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Author: Classen, Timothy J.

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1.	Classen, Timothy J.
1.	Changes Over Time in the Relationship of Obesity to Education Accumulation Eastern Economic Journal 43,3 (June 2017): 496-519. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41302-016-0079-5 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); College Education; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research examines whether the influence of obesity in late adolescence on education accumulation has changed over time as the rate of obesity has increased substantially over the previous three decades. Previous studies have indicated that obesity has asymmetric consequences between genders on socioeconomic outcomes such as income, wealth, and education. The results in this project allow for consideration of the influence of obesity on education accumulation as the proportion of adolescent peers with weight problems varies substantially. I utilize data from the NLSY79 and the children of women in the NLSY79 to estimate the relationships of interest. I find that obese and overweight females in both generations are less likely to attend college than their peers with BMI levels in the recommended range. As well, obese females are less likely to graduate high school, with a larger effect in the earlier generation when obesity was relatively rare. I do not find any significant relationship between weight status and college attendance or high school graduation for males. Such asymmetric results for human capital investments across genders are consistent with previous evidence that obese women face a wage penalty relative to their non-obese peers, while obese males do not.
	Bibliography Citation Classen, Timothy J. "Changes Over Time in the Relationship of Obesity to Education Accumulation." Eastern Economic Journal 43,3 (June 2017): 496-519.

2.	Classen, Timothy J.
2.	Intergenerational Obesity Transmission and Correlations of Human Capital Accumulation Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) Inaugural Conference, "Economics of Population Research", June 2006 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Obesity; Siblings; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The goal of this research is to provide an estimate of the intergenerational persistence of obesity and its influence on human capital accumulation. I measure the intergenerational correlation of weight status between women and their children when both are at similar stages of development. This study contributes to the literature on the role of health as a mechanism in the correlation of economic status between generations. Prior studies of obesity have found a strong relationship between weight status and economic outcomes. Thus, the transmission of obesity between generations may explain a portion of the intergenerational correlations of economic status that have previously been characterized. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the Children and Young Adults of the NLSY79, I compute the Body Mass Index (BMI) of women and their children when both generations are between the ages of 16 and 24. In the sample used, the measured intergenerational correlation of BMI is roughly 0.35. This result differs by the gender of the offspring with a BMI correlation between female children and their mothers of 0.38, compared to a significantly lower BMI correlation of 0.32 between mothers and their sons. Intragenerational correlations are slightly lower and are highest for same-gender siblings. Women who were overweight in early adulthood are found to have a lower likelihood of high school completion and produce offspring who are also less likely to complete high school.
	Bibliography Citation Classen, Timothy J. "Intergenerational Obesity Transmission and Correlations of Human Capital Accumulation." Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) Inaugural Conference, "Economics of Population Research", June 2006.

3.	Classen, Timothy J.
3.	Measures of the Intergenerational Transmission of Body Mass Index Between Mothers and Their Children in the United States, 1981 – 2004 Economics and Human Biology 8,1 (March 2010): 30-43. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X09001026 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Body Mass Index (BMI); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Obesity; Socioeconomic Factors; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Weight This research provides estimates of the intergenerational persistence of Body Mass Index (BMI) between women and their children when both are at similar stages of the lifecycle. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the Young Adults of the NLSY79, associations between the weight status of women and their children are measured when both generations are between the ages of 16 and 24. In the entire sample, the measured intergenerational correlation of BMI is significantly different from zero and equal to 0.35. This result differs by gender with a BMI correlation between female children and their mothers of 0.38, compared to a significantly lower BMI correlation of 0.32 between mothers and their sons. Measures of this relationship across the distribution of BMI using quantile regression and quadrant dependence techniques indicate that the intergenerational persistence of BMI is strongest at higher levels of BMI. Strong dependence across generations is found when categorical outcomes of obesity and overweight are implemented. These results provide evidence of the strong persistence of weight problems across generations which may affect economic mobility within families.
	Bibliography Citation Classen, Timothy J. "Measures of the Intergenerational Transmission of Body Mass Index Between Mothers and Their Children in the United States, 1981 – 2004." Economics and Human Biology 8,1 (March 2010): 30-43.

4.	Classen, Timothy J.
4.	Obesity and Educational Attainment Working Paper, School of Business Administration, Loyola University Chicago, January 2009. Also: http://itp.wceruw.org/Fall%2010%20seminar/ClassenEDUObesityIV.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: School of Business Administration, Loyola University Chicago Keyword(s): Achievement; Age at First Birth; Bias Decomposition; Birth Order; Body Mass Index (BMI); College Enrollment; High School Completion/Graduates; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Obesity; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Variables, Instrumental; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research estimates the influence of adolescent weight status on levels of educational attainment. Prior studies have found a causal role of obesity in other economic outcomes such as income. Given the crucial role of human capital investments for economic success, estimates of the causal influence of weight problems on education accumulation are provided. Models ignoring the potential endogeneity of education and weight status indicate that obese and overweight females obtain less education than their peers while weight problems have no influence on educational attainment for males. Estimates accounting for the endogeneity of weight status indicate that weight problems cause a reduction in the likelihood of high school graduation for males and a reduced likelihood of college attendance for overweight females. Potential mechanisms to explain these relationships and their implication for school-based programs to reduce obesity are discussed.
	Bibliography Citation Classen, Timothy J. "Obesity and Educational Attainment." Working Paper, School of Business Administration, Loyola University Chicago, January 2009.

5.	Classen, Timothy J. Hokayem, Charles
5.	Childhood Influences of Youth Obesity Economics and Human Biology 3,2 (July 2005): 165-187. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X0500033X Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Body Mass Index (BMI); Obesity; Socioeconomic Factors; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Weight We develop a model to estimate the influence of child and parental characteristics on the likelihood that a child will become an obese or overweight youth. We use this model to test whether it is possible to forecast obesity and overweight among youth. Comparing Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) scores from these forecasts, we find that a model using childhood covariates does as well in forecasting youth obesity and overweight as a model using the covariate values contemporaneous with the youth obesity and overweight outcomes. The datasets used in this paper, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults, provide data from 1986 to 2002, allowing for the study of a child's transition to and from obesity or overweight over a long period. Explanatory variables that significantly influence the likelihood of youth obesity or overweight outcomes include the mother's obesity status and education, the youth's mental health, and certain demographic features including race, sex, and family size. These factors provide potential targets for policies that could be implemented early in life among children most likely to become obese or overweight.
	Bibliography Citation Classen, Timothy J. and Charles Hokayem. "Childhood Influences of Youth Obesity." Economics and Human Biology 3,2 (July 2005): 165-187.

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