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Author: Chapple, Constance L.

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1.	Bersani, Bianca Elizabeth Chapple, Constance L.
1.	School Failure as an Adolescent Turning Point Sociological Focus 40, 3 (2007): 370-391 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: North Central Sociological Association ==> Routledge (new in 2012) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Life Course; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Dropouts; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recently, researchers have devoted significant attention to the influence of turning points such as marriage, employment, and military service on criminal desistance in adulthood. Because offending peaks in adolescence, the relative lack of research on influential adolescent turnings points is notable. Given the extensive research linking school failure to deleterious adult development, we propose that school failure (late grade retention and school dropout) is a marked transition in adolescence with the potential to operate as a turning point in the life course. Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we first examine structural, relational and individual predictors of school failure in adolescence. Second, we assess whether school failure amplifies delinquency in late adolescence. We find evidence supporting our contention that school failure operates as an adolescent turning point and we confirm that, school failure is significantly predicted by structural, relational, and individual factors. Although school failure may be thought of as the end result of a long-term process of academic disengagement, our research also suggests that it is a pivotal, negative turning point in the life course.
	Bibliography Citation Bersani, Bianca Elizabeth and Constance L. Chapple. "School Failure as an Adolescent Turning Point." Sociological Focus 40, 3 (2007): 370-391.

2.	Chapple, Constance L.
2.	Self-Control, Peer Relations, and Delinquency Justice Quarterly 22,1 (March 2005): 89-106. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0741882042000333654 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Deviance; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Self-Regulation/Self-Control Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi (Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. [1990]. A general theory of crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press), individuals with low self-control are likely to have unstable personal relationships and select into similar peer groups. Although a great deal is known about the effect of peers on delinquency, and research indicates that low self-control is associated with poorer personal bonds in adults, the relationship between self-control, peer relations, and adolescent delinquency is less well known. Developmental research suggests that impulsive children are more likely to be rejected by their peers and may have few conventional peer choices. This research investigates the process through which self-control influences peer relations and delinquency. Significant direct effects of self-control on peer rejection, association with deviant peers and delinquency were found, while self-control remained a significant predictor of delinquency net of association with deviant peers. Implications for the general theory of crime, peer relations, and causes of delinquency are discussed....For the analyses, I used mother and child assessments taken from three waves of data when the youths were aged 10–11 in 1994, 12–13 in 1996, and 14–15 in 1998.3 Self-control was measured in 1994, while age, race, sex, and family's poverty status were measured in 1998. The mediator variables, peer rejection, and association with deviant peers were measured in 1996, and the delinquency was measured in 1998.
	Bibliography Citation Chapple, Constance L. "Self-Control, Peer Relations, and Delinquency." Justice Quarterly 22,1 (March 2005): 89-106.

3.	Chapple, Constance L.
3.	Self-Control, Peer Relations, and Delinquency In: Deviant Behavior: A Text-Reader in the Sociology of Deviance, 7th Edition. E.J. Clarke, ed. New York, NY: Worth Publishers, 2008: pp. 588-604. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Worth Publishers Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Deviance; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Self-Regulation/Self-Control Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.
	Bibliography Citation Chapple, Constance L. "Self-Control, Peer Relations, and Delinquency" In: Deviant Behavior: A Text-Reader in the Sociology of Deviance, 7th Edition. E.J. Clarke, ed. New York, NY: Worth Publishers, 2008: pp. 588-604.

4.	Chapple, Constance L. Hope, Trina L. Whiteford, Scott W.
4.	The Direct and Indirect Effects of Parental Bonds, Parental Drug Use, and Self-Control on Adolescent Substance Use Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse 14,3 (2005): 17-38. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J029v14n03_02 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Drug Use; Mothers, Behavior; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parenting Skills/Styles; Scale Construction; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Substance Use Research indicates that parenting has important effects on adolescent substance use. However, the indirect effect of parenting on adolescent substance use via self-control is less understood. Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime has been extensively tested by researchers in the field of criminology, but the theory rarely has been used to predict adolescent substance use. Although Goffredson and Hirschi clearly assume that self-control is predicated on parenting, its mediating effect is rarely assessed. We find direct effects of self-control and maternal marijuana use on substance use and also find that self-control mediates the relationship between other parenting variables and adolescent substance use.
	Bibliography Citation Chapple, Constance L., Trina L. Hope and Scott W. Whiteford. "The Direct and Indirect Effects of Parental Bonds, Parental Drug Use, and Self-Control on Adolescent Substance Use." Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse 14,3 (2005): 17-38.

5.	Chapple, Constance L. Johnson, Katherine A.
5.	Gender Differences in Impulsivity Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 5,3 (July 2007): 221-234. Also: http://yvj.sagepub.com/content/5/3/221.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Poverty; Discipline; Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Motor and Social Development (MSD); Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Punishment, Corporal Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Criminological theories have often stressed the importance of impulsivity in the etiology of delinquency. Whether this construct is termed impulsivity, self-control, or low constraint/ negative emotionality, the theoretical importance of impulsivity is clear. What is also clear is that boys and girls differ significantly on impulsivity; however, research is ambiguous on why this occurs. Some researchers suggest that socialization and parenting create different levels of impulsivity, whereas others suggest that cognitive and/or motor deficits early in life may be the source. Using longitudinal National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79)–Child data and variables derived from past research on impulsivity, the authors investigate whether biological, structural, and familial predictors of impulsivity differ by gender. Through multiple group path analysis, the authors find that the relationships between discipline and impulsivity and attachment and impulsivity differ significantly by gender. The authors discuss the implications of this finding for the etiology of impulsivity.
	Bibliography Citation Chapple, Constance L. and Katherine A. Johnson. "Gender Differences in Impulsivity ." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 5,3 (July 2007): 221-234.

6.	Chapple, Constance L. Vaske, Jamie Hope, Trina L.
6.	Sex Differences in the Causes of Self-Control: An Examination of Mediation, Moderation, and Gendered Etiologies Journal of Criminal Justice 38,6 (November 2010): 1122-1131. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235210001686 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bias Decomposition; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Discipline; Gender Differences; Neighborhood Effects; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Self-Regulation/Self-Control Sex is one of the most robust predictors of self-control, with a consistent finding that girls score higher on a variety of measures of self-control. In this research, we investigate three possible reasons for why this is true: first, we examine whether current predictors of self-control mediate the effect of sex on self-control, second, we examine whether sex moderates the effect of current predictors on self-control and third, we examine the possibility that the causes of self-control are gendered, necessitating different causal models for boys and girls. Using data from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth79, we assess three, related questions: Is the sex effect on self-control mediated by current predictors of self-control? Does sex moderate the effects of current predictors of self-control? Does the causal model predicting self-control differ for boys and girls? We find that the sex effect on self-control is robust; does not moderate the etiology of self-control; and although partially mediated by etiological variables, remains a significant predictor of self-control. We also find that current predictors do a poor job of explaining girls' acquisition of self-control, suggesting a gendered etiology of self-control. [Copyright © Elsevier]
	Bibliography Citation Chapple, Constance L., Jamie Vaske and Trina L. Hope. "Sex Differences in the Causes of Self-Control: An Examination of Mediation, Moderation, and Gendered Etiologies." Journal of Criminal Justice 38,6 (November 2010): 1122-1131.

7.	Chapple, Constance L. Vaske, Jamie Worthen, Meredith G. F.
7.	Gender Differences in Associations with Deviant Peer Groups: Examining Individual, Interactional, and Compositional Factors Deviant Behavior 35,5 (May 2014): 394-411. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01639625.2014.855098#.Uv0sJhDvDpV Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Discipline; Gender Differences; Neighborhood Effects; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Punishment, Corporal; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Social Contacts/Social Network; Social Influences Researchers have long known that boys are more likely to have deviant peers than are girls. Yet, little research has tried to explain why boys and girls differ in their decision to associate with deviant peers. With the salience of deviant peers well established as a robust predictor of delinquency, we address the question, are the predictors of association with deviant peers different for boys and girls? In our examination of family and community processes, individual effects, and peer group composition factors, we find that the predictors of association with deviant peers differ by gender. In addition, our findings suggest gender divergences in the causes of both deviant peer association and deviant peer pressure. We discuss the implications of our research for both theoretical development and appropriate model estimation.
	Bibliography Citation Chapple, Constance L., Jamie Vaske and Meredith G. F. Worthen. "Gender Differences in Associations with Deviant Peer Groups: Examining Individual, Interactional, and Compositional Factors." Deviant Behavior 35,5 (May 2014): 394-411.

8.	Hope, Trina L. Chapple, Constance L.
8.	Maternal Characteristics, Parenting, and Adolescent Sexual Behavior; the Role of Self-Control Deviant Behavior 26,1 (January/February 2005): 25-46 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Parenthood; Parenting Skills/Styles; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Sexual Behavior Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime has been extensively tested by researchers in the field of criminology, and measures of self-control have been shown to predict crime, delinquency, and deviance. With few exceptions, however, the theory has not been applied to the study of adolescent sexual behavior. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the Children of the NLSY79, this research explores the direct and indirect effects of parenting and self-control on adolescent sexual behavior. Self-control predicts engagement in sexual activity, the number of sex partners, and relationship to last sex partner. Self-control also mediates the relationship between certain parental behaviors and adolescent sexual behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
	Bibliography Citation Hope, Trina L. and Constance L. Chapple. "Maternal Characteristics, Parenting, and Adolescent Sexual Behavior; the Role of Self-Control." Deviant Behavior 26,1 (January/February 2005): 25-46.

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