional and cultural landscape. In Canada, the greater social safety net could blunt the degree to which human capital differentiates young people on early parenthood. At the same time, because of the greater prevalence of young parents in the U.S. (relative to Canada), early parenthood is less exceptional, possibly blunting the differentiating effects of human capital in that country. In this spirit, this study examines how transitions into parenthood are embedded in family histories within broader national contexts. We will apply event history analyses to the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-Young Adult Survey (U.S.), examining the timing of births before the age of 22 (for women and men), how the educational attainment of parents and young people themselves predict this timing, and how these links between family human capital and the timing of parenthood vary between countries. Doing so will offer insights into the ways that societies reinforce and break intergenerational transmissions of inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crosnoe, Robert, Chelsea Smith and Lisa Strohschein. "Human Capital in the Family and Early Transitions into Parenthood in the United States and Canada." Presented: Dublin, Ireland, Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (SLLS) International Conference, October 2015. |
1394. |
Cross, Jennifer Moren |
New Economy, Stress, and Health: An Examination of Underemployment Trajectories over the Adult Life Course Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke University, 2007. AI-A 69/07, Jan 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Studies; Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Stress; Underemployment; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation contributes toward our understanding of health disparities by examining how stress, namely underemployment, over the life course affects mental and physical health outcomes. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study employs conditional latent class models with distal health outcomes to render life course trajectories of underemployment spanning a 10-year period, as well as antecedent life course pathways originating in childhood, and the health consequences at mid-adulthood. More specifically, a multinomial logistic regression function is used to relate the underemployment latent class categorical. variable to covariates; and, linear, logistic, and zero-inflated Poisson regression functions are used to relate the health outcomes to the underemployment latent class trajectories and covariates. The results suggest that approximately one-third of women and one-fourth of men belong to trajectories, or latent classes, characterized by chronic moderate levels of underemployment over the adult life course. In addition, various trajectories revealed the multifarious nature of stress by demonstrating unique patterns of severity, duration, timing, and sequencing of underemployment. Findings confirmed past positive associations between underemployment and being African American or having lower education levels. And, of principal interest in this dissertation, results demonstrated that membership in worse underemployment trajectories was generally associated with higher levels of depression and worse self-rated health, but not binge drinking or chronic conditions at mid-adulthood for women and men. Furthermore, the results suggest that a cumulative process is at play whereby adverse childhood conditions, including lower parental education and several measures of family and other disadvantages, operate by impeding educational attainment and/or increasing the odds of membership in a higher-risk underemployment tra jectory, which ultimately harms health. There is also evidence that those who have higher levels of baseline depression are disproportionately selected into worse underemployment trajectories. Ultimately, these findings indicate that the underemployed must be disaggregated from the employed in future research, whether employment status is the focus of interest or a control variable. They also highlight the need to theoretically and methodologically engage the dynamic nature of stress, as well as situate stress in a life course framework whereby heterogeneous pathways over the life course originating in childhood are examined. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cross, Jennifer Moren. New Economy, Stress, and Health: An Examination of Underemployment Trajectories over the Adult Life Course. Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke University, 2007. AI-A 69/07, Jan 2009. |
1395. |
Crouch, Randall |
Essays on Drug and Alcohol Policies in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Houston, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Geocoded Data; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the first essay, I analyze the effect of minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) laws on non-cognitive skills. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) is used to investigate the effect of changes in MLDA on the onset of regular drinking, self-esteem and self-control. Surprisingly, I find that a legal drinking environment is associated with an increase in self-esteem for females in the short-run and long-run. Then, I test several possible channels through which self-esteem may be indirectly affected by the MLDA. These channels include alcohol and drug use, marriage, sex and childbirth. Although the MLDA has a significant effect on some of these channels for females, using the channels as controls in the self-esteem analysis does not affect the magnitude or significance of the effect of the MLDA on female self-esteem. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crouch, Randall. Essays on Drug and Alcohol Policies in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Houston, 2015. |
1396. |
Crowell, Nancy A. Leeper, Ethel M. |
America's Fathers and Public Policy Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/NX002718/html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Fathers; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Involvement; Teenagers From the Introduction: "The importance of fathers in children's lives has received growing recognition in recent years. This emphasis has been prompted, in part, by the growing number of families without a father present. More than one million American babies, or 1 in 4, are born each year to unmarried mothers, most of whom are in households without fathers. Estimates are that 55 to 60 percent of all children in the United States will spend some of their childhood in a single-parent household (Hernandez, 1993); that parent is usually the mother. At any given time, about 22 percent of all children under age 18 are living with only one parent. In 1992, only 14 percent of children living in single-parent households lived with their fathers, while 86 percent lived with their mothers (Seltzer, 1993)." (Source: http://bob.nap.edu/html/amerfath/chapter1.html. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1994.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Crowell, Nancy A. and Ethel M. Leeper. America's Fathers and Public Policy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994.. |
1397. |
Crowley, Joan E. |
Delinquency and Employment: Substitutions or Spurious Associations Presented: Washington, DC, American Society of Criminology, 1981 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Attainment; Employment; Self-Reporting; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The hypothesis that unemployment leads to crime is implicit in much of the policy work on employment. Data from the 1980 NLSY linking self-reports of crime and various indices of employment show that there is little direct effect, either of crime on employment or of employment on crime. Among high school youth, school experience seems much more important than labor force experience in the etiology of crime. Early transition out of childhood may be associated with both employment outcomes and with illegal behaviors. Relationships between crime and work may be mediated by education and other background factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crowley, Joan E. "Delinquency and Employment: Substitutions or Spurious Associations." Presented: Washington, DC, American Society of Criminology, 1981. |
1398. |
Crowley, Joan E. |
Demographics of Alcohol Use Among Respondents of the 1982 National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth Panel Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Racial Differences This report provides simple cross-tabular results from the administration of a short series of alcohol use questions on the 1982 NLSY. The primary focus is on the variations in reported alcohol consumption by race, sex, and age. Several clear patterns emerge even from the simple cross-tabular analysis presented here. Young men are more likely to drink than are young women, and young men are much more likely to drink heavily. White males consume the most alcohol virtually any way it is measured. Hispanics report a pattern of drinking similar to that of whites, although at a slightly lower level. Black males, on the other hand, tend to report lower levels of drinking, both in terms of number of drinking occasions and in quantity of liquor consumed. While black males drink substantially more than do any of the ethnic categories among females, their pattern of responses is more similar to the female pattern than to the pattern for white or Hispanic males. That is, black males tend not to report drinking great quantities of alcohol at one session, and are less likely than other men to frequent bars. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crowley, Joan E. "Demographics of Alcohol Use Among Respondents of the 1982 National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth Panel." Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1983. |
1399. |
Crowley, Joan E. |
Demographics of Alcohol Use Among Young Americans: Results from the 1983 National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Family Background and Culture; Religious Influences This research reports on the drinking patterns of the general population as they are leaving adolescence and entering adulthood. Drinking patterns in 1982 were described in a previous report. This report focuses on three issues: an assessment of the consistency of responses between 1982 and 1983, a description of the demographics of drinking patterns using indices developed from the 1983 data, and a description of the occupational patterns of drinking among young people. The trends in the data suggest that drinking to the point of drunkenness may peak at about age 19 or 20. Youth with more education, whose parents have at least some college, who are not poor, who are white and who come from mainstream churches tend to drink twice a week or more, but generally in moderation. Youth with the characteristics associated with lower levels of income and status have much higher proportions of non-drinkers and overall drink less frequently than other youth, but those who drink tend to drink larger quantities per drinking day. Occupation and industry are seen to have little effect on drinking. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crowley, Joan E. "Demographics of Alcohol Use Among Young Americans: Results from the 1983 National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth." Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1985. |
1400. |
Crowley, Joan E. |
Longitudinal and Cross-Cohort Employment Patterns of Women Presented: Washington, DC, American Psychological Association, 1982 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Fertility; Job Aspirations; Labor Force Participation; Occupational Segregation; Sex Roles This paper reviews the research done on labor force participation, wages, and occupational segregation which utilized the Mature Women, Young Women, and NLSY data. Each successive cohort of women shows higher levels of commitment to the labor force. Even among the mature women, a very high proportion worked either continuously or sporadically. Young women are showing stronger commitments to the labor market, higher levels of education, and lower levels of fertility (actual and expected), meaning that there should be fewer conflicts between home and work and greater expected returns to employment. Attitudes toward work are becoming more favorable, both across cohorts and across time within cohorts. Women continue to be concentrated in relatively few occupations, and the aspirations of respondents in the youth cohort indicate that a great deal of difference between men and women persists, although the gap is not as wide as it was for the youth from the 1960s cohorts. Most trends are in the direction of increased employment, wages, and decreased occupational segregation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crowley, Joan E. "Longitudinal and Cross-Cohort Employment Patterns of Women." Presented: Washington, DC, American Psychological Association, 1982. |
1401. |
Crowley, Joan E. |
Longitudinal Modeling of the Relationship between Crime and Employment among Young White Americans Presented: Denver, CO, American Society of Criminology, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Behavior, Violent; Behavioral Problems; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Employment; Labor Force Participation; Marital Status; Modeling; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Both economic and sociological theories of crime focus on illegal activities as rational alternatives to conventional employment under certain conditions. Two alternate models of the link between crime and employment were developed, one hypothesizing that factors such as education and employment history affect crime through determining the individual's expected wage, and the other model hypothesizing that these factors are indicators of commitment to conventional roles. Path analyses were calculated, using data from the NLSY. Neither model was entirely supported. Among white females, there were no significant relationships between any predictors and criminal behavior, or between criminal behavior and employment. Among white males, violent crime was associated with time out of the labor force. Criminal activities may reflect life styles, rather than rational calculations of costs and benefits. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crowley, Joan E. "Longitudinal Modeling of the Relationship between Crime and Employment among Young White Americans." Presented: Denver, CO, American Society of Criminology, 1983. |
1402. |
Crowley, Joan E. |
Longitudinal Patterns of Welfare Use Among Young Mothers Presented: [S.L.], Tenth Annual Conference on Feminist Psychology of the Association for Women in Psychology, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Women in Psychology Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing; First Birth; Minority Groups; Mothers; Racial Differences; Transfers, Public; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the NLSY, this paper examines welfare patterns of young women who had become mothers by 1983. It was found that welfare receipt of all types is highly concentrated among those young women who have borne a child. Almost half of the young mothers receive welfare at some point. As expected, the population of welfare mothers are likely to be less educated, to come from broken homes, to be from a minority group, and to have several children at an early age, relative to their non-welfare recipient counterparts. However, it is also clear that a number of women who receive welfare do not fit into these low privilege categories. Even among a population expected to have an overrepresentation of long-term recipients, most women are on welfare for a relatively short period. Pattern for welfare in general are not substantially different from patterns for AFDC specifically, despite differences in target groups and despite the fact that the AFDC group is roughly half the size of the inclusive welfare group. Although characteristics such as age at first birth, race, and education predict welfare receipt fairly well, they are less closely associated with the length of time that a young mother spends on welfare. The large degree of overlap on critical dimensions between welfare and non-welfare mothers points to the need for a greater understanding of the specific circumstances and combinations of circumstances which lead young women to become dependent on various government transfer programs, as well as the processes which lead young women to be able to leave the programs. In particular, the fact that a large proportion of welfare mothers are employed following the birth of their first child suggests that the keys to reducing welfare dependency will be found in the solution to the larger problem of how to increase the low earning power of young women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crowley, Joan E. "Longitudinal Patterns of Welfare Use Among Young Mothers." Presented: [S.L.], Tenth Annual Conference on Feminist Psychology of the Association for Women in Psychology, 1985. |
1403. |
Crowley, Joan E. |
Status Variations in Alcohol Use Among Young Adults: Results from the 1984 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Previous reports in this series have focused on descriptions of alcohol use patterns among NLSY. This report extends the descriptive material to the 1984 data, and extends those results with multivariate analyses of alcohol use patterns as they are related to indicators of socioeconomic status. In 1984, the questions on alcohol use were supplemented for the first time with questions on problems resulting from alcohol use. A major portion of this report details the patterns of reported problems within the young adult population. The author concludes that alcohol use is not well accounted for by broad socioeconomic categories. Alcohol related problems are not simply a function of alcohol consumption since patterns in relationships between status variables and drinking patterns were not affected by the inclusion of drinking behavior in the models. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crowley, Joan E. "Status Variations in Alcohol Use Among Young Adults: Results from the 1984 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth." Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1985. |
1404. |
Crowley, Joan E. |
Three Generations: The NLS of Labor Market Experience of Women Presented: Washington, DC, American Psychological Association, 1982 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Fertility; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Mothers; Sex Roles This paper reviews research on demographic and labor force related changes identified in the NLS. Women are planning on greater labor force participation, higher levels of education, and lower levels of fertility. Working produces more favorable attitudes toward work among women, which in turn is associated with greater labor force participation, both among the women themselves and among their daughters. Even among the mature women, the majority reported spending substantial proportions of their time in the labor force during the decade studied. Black women are more likely to be forced out of the labor force due to ill health, while white women appear to be able to adapt to ill health by reducing hours or weeks worked. Among the young women, those who expect to work tend to have fewer children, but having children does not appear to affect subsequent employment, indicating that expectations about fertility and labor force participation are substantially formed prior to entry into the labor market. Marital disruption has a smaller effect on employment than is commonly supposed. There are still substantial differences between men and women in their occupational aspirations, but the differences are diminishing generally. Young women appear to be aspiring to higher prestige jobs in the late 70s than they did in the late 60s. Overall, the trends uncovered in research on women done using the NLS data sets show continued economic progress for women. There is some evidence of a counter-trend, however, in the increase over time in early childbearing, especially among minority women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crowley, Joan E. "Three Generations: The NLS of Labor Market Experience of Women." Presented: Washington, DC, American Psychological Association, 1982. |
1405. |
Crowley, Joan E. |
Welfare and Early Motherhood Presented: Seattle, WA, Association of Women in Psychology, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Women in Psychology Keyword(s): Childbearing; First Birth; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Sex Roles; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Anecdotal evidence has led to concern that early childbirth leads to welfare dependency among young women, particularly minority women. This paper uses data on women from the 1982 NLSY to look at the links between childbirth, poverty and welfare, comparing women who had had a first birth before their 18th birthday with women who had had children at an older age and with non-mothers. Early childbirth was associated with poverty, low educational attainment and aspirations, low self-esteem, and traditional views of women's roles. Multivariate analysis showed that family composition, particularly marriage and independence from parents was associated with staying off welfare following childbirth. Controlling for background factors, race is not a significant predictor of welfare receipt. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crowley, Joan E. "Welfare and Early Motherhood." Presented: Seattle, WA, Association of Women in Psychology, 1983. |
1406. |
Crowley, Joan E. |
Welfare Patterns amoung Young Mothers In: Pathways to the Future, Volume V: A Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1983, P.Baker, ed., Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Mothers; Welfare Chapter Four provides a descriptive analysis of welfare patterns among young mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crowley, Joan E. "Welfare Patterns amoung Young Mothers." In: Pathways to the Future, Volume V: A Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1983, P.Baker, ed., Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985. |
1407. |
Crowley, Joan E. Shapiro, David |
Aspirations and Expectations of Youth in the United States: Part 1. Education and Fertility Youth and Society 13,4 (June 1982): 391-422. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/13/4/391 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Children; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Fertility; Occupational Aspirations; Racial Differences; Sex Roles; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Training, Occupational; Vocational Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the first wave of the NLSY are presented and young people's plans for education and for parenthood are examined. All analyses look at variation by race and sex. Half of the youth aspire to complete college, and almost all expect to complete at least high school. Two thirds express a desire for occupational training in addition to regular schooling. Analysis of expected fertility shows a strong preference for a two child family. A multivariate model was developed, using both socialization and human capital perspectives in the specification. Family background is highly significant in explaining plans for both education and fertility. Sex role traditionality was a highly significant predictor of the outcome variables for both men and women. With background factors controlled, black youth aspire to higher levels of education than do whites. Among young women, the expected inverse relationship between expected fertility and expected education was very weak, suggesting that these women do not expect their families to prevent their attainment of their educational goals. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crowley, Joan E. and David Shapiro. "Aspirations and Expectations of Youth in the United States: Part 1. Education and Fertility." Youth and Society 13,4 (June 1982): 391-422.
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1408. |
Crowley, Joan E. Shapiro, David |
Occupational Aspirations And Sex Segregation: Trends And Predictions Presented: Los Angeles, CA, American Psychological Association, 1981 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Occupational Aspirations; Sex Roles This paper uses two approaches to understanding occupational aspirations and their impact on sex segregation in the labor force: comparisons of occupational aspirations from two cohorts measured over a decade apart, and multivariate analysis of occupational aspirations from the younger of the two cohorts. The data rely primarily on the 1979 interview of the NLSY, with comparisons drawn from the 1967 NLS of Young Men and the 1968 NLS of Young Women. Youth in the 1979 cohort showed a strong preference for careers in professional and managerial occupations. Compared with the earlier cohorts, young women shifted out of lower-skilled to higher-skilled occupations, although still showing the traditional concentration in clerical positions. Over the decade, young men were more likely to aspire to skilled trades in 1979 than in 1967. Women in 1979 were only half as likely as women in 1968 to say that they expected to be housewives not in the paid labor force at age 35. The multivariate analysis showed that sex-role traditionality was associated with lower aspirations both for men and women, even with social background controlled. The result for men was not expected, since none of the sex-role measures directly assessed men's roles. Sex role traditionality may serve to limit the range of occupations considered appropriate, both by men and by women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crowley, Joan E. and David Shapiro. "Occupational Aspirations And Sex Segregation: Trends And Predictions." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, American Psychological Association, 1981. |
1409. |
Crutchfield, Robert D. |
Ethnicity, Labor Markets, and Crime In: Ethnicity, Race, And Crime: Perspectives Across Time and Place. D.F. Hawkins, ed. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995: pp. 194-211 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: State University of New York Press Keyword(s): Crime; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Illegal Activities; Job Tenure; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Racial Differences; Racial Studies Examines the relationship between racial and labor market disadvantage and criminality, based on data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience for blacks, Latinos, and whites and their relationship to crime rates for these populations. Findings indicate that the more frequently blacks are out of work, especially if they live in a poverty-stricken area, the more likely they are to be involved in a violent or property-related crime; jobs with expected long duration have a dampening effect on this trend. The opposite is true of whites and Latinos, who are more likely to commit crimes when stably employed. It is concluded that not only work, but also the context of the labor market, affects rates of criminality. 3 Tables, 28 References. J. MacDowell (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Crutchfield, Robert D. "Ethnicity, Labor Markets, and Crime" In: Ethnicity, Race, And Crime: Perspectives Across Time and Place. D.F. Hawkins, ed. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995: pp. 194-211
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1410. |
Crutchfield, Robert D. Pitchford, Susan R. |
Work and Crime: The Effects of Labor Stratification Social Forces 76,1 (September 1997): 93-118. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2580319 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Crime; Illegal Activities; Job Satisfaction; Labor Market, Secondary; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Crutchfield and Pitchford use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test the hypothesis that young adults employed in what are described as "secondary sector jobs" are more likely to engage in crime than those in more stable jobs. Copyright University of North Carolina Press 1997. Full text online. UMI can supply photocopy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crutchfield, Robert D. and Susan R. Pitchford. "Work and Crime: The Effects of Labor Stratification." Social Forces 76,1 (September 1997): 93-118.
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1411. |
Crutchfield, Robert D. Wadsworth, Tim |
Aggravated Inequality: Delinquency, School, and Neighborhood Disadvantage Presented: St. Louis MO, Youth Violence Prevention Conference, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri-St. Louis, April 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri-St. Louis Keyword(s): Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Employment, Youth; High School Diploma; Illegal Activities; Neighborhood Effects; Rural/Urban Differences; School Completion; School Progress; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crutchfield, Robert D. and Tim Wadsworth. "Aggravated Inequality: Delinquency, School, and Neighborhood Disadvantage." Presented: St. Louis MO, Youth Violence Prevention Conference, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri-St. Louis, April 2008. |
1412. |
Crutchfield, Robert D. Wadsworth, Tim |
Aggravated Inequality: Neighborhood Economics, Schools, and Juvenile Delinquency In: Economics and Youth Violence: Crime, Disadvantage, and Community. Rosenfeld et al, eds. New York, NY: NYU Press, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: New York University Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Employment, Youth; Geocoded Data; Neighborhood Effects; Parental Influences; School Performance Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The authors of this chapter address the issue of urban crime among adolescents through the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and youth investment in school, looking at the effects of three factors: neighborhood economic trends, parental work experience, and youth employment. The dependent variable was an index of delinquent behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crutchfield, Robert D. and Tim Wadsworth. "Aggravated Inequality: Neighborhood Economics, Schools, and Juvenile Delinquency" In: Economics and Youth Violence: Crime, Disadvantage, and Community. Rosenfeld et al, eds. New York, NY: NYU Press, 2013
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1413. |
Crutchfield, Robert D. Wadsworth, Tim Groninger, Heather Drakulich, Kevin |
Labor Force Participation, Labor Markets, and Crime, Final Report U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, May 12, 2006. Also: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/214515.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: U.S. Department of Justice Keyword(s): Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Employment, Youth; Geocoded Data; High School Diploma; Illegal Activities; Neighborhood Effects; Rural/Urban Differences; School Completion; School Progress; Unemployment, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examined how employment and educational experiences as well as characteristics of the neighborhood of residence interacted to influence young adults' involvement in crime. A modest relationship was found between employment experiences and crime involvement. Those who were employed were less likely to report committing a crime in the year prior to their interview. Those involved in low skilled, less satisfying, and/or temporary jobs were more likely to have committed crimes. These findings, however, were true only for the young adults in urban areas, not those in rural areas. In rural areas, employment was unrelated to young adult criminality. Neighborhood characteristics were found to have little direct influence on the criminal behavior of young adults, and the fact or characteristics of employment were not related to the level of disadvantage of the neighborhood where respondents lived. Apparently local labor markets were more important than neighborhood characteristics in determining employment experiences. Educational experience, most notably attachment to school and to lesser extent respondents' grades, was modestly related to criminal behavior. The influence of grades on delinquency was conditioned by neighborhood disadvantage, the proportion of residents in marginal jobs, and the proportion of adults who held high school diplomas. The researchers recommend making school and educational experience the primary focus for delinquency prevention. The two datasets used in the study are referred to as the Children of the NLSY and the NLSY97. These data were combined with the 2000 census data. The NLSY97 cohort consists of approximately 9,000 youths, ages 12-16, initially assessed in 1997 and followed every year thereafter. It is designed to represent youths living in the United States in 1997 who were born in the years 1980-84. The respondents were between the ages of 18 and 20 when last interviewed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Crutchfield, Robert D., Tim Wadsworth, Heather Groninger and Kevin Drakulich. "Labor Force Participation, Labor Markets, and Crime, Final Report." U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, May 12, 2006. |
1414. |
Cruz, Julissa |
The Influence of Wealth on Repartnering Master's Thesis, Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, 2013. Also: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:5266 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: OhioLINK Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Divorce; Remarriage; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study draws on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 cohort to examine how and why wealth influences repartnering among men and women who have experienced their first divorce. The high concentration of wealth in the top 1% of Americans (Kennickell 2006), as well as the high divorce and repartnering rates in the U.S. make this topic timely. Indeed, this investigation can better illuminate mechanisms driving disparities in repartnering. By testing the competing theories of union formation (specialization hypothesis versus marital timing theory) and the competing theories on the importance of wealth (symbolic value versus economic value), the findings from this study provide a more in-depth understanding of repartnering in the U.S. The results of the current study find that wealth is significantly associated with repartnering for men and women, even after controlling for various socioeconomic variables. Wealth ownership was found to encourage repartnering, especially remarriage, for both men and women. This finding provides support for Oppenheimer's marital timing theory. Finally, results provide tentative support for the argument that the symbolic value of wealth is becoming more important for union formation than the economic value of wealth among men, but not among women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cruz, Julissa. The Influence of Wealth on Repartnering. Master's Thesis, Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, 2013.. |
1415. |
Cseh, Attila |
Effects of Depressive Symptoms on Earnings Southern Economic Journal 75,2 (October 2008): 383-409. Also: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+effects+of+depressive+symptoms+on+earnings.-a0188352376 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Allen Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Gender Differences; High School; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Conventional wisdom is that depression lowers productivity. The magnitude of this effect has been of interest to economists and other social scientists as well as medical researchers. In this paper, I take advantage of the longitudinal nature of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to investigate the effects from a dynamic perspective and to control for unobserved heterogeneity in a fixed-effects framework. Exploiting the fact that the data set provides information about depressive symptoms in multiple years, I am able to study how changes in depressive symptoms impact productivity. My results indicate that taking personality into account is important in estimating how depression affects wages. While ordinary least-squares results render a strong negative significant effect to depressive symptom measures (especially in the men's sample), taking unobserved personal characteristics into account reduces the effects of these measures. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cseh, Attila. "Effects of Depressive Symptoms on Earnings." Southern Economic Journal 75,2 (October 2008): 383-409.
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1416. |
Cseh, Attila |
Mental Health and the Labor Market Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Heterogeneity; Insurance, Health; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Conventional wisdom is that depression lowers productivity. The magnitude of this effect has been of interest to economists and other social scientists. In this dissertation I take advantage of the longitudinal nature of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to investigate the effects from a dynamic perspective and to control for unobserved heterogeneity in a fixed effects framework. Exploiting that the dataset provides information about depressive symptoms in multiple years, I am able to study how changes in depressive symptoms impact productivity. My results suggest that personality matters to a great extent. While ordinary least squares results render a strong negative significant effect to depressive symptoms, taking unobserved personal characteristics into account shows that people who enter a depressive spell will not lose productivity and those who come out of a depressive spell will not be more productive either. Due to the limited cohort in the NLSY79, the results may not be generalizable to older populations or to individuals in their early 20s. Health insurance mandates have become increasingly popular with policy makers as an alternative to public provision of health insurance benefits. In this paper I analyze the effects of state mental health parity mandates in the labor market and in the insurance market. Theory suggests that health insurance mandates could increase employers' costs and potentially reduce employer provided health insurance, and/or lower wages. States passed parity mandates throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, however, self-insured health insurance plans are not subject to these state regulations. Therefore, I estimate the effect of state mental health parity laws by assigning probability values of being subject to these state parity mandates - that is, probability values of being in a non-self-insured health plan - to each respondent in the Current Population Survey based on firm size, industry and year. These probability values are constructed using information on eligibility and, self-insured plans in the Employer Health Benefits Survey. Results provide no evidence that parity mandates increased the number of people uninsured. Findings on the impact on wages are not conclusive since coefficients seem to be sensitive to changes in the sample. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cseh, Attila. Mental Health and the Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, 2006. |
1417. |
Cubbins, Lisa A. Klepinger, Daniel H. |
Childhood Family, Ethnicity, and Drug Use Over the Life Course Journal of Marriage and Family 69,3 (August 2007): 810-830. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4622482 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Childhood; Childhood Education, Early; Drug Use; Ethnic Differences; Family Characteristics; Family Influences; Life Course; Religion; Religious Influences Using multiply imputed data from 5 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 8,294), we investigated whether childhood family characteristics and childhood religious affiliation explain ethnic differences in marijuana and cocaine use in the last year. None of the childhood factors explained ethnic differences in drug use, though ethnicity and several childhood factors had age-specific effects. Over the life course from young adulthood to middle age, ethnic differences in drug use changed and the effect of childhood religious affiliation declined. Having a more intellectually rich family in childhood increased the risk of drug use at younger ages but reduced it at older ages. The study demonstrates the significance of childhood family experiences for understanding adult drug use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Marriage & Family is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Cubbins, Lisa A. and Daniel H. Klepinger. "Childhood Family, Ethnicity, and Drug Use Over the Life Course." Journal of Marriage and Family 69,3 (August 2007): 810-830.
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1418. |
Cucina, Jeffrey M. Byle, Kevin A. Martin, Nicholas R. Peyton, Sharron T. Gast, Ilene F. |
Generational Differences in Workplace Attitudes and Job Satisfaction: Lack of Sizable Differences across Cohorts Journal of Managerial Psychology 33,3 (2018): 246-264. Also: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/JMP-03-2017-0115 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Job Satisfaction; Work Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the presence of generational differences in items measuring workplace attitudes (e.g. job satisfaction, employee engagement). Design/methodology/approach: Data from two empirical studies were used; the first study examined generational differences in large sample, multi-organizational administrations of an employee survey at both the item and general-factor levels. The second study compared job satisfaction ratings between parents and their children from a large nationwide longitudinal survey. Findings: Although statistically significant, most generational differences in Study 1 did not meet established cutoffs for a medium effect size. Type II error was ruled out given the large power. In Study 2, generational differences again failed to reach Cohen’s cutoff for a medium effect size. Across both studies, over 98 percent of the variance in workplace attitudes lies within groups, as opposed to between groups, and the distributions of scores on these variables overlap by over 79 percent |
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Bibliography Citation
Cucina, Jeffrey M., Kevin A. Byle, Nicholas R. Martin, Sharron T. Peyton and Ilene F. Gast. "Generational Differences in Workplace Attitudes and Job Satisfaction: Lack of Sizable Differences across Cohorts." Journal of Managerial Psychology 33,3 (2018): 246-264.
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1419. |
Cumbie, Julie A. |
Three essays on money arguments and financial behaviors Ph.D. Dissertation, Kansas State University, 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Debt/Borrowing; Family Decision-making/Conflict; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Financial Literacy; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation explores financial behavior outcomes based on economic, relational, and behavioral characteristics within marriages and individually. Data for the three essays are obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Child and Young Adult (1986-2008) survey. Essay one examined the determinants of money arguments within marriage utilizing Lundberg and Pollak's (1994) theory of non-cooperative game theory. Respondents' negative financial behaviors, higher income, and birth order (being laterborn) were found to influence a greater frequency of money arguments. Essay two examined the predictors of individuals' financial behaviors, specifically socialization characteristics and gender role attitudes (traditional versus non-traditional). Using a theoretical framework of gender role theory (Eagly, 1987), younger age, not being married, being non-Black, non-Hispanic, being males, and having higher income were all found to be predictive of at least of one of the three financial behaviors used in this study. Finally, using a theoretical framework of Becker's (1993) theory of human capital, essay three explored the intergenerational transfer of attitudes and human capital across two generations and their possible link to the respondents' financial behaviors. Results showed that mothers' enhanced human capital, endowed and attained, and nontraditional gender role attitudes have a significant positive impact on the children's financial behaviors. Respondents' income was also found to be significant. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cumbie, Julie A. Three essays on money arguments and financial behaviors. Ph.D. Dissertation, Kansas State University, 2012. |
1420. |
Cummings, Benjamin F. Finke, Michael S. James, Russell N. III |
Bounded Rationality Strikes Again: The Impact of Cognitive Ability and Financial Planners on Roth IRA Adoption and Ownership Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, March 2013. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1968984 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Financial Investments; Savings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Roth IRAs were introduced in the late 1990s and provide another option for tax-sheltered retirement savings. Because determining the benefits of a Roth IRA is a complex decision, we hypothesize that cognitive ability and having a financial planner have significant impacts on the timing and likelihood of using a Roth IRA. Using data primarily from the 2004 and 2008 administrations of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we find that greater cognitive ability and having a financial planner are both positively related to Roth IRA ownership and earlier adoption. If individuals with higher cognitive ability and/or a financial planner are better able to recognize and implement beneficial tax strategies, then tax policy will yield unintended distributional consequences. The complexity of a tax policy also limits its ability to modify individual behavior in the ways envisioned by policymakers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cummings, Benjamin F., Michael S. Finke and Russell N. III James. "Bounded Rationality Strikes Again: The Impact of Cognitive Ability and Financial Planners on Roth IRA Adoption and Ownership." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, March 2013. |
1421. |
Cummings, Benjamin F. Finke, Michael S. James, Russell N. III |
The Impact of Cognitive Ability on Roth IRA Ownership Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, October 2011. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1968984 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Assets; Cognitive Ability; Financial Investments; Pensions; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Achieving policy objectives through the tax code may be compromised by the complexity of tax minimization strategies. To take advantage of favorable tax policy, consumers must understand the tax code and the potential benefits. Calculating the financial benefits of a tax policy can be difficult, especially when comparing tax-deferral strategies because the benefits will not be realized immediately. Roth IRAs provide a prime example of a deferred tax minimization tool because the tax benefits of a Roth IRA are not realized until retirement. This study analyzes the impact that cognitive ability has on the adoption of favorable tax strategies by following the adoption of the Roth IRA after its creation. Using data from the 2004 and 2008 administrations of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we hypothesize that higher cognitive ability is positively related to owning a Roth IRA and to early Roth IRA adoption. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that cognitive ability is positively related to Roth IRA ownership and early adoption, even when controlling for education, income, and net worth. Individuals with higher cognitive ability are better able to legally minimize their tax liability, thereby maximizing household utility. If households with higher cognitive ability are better able to recognize and implement beneficial changes in the tax code, then tax policy will yield unintended distributional consequences. The complexity of tax minimization strategies also limits the ability of policy to modify household behavior in the ways envisioned by policymakers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cummings, Benjamin F., Michael S. Finke and Russell N. III James. "The Impact of Cognitive Ability on Roth IRA Ownership." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, October 2011. |
1422. |
Cunha, Andrea Cristina |
The Effects of Clinical Depression on Schooling and Wages Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 1997. Also: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:71189#abstract-files Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: OhioLINK Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Educational Returns; High School Completion/Graduates; Wage Equations; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I test the propositions of the model applicable to the schooling period by estimating the effects of depression on the individual's probability of completing high school. I find that on average, the presence of depression decreases the predicted probability of high school completion of males by eighteen percent, and the predicted probability of high school completion of females by twenty one percent. I test the propositions of the model applicable to the working period by estimating a wage equation that includes a measure of depression and a schooling-depression interaction term. The results indicate that depression decreases wages. At the mean schooling level, and at mean levels of depression for the depressed and the nondepressed, wages earned by the nondepressed males and females exceed those earned by their depressed counterparts by thirty six percent. Returns to schooling are also negatively affected by depression; on average, the returns to each year of schooling are nine percent higher for nondepressed males and females than for their depressed counterparts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cunha, Andrea Cristina. The Effects of Clinical Depression on Schooling and Wages. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 1997.. |
1423. |
Cunha, Flavio |
A Time to Plant and a Time to Reap Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Chicago, January 2007 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Chicago Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Development; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); I.Q.; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Skill Formation; Skills; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper formulates, identifies, and estimates a multistage model of the production of ability in childhood. The model is based on two features. First, Investments made at different ages of the child are not forced to be perfect substitutes as has been assumed in the previous literature. In the model and in the estimation, I allow the technology to vary according to childhood developmental stages so I can capture the notion of critical and sensitive periods found in the literature of animal and human development. I find evidence for sensitive periods. Second, Parents are subject to lifetime credit constraints. They cannot leave debts to their children. They also face uninsurable productivity shocks in labor income. These market failures distort the equilibrium allocation of investments in the cognitive development of their children. The model's empirically grounded steady-state equilibrium explains a variety of facts about cognitive ability, education, and child development. It correctly predicts selection into college by quartiles of family income and terciles of ability measured at adolescent years. It is consistent with gaps in cognitive ability that are present at very early ages. It reproduces the pattern of selection into college based on cognitive ability. I use the model to evaluate the impact of different remediation policies on the stationary distribution of cognitive ability and welfare. I analyze the effects of a 50% tuition subsidy, a targeted early investment subsidy, and a targeted early and late investment subsidy that is contingent on parental resources. I show that the policy that subsidizes early and late childhood investments dominates the other policies in welfare, since it is the one that generates the highest equivalent variation across all deciles of permanent income. It also generates a stationary distribution of cognitive ability that first-order stochastically dominates the ones generated by the baseline economy and the other remediation policies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cunha, Flavio. "A Time to Plant and a Time to Reap." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Chicago, January 2007. |
1424. |
Cunha, Flavio Heckman, James J. |
Decomposing Trends in Inequality in Earnings into Forecastable and Uncertain Components Journal of Labor Economics 34,S2 (April 2016): S31–S65. Also: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/684121 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Earnings; Educational Attainment; Skilled Workers; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Differentials A substantial empirical literature documents the rise in wage inequality in the American economy. It is silent on whether the increase in inequality is due to components of earnings that are predictable by agents or whether it is due to greater uncertainty facing them. These two sources of variability have different consequences for both aggregate and individual welfare. Using data on two cohorts of American males, we find that a large component of the rise in inequality for less skilled workers is due to uncertainty. For skilled workers, the rise is less pronounced. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cunha, Flavio and James J. Heckman. "Decomposing Trends in Inequality in Earnings into Forecastable and Uncertain Components." Journal of Labor Economics 34,S2 (April 2016): S31–S65. A.
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1425. |
Cunha, Flavio Heckman, James J. |
Economics and Psychology of Inequality and Human Development NBER Working Paper No. 14695, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2009. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Achievement; Cognitive Development; Family Influences; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Skill Formation Recent research on the economics of human development deepens understanding of the origins of inequality and excellence. It draws on and contributes to personality psychology and the psychology of human development. Inequalities in family environments and investments in children are substantial. They causally affect the development of capabilities. Both cognitive and noncognitive capabilities determine success in life but to varying degrees for different outcomes. An empirically determined technology of capability formation reveals that capabilities are self-productive and cross-fertilizing and can be enhanced by investment. Investments in capabilities are relatively more productive at some stages of a child's life cycle than others. Optimal child investment strategies differ depending on target outcomes of interest and on the nature of adversity in a child's early years. For some configurations of early disadvantage and for some desired outcomes, it is efficient to invest relatively more in the later years of childhood than in the early years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cunha, Flavio and James J. Heckman. "Economics and Psychology of Inequality and Human Development." NBER Working Paper No. 14695, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2009. |
1426. |
Cunha, Flavio Heckman, James J. |
Economics and Psychology of Inequality and Human Development Journal of the European Economic Association 7,2-3 (April 2009): 320-364 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Achievement; Cognitive Development; Family Influences; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Skill Formation Recent research on the economics of human development deepens understanding of the origins of inequality and excellence. It draws on and contributes to personality psychology and the psychology of human development. Inequalities in family environments and investments in children are substantial. They causally affect the development of capabilities. Both cognitive and noncognitive capabilities determine success in life but to varying degrees for different outcomes. An empirically determined technology of capability formation reveals that capabilities are self-productive and cross-fertilizing and can be enhanced by investment. Investments in capabilities are relatively more productive at some stages of a child's life cycle than others. Optimal child investment strategies differ depending on target outcomes of interest and on the nature of adversity in a child's early years. For some configurations of early disadvantage and for some desired outcomes, it is efficient to invest relatively more in the later years of childhood than in the early years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cunha, Flavio and James J. Heckman. "Economics and Psychology of Inequality and Human Development." Journal of the European Economic Association 7,2-3 (April 2009): 320-364 .
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1427. |
Cunha, Flavio Heckman, James J. |
Formulating, Identifying and Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skill Formation Working Paper, University of Chicago, April 30, 2006. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Chicago Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Human Capital; I.Q.; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Cycle Research; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Skill Formation; Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper formulates and estimates models of the evolution of cognitive and noncognitive skills over the life cycle of children and explores the role of family environments in shaping these skills at different stages of the life cycle. Central to this analysis is the identification of the technology of human skill formation. We estimate a dynamic factor model to solve the problem of endogeneity of inputs and multiplicity of inputs relative to instruments. We identify the scale of the factors by estimating their effects on adult earnings. In this fashion we avoid reliance on test scores and changes in test scores that have no natural metric. Parental investments are more effective in raising noncognitive skills. Noncognitive skills promote the formation of cognitive skills (but not vice versa). Parental inputs have different effects at different stages of the child's life cycle with cognitive skills affected more at early ages and noncognitive skills affected more at later ages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cunha, Flavio and James J. Heckman. "Formulating, Identifying and Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skill Formation." Working Paper, University of Chicago, April 30, 2006.. |
1428. |
Cunha, Flavio Heckman, James J. |
Formulating, Identifying and Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skill Formation Presented: Ann Arbor, MI, The Long-Run Impact of Early Life Events, A Workshop Sponsored by the National Poverty Center, December 13-14, 2007 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Poverty Center Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Human Capital; I.Q.; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Cycle Research; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Skill Formation; Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper estimates models of the evolution of cognitive and noncognitive skills and explores the role of family environments in shaping these skills at different stages of the life cycle of the child. Central to this analysis is identification of the technology of skill formation. We estimate a dynamic factor model to solve the problem of endogeneity of inputs and multiplicity of inputs relative to instruments. We identify the scale of the factors by estimating their effects on adult outcomes. In this fashion we avoid reliance on test scores and changes in test scores that have no natural metric. Parental investments are generally more effective in raising noncognitive skills. Noncognitive skills promote the formation of cognitive skills but, in most specifications of our model, cognitive skills do not promote the formation of noncognitive skills. Parental inputs have different effects at different stages of the child's life cycle with cognitive skills affected more at early ages and noncognitive skills affected more at later ages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cunha, Flavio and James J. Heckman. "Formulating, Identifying and Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skill Formation." Presented: Ann Arbor, MI, The Long-Run Impact of Early Life Events, A Workshop Sponsored by the National Poverty Center, December 13-14, 2007. |
1429. |
Cunha, Flavio Heckman, James J. |
Formulating, Identifying, and Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skill Formation The Journal of Human Resources 43,4 (Fall 2008): 738-782. Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/43/4/738.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Human Capital; I.Q.; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Cycle Research; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Skill Formation; Skills This paper estimates models of the evolution of cognitive and noncognitive skills and explores the role of family environments in shaping these skills at different stages of the life cycle of the child. Central to this analysis is identification of the technology of skill formation. We estimate a dynamic factor model to solve the problem of endogeneity of inputs and multiplicity of inputs relative to instruments. We identify the scale of the factors by estimating their effects on adult outcomes. In this fashion we avoid reliance on test scores and changes in test scores that have no natural metric. Parental investments are generally more effective in raising noncognitive skills. Noncognitive skills promote the formation of cognitive skills but, in most specifications of our model, cognitive skills do not promote the formation of noncognitive skills. Parental inputs have different effects at different stages of the child's life cycle with cognitive skills affected more at early ages and noncognitive skills affected more at later ages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cunha, Flavio and James J. Heckman. "Formulating, Identifying, and Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skill Formation." The Journal of Human Resources 43,4 (Fall 2008): 738-782.
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1430. |
Cunha, Flavio Heckman, James J. Schennach, Susanne |
Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skill Formation NBER Working Paper No. 15664, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2010. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w15664 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Motor and Social Development (MSD); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Temperament This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for children's cognitive and noncognitive skills. Skills are determined by parental environments and investments at different stages of childhood. We estimate the elasticity of substitution between investments in one period and stocks of skills in that period to assess the benefits of early investment in children compared to later remediation. We establish nonparametric identification of a general class of production technologies based on nonlinear factor models with endogenous inputs. A by-product of our approach is a framework for evaluating childhood and schooling interventions that does not rely on arbitrarily scaled test scores as outputs and recognizes the differential effects of the same bundle of skills in different tasks. Using the estimated technology, we determine optimal targeting of interventions to children with different parental and personal birth endowments. Substitutability decreases in later stages of the life cycle in the production of cognitive skills. It is roughly constant across stages of the life cycle in the production of noncognitive skills. This finding has important implications for the design of policies that target the disadvantaged. For most configurations of disadvantage, our estimates imply that it is optimal to invest relatively more in the early stages of childhood than in later stages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cunha, Flavio, James J. Heckman and Susanne Schennach. "Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skill Formation." NBER Working Paper No. 15664, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2010. |
1431. |
Cunha, Flavio Heckman, James J. Schennach, Susanne |
Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skill Formation Econometrica 78,3 (1 May 2010): 883–931. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885826/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Life Cycle Research; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Skill Depreciation; Skill Formation; Temperament This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for child cognitive and noncognitive skills. Output is determined by parental environments and investments at different stages of childhood. We estimate the elasticity of substitution between investments in one period and stocks of skills in that period to assess the benefits of early investment in children compared to later remediation. We establish nonparametric identification of a general class of nonlinear factor models. A by-product of our approach is a framework for evaluating childhood interventions that does not rely on arbitrarily scaled test scores as outputs and recognizes the differential effects of skills in different tasks. Using the estimated technology, we determine optimal targeting of interventions to children with different parental and personal birth endowments. Substitutability decreases in later stages of the life cycle for the production of cognitive skills. It increases in later stages of the life cycle for the production of noncognitive skills. This finding has important implications for the design of policies that target the disadvantaged. For some configurations of disadvantage and outcomes, it is optimal to invest relatively more in the later stages of childhood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cunha, Flavio, James J. Heckman and Susanne Schennach. "Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skill Formation." Econometrica 78,3 (1 May 2010): 883–931. A.
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1432. |
Cunha, Flavio Karahan, Fatih Soares, Ilton |
Returns to Skills and the College Premium Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 43,s1 (August 2011): 39-86. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2011.00410.x/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; College Education; High School; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A substantial literature documents the evolution of the college premium in the U.S. labor market over the last 40 years or so. There are at least three different interpretations of this fact: (i) shifts in the relative supply of and demand for college versus high school labor, (ii) shifts in the relative supply of and demand for skills in the college versus high school sector, and (iii) composition effects. We investigate how each of these components contributes to the dynamics of the college premium and find that all three play a role, but the increase in the college premium is primarily driven by the first component. We also find that during the 1980s, the college premium for high school workers diverged from the college premium for college workers and a substantial fraction of the gap that opens up is primarily due to the increase in the returns to cognitive skills |
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Bibliography Citation
Cunha, Flavio, Fatih Karahan and Ilton Soares. "Returns to Skills and the College Premium." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 43,s1 (August 2011): 39-86.
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1433. |
Cunningham, Susan Mary |
Shift-Work Patterns Among Youth: A Three-Year Analysis Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, 1986. DAI-A 47/09, p. 3577, March 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Dual Economic Theory; Gender Differences; Income; Industrial Sector; Private Schools; Racial Differences; Shift Workers; Unemployment, Youth; Variables, Independent - Covariate This dissertation examines shift work (day versus nonday work hours) from a sociological perspective, applying some concepts rooted in the dual/segmented labor-market literature to an analysis of shift distribution at one point in time and patterns of shift changes over a three-year period. The operationalizations derived from this literature are sector, labor market (high/low capacity jobs), race, and gender as predictor variables. Marital status, income last year (a proxy for experience in the labor force), college student status, full-time/part-time employment status, and age were added as control variables. The data are from the National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort for 1980, 1981, and 1982. The method employed is log-linear analysis of multi-dimensional contingency tables. Both the bivariate and multivariate hypotheses reflect a general theme, the proposed negative-impact principle. For bivariate associations, this principle states that position in or possession of the more negative category or trait (with respect to the labor force) of the respective independent variables will increase the likelihood of a person's working nonday hours. For higher-order interactions, this principle suggests that, for the more negative level of a conditioning variable, the effect of an independent variable on shift is greater, such that a combination of negative characteristics of two independent variables significantly increases the probability of a worker's location on a nonday shift. The results support the application of this principle: For both analyses, the sector/shift relationship is stronger for workers who hold low-capacity jobs and who report lower incomes. For shift pattern, the sector/shift relationship is stronger for students and for unmarried respondents. For shift distribution, a student/shift and employment-status/shift association is stronger among lower-income respondents. The gender variable conforms to the negative-impact principle but not in the predicted manner. Race shows no association with shift work in terms of either a main effect or higher-order interactions with other variables. The age variable is similarly unrelated at the bivariate level and appears only weakly in a higher-order interaction in both analyses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cunningham, Susan Mary. Shift-Work Patterns Among Youth: A Three-Year Analysis. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, 1986. DAI-A 47/09, p. 3577, March 1987. |
1434. |
Curme, Michael Stefanec, Noah |
Worker Quality and Labor Market Sorting Economics Letters 96,2 (August 2007): 202-208. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176507000109 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Workers Ability We test the hypothesis that labor market sorting into outcomes normally associated with wage premia (e.g. incentive pay coverage, urban dwelling, employment in large firms, marriage, and union coverage) is related to a series of non-standard worker "quality" measures. |
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Bibliography Citation
Curme, Michael and Noah Stefanec. "Worker Quality and Labor Market Sorting." Economics Letters 96,2 (August 2007): 202-208.
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1435. |
Curran, Patrick J. Harford, Thomas C. Muthen, Bengt O. |
The Relation Between Heavy Alcohol Use and Bar Patronage: A Latent Growth Model Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57,4 (July 1996): 410-418. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/The_Relation_between_Heavy_Alcohol_Use_and_Bar_Patronage_A_Latent_Growth_M/339.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Marital Status; Modeling; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Racial Differences; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on 3,071 Ss age 21+ (38% female, 18% black, 13% Hispanic, ∧ 69% Caucasian) were used to estimate models for heavy alcohol use and bar patronage, 1982-1984. Random effects latent growth models indicate that both heavy alcohol use and bar patronage had downward growth trajectories over time, with males reporting higher levels of both at initial interview and smaller decreases over time. Bar patronage tended to encourage heavy alcohol use, particularly among singles & males. Compared to Caucasians, Hispanics reported lower levels of bar patronage & blacks reported lower levels of both heavy alcohol use & bar patronage. 2 Tables, 4 Figures, 34 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Curran, Patrick J., Thomas C. Harford and Bengt O. Muthen. "The Relation Between Heavy Alcohol Use and Bar Patronage: A Latent Growth Model ." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57,4 (July 1996): 410-418.
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1436. |
Curran, Patrick J. Muthen, Bengt O. Harford, Thomas C. |
The Influence of Changes in Marital Status on Developmental Trajectories of Alcohol Use In Young Adults Journal of Studies on Alcohol 59,6 (November 1998): 647-658. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/The_Influence_of_Changes_in_Marital_Status_on_Developmental_Trajectories_of/561.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Education; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Marital Disruption; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Racial Differences; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Youth Problems Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. OBJECTIVE: Multiple group latent curve analysis was used to assess the impact of changes in marital status on alcohol use trajectories in young adults and to test if these effects varied across ethnicity and gender. METHOD: Four years of data were obtained from a sample of young adults (N = 4,052; 54% male) drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Alcohol use and marital status were assessed once per year and covariates included age, gender, education and ethnicity. RESULTS: Latent curve models indicated that there was an overall nonlinear negative alcohol use trajectory across the four time points and that becoming married was reliably associated with an added down-turn to this trajectory. Multiple group models indicated that there was an interaction between ethnicity and marital status in the prediction of alcohol growth trajectories, but there was no interaction with gender. CONCLUSIONS: Becoming married for the first time exerted a unique effect on the overall developmental trajectory of alcohol use over time. This effect held for both ethnic groups but was reliably stronger for white compared to black respondents. This interaction may be attributable to lower levels of alcohol use reported by black respondents, or may be related to individual differences in reactivity to social influences by blacks relative to whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Curran, Patrick J., Bengt O. Muthen and Thomas C. Harford. "The Influence of Changes in Marital Status on Developmental Trajectories of Alcohol Use In Young Adults." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 59,6 (November 1998): 647-658.
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1437. |
Currie, Janet |
Medicaid and Medical Care for Children Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Health; Children, Health Care; Medicaid/Medicare; Racial Differences; Siblings; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Surveys to compare the medical care received by children covered by Medicaid to that of other similar children. Using sibling differences, and changes over time for the same child, we find that Medicaid coverage increases the probability that all children receive routine checkups and also increases the number of doctor visits for illness among white children. The racial disparity in the number of visits may be linked to the fact that black children with Medicaid coverage are less likely to see a private physician than other children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet. "Medicaid and Medical Care for Children." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993. |
1438. |
Currie, Janet Cole, Nancy |
Does Participation in Transfer Programs During Pregnancy Improve Birth Weight? NBER Working Paper No. 3832, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1991. Also: Working Paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August 1991. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Birthweight; Child Health; Children, Well-Being; Maternal Employment; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Transfers, Public A primary goal of transfer programs to the non-aged, non-disabled poor in the United States is to improve the well-being of children in poor families. Thus it is surprising that most of the considerable research which has been devoted to the study of transfer programs focuses on the incentive effects of the programs for parents rather than on the question of whether parental participation in such programs measurably benefits children. This paper begins to fill this gap in the literature by examining the relationship between a mother's participation during pregnancy in Aid to Families with Dependent Children, the Food Stamp Program, or housing assistance, and one of the least controversial measures of child welfare: the birth weight. The authors do not find any statistically significant relationship between a mother's participation in these programs during pregnancy and the birth weight of her child. However, it should be kept in mind that birth weight is only one me asure of child welfare and that these entitlement programs may well have positive impacts on the health and development of children once they are born. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Nancy Cole. "Does Participation in Transfer Programs During Pregnancy Improve Birth Weight?" NBER Working Paper No. 3832, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1991. |
1439. |
Currie, Janet Cole, Nancy |
Does Participation in Transfer Programs During Pregnancy Improve Birth Weight? Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Birthweight; Breastfeeding; Maternal Employment; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Siblings; Transfers, Public; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Nancy Cole. "Does Participation in Transfer Programs During Pregnancy Improve Birth Weight?" Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992. |
1440. |
Currie, Janet Cole, Nancy |
Welfare and Child Health: The Link Between AFDC Participation and Birth Weight American Economic Review 83,4 (September 1993): 971-985. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117589 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Child Health; Children, Well-Being; Fertility; Household Composition; Income; Mothers, Behavior; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Program Participation/Evaluation; Siblings; Substance Use; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The stated goal of the Aid for Families with Dependent Children program is to improve the well-being of children in poor families. The program has come under considerable attack in recent years from critics who argue that participation in AFDC is associated with maternal behaviors that are bad for children. We investigate this question using birth weight as a measure of child health. While AFDC mothers are indeed more likely to have children at younger ages, to delay obtaining prenatal care, to smoke, and to drink during pregnancy, we find no support for the view that AFDC participation induces these behaviors. Rather, our results suggest that some women are predisposed both to participate in AFDC and to these behaviors. These women ultimately have babies of lower birth weight. We show that when observable and unobservable characteristics of the mother are controlled for, there is actually a positive association between participation in AFDC and the birth weights of children of white women from poor families. We find no association between birth weight and maternal participation in AFDC among black children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Nancy Cole. "Welfare and Child Health: The Link Between AFDC Participation and Birth Weight." American Economic Review 83,4 (September 1993): 971-985.
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1441. |
Currie, Janet Cole, Nancy |
Welfare and Child Health: The Link Between AFDC Participation and Birth Weight Working Paper No. 92-9, Cambridge MA: MIT, Department of Economics, May 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Child Health; Children, Well-Being; Fertility; Household Composition; Income; Mothers, Behavior; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Siblings; Substance Use; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The stated goal of the Aid for Families with Dependent Children program is to improve the well-being of children in poor families. The program has come under considerable attack in recent years from critics who argue that participation in AFDC is associated with maternal behaviors that are bad for children. We investigate this question using birth weight as a measure of child health. While AFDC mothers are indeed more likely to have children at younger ages, to delay obtaining prenatal care, to smoke, and to drink during pregnancy, we find no support for the view that AFDC participation induces these behaviors. Rather, our results suggest that some women are predisposed both to participate in AFDC and to these behaviors. These women ultimately have babies of lower birth weight. We show that when observable and unobservable characteristics of the mother are controlled for, there is actually a positive association between participation in AFDC and the birth weights of children of white women from poor families. We find no association between birth weight and maternal participation in AFDC among black children. (Now published: American Economic Review 83,4 (September 1993): 971-985 [NLS#490]) |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Nancy Cole. "Welfare and Child Health: The Link Between AFDC Participation and Birth Weight." Working Paper No. 92-9, Cambridge MA: MIT, Department of Economics, May 1992. |
1442. |
Currie, Janet Fallick, Bruce C. |
A Note on the New Minimum Wage Research NBER Working Paper No. 4348, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1993. Also: http://www.nber.org/cgi-bin/wpsearch.pl?action=bibliography&paper=W4348&year=93 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Minimum Wage; Wage Rates; Wages Impact on employment of increases in the federal minimum wage; based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, 1979-80. Bibliography, table(s). |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Bruce C. Fallick. "A Note on the New Minimum Wage Research." NBER Working Paper No. 4348, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1993. |
1443. |
Currie, Janet Fallick, Bruce C. |
The Minimum Wage and the Employment of Youth: Evidence from the NLSY Journal of Human Resources 31,2 (Spring 1996): 404-428. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146069 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Minimum Wage; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Wage Dynamics; Wage Rates; Wages; Work Hours/Schedule Using panel data on individuals from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the authors find that employed individuals who were affected by the increases in the federal minimum wage in 1979 and 1980 were about 3 percent less likely to be employed a year later, even after accounting for the fact that workers employed at the minimum wage may differ from their peers in unobserved ways. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Bruce C. Fallick. "The Minimum Wage and the Employment of Youth: Evidence from the NLSY." Journal of Human Resources 31,2 (Spring 1996): 404-428.
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1444. |
Currie, Janet Gruber, Jonathan |
Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Changes in the Medicaid Eligibility of Pregnant Women Journal of Political Economy 104,6 (December 1996): 1263-1296. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2138939 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Education; Family Income; Health Care; Health Reform; Infants; Medicaid/Medicare; Mortality; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Welfare A key question for health care reform in the United States is whether expanded health insurance eligibility will lead to improvements in health outcomes. We address this question in the context of the dramatic changes in Medicaid eligibility for pregnant women that took place between 1979 and 1992. We build a detailed simulation model of each state's Medicaid policy during this era and use this model to estimate (1) the effect of changes in the rules on the fraction of women eligible for Medicaid coverage in the event of pregnancy and (2) the effect of Medicaid eligibility changes on birth outcomes in aggregate Vital Statistics data. We have three main findings. First, the changes did dramatically increase the Medicaid eligibility of pregnant women, but did so at quite differential rates across the states. Second, the changes lowered the incidence of infant mortality and low birth weight; we estimate that the 30-percentage-point increase in eligibility among 15-44- year-old women was associated with a decrease in infant mortality of 8.5 percent. Third, earlier, targeted changes in Medicaid eligibility, which were restricted to specific low-income groups, had much larger effects on birth outcomes than broader expansions of eligibility to women with higher income levels. We suggest that the source of this difference is the much lower take-up of Medicaid coverage by individuals who became eligible under the broader eligibility changes. Even the targeted changes cost the Medicaid program $840,000 per infant life saved, however, raising important issues of cost effectiveness. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Jonathan Gruber. "Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Changes in the Medicaid Eligibility of Pregnant Women." Journal of Political Economy 104,6 (December 1996): 1263-1296.
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1445. |
Currie, Janet Gruber, Jonathan |
Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansion of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women NBER Working Paper No. 4644, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w4644 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Education; Family Income; Health Care; Health Reform; Infants; Medicaid/Medicare; Mortality; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Welfare A key question for health care reform in the U.S. is whether expanded health insurance eligibility will lead to improvements in health outcomes. We address this question in the context of dramatic expansions in the Medicaid eligibility for pregnant women that took place during the 1980s. We build a detailed simulation model of each state's Medicaid policy during the 1979-1990 period, and use this model to estimate 1) the effect of changes in the rules on the eligibility of pregnant women for Medicaid, and 2) the effect of Medicaid eligibility changes on birth outcomes in aggregate Vital Statistics data. We have three main findings. First, the expansions did dramatically increase the Medicaid eligibility of pregnant women, but did so at quite differential rates across the states. Second, the expansions lowered the incidence of infant mortality and low birthweight; we estimate that the 20 percentage point increase in eligibility among 15-44 year old women was associated with a decrease in infant mortality of 7%. Third, earlier, targeted changes in Medicaid eligibility, such as through relaxations of the family structure requirements from the AFDC program, had much larger effects on birth outcomes than broader expansions of eligibility to all women with somewhat higher income levels. We suggest that the source of this difference was the much lower takeup of Medicaid coverage by individuals who became eligible under the broader expansions. We find that the targeted expansions, which raised Medicaid expenditures by $1.7 million per infant life saved, were in line with conventional [...] Now Published: Published: Journal of Political Economy 104,6 (December 1996): 1263-1296 [NLS Bibliography entry # 2699] |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Jonathan Gruber. "Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansion of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women." NBER Working Paper No. 4644, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994. |
1446. |
Currie, Janet Gruber, Jonathan |
Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansions of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women NBER Working Paper No. 4644, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1994. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W4644 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Family Structure; Health Reform; Income; Medicaid/Medicare; Modeling; Mortality; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes This is a revised edition of an ealier working paper, Los Angeles CA: UCLA, December 1993. A key question for health care reform in the U.S. is whether expanded health insurance eligibility will lead to improvements in health outcomes. This question is addressed in the context of dramatic expansions in the Medicaid eligibility for pregnant women that took place during the 1980s. A detailed simulation model of each state's Medicaid policy during the 1979-1990 period is built, and this model is used to estimate 1) the effect of changes in the rules on the eligibility of pregnant women for Medicaid, and 2) the effect of Medicaid eligibility changes on birth outcomes in aggregate *Vital Statistics* data. There are three main findings. First, the expansions did dramatically increase the Medicaid eligibility of pregnant women, but at quite differential rates across the states. Second, the expansions lowered the incidence of infant mortality and low birth weight. Third, changes in Medicaid eligibility, such as relaxations of family structure requirements from the AFDC program, had much larger effects on birth outcomes than broader expansions of eligibility to all women with somewhat higher income levels. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Jonathan Gruber. "Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansions of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women." NBER Working Paper No. 4644, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1994. |
1447. |
Currie, Janet Gruber, Jonathan |
Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansions of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women Working Paper 94-11, Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, December 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Benefits, Insurance; Birthweight; Education; Health Reform; Mortality; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A key question for health care reform in the U.S. is whether expanded health insurance eligibility will lead to improvements in health outcomes. We address this question in the context of dramatic expansions in the Medicaid eligibility for pregnant women that took place during the 1980's. We build a detailed simulation model of each state's Medicaid policy during the 1979-1990 period, and use this model to estimate 1) the effect of changes in the rules on the eligibility of pregnant women for Medicaid, and 2) the effect of Medicaid eligibility changes on birth outcomes in aggregate Vital Statistics data. We have three main findings. First, the expansions did dramatically increase the Medicaid eligibility of pregnant women, but did so at quite differential rates across the states. Second, the expansions lowered the incidence of infant mortality and low birthweight; we estimate that the 20 percentage point increase in eligibility among 15-44 year old women was associated with a decrease in infant mortality of 7%. Third, earlier, targeted changes in Medicaid eligibility, such as through relaxations of the family structure requirements from the AFDC program, had much larger effects on birth outcomes than broader expansions of eligibility to all women with somewhat higher income levels. We suggest that the source of this difference was the much lower takeup of Medicaid coverage by individuals who became eligible under the broader expansions. We find that the targeted expansions, which raised Medicaid expenditures by $1.7 million per infant life saved, were fairly cost effective compared to conventional estimates of the value of a life. We conclude that insurance expansions can improve health, but that translating eligibility to coverage may be the key link in making insurance policy effective. This record is part of the Abstracts of Working Papers in Economics (AWPE) Database, copyright (c) 1995 Cambridge University Press |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Jonathan Gruber. "Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansions of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women." Working Paper 94-11, Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, December 1993. |
1448. |
Currie, Janet Gruber, Jonathan |
Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansions of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women Working Paper, University of California - Los Angeles, December 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Education; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Jonathan Gruber. "Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansions of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women." Working Paper, University of California - Los Angeles, December 1993. |
1449. |
Currie, Janet Hotz, V. Joseph |
Accidents Will Happen? Unintentional Childhood Injuries and the Effects of Child Care Regulations Journal of Health Economics 23,1 (January 2004): 25-60. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629603001012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Accidents; Child Care; Child Health; Injuries; Mortality Accidents are the leading cause of death and injury among children in the United States, far surpassing diseases as a health threat. We examine the effects of child care regulation on rates of accidental injury using both micro data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and Vital Statistics mortality records. Estimates from both data sources suggest that requiring day care center directors to have more education reduces the incidence of unintentional injuries. An auxiliary analysis of the choice of child care mode confirms that these regulations are binding and that higher educational requirements tend to crowd some children out of care, as do regulations requiring frequent inspections of child care facilities and lower pupil-teacher ratios. Thus, regulation creates winners and losers: Some children benefit from safer environments, while those who are squeezed out of the regulated sector are placed at higher risk of injury. [Copyright 2004 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and V. Joseph Hotz. "Accidents Will Happen? Unintentional Childhood Injuries and the Effects of Child Care Regulations." Journal of Health Economics 23,1 (January 2004): 25-60.
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1450. |
Currie, Janet Hotz, V. Joseph |
Accidents Will Happen? Unintentional Injury, Maternal Employment, and Child Care Policy NBER Working Paper No. 8090, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2001. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W8090.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Accidents; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Care; Child Health; Children, Well-Being; Injuries; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Mortality; Racial Differences In western countries, accidents are the leading cause of death and injury among children, far surpassing diseases as a health threat. We examine the effect of maternal employment and child care policy on rates of accidental injury using both micro data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and Vital Statistics records. We find that the effects of maternal employment on unintentional injuries to children vary by demographic group, with the effects being positive for blacks and negative for whites in models that control for child-specific fixed effects. Estimates from both individual-level NLSY and Vital Statistics data suggest that the effects of maternal employment may be mediated by child care regulations. Most notably, requiring training beyond high school for caregivers reduces the incidence of both fatal and non-fatal accidents. Other types of regulation have mixed effects on unintentional injuries, suggesting that child care regulations create winners and losers. In particular, while some children may benefit from safer environments, others that appear to be squeezed out of the more expensive regulated sector and are placed at higher risks of injury. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and V. Joseph Hotz. "Accidents Will Happen? Unintentional Injury, Maternal Employment, and Child Care Policy." NBER Working Paper No. 8090, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2001. |
1451. |
Currie, Janet Neidell, Matthew J. |
Getting Inside the "Black Box" of Head Start Quality: What Matters and What Doesn't Economics of Education Review 26,1 (February 2007): 83-99. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775706000215 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Poverty; Children, Preschool; Head Start; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Record Linkage (also see Data Linkage); School Progress Critics of Head Start contend that many programs spend too much money on programs extraneous to children. On the other hand, Head Start advocates argue that the families of severely disadvantaged children need a broad range of services. Given the available evidence, it has been impossible to assess the validity of these claims. In this study, we match detailed administrative data with data on child outcomes from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, including test scores, behavior problems, and grade repetition. We find that former Head Start children have higher reading and vocabulary scores where Head Start spending was higher. Holding per capita expenditures constant, children in programs that devoted higher shares of their budgets to child-specific expenditures have fewer behavior problems and are less likely to have been retained in grade. [Copyright 2007 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Matthew J. Neidell. "Getting Inside the "Black Box" of Head Start Quality: What Matters and What Doesn't." Economics of Education Review 26,1 (February 2007): 83-99.
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1452. |
Currie, Janet Nixon, Lucia A. Cole, Nancy |
Restrictions on Medicaid Funding of Abortion: Effects on Birth Weight and Pregnancy Resolution Journal of Human Resources 31,1 (Winter 1996): 159-188. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146046 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Abortion; Birthweight; Endogeneity; Modeling; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Underreporting Previous research suggests that restricting the availability of abortion reduces average birth weight. In this paper we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to reexamine this question. Most previous studies have estimated the probability that a pregnancy is carried to term, and then used these estimates to calculate "selection corrections" that are included in models of birth weight. We focus instead on reduced form models of birth weight that are not affected by under reporting of abortion, and that do not involve strong identifying restrictions. We also explore the potential endogeneity of abortion laws by comparing jurisdictions with abortion restrictions to jurisdictions where restrictive laws have been passed but are enjoined by the courts. Our results provide little support for the hypothesis that restrictions reduce average birth weight. We also find some evidence that abortion restrictions are endogenous, and that estimated effects on birth weight may reflect unobserved characteristics of states. (Copyright Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System 1996) |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet, Lucia A. Nixon and Nancy Cole. "Restrictions on Medicaid Funding of Abortion: Effects on Birth Weight and Pregnancy Resolution." Journal of Human Resources 31,1 (Winter 1996): 159-188.
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1453. |
Currie, Janet Nixon, Lucia A. Cole, Nancy |
Restrictions on Medicaid Funding of Abortion: Effects on Pregnancy Resolutions and Birthweight NBER Working Paper No. 4432, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1993. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W4432 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Abortion; Birthweight; Economics, Demographic; Endogeneity; Health Care; Health Reform; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Morbidity; Mortality; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Previous research suggests that restricting the availability of abortion reduces average birth weight by increasing the number of unhealthy fetuses that are carried to term. This paper uses NLSY data to ask whether restrictions on Medicaid funding of abortion have this effect. An attempt is made to account for the potential endogeneity of abortion laws by comparing the effects of liberal statues to those of court injunctions ordering states to fund abortions. Results suggest that restrictions do increase the probability that African-American and low-income women carry a pregnancy to term, but that they have no direct effect on birth weight. In comparison, community-level measures of the availability of abortion, contraception, and prenatal care do affect birth weight among African-Americans but not among whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet, Lucia A. Nixon and Nancy Cole. "Restrictions on Medicaid Funding of Abortion: Effects on Pregnancy Resolutions and Birthweight." NBER Working Paper No. 4432, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1993. |
1454. |
Currie, Janet Reagan, Patricia Benton |
Distance to Hospital and Children's Use of Preventive Care: Is Being Closer Better, and for Whom? Economic Inquiry 41,3 (July 2003): 378-392. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1093/ei/cbg015/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Child Health; Children, Health Care; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Health Care; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences This article examines the effect of distance to hospital on preventive care among children using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's Child-Mother file matched to data from the 1990 American Hospital Association Survey. Among central-city black children, each additional mile from the hospital is associated with a 3-percentage-point decline in the probability of having had a checkup (from a mean baseline of 74%). Moreover, the effects are similar for privately and publicly insured black children. For this group, access to providers is as important as private insurance coverage in predicting use of preventive care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Patricia Benton Reagan. "Distance to Hospital and Children's Use of Preventive Care: Is Being Closer Better, and for Whom?" Economic Inquiry 41,3 (July 2003): 378-392.
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1455. |
Currie, Janet Reagan, Patricia Benton |
Distance to Hospitals and Children's Access to Care: Is Being Closer Better, and for Whom? NBER Working Paper No. 6836, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1998. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6836 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Children, Health Care; Health Care; Hispanics; Insurance, Health; Racial Differences; Rural/Urban Differences Distance to hospital may affect the utilization of primary preventative care if children rely on hospitals for such routine care. We explore this question using matched data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's Child-Mother file and the American Hospital Association's 1990 Hospital Survey. Our measure of preventative care is whether or not a child has received a regular checkup in the past year. We find that distance to hospital has significant effects on the utilization of preventative care among central-city black children. For these children, each additional mile from the hospital is associated with a 3 percent decline in the probability of having had a checkup (from a mean baseline of 74 percent). This effect can be compared to the 3 percent increase in the probability of having a checkup which is associated with having private health insurance coverage. The size of this effect is similar for both the privately insured and those with Medicaid coverage, suggesting that even black urban children with private health insurance may have difficulty obtaining access to preventative care. In contrast, we find little evidence of a negative distance effect among white or Hispanic central-city children, suburban children, or rural children. Full text available on line. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Patricia Benton Reagan. "Distance to Hospitals and Children's Access to Care: Is Being Closer Better, and for Whom?" NBER Working Paper No. 6836, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1998. |
1456. |
Currie, Janet Stabile, Mark |
Mental Health in Childhood and Human Capital Presented: Chicago, IL, American Economic Association Annual Meetings, January 3-5, 2007. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2007/0107_1015_1701.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Attention/Attention Deficit; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Canada, Canadian; Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY); Child Health; Children, Mental Health; Cross-national Analysis; Depression (see also CESD); Family Income; Head Start; Job Aspirations; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Preschool Children; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); School Progress; Siblings; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although mental disorders are common among children, we know little about their long term effects on child outcomes. This paper examines U.S. and Canadian children with symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), depression, conduct disorders, and other behavioral problems. Our work offers a number of innovations. First we use large nationally representative samples of children from both countries. Second, we focus on "screeners" that were administered to all children in our sample, rather than on diagnosed cases. Third, we address omitted variables bias by estimating sibling-fixed effects models. Fourth, we examine a range of outcomes. Fifth, we ask how the effects of mental health conditions are mediated by family income and maternal education. We find that mental health conditions have large negative effects on future test scores and schooling attainment, regardless of family income and maternal education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Mark Stabile. "Mental Health in Childhood and Human Capital." Presented: Chicago, IL, American Economic Association Annual Meetings, January 3-5, 2007. |
1457. |
Currie, Janet Stabile, Mark |
Mental Health in Childhood and Human Capital Presented: Chicago, IL, The Harris School, The University of Chicago, Conference on Health and Attainment Over the Lifecourse: Reciprocal Influences from Before Birth to Old Age, May 16, 2008 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Attention/Attention Deficit; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Canada, Canadian; Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY); Child Health; Children, Mental Health; Cross-national Analysis; Family Income; Head Start; Job Aspirations; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Preschool Children; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); School Progress; Siblings; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although mental disorders are common among children, we know little about their long term effects on child outcomes. This paper examines U.S. and Canadian children with symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), depression, conduct disorders, and other behavioral problems. Our work offers a number of innovations. First we use large nationally representative samples of children from both countries. Second, we focus on "screeners" that were administered to all children in our sample, rather than on diagnosed cases. Third, we address omitted variables bias by estimating sibling-fixed effects models. Fourth, we examine a range of outcomes. Fifth, we ask how the effects of mental health conditions are mediated by family income and maternal education. We find that mental health conditions, and especially ADHD, have large negative effects on future test scores and schooling attainment, regardless of family income and maternal education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Mark Stabile. "Mental Health in Childhood and Human Capital." Presented: Chicago, IL, The Harris School, The University of Chicago, Conference on Health and Attainment Over the Lifecourse: Reciprocal Influences from Before Birth to Old Age, May 16, 2008. |
1458. |
Currie, Janet Stabile, Mark |
Mental Health in Childhood and Human Capital In: The Problems of Disadvantaged Youth: An Economic Perspective. J. Gruber, ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009: 115-148 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Attention/Attention Deficit; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Canada, Canadian; Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Health; Cross-national Analysis; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Depression (see also CESD); Deviance; Family Income; Health, Mental/Psychological; Job Aspirations; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Special Education |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Mark Stabile. "Mental Health in Childhood and Human Capital" In: The Problems of Disadvantaged Youth: An Economic Perspective. J. Gruber, ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009: 115-148
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1459. |
Currie, Janet Thomas, Duncan |
Does Head Start Help Hispanic Children? NBER Working Paper No. 5805, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1996. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5805 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of School Psychologists Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Health; Cognitive Development; Ethnic Differences; Head Start; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Human Capital; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Poor educational attainment is a persistent problem among Latino children, relative to nor Latinos. This paper examines the effects of participation in the Head Start program on Latinos. We find that large and significant benefits accrue to Head Start children when we compare them siblings who did not participate in the program. On average, Head Start closes at least 1/4 of the gap in test scores between Latino children and non-Hispanic white children, and 2/3 of the gap in the probability of grade repetition. Latinos are not a homogenous group and we find that the benefits of Head Start are not evenly distributed across sub-groups. Relative to siblings who attend preshool, the gains from Head Start are greatest along children of Mexican-origin and children native-born mothers, especially those whose mothers have more human capital. In contrast, Latino children whose mothers are foreign-born and Puerto Rican children appear to reap little benefit from attending Heat Start, relative to their siblings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Duncan Thomas. "Does Head Start Help Hispanic Children?" NBER Working Paper No. 5805, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1996. |
1460. |
Currie, Janet Thomas, Duncan |
Does Head Start Help Hispanic Children? Journal of Public Economics 74,2 (November 1999): 235-262. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272799000274 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Childhood Education, Early; Children, Preschool; Educational Attainment; Head Start; Hispanics; Immigrants; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Poor educational attainment is a persistent problem among US hispanic children, relative to non-hispanics. Many of these children are immigrants and/or come from households that use a minority language in the home. This paper examines the effects of participation in a government sponsored preschool program called Head Start on these children. We find that large and significant benefits accrue to Head Start children when we compare them to siblings who did not participate in the program. On average, Head Start closes at least 1/4 of the gap in test scores between hispanic children and non-hispanic white children, and 2/3 of the gap in the probability of grade repetition. However, we find that the benefits of Head Start are not evenly distributed across sub-groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Duncan Thomas. "Does Head Start Help Hispanic Children?" Journal of Public Economics 74,2 (November 1999): 235-262.
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1461. |
Currie, Janet Thomas, Duncan |
Does Head Start Make a Difference? NBER Working Paper w4406, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1993. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1645724 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Health; Family Background and Culture; Head Start; Hispanics; Mothers; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Using samples of child-siblings and mother-siblings from the National Longitudinal Survey's Child-Mother file, we find positive effects of participation in Head Start on the test scores of white and Hispanic children. These effects persist for children 8 years and older, and are detectable in the AFQT scores of the white mothers in our sample. We also find that white and Hispanic children are less likely to have repeated a grade if they attended Head Start. African-American and white children who attend Head Start receive measles shots at an earlier age and experience gains in height relative to their siblings who did not attend, and we find weak evidence that white mothers who attended Head Start as children also experienced gains in height relative to their siblings. Hence we find positive and lasting effects of participation in Head Start on a broad range of outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Duncan Thomas. "Does Head Start Make a Difference?" NBER Working Paper w4406, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1993. |
1462. |
Currie, Janet Thomas, Duncan |
Does Head Start Make a Difference? Working Paper No. 94-05, Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation, February 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Health; Disadvantaged, Economically; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Family Background and Culture; Head Start; Health Care; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Siblings; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Data are used to investigate the effects of participation in Head Start on a range of child outcomes. In order to control for selection into the program. comparisons are drawn between siblings and also between the relative benefits associated with attending Head Start, on one hand, and other preschools, on the other. Both whites and African-Americans experience initial gains in test scores as a result of participation in Head Start. But, among African-Americans, the gains are quickly lost whereas, for whites, the gains persist well into adulthood. Result may indicate that Head Start significantly reduces the probability that a white child will repeat a grade, but has no effect on grade repetition among African-American children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Duncan Thomas. "Does Head Start Make a Difference?" Working Paper No. 94-05, Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation, February 1994. |
1463. |
Currie, Janet Thomas, Duncan |
Does Head Start Make a Difference? Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Health; Disadvantaged, Economically; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Family Background and Culture; Head Start; Health Care; Hispanics; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although there is broad bi-partisan support for Head Start, there is little quantitative evidence that the program has long-term positive effects. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey's Child-Mother file, we examine the impact of the program on a range of child outcomes. After controlling for selection into the program using fixed effects methods we find positive effects of participation in Head Start on the test scores of white and Hispanic children that persist among children over 8 years old. We also find that these children are less likely to have repeated a grade. However we find no effects on the test scores or schooling attainment of African-American children. White children who attend Head Start are more likely to preventive health care, while the evidence suggests that African-American enrollees receive such care earlier than they otherwise would have. These racial differences do not seem to be explained by the relatively disadvantaged economic position of African-Americans. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Duncan Thomas. "Does Head Start Make a Difference?" Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. |
1464. |
Currie, Janet Thomas, Duncan |
Does Head Start Make a Difference? American Economic Review 85,3 (June 1995): 341-364. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118178 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Health; Children, Health Care; Disadvantaged, Economically; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Head Start; Medicaid/Medicare; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Siblings; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The impact of participation in Head Start is investigated using a national sample of children. Comparisons are drawn between siblings to control for selection. Head Start is associated with large and significant gains in test scores among both whites and African-Americans. However, among African-Americans, these gains are quickly lost. Head Start significantly reduces the probability that a white child will repeat a grade but it has no effect on grade repetition among African-American children. Both whites and African-Americans who attend Head Start, or other preschools, gain greater access to preventive health services. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Duncan Thomas. "Does Head Start Make a Difference?" American Economic Review 85,3 (June 1995): 341-364.
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1465. |
Currie, Janet Thomas, Duncan |
Intergenerational Transmission of "Intelligence": Down the Slippery Slopes of the Bell Curve Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 38,3 (July, 1999): 297-330. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0019-8676.00131/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Family Background and Culture; Intelligence; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Herrnstein and Murray report that conditional on maternal "intelligence" (AFQT scores), child test scores are little affected by variations in socioeconomic status. Using the same date, we demonstrate that their finding is very fragile. We explore the effect of adopting a more representative sample of children, including blacks and Latinos, allowing nonlinearities in the relationships and incorporating richer measures of socioeconomic status. Making any one of these changes overturns their finding: Socioeconomic status and child test scores are postively and significantly related. Evidence is presented suggesting AFQT scores are likely better markers for family background than "intelligence." |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Duncan Thomas. "Intergenerational Transmission of "Intelligence": Down the Slippery Slopes of the Bell Curve." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 38,3 (July, 1999): 297-330.
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1466. |
Currie, Janet Thomas, Duncan |
Medicaid and Medical Care for Children NBER Working Paper No. 4284, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1992. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W4284 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Health; Children, Health Care; Medicaid/Medicare; Racial Differences; Siblings; Welfare Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys are used to compare the medical care received by children covered by Medicaid with that of other similar children. The longitudinal dimension of the data is exploited as we examine difference between siblings and also reputed observations on the same child. We find that Medicaid coverage is associated with a higher probability of both black and white children receiving routine checkups but with increases in the number of doctor visits for illness only among white children. This racial disparity in the number of visits may be linked to the fact that black children with Medicaid coverage are less likely to see a private physician than other children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Duncan Thomas. "Medicaid and Medical Care for Children." NBER Working Paper No. 4284, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1992. |
1467. |
Currie, Janet Thomas, Duncan |
Medical Care for Children Public Insurance, Private Insurance, and Racial Differences in Utilization Journal of Human Resources 30,1 (Winter 1995): 135-162. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146194 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Health; Children, Health Care; Children, Illness; Family Background and Culture; Fathers, Absence; Heterogeneity; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences Data from two waves of the Child-Mother module of the National Longitudinal Surveys are used to examine the medical care received by children. We compare those covered by Medicaid, by private health insurance and those with no insurance coverage at all. We find there are substantial differences in the impact of public and private health insurance and these effects also differ between blacks and whites. White children on Medicaid tend to have more doctor checkups than any other children and white children on Medicaid or a private insurance plan have a higher number of doctor visits for illness. In contrast, for black children, neither Medicaid nor private insurance coverage is associated with any advantage in terms of the number of doctor visits for illness. Furthermore, black children with private coverage are no more likely than those with no coverage to have doctor checkups; black Medicaid children are more likely than either group to have checkups although the gap is not precisely estimated. We exploit the longitudinal dimension of the data in order to take account of potential selection and thus include child specific fixed effects in the models. The results are robust to the inclusion of these controls for unobserved heterogeneity. They suggest that private and public health insurance mean different things to different children, and that national insurance coverage will not equalize utilization of care. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Duncan Thomas. "Medical Care for Children Public Insurance, Private Insurance, and Racial Differences in Utilization." Journal of Human Resources 30,1 (Winter 1995): 135-162.
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1468. |
Currie, Janet Thomas, Duncan |
Nature vs. Nurture? The Bell Curve and Children's Cognitive Achievement Working Paper Series 95-19, Labor and Population Program, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, August 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; I.Q.; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT In The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray demonstrate that a mother's score on the Armed Forces Qualification Test is a powerful predictor of her child's score on a cognitive achievement test. We replicate this finding. However, even after controlling for maternal scores, there are significant gaps in the scores of black and white children which suggests that maternal scores are not all that matter. In fact, both maternal education and income are important determinants of child test scores, conditional on maternal AFQT. We argue that racial gaps in test scores matter because even within families, children with higher scores are less likely to repeat grades. However, conditional on both child test scores and maternal AFQT, maternal education and income also affect a child's probability of grade repetition. We conclude that, even if one accepts test scores as valid measures of "nature", both nature and nurture matter. Finally, we show that the effects on child test scores of maternal test scores, education, and income differ dramatically depending on the nature of the test, the age of the child, and race. The results suggest that understanding the relationships between different aspects of maternal achievement and child outcomes may help unravel the complex process through which poverty is transmitted across generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Duncan Thomas. "Nature vs. Nurture? The Bell Curve and Children's Cognitive Achievement." Working Paper Series 95-19, Labor and Population Program, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, August 1995. |
1469. |
Currie, Janet Thomas, Duncan |
Welfare Policy and Child Welfare Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Health; Children, Well-Being; Cognitive Development; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Heterogeneity; Modeling; Siblings; Transfers, Financial; Transfers, Public; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Even as welfare reforms are enacted, there is little scientific evidence about the impact of income transfer programs on one of their key targets: children at risk. This paper attempts to fill that gap by investigating the impact of parental participation in these programs on the well-being of their children. The focus is on the protective effect of income received from AFDC and Food Stamps on the health and cognitive development of young children. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we examine the effects of participation in welfare programs and the income received from those programs on child welfare. To address the fact that welfare participants are not randomly drawn from the population, we treat program participation as a choice made by mothers and compare the impact of participation on siblings. Failure to account for unobserved heterogeneity in this way turns out to be key and leads to the inference that welfare experience causes children to be worse off. Moreover, simply comparing whether a child has been on welfare with a sibling who has not does not capture the diversity of experiences. It is when we turn to time-specific models of welfare experiences and also compare the effect of welfare income with other resources that the effects on child well-being are clearest. There appear to be significant benefits to those children who have short spells on welfare at critical times in their lives and these benefits appear to be long-lasting. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currie, Janet and Duncan Thomas. "Welfare Policy and Child Welfare." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997. |
1470. |
Currimbhoy, Sadiq |
Pricing Labor in an Uncertain World Ph.D. Dissertation, University Of Pennsylvania, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education Indicators; Job Skills; Modeling; Self-Reporting; Skilled Workers; Wage Differentials; Wage Models; Wages, Reservation; Wealth This dissertation is a study of asymmetric information in the labor market and decision making by firms faced with uncertainty about a job applicant's true ability or productivity. The models use the insight of Weiss' (1980) adverse selection efficiency wage model as the building blocks for empirical tests of whether firms have incomplete information about a worker's productivity and how this problem is solved by the firm. Chapter 2 tests the fundamental assumption of the Weiss model that reservation wages are positively correlated with ability. To test this, we use self-reported reservation wages of non-employed males and ability scores from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and find that this is indeed the case. The finding that reservation wages rise with ability provides the focus of chapter 3. Since reservation wages are positively correlated with accepted wages, then ability would be correlated with wages via the reservation wage even if firms did not observe the worker's ability. We specify a model where wage is a function of the reservation wage and the worker's observable characteristics, and use variables, such as worker wealth, which do not affect marginal product to identify the system. We find that firms typically observe academic but not technical ability and that instrumenting for education allows us to better account for the firm's information set. The final chapter assesses the evidence for reduced uncertainty during the 1980s. We find that in the early 1980s, firms would use information regarding the sorting behavior of cohorts to price the individual worker's ability, indicating that there is incomplete information about the worker. We also find that the reliance on this cohort effect falls over time. These findings suggest that the dramatic increase in wage inequality between and within education groups is consistent with a model where the greater demand for skills encouraged firms to find the best skilled workers.T he action by firms reduced uncertainty in the labor market increasing wage inequality within education groups and deterred marginal workers from gaining higher education increasing inequality between groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Currimbhoy, Sadiq. Pricing Labor in an Uncertain World. Ph.D. Dissertation, University Of Pennsylvania, 1995. |
1471. |
Curtis, Ervin W. Borack, Jules I. Wax, Stephen R. |
Estimating the Youth Population Qualified for Military Service Report NPRDC TR 87-32, Navy Personnel Research and Development Center, San Diego CA, August 1987. Also: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA184375&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Geographical Variation; Hispanics; Labor Supply; Military Recruitment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In order to efficiently assign recruiters, equitably allocate recruiting goals, and effectively use limited advertising resources, the U.S. Marine Corps requires detailed knowledge of geographic location and size of the current and future market for young men qualified for military service. This report describes the development of a methodology to estimate and project the number of male, high school graduates, 17 to 21 years old, that can be expected to qualify for military service. Estimates by year, racial/ethnic group, and U. S. Marine Corps recruiting district are given as examples. Use of the estimates by the Personnel Procurement Division of Headquarters, USMC is described. |
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Bibliography Citation
Curtis, Ervin W., Jules I. Borack and Stephen R. Wax. "Estimating the Youth Population Qualified for Military Service." Report NPRDC TR 87-32, Navy Personnel Research and Development Center, San Diego CA, August 1987. |
1472. |
Curtis, Katherine J. |
High Hopes and the Highway: The Influence of Expectations on Migrant Occupational Attainment Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Duncan-Blau Survey; Earnings; Economic Changes/Recession; Economics of Gender; Economics, Regional; Job Aspirations; Job Promotion; Job Status; Migration; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research has found that migration between communities in the United States is associated with disproportionate gains in occupational status for men, either across generations or within the same lifetime. The reasons for this relationship are ambiguous, although some of the occupational gains are due to high levels of educational attainment among migrants. Others suspect a high level of psychological imitative (Blau and Duncan, 1967). Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are used to focus on one measure of initiative, subjective occupational expectations in late adolescence, as an explanation of migrant status gains for both men and women. In addition to initiative or expectations, the effects of socioeconomic and geographic characteristics on occupational attainment are considered. Results suggest that the influences of expectations may operate through educational and, depending on the measure of occupational attainment, effects vary by gender and geographic context. |
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Bibliography Citation
Curtis, Katherine J. "High Hopes and the Highway: The Influence of Expectations on Migrant Occupational Attainment." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2001. |
1473. |
Curtis, Marah A. Berger, Lawrence Marc Houle, Jason N. |
Housing Tenure, Stability and Children's Outcomes Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children; Children, Well-Being; Home Ownership; Mobility, Residential; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A small body of research finds that the children of owners, compared to renters, are less likely to experience negative outcomes such as school dropout or teen parenthood. This line of research, however, has not yet identified what it is about homeownership that seems to be good for children. Since the costs of moving are much lower for renters than owners, renters move more frequently. Stability, then, is likely particularly important for child outcomes regardless of tenure, but may also account for differences in child well-being between owners and renters. Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and Hierarchical Linear Models (HLM), we estimate the effects of stable housing tenure (owning or renting) and exits from either arrangement on changes in children’s achievement (math and reading tests) and problem behavior (internalizing and externalizing behavior problems). We consider whether the effects of stable tenure and exits vary by children’s ages and assess whether these effects are transitory or persist over time. We expect that the age of the child is particularly consequential given the marked changes occurring in child development and parental oversight between the ages of 5 and 17. Younger children spend more supervised time in the home, suggesting that the stability of that arrangement rather than the tenure status might be most important, however, older children with more extensive peer networks and active use of public goods may be impacted by tenure if that status is associated with higher quality schools and other public goods. |
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Bibliography Citation
Curtis, Marah A., Lawrence Marc Berger and Jason N. Houle. "Housing Tenure, Stability and Children's Outcomes." Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013. |
1474. |
Cutler, David M. Lleras-Muney, Adriana |
Understanding Differences in Health Behaviors by Education Journal of Health Economics 29,1 (January 2010): 1-28. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629609001143 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Cross-national Analysis; Education; Family Background and Culture; Health Factors; Insurance, Health; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS); National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS); NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Regulation/Self-Control Using a variety of data sets from two countries, we examine possible explanations for the relationship between education and health behaviors, known as the education gradient. We show that income, health insurance, and family background can account for about 30 percent of the gradient. Knowledge and measures of cognitive ability explain an additional 30 percent. Social networks account for another 10 percent. Our proxies for discounting, risk aversion, or the value of future do not account for any of the education gradient, and neither do personality factors such as a sense of control of oneself or over one's life. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved |
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Bibliography Citation
Cutler, David M. and Adriana Lleras-Muney. "Understanding Differences in Health Behaviors by Education." Journal of Health Economics 29,1 (January 2010): 1-28.
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1475. |
D'Amico, Ronald |
Does Employment During High School Impair Academic Progress? Sociology of Education 57,3 (July 1984): 152-164. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2112599 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Employment, Youth; High School; Part-Time Work; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The extent of high school employment is documented and its relationship to study time, free time spent at school, class rank, knowledge of occupational tasks, and the probability of dropping out before completing high school is evaluated. Results show that more extensive work involvement is associated with decreased study time and decreased free time at school for some race/sex groups, but no effects on class rank are uncovered. Very extensive work involvement of white male sophomores and white female juniors is associated with an increase in their rate of dropping out, but less intensive work involvement of those of most race/sex groups in grade 11 actually appears to lead to increased rates of high school completion. That high school employment may foster high school achievement is explained by a congruence hypothesis, which holds that a correspondence exists between the personality traits promoted and rewarded by employers and those traits promoted and rewarded by teachers. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Amico, Ronald. "Does Employment During High School Impair Academic Progress?" Sociology of Education 57,3 (July 1984): 152-164.
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1476. |
D'Amico, Ronald |
Does Working in HIgh School Impair Academic Progress? Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, February 1984 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Dropouts; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Employment; Part-Time Work This paper documents the extent of high school employment and evaluates its relationship to study time, free time spent at school, class rank, knowledge of occupational tasks and the probability of dropping out before completing high school. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Amico, Ronald. "Does Working in HIgh School Impair Academic Progress?" Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, February 1984. |
1477. |
D'Amico, Ronald |
Informal Peer Networks and School Sentiments as Integrative and Social Control Mechanisms Presented: Detroit, MI, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavior; Control; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; High School; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Racial Differences; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The amount of non-study time which youth spend in high school and their expression of positive sentiments towards their schools are taken to be indicators of degree of involvement in and commitment to educational institutions, respectively. According to social control theory, these variables should be positively associated with a tendency for students to embrace socially accepted modes of behavior. These hypotheses are tested by investigating the effect of non-study school time and school sentiments on youths' educational aspirations and their commission of delinquent acts. Results show mixed support for the hypotheses, with important race and sex differences found. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Amico, Ronald. "Informal Peer Networks and School Sentiments as Integrative and Social Control Mechanisms." Presented: Detroit, MI, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1983. |
1478. |
D'Amico, Ronald Baker, Paula C. |
Early Labor Market Differentation Among Terminal High School Graduates In: Pathways to the Future, Volume V: A Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1983, P.Baker, ed., Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): High School Completion/Graduates; Labor Market Demographics Chapter Two describes early labor market differentiation among terminal high school graduates. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Amico, Ronald and Paula C. Baker. "Early Labor Market Differentation Among Terminal High School Graduates." In: Pathways to the Future, Volume V: A Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1983, P.Baker, ed., Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985. |
1479. |
D'Amico, Ronald Hills, Stephen M. Lynch, Lisa M. Morgan, William R. Nestel, Gilbert Olsen, Randall J. Parsons, Donald O. Willke, Richard |
Pathways to the Future, Volume VI: A Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience of Youth in 1984 Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, January 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Children; Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA); Earnings; Education; Educational Costs; Employment, In-School; Family Resources; Job Training; Labor Market Outcomes This report describes the work experience of a nationally-representative sample of 12,000 Americans who were age 14-21 when first interviewed in 1979 and who have been surveyed annually since then. Willke - Chapter One examines welfare, education, and labor market outcomes for CETA participants and non-participants. Lynch - Chapter Two aims to identify the influences on the length of time young people are unemployed. Olsen - Chapter Three examines a method for determining the existence and impact of selection bias, which is known to affect outcomes of labor policy discussions depending on how the bias is corrected. Hills - Chapter Four examines the long-run impact of teen-age unemployment on later labor market success. Morgan - Chapter Five examines variation within families in investment of resources in their children's educational and occupational attainment process. D'Amico - Chapter Six adds evidence to other studies showing how pervasive employment is among high school youth. Parsons - Chapter Seven provides information about the on-the-job training provided to young men by private employers. Nestel - Chapter Eight compares the post-school work experience of youth who served in the All-Volunteer Force and those who did not. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Amico, Ronald, Stephen M. Hills, Lisa M. Lynch, William R. Morgan, Gilbert Nestel, Randall J. Olsen, Donald O. Parsons and Richard Willke. Pathways to the Future, Volume VI: A Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience of Youth in 1984. Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, January 1986. |
1480. |
D'Amico, Ronald Maxwell, Nan L. |
Employment During the School-to-Work Transition: An Explanation for Subsequent Black-White Wage Differentials and Bifurcation of Black Income Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Dropouts; Employment; Income; Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences; Regions; Transition, School to Work; Wage Differentials; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the divergence in black-white income and bifurcation in black income for young males in the 1980s. By integrating school-to-work transition literature with black-white research on vintage effects and income bifurcation, a framework is established for linking employment during the school-to-work transition and subsequent wage divergence. The authors empirically confirm this link using data from the NLSY. The results suggest that the higher rates of black youth joblessness during the 1980s directly translate into black-white wage divergence of youth and bifurcation of black income. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Amico, Ronald and Nan L. Maxwell. "Employment During the School-to-Work Transition: An Explanation for Subsequent Black-White Wage Differentials and Bifurcation of Black Income." Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990. |
1481. |
D'Amico, Ronald Maxwell, Nan L. |
The Impact of Post-School Joblessness on Male Black-White Wage Differentials Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 33,2 (April 1994): 184-205. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1994.tb00335.x/pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Racial Differences; Transition, School to Work; Unemployment, Youth; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the employment undercurrents of the divergence in black-white wages for young males in the 1980s. By integrating school-to-work transition literature with black-white research on earnings differences, we establish a framework for linking employment during the school-to-work transition and subsequent wage differentials. We empirically confirm this link using the youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys. Results suggest that the higher rates of joblessness among a subset of black youth directly translate into lower earnings for blacks and produce black-white wage divergence. Young black males with extremely high levels of joblessness during the school-to-work period face the greatest reduction in relative wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Amico, Ronald and Nan L. Maxwell. "The Impact of Post-School Joblessness on Male Black-White Wage Differentials." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 33,2 (April 1994): 184-205.
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1482. |
D'Elio, Mary Ann O'Brien, Robert W. Grayton, Candice Magee Keane, Michael J. Connell, David C. Hailey, Linda Foster, E. Michael |
Reaching Out to Families: Head Start Recruitment and Enrollment Practices Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, 2001. Also: http://www.childcareresearch.org/SendPdf?resourceId=4158 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Administration for Children and Families (AFC) Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Health; Family Decision-making/Conflict; Family History; Family Income; Family Studies; Head Start; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prepared for: Louisa B. Tarullo, Ed.D.; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Child Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children, Youth and Families, Head Start Bureau. The Feasibility Study of Head Start Recruitment and Enrollment was designed to provide information about Head Start's recruitment and enrollment activities. The central purpose of the study was to determine the feasibility and utility of obtaining information from secondary analyses of existing data and from primary data collection efforts regarding 1) the procedures that Head Start programs employed in the recruitment and enrollment of families and children, 2) the characteristics of eligible families, and 3) the reasons why some families with Head Start-eligible children chose not to enroll their children in the program. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Elio, Mary Ann, Robert W. O'Brien, Candice Magee Grayton, Michael J. Keane, David C. Connell, Linda Hailey and E. Michael Foster. "Reaching Out to Families: Head Start Recruitment and Enrollment Practices." Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, 2001. |
1483. |
D'Haultfoeuille, Xavier Gaillac, Christophe Maurel, Arnaud |
Partially Linear Models Under Data Combination Review of Economic Studies published online (29 March 2024): rdae022. Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdae022 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Data Combination; Geometric Properties; Microeconomics, Empirical; Optimal Transport Theory; Partially Linear Model Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We study partially linear models when the outcome of interest and some of the covariates are observed in two different datasets that cannot be linked. This type of data combination problem arises very frequently in empirical microeconomics. Using recent tools from optimal transport theory, we derive a constructive characterization of the sharp identified set. We then build on this result and develop a novel inference method that exploits the specific geometric properties of the identified set. Our method exhibits good performances in finite samples, while remaining very tractable. We apply our approach to study intergenerational income mobility over the period 1850–1930 in the U.S. Our method allows us to relax the exclusion restrictions used in earlier work, while delivering confidence regions that are informative. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Haultfoeuille, Xavier, Christophe Gaillac and Arnaud Maurel. "Partially Linear Models Under Data Combination." Review of Economic Studies published online (29 March 2024): rdae022.
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1484. |
D'Haultfoeuille, Xavier Maurel, Arnaud Zhang, Yichong |
Extremal Quantile Regressions for Selection Models and the Black-White Wage Gap Journal of Econometrics 203,1 (March 2018): 129-142. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407617302269 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Family Background and Culture; Racial Differences; Wage Gap We consider the estimation of a semiparametric sample selection model without instrument or large support regressor. Identification relies on the independence between the covariates and selection, for arbitrarily large values of the outcome. We propose a simple estimator based on extremal quantile regression and establish its asymptotic normality by extending previous results on extremal quantile regressions to allow for selection. Finally, we apply our method to estimate the black-white wage gap among males from the NLSY79 and NLSY97. We find that premarket factors such as AFQT and family background play a key role in explaining the black-white wage gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Haultfoeuille, Xavier, Arnaud Maurel and Yichong Zhang. "Extremal Quantile Regressions for Selection Models and the Black-White Wage Gap." Journal of Econometrics 203,1 (March 2018): 129-142.
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1485. |
D'Onofrio, Brian M. |
Does Smoking During Pregnancy Cause Offspring Externalizing Problems? Presented: New York, NY, Association for Psychological Science, 18th Annual Convention, Symposium: Genetically Informed Studies of Environmental Risk Factors, May 25-28, 2006 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Psychological Science (APS) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Health; Genetics; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The current project used the NLSY to explore the relations between smoking during pregnancy and offspring externalizing problems. When offspring were compared to their siblings who differed in their exposure to prenatal nicotine, there was no association. Genetically informed analyses suggest that environmental variables confound the observed intergenerational associations. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Onofrio, Brian M. "Does Smoking During Pregnancy Cause Offspring Externalizing Problems?." Presented: New York, NY, Association for Psychological Science, 18th Annual Convention, Symposium: Genetically Informed Studies of Environmental Risk Factors, May 25-28, 2006. |
1486. |
D'Onofrio, Brian M. Goodnight, Jackson A. Van Hulle, Carol A. Rodgers, Joseph Lee Rathouz, Paul J. Waldman, Irwin D. Lahey, Benjamin B. |
A Quasi-Experimental Analysis of the Association Between Family Income and Offspring Conduct Problems Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 37,3 (April 2009):415–429. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/c84v1067388u5786/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Birth Order; Family Characteristics; Family Income; Gender Differences; Kinship; Modeling, Multilevel; Mothers, Behavior; Siblings; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The study presents a quasi-experimental analysis of data on 9,194 offspring (ages 4–11 years old) of women from a nationally representative U.S. sample of households to test the causal hypotheses about the association between family income and childhood conduct problems (CPs). Comparison of unrelated individuals in the sample indicated a robust inverse association, with the relation being larger at higher levels of income and for male offspring, even when statistical covariates were included to account for measured confounds that distinguish different families. Offspring also were compared to their siblings and cousins who were exposed to different levels of family income in childhood to rule out unmeasured environmental and genetic factors confounded with family income as explanations for the association. In these within-family analyses, boys exposed to lower family income still exhibited significantly higher levels of CPs. When considered in the context of previous studies using different designs, these results support the inference that family income influences CPs, particularly in males, through causal environmental processes specifically related to earnings within the nuclear family. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Onofrio, Brian M., Jackson A. Goodnight, Carol A. Van Hulle, Joseph Lee Rodgers, Paul J. Rathouz, Irwin D. Waldman and Benjamin B. Lahey. "A Quasi-Experimental Analysis of the Association Between Family Income and Offspring Conduct Problems." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 37,3 (April 2009):415–429. A.
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1487. |
D'Onofrio, Brian M. Rickert, Martin E. Langström, Niklas Donahue, Kelly L Coyne, Claire A. Larsson, Henrik Ellingson, Jarrod M. Van Hulle, Carol A. Iliadou, Anastasia N. Rathouz, Paul J. Lahey, Benjamin B. Lichtenstein, Paul |
Familial Confounding of the Association Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Offspring Substance Use and Problems Archives of General Psychiatry 69,11 (November 2012): 1140-1150. Also: http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1389367 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Medical Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Birth Order; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Health; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Siblings; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Substance Use; Sweden, Swedish Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: To determine the extent to which the association between SDP and offspring substance use/problems depends on confounded familial background factors by using a quasi-experimental design. Design: We used 2 separate samples from the United States and Sweden. The analyses prospectively predicted multiple indices of substance use and problems while controlling for statistical covariates and comparing differentially exposed siblings to minimize confounding. Conclusions: The association between maternal SDP and offspring substance use/problems is likely due to familial background factors, not a causal influence, because siblings have similar rates of substance use and problems regardless of their specific exposure to SDP. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Onofrio, Brian M., Martin E. Rickert, Niklas Langström, Kelly L Donahue, Claire A. Coyne, Henrik Larsson, Jarrod M. Ellingson, Carol A. Van Hulle, Anastasia N. Iliadou, Paul J. Rathouz, Benjamin B. Lahey and Paul Lichtenstein. "Familial Confounding of the Association Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Offspring Substance Use and Problems." Archives of General Psychiatry 69,11 (November 2012): 1140-1150.
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1488. |
D'Onofrio, Brian M. Van Hulle, Carol A. Goodnight, Jackson A. Rathouz, Paul J. Lahey, Benjamin B. |
Is Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy a Causal Environmental Risk Factor for Adolescent Antisocial Behavior? Testing Etiological Theories and Assumptions Psychological Medicine 42,7 (July 2012): 1535-1545. Also: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8594215&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0033291711002443 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: Although many studies indicate that maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) is correlated with later offspring antisocial behavior (ASB), recent quasi-experimental studies suggest that background familial factors confound the association. The present study sought to test alternative etiological hypotheses using multiple indices of adolescent ASB, comparing differentially exposed siblings, and testing assumptions in the sibling-comparison design. Method: The study examined the association between maternal SDP and adolescent-reported ASB, criminal convictions and membership in a group of individuals with early-starting and chronic ASB among 6066 offspring of women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a representative sample of women in the USA. The analyses controlled for statistical covariates and examined associations while comparing differentially exposed siblings. Results: At the population level, each additional pack of cigarettes per day predicted greater mean adolescent-reported ASB symptoms [ratio of means 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.22], odds of being in the top 10% of ASB [odds ratio (OR) 1.34, 95% CI 1.10–1.65], hazard of a criminal conviction [hazard ratio (HR) 1.51, 95% CI 1.34–1.68] and odds of chronic ASB (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.25–1.99). SDP robustly predicted most assessments of ASB while controlling for measured covariates. When siblings exposed to differing levels of SDP were compared, however, all of the associations were attenuated and were not statistically significant: adolescent-reported mean ASB (ratio of means 0.86, 95% CI 0.74–1.01), high ASB (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.41–1.12), criminal conviction (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.66–1.44) and chronic ASB (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.46–1.38). Conclusions: The results strongly suggest that familial factors account for the correlation between SDP and offspring adolescent ASB, rather than a putative causal environmental influence of SDP. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Onofrio, Brian M., Carol A. Van Hulle, Jackson A. Goodnight, Paul J. Rathouz and Benjamin B. Lahey. "Is Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy a Causal Environmental Risk Factor for Adolescent Antisocial Behavior? Testing Etiological Theories and Assumptions." Psychological Medicine 42,7 (July 2012): 1535-1545.
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1489. |
D'Onofrio, Brian M. Van Hulle, Carol A. Waldman, Irwin D. Rodgers, Joseph Lee Harden, K. Paige Rathouz, Paul J. Lahey, Benjamin B. |
Smoking During Pregnancy And Offspring Externalizing Problems: An Exploration of Genetic and Environmental Confounds Development and Psychopathology 20,1 (Winter 2008): 139-164. Also: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1641960&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0954579408000072 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Attention/Attention Deficit; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Genetics; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies have documented that smoking during pregnancy (SDP) is associated with offspring externalizing problems, even when measured covariates were used to control for possible confounds. However, the association may be because of nonmeasured environmental and genetic factors that increase risk for offspring externalizing problems. The current project used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and their children, ages 4-10 years, to explore the relations between SDP and offspring conduct problems (CPs), oppositional defiant problems (ODPs), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems (ADHPs) using methodological and statistical controls for confounds. When offspring were compared to their own siblings who differed in their exposure to prenatal nicotine, there was no effect of SDP on offspring CP and ODP. This suggests that SDP does not have a causal effect on offspring CP and ODP. There was a small association between SDP and ADHP, consistent with a causal effect of SDP, but the magnitude of the association was greatly reduced by methodological and statistical controls. Genetically informed analyses suggest that unmeasured environmental variables influencing both SDP and offspring externalizing behaviors account for the previously observed associations. That is, the current analyses imply that important unidentified environmental factors account for the association between SDP and offspring externalizing problems, not teratogenic effects of SDP. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Onofrio, Brian M., Carol A. Van Hulle, Irwin D. Waldman, Joseph Lee Rodgers, K. Paige Harden, Paul J. Rathouz and Benjamin B. Lahey. "Smoking During Pregnancy And Offspring Externalizing Problems: An Exploration of Genetic and Environmental Confounds." Development and Psychopathology 20,1 (Winter 2008): 139-164.
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1490. |
D'Onofrio, Brian M. Van Hulle, Carol A. Waldman, Irwin D. Rodgers, Joseph Lee Rathouz, Paul J. Lahey, Benjamin B. |
Causal Inferences Regarding Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Childhood Externalizing Problems Archives of General Psychiatry 64,11 (November 2007): 1296-1304. Also: http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/64/11/1296 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Medical Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Cognitive Ability; Epidemiology; Genetics; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. CONTEXT: Existing research on the neurobehavioral consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has not adequately accounted for genetic and environmental confounds. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between PAE and offspring externalizing problems in a large representative sample of families in the United States using measured covariates and a quasi-experimental design to account for unmeasured genetic and environmental confounds. DESIGN: This study combines information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The analyses statistically controlled for measured characteristics of the mothers and families and exposure to other prenatal psychoactive substances. In the primary analyses, siblings differentially exposed to prenatal alcohol were compared. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Women were recruited from the community using a stratified and clustered probability sample and were followed longitudinally. The sample included 8621 offspring of 4912 mothers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maternal report of conduct problems (CPs) and attention/impulsivity problems (AIPs) during childhood (ages 4-11 years) using standardized assessments related to psychiatric diagnoses. RESULTS: There was an association between PAE and offspring CPs that was independent of confounded genetic and fixed environmental effects and the measured covariates. The CPs in children of mothers who drank daily during pregnancy were 0.35 SD greater than those in children whose mothers never drank during pregnancy. Although AIPs were associated with PAE when comparing unrelated offspring, children whose mothers drank more frequently during pregnancy did not have more AIPs than siblings who were less exposed to alcohol in utero. Additional subsample analyses suggested that maternal polysubstance use during pregnancy may account for the associations between PAE and AIPs. CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with PAE exerting an environment ally mediated causal effect on childhood CPs, but the relation between PAE and AIPs is more likely to be caused by other factors correlated with maternal drinking during pregnancy. |
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Bibliography Citation
D'Onofrio, Brian M., Carol A. Van Hulle, Irwin D. Waldman, Joseph Lee Rodgers, Paul J. Rathouz and Benjamin B. Lahey. "Causal Inferences Regarding Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Childhood Externalizing Problems." Archives of General Psychiatry 64,11 (November 2007): 1296-1304.
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1491. |
da Motta Veiga, Serge P. |
The Role and Types of Job Search Strategies as Career Growth Tool for Mid-Career Professionals Journal of Career Development 42,4 (August 2015): 339-350. Also: http://jcd.sagepub.com/content/42/4/339.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Job Promotion; Job Satisfaction; Job Search; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines whether and how job search strategies mediate the relationship between core self-evaluations (CSE) and career growth for mid-career professionals. Using a path analysis approach to analyze a national sample of mid-career professionals (N = 269), results revealed that CSE was positively related to the direct job search strategy (i.e., contacting employers directly) and negatively to the networking job search strategy (i.e., contacting friends/relatives). Interestingly, the direct job search strategy was positively related to both a recent promotion and salary increase (i.e., objective career growth), while the networking job search strategy was positively related to increased job satisfaction (i.e., subjective career growth). Findings also indicated that CSE was positively related to salary increase and a recent promotion. These findings suggest that job search strategies are one mechanism through which individual differences, such as CSE, can influence mid-career professionals' career growth. |
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Bibliography Citation
da Motta Veiga, Serge P. "The Role and Types of Job Search Strategies as Career Growth Tool for Mid-Career Professionals." Journal of Career Development 42,4 (August 2015): 339-350.
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1492. |
Dahan, Nayla Gebran |
Essays in Labor and Health Economics: Economic Effect of Obesity on Wages and Its Impact Over Time Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Delaware, 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Delaware Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Gender Differences; Heterogeneity; Racial Differences; Wages; Wages, Women; Wages, Youth; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation presents estimates of the effect of weight on wages in the U.S. Several questions are of interest. Do heavier people earn lower wages? Are the effects of weight on wages evenly distributed over the whole range of wages or are the effects concentrated in the lower, middle or upper part of the wage distribution? Do the effects of weight on wages change over time? This dissertation uses two large data sets, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, NLSY79 and NLSY97, and several regression strategies in an attempt to provide answers to these questions. Differences across gender and race are explored. The key finding is that weight lowers wages for white females. Negative correlations between weight and wages observed for other gender-ethnic groups appear to be due to unobserved heterogeneity. The results also suggested that the weight penalty, if it exists, increases with wages for almost all sub-groups except Black males. Finally, the negative effect of weight appears to have decreased when we compare the weight penalty between two cohorts, NLSY79 cohort and NLSY97 cohort, aged between 19 and 29. More research is needed so that we can gain insights about the causes of these penalties. It also provides incentives for policy makers to come up with policies that will help people attain and maintain a healthy weight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Dahan, Nayla Gebran. Essays in Labor and Health Economics: Economic Effect of Obesity on Wages and Its Impact Over Time. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Delaware, 2010. |
1493. |
Dahl, Gordon B. Lochner, Lance John |
The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement NBER Working Paper No. 11279, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2005. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11279.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Achievement; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Understanding the consequences of growing up poor for a child's well-being is an important research question, but one that is difficult to answer due to the potential endogeneity of family income. Past estimates of the effect of family income on child development have often been plagued by omitted variable bias and measurement error. In this paper, we use a fixed effect instrumental variables strategy to estimate the causal effect of income on children's math and reading achievement. Our primary source of identification comes from the large, non-linear changes in the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) over the last two decades. The largest of these changes increased family income by as much as 20%, or approximately $2,100. Using a panel of over 6,000 children matched to their mothers from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth datasets allows us to address problems associated with unobserved heterogeneity and endogenous transitory income shocks as well as measurement error in income. Our baseline estimates imply that a $1,000 increase in income raises math test scores by 2.1% and reading test scores by 3.6% of a standard deviation. The results are even stronger when looking at children from disadvantaged families who are affected most by the large changes in the EITC, and are robust to a variety of alternative specifications. |
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Bibliography Citation
Dahl, Gordon B. and Lance John Lochner. "The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement." NBER Working Paper No. 11279, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2005. |
1494. |
Dahl, Gordon B. Lochner, Lance John |
The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement Presented: London, England, Econometric Society 2005 World Congress, 19 - 24th August 2005. Also: http://eswc2005.econ.ucl.ac.uk/papers/ESWC/2005/2371/dahl%26lochner.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Econometric Society Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Academic Development; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Family Structure; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Understanding the consequences of growing up poor for a child's well-being is an important research question, but one that is difficult to answer due to the potential endogeneity of family income. Past estimates of the effect of family income on child development have often been plagued by omitted variable bias and measurement error. In this paper, we use a fixed effect instrumental variables strategy to estimate the causal effect of income on children's math and reading achievement. Our primary source of identification comes from the large, non-linear changes in the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) over the last two decades. The largest of these changes increased family income by as much as 20%, or approximately $2,100. Using a panel of over 6,000 children matched to their mothers from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth datasets allows us to address problems associated with unobserved heterogeneity and endogenous transitory income shocks as well as measurement error in income. Our baseline estimates imply that a $1,000 increase in income raises math test scores by 2.1% and reading test scores by 3.6% of a standard deviation. The results are even stronger when looking at children from disadvantaged families who are affected most by the large changes in the EITC, and are robust to a variety of alternative specifications. |
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Bibliography Citation
Dahl, Gordon B. and Lance John Lochner. "The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement." Presented: London, England, Econometric Society 2005 World Congress, 19 - 24th August 2005. |
1495. |
Dahl, Gordon B. Lochner, Lance John |
The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement Presented: Chicago, IL, The Chicago Workshop on Black-White Inequality, Department of Economics, University of Chicago, April 21, 2006. Also: http://economics.uchicago.edu/Inequality_Workshop/papers/Dahl_Lochner_2006_income.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Chicago Keyword(s): Academic Development; Achievement; Children, Academic Development; Children, Well-Being; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Understanding the consequences of growing up poor for a child's well-being is an important research question, but one that is difficult to answer due to the potential endogeneity of family income. Past estimates of the effect of family income on child development have often been plagued by omitted variable bias and measurement error. In this paper, we use a fixed effect instrumental variables strategy to estimate the causal effect of income on children's math and reading achievement. Our primary source of identification comes from the large, non-linear changes in the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) over the last two decades. The largest of these changes increased family income by as much as 20%, or approximately $2,100. Using a panel of over 6,000 children matched to their mothers from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth datasets allows us to address problems associated with unobserved heterogeneity and endogenous transitory income shocks as well as measurement error in income. Our baseline estimates imply that a $1,000 increase in income raises math test scores by 2.1% and reading test scores by 3.6% of a standard deviation. The results are even stronger when looking at children from disadvantaged families who are affected most by the large changes in the EITC, and are robust to a variety of alternative specifications. |
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Bibliography Citation
Dahl, Gordon B. and Lance John Lochner. "The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement." Presented: Chicago, IL, The Chicago Workshop on Black-White Inequality, Department of Economics, University of Chicago, April 21, 2006. |
1496. |
Dahl, Gordon B. Lochner, Lance John |
The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement: Evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credit NBER Working Paper No. 14599, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2008. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w14599.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Family Structure; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Taxes; Variables, Instrumental A brief narrative description of the journal article, document, or resource. Past estimates of the effect of family income on child development have often been plagued by endogeneity and measurement error. In this paper, we use two simulated instrumental variables strategies to estimate the causal effect of income on children's math and reading achievement. Our identification derives from the large, non-linear changes in the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) over the last two decades. The largest of these changes increased family income by as much as 20%, or approximately $2,100. Using a panel of almost 5,000 children matched to their mothers from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth datasets allows us to address problems associated with unobserved heterogeneity, endogenous transitory income shocks, and measurement error in income. Our baseline estimates imply that a $1,000 increase in income raises combined math and reading test scores by 6% of a standard deviation in the short run. The gains are larger for children from disadvantaged families and are robust to a variety of alternative specifications. We find little evidence of long-run income effects, with most of the effects disappearing after one year. |
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Bibliography Citation
Dahl, Gordon B. and Lance John Lochner. "The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement: Evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credit." NBER Working Paper No. 14599, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2008. |
1497. |
Dahl, Gordon B. Lochner, Lance John |
The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement: Evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credit American Economic Review 102,5 (2012): 1927-1956. Also: http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.5.1927 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using an instrumental variables strategy, we estimate the causal effect of income on children's math and reading achievement. Our identification derives from the large, nonlinear changes in the Earned Income Tax Credit. The largest of these changes increased family income by as much as 20 percent, or approximately $2,100, between 1993 and 1997. Our baseline estimates imply that a $1,000 increase in income raises combined math and reading test scores by 6 percent of a standard deviation in the short run. Test gains are larger for children from disadvantaged families and robust to a variety of alternative specifications. |
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Bibliography Citation
Dahl, Gordon B. and Lance John Lochner. "The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement: Evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credit." American Economic Review 102,5 (2012): 1927-1956.
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1498. |
Dahl, Gordon B. Moretti, Enrico |
The Demand for Sons: Evidence from Divorce, Fertility, and Shotgun Marriage Working Paper 01/2004, Centre for Household Income, Labour, and Demographics, Torino Italy, January 2004. Also: http://www.child-centre.it/papers/child01_2004.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Centre for Household Income, Labour, and Demographic Economics Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Divorce; Family Structure; Fertility; Gender; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we show how parental preferences for sons versus daughters affect marital status, family structure, and fertility behavior. Specifically, we document that having girls has significant effects on divorce, child custody, marriage, shotgun marriage when the sex of the child is known before birth, and fertility stopping rules. Using a simple model, we show that taken individually, each piece of evidence is not sufficient to establish the existence of parental gender bias. But taken together, our empirical evidence indicates that parents in the U.S. favor boys over girls. We begin by documenting that parents with girls are significantly more likely to be divorced than parents with boys. The effect is quantitatively substantial, with a 1 to 7 percent higher probability of divorce for parents with daughters. Moreover, divorced fathers are more likely to have their sons versus daughters living with them. We also show that women with only girls are substantially more likely to have never been married than women with only boys. Perhaps the most striking evidence comes from the analysis of shotgun marriages using Vital Statistics birth record data. Mothers who find out their child will be a boy are more likely to marry their partner before delivery. Specifically, among those who have an ultrasound test during their pregnancy, we find that mothers carrying a boy are more likely to be married at delivery. When we turn to fertility stopping rules, we find that in families with at least two children, the probability of having another child is higher for all-girl families than all-boy families. This preference for sons seems to be largely driven by fathers. Survey evidence reveals that while women on average have only a slight preference for daughters, men report that they would rather have a boy by more than a two to one margin. In the final part of the paper, we compare the divorce, custody, and fertility effects for the U.S. to the effects in five developing c ountries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Dahl, Gordon B. and Enrico Moretti. "The Demand for Sons: Evidence from Divorce, Fertility, and Shotgun Marriage." Working Paper 01/2004, Centre for Household Income, Labour, and Demographics, Torino Italy, January 2004. |
1499. |
Dalmia, Sonia Kelly, Claudia Smith Sicilian, Paul |
Marriage and Men's Earnings: Specialization and Cross-Productivity Effects Eastern Economic Journal 42,3 (June 2016): 335-348. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/eej.2014.63 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Marriage; Wage Determination; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 to study the relationships between married men's earnings and marriage and spouse characteristics. We test three theories posited in the literature to explain these relationships--selection, specialization, and cross-productivity. While previous research finds evidence in support of all three explanations, we argue that the empirical models used are underspecified resulting in biased tests of the theories. We estimate a more complete model, encompassing all three theories. We find evidence in support for the selection and specialization hypotheses, but little support for the cross-productivity hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Dalmia, Sonia, Claudia Smith Kelly and Paul Sicilian. "Marriage and Men's Earnings: Specialization and Cross-Productivity Effects." Eastern Economic Journal 42,3 (June 2016): 335-348.
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1500. |
Dalmia, Sonia Sicilian, Paul |
Kids Cause Specialization: Evidence for Becker's Household Division of Labor Hypothesis International Advances in Economic Research 14,4 (November 2008): 448-459. Also: http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/ehost/pdf?vid=3&hid=106&sid=2338df91-7fbf-4d7c-b8fa-239f91d9cfff%40sessionmgr112 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Child Care; Children; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Domestic Violence; Family Planning; Family Structure; Fertility; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Sex Ratios Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine the division of labor within households and marital matching patterns in the USA using both the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We use Becker's theory of marriage markets by estimating household production functions and using the estimates to test for positive or negative assortive matching. We also construct match matrices, which are used to judge how well our model fits Becker's theory. We find positive assortative matching on all traits in young marriages and couples without children, and negative assortment along some traits in marriages with children. This suggests that children induce specialization whereas couples without children exploit household public goods. |
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Bibliography Citation
Dalmia, Sonia and Paul Sicilian. "Kids Cause Specialization: Evidence for Becker's Household Division of Labor Hypothesis." International Advances in Economic Research 14,4 (November 2008): 448-459.
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