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Author: Hills, Stephen M.

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1.	Becker, Brian E. Hills, Stephen M.
1.	Teenage Locus of Control and Adult Unemployment Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1979 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Internal-External Attitude; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Racial Differences; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Unemployment; Unemployment, Youth; Work Attitudes This study examines the relationship between locus of control and subsequent unemployment experience for a national probability sample of teenagers. Using multiple regression analysis to control for a variety of individual differences, the influence of "internal-external" attitudes held as a teenager on subsequent unemployment experience in the adult labor market is determined. The results support the notion that "external" teenagers can be expected to experience longer periods of unemployment in the future relative to "internals". In addition, though not entirely conclusive, there is evidence that I-E is an important determinant of black-white unemployment differentials.
	Bibliography Citation Becker, Brian E. and Stephen M. Hills. "Teenage Locus of Control and Adult Unemployment." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1979.

2.	Becker, Brian E. Hills, Stephen M.
2.	Teenage Unemployment: Some Evidence of the Long-Run Effects on Wages Journal of Human Resources 15,3 (Summer 1980): 354-372. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145288 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Job Training; Teenagers; Unemployment; Unemployment, Youth; Wages While the issue of teenage unemployment has received a great deal of attention by policy-makers and the popular press, there is little systematic research on the long-run effects of this experience. This study attempts to address this question by examining the influence of teenage unemployment on subsequent wage rates. The study finds that for the average out-of-school youth, teenage unemployment has little effect on the wages earned as a young adult eight years later. In general, the experience is a positive one for white and black youth, though more so for the former. While extended teen unemployment diminishes these benefits for both races, only black youth suffer a drop in subsequent wages. There is indirect evidence that government training programs offset part of the effect of long-term teenage unemployment. Note: This was originally a report from the Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, February 1979.
	Bibliography Citation Becker, Brian E. and Stephen M. Hills. "Teenage Unemployment: Some Evidence of the Long-Run Effects on Wages." Journal of Human Resources 15,3 (Summer 1980): 354-372.

3.	Becker, Brian E. Hills, Stephen M.
3.	The Long-Run Effects of Job Changes and Unemployment Among Male Teenagers Journal of Human Resources 18,2 (Spring 1983): 197-212. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145482 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Mobility; Racial Differences; Teenagers; Transition, School to Work; Unemployment; Wages Drawing on the Young Men's cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys, we examine the long-run effects of teenage labor market experience on subsequent adult wages. Our study expands on earlier work by considering the effects of both unemployment and job mobility during the period of transition from school to work. We conclude that the net effect of job-switching during the teen years is a positive one for both blacks and whites. Furthermore, we find that the "scarring" effects of teen unemployment are overstated and that short periods of unemployment are associated with higher average wages some 8-10 years later. Finally, the net effect of teenage labor market experience on subsequent wages is positive for both races, though more so for blacks. The black teen labor market experience actually serves to narrow the subsequent black/ white wage differential.
	Bibliography Citation Becker, Brian E. and Stephen M. Hills. "The Long-Run Effects of Job Changes and Unemployment Among Male Teenagers." Journal of Human Resources 18,2 (Spring 1983): 197-212.

4.	Becker, Brian E. Hills, Stephen M.
4.	Youth Attitudes and Adult Labor Market Activity Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 20,1 (January 1981): 60-70. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1981.tb00182.x/abstract Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Employment; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Schooling; Teenagers; Work Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this article, the authors focus on a widely used attitudinal construct--locus of control--to examine the role of personal motivation and initiative in the labor market experiences of young men. The objectives are to estimate the influence of locus of control on subsequent employment and nonemployment experience and, where such a relationship is established, to extend the results to the issue of the extent to which racial differences in teenage work attitudes are predictive of subsequent racial differences in unemployment. Specifically, the authors examine the nature of relationships between internal-external control measured in the first years of labor market experience (17-20 years old) and subsequent labor market experience during the initial years in the adult labor market seven years later.
	Bibliography Citation Becker, Brian E. and Stephen M. Hills. "Youth Attitudes and Adult Labor Market Activity." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 20,1 (January 1981): 60-70.

5.	Borus, Michael E. Crowley, Joan E. D'Amico, Ronald Hills, Stephen M. Morgan, William R.
5.	Pathways to the Future, Volume III: A Final Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1981 Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Employment; Job Patterns; Job Training; Private Schools This report is based on data from the 1979, 1980 and 1981 interviews of the NLSY. Four analytical chapters comprise the volume: HILLS & CROWLEY -- Chapter 1, characteristics that increase job satisfaction among youth are discussed and compared with those of slightly older men and women. CROWLEY -- Chapter 2, the relationship between crime and employment is examined, using a model that combines economic and sociological approaches. D'AMICO -- Chapter 3, examines the effects of two determinants of educational aspirations and delinquent behavior: high school students' participation in their school's informal social system and their expression of positive feelings toward their schools. MORGAN -- Chapter 4, compares the quality of education in public versus private schools.
	Bibliography Citation Borus, Michael E., Joan E. Crowley, Ronald D'Amico, Stephen M. Hills and William R. Morgan. "Pathways to the Future, Volume III: A Final Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1981." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983.

6.	D'Amico, Ronald Hills, Stephen M. Lynch, Lisa M. Morgan, William R. Nestel, Gilbert Olsen, Randall J. Parsons, Donald O. Willke, Richard
6.	Pathways to the Future, Volume VI: A Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience of Youth in 1984 Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, January 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Children; Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA); Earnings; Education; Educational Costs; Employment, In-School; Family Resources; Job Training; Labor Market Outcomes This report describes the work experience of a nationally-representative sample of 12,000 Americans who were age 14-21 when first interviewed in 1979 and who have been surveyed annually since then. Willke - Chapter One examines welfare, education, and labor market outcomes for CETA participants and non-participants. Lynch - Chapter Two aims to identify the influences on the length of time young people are unemployed. Olsen - Chapter Three examines a method for determining the existence and impact of selection bias, which is known to affect outcomes of labor policy discussions depending on how the bias is corrected. Hills - Chapter Four examines the long-run impact of teen-age unemployment on later labor market success. Morgan - Chapter Five examines variation within families in investment of resources in their children's educational and occupational attainment process. D'Amico - Chapter Six adds evidence to other studies showing how pervasive employment is among high school youth. Parsons - Chapter Seven provides information about the on-the-job training provided to young men by private employers. Nestel - Chapter Eight compares the post-school work experience of youth who served in the All-Volunteer Force and those who did not.
	Bibliography Citation D'Amico, Ronald, Stephen M. Hills, Lisa M. Lynch, William R. Morgan, Gilbert Nestel, Randall J. Olsen, Donald O. Parsons and Richard Willke. Pathways to the Future, Volume VI: A Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience of Youth in 1984. Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, January 1986.

7.	Hills, Stephen M.
7.	A Longitudinal Analysis of the Monetary Benefits to Training for Craftsmen Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1982 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Craftsmen; Schooling; Teenagers; Transportation; Vocational Education; Vocational Training; Work Knowledge Skill acquisition for jobs in the U.S. is somewhat haphazard and highly voluntary. During l980, about 25 percent of high school seniors were enrolled in vocational educational curriculum. An unknown number received training in unregistered programs and a host of other special training programs financed by employers. The military were also involved in training. In addition, about 7 percent of youth were enrolled in federal government sponsored employment and training programs. Apprenticeship is a relatively small component of the total training received by American youth, accounting for only 5 percent. It is only utilized for highly skilled positions. This study demonstrates the interdependence among a variety of training methods. The estimates reflect the benefits to multiple methods of training.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. "A Longitudinal Analysis of the Monetary Benefits to Training for Craftsmen." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1982.

8.	Hills, Stephen M.
8.	Attitudes of American Male Workers Toward Union Certification Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Attitudes; Industrial Sector; Unions Using data from the NLS of Young Men, this study found striking differences in attitudes toward certification among union and nonunion sectors in the U.S. workforce. In addition, strongly persistent attitudes are observed across industries and by race within the nonunion sector. Four job characteristics (autonomy, security, pay adequacy, and the degree of danger associated with the work) were significantly related to positive attitudes toward certification. Forces other than job characteristics or economic environment must lie behind the conversion to pro-certification attitudes. Likely candidates are the relative power of individual actors in the industrial relations system, the legal provisions which help to establish power relationships, and the character of management structure in specific industries.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. "Attitudes of American Male Workers Toward Union Certification." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983.

9.	Hills, Stephen M.
9.	Career Thresholds, Volume 8: A Longitudinal Study of Fifteen Years of Labor Market Experience of Young Men Final Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1985 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Earnings, Wives; Industrial Sector; Labor Force Participation; Mobility; Unemployment; Unions; Vietnam War Fifteen years of data collected from a nationally-representative sample of Young Men who were age 14-24 when first interviewed in 1966 are analyzed in this volume. Chapter One examines involuntary dislocation from jobs and shows that even for young workers age 29-39 in 1981, finding new employment can be difficult. Chapter Two compares displacement patterns in the construction, automobile, and steel industries with that in other industries; it finds several significant patterns including that highly skilled and highly unionized workers were less mobile than others. Chapter Three examines the labor market behavior of young men as it is affected by the presence of other wage earners in the household, and finds that wife's employment cushions the effects of the male's unemployment. Chapter Four focuses on geographic mobility and finds that young men and their families respond directly to economic signals when making decisions about moving. Chapter Five discusses career trajectories, and Chapter Six the experience of men of draft-eligible age during the Vietnam conflict.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. "Career Thresholds, Volume 8: A Longitudinal Study of Fifteen Years of Labor Market Experience of Young Men." Final Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1985.

10.	Hills, Stephen M.
10.	Effects of High Unemployment in the Late 1970s on the Wages of Young Men and Women Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Minorities, Youth; Racial Differences; Unemployment; Unemployment, Youth Using data from the NLSY, this study examines whether the unemployment experienced by young men and women from 1979-1980 had an impact on their earnings in 1984. Results indicate that early unemployment did not have a significant negative impact on long-run wage rates for any group other than minority women. Even for female minority youth, the analysis showed that early unemployment was positively linked with long-run earnings for those who did not experience unemployment of long duration. Only when the duration of early unemployment exceeded 24 weeks was early unemployment linked with reductions in long-run earnings. The study concludes that youth unemployment has few significant effects on long-run earnings over and above the loss in work experience which accompanies unemployment.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. "Effects of High Unemployment in the Late 1970s on the Wages of Young Men and Women." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985.

11.	Hills, Stephen M.
11.	Estimating the Relationships between Unemployment Compensation and the Duration of Unemployment--The Problem of Eligible Nonfilers Journal of Human Resources 17,3 (Summer 1982): 460-470. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145592 Cohort(s): Older Men, Young Men Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Blue-Collar Jobs; Craftsmen; High School Curriculum; Job Skills; Military Service; Schooling; Vocational Education; Wages This paper tests the sensitivity of the relationship between unemployment insurance and unemployment duration, using three definitions for the appropriate sample of respondents to estimate a duration of unemployment model. The authors replicate the model originally utilized by Ehrenberg and Oaxaca, but perform the replication on data derived from the detailed work histories available in the 1970 and 1971 NLS of Older and Young Men. Our replication confirms Ehrenberg and Oaxaca's earlier findings that a larger replacement ratio is associated with significantly more unemployment for any one individual, all else constant. After the sample used to estimate the model is redefined, however, the strong relationship between the wage replacement ratio and duration of unemployment disappears.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. "Estimating the Relationships between Unemployment Compensation and the Duration of Unemployment--The Problem of Eligible Nonfilers." Journal of Human Resources 17,3 (Summer 1982): 460-470.

12.	Hills, Stephen M.
12.	How Craftsmen Learn Their Skills: A Longitudinal Analysis Report, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, November 1981 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Craftsmen; Employment; Schooling; Transition, School to Work; Vocational Education; Work Experience Even in crafts occupations, a substantial proportion of young men obtain their skills through informal methods. Their participation in skilled manual training programs is certainly much greater than among those who do not become craftsmen; nevertheless, more than 40 percent in crafts positions did not report such training. An additional 30 percent of the young men received training either through apprenticeship or company training, i.e. tied directly to the jobs they held; relatively few obtained training independent of work experience. [Note: This report later appeared as a chapter in Job Training for Youth. R.E. Taylor, et al., eds. Columbus, OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982]
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. "How Craftsmen Learn Their Skills: A Longitudinal Analysis." Report, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, November 1981.

13.	Hills, Stephen M.
13.	Longitudinal Analyses of Training Processes in the United States Presented: Urbana, IL, Rupert P. Evans Symposium on Vocational Education, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: unknown Keyword(s): Craftsmen; High School Curriculum; Job Skills; Military Service; Schooling; Vocational Education; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Longitudinal data provide a clearer picture of the decentralized training system in the U.S. Flows of youth can be partitioned into various categories of training and work experience immediately prior to entering the work force. Groups can be identified which are absorbed quite slowly into paid employment. Subsequent to entering the work world, training records are accurately compiled through longitudinal files yielding better information on the complexity of training processes and the benefits associated with various combinations of training methods. Finally, longitudinal records of work experience permit analysis of irregular working patterns and allow researchers to assess the costs associated with temporary labor force withdrawal. Each of these uses of longitudinal data has been illustrated through the studies that are summarized in this report.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. "Longitudinal Analyses of Training Processes in the United States." Presented: Urbana, IL, Rupert P. Evans Symposium on Vocational Education, 1982.

14.	Hills, Stephen M.
14.	Occupational Mobility and Structural Change in the U.S. Economy: A Review Final Report, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Directorate for Social Affairs, Manpower and Education, Paris, France, May 1986 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (Paris, France) Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Gender Differences; Industrial Sector; Mobility; Mobility, Occupational Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A review of recent data on U.S. occupational mobility begins by documenting the degree of occupational mobility within the U.S. economy at different points in time to illustrate how rates change under different economic conditions. Mobility rates in various manufacturing industries are also compared with service industries to determine if depressed markets are reflected in mobility rates by industrial sector. The primary focus for the review is on factors which, if changed through policy intervention, would have an impact on rates of mobility. Education and training variables are given strong emphasis since they are clearly amenable to change. Variables which are related to the broader economic "opportunity structure" are also considered, even though they may be more difficult for policy makers to alter. The studies on occupational mobility are reviewed separately for men and women since the research differs significantly in approach for each sex group. Differences in occupational mobility by race as well as the topic of intergenerational mobility are not reviewed.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. "Occupational Mobility and Structural Change in the U.S. Economy: A Review." Final Report, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Directorate for Social Affairs, Manpower and Education, Paris, France, May 1986.

15.	Hills, Stephen M.
15.	Race and Sex Differences in the Effects of Early Unemployment on Wages Review of Black Political Economy 18,4 (Spring 1990): 13-36. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/f9628r3607l0r203/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Economic Association Keyword(s): Education; Human Capital Theory; Training; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment, Youth; Wage Differentials; Wages; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article studies the relationship between youth unemployment and long-term earnings, particularly for Blacks in the U.S. 1979-84. Youth unemployment is shown to have significant depressing effects on black long-run earnings over and above the loss in world experience which accompanies unemployment. Estimates were similar for men and women, showing that for each week of unemployment black youth incurred early in their work careers, wages were reduced by about one half a percentage point five years later. A six month bout with unemployment in 1979 was related to a 13 percent drop in wage rates five years later. For white youth, joblessness, but not unemployment per se, had a significant negative impact on subsequent wage rates.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. "Race and Sex Differences in the Effects of Early Unemployment on Wages." Review of Black Political Economy 18,4 (Spring 1990): 13-36.

16.	Hills, Stephen M.
16.	The Attitudes of Union and Nonunion Male Workers toward Union Representation Industrial and Labor Relations Review 38,2 (January 1985): 179-194. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2523828 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Collective Bargaining; Industrial Relations; Racial Differences; Unions Using as its data base the National Longitudinal Surveys cohort of Young Men, this study found that striking differences in attitudes toward certification appear between union and nonunion sectors of the U.S. work-force. In addition, strongly persistent attitudes are observed across industries and by race within the nonunion sector. Four job characteristics (autonomy, security, pay adequacy, and the degree of danger associated with the work) were significantly related to positive attitudes toward certification. Forces other than job characteristics or economic environment must lie behind the conversion to pro-certification attitudes. Likely candidates are the relative power of individual actors in the industrial relations system, the legal provisions which help to establish power relationships, and the character of management structure in specific industries.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. "The Attitudes of Union and Nonunion Male Workers toward Union Representation." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 38,2 (January 1985): 179-194.

17.	Hills, Stephen M.
17.	The Ohio State University Center for Human Resource Research History and Project Summaries 1965-1984 Report, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, June 1984 Cohort(s): NLS General Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): NLS Description This report describes the history and project summaries of the NLS, from its inception through 1984.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. "The Ohio State University Center for Human Resource Research History and Project Summaries 1965-1984." Report, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, June 1984.

18.	Hills, Stephen M.
18.	The Use of Survey Data in Estimating the Impact of Unemployment Insurance Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1978 Cohort(s): Older Men, Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Unemployment Insurance Two main sources of data provide potential for testing the influence of unemployment insurance on individual behavior in labor markets. The first are data obtained from the operation of the local employment security offices which administer unemployment insurance in each of the 50 states. Second is information obtained from large national surveys of individuals who are asked certain questions about the unemployment insurance they may or may not have received over a given period of time.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. "The Use of Survey Data in Estimating the Impact of Unemployment Insurance." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1978.

19.	Hills, Stephen M.
19.	Unemployment Insurance and the Duration of Unemployment: A Note on Ehrenberg and Oaxaca Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1979 Cohort(s): Older Men, Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Earnings; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Job Search; Job Tenure; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment Insurance; Wages, Reservation This study tests the sensitivity of the earlier results of Ehrenberg and Oaxaca. The findings indicate that for male job changers, the amount of previous wages replaced by Unemployment Insurance has little effect on duration of unemployment. Local labor market conditions and personal considerations appear to be more important than U.I.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. "Unemployment Insurance and the Duration of Unemployment: A Note on Ehrenberg and Oaxaca." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1979.

20.	Hills, Stephen M.
20.	Unemployment Insurance, Job Search, and the Duration of Unemployment Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1975 Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Apprenticeships; High School; Job Search; Schooling; Teenagers; Unemployment; Unions; Vocational Education Two hypotheses are advanced by the study: (1) that a measure of the amount of unemployment insurance an individual is eligible to receive and/or a measure of the potential duration for which the same individual is eligible to receive UI should be related positively to the actual duration of unemployment which he or she experiences over any given period of time; and (2) that the same two measures for unemployment insurance should also be related positively to the change in the stream of earnings in periods before and after a period of receipt of UI.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. Unemployment Insurance, Job Search, and the Duration of Unemployment. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1975.

21.	Hills, Stephen M.
21.	Youth Employment in the United States Presented: Washington DC, Statement before the Committee on Education and Labor Sub-Committee on Employment Opportunities, Hearings on Youth Employment, U.S. House of Representatives, May 1984 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Dropouts; Employment, Youth; High School Completion/Graduates; Transition, School to Work This statement before the Committee on Education and Labor Sub-Committee on Employment Opportunities provides specifics about youth employment based on the NLSY79 cohort.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. "Youth Employment in the United States." Presented: Washington DC, Statement before the Committee on Education and Labor Sub-Committee on Employment Opportunities, Hearings on Youth Employment, U.S. House of Representatives, May 1984.

22.	Hills, Stephen M. Becker, Brian E. Bils, Mark J. D'Amico, Ronald
22.	Career Thresholds, Volume 7: Ten Years of Labor Market Experience for Young Men Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1980 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Family Income; Firm Size; Mobility; Training, Occupational; Transition, School to Work Nine chapters outline the following information: 1. Historical and demographic changes affecting the work lives of the 3,644 young men who were age 14-24 when first interviewed in 1966 and who remained in the sample ten years later. 2. The declining labor market opportunities of those who graduated from college with variations by degree and field of study. 3. The impact of investment in college quality for the young men, focusing on later earnings and graduate school attendance and whether the quality of the institution makes a difference in the labor market position. 4. The intensity and subsequent effectiveness of occupational training and whether the return to training compares favorably with other investment activities. 5. Labor marke
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M., Brian E. Becker, Mark J. Bils and Ronald D'Amico. Career Thresholds, Volume 7: Ten Years of Labor Market Experience for Young Men. Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1980.

23.	Hills, Stephen M. Becker, Brian E. Kim, Choongsoo D'Amico, Ronald
23.	Market Defenses: Early Work Decisions of Today's Middle-aged Men Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): College Education; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Racial Differences; Teenagers; Training, Occupational; Transition, School to Work; Unemployment; Unions This report reviews the variety of protective mechanisms or market defenses which insulated the young men cohort, 1966-1978, from the uncertainties of the labor market. Discussed are: (1) the nature and consequences of teenage unemployment and the labor market choices of young males during the school to work transition period; (2) the declining labor market opportunities for college graduates; (3) investment in college quality and occupational training and its impact on earnings; and (4) changes in the relative employment and earnings opportunities of young black males.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M., Brian E. Becker, Choongsoo Kim and Ronald D'Amico. "Market Defenses: Early Work Decisions of Today's Middle-aged Men." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983.

24.	Hills, Stephen M. D'Amico, Ronald Ball, David E. Golon, Jeff Jackson, John L. Latack, Janina C. Lynch, Lisa M. Mangum, Stephen L. Shapiro, David
24.	The Changing Market: A Longitudinal Study of Fifteen Years of Labor Market Experience of Young Men Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1984 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Labor Market Demographics; Military Service; Unemployment Chapter 1: The Changing Market Chapter 2: The Displaced Worker Chapter 3: Adujusting to Recession Chapter 4: Adjusting to the Structure of Jobs Chapter 5: The Household Costs of Unemployment Chapter 6: Career Mobility Chapter 7: Long Run Effects of Military Service Chapter 8: Skill Transfer Chapter 9: How Fluid is the U.S. Labor Market?
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M., Ronald D'Amico, David E. Ball, Jeff Golon, John L. Jackson, Janina C. Latack, Lisa M. Lynch, Stephen L. Mangum and David Shapiro. "The Changing Market: A Longitudinal Study of Fifteen Years of Labor Market Experience of Young Men." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1984.

25.	Hills, Stephen M. D'Amico, Ronald Shapiro, David Lynch, Lisa M.
25.	The Changing Labor Market: A Longitudinal Study of Young Men Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1986 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Jossey-Bass Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Displaced Workers; Industrial Sector; Local Labor Market; Military Service; Mobility; Mobility, Occupational; Transfers, Skill Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In a review of the 1966-1981 data from the Young Men's cohort, this book discusses the consequences of job dislocation on the careers of young men, and focuses on displacement within the construction, automobile, and steel industries. Also examined are the household costs of unemployment, the factors influencing career mobility patterns, the long-run effects of military service, and the extent of skill transfer between military and civilian occupations.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M., Ronald D'Amico, David Shapiro and Lisa M. Lynch. The Changing Labor Market: A Longitudinal Study of Young Men. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1986.

26.	Hills, Stephen M. De Souza, Gita
26.	Returns to Educational Training in Math and Science for American Women Report, Women in Education Series Report. Women's Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor , 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Educational Returns; High School Curriculum; Human Capital; Human Capital Theory; Schooling, Post-secondary; Self-Employed Workers; Wage Dynamics; Wage Rates The economic returns to math and science courses taken while in high school are estimated for women who do not go on to college and women entrepreneurs. A human capital model is used to estimate the model for respondents drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey's New Youth Cohort. Women who were 14-21 in 1979 are followed through time, and their wage rates measured in 1990. Wages earned in 1990 are related to courses in math and science taken in high school, recorded on a respondent's transcript, and coded in standard year long units. Little direct effect was found for the influence of high school curriculum on subsequent wage rates, either for women or for men. For women, courses in science in math did, however, significantly improve the probability that they would gain post-secondary training or go on to college. These indirect effects argue for use of a multi-equation model that estimates effects for women of all educational levels. Even when using women of all educational levels, the study did not show any significant effect of science and math on the earnings of the self-employed.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. and Gita De Souza. "Returns to Educational Training in Math and Science for American Women." Report, Women in Education Series Report. Women's Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor , 1993.

27.	Hills, Stephen M. Kim, Choongsoo
27.	Labor Market Choices of Male Youth: A Longitudinal Analysis of the School to Work Transition Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1981 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; Labor Force Participation; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Marriage; Military Service; Minorities, Youth; Racial Differences; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Transition, School to Work; Youth Services Using data from the NLS of Young Men, this paper focuses on the sequence of labor market decisions made by young men during the first nine years after leaving school. It was found that, for the vast majority of male American youth, namely those who are white, unemployment in the years following school is not temporary in nature. No significant time trend was uncovered in the year-to-year experience that was examined. Instead, unemployment was a function of more permanent characteristics such as the amount of education that had been accumulated at the beginning of the school to work transition. Occupational choice, military service and age at first marriage also affected unemployment levels, but for the policy maker, quick-fix methods of dealing with youth unemployment through transitional services (job search assistance for example) would not likely have a significant impact for the majority of young men. Minority youth present quite a different picture, however. Confronted with a host of labor market disadvantages, a black man's formal education did not have as strong an impact on his long-run patterns of unemployment as it would have for a youth who was white. Furthermore a significant time trend was revealed in the year-to-year unemployment that blacks experienced. Blacks apparently minimized their temporary post-school unemployment by entering the military whereas for whites military service was more disruptive and added its own transition problems to the record of unemployment.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. and Choongsoo Kim. "Labor Market Choices of Male Youth: A Longitudinal Analysis of the School to Work Transition." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1981.

28.	Hills, Stephen M. Leigh, Duane E.
28.	Employer-Sponsored Training, Union Status, and the Wage Rates of Young Women Presented: Vancouver, B.C., Meetings of the Western Economic Association, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Job Training; Racial Differences; Training; Unions; Wage Rates; Wages, Young Women Using data from the NLSY, this study tests to see if the difference in wage rates for unionized and non-unionized young women is, in part, due to additional training which women may receive in unionized jobs. Results show that in the first few years of their working lives, the company training that non-college bound women receive has little impact on the wage rates they earn. Thus training does not play a role in explaining the sizeable union/non-union difference in wages. In fact, few of the human capital variables have the impact expected on young women's wage rates. Results for young women are contrasted with results for young men and questions are raised regarding the early choices that women can be expected to make in the labor market.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. and Duane E. Leigh. "Employer-Sponsored Training, Union Status, and the Wage Rates of Young Women." Presented: Vancouver, B.C., Meetings of the Western Economic Association, 1987.

29.	Hills, Stephen M. Reubens, B. G.
29.	Youth Employment in the United States In: Youth at Work: A Cross-National Survey. B.G. Reubens, ed. Totowa, NJ: Allenheld Osmun, 1983 Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Allanheld Osmun Keyword(s): Earnings; Education Indicators; Employment, Youth; Racial Differences; Unemployment; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. One of six chapters written by experts around the nation, this chapter on the U.S. seeks to establish the following: evidence for a distinct youth labor market when compared with the jobs held by adults; differences in the nature of the jobs held by youth when in school and immediately after leaving school; relationships between the types of jobs youth have early in their working careers and their later employment; and whether variation in the characteristics of youth jobs in turn affects the rate, incidence and duration of youth employment.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. and B. G. Reubens. "Youth Employment in the United States" In: Youth at Work: A Cross-National Survey. B.G. Reubens, ed. Totowa, NJ: Allenheld Osmun, 1983

30.	Hills, Stephen M. Santos, Richard
30.	Perceived Utility of Job Training Methods Among Young Men Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Job Skills; Job Training; Racial Differences; Schooling, Post-secondary; Training, Post-School The NLS Young Men's cohort respondents interviewed in 1980 reinforced the findings from the mid-1960s that on-the- job training is by far the most common way of acquiring job skills. The earlier study of all labor force participants age 22-64 found that 37 percent of those with less than three years of college reported OJT as the most helpful method of acquiring job skills. Race was an important factor throughout this study. Rates of use of training differed strongly by race and were unaffected by introducing controls for level of education and type of job held.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. and Richard Santos. "Perceived Utility of Job Training Methods Among Young Men." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983.

31.	Hills, Stephen M. Shaw, Lois B. Sproat, Kezia
31.	Teenagers: What Are Their Choices About Work? In: A Review of Youth Employment Problems, Programs and Policies, Youth Knowledge Development Report: 2:4. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1980 Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Discrimination, Age; Family Resources; Local Labor Market; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment Insurance; Vocational Training This paper presents a series of observations and recommendations that would improve teenagers' employability. Family background is a strong but indirect influence on a young person's success in the labor market. School completion is a major determinant of labor market success. Increased knowledge of the labor market and career alternatives is needed. Vocational training even after high school graduation is useful. Temporary unemployment of youth is usually not detrimental to future success. Job shopping appears to be desirable. Public service or subsidized jobs can provide young people with experience and the opportunity to explore the world of work. Teenage pregnancy is a serious barrier to young women's long-term career success. Transportation inadequacy is an impediment to teenage employment. Discrimination accounts for a substantial part of the labor market problems of youth.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M., Lois B. Shaw and Kezia Sproat. "Teenagers: What Are Their Choices About Work?" In: A Review of Youth Employment Problems, Programs and Policies, Youth Knowledge Development Report: 2:4. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1980

32.	Hills, Stephen M. Thompson, John E.
32.	Changing Family Composition and the Distribution of Family Income in the U.S Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Earnings, Wives; Family Income; Labor Force Participation; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Unemployment Duration; Unemployment Insurance; Wages; Work History Unlike findings from previous research based on the full age range of the population, data from the NLS of Young Men revealed growing income inequality between 1976 and 1980 for families of the baby boom generation. Part of the growth in inequality occurred within married families, but the change was not a function of the rising labor force participation of women. For blacks as well as whites, the inclusion of wives' earnings in total family income decreased income inequality. Although we do not know what contributed to rising income inequality among married couples, a strong factor in the growth of income inequality across all household units was the rising proportion of female-headed households.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M. and John E. Thompson. "Changing Family Composition and the Distribution of Family Income in the U.S." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983.

33.	Leigh, Duane E. Hills, Stephen M.
33.	Male-Female Differences in the Potential for Union Growth Outside Traditionally Unionized Industries Journal of Labor Research 8,2 (June 1987): 131-142. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/4k3n44336u171572/ Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women Publisher: John M. Olin Institute at George Mason University Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Private Sector; Public Sector; Unions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using recent NLS data on preferences for union representation, this paper examines whether differences by sex exist in the potential for union organizing outside of traditionally unionized industries. The methodology used distinguishes between workers' preferences for union representation and the relative supply of union jobs in explaining interindustry differences in the extent of unionization. Within the private sector, women employed in industries other than traditionally unionized industries are found to have at least as strong a preference for unionization as comparable men, but a considerably lower opportunity for unionized employment given the desire for union representation. Comparing the public sector with traditionally organized industries, the greater extent of unionization in the public sector is largely explained by a stronger desire for union representation on the part of both male and female public sector employees.
	Bibliography Citation Leigh, Duane E. and Stephen M. Hills. "Male-Female Differences in the Potential for Union Growth Outside Traditionally Unionized Industries." Journal of Labor Research 8,2 (June 1987): 131-142.

34.	Leigh, Duane E. Hills, Stephen M.
34.	Public Sector-Private Sector Differences in Reasons Underlying Expressed Union Preferences Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public Sector 16,1 (1987): 1-14 Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Baywood Pub. Co. Keyword(s): Behavior; Collective Bargaining; Private Sector; Public Sector; Unions Recent waves of the Young Men and Young Women NLS samples provide information not only on how respondents would vote in a hypothetical union representation election, but also on the primary reason for their vote. This paper uses the primary reason information to examine whether differences exist between public sector and private sector workers in the reasons underlying expressed voting preferences. The major finding of the paper is that the relatively large demand of public employees for union representation reflects a relatively strong preference for collective action. Our interpretation of this finding is that public employees recognize the economic payoff to collective behavior in the political arena.
	Bibliography Citation Leigh, Duane E. and Stephen M. Hills. "Public Sector-Private Sector Differences in Reasons Underlying Expressed Union Preferences." Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public Sector 16,1 (1987): 1-14.

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