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ignoring parameter: London, England: City University, Social Statistics Research Unit
ignoring parameter: Working Paper, University of Washington, 1990
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ignoring parameter: 3270652
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ignoring parameter: papers
ignoring parameter: w16619.pdf
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ignoring parameter: mansour
ignoring parameter: BC09.pdf
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ignoring parameter: pubs
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ignoring parameter: 2009
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ignoring parameter: Working Paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August 1991.
ignoring parameter: Working Paper, University of Washington, 1990
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ignoring parameter: jole
ignoring parameter: soleweb
ignoring parameter: 9238.pdf
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ignoring parameter: papers
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ignoring parameter: econ.ucdenver.edu
ignoring parameter: mansour
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ignoring parameter: www.econ.yale.edu
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ignoring parameter: www.rand.org
ignoring parameter: pubs
ignoring parameter: monographs
ignoring parameter: 2009
ignoring parameter: RAND_MG773.pdf
ignoring parameter: Working Paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August 1991.
Cohort: NLSY79
Resulting in 6720 citations.
3001. |
Israel, Mark Seeborg, Michael C. |
The Impact of Youth Characteristics and Experiences on Transitions Out of Poverty Journal of Socio-Economics 27,6 (1998): 753-776. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535799800067 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Social; Parenthood; Poverty; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Substance Use; Teenagers; Weight; Well-Being; Work Experience Examined the effects of a number of background characteristics such as early welfare dependency, substance abuse, teen parenthood, and parent's educational attainment on the family income levels of young adults who were impoverished as youth. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth database of 14-17 yr olds in poor families in 1979, the total effect of background variables on future well-being was analyzed and the paths through which this impact occurred were considered. This sample was interviewed annually from 1979-1990. Results show that many of these background variables had significant indirect influences on family income through intervening variables, especially the respondent's own educational attainment, welfare dependency, and work experiences. A model of intergenerational income level is presented. ((c) 1999 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Israel, Mark and Michael C. Seeborg. "The Impact of Youth Characteristics and Experiences on Transitions Out of Poverty." Journal of Socio-Economics 27,6 (1998): 753-776.
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3002. |
Jacinto, Alberto |
A Tradition of Public Service in Families Review of Public Personnel Administration published online (17 September 2022): DOI: 10.1177/0734371X221123296. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0734371X221123296 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Institute of Public Affairs, University of South Carolina Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Occupational Choice; Parental Influences; Public Sector While much is known about the public sector workforce, less is known about parental influences as a determinant of public sector work. This paper begins to answer this question by estimating a simple model of intergenerational transmission to test whether public sector work is passed down in families. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and its intergenerational component indicate that children of public sector mothers are five percentage points (42%) more likely to work in the public sector than the children of private sector mothers. Heterogeneity analyses reveal the important role unions play in the transmission of public sector work. However, the main results do not vary by child race or gender. The results have implications for recruitment strategies in the public sector and highlight the role of parents as possible sources of public service motivation for children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jacinto, Alberto. "A Tradition of Public Service in Families." Review of Public Personnel Administration published online (17 September 2022): DOI: 10.1177/0734371X221123296.
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3003. |
Jacinto, Alberto |
Essays on the Public Sector Labor Supply Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Administration and Policy, American University, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Occupational Choice; Parental Influences; Public Sector; Racial Differences; Teachers/Faculty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation contains three distinct, but related, chapters that study the determinants of public sector labor supply--with an emphasis on public school teachers. The first chapter of my dissertation uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 and its intergenerational component, the NLSY Child and Young Adult (CYA) supplement, to test the intergenerational transmission of teaching. The main findings suggest that teaching is in fact passed down within families: Children of teachers are seven percentage points more likely to become teachers compared to the children of non-teachers. However, the transmission of teaching is not uniform. The effect of mother's teaching status on child's teaching status is zero for Black sons. These findings suggest that the intergenerational transmission of teaching is one reason that the teaching profession remains disproportionately White and female. The finding that teaching is transmitted across generations motivates the second chapter of my dissertation, which investigates more generally whether public sector employment is transmitted across generations. Using data from the NLSY and CYA, I test the intergenerational correlation coefficient for public sector work. Primary findings indicate that children of public sector mothers are five percentage points more likely to work in the public sector compared to children of non-public sector mothers, with no variation in terms of race or gender. These findings have implications for hiring and promotion practices within the ranks of the public sector. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jacinto, Alberto. Essays on the Public Sector Labor Supply. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Administration and Policy, American University, 2021. |
3004. |
Jacinto, Alberto Gershenson, Seth |
The Intergenerational Transmission of Teaching American Educational Research Journal published online (14 October 2020): DOI: 10.3102/0002831220963874. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.3102/0002831220963874 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Occupational Choice; Parental Influences; Teachers/Faculty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Parental influences, particularly parents' occupations, may influence individuals' entry into the teaching profession. This mechanism may contribute to the relatively static demographic composition of the teaching force over time. We assess the role of parental influences on occupational choice by testing whether the children of teachers are disproportionately likely to become teachers themselves and whether the intergenerational transmission of teaching varies by race or sex. Overall, children whose mothers are teachers are seven percentage points more likely to enter teaching than children of nonteachers. The transmission of teaching from mother to child is about the same for White children and for Black daughters; however, transmission rates for Hispanic daughters are even larger while those for Black sons are near zero. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jacinto, Alberto and Seth Gershenson. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Teaching." American Educational Research Journal published online (14 October 2020): DOI: 10.3102/0002831220963874.
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3005. |
Jack, Carolyn |
Master Minds: Ohioans' Research May One Day Change The World Plain Dealer, September 3, 1995; Pg. 8 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Plain Dealer Publishing Co. Keyword(s): Child Development; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on Parcel and Menaghan's study "Parents' Jobs and Children's Lives," which analyzes the effect of parental employment on child development. The study, which utilizes NLSY79 and Children of the NLSY79 data, found that "a combination of wage level, work hours and job complexity is what determines whether children are helped or hindered by their parents' occupations." Also, the researchers discovered that a mother staying at home only benefits her child if the job she returns to is of a low-skill level. Mothers who stay home during the first three years but then return to a challenging job were found to have children suffering from more adverse effects. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jack, Carolyn. "Master Minds: Ohioans' Research May One Day Change The World." Plain Dealer, September 3, 1995; Pg. 8. |
3006. |
Jacknowitz, Alison |
An Investigation of the Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Patterns Ph.D. Dissertation, Pardee RAND Graduate School (PRGS), 2004. Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/2005/RAND_RGSD182.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Child Care; Maternal Employment A growing body of research indicates that both mothers and children benefit from breastfeeding. However, despite slowly rising breastfeeding rates, a large fraction of mothers do not breastfeed or breastfeed for a shorter period than the recommended six months. Furthermore, some groups of mothers are more likely to breastfeed than others. This dissertation seeks to understand these breastfeeding patterns by investigating demographic changes, welfare work requirements, and workplace characteristics. Among the results: Changes in the composition of births by maternal age, maternal education, race/ethnicity, parity, and geographic location of birth explain seem to explain approximately 20 percent of the increasing trends in initial breastfeeding rates and breastfeeding rates six months after birth. In the absence of welfare reform, the national breastfeeding rate six months after birth would have been 5.5 percent higher in 2000. Such unintended negative consequences of these welfare work requirements must be weighed against potential benefits as states refine their welfare programs. The availability of employer-sponsored child care increases the likelihood of breastfeeding six months after birth by 59 percent. Working an additional eight hours at home per week increases the probability of breastfeeding by 9 and 21 percent at birth and six months after birth, respectively. Workplace characteristics show promise to effectively increase breastfeeding rates among working women and warrant additional consideration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jacknowitz, Alison. An Investigation of the Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Patterns. Ph.D. Dissertation, Pardee RAND Graduate School (PRGS), 2004.. |
3007. |
Jacknowitz, Alison |
The Role of Workplace Characteristics in Breastfeeding Practices Women and Health 47,2 (February 2008): 87-111. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03630240802092357 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Child Care; Work Hours/Schedule; Working Conditions The present analyses were undertaken to understand the role of workplace characteristics in the breastfeeding practices of working women. The effects of the perception of the availability of employer-sponsored child care, the perception of the availability of a flexible schedule, hours worked at home, and worked a fixed schedule on breastfeeding outcomes were estimated using a sample of 1,506 births from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The availability of employer-sponsored child care increased the likelihood of breastfeeding six months after birth by 47 percent. In addition, working an additional eight hours at home per week, at the mean, increased the probability of breastfeeding initiation by 8 percent and breastfeeding six months afterbirth by 16.8 percent. Workplace characteristics show promise as an effective way to increase breastfeeding rates among working women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Women & Health is the property of Haworth Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jacknowitz, Alison. "The Role of Workplace Characteristics in Breastfeeding Practices." Women and Health 47,2 (February 2008): 87-111.
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3008. |
Jackson, Aurora P. |
Preferences for Employment and Perceived Well-Being Among Black Single Employed Mothers of Preschool-Aged Children Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Maternal Employment; Parents, Single; Preschool Children; Well-Being This study examined the relationship of employment preferences to role strain, emotional well-being , and mothers' perceptions of their children in a sample of 111 employed black single mothers, each with a 3- or 4-year-old child. The mothers, former recipients of AFDC, completed a self-administered questionnaire. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Aurora P. Preferences for Employment and Perceived Well-Being Among Black Single Employed Mothers of Preschool-Aged Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1990. |
3009. |
Jackson, Heide |
Obesity Over the Life Course: A Study of How Obesity Produces Health Disadvantage and Excess Mortality in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Disability; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation explores the influence of obesity on U.S. population morbidity and mortality. Across three essays, I examine the relation of obesity to work disability, activity impairment, and mortality. Chapter 1 looks at how obesity in early adulthood affects work disability at young and middle ages. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, I employ logistic regression to assess whether an early onset of obesity affects the likelihood of developing a work disabling condition and use event history analysis to predict the time at which that work disability occurs. Results indicate that early obesity increases the likelihood that a person will develop a work disability and uniformly increases the relative hazard of the disability occurring. The association of obesity and work disability remains robust to the inclusion of covariates and modeling the process that selects a person to become obese. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Heide. Obesity Over the Life Course: A Study of How Obesity Produces Health Disadvantage and Excess Mortality in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2015. |
3010. |
Jackson, Heide |
The Effect of Obesity on Disability Risk, Recurrence and Recovery, among Working Age Adults Living in the United States Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Disability; Health and Retirement Study (HRS); Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the United States, the rising prevalence of disability among young and middle age adults is attributable, at least in part, to a rising prevalence of obesity (Finkelstein et al., 2009; Barkin et al., 2010). Obesity dramatically reduces population labor force productivity and lowers overall health. This study estimates a multi-state hazard model to assess the relationship between obesity and disability, onset, recovery, and recurrence using data made available from the Natonal Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY 1979) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Preliminary findings suggest that obesity not only increases the likelihood that an individual will become disabled but also reduces the likelihood that an individual will recover from a disabling condition. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Heide. "The Effect of Obesity on Disability Risk, Recurrence and Recovery, among Working Age Adults Living in the United States." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
3011. |
Jackson, Heide |
The Ways Weight Matters: The Intergenerational Transmission of Weight, Health and Human Capital Disadvantage Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Health; Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Obesity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the United States with implications for many aspects of child development; obesity negatively affects a child’s health, cognitive abilities, and non-cognitive traits. While an emerging literature has shown how obesity may affect a child’s skill acquisition and health, this paper will contribute to this field by showing that maternal obesity has direct consequences for child obesity, health, cognitive capacity, and non-cognitive traits as well as indirect, but nonetheless important, implications for a child’s educational attainment. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Children (1979), preliminary analysis suggests an important effect of maternal obesity on child characteristics. More surprisingly, analysis suggests that childhood obesity does not have a similar influence after controlling for maternal weight status. Results suggest an important intergenerational transfer of obesity which negatively affects child development. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Heide. "The Ways Weight Matters: The Intergenerational Transmission of Weight, Health and Human Capital Disadvantage." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
3012. |
Jackson, Heide Palloni, Alberto |
Projecting the Impact of Obesity on a Cohort of School-Aged Hispanic Children Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Health; Cognitive Ability; College Enrollment; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Educational Attainment; Ethnic Groups; High School Completion/Graduates; Hispanic Youth; Obesity; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over the past 30 years, the prevalence of childhood obesity has tripled in the United States. Hispanics face a significantly greater risk of becoming obese; 24% of Hispanic children aged 6-11 are obese compared to 17% of the general population. Excess obesity among Hispanics could lead to two significant changes. First, given that obesity is associated with a number of chronic conditions and an increased risk of premature death, the higher prevalence of obesity among Hispanic youth may serve to undo the historic US Hispanic health and mortality advantage. Second, a disproportionate increase in obesity prevalence among Hispanics could compromise their ability to accumulate human capital. Using a number of rich, nationally representative data sources, this paper seeks to: measure trends in Hispanic obesity, ascertain the effects of obesity on human capital development, and determine how changing the projected obesity prevalence will affect human capital. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Heide and Alberto Palloni. "Projecting the Impact of Obesity on a Cohort of School-Aged Hispanic Children." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
3013. |
Jackson, Jacquelyne Johnson |
The Bell Curve: What's All the Fuss About? The Black Scholar 25,1 (Winter 1995): 11-20 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Black World Foundation Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Racial Differences; Social Roles; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A critique of Richard J. Herrstein's and Charles Murray's The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (see IRPS No. 79/95c02104) is offered. The Bell Curve is a relatively unsophisticated and highly polemic attempt to discuss issues surrounding intelligence and race. Too often it commingles issues, theory, fact, ethics, and public policy.Specific criticisms of The Bell Curve include: (1) use of unwarranted premises in analyzing black and white cognitive ability, including inappropriate operational definition of blacks, reliance on classical tradition of studying intelligence, assumption that cognitive ability is not malleable and is a determinant of socioeconomic status, and extrapolation of findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth to different black age cohorts; and (2) unwarranted assumption of the consequences of higher fertility rates among women of lower cognitive ability. The differential impact of The Bell Curve and the work of Thomas Sowell (e.g., 1984) is discussed. 29 References. D. Generoli (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Jacquelyne Johnson. "The Bell Curve: What's All the Fuss About?" The Black Scholar 25,1 (Winter 1995): 11-20.
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3014. |
Jackson, John W. VanderWeele, Tyler J. |
Decomposition Analysis to Identify Intervention Targets for Reducing Disparities Epidemiology 29,6 (November 2018): 825-835. Also: https://journals.lww.com/epidem/Fulltext/2018/11000/Decomposition_Analysis_to_Identify_Intervention.11.aspx Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Childhood; Educational Attainment; Epidemiology; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There has been considerable interest in using decomposition methods in epidemiology (mediation analysis) and economics (Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition) to understand how health disparities arise and how they might change upon intervention. It has not been clear when estimates from the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition can be interpreted causally because its implementation does not explicitly address potential confounding of target variables. While mediation analysis does explicitly adjust for confounders of target variables, it typically does so in a way that effectively entails equalizing confounders across racial groups, which may not reflect the intended intervention. Revisiting prior analyses in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on disparities in wages, unemployment, incarceration, and overall health with test scores, taken as a proxy for educational attainment, as a target intervention, we propose and demonstrate a novel decomposition that controls for confounders of test scores (e.g. measures of childhood socioeconomic status [SES]) while leaving their association with race intact. We compare this decomposition with others that use standardization (to equalize childhood SES [the confounders] alone), mediation analysis (to equalize test scores within levels of childhood SES), and one that equalizes both childhood SES and test scores. We also show how these decompositions, including our novel proposals, are equivalent to implementations of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, but provide a more formal causal interpretation for these decompositions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jackson, John W. and Tyler J. VanderWeele. "Decomposition Analysis to Identify Intervention Targets for Reducing Disparities." Epidemiology 29,6 (November 2018): 825-835.
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3015. |
Jackson, Kristina M. O'Neill, Susan Elizabeth Sher, Kenneth J. |
Characterizing Alcohol Dependence: Transitions during Young and Middle Adulthood Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 14,2 (2006): 228-244. Also: https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.228 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Transition, Adulthood Community and high-risk sample studies suggest that alcohol dependence is relatively stable and chronic. By contrast, epidemiological studies demonstrate a strong age-graded decline whereby alcohol dependence tends to peak in early adulthood and declines thereafter. The authors identified the latent trajectory structure of past-year alcohol dependence to investigate (a) whether the syndrome is characterized by symptom profiles and (b) the extent to which the syndrome is stable and persistent. Data from current drinkers (N = 4,003) in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were analyzed across two waves: 1989 (ages 24-32 years) and 1994 (ages 29-37 years). Three classes of alcohol dependence were observed; symptom endorsement probabilities increased across successively severe classes. Latent transition analyses showed high rates of stability, supporting alcohol dependence as a relatively chronic condition. Although there was evidence of progression to more severe dependence, there was greater syndrome remission. Trajectory classes and transition probabilities were generalizable across race and sex and, to a lesser extent, age cohort and family history of alcoholism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Kristina M., Susan Elizabeth O'Neill and Kenneth J. Sher. "Characterizing Alcohol Dependence: Transitions during Young and Middle Adulthood." Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 14,2 (2006): 228-244.
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3016. |
Jackson, Margot I. |
Understanding Links Among Adolescent Health, Social Background and Education Presented: Chicago, IL, The Harris School, University of Chicago, Conference on Health and Attainment Over the Lifecourse: Reciprocal Influences from Before Birth to Old Age, May 16, 2008 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Child Health; Children, Illness; Children, Poverty; Educational Attainment; Family Resources; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; School Completion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper addresses a topic of growing interest to demographic researchers, who are re-recognizing the potentially significant contribution of children's health to broader population welfare, both within and across generations. Specifically, I examine the ways in which health and social background act together to create and maintain educational disparities in the early life course. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 97 and the Children/Young Adults of the NLSY79, I address three questions. 1) Is there variation by social background in the link between health and education? 2) What are the social factors that mediate the connection between adolescent health and educational attainment? 3) Does health mediate persistent social and economic achievement gaps? The results suggest that there is a strong association between adolescent health and educational attainment, net of both observed confounders and unobserved, time-invariant characteristics within households. This relationship is explained by academic factors related to school attendance and performance, rather than by psychosocial factors related to educational expectations. The analyses also examine the ways in which health and social background work together to produce disparities in educational achievement and attainment. I find that the negative educational consequences of poor health are not limited to the most socially disadvantaged adolescents, but are instead strongest for non-Hispanic white adolescents. Finally, I find that adolescent health does not play a strong role in explaining achievement gaps by social background, although infant and maternal health offer slightly more purchase. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Margot I. "Understanding Links Among Adolescent Health, Social Background and Education." Presented: Chicago, IL, The Harris School, University of Chicago, Conference on Health and Attainment Over the Lifecourse: Reciprocal Influences from Before Birth to Old Age, May 16, 2008. |
3017. |
Jackson, Margot I. |
Understanding Links between Children's Health and Education Working Paper CCPR-014-06, California Center for Population Research, October 2007. Also: http://computing.ccpr.ucla.edu/ccprwpseries/ccpr_014_06.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: California Center for Population Research (CCPR) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Child Health; Children, Illness; Children, Poverty; Educational Attainment; Family Resources; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; School Completion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper has several goals. First, I add to the growing literature documenting the relationship between health during childhood and adolescence and later educational success. Secondly, I examine variation in this relationship by social status. Are the families of children with a health disadvantage more able to mitigate the negative consequences of that condition if they are socially advantaged? Or do children in these families suffer an equal or greater disadvantage? Third, I evaluate the role of two social mechanisms that may mediate the connection between children's health and their educational attainment. Finally, I consider the extent to which health disparities among children account for racial disparities in children's educational achievement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Margot I. "Understanding Links between Children's Health and Education." Working Paper CCPR-014-06, California Center for Population Research, October 2007. |
3018. |
Jackson, Margot Agbai, Chinyere Rauscher, Emily |
The Effects of State-Level Medicaid Coverage on Family Wealth RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 7,3 Wealth Inequality and Child Development: Implications for Policy and Practice (August 2021): 216-234. Also: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/rsf.2021.7.3.10 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Medicaid/Medicare; Mothers, Education; Racial Differences; State-Level Data/Policy; Wealth Jointly financed by the federal government and the states, Medicaid represents the second largest form of public-sector investment in children. Research documents direct positive effects of Medicaid on children's well-being, but little is known about the effects of Medicaid expansions on the wealth of families with children. Using state variation in Medicaid access during the prenatal and infant period, linked to longitudinal data from the children of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79, we ask whether state-level Medicaid generosity is associated with family wealth among families with children and whether these effects vary by parental education and race-ethnicity. We find that greater state-level Medicaid access is associated with a larger total amount held in savings and retirement accounts, as well as in mortgages. These effects are largely driven by non-Hispanic white families, and those with more highly educated mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Margot, Chinyere Agbai and Emily Rauscher. "The Effects of State-Level Medicaid Coverage on Family Wealth." RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 7,3 Wealth Inequality and Child Development: Implications for Policy and Practice (August 2021): 216-234.
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3019. |
Jackson, Peter Montgomery, Edward |
Layoff, Discharge and Youth Unemployment Presented: Cambridge, MA, Conference on Inner City Black Youth Unemployment, August 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Inner-City; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Layoffs; Occupational Status; Quits; Racial Differences; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Three different data sets (NLSY, CPS, and the NBER Survey) were used in this analysis of the unemployment experience of black youths. Blacks are found to be less likely than whites to quit or be temporarily laid off and more likely to be discharged or permanently laid off. The high rate of job loss for blacks appears to be the result of low tenure or seniority and lack of employment in sectors and occupations which seem to have lower turnover, layoff, and discharge rates. This difference in the incidence of job loss was found to be a major factor in explaining the difference between whites' and blacks' unemployment rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Peter and Edward Montgomery. "Layoff, Discharge and Youth Unemployment." Presented: Cambridge, MA, Conference on Inner City Black Youth Unemployment, August 1983. |
3020. |
Jacob, Marita Weiss, Felix |
Class Origin and Young Adults’ Re-Enrollment Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 29,4 (December 2011): 415-426. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562411000102 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES) This paper examines re-enrollment decisions taken by adults who have previously participated in the labor market in the US. We investigate the influence of social origin on re-enrollment and test hypotheses based on the “status reproduction” argument. We find that young adults from the lower classes re-enroll less often than those from the upper classes and that these differences can be attributed to a large extend to different ability or performance. Beyond the effects of social origin as such, we also scrutinize the effects of the child's class position relative to family status as a more direct implication of the “status reproduction” argument. Our analyses reveal that once young adults from higher status positions have reached their parents’ class, re-enrollment is somewhat less likely to occur. However, this effect of the child's relative class to the parents’ is rather weak. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jacob, Marita and Felix Weiss. "Class Origin and Young Adults’ Re-Enrollment." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 29,4 (December 2011): 415-426.
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3021. |
Jacobs, Joanne |
Ms. Workaholic Can Make About The Same Salary As A Man, But . . . Who Will Raise The Children? San Jose Mercury News, January 4, 1996: Page 7B Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: San Jose Mercury News Keyword(s): Economics of Gender; Gender Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: The Gazette, January 15, 1996, Woman News; Pg. E3. Also: The Denver Post, January 7, 1996, Perspective; Pg. E-04 This opinion piece on the wage gap cites Post and Lynch's study of NLSY79 data which found that "the gender pay gap virtually disappears when age, educational attainment and continuous time spent in the workforce are factored in as wage determinants." |
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Bibliography Citation
Jacobs, Joanne. "Ms. Workaholic Can Make About The Same Salary As A Man, But . . . Who Will Raise The Children?" San Jose Mercury News, January 4, 1996: Page 7B. |
3022. |
Jacobs, Steven N. |
Effects of Family Structure and Fathering Time on Child Behavior Problems and Reading Deficits Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Dallas, 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Behavioral Development; Divorce; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Studies; Family Income; Family Structure; Family Studies; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Influence; Fathers, Presence; Parents, Non-Custodial; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Studies; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT This is a study of the effects of family structure in general, and of fathering time in particular, on child behavior problems and reading deficits. The source of the data is the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The sample is comprised of 1,016 children, ages 6-10 as of the 1990 outcome year. The overall behavioral problems measured were derived from a Behavioral Problems Index tapping various factors of child adjustment. The primary cognitive deficit measured was derived from the child scores on the Peabody Individual Achievement Reading Recognition Assessment. The basic research design was to compare the Behavioral Problems Index and Reading Recognition Scores of children in the traditional family structure to the Index and Scores of children in each of six alternative family structures, and to compare the Index and Scores of children who spend time with their fathers daily to the Index and Scores of children in each of six time periods less than daily. Race, child gender, family income and some other potentially important factors were accounted for. Ordinary Least Squares estimates of effects on behavior and reading were made in a system of regression models. The total effects of the variables were decomposed into direct and indirect effects. It was found, using this method and these models, that (1) children who spend progressively less than daily time with their fathers have significantly greater behavior problems and lower reading scores than children who spend time with their fathers daily, (2) although children of divorce, the non-intact unwed, and cohabitation have greater behavior problems than children in the traditional family structure, the differences are explained in significant part by fathering time, (3) the greater behavior problems for children who spend less than daily time with their fathers is not explained by family structure, (4) although there are behavioral and reading differences in children for differences in family income, income does not easily compensate for less time spent between father and child, and (5) these findings are significant, to varying degrees, and with few exceptions, for children of all races and both genders. For children of the traditional family, we must create father-friendly workplaces. For children of divorce we must significantly increase time between child and "non-custodial" father. For children of the unwed, we must encourage support programs that keep two-parent families together or require and facilitate frequent and continuing time spent between father and child. Copyright: Dissertation Abstracts |
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Bibliography Citation
Jacobs, Steven N. Effects of Family Structure and Fathering Time on Child Behavior Problems and Reading Deficits. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Dallas, 1998. |
3023. |
Jacobson, Jonathan Erik |
Essays on the Economics of Minimum Competency Testing Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education; High School Completion/Graduates; Labor Market Outcomes; Minorities; Occupational Status; Occupations; Poverty; School Completion; Testing Requirements This thesis investigates the impact of minimum competency testing requirements on pupils and considers what factors influence states' adoption of such testing requirements. Between 1973 and 1985 twenty-one states adopted requirements that youth pass a minimum competency exam before graduating from high school. The data used to assess the effects of these requirements came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 to 1990. The first chapter considers the impact of mandatory testing requirements on pupil test scores. The second chapter of the thesis considers the impact of testing requirements and other school policies on labor market outcomes. The third chapter of the thesis considers the determinants of states' adoption of testing requirements both for pupils and for teachers. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries Rm. 14-0551 Cambridge MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jacobson, Jonathan Erik. Essays on the Economics of Minimum Competency Testing. Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 1993. |
3024. |
Jaeger, Mads Meier Karlson, Kristian |
Cultural Capital and Educational Inequality: A Counterfactual Analysis Sociological Science published online (12 December 2018): DOI: 10.15195/v5.a33. Also: https://sociologicalscience.com/articles-v5-33-775/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sociological Science Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Mobility; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) data and a counterfactual approach to test the macro-level implications of cultural reproduction and cultural mobility theory. Our counterfactual analyses show that the observed socioeconomic gradient in children's educational attainment in the NLSY79 data would be smaller if cultural capital was more equally distributed between children whose parents are of low socioeconomic status (SES) and those whose parents are of high SES. They also show that hypothetically increasing cultural capital among low-SES parents would lead to a larger reduction in the socioeconomic gradient in educational attainment than reducing it among high-SES parents. These findings are consistent with cultural mobility theory (which argues that low-SES children have a higher return to cultural capital than high-SES children) but not with cultural reproduction theory (which argues that low-SES children have a lower return to cultural capital). Our analysis contributes to existing research by demonstrating that the unequal distribution of cultural capital shapes educational inequality at the macro level. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jaeger, Mads Meier and Kristian Karlson. "Cultural Capital and Educational Inequality: A Counterfactual Analysis." Sociological Science published online (12 December 2018): DOI: 10.15195/v5.a33.
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3025. |
Jaffe, Barbara |
Older and Wiser: An Event History Analysis of Women's Adult College Enrollment Behavior Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2005. DAI-A 66/02, p. 513, Aug 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Education, Adult; Event History; Modeling; Women's Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation examines factors that influence adult women in their decision to enroll and persist in college. Despite the fact that adult college enrollment represents a large and growing segment of higher education, especially for women, relatively few studies have examined the causes of this enrollment. The often interrupted educational and employment careers of women require event history analysis to sort out the influences of past and present on adult enrollment decisions. Two risk sets of women 25 and older were created using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79): women who started college at a traditional age but stopped out before receiving a degree and women who graduated high school but did not attend college. Four outcomes--return enrollment, full-time enrollment status, three-semester persistence, and degree completion--were analyzed using nested regression models. The first two blocks of fixed variables capture background and early college; the second two cover the family demands that compete for a woman's time as well as her job, which may be a source of motivation and financial resources. Cox regression is used to register each year's changes in marriage, children, and jobs against the event of enrollment. While parent's education is positively associated with adult return enrollment, their income has a contrary effect. The evidence suggests that lower parental income for (both risk sets) and early childbirth (for the high school graduates) predict enrollment because they are likely causes of non-enrollment at younger ages. Finally, having a full-time job, but one of shorter duration, predicts enrollment for both groups of women. The sharp differences between the two groups, however, argue for separating the two groups in future research. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=885696061&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD |
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Bibliography Citation
Jaffe, Barbara. Older and Wiser: An Event History Analysis of Women's Adult College Enrollment Behavior. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2005. DAI-A 66/02, p. 513, Aug 2005. |
3026. |
Jahromi, Afrouz Azadikhah |
Essays on Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in The Labor Market Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Temple University, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Income; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 3, titled THE HETEROGENEOUS EFFECTS OF HAVING CHILDREN ON WOMEN'S INCOME, estimates the distributional effects of having children on women's annual income in the United States using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1979 to 2016. Existing work on motherhood penalty shows that while the wage gap among men and women becomes smaller in the United States, the gap between mothers and childless women is increasing (Waldfogel 1998). After childbirth, women usually experience an immediate decrease in their earnings relative to what they would have earned if they had not become a mother. The gap closes somewhat over time though mothers never fully catch up to their counterfactuals. Previous work tried to explain the motherhood wage penalty by estimating the average treatment effect of children on women's earnings, but these effects can be quite heterogeneous across mothers with different observable characteristics. By utilizing the Changes-in-Changes model and distribution regression, I find that around 90% of mothers have lower income after having children. White, married, older, and highly educated mothers with two or more children experience a substantial drop in their income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jahromi, Afrouz Azadikhah. Essays on Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in The Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Temple University, 2019. |
3027. |
Jaimovich, Nir Saporta-Eksten, Itay Siu, Henry Yedid-Levi, Yaniv |
The Macroeconomics of Automation: Data, Theory, and Policy Analysis Journal of Monetary Economics published online (8 July 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2021.06.004. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393221000684 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Displaced Workers; Occupations; Skilled Workers The decline in middle-wage occupations and rise in automation over the last decades is at the center of policy discussions. We develop an empirically relevant general equilibrium model that features endogenous labor force participation, occupational choice, and automation capital. We use the model to consider two types of policies: the retraining of workers who were adversely affected by automation, and redistribution policies that transfer resources to these workers. Our framework emphasizes general equilibrium effects such as displacement effects of retraining programs, complementarities between the factors of production, and the effects of distortionary taxation that is required to fund these programs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jaimovich, Nir, Itay Saporta-Eksten, Henry Siu and Yaniv Yedid-Levi. "The Macroeconomics of Automation: Data, Theory, and Policy Analysis." Journal of Monetary Economics published online (8 July 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2021.06.004.
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3028. |
James-Burdumy, Susanne N. |
Effects of Maternal Labor Force Participation and Income on Child Development Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Johns Hopkins University, 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Care; Endogeneity; Family Income; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Variables, Instrumental Whether and to what degree a mother's labor force participation affects a child's achievement is of concern to both policy makers and families. The first part of this dissertation examines the impact of maternal employment on child development. Coefficient estimates from models without fixed effects and without corrections for the endogeneity of maternal employment may be biased and inconsistent. This dissertation reexamines the link between maternal employment and child development through the use of an instrumental variables mother fixed effects model to correct for the endogeneity of maternal employment and the presence of unobserved individual characteristics. Generalized method of moments is used for estimation. Hausman test results indicate that fixed effects are needed for consistent estimates of the impact of hours of work on child scores. The fixed effects results show no effect of hours or weeks worked by the mother in years 1, 2, or 3 on child test scores. The degree to which income affects child development has been a hotly disputed topic in the recent child development literature. The second part of this dissertation examines the effect of income from different sources on child development. The estimation controls for any correlation between the time-invariant part of the error in the child development equation and the income variables and for any correlation between the time-varying part of the error and the income variables. The model and methods developed in the first part of the dissertation are used. The model suggests that the effect of income varies depending on the source. Results show no effect of non-maternal income on child scores and a small effect of maternal earnings and maternal wages on test scores of children. In conclusion, the results strongly suggest that weeks worked and hours worked do not impact scores. Results also imply that family income and non-maternal income have no effect on child development, but maternal earnings and maternal wages positively impact scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
James-Burdumy, Susanne N. Effects of Maternal Labor Force Participation and Income on Child Development. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Johns Hopkins University, 2000. |
3029. |
James-Burdumy, Susanne N. |
The Effect of Maternal Labor Force Participation on Child Development Working Paper, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., Princeton, NJ, December 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Endogeneity; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Whether and to what degree a mother's labor force participation affects a child's achievement is of concern to both policy makers and families. The first part of this dissertation examines the impact of maternal employment on child development. Coefficient estimates from models without fixed effects and without corrections for the endogeneity of maternal employment may be biased and inconsistent. This paper examines the link between maternal employment and child development through the use of an instrumental variables mother fixed effects model to correct for the endogeneity of maternal employment and the presence of unobserved individual characteristics. Generalized method of moments is used for estimation. Hausman test results indicate that fixed effects are needed for consistent estimates of the impact of hours of work on child scores. The fixed effects results show no effect of hours or weeks worked by the mother in years 1, 2, or 3 on child test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
James-Burdumy, Susanne N. "The Effect of Maternal Labor Force Participation on Child Development." Working Paper, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., Princeton, NJ, December 1999. |
3030. |
James-Burdumy, Susanne N. |
The Effect of Maternal Labor Force Participation on Child Development Journal of Labor Economics 23,1 (January 2005): 177-212. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/425437 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); State-Level Data/Policy; Work History; Work Hours/Schedule The effect of maternal employment on child development is examined using fixed effects models. Hausman tests suggest that ordinary least squares models produce biased and inconsistent estimates. Fixed effects results show that only one of three tests (PIAT math) was negatively affected by maternal hours and weeks worked in year 1 of the child's life. The PIAT reading score was negatively affected by weeks worked in year 1 but not hours worked in year 1. None of the tests were affected by weeks or hours worked in year 2. Finally, weeks worked in year 3 positively affected PIAT math scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] The data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's Mother-Child data from 1979 to 1994. |
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Bibliography Citation
James-Burdumy, Susanne N. "The Effect of Maternal Labor Force Participation on Child Development." Journal of Labor Economics 23,1 (January 2005): 177-212.
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3031. |
James, Spencer |
Variance in Trajectories of Marital Quality Prior to Divorce Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Divorce; Family Background and Culture; Marital Dissolution; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marital Stability; Marriage; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite dramatic shifts in cohabitation, nonmarital childbearing, and union dissolution over the last several decades, marriage remains an important societal institution. Consequently, the stability and quality of marriage is of considerable importance to many social scientists. However, gaps remain in our knowledge of how marital quality changes with marital duration. One salient dimension that research has yet to examine is the shape and pattern of marital quality among individuals whose marriages end in divorce. To address this shortcoming, I employ finite mixture models that allow me to assess variance in patterns of marital dynamics by looking for naturally occurring trajectories of marital quality (e.g., a group with high but declining marital quality, a group with consistently low marital quality, etc.). Regression analysis is used to examine patterns of association between membership in the observed trajectories and covariates such as socioeconomic status, past relationship history, family background, work history, and fertility. |
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Bibliography Citation
James, Spencer. "Variance in Trajectories of Marital Quality Prior to Divorce." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
3032. |
James, Spencer |
Variation in Marital Quality in a National Sample of Divorced Women Journal of Family Psychology 29,3 (June 2015): 479-489. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/fam/29/3/479.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis Previous work has compared marital quality between stably married and divorced individuals. Less work has examined the possibility of variation among divorcés in trajectories of marital quality as divorce approaches. This study addressed that hole by first examining whether distinct trajectories of marital quality can be discerned among women whose marriages ended in divorce and, second, the profile of women who experienced each trajectory. Latent class growth analyses with longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample were used to “look backward” from the time of divorce. Although demographic and socioeconomic variables from this national sample did not predict the trajectories well, nearly 66% of divorced women reported relatively high levels of both happiness and communication and either low or moderate levels of conflict. Future research including personality or interactional patterns may lead to theoretical insights about patterns of marital quality in the years leading to divorce. |
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Bibliography Citation
James, Spencer. "Variation in Marital Quality in a National Sample of Divorced Women." Journal of Family Psychology 29,3 (June 2015): 479-489.
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3033. |
James, Spencer |
Variation in Trajectories of Women's Marital Quality Social Science Research 49 (January 2015): 16-30. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X14001434 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Divorce; Life Course; Marital Conflict; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis I examine variation in trajectories of women's marital quality across the life course. The analysis improves upon earlier research in three ways: (1) the analysis uses a sequential cohort design and data from the first 35 years of marriage; (2) I analyze rich data from a national sample; (3) I examine multiple dimensions of marital quality. Latent class growth analyses estimated on data from women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (N = 2604) suggest multiple trajectories for each of three dimensions of marital quality, including two trajectories of marital happiness, two trajectories of marital communication, and three trajectories of marital conflict. Socioeconomic and demographic covariates are then used to illustrate how factors such as income, cohabitation, and race-ethnicity set individuals at risk of poor marital quality throughout the life course by differentiating between high and low trajectories of marital quality. Women on low marital quality trajectories are, as expected, at much greater risk of divorce. Taken together, these findings show how fundamental socioeconomic and demographic characteristics contribute to subsequent marital outcomes via their influence on trajectories of marital quality as well as providing a better picture of the complexity in contemporary patterns of marital quality. |
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Bibliography Citation
James, Spencer. "Variation in Trajectories of Women's Marital Quality." Social Science Research 49 (January 2015): 16-30.
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3034. |
James, Spencer Beattie, Brett |
Premarital Cohabitation and Marital Quality: A Reassessment Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Family Structure; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marital Stability Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research has established a relationship between premarital cohabitation and subsequent marital outcomes, with cohabitors generally reporting lower marital quality. Using preliminary data from the NLSY97 and borrowing heavily from the strengths of propensity scores, we employ a novel method for concurrently examining the impact of two perspectives (social selection and experience of cohabitation) commonly used to explain the negative relationship outcomes cohabitors experience. Results reveal that the experience of cohabitation is negatively related to marital quality but only when selection factors are not included in the model. We find (preliminary) support for the social selection perspective, thereby supporting prior work. Procedures for estimating the full model are then articulated. This paper, then, makes several contributions, the primary being the ability to model selection into the experience of cohabitation in the same model. These results serve to underscore the complex pathways between union formation, family structure, and marital outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
James, Spencer and Brett Beattie. "Premarital Cohabitation and Marital Quality: A Reassessment." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
3035. |
James, Spencer Beattie, Brett |
Reassessing the Link between Women's Premarital Cohabitation and Marital Quality Social Forces 91,2 (December 2012): 635-662. Also: http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/91/2/635 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Family Structure; Marital Satisfaction/Quality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from 2,898 women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979, we employ a novel method to examine two perspectives, social selection and the experience of cohabitation, commonly used to explain the negative relationship outcomes cohabiting women report. Results reveal cohabitation is negatively related to marital happiness and communication and positively related to conflict. As in previous research, selection mechanisms appear to increase the odds of cohabitation while decreasing marital happiness. A closer examination of the problem also reveals a negative effect of the experience of cohabitation. This paper's primary contributions are the ability to model selection and experience in the same model and evidence of a robust effect of cohabitation on marital quality. These results underscore the complex pathways between union formation, family structure and marital outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
James, Spencer and Brett Beattie. "Reassessing the Link between Women's Premarital Cohabitation and Marital Quality." Social Forces 91,2 (December 2012): 635-662.
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3036. |
James, Spencer Nelson, David A. Jorgensen-Wells, McKell A. Calder, Danielle |
Marital Quality over the Life Course and Child Well-being from Childhood to Early Adolescence Development and Psychopathology published online (11 May 2021): DOI: 10.1017/S0954579421000122. Also: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/abs/marital-quality-over-the-life-course-and-child-wellbeing-from-childhood-to-early-adolescence/20DE781350484F49D5EFA202F4C16D4B Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Child Health; Children, Well-Being; Home Environment; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research on marital quality and child well-being is currently limited by its common use of geographically constrained, homogenous, and often cross-sectional (or at least temporally limited) samples. We build upon previous work showing multiple trajectories of marital quality and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (NLSY79) regarding mothers and their children (inclusive of ages 5-14). We examine how indicators of child well-being are linked to parental trajectories of marital quality (happiness, communication, and conflict). Results showed children whose parents had consistently poor marital quality over the life course exhibited more internalizing and externalizing problems, poorer health, lower quality home environments, and lower math and vocabulary scores than children of parents in consistently higher-quality marriages. Group differences remained stable over time for child health, home environment, and vocabulary scores. Group differences for internalizing problems declined over time, whereas group differences increased for externalizing problems and math scores. Initial advantages for females across nearly all indicators of child well-being tended to shrink over time, with boys often moving slightly ahead by mid adolescence. We discuss the implications of these findings in regard to children's development and well-being and suggest treating marriage as a monolithic construct betrays important variation within marriage itself. |
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Bibliography Citation
James, Spencer, David A. Nelson, McKell A. Jorgensen-Wells and Danielle Calder. "Marital Quality over the Life Course and Child Well-being from Childhood to Early Adolescence." Development and Psychopathology published online (11 May 2021): DOI: 10.1017/S0954579421000122.
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3037. |
Jang, Bohyun |
A Cohort Comparison of the Transition to Adulthood in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Life Course; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I use data from the public and geocode files from both the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) to examine the transition to adulthood and compare it across cohorts. These data are well suited for this dissertation because both contain a wide range of life course information, and respondents from each dataset have undergone the same developmental stages at different historical times (i.e. their 20s during 1980s and in the 2000s for the NLSY79 and 97 respectively). This dissertation is separated into three independent studies; first, in chapter 2, I use Latent Class Analysis to investigate distinct patterns in the transition to adulthood for men and women. Results show that young adults in the NLSY97 are more disproportionately distributed to different classes, which indicates their diverse paths to adulthood compared to those of the NLSY79. In the following chapter, I examine the complexity of life course transitions by focusing on mobility and union formation. Findings reveal that life course events are closely related to each other but the relationship differs by cohort, pointing to contextual influence on young adults' life courses. As a decision on the life course is likely made in concert with other life events, chapter 4 examines endogeneity between life course transitions. I find that unobserved characteristics affect the estimation of life course events in both cohorts, and therefore ignoring the factors could misrepresent the actual relationship between life events. From these findings, I address implications of theory, methodology, and social policy for those in the transition to adulthood in chapter 5. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jang, Bohyun. A Cohort Comparison of the Transition to Adulthood in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, 2014. |
3038. |
Jang, Bohyun Casterline, John Snyder, Anastasia R. |
Migration and Marriage: Modeling the Joint Process Demographic Research 30,47 (30 April 2014): 1339-1366. Also: http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol30/47/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Keyword(s): Life Course; Marriage; Migration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We will investigate the relationship between migration and marriage in the United States, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. We allow for interdependency between the two events and examine whether unobserved common factors affect the estimates of both migration and marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jang, Bohyun, John Casterline and Anastasia R. Snyder. "Migration and Marriage: Modeling the Joint Process." Demographic Research 30,47 (30 April 2014): 1339-1366.
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3039. |
Jang, Bohyun Clark, William A. V. Snyder, Anastasia R. |
The Transmission of Homeownership in the United States: How Much Does Family Matter? Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Background and Culture; Family Characteristics; Home Ownership; Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research in Europe has shown strong evidence of intergenerational transmission of homeownership either via financial supports or socialization. This paper extends that research to the US context and asks the question about whether or not the same factors play a role in the transmission of homeownership in the United States. We further expand the previous research by accounting for housing trajectories of both parents and children using the longitudinal information of NLSY79 and NLSY79 child/young adult. Although it is not possible to replicate the exact same set of variables, the analysis does show that having parents who are owners is a positive effect on the likelihood of being an owner as is education and income in the US. Unlike the research in Europe it does not appear that parent's net worth or parent’s income is an important variable in the transmission of homeownership. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jang, Bohyun, William A. V. Clark and Anastasia R. Snyder. "The Transmission of Homeownership in the United States: How Much Does Family Matter?" Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
3040. |
Jang, Bohyun Snyder, Anastasia R. |
A Cohort Comparison of Life Course Transitions among Young Adults in the United States Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Education; Employment; Income; Life Course; Marriage; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Transition to adulthood has delayed and become less standardized across cohorts and generational gaps in the transitions have grown. Few studies, however, have accounted for dynamic association between timing and sequences of multiple life-course events. Using comparable datasets from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997, we compare the sequence of 4 life events (education, full-time employment, marriage, and childbirth) during transition to adulthood between two birth cohorts. We use distance measure obtained via optimal matching to cluster similar sequences together in both cohorts. In addition, we will examine how the different pathways influence personal incomes at age 30. Preliminary findings suggest that the life course sequences are more diverse for those from the NLSY79 than their counterparts from the NLSY97. However, only 12% of the NLSY97 sample has completed all of the four life transitions by age 30 while about 28% of the NLSY79 have completed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jang, Bohyun and Anastasia R. Snyder. "A Cohort Comparison of Life Course Transitions among Young Adults in the United States." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
3041. |
Jang, Bohyun Snyder, Anastasia R. |
A Cohort Comparison of Relationship between Mobility and Union Formation among Young Adults in the US Presented: Busan, Republic of Korea, IUSSP International Population Conference, August 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Geocoded Data; Life Course; Marriage; Migration; Mobility, Residential; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Migration and residential mobility hold significance among young adults in the transition to adulthood, representing a life course event such as a transition to independence from parents and family, a turning point which diverts previous experiences, and an investment behavior for maximizing life chances. Despite several studies on the relationship between mobility and family formation, little is known about the role of mobility in union formation (i.e., marriage and cohabitation) and how that relationship has changed over time. By using two comparable datasets of different birth cohorts from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997 (NLSY79 and NLSY97), this study examines how moving events are related to union formation and how the relationship has changed across decades in the United States. As the NLSY studies have collected panel data from nationally representative samples of two birth cohorts, that is, those born in 1957-1964 for the NLSY79 and born in 1980-1984 for the NLSY97, the current study will contribute greatly to understanding the changing role of migration and residential mobility as a life course event in the United States |
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Bibliography Citation
Jang, Bohyun and Anastasia R. Snyder. "A Cohort Comparison of Relationship between Mobility and Union Formation among Young Adults in the US." Presented: Busan, Republic of Korea, IUSSP International Population Conference, August 2013. |
3042. |
Jang, Bohyun Snyder, Anastasia R. |
The Role of Residential Mobility in the Transition to First Marriage Presented: Orlando FL, National Council on Family Relations Annual Conference, November 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Marriage; Mobility, Residential Using data from the NLSY79, this study examined the role of residential mobility in the transition to first marriage. The preliminary results found that individual and household characteristics are significantly related with the transition into first marriage; however, the unemployment rate in a local county does not significantly impact the odds of first marriage. Mobility factors are significantly related to the transition to first marriage; the total number of moves does not appear to have a huge influence on union formation; rather, the timing of move is more important to the transition to marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jang, Bohyun and Anastasia R. Snyder. "The Role of Residential Mobility in the Transition to First Marriage." Presented: Orlando FL, National Council on Family Relations Annual Conference, November 2011. |
3043. |
Jang, Joy Bohyun Tang, Sandra |
Informal Caregiving and Health in Middle and Late Adulthood Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585. Also: https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/4/Supplement_1/585/6036170 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Caregivers, Adult Children; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. With average life expectancy increasing, informal caregiving has become increasingly common among aging families. Much of the research in this area suggests that informal caregiving is associated with negative psychological and physical health outcomes for the caregiver. However, there is an emerging body of work indicating that these negative associations may be overstated, and that the associations may vary by gender and race. Using NLSY79 who completed Age 50 Health Module (n=7,844), we will examine how informal caregiving is associated with health in mid/late adulthood and how the association varies by race and gender of the caregiver. Preliminary results showed that caregivers (10.6% of the sample) were less likely to report good health than non-caregivers (OR=0.43, p<0.001) but African-American caregivers were more likely to report good health than other racial groups (OR=1.43, p<0.05). Our findings will contribute to better understanding of the role of informal caregiving in older adults’ health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jang, Joy Bohyun and Sandra Tang. "Informal Caregiving and Health in Middle and Late Adulthood." Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585.
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3044. |
Jang, Min |
Essays on Education and Health Disparities Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Albany, 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Disability; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Health, Chronic Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The third essay [of this dissertation] examines changes in educational outcomes of Americans with disabilities between the late 1970s and the late 1990s. It shows that the gap in educational attainment between the disabled and non-disabled increases over time. For men, the widening gap in educational attainment difference is mainly driven by an increase in the difference in college graduation rates. For women, increases in the gaps appear in high school graduation, college attendance, and college graduation rates. A model of education investment for disabled students suggests two motivating factors for education investment decisions: 1) the cost of obtaining education, 2) the incentive to signal their productivity through education in order to overcome employers' uncertainty about disabled workers. That is, if obtaining education is too burdensome for the disabled, they will lose incentive to obtain education. But, if the effect of the uncertainty is strong, then the incentive to signal will be preserved well or even increase. Consequently, the educational attainment gaps can be affected by the two conflicting forces. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jang, Min. Essays on Education and Health Disparities. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Albany, 2022. |
3045. |
Jantti, Markus Bratsberg, Bernt Roed, Knut Raaum, Oddbjorn Naylor, Robin Osterbacka, Eva Bjorklund, Anders Eriksson, Tor |
American Exceptionalism in a New Light: A Comparison of Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in the Nordic Countries, the United Kingdom and the United States IZA Discussion Paper No. 1938, The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), January 2006. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Britain, British; Cross-national Analysis; Denmark, Danish; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Fathers and Sons; Finland, Finnish; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Norway, Norwegian; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We develop methods and employ similar sample restrictions to analyze differences in intergenerational earnings mobility across the United States, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. We examine earnings mobility among pairs of fathers and sons as well as fathers and daughters using both mobility matrices and regression and correlation coefficients. Our results suggest that all countries exhibit substantial earnings persistence across generations, but with statistically significant differences across countries. Mobility is lower in the U.S. than in the U.K., where it is lower again compared to the Nordic countries. Persistence is greatest in the tails of the distributions and tends to be particularly high in the upper tails: though in the U.S. this is reversed with a particularly high likelihood that sons of the poorest fathers will remain in the lowest earnings quintile. This is a challenge to the popular notion of "American exceptionalism." The U.S. also differs from the Nordic countries in its very low likelihood that sons of the highest earners will show downward "long-distance" mobility into the lowest earnings quintile. In this, the U.K. is more similar to the U.S. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jantti, Markus, Bernt Bratsberg, Knut Roed, Oddbjorn Raaum, Robin Naylor, Eva Osterbacka, Anders Bjorklund and Tor Eriksson. "American Exceptionalism in a New Light: A Comparison of Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in the Nordic Countries, the United Kingdom and the United States." IZA Discussion Paper No. 1938, The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), January 2006. |
3046. |
Jantz, Ian |
Multimorbidity at Midilfe: An Analysis of Morbidity Patterns and Life Course Socioeconomic Cofactors Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: Prolonged exposure to adverse socioeconomic conditions is associated with poor health. Research reports positive associations with time spent living below poverty and rates of cardiovascular disease. To date, the effect of these factors has been examined predominantly in the context of single medical conditions. This approach potentially masks relationships between long term socioeconomic disadvantage and development of complex medical presentations. Further, research that has examined cofactors of multiple chronic health conditions tends to use data from older populations. The current research addresses these gaps by examining patterns of accumulation of health conditions and their cofactors at two points during mid-life, when respondents are 40 and 50 years old. Methods: I analyzed data from 5,196 participants of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Upon turning 40 and again when 50, respondents indicated whether they had ever been diagnosed with any of seven chronic health conditions. A latent transition analysis classified respondents based on these health conditions. Number of latent statuses was determined using Bayseian Information Criterion (BIC), other fit indices, and model interpretability. Respondent morbidity status became the dependent variable in a multinomial regression. Model predictors were indicators of life course socioeconomic conditions. They included measures of parental and respondent education, life course income, wealth at mid-life, home ownership, race and ethnicity, and other control variables with demonstrable associations to health, including smoking, alcohol, and body mass index. Results: Fit indices identified 4-statuses, a small multi-morbid status predominantly associated with heart and lung conditions, two moderately sized statuses associated with arthritis and hypertension, respectively, and one large status whose members tended to report no chronic health conditions. Income, wealth, and education were significantly related to morbidity statuses at two time points Implications: These findings support a link between life course socioeconomic conditions and accrual of multiple medical conditions. Understanding the nature of these relationships is relevant for micro and macro-practice. Greater attunement to the link between health issues and economic and social adversity becomes critical to assessment and service coordination. Further, macro-practitioners could sharpen community level needs assessment and target macro-level interventions to achieve broader community health benefits. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jantz, Ian. Multimorbidity at Midilfe: An Analysis of Morbidity Patterns and Life Course Socioeconomic Cofactors. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2016. |
3047. |
Jantz, Ian Huffman-Gottschling, Kristen Rolock, Nancy |
Multi-Morbidity, Poverty, and Community Context: An Analysis of Factors Related to Medical Complexity At Midlife Presented: San Diego CA, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Keyword(s): Bayesian; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Neighborhood Effects; Poverty; Stress Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Method: We analyzed data from ten years of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Upon turning 40, female respondents (n=4,296) reported chronic health conditions ever experienced. A latent class analysis classified respondents based on these health conditions. We determined number of latent classes using Bayseian Information Criterion (BIC) and model interpretability. Respondent class membership became the dependent variable in a multinomial regression. Model predictors were indicators of adverse economic and social conditions. These predictors included measures of the number times in the ten previous annual waves of data collection that respondents lived in poverty or reported adverse community conditions. Adverse community conditions were measured with a series of questions about how frequently respondents felt crime, abandoned buildings, unemployment, police protection, public transit, poor parental supervision, and disrespect for laws were problems in the community. Additional covariates included race/ethnicity, education, weight, and substance use. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jantz, Ian, Kristen Huffman-Gottschling and Nancy Rolock. "Multi-Morbidity, Poverty, and Community Context: An Analysis of Factors Related to Medical Complexity At Midlife." Presented: San Diego CA, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2013. |
3048. |
Jarjoura, G. Roger |
Does Dropping Out of School Enhance Delinquent Involvement? Results from a Large-Scale National Probability Sample Criminology 31,2 (May 1993): 149-172. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01126.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Dropouts; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study seeks to improve on previous research on the relationship between dropping out of school and later involvement in delinquency. Using data from the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the analysis addresses two problems with prior studies in this area: (I) By controlling for many variables that may account for observed dropout-delinquency associations, it is possible to explore the possibility that the relationship may be spurious (2) By examining the effects of different reasons for dropping out, the study avoids the assumption that dropouts are a homogeneous group. Results indicate that the effect of dropping out of school on later offending is more complicated than previous research leads one to believe. In addition, dropping out does not always enhance the likelihood of a person's later delinquent involvement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jarjoura, G. Roger. "Does Dropping Out of School Enhance Delinquent Involvement? Results from a Large-Scale National Probability Sample." Criminology 31,2 (May 1993): 149-172.
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3049. |
Jarjoura, G. Roger |
School Status, Employment Status, and Criminal Activity in a Large-Scale National Probability Sample Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Employment; Employment, Youth; High School Dropouts; Illegal Activities; Labor Force Participation; Self-Reporting Using a major longitudinal survey, the analysis examines the association between dropping out of high school and later involvement in crime while controlling for preceding factors as well as postschool experiences. The primary contribution of the study is the degree of specificity with which it examines the dropout-delinquency relationship. There are several ways in which this study achieves greater specificity over previous research. First, the population of dropouts is divided into subgroups based on self-reported reasons for leaving school. This should provide information about the characteristics of dropping out which may lead to delinquent involvement. Little is known about these characteristics from previous research in this area. Second, rather than a general measure of delinquent participation, the dependent variable in this study will consist of three measures which indicate participation in specific categories of offending: violence, theft, and selling drugs. Finally, the analysis controls for potential alternative explanations of the dropout-delinquency relationship. This includes experiences prior to as well as after dropping out. Special attention is paid to the role of postschool labor market experiences. The data used in the study comprise the first two waves of the NLSY. Cases were left out of the analysis if the youth was in the military or still in high school. Overall, the results support the position that dropping out of high school does not increase the likelihood of criminality, although for a few groups of dropouts, this conclusion may be premature. Most importantly, the study provides evidence to support the position that the observed dropout-delinquency relationship is largely due to other factors which have been neglected as control variables in previous studies. Primarily, these other factors include measures of prior misconduct and demographic characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jarjoura, G. Roger. School Status, Employment Status, and Criminal Activity in a Large-Scale National Probability Sample. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, 1990. |
3050. |
Jarjoura, G. Roger |
The Conditional Effect of Social Class on the Dropout- Delinquency Relationship Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 33,2 (May 1996): 232-255. Also: http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/33/2/232.full.pdf+html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Control; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Dropouts; High School Dropouts; Social Environment; Social Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the 1979/80 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (initial N = 12,686 respondents) are drawn on to test the proposition that middle-class dropouts are more likely to engage in delinquency as a result of dropping out than lower-class dropouts. Social control & strain theory explanations for the observed dropout-delinquency relationships are evaluated. Results support the hypothesis, & indicate that support for strain theory or social control theory is dependent on the reasons for dropping out of school. Implications for intervention are discussed. 6 Tables, 1 Appendix, 28 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jarjoura, G. Roger. "The Conditional Effect of Social Class on the Dropout- Delinquency Relationship." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 33,2 (May 1996): 232-255.
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3051. |
Jarkko, Lars |
Gender Segregation and Union Transitions Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Census of Population; Cohabitation; Gender; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using NLSY79, CPS and Census PUMS data, this paper examines the effect of gender segregation in occupations on unions transitions. Specifically, looking at first union transitions, from being single to either marriage or cohabitation, this paper seeks to determine whether gender segregation in occupations has an effect on these transitions and if it has an effect of which type of union is formed. I hypothesize that the social forces that create gender segregation in occupations also create and reinforce more general gender role attitudes and economic conditions that have already been shown to affect union formation and maintenance. I expect to find that gender segregation has more of an effect on the transition from single to married than to cohabitation and has more of an effect for men than for women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jarkko, Lars. "Gender Segregation and Union Transitions." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003. |
3052. |
Jaw, Hsin Sydney |
The Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Child Delinquency Presented: San Francisco CA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2019 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior, Antisocial; Children, Behavioral Development; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Pre-natal Care/Exposure Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prenatal alcohol exposure has been suspected to play a role in child antisocial behaviors. Some evidence also suggests that prenatal smoking and drinking behaviors of the mother are associated with child conduct disorders by affecting structural and functional brain development. This project explores whether prenatal alcohol exposure (i.e. the mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy) has a dose-response effect on the offspring's antisocial behavior (i.e. child delinquency score). The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Child and Young Adults (CNLSY79) were used. Future directions and policy implications are further discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jaw, Hsin Sydney. "The Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Child Delinquency." Presented: San Francisco CA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2019. |
3053. |
Jayson, Sharon |
Living Together No Longer 'Playing House' USA Today, July 28, 2008: Health and Behavior. Also: http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-07-28-cohabitation-research_n.htm?loc=interstitialskip Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: USA Today Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Divorce; Marital Stability; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most people today reject the notion that couples who live together before marriage are more likely to get divorced, finds a weekend USA TODAY/Gallup Poll of 1,007 adults. Almost half (49%) said living together makes divorce less likely; 13% said it makes no difference. Just 31% said living together first makes divorce more likely; 7% had no opinion. "If you're living with someone, you actually get to know somebody more than you would not living with them," says Christopher Sekulich, 37, of Melvindale, Mich. Similarly, most respondents don't worry about the effect on children of living in a cohabiting household: 47% said it makes no difference, and 12% said it would have a positive effect. Respondents also appeared open-minded on whether unmarried couples can have a committed relationship. Half the sample was asked if an unmarried couple who have lived together for five years is as committed as a couple married five years; 57% said yes, they are. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jayson, Sharon. "Living Together No Longer 'Playing House'." USA Today, July 28, 2008: Health and Behavior. |
3054. |
Jayson, Sharon |
Merely Having an Older Sibling Can Be Bad Influence USA Today, April 24, 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: USA Today Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Birth Order; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Risk-Taking; Sexual Activity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Don't be so quick to pass along that sage advice to your children about "setting a good example" for a younger brother or sister. New research on birth order suggests that just having an older sibling can be a negative influence on younger children in the family. The new research by economics professors seeks to understand how teens get involved in risky behaviors that can have long-term economic consequences. It finds that the very existence of an older sibling increases the chances a younger sibling will drink, smoke, use marijuana or have sex. The published study [ed. note: See, Argys, Laura M.: "Birth Order and Risky Adolescent Behavior", in this bibliography] analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1997 to 1999. It included 7,000 to 8,000 children ages 12 to 16. A second study reviewed data from 1994 to 1996 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, which includes about 20,000 young people in grades seven to 12. Averett says the second study confirmed the results of the first. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jayson, Sharon. "Merely Having an Older Sibling Can Be Bad Influence." USA Today, April 24, 2006. |
3055. |
Jayson, Sharon |
Splitting? 79% of Marital Separations End in Divorce USA Today, May 6, 2012, Health and Wellness. Also: http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/wellness/story/2012-05-06/Splitting-79-of-marital-separations-end-in-divorce/54790574/1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: USA Today Keyword(s): Divorce; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Disruption; Marital Dissolution; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. About 79% of married couples who separate end up getting divorced, suggest new estimates of the incidence and length of separations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jayson, Sharon. "Splitting? 79% of Marital Separations End in Divorce." USA Today, May 6, 2012, Health and Wellness. |
3056. |
Jayson, Sharon |
When Parents Split, Preschoolers Show Behavior Problems USA Today, May 6, 2012. Also: http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-05-06/divorce-and-kids-behavior/54790610/1 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: USA Today Keyword(s): Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Divorce; Family Structure; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Children whose parents split up when they were preschoolers have increased behavior problems, according to new research that suggests the timing of such breakups has long-term effects. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jayson, Sharon. "When Parents Split, Preschoolers Show Behavior Problems." USA Today, May 6, 2012. |
3057. |
Jekielek, Susan Marie |
Do Nonstandard Work Hours Harm Relationship Quality? Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research examines the relationship between nonstandard work schedules and relationship quality for a sample of 1,022 dual-earner couples with children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort. My research findings suggest a reason to be concerned for these couples. Nonstandard work hours not determined by the worker have harmful effects on relationship conflict and positive interaction, compared to couples who both work days. Yet more convincing, split-shift couples engage in more conflict, despite prior levels of this variable, suggesting that working alternating schedules is associated with changes in conflict over time. The one exception to the patterns just described above is the situation when one spouse works irregular hours that she or he himself controls --in this case relationship quality is the same for these couples as it is for couples that both work day shifts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jekielek, Susan Marie. "Do Nonstandard Work Hours Harm Relationship Quality?" Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. |
3058. |
Jekielek, Susan Marie |
Non-Standard Work Hours and the Relationship Quality of Dual-Earner Parents Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 2003. DAI-A 64/06, p. 2272, Dec 2003. Also: http://www.ohiolink.edu.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/etd/send-pdf.cgi/Jekielek%20Susan%20Marie.pdf?acc_num=osu1048796449 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marital Stability; Parenthood; Part-Time Work; Shift Workers; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this research, I explore the association between non-standard work hours and marital quality for dual-earner couples with children. I focus on one main question: Do the non-standard work hours of one spouse increase relationship conflict and decrease positive relationship interaction? I examine this question critically by addressing a number of additional questions: (1) Do specific types of non-standard work hours make couples more vulnerable? (2) Do non-standard work schedules cause specific types of conflict? (3) Does the presence of more and younger children cause the influence of nonstandard schedules to be more negative? I additionally address alternative explanations for the observed associations between non-standard work schedules, on the one hand, and relationship quality, on the other hand. To address my research questions I analyze a sample of 1,016 employed respondents from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth cohort (NLSY79) who were living with children 18 or younger at the time of the 1996 survey round. All respondents were married or cohabiting with partners employed at least 30 hours a week. Overall, non-standard work schedules are associated with higher levels of conflict and lower levels of positive interaction. I do not find significant differences in relationship quality for those who work evening compared to night shifts, or regular compared to irregular shifts. There is more support for the possibility that nonstandard work schedules hurt couples more than they help couples. While they do not argue significantly more about children, split-shift couples do argue significantly more about both chores and affection compared to couples that both work day shifts, suggesting that gains in regards to split-shift schedules as a childcare option may be diminished by the effect of these schedules on the quality of couples' relationships. In fact, the association between split-shift schedules and arguments about chores and responsibilities is quite dynamic. Finally, it appears that nonstandard work schedules are associated with deterioration in relationship quality over time. It also appears that some couples are more amenable to working opposing schedules because their relationships were lower in quality to start out with, and yet they continue to experience deterioration in their relationship quality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jekielek, Susan Marie. Non-Standard Work Hours and the Relationship Quality of Dual-Earner Parents. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 2003. DAI-A 64/06, p. 2272, Dec 2003.. |
3059. |
Jekielek, Susan Marie |
Nonstandard Work Schedules, Family, and Relationship Quality Presented: Atlanta, GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2003. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marital Stability; Parenthood; Part-Time Work; Shift Workers; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses data from the NLSY79 to examine the influence of nonstandard work hours on relationship quality for a sample of 1,016 dual-earner couples with children. Across a variety of outcomes, when one spouse or partner works a nonstandard shift, this is associated with a higher frequency of arguing and lower levels of positive interaction with their partner, compared to couples that both work day shifts. Analyses also consider the influences of more and younger children on the effect of nonstandard schedules, married vs cohabiting relationships, and relationship duration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jekielek, Susan Marie. "Nonstandard Work Schedules, Family, and Relationship Quality." Presented: Atlanta, GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2003. |
3060. |
Jekielek, Susan Marie |
Parental Conflict, Marital Disruption and Children's Emotional Well-Being Social Forces 76,3 (March 1998): 905-936. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3005698 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Marital Conflict; Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Behavior; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth to examine the question: Are children better off when they remain in two-parent families characterized by marital conflict, or are they better off when their parents dissolve their marital relationship? I find that both parental conflict and marital disruption, particularly disruption less than two years ago, increase the anxiety and depression/withdrawal of children aged 6-14 (n=1640). I also find significant interactions: Children remaining in high conflict environments generally exhibit lower levels of well-being than children who have experienced high levels of parental conflict but whose parents divorce or separate. These results support the possibility that marital disruption, following high conflict, may actually improve the well-being of children relative to a high conflict family status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jekielek, Susan Marie. "Parental Conflict, Marital Disruption and Children's Emotional Well-Being." Social Forces 76,3 (March 1998): 905-936.
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3061. |
Jekielek, Susan Marie |
The Relative and Interactive Effects of Parental Conflict and Parental Marital Disruption on Child Well-Being Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Marital Conflict; Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Parental Influences; Parents, Behavior; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth are drawn on to ascertain whether children are better off when they remain in two-parent families characterized by marital conflict, or when their parents dissolve their marital relationship. Looking at levels of anxiety & depression/withdrawal among 1,640 children ages 6-14, it is found that both parental conflict & marital disruption, particularly disruption within the previous 2 years, decrease children's emotional well-being. It is also found that children who remain in high conflict environments generally exhibit higher levels of anxiety & depression/withdrawal than do children who have experienced high levels of parental conflict, provided that their parents had divorced at least 2 years previously. The results are in accord with the possibility that parental divorce, following high conflict, may actually improve the well-being of children relative to a high-conflict family status. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jekielek, Susan Marie. "The Relative and Interactive Effects of Parental Conflict and Parental Marital Disruption on Child Well-Being." Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996. |
3062. |
Jekielek, Susan Marie |
The Relative and Interactive Impacts of Parental Conflict and Marital Disruption on Children's Well-Being M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Divorce; Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Behavior This study uses the merged child-mother data from the NLSY to examine effects of parental conflict and marital disruption on child well-being. For a sample of 1640 children aged 6-14 in 1992, I find that both conflict and disruption tend to decrease child well-being. I find significant interactions of parental conflict and marital disruption: Children who remain in high conflict environments exhibit higher levels of problem behaviors than do children who experience similar levels of conflict, but whose parents divorce or separate. These results support the possibility that parental divorce, followed by high conflict, may improve the well-being of children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jekielek, Susan Marie. The Relative and Interactive Impacts of Parental Conflict and Marital Disruption on Children's Well-Being. M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1995. |
3063. |
Jekielek, Susan Marie Mott, Frank L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Changes in Family, Contributions to Children's Home Environments, and Child Well-Being Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Adjustment Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Children, Well-Being; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Studies; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Presence; Gender Differences; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The objective in this research is to examine the extent to which father presence/absence associations with child behavior problems reflect changes in children's home environments during the same period. I focus on children's propensity to exhibit "acting out" behaviors (Oppositional Action) over a four year interval from middle childhood (ages 6-7) to early adolescence (ages 10-11) for a national sample of 1,917 children drawn from the Child-Mother data set of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Previous findings from this research project suggest important differences by gender and race for the outcome of Oppositional Action. Briefly, recent absenting of a biological father appears very damaging for white boys but not for black boys. Girls exhibit generally similar patterns to those for white boys; however, black girls seem to be little affected by whether or not a father is present. In the current paper I explore the extent to which such patterns might be explained by changes in the quality of children's home environments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jekielek, Susan Marie, Frank L. Mott, Elizabeth G. Menaghan and Elizabeth C. Cooksey. "Changes in Family, Contributions to Children's Home Environments, and Child Well-Being." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998. |
3064. |
Jencks, Christopher Phillips, Meredith |
America's Next Achievement Test: Closing the Black-White Test Score Gap The American Prospect 9,40 (Sept-Oct 1998). Also: http://www.prospect.org/print/V9/40/jencks-c.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Prospect, The Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Economics of Discrimination; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The test score gap between blacks and whites--on vocabulary, reading, and math tests, as well as on tests that claim to measure scholastic aptitude and intelligence--is large enough to have far-reaching social and economic consequences. Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips argue that eliminating the disparity would dramatically reduce economic and educational inequality between blacks and whites. While data from the 1970s indicated that reducing inequality in test scores would not significantly decrease the wage gap, data from the NLSY79, the "best recent data on test scores and earnings," has convinced the authors that raising black worker's test scores would improve earnings. Indeed, Jencks and Phillips believe that closing the gap would do more to promote racial equality than any other strategy now under serious discussion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jencks, Christopher and Meredith Phillips. "America's Next Achievement Test: Closing the Black-White Test Score Gap." The American Prospect 9,40 (Sept-Oct 1998).
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3065. |
Jencks, Christopher Phillips, Meredith |
Black-White Test Score Gap Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998. Also: http://www.brook.edu/press/books/blckwhit.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Economics of Discrimination; Genetics; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing The test score gap between blacks and whites--on vocabulary, reading, and math tests, as well as on tests that claim to measure scholastic aptitude and intelligence--is large enough to have far-reaching social and economic consequences. In their introduction to this book, Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips argue that eliminating the disparity would dramatically reduce economic and educational inequality between blacks and whites. Indeed, they think that closing the gap would do more to promote racial equality than any other strategy now under serious discussion. The book offers a comprehensive look at the factors that contribute to the test score gap and discusses options for substantially reducing it. Table of Contents. The Black-White Test Score Gap: an introduction / Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips -- Test bias, heredity, and home environment. Racial bias in testing / Christopher Jencks -- Race, genetics, and IQ / Richard E. Nisbett -- Family background, parenting practices, and the black-white test score gap / Meredith Phillips, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Greg J. Duncan, Pamela Klebanov, and Jonathan Crane -- How and why the gap has changed. Black-white test score convergence since 1965 / Larry V. Hedges and Amy Nowell -- Why did the black-white score gap narrow in the 1970s and 1980s? / David Grissmer, Ann Flanagan, and Stephanie Williamson -- The impact of schools and culture. Does the black-white test score gap widen after children enter school? / Meredith Phillips, James Crouse, and John Ralph -- Teachers' perceptions and expectations and the black-white test score gap / Ronald F. Ferguson -- Can schools narrow the black-white test score gap? / Ronald F. Ferguson -- The burden of "acting white" : do black adolescents disparage academic achievement? / Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig -- Stereotype threat and the test performance of academically successful African Americans / Claude M. Steele and Joshua Aronson --Do test scores matter? Racial and ethnic preferences in college Admissions / Thomas J. Kane --Scholastic aptitude test scores, race, and academic performance in selective colleges and universities / Fredrick E. Vars and William G. Bowen -- Basic skills and the black-white earnings gap / William R. Johnson and Derek Neal -- Commentary. The role of the environment in the black-white test score gap / William Julius Wilson. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jencks, Christopher and Meredith Phillips. Black-White Test Score Gap. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998.. |
3066. |
Jennison, Karen M. |
The Impact of Parental Alcohol Misuse and Family Environment on Young People's Alcohol Use and Behavioral Problems in Secondary Schools Journal of Substance Use 19,1-2 (2014): 206-212. Also: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-07010-033 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Children, Behavioral Development; Family Environment; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Parental Influences Objectives: This study examined the impact of parental alcohol misuse and family environment on young adults’ drinking and behavioral problems in secondary schools. Methods: The study used a multivariate logistic regression longitudinal analysis. The effects of parental and young adult alcohol use and family environment on school behavioral problems were estimated over 20 years from 1984 to 2004. Sample: Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY79), a representative sample of the general population of the United States, and the surveys of Mother-Child and Young Adults (MCYA): mothers (N = 5634), fathers (N = 5007) and young adults (N = 4648). Results: Parental alcohol misuse increased the risk of alcohol misuse in offspring. There was a threefold rise in school behavior problems among youth from family environments in which the biological father was a heavy drinker and the marital quality of the biological parents was reported as poor and the home life was characterized by high conflict, argumentativeness, disruption and ineffectual parental monitoring as well as by low family cohesion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jennison, Karen M. "The Impact of Parental Alcohol Misuse and Family Environment on Young People's Alcohol Use and Behavioral Problems in Secondary Schools." Journal of Substance Use 19,1-2 (2014): 206-212.
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3067. |
Jennison, Karen M. |
The Short-Term Effects and Unintended Long-Term Consequences of Binge Drinking in College: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 30,3 (August 2004): 659-675. Also: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/ADA-200032331 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Informa Healthcare Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; College Dropouts; Colleges; Labor Market Outcomes; Transition, School to Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study addresses binge drinking in college as a risk factor for heavy drinking and alcohol dependence after college. A national probability sample of 1972 college students from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY79) was interviewed in 1984 and reinterviewed again as adults in 1994. The short-term effects of binge drinking in college were assessed as well as the extent to which experiences of negative effects in college predicted patterns of alcohol use across the transition from college into postcollege years. As expected, college binge drinkers were comparatively more likely than nonbinge drinkers to experience one or more alcohol-related problems while in college. In addition, weighted estimates of DSM-IV-defined diagnostic criteria in logistic regression models indicated that the binge drinking patterns exhibited during the college years, for some former college students of both genders, posed significant risk factors for alcohol dependence and abuse 10 years after the initial interview, in conjunction with evidence of academic attrition, early departure from college and less favorable labor market outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Jennison, Karen M. "The Short-Term Effects and Unintended Long-Term Consequences of Binge Drinking in College: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 30,3 (August 2004): 659-675.
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3068. |
Jennison, Karen M. Johnson, Kenneth A. |
Alcohol Dependence in Adult Children of Alcoholics: Longitudinal Evidence of Early Risk Journal of Drug Education 28,1 (1998): 19-37. Also: http://baywood.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,2,5;journal,55,163;linkingpublicationresults,1:300320,1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Baywood Publishing Co. Keyword(s): Addiction; Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Family Characteristics; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates familial alcoholism effects and the comparative probability of risk for alcohol dependence in adult children of alcoholics (ACAs) with a control group of non-ACAs. A cohort of 12,686 young adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) is examined over a five-year period and conventional and lineal intergenerational models of alcoholism transmission are assessed. The results of multivariate logistic regression analyses indicate that the risk is relatively greater for male ACAs; sons of alcoholics drink significantly more heavily, experience problems earlier, and develop alcohol dependence more extensively than female ACAs or non-ACAs of either gender. The extent of dependence found in subjects with a lineal history of alcoholism on the father's side of the family, as well as heavy drinking, cigarette smoking and drinking onset in adolescence should be considered as critical predisposing factors of high risk for dependence at later ages. These observations corroborate clinical studies and support a growing body of biopsychosocial research literature. (AUTHOR) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jennison, Karen M. and Kenneth A. Johnson. "Alcohol Dependence in Adult Children of Alcoholics: Longitudinal Evidence of Early Risk." Journal of Drug Education 28,1 (1998): 19-37.
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3069. |
Jennison, Karen M. Johnson, Kenneth A. |
Drinking Problems in Adult Children of Alcoholics: Evidence from a National Survey Presented: Miami, FL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Family History; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Psychological Effects; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Surveys of Youth (NLSY) are used to predict DSM-III-R defined alcohol dependence severity in 1989. The sample consisted of 5,051 family history positives (FHPs) and 5,263 family history negatives (FHNs), which were subsequently reclassified into four mutually exclusive groups: those with 1) alcoholism in first-degree family members only (N=1,762), 2) alcoholic second-degree relatives only (N=1,969), 3) both first and second-degree alcoholic family members (N=1,320), and FHNs as controls. The results indicate, as previous research suggests, that ACOAs drink more heavily, experience earlier onset of problems, and develop greater severity of alcohol dependence than non-ACOAs. Sons of alcoholics are at greater risk than daughters of alcoholics, and that alcoholism in first and second-degree relatives rather than in first or second-degree relatives alone predicts greater likelihood of developing severe alcohol dependence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jennison, Karen M. and Kenneth A. Johnson. "Drinking Problems in Adult Children of Alcoholics: Evidence from a National Survey." Presented: Miami, FL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1993. |
3070. |
Jennison, Karen M. Johnson, Kenneth A. |
Drinking-Induced Blackouts Among Young Adults: Results from a National Longitudinal Survey International Journal of the Addictions 29,1 (January 1994): 23-51 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Marcel Dekker Keyword(s): Alcohol Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This is a revised version of a paper presented at the 87th Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, August 20-24, 1992. Amnesia drinking episodes among a national probability sample of 12,686 young adults are examined at two points in their lives: when they were ages 19 to 26 in 1984 and 23 through 30 in 1988. Prospective blackout patterns of early onset, late onset, chronicity, and remission were analyzed using logistic regression statistical models. Results indicate that the relative risk of short-term memory loss while drinking is significantly associated with increased alcohol consumption, age of drinking onset, the number of alcoholic relatives, and, principally, with the individual's capacity to control drinking behavior. It is concluded that the blackout remission rate observed among a substantial proportion (68%) of young adults may not fit the progressive, irreversible model of alcoholism. The study draws upon the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). |
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Bibliography Citation
Jennison, Karen M. and Kenneth A. Johnson. "Drinking-Induced Blackouts Among Young Adults: Results from a National Longitudinal Survey." International Journal of the Addictions 29,1 (January 1994): 23-51.
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3071. |
Jennison, Karen M. Johnson, Kenneth A. |
If You're Smoking You've Just Got to Have a Drink: Cigarette Smoking by American Women and Interactions with Alcohol Use in a Longitudinal Study Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Behavior; Behavioral Problems; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Health Factors; Rehabilitation; Substance Use; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. To explore whether drinking may be a risk factor for tobacco use as well as a barrier that impedes the reduction of smoking prevalence among women, examined is cigarette smoking and drinking covariance within diverse subgroups of 6,283 young adult women in the general population using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY), Multivariate repeated analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicates that women smokers as a group differ significantly from nonsmokers in higher alcohol consumption patterns, at baseline and over time, with specific convergence in the quantity of drinks ingested per day and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Although women smokers tend to be drinkers and to drink in greater volume than nonsmokers, as women reach middle age their smoking is more likely to be associated with quantity and less likely with frequency of drinking. Findings suggest that the smoking factor should be addressed in alcohol rehabilitation for women and that the implications of alcohol use be made an explicit part of smoking cessation programs. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jennison, Karen M. and Kenneth A. Johnson. "If You're Smoking You've Just Got to Have a Drink: Cigarette Smoking by American Women and Interactions with Alcohol Use in a Longitudinal Study." Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1995. |
3072. |
Jennison, Karen M. Johnson, Kenneth A. |
Impact of Familial Alcoholism Density, Environmental Exposure, and Depression on Recurrent Use of Alcohol and Illicit Drugs in the General Population Presented: Toronto, Canada, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Family Environment; Family Influences; Fathers; Gender Differences; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (N=9,000+ young adults, ages 23-35) are used to test several hypotheses concerning familial alcoholism. Investigated at 2 points in time within a 4-year interval was the impact of familial alcoholism density (FAD), familial environmental exposure to alcohol (FEA), & depression on high-risk drinking practices & lifetime illicit drug use. Results of two-stage least squares analyses indicate that the cross-lagged effects of both FAD & FEA stressors persist into adulthood & are sequentially associated with respondents' substance use & psychosocial functioning at the second time period. Higher levels of depressive symptoms & negative moods had a greater mediating influence on all classes of substance use relationships than lower levels of depressive symptoms. Males were more affected by FAD, specifically of the alcoholic father type & the father's alcoholic relatives, than were females. Women, particularly in regard to alcohol use, were more affected by FEA than men, suggesting that women may be differentially more sensitive to the effects of living with an alcoholic parent or close relative than men. Other findings & implications of the study are discussed, & directions for future research are suggested. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jennison, Karen M. and Kenneth A. Johnson. "Impact of Familial Alcoholism Density, Environmental Exposure, and Depression on Recurrent Use of Alcohol and Illicit Drugs in the General Population." Presented: Toronto, Canada, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1997. |
3073. |
Jennison, Karen M. Johnson, Kenneth A. |
Parental Alcoholism as a Risk Factor for DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in American Women: Another Look at the Moderating Effects of Dyadic Cohesion in Marital Communication Using Latent Structural Models Presented: Chicago, IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Family Environment; Family History; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marriage; Parental Influences; Siblings; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Important trends in research over the past decade indicate that women are equally or even more greatly affected by familial alcoholism than are men. Although it is increasingly recognized that the adverse drinking outcomes predicted for adult children of alcoholics (COAs) are not inevitable and only a small percentage develop alcohol dependence or grow up to be alcoholic, currently relative little knowledge exists regarding moderating factors which reduce their vulnerability. This study identifies a multiple mediator latent structural model of the intergenerational transmission of risk for DSM-IV assessed alcohol abuse and dependence among women COAs in adulthood. The effects of both parental alcoholism and family environment are estimated at three time points spanning ten years across 5 year intervals: 1984, 1989 and 1994 using data from a subsample of 4,449 women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Dyadic cohesion in marital communication (greater marital cohesion, harmony and less verbal disagreement, discord and conflict) is a proposed moderating factor that may operate in adulthood to lower the risk of female COAs developing alcohol abuse and dependence. Maximum likelihood estimates of the effects of alcohol mediators measured over time indicate that direct parental effects for adverse outcomes decline when COAs are in their late twenties and early thirties. Indirect parental effects through environmental influences dramatically increase the risk for abuse and dependence among COAs at this time, however, if they have one or more alcoholic siblings, especially an alcoholic sister. Dyadic cohesion and positive interpersonal communication patterns were found to effectively moderate the relationship that existed between parental alcoholism, environmental influences and adverse alcohol consequences. COAs with satisfactory marital communication also evidenced higher levels of intimacy with their partners, perceived the division of housework to be fairer, shared more responsibilities and burdens of the household, and had less conflict over in-laws and other domestic issues than other women COAs. The protective benefits of a good marriage against the risks of alcoholism remained when applied to younger and older subjects, and across all ethnic backgrounds, even after adjusting for other factors such as employment status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jennison, Karen M. and Kenneth A. Johnson. "Parental Alcoholism as a Risk Factor for DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in American Women: Another Look at the Moderating Effects of Dyadic Cohesion in Marital Communication Using Latent Structural Models." Presented: Chicago, IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1999. |
3074. |
Jennison, Karen M. Johnson, Kenneth A. |
Parental Alcoholism as a Risk Factor for DSM-IV-Defined Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in American Women: The Protective Benefits of Dyadic Cohesion in Marital Communication American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 27,2 (May 2001): 349-374. Also: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/ADA-100103714 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Informa Healthcare Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Family Environment; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parents, Behavior; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Important trends in research over the past decade indicate that women are as greatly affected by familial alcoholism as are men. Although it is increasingly recognized that the adverse drinking outcomes predicted for adult children of alcoholics (COAs) are not inevitable, and only a small percentage develop alcohol dependence or grow up to be alcoholic, relatively little knowledge exists regarding moderating factors that reduce their vulnerability. This study identifies a multiple mediator latent structural model of the intergenerational transmission of risk for DSM-IV-assessed alcohol abuse and dependence among women COAs in adulthood. The effects of both parental alcoholism and family environment are estimated at three time points spanning 10 years across 5-year intervals (1984, 1989, and 1994) using data from a subsample of 4,449 women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Dyadic cohesion in marital communication (greater marital cohesion, harmony, and less verbal disagreement, discord, and conflict) is a proposed moderating factor that may operate in adulthood to lower the risk of female COAs developing alcohol abuse and dependence. Maximum likelihood standardized estimates of the effects of alcohol mediators measured over time indicate that direct parental effects for adverse outcomes decline when COAs are in their late 20s and early 30s. Indirect parental effects through environmental influences dramatically increase the risk of abuse and dependence among COAs at this time if they have one or more alcoholic siblings, especially an alcoholic sister. Dyadic cohesion and positive interpersonal communication patterns were found to moderate effectively the relationship that existed among parental alcoholism, environmental influences, and adverse alcohol consequences. COAs with satisfactory marital communication also evidenced higher levels of intimacy with their partners, perceived the division of housework to be fairer, shared more responsibilities and burdens of the household, and had less conflict over critical domestic issues than other women COAs. The protective benefits of a good marriage against the risks of alcoholism remained when applied to younger and older subjects, across diverse backgrounds, and after adjusting for other factors such as employment status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jennison, Karen M. and Kenneth A. Johnson. "Parental Alcoholism as a Risk Factor for DSM-IV-Defined Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in American Women: The Protective Benefits of Dyadic Cohesion in Marital Communication." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 27,2 (May 2001): 349-374.
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3075. |
Jennison, Karen M. Johnson, Kenneth A. |
Resilience to Drinking Vulnerability in Women with Alcoholic Parents: The Moderating Effects of Dyadic Cohesion in Marital Communication Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Family History; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marital Stability; Resilience/Developmental Assets; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although adult children of alcoholics (ACAs) are at high risk for subsequent alcohol abuse & drinking problems in later life, not all are adversely affected by their family history. Many exhibit resilience & function normally despite exposure to severe alcoholism & family discord during childhood. Yet, there exists relatively little knowledge of the moderating factors that reduce the risk of drinking vulnerability for ACAs. Based on a subset of questions from the Dyadic Adjustment Scale from the 1988 & 1992 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, dyadic cohesion in marital communication (frequency of interaction & agreement on substantive issues that affect couples) was examined in 4,235 women as a resilience factor that could potentially mitigate adverse drinking outcomes for women ACAs. The results of a 2-stage least squares regression analysis indicated that the transmission of risk for drinking vulnerability was effectively moderated by positive interpersonal communication patterns indicative of supportive dyadic interaction. The importance of dyadic cohesion as a resilience factor in women ACAs suggest that the enhancement & development of effective communication skills for couples in therapy for alcohol problems, in one or both partners, should remain a major aspect of therapeutic & treatment goals. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jennison, Karen M. and Kenneth A. Johnson. "Resilience to Drinking Vulnerability in Women with Alcoholic Parents: The Moderating Effects of Dyadic Cohesion in Marital Communication." Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996. |
3076. |
Jennison, Karen M. Johnson, Kenneth A. |
Resilience to Drinking Vulnerability in Women with Alcoholic Parents: The Moderating Effects of Dyadic Cohesion in Marital Communication Substance Use and Misuse 32,11 (September 1997): 1461-1489. Also: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10826089709055873 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Marcel Dekker Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marital Stability; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Resilience/Developmental Assets; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from a subsample of women (N = 4,235) in two waves of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) are used to examine the relationship between parental alcoholism and alcohol use in adult life. Dyadic cohesion in marital communication (frequency of interaction and agreement on substantive issues that affect couples) is investigated as a resilience factor that could potentially mitigate adverse drinking outcomes in adult children of alcoholics (ACAs). A moderated mediation model is estimated using a Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression analysis. The results indicated that an imputed transmission of risk for drinking vulnerability in women ACAs, controlling for nonACA status, was effectively moderated by positive dyadic interaction. (AUTHOR) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jennison, Karen M. and Kenneth A. Johnson. "Resilience to Drinking Vulnerability in Women with Alcoholic Parents: The Moderating Effects of Dyadic Cohesion in Marital Communication." Substance Use and Misuse 32,11 (September 1997): 1461-1489.
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3077. |
Jensen, Tim |
Sensitivity Analysis on the Relationship Between Alcohol Abuse or Dependence and Wages Master's Thesis, University of Missouri - Rolla, 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between an indicator of alcohol dependence or abuse of an individual and his or her wage. This relationship is modeled as a cross-sectional observational study using data from the 1994 survey round of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jensen, Tim. Sensitivity Analysis on the Relationship Between Alcohol Abuse or Dependence and Wages. Master's Thesis, University of Missouri - Rolla, 2006. |
3078. |
Jensen, Todd M. Shafer, Kevin M. |
Stepfamily Functioning and Closeness: Children's Views on Second Marriages and Stepfather Relationships Social Work 58,2 (April 2013): 127-136. Also: http://sw.oxfordjournals.org/content/58/2/127 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Keyword(s): Attitudes; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Divorce; Family Decision-making/Conflict; Family Structure; Fathers; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenting Skills/Styles; Religion; Stepfamilies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Current research on stepfamily well-being often overlooks the perspective of children, and deals primarily with factors as reported by the adults involved. The authors examine a number of family role characteristics, parental subsystem characteristics, and resources that might influence how children perceive the quality of their stepfamily relationships. A sample of 1,088 children in households with a mother and stepfather, ages 10 to 16 years, in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort—Children and Young Adult Sample, is used for the analyses. Results indicate that open communication between children and their mothers, low amounts of arguing between mothers and stepfathers, along with agreement on parenting, and gender, all affect the closeness children report having with their stepfathers. Conclusions, limitations, and clinical implications are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jensen, Todd M. and Kevin M. Shafer. "Stepfamily Functioning and Closeness: Children's Views on Second Marriages and Stepfather Relationships." Social Work 58,2 (April 2013): 127-136.
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3079. |
Jia, Chengye |
Essays on Microeconometrics and Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Temple University, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Racial Differences; Statistical Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Studies of income inequality and intergenerational income mobility have important implications for policy. This dissertation consists of three essays which are contribute to the statistical inference on measures of intergenerational income mobility and the application of distributional decomposition to income inequality. The first two chapters propose semiparametric distribution regression estimators to study the transition matrices and local rank-rank slopes which are two measures of intergenerational income mobility. The third chapter extend the Oaxaca-Bliner decomposition to the distributions of income gap between two groups of people. The first chapter, Inference on Counterfactual Transition Matrices, considers estimation and inference techniques for (i) conditional transition matrices -- transition matrices that are conditional on some vector of covariates, (ii) counterfactual transition matrices -- transition matrices that arise from holding fixed conditional transition matrices but adjusting the distribution of the covariates, and (iii) transition matrix average partial effects. Estimating conditional transition matrices is closely related to estimating conditional distribution functions, and we propose new semiparametric distribution regression estimators that may be of interest in other contexts as well. We also derive uniform inference results for transition matrices that allow researchers to account for issues such as multiple testing that naturally arise when estimating a transition matrix. We use our results to study differences in intergenerational mobility for black families and white families. In the application, we document large differences between the transition matrices of black and white families. We also show that these differences are partially, but not fully, explained by differences in the distributions of other family characteristics. The second chapter, Semiparametric estimation of Local Rank-Rank Slopes, a local Rank-Rank slope which varies with parental rank and counterfactual Rank-Rank slope which adjusts for differences in the distribution of covariates. We develop new semiparametric distribution regression method to estimate those parameters. To make inference on different values of parental rank, we prove those estimators converge to Gaussian processes and build sup-t confidence bands by nonparametric bootstrap. In order to filter out some important observed characteristics, we sort the composition effects in an ascending order and propose classification analysis method, and also prove these converge to Gaussian processes. We apply our methods to study the differences in LRRS between cohort 79 and cohort 97. We show that the trend of LRRS of cohort 97 is very different from that of cohort 79 and find that children in cohort 97 which have larger composition effects are from higher income families, tend to be male and Nonblack and nonhispanic, and accept more years of education especially in advanced education. Also the difference in the parental education level after high school is unrelated to the composition effects across groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jia, Chengye. Essays on Microeconometrics and Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Temple University, 2021. |
3080. |
Jiang, Danling Lim, Sonya S. |
Trust and Household Debt Review of Finance 22,2 (1 March 2018): 783-812. Also: https://academic.oup.com/rof/article/22/2/783/2439518 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Debt/Borrowing; Discrimination, Age; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Foreclosure; Net Worth; Trust Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a large sample of US individuals, we show that individuals with higher levels of trust have lower likelihoods of default in household debt and higher net worth. The effect is driven by trust values inherited from cultural and family backgrounds more than by trust beliefs about others. We demonstrate a causal impact of trust on financial outcomes by extracting the component of trust correlated with early-life experiences. The effect of trust is more pronounced among females, those with lower education, lower income, lower financial literacy, and higher debt-to-income ratio. Further evidence suggests that enhancing individuals' trust, to the right amount, can improve household financial well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jiang, Danling and Sonya S. Lim. "Trust and Household Debt." Review of Finance 22,2 (1 March 2018): 783-812.
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3081. |
Jiang, Danling Lim, Sonya S. |
Trust, Consumer Debt, and Household Finance Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, June 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Trust Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a large sample of U.S. individuals, we show that trust is an important determinant of an array of household financial decisions and outcomes including debt management. Individuals with a higher level of trust are less likely to be in debt, miss payments, file bankruptcy, or go through foreclosure. Their households have lower financial leverage, higher retirement savings and assets, and greater net worth. We show a causal impact of trust on financial outcomes by extracting the component of trust correlated with an individual's early life experiences, and also by purging out the component of trust correlated with prior economic success. The effect of trust channels through the beliefs formed in response to the trustworthiness of people one deals with, as well as through personal values of trust and trustworthiness rooted in the family and cultural background. Trust has a more pronounced effect among females and those who have lower education or income. Our further evidence suggests that enhancing individuals' trust, and to the right amount, can improve household financial well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jiang, Danling and Sonya S. Lim. "Trust, Consumer Debt, and Household Finance." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, June 2013. |
3082. |
Jiang, Haibin |
The Child Care Tax Credit, Maternal Labor Supply, and Children's Well-being Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Clemson University, 2020 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Geocoded Data; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In chapter three, I explore the relationship between the early ages Child Care Tax Credit policy exposure and children's well-being measured at early ages. Using the detailed CCTC legislative variation generated by exogenous law changes and applying the variation on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Child and Young Adult, I examine the short-term effects of the early age CCTC policy exposure on the educational achievement and behavioral problems of the child. Results show that early age CCTC policy exposure has negative effects on the reading score of the child, which shows evidence that the mother's time allocation effect dominates the income effect of the tax credit for the marginal population. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jiang, Haibin. The Child Care Tax Credit, Maternal Labor Supply, and Children's Well-being. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Clemson University, 2020. |
3083. |
Jiang, Yan |
Essays on Labor Market Matching, Labor Mobility and Educational Mismatch Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Job Rewards; Job Turnover; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Essay two considers the effect of voluntary job mobility on worker well-being. Using data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79), I construct measures of worker well-being that take into account various ingredients likely to factor into a worker's utility at workplace. I adopt a difference-in-differences matching strategy to uncover the otherwise unobservable potential outcomes of not changing jobs and identify the effect of voluntary labor mobility on worker well-being. The result shows that voluntary turnover increases the well-being at workplace for movers who are in the early stage of their career and conduct complex job changes involving different types of job. However, the positive effect of job mobility is insignificant and much smaller for movers taking simple job changes. This is in contrast with the fact that complex job movers actually experienced insignificant wage gains from the mobility. This result highlights the role of non-pecuniary job rewards in triggering voluntary turnover. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jiang, Yan. Essays on Labor Market Matching, Labor Mobility and Educational Mismatch. Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, 2012. |
3084. |
Jiang, Ye |
Essays on Social Inequality and Discrimination Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Discrimination, Body weight; Gender Differences; Labor Supply; Obesity; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The second chapter examines the negative impacts of obesity on wages and labor supply throughout American workers' careers. The analysis addresses econometric challenges, such as workers' selection into the labor force and the endogeneity of workers' obesity status. Robust evidence reveals that the obesity penalty on wages is stubborn throughout workers' careers after careful examinations of many possible mechanisms. Female obese workers tend to bear heavier wage obesity penalties when entering the labor market, especially those working in manual and service sectors. Male obese workers in higher-paying industries, who are more educated and experienced, suffer from larger wage differential compared with non-obese colleagues during their careers. At the same time, obese workers tend to reduce their labor supply in response to the wage obesity penalty, especially those who have more flexibility or fewer concerns with their career development. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jiang, Ye. Essays on Social Inequality and Discrimination. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2021. |
3085. |
Jiao, Yang |
Essays on Household and Family Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Kansas State University, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Chapter 3, using the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we find mothers earn less on average even after controlling for other wage determinants. The wage penalty associated with motherhood is insignificant in the early career, and arises partly due to mothers accumulating less work experience. As a result, late mothers experience stronger (weaker) returns to work experience before (after) their transition to motherhood. The differentials in returns to work experience are robust to controlling for occupational skill requirements and time spent out of employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jiao, Yang. Essays on Household and Family Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Kansas State University, 2016. |
3086. |
Jiwatram, Tina Sharma, Shilpi Wang, Julia Shu-Huah Oh, Hans Young |
Impacts of Maternal Employment On Gender Attitudes and Work Behavior--an Analysis From National Longitudinal Survey 1979, 1987 & 2004 Presented: San Diego CA, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Keyword(s): Attitudes; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Maternal Employment; Modeling, OLS Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study utilizes data from the National Longitudinal Survey in 1979, 1987 and 2004, when respondents were in their adolescence, twenties and midlife, respectively. The dependent variable is measured using a gender attitude scale measuring respondents’ view of women in the workforce (0-12 scale, Cronbach’s alpha=0.84). Work behavior is measured by hours worked in the past calendar year. The main explanatory variable, maternal employment, is categorized as mothers who worked all year, part of the year or not at all in 1979. We treat data as pooled cross-sections since maternal employment was only captured in 1979. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression models are employed, controlling for major demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of respondents and parents. We interact year, gender, and type of maternal employment to delineate the cohort and gender trend across time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jiwatram, Tina, Shilpi Sharma, Julia Shu-Huah Wang and Hans Young Oh. "Impacts of Maternal Employment On Gender Attitudes and Work Behavior--an Analysis From National Longitudinal Survey 1979, 1987 & 2004." Presented: San Diego CA, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2013. |
3087. |
JJIE Staff |
Study: Post-prison Death Risks Increased for Blacks, But not Others, Who were Incarcerated as Youth Juvenile Justice Information Exchange News, January 24, 2022. Also: https://jjie.org/2022/01/24/study-post-prison-death-risks-increased-for-blacks-but-not-others-who-were-incarcerated-as-youth/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Juvenile Justice Information Exchange (JJIE) Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Mortality; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Black men who were incarcerated between the ages of 15 and 22, and tracked for roughly 40 years ending in 2018, had a significantly lower life expectancy after their release from prison than non-Blacks, according to a recently released Boston Medical Center-based study. [Media report about research from Bovell-Ammon, Benjamin J., Ziming Xuan, Michael K. Paasche-Orlow and Marc R. LaRochelle. "Association of Incarceration With Mortality by Race From a National Longitudinal Cohort Study." JAMA Network Open 4,12 (December 2021)] |
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Bibliography Citation
JJIE Staff. "Study: Post-prison Death Risks Increased for Blacks, But not Others, Who were Incarcerated as Youth." Juvenile Justice Information Exchange News, January 24, 2022. |
3088. |
Jo, Changik |
Marital Status and Obesity: Cause and Effect Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, October 2004. DAI-A 65/04, p. 1464, Oct 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Gender Differences; Marital Status; Modeling, Multilevel; Modeling, Probit; Morbidity; Mortality; Obesity; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Obesity is an increasingly prevalent nutritional disorder among children and adolescents as well as adults and has now become a very important public health issue in most developed countries. The prevalence of obesity varies with socioeconomic and marital status. Marital status is related to morbidity and mortality, with married people, especially married men, healthier and at lower risk of death than unmarried men. The relationship between marital status and obesity, however, is not well established. To explore the origin of these associations, I study the effects of marital status and several socioeconomic variables on body mass index (BMI, kg/m |
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Bibliography Citation
Jo, Changik. Marital Status and Obesity: Cause and Effect. Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, October 2004. DAI-A 65/04, p. 1464, Oct 2004. |
3089. |
Jo, Young |
Does the Earned Income Tax Credit Increase Children's Weight? The Impact of Policy‐driven Income on Childhood Obesity Health Economics 27,7 (July 2018): 1089-1102. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.3658 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Obesity; Parent-Child Interaction; Program Participation/Evaluation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I exploit substantial increases in the earned income tax credit to study how a policy‐driven change in family income affects childhood obesity. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, my difference‐in‐differences estimates indicate that the probability of being obese increased by 3 percentage points among children whose families experienced a greater income shock. A further investigation suggests that a reduction in maternal time with children played a greater role in children's weight gain than income. The paper's finding shows that a program that is not designed for health purposes, such as earned income tax credit, can have unintended effects on health outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jo, Young. "Does the Earned Income Tax Credit Increase Children's Weight? The Impact of Policy‐driven Income on Childhood Obesity." Health Economics 27,7 (July 2018): 1089-1102.
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3090. |
Jobes, Patrick C. Stinner, William F. Wardwell, John M |
Community, Society and Migration: Noneconomic Migration in America Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University Press of America Keyword(s): Migration Patterns; Mobility, Occupational; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The authors present a selection of analytical research concerning migration decision-making in the United States. The focus is primarily on such noneconomic factors associated with migration as individual characteristics, ecological factors, and community involvement and satisfaction. "This volume documents that social foundations of migration continue to be instrumental in motivating people to move or to stay. Despite the prevalent metaphoric acceptance of an economic model as the explanation governing how people behave, the analyses of migration presented here indicate that noneconomic factors continue to help determine why, when, where and who moves." (EXCERPT) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jobes, Patrick C., William F. Stinner and John M Wardwell. Community, Society and Migration: Noneconomic Migration in America. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1992. |
3091. |
Johar, Meliyanni Katayama, Hajime |
Quantile Regression Analysis of Body Mass and Wages Health Economics 21,5 (May 2012): 597-611. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.1736/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Endogeneity; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Social Capital; Wage Determination; Wage Differentials; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we explore the relationship between body mass and wages. We use quantile regression to provide a broad description of the relationship across the wage distribution. We also allow the relationship to vary by the degree of social skills involved in different jobs. Our results find that for female workers body mass and wages are negatively correlated at all points in their wage distribution. The strength of the relationship is larger at higher-wage levels. For male workers, the relationship is relatively constant across wage distribution but heterogeneous across ethnic groups. When controlling for the endogeneity of body mass, we find that additional body mass has a negative causal impact on the wages of white females earning more than the median wages and of white males around the median wages. Among these workers, the wage penalties are larger for those employed in jobs that require extensive social skills. These findings may suggest that labor markets reward white workers for good physical shape differently, depending on the level of wages and the type of job a worker has. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Bibliography Citation
Johar, Meliyanni and Hajime Katayama. "Quantile Regression Analysis of Body Mass and Wages." Health Economics 21,5 (May 2012): 597-611.
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3092. |
Johnson, Edward Graham |
Panel Data Models with Discrete Dependent Variables Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, October 2004. DAI-A 65/04, p. 1464, Oct 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Educational Attainment; Family Models; Modeling; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Logit; Modeling, Probit; Monte Carlo; Siblings; Statistical Analysis This dissertation makes two main contributions to the theory of panel data models with discrete dependent variables when the number of time periods is fixed. First, I present a new way of thinking about identification in these models and prove a necessary condition for identification of the common parameters. I show that under fairly general conditions, in a model of K discrete probabilities containing a non-parametric "fixed" effect, the common parameters can only be identified if the set of values that the K-1 independent probabilities can take on (as the fixed effect varies) lies in a K-2 dimensional subspace for some value of the explanatory variables. I show how this theorem can be used to derive results about identification in static binary-choice models with independence across time. This approach can be useful in understanding identification in many varieties of these types of models. For example, I prove that the parameters in a panel probit model are not identified. In another chapter, I present a method for estimating the parameters (including the threshold parameters) of an ordered logit model with fixed effects for panel data when the number of time periods is small. The method is based on the conditional-likelihood approach, but differs in that several conditional probabilities are derived, which together over-identify the model. These probabilities are used to construct moment conditions, which are then weighted using a standard GMM procedure. I also develop a method of evaluating population average marginal probability derivatives. This method requires a strong assumption about the distribution of the fixed effects, but Monte Carlo evidence suggests that the method gives good results even when this assumption is severely violated. I present an empirical application that uses these methods to investigate the factors that affect educational degree attainment by individuals, controlling for family-specific fixed effects, using a sample of siblings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Edward Graham. Panel Data Models with Discrete Dependent Variables. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, October 2004. DAI-A 65/04, p. 1464, Oct 2004. |
3093. |
Johnson, Janna Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam |
Changing Patterns of Geographic Mobility and the Labor Market for Young Adults Journal of Labor Economics 37,S1 (January 2019): S199-S241. Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/700887 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Labor Market Outcomes; Migration; Mobility We assess changing patterns of migration and their association with labor outcomes for the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the NLSY. Although the long-distance migration rate is lower in the 1997 cohort, we find that migration fell mostly because return migration fell. We uncover little difference in patterns of selection into migration in the two cohorts, little difference in correlation between migration and labor market outcomes, and little evidence in either cohort of a positive labor market return to migration. Our findings suggest that reductions in geographic mobility do not explain the poor recent labor market performance of young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Janna and Sam Schulhofer-Wohl. "Changing Patterns of Geographic Mobility and the Labor Market for Young Adults." Journal of Labor Economics 37,S1 (January 2019): S199-S241.
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3094. |
Johnson, Janna Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam |
Understanding the Labor Market Returns to Mobility for Young Workers Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Outcomes; Mobility; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Young workers are not doing well in the current U.S. economy. In fact, youth labor market outcomes have declined steadily relative to those of their older peers for over 30 years. Over the same period, variation in labor market conditions across cities has increased, while spatial mobility rates of young people have fallen. To attempt to reconcile this puzzling combination, we will compare the mobility and economic outcomes of the two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY): the 1979 (individuals born 1957-65) and 1997 (born 1981-85). We expect to find that young workers in the NLSY97 move at a lower rate to high wage and employment areas than those in the NLSY79. We will investigate whether this is due to changes in relative wage gains and/or migration costs, as well as identify the underlying reasons behind the falling mobility of young workers. Note: Also presented at Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2016 and at Chicago ASSA/AEA Annual Meeting, January 2017. |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Janna and Sam Schulhofer-Wohl. "Understanding the Labor Market Returns to Mobility for Young Workers." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
3095. |
Johnson, Kecia |
Moving Beyond Black and White: Examining the Incarceration-Earnings Relationship among Latinos Presented: Chicago IL, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Criminal Justice System; Earnings; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Incarceration/Jail; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the past decade, the growing proportion of the Latino population entering prison has increased dramatically. As a result of mass imprisonment policies, there is a need to investigate the economic consequences of incarceration for Latinos. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this paper examines the economic costs of incarceration by comparing the earnings trajectories of Mexican, Cuban, and Puerto Rican ex-offenders with their non-offender counterparts. The findings suggest that incarceration depresses the earnings of all Latino men. However, there is variation in the wage difference between the ex-offenders and non-offenders within each of the ethnic groups. This paper concludes that racialized criminal justice policies challenge the economic stability of Mexican, Cuban and Puerto Rican men regardless of incarceration status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Kecia. "Moving Beyond Black and White: Examining the Incarceration-Earnings Relationship among Latinos." Presented: Chicago IL, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2012. |
3096. |
Johnson, Kecia Renee |
Prison, Race and Space: The Impact of Incarceration on Career Trajectories and Labor Market Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, North Carolina State University, 2003. DAI-A 64/02, p. 666, Aug 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior, Violent; Crime; Ethnic Differences; Human Capital; Incarceration/Jail; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Mobility, Labor Market; Mobility, Occupational; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences; Unemployment Rate There are a number of reasons to expect that incarceration will have long-term, negative consequences for economic/labor market success, and that the consequences may be especially acute for minority ex-offenders. This study replicates and extends Bruce Western's research on the impact of incarceration for wage mobility. I integrate Western's life course approach to examining the impact of incarceration with a discussion of stratification processes that produce inequality in employment and earnings outcomes. I hypothesize that incarceration results in career earnings penalties over and above those associated with foregone human capital accumulation. I suspect that incarceration contributes to a decline in earnings for minority ex-offenders. At the individual level, I replicate Western's research by estimating fixed-effects models to examine wages across the career trajectories of white, Latino and African American men from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 1979-1998. When estimating these models, I test whether human capital accumulation that occurs inside or outside the labor market mediates the incarceration-earnings relationship. Furthermore, I examine how local labor market characteristics influence ex-offender career trajectories. I propose that prison records, race/ethnicity and spatial characteristics such as, violent crime rates, unemployment rates, minority concentration, and residential segregation influence the job prospects of workers within metropolitan areas. At the spatial level, I estimate random effects models to examine how local labor market characteristics shape the earnings trajectories of white, Latino and African American male ex-offenders. The individual level results supported the hypotheses that incarceration has a negative effect on earnings and that ex-offenders have lower earnings trajectories than nonoffenders. This study did not replicate Western's finding that the earnings penalty experienced by those who had been incarcerated varies by race/ethnicity. The spatial analysis results suggest that the prison effect on wages is not influenced by the spatial characteristics associated with the local labor market. However, the results indicate that the spatial characteristics of the labor market influence race/ethnicity wage disparities across the career. |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Kecia Renee. Prison, Race and Space: The Impact of Incarceration on Career Trajectories and Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, North Carolina State University, 2003. DAI-A 64/02, p. 666, Aug 2003. |
3097. |
Johnson, Kecia Johnson, Jacqueline |
Penalties Compounded for African American Men: Incarceration, Earnings and Racial Inequality In Labor Markets Presented: Montreal, Quebec, Canada, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Incarceration/Jail; Racial Differences; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine racial variation in wage penalties associated with incarceration by comparing the earnings trajectories of African American, Latino, and white male ex-offenders with non-offenders. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2002), our findings reveal that while incarceration generally has a negative effect on wages, the impact of incarceration on wages is the most severe for African American men. When compared to white non-offenders, white ex-offenders experience the highest wage penalties due to incarceration of any group, yet they still out earn all African American and Latino men. Meanwhile, the wage difference between African American non-offenders and ex-offenders across their careers is smaller than any white or Latino men and African American men earn significantly less than all others, regardless of their former incarceration status. Explanations for these patterns include racial differences in pre-incarceration wages and the dramatic racial disparities in imprisonment rates that render more African American men subject to earnings penalties associated with former incarceration status. We contend that because racialized incarceration stigmas challenge the labor market options and economic trajectories of all African American men, young, low-wage African American men who have no history of incarceration are also penalized. |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Kecia and Jacqueline Johnson. "Penalties Compounded for African American Men: Incarceration, Earnings and Racial Inequality In Labor Markets." Presented: Montreal, Quebec, Canada, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2006. |
3098. |
Johnson, Kecia Pais, Jeremy South, Scott J. |
Minority Population Concentration and Earnings: Evidence From Fixed-Effects Models Social Forces, 91,1 (September 2012): 181-208. Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v091/91.1.johnson.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Ethnic Differences; Migration; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences; Residential Segregation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Consistent with the hypothesis that heightened visibility and competition lead to greater economic discrimination against minorities, countless studies have observed a negative association between minority population concentration and minority socioeconomic attainment. But minorities who reside in areas with high minority concentration are likely to differ from minorities who reside in areas with few minorities on unobserved characteristics related to economic attainment. Thus, this association may be a product of differential skills, behaviors and networks acquired during childhood or of selective migration. Applying fixed-effects models to a quarter century of panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find that for Blacks and Latinos the inverse association between minority population concentration and earnings is eliminated when unobserved person-specific characteristics are controlled. The findings suggest that the negative association between Black population size and Blacks’ earnings is driven largely by the selection of high-earning Blacks into labor markets with relatively small Black populations. Most of the association between Latino population concentration and earnings is attributable to the level of Latino population concentration experienced during childhood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Kecia, Jeremy Pais and Scott J. South. "Minority Population Concentration and Earnings: Evidence From Fixed-Effects Models." Social Forces, 91,1 (September 2012): 181-208.
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3099. |
Johnson, Tallese D. |
An Analysis of Job Quality and Welfare Recidivism Presented: New Orleans, LA, Southern Sociological Society Annual Meeting, April 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Sociological Society Keyword(s): Event History; Job Turnover; Labor Market Segmentation; Part-Time Work; Unions; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Utilizes a macroperspective to analyze the relationship between key occupational characteristics & welfare recidivism, focusing on the types of occupations that may lead women to return to welfare. Several hypotheses of the relationship between each occupational characteristics & welfare recidivism are proposed: (1) the higher the turnover rate of an occupation, the more likely a woman will return to welfare; (2) the higher the % of part-time workers in an occupation, the more likely a woman will return to welfare; & (3) the higher the % of females in an occupation, the more likely a woman will return to welfare. Event history analysis is conducted utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1983-1991. Along with the key occupational characteristics, the model includes as control variables those individual characteristics associated with welfare recipients that have been studied in past research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Tallese D. "An Analysis of Job Quality and Welfare Recidivism." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Southern Sociological Society Annual Meeting, April 2000. |
3100. |
Johnson, Thomas V. |
Description of 'Profile of American Youth' Data for Military Manpower and Personnel Analysis M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Naval Postgraduate School Keyword(s): Behavior; Divorce; Dual-Career Families; Family Income; Family Structure; Housework/Housewives; Husbands; Marriage; Military Personnel; Profile of American Youth; Research Methodology Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The success of any military organization in accomplishing its mission depends largely on the quality of the personnel who constitute the organization. The NLSY and the Profile of American Youth (1980 nationwide administration of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery) offer a wealth of information on the behavior and characteristics of a nationally representative sample of young men and women. This thesis has developed a data base extract designed primarily for analysts seeking to obtain insights on the current and projected 'quality' of military personnel. Instructions for using the data base extract are provided, along with a brief description of the survey and the computer program (SPSS) and a selected group of frequency distributions from the extract. [NTIS AD-A141-257-6] |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Thomas V. Description of 'Profile of American Youth' Data for Military Manpower and Personnel Analysis. M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1983. |
3101. |
Johnson, Timothy P. Mott, Joshua Adam |
The Reliability of Self-Reported Age of Onset of Tobacco, Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use Addiction 96,8 (August 2001): 1187-1198. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.968118711.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Drug Use; Educational Status; Epidemiology; Gender Differences; Health Factors; Longitudinal Data Sets; Racial Differences; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. AIMS: To examine the reliability of self-reported age of first substance use experiences among national samples of adult and child respondents. DESIGN: Survey responses from seven waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) were examined. PARTICIPANTS: Adult and child NLSY respondents reporting age of first tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and/or crack use during two or more survey interviews. MEASUREMENTS: Four indicators of reliability: intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), mean and absolute mean differences in reported age and reports consistent within 1 year. FINDINGS: The adjusted mean ICC for all comparisons was 0.69. The adjusted mean difference in self-reported age of first substance use was -0.52 years and the adjusted absolute mean difference was 2.00 years. The adjusted percentage of all comparisons reporting ages consistent within 1 year was 55.28%. More consistent reports were provided by adults, and in response to questions posed over 2 years as opposed to longer time intervals. Respondent answers to questions concerned with first use of marijuana were generally found to be most reliable; questions concerned with first use of crack were least reliable and reports of tobacco, alcohol and cocaine were intermediate. Logistic regression analyses also identified age, race, gender, education and poverty status as predictors of consistent reporting. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reports of age of first substance use experiences, as currently collected via survey questionnaires, are of sufficient reliability for most current epidemiological applications. For inquiries where age of substance use onset is itself a research focus, however, researchers should invest additional effort in improving the reliability of measurement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Timothy P. and Joshua Adam Mott. "The Reliability of Self-Reported Age of Onset of Tobacco, Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use." Addiction 96,8 (August 2001): 1187-1198.
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3102. |
Johnson, Timothy P. Mott, Joshua Adam |
The Reliability of Self-Reported Age of Onset of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Illicit Drug Use Working Paper, Survey Research Laboratory and Health Research and Policy Center, November 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Survey Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Chicago Keyword(s): Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Data Quality/Consistency; Methods/Methodology; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. AIMS: To examine the reliability of self-reported age of first substance use experiences among national samples of adult and child respondents. DESIGN: Survey responses from seven waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) were examined. PARTICIPANTS: Adult and child NLSY respondents reporting age of first tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and/or crack use during two or more survey interviews. MEASURMENTS: Four indicators of reliability: intraclass correlation coeffcients (ICC), mean and absolute mean differences in reported age, and reports consistent within one year. FINDINGS: The adjusted mean ICC for all comparison was 0.69. The adjusted mean difference in self-reported age of first substance use was -0.52 years and the adjusted absolute mean difference was 2.00 years. The adjusted percent of all comparisons reporting ages consistent within one year was 55.28%. More consistent reports were provided by adults, and in response to questions posed over 2 year as opposed to longer intervals. Respondent answers to questions concerned with first use of marijuana were generally found to be most reliabel; questions concerned with first use of crack were least reliable and reports of tobacco, alcohol and cocaine were intermediate. Logistic regression analyses also identified age, race, gender, edication, and poverty status as predictors of consistent reporting. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reports age of first substance use experiences, as currently collected via survey questionnaires, are of sufficient reliability for most current epidemiologic applications. For inquiries where age of substance use onset is itself a research focus, however, researchers should invest additional effort in improving the reliability of measurement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Timothy P. and Joshua Adam Mott. "The Reliability of Self-Reported Age of Onset of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Illicit Drug Use." Working Paper, Survey Research Laboratory and Health Research and Policy Center, November 2000. |
3103. |
Johnson, William R. |
Are Public Subsidies to Higher Education Regressive? Education Finance and Policy 1,3 (Summer 2006): 288-315. Also: http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/edfp.2006.1.3.288 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Higher Education; Household Income; Income Distribution; Income Level; Life Cycle Research; Taxes; Tuition This article estimates the dollar amount of public higher education subsidies received by U.S. youth and examines the distribution of subsidies and the taxes that finance them across parental and student income levels. Although youths from high-income families obtain more benefit from higher education subsidies, high income households pay sufficiently more in taxes that the net effect of the spending and associated taxation is distributionally neutral or mildly progressive. These results are robust to alternative assumptions and are consistent with Hansen and Weisbrod's earlier celebrated findings for California, although not with the conclusions often drawn from those findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnson, William R. "Are Public Subsidies to Higher Education Regressive?" Education Finance and Policy 1,3 (Summer 2006): 288-315.
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3104. |
Johnson, William R. Kitamura, Yuichi Neal, Derek A. |
Evaluating a Simple Method for Estimating Black-White Gaps in Median Wages The American Economic Review 90,2 (May 2000): 339-343. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.90.2.339 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Employment; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A model is developed to estimate black-white gaps in median wages. Data were gathered from average wages earned during the period 1990-91 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Findings reveal that imputing wages of zero for unemployed individuals may provide a reasonable method for the estimation of median wage regressions among men. Findings imply that data drawn from short panels rather than single-year cross-sections may mitigate the need for additional imputations and reduce the occurrence of imputation error. Tables show median regression results using various wage imputation methods and new wage observations two years after and two years before the original sample. Copyright: Database Producer Copyright (c) the H.W. Wilson Company. All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnson, William R., Yuichi Kitamura and Derek A. Neal. "Evaluating a Simple Method for Estimating Black-White Gaps in Median Wages." The American Economic Review 90,2 (May 2000): 339-343.
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3105. |
Johnson, William R. Neal, Derek A. |
Basic Skills and the Black-White Earnings Gap In: The Black-White Test Score Gap. C. Jencks, and M. Phillips, et al., eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1998: pp. 480-497 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Earnings; Education; Ethnic Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences; Skills; Wage Gap; Wages, Youth Chapter: Examined the relationship between basic skills and annual earnings, using scores on the Armed Forces Qualification Test for the young members of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth as a measure of the skills that young adults bring to the labor market. Labor market outcomes were measured when workers were in their late 20s and early 30s. Findings indicate that skills are important determinants of wages and earnings. Skill differences explain a substantial part of the wage and earnings variation among Blacks, among Whites, and between Blacks and Whites. For men, the Black-White gap in annual earnings is more than twice as large as the gap in hourly wages. Further, the racial difference not explained by skills is three times as large for annual earnings as for hourly wages. The low earnings of Black men are partly attributable to the fact that less educated Black men work significantly fewer hours and weeks than their White counterparts. Less work experience during their early years in the job market has a notable effect on the wage gap faced by less educated Black men in their late 20s and early 30s. Finally, the relationship between basic skills and eventual earnings is stronger among Black men than White men. ((c) 1998 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved): |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnson, William R. and Derek A. Neal. "Basic Skills and the Black-White Earnings Gap" In: The Black-White Test Score Gap. C. Jencks, and M. Phillips, et al., eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1998: pp. 480-497
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3106. |
Johnston, David W. |
Physical Appearance and Wages: Do Blondes Have More Fun? Economics Letters 108,1 (July 2010): 10-12. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016517651000114X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Husbands, Income; Physical Characteristics; Wages, Women This study contributes to the economics literature that links physical characteristics to labour market outcomes, by investigating the influence of hair colour on women's own wages and also their spouse's wages. Using U.S. panel data, we find that blonde women receive large wage premiums. |
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Bibliography Citation
Johnston, David W. "Physical Appearance and Wages: Do Blondes Have More Fun?" Economics Letters 108,1 (July 2010): 10-12.
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3107. |
Jokela, Markus |
Flow of Cognitive Capital across Rural and Urban United States Intelligence 46 (September-October 2014): 47-53. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289614000750 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Income; Migration; Mobility, Residential; Rural Areas; Urbanization/Urban Living Socioeconomic status and other socio-demographic factors have been associated with selective residential mobility across rural and urban areas, but the role of psychological characteristics in selective migration has been studied less. The current study used 16-year longitudinal data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) to examine whether cognitive ability assessed at age 15–23 predicted subsequent urban/rural migration between ages 15 and 39 (n = 11,481). Higher cognitive ability was associated with selective rural-to-urban migration (12 percentile points higher ability among those moving from rural areas to central cities compared to those staying in rural areas) but also with higher probability of moving away from central cities to suburban and rural areas (4 percentile points higher ability among those moving from central cities to suburban areas compared to those staying in central cities). The mobility patterns associated with cognitive ability were largely but not completely mediated by adult educational attainment and income. The findings suggest that selective migration contributes to differential flow of cognitive ability levels across urban and rural areas in the United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jokela, Markus. "Flow of Cognitive Capital across Rural and Urban United States." Intelligence 46 (September-October 2014): 47-53.
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3108. |
Jokela, Markus |
Religiosity, Psychological Distress, and Wellbeing: Evaluating Familial Confounding with Multicohort Sibling Data American Journal of Epidemiology published online (16 November 2021): DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab276/6429428. Also: https://academic.oup.com/aje/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aje/kwab276/6429428 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Cross-national Analysis; Depression (see also CESD); Family Background and Culture; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Mid-Life in the United States (MIDUS); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Religious Influences; Siblings; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Several studies have associated religiosity with better mental health, but these studies have only partially addressed the problem of confounding. The current study pooled data from multiple cohort studies with siblings to examine whether associations between religiosity and mental health are confounded by familial factors (i.e., shared family background and siblings' shared genetics). Data were collected between 1982 and 2017. Mental health was assessed with self-reported psychological distress (including depressive symptoms) and psychological wellbeing. Religious attendance was associated with lower psychological distress (B=-0.14 standard-deviation difference between weekly vs never attendance, CI=-0.19, -0.09; n=24,598 pairs) and this was attenuated by almost half in the sibling analysis (B=-0.08, CI=-0.13, -0.04). Religious attendance was also related to higher wellbeing (B=0.29, CI=0.09, 0.50; n=3,728 pairs) and this estimate remained unchanged in sibling analysis. Results were similar for religiousness. The findings suggest that previous longitudinal studies may have overestimated the association between religiosity and psychological distress, as the sibling estimate was only one-third of the previously reported meta-analytic association (standardized correlation -0.03 vs -0.08). |
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Bibliography Citation
Jokela, Markus. "Religiosity, Psychological Distress, and Wellbeing: Evaluating Familial Confounding with Multicohort Sibling Data." American Journal of Epidemiology published online (16 November 2021): DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab276/6429428.
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3109. |
Jokela, Markus |
Urban-Rural Residential Mobility Associated With Political Party Affiliation: The U.S. National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth and Young Adults Social Psychological and Personality Science published online (24 February 2021): DOI: 10.1177/1948550621994000. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1948550621994000 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Mobility, Residential; Political Attitudes/Behaviors/Efficacy; Rural/Urban Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The current study used longitudinal panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79; n = 7,064) and National Longitudinal Survey of Young Adults (NLSY-YA; n = 2,985) to examine whether political party affiliation was related to residential mobility between rural regions, urban regions, and major cities in the United States. Over a follow-up of 4-6 years, stronger Republican affiliation was associated with lower probability of moving from rural regions to major cities (relative risk [RR] = 0.71, confidence interval [CI] = [0.54, 0.93]) and higher probability of moving away from major cities to urban or rural regions (RR = 1.17, CI = [1.03, 1.33]). The empirical correlation between party affiliation and urban-rural residence was r = −0.15 [−0.17, −0.13]. Simulated data based on the regression models produced a correlation of r = −0.06 [−0.10, −0.03], suggesting that selective residential mobility could account almost half of the empirically observed association between party affiliation and urban-rural residence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jokela, Markus. "Urban-Rural Residential Mobility Associated With Political Party Affiliation: The U.S. National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth and Young Adults." Social Psychological and Personality Science published online (24 February 2021): DOI: 10.1177/1948550621994000.
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3110. |
Jokela, Markus Elovainio, Marko Singh-Manoux, Archana Kivimäki, Mika |
IQ, Socioeconomic Status, and Early Death: The US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Psychosomatic Medicine 71,3 (April 2009): 322-328 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychosomatic Society Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Education; Household Income; I.Q.; Mortality; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the association between cognitive ability (IQ) and early mortality is mediated by socioeconomic status (SES) or whether the association between SES and mortality reflects a spurious association caused by IQ. METHODS: The participants were from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 11,321). IQ was assessed at age 16 to 23 years and the participants were followed up to 40 to 47 years of age. RESULTS: Controlling for sex, birth year, race/ethnicity, baseline health, and parental education, higher IQ was associated with lower probability of death (odds ratio (OR) per 1-standard deviation increase in IQ = 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.66, 0.91). This association disappeared (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.81, 1.20) when adjusted for education and household income. Adjustment for IQ had no effect on the association between SES and mortality. These findings were similar in Hispanic, Black, and White/other participants and in women and men. Parental education moderated the IQ-mortality association so that this association was not observed in participants with low parental education. CONCLUSIONS: Low IQ predicts early mortality in the US population and this association is largely explained by SES. The results do not support the alternative hypothesis that the socioeconomic gradient in early mortality would reflect IQ differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jokela, Markus, Marko Elovainio, Archana Singh-Manoux and Mika Kivimäki. "IQ, Socioeconomic Status, and Early Death: The US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Psychosomatic Medicine 71,3 (April 2009): 322-328.
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3111. |
Jokela, Markus Kivimäki, Mika Elovainio, Marko |
Lower Fertility Associated with Obesity and Underweight: The US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88,4 (October 2008): 886-893. Also: http://www.ajcn.org/content/88/4/886.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society for Nutrition (ASN) Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Childbearing; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Obesity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that body weight predicts the number of children that a person will have: obese and underweight persons are hypothesized to have fewer children than do their normal-weight counterparts. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to prospectively examine the association between body weight in young adulthood and achieved fertility in later life. DESIGN: A representative national sample of 12 073 American young adults (aged 17-24 y in 1981) were followed through 2004 (19 survey waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth). RESULTS: Obese young women and men were less likely to have their first child by the age of 47 y than were their normal-weight counterparts [relative risk (RR) = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.78 in women; RR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.84 in men). Obesity also predicted a lower probability of having more than one child, particularly for women. These associations were partly explained by a lower probability that obese participants will marry. Underweight men were less likely to have the first, second, third, and fourth child than were normal-weight men (RRs = 0.75-0.88; 95% CIs: 0.61, 0.95). These associations were largely explained by the lower marriage probability of underweight men. Obese women and men and underweight men were less likely to have as many children in adulthood as they had desired as young adults. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity may be an important risk factor for lower fertility because of its social and possibly biological effect on reproductive behavior. Further data are needed to assess whether this association holds in more recent cohorts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jokela, Markus, Mika Kivimäki and Marko Elovainio. "Lower Fertility Associated with Obesity and Underweight: The US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88,4 (October 2008): 886-893.
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3112. |
Jokela, Markus Rotkirch, Anna |
Serial Monogamy Increases Reproductive Success in Men but not in Women Behavioral Ecology 21,5 (2010): 906-912. Also: http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/906.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Fertility; Fertility, Multiple Partners; Gender Differences; Marriage; Racial Differences; Sexual Activity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Evolutionary theory predicts that males seek more sexual partners than females because of their higher fitness benefits from such a reproductive strategy. Accordingly, variance in numbers of partners and offspring is expected to be greater and association between mating and reproductive success to be stronger in males. Studies testing key predictions of this hypothesis in humans are lacking. Using data of 3700 men and 4010 women living in contemporary United States, we examined sex differences in the variance of number of spouses and offspring and in the association between spouse number and number of offspring. The results suggested a stronger selective advantage of serial monogamy in men than in women. Variance in spouse and offspring number was, respectively, 5% and 10% higher in men. In addition, the association between mating and reproductive success was stronger in men, so that men with 3 or more consecutive spouses had 19% more children than men with only spouse, whereas spouse number beyond the first partner was not associated with number of children in women. When the sample was stratified by ethnic group, the sex differences were stronger among Black and Hispanic participants than among White participants. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jokela, Markus and Anna Rotkirch. "Serial Monogamy Increases Reproductive Success in Men but not in Women." Behavioral Ecology 21,5 (2010): 906-912.
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3113. |
Jolly, Nicholas A. Phelan, Brian J. |
Job Displacement's Long-run Effect on Access to Employer-provided Health Insurance and other Fringe Benefits Economics Letters 130 (May 2015): 100-104. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176515001032 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Displaced Workers; Insurance, Health; Unemployment This paper investigates the effect of job displacement on access to employer-provided fringe benefits. We find that displacement is associated with lost access to all seven employer-provided benefits investigated. These losses increase the cost of displacement by 10% per year. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jolly, Nicholas A. and Brian J. Phelan. "Job Displacement's Long-run Effect on Access to Employer-provided Health Insurance and other Fringe Benefits." Economics Letters 130 (May 2015): 100-104.
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3114. |
Jolly, Nicholas A. Phelan, Brian J. |
The Long-Run Effects of Job Displacement on Sources of Health Insurance Coverage Journal of Labor Research 38,2 (June 2017): 187-205. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12122-017-9246-7 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Insurance, Health; Medicaid/Medicare; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines job displacement's long-run effect on health insurance coverage and source of coverage. We find that displacement lowers the probability that an individual receives health insurance even ten years after job loss. However, those without children at the time of job loss largely drive this result. While displaced workers with and without children face similar losses in access to employer-provided health insurance, those with children mostly offset these losses by acquiring health insurance from other sources, particularly through the increased use of Medicaid. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jolly, Nicholas A. and Brian J. Phelan. "The Long-Run Effects of Job Displacement on Sources of Health Insurance Coverage." Journal of Labor Research 38,2 (June 2017): 187-205.
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3115. |
Jones, Alison Snow |
Maternal Alcohol Abuse/Dependence, Children's Behavior Problems, and Home Environment: Estimates from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Using Propensity Score Matching Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 68,2 (March 2007): 266-275. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Maternal_Alcohol_AbuseDependence_Childrens_Behavior_Problems_and_Home_E/2118.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Life Cycle Research; Mothers; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: Propensity score (PS) matching was used to investigate the relationship between maternal alcohol abuse (AA) and alcohol dependence (AD), based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria and three child outcomes: child behavior problems and two characteristics of the child's home environment as measured by the Home Observation and Measurement of the Environment-Short Form, cognitive stimulation and emotional support. Method: A cohort of children (N 2,193; 49% female) whose mothers were drawn from the 1994 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were stratified by gender and matched on maternal propensity to exhibit AA or AD. Results: After matching, sons of mothers with AA/AD had higher behavior problem scores (p .05), and daughters of mothers with AA/AD lived in homes with significantly less emotional support (p .05) and cognitive stimulation (p .005). Results were robust to alternative specifications of PS regressions. Conclusions: The findings suggest that policies aimed at reducing AA and AD among young adult women with children are justified. PS matched results also suggest that school counselors and mental health providers who encounter young boys with elevated behavior problems should consider maternal AA/AD as one possible causal factor. Future research should be directed toward understanding the trajectory of these outcomes and their sequelae over the child's life cycle and toward developing improved methods of identifying and intervening with at-risk children of both genders and their mothers. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 68: 266-275, 2007) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs is the property of Alcohol Research Documentation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be a bridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Jones, Alison Snow. "Maternal Alcohol Abuse/Dependence, Children's Behavior Problems, and Home Environment: Estimates from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Using Propensity Score Matching." Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 68,2 (March 2007): 266-275.
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3116. |
Jones, Alison Snow Richmond, David W. |
Causal Effects of Alcoholism on Earnings: Estimates from the NLSY Health Economics 15,8 (March 2006): 849-871. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.1109/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Earnings; Job Productivity; Labor Force Participation; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Propensity score matching is used to investigate the causal relationship between alcoholism and earnings in a young cohort of males and females drawn from the 1989 and 1994 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in order to investigate productivity losses attributed to alcoholism and to quantify these effects. Results suggest that there are productivity losses attributable to alcoholism; that they become more pronounced over the life cycle; and that they differ between men and women. Ways in which estimates from propensity score matching may or may not improve on instrumental variables estimates are discussed. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jones, Alison Snow and David W. Richmond. "Causal Effects of Alcoholism on Earnings: Estimates from the NLSY." Health Economics 15,8 (March 2006): 849-871.
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3117. |
Jones, Antwan |
Intergenerational Educational Attainment, Family Characteristics and Child Obesity Journal of Biosocial Science 48 (2016): 557-576. Also: https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0021932015000280 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Breastfeeding; Educational Attainment; Family Characteristics; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study used US National Longitudinal Study of Youth data to explore how exposure to different socioeconomic conditions (proxied by maternal education) before birth can shape child weight. Using endogenous selection regression models, the findings suggest that educational selectivity affects weight gain. Mothers whose mothers graduated from high school were more likely to complete high school, and mothers reared in an intact family had higher levels of education. However, mothers who had given birth as a teenager had the same educational outcomes as mothers who gave birth in their post-teenage years. Based on this intergenerational educational selectivity, caretaking (e.g. breast-feeding) was found to be associated with a lower child body mass index (BMI), while negative maternal characteristics (e.g. mothers with high BMIs) were associated with higher child BMIs. Thus, educational selectivity influences child health through values passed on to the child and the lifestyle in which the child is reared. Maternal education may be tied to parenting, which relates to child obesity risk. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jones, Antwan. "Intergenerational Educational Attainment, Family Characteristics and Child Obesity." Journal of Biosocial Science 48 (2016): 557-576.
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3118. |
Jones, Antwan |
Parental Socioeconomic Instability and Child Obesity Biodemography and Social Biology 64,1 (May 2018): 15-29. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19485565.2018.1449630 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Modeling, Mixed Effects; Obesity; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Using data from the 1986 to 2010 National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) and the NLSY Child and Young Adult Supplement, this research explores how changes in parental socioeconomic status relate to child obesity over time. Results from linear mixed-effects models indicate that maternal educational gains and maternal employment transitions significantly increased their child’s body mass index (BMI). This finding suggests that mothers who work may have less time to devote to monitoring their child's food intake and physical activity, which places their children at higher risks of becoming overweight or obese over time. Conversely, father’s work transitions and educational gains contribute to decreases in child's BMI. Thus, work instability and increasing educational attainment for the traditional breadwinner of the household corresponds to better child weight outcomes. Results also suggest that there are racial differences in child BMI that remain after adjusting for changes in socioeconomic status, which indicate that the same structural disadvantages that operate to keep minorities in lower social class standings in society also work to hinder minorities from advancing among and out of their social class. Policy implications related to curbing child obesity are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jones, Antwan. "Parental Socioeconomic Instability and Child Obesity." Biodemography and Social Biology 64,1 (May 2018): 15-29.
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3119. |
Jones, Antwan |
Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health during Childhood: A Longitudinal Examination of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Parental Socioeconomic Timing and Child Obesity Risk International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15,4 (April 2018): . Also: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/4/728/htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute) Keyword(s): Child Health; Family Income; Obesity; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research suggests that socioeconomic standing during the early years of life, particularly in utero, is associated with child health. However, it is unclear whether socioeconomic benefits are only maximized at very young ages. Moreover, given the link between socioeconomic status (SES) and race, research is inconclusive whether any SES benefits during those younger ages would uniformly benefit all racial and ethnic groups. Using 1986-2014 data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79), this study examines the impact of socioeconomic timing on child weight outcomes by race. Specifically, this research investigates whether specific points exist where socioeconomic investment would have higher returns on child health. Findings suggest that both the timing and the type of socioeconomic exposure is important to understanding child weight status. SES, particularly mother's employment and father's education, is important in determining child health, and each measure is linked to weight gain differently for White, Black, and Hispanic children at specific ages. Policies such as granting more educational access for men and work-family balance for women are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jones, Antwan. "Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health during Childhood: A Longitudinal Examination of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Parental Socioeconomic Timing and Child Obesity Risk." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15,4 (April 2018): .
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3120. |
Jones, Elise F. Forrest, Jacqueline D. |
Underreporting of Abortion in Surveys of U.S. Women: 1976 to 1988 Demography 29,1 (February 1992): 113-126. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/f326385u33604573/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Abortion; Behavior; Data Quality/Consistency; Fertility; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Self-Reporting; Underreporting Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although research on reproductive behavior depends heavily on information from surveys, abortions are characteristically underreported in such data. Estimates of the level of reporting are made for each of the recent major surveys of U.S. women: the 1976, 1982, and 1988 cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth, the 1976 and 1979 National Surveys of Young Women, and the National Longitudinal Surveys of Work Experience of Youth. The estimates are based on comparisons with external counts of abortions taking place. We examine variation by characteristics of women, trends over time, and the possible effects of length of rack and of the way in which questions about abortion are asked. Abortion reporting is round to be highly deficient in all the surveys, although the level varies widely. Whites are more likely to report their abortions than nonwhites. Special, confidential questioning procedures hold promise for improving the results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jones, Elise F. and Jacqueline D. Forrest. "Underreporting of Abortion in Surveys of U.S. Women: 1976 to 1988." Demography 29,1 (February 1992): 113-126.
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3121. |
Jones, Lauren Wang, Guangyi Yilmazer, Tansel |
The Long-Run Effect of Income on Health: Evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credits Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the long-term effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on physical and mental health of women using exogenous policy variation. Using data from the NLSY79, we relate lifetime exposure to the EITC policy to measures of health status at age 50. We find that higher EITC exposure led to improvements in physical health by reducing the occurrence of illnesses that limit moderate and work activities and lowering the likelihood of the onset of a severe illness. However, we do not find any significant positive effects of EITC on mental health. Our findings suggest that the EITC improves physical health through multiple channels by raising income and improving health behaviors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jones, Lauren, Guangyi Wang and Tansel Yilmazer. "The Long-Run Effect of Income on Health: Evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credits." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
3122. |
Jones, Lauren Wang, Guangyi Yilmazer, Tansel |
The Long-term Effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Women's Physical and Mental Health Health Economics published online (22 March 2022): DOI: 10.1002/hec.4501. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.4501 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a novel method, and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), we estimate the cumulative, long-term, causal effect of Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) eligibility on women's physical and mental health at age 50. We find that an increase in lifetime eligible EITC benefits is associated with long-term improvements in physical health, such as reduced occurrence of activity-limiting health problems and reduced reported diagnoses of mild and severe diseases. We explore intermediate health behaviors and outcomes, and find that an increase in lifetime eligible EITC benefits increases the number of hours worked and access to employer-sponsored health insurance, and decreases body mass index in the short-term. We find no significant effects of the EITC on mental health at age 50. Finally, we find that White women benefit disproportionately from the EITC in terms of mobility-related health issues, while Black and Hispanic women benefit in terms of lung-related illnesses like asthma, as well as cancer and stroke. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jones, Lauren, Guangyi Wang and Tansel Yilmazer. "The Long-term Effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Women's Physical and Mental Health." Health Economics published online (22 March 2022): DOI: 10.1002/hec.4501.
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3123. |
Jones, Marian Moser Liu, Tao Shenassa, Edmond D. |
Differential Secular Trends in BMI in Relation to Region of Childhood Residence: A 25 Year Follow-up of a Nationally Representative Sample Presented: Boston MA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Childhood Residence; Modeling, Random Effects; Obesity; Regions; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although regional variations in prevalence of overweight and average BMI have been well documented, the relationship between childhood region of residence and BMI in adulthood remains poorly understood. This study aimed to estimate secular trends in BMI among US adults and to examine these trends in relation to region of residence in childhood and adulthood. Using 16 waves of nationally representative data from The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (n=12,686), the study examined the change in individuals' BMI over 25 years using random effects models. We found an independent positive association between years of residence in the South during childhood and adolescence (age 14), and secular trends in overweight during adolescence and adulthood (ß = .08, p =.05). In line with previous studies, the average BMI among men overall increases by 0.07~0.34 kg/m2 and the odds of being overweight increases multiplicatively by 3~12% (obese: 4~10%) over each birth cohort year. Among women, the average BMI increases by 0.14~0.21 kg/m2 and the odds of being overweight increases by -2~8% (obese: -6~10%). These increasing trends are significant for both genders among whites and among all races combined. The secular trend in BMI for respondents who resided in the South during childhood is elevated in comparison to the trend for other respondents, suggesting an independent association between childhood region of residence and trends in BMI during adulthood. This is the most precise and detailed epidemiologic study to date to examine secular trends in BMI among US residents in relation to regional differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jones, Marian Moser, Tao Liu and Edmond D. Shenassa. "Differential Secular Trends in BMI in Relation to Region of Childhood Residence: A 25 Year Follow-up of a Nationally Representative Sample." Presented: Boston MA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2013. |
3124. |
Jones, Stephen R. G. Riddell, W. Craig |
The Measurement of Labor Force Dynamics with Longitudinal Data: The Labour Market Activity Survey Filter Journal of Labor Economics 13,2 (April 1995): 351-385. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2535108 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Canada, Canadian; Canadian Labour Market Activity Survey (LMAS); Cross-national Analysis; Employment; Labor Economics; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) This article explores the measurement of labor force dynamics using longitudinal data, focusing in particular on the Canadian Labour Market Activity Survey (LMAS), which represents a potential advance in longitudinal data collection because it measures aspects of dynamics not available in existing panel data such as the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Longitudinal Survey. The authors examine the implications of the LMAS questionnaire structure--the LMAS filter--for the study of labor market dynamics and undertake simulations to provide a quantitative assessment of the importance of this filter for labor force spells and transitions between labor force states. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jones, Stephen R. G. and W. Craig Riddell. "The Measurement of Labor Force Dynamics with Longitudinal Data: The Labour Market Activity Survey Filter." Journal of Labor Economics 13,2 (April 1995): 351-385.
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3125. |
Jordan, Jeffrey L. Kostandini, Genti Mykerezi, Elton |
Rural and Urban High School Dropout Rates: Are They Different? Journal of Research in Rural Education 27,12 (2012): . Also: http://www.jrre.psu.edu/articles/27-12.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Penn State University Center on Rural Education and Communities Keyword(s): Assets; Dropouts; Geocoded Data; High School Completion/Graduates; Parental Influences; Rural Areas; Rural/Urban Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study estimates the high school dropout rate in rural and urban areas, the determinants of dropping out, and whether the differences in graduation rates have changed over time. We use geocoded data from two nationally representative panel household surveys (NLSY 97 and NLSY 79) and a novel methodology that corrects for biases in graduation rates (Heckman and La Fontaine, 2010). Our findings suggest that high school graduation rates are very similar across the rural-urban continuum in the early 2000s, and they are lower by 3 percentage points compared to the 1980s, with the decline experienced uniformly across the rural-urban continuum. We find that gender, family assets, the presence of biological parents, and maternal attributes appear to be the main determinants of graduation and influence graduation in a similar way across both urban and rural areas. For years, the research literature has looked at various issues from a perspective of determining how rural and urban areas are different with regard to high school dropout rates. We suggest that once family attributes are accounted for differences in rural and urban areas are small and narrowing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jordan, Jeffrey L., Genti Kostandini and Elton Mykerezi. "Rural and Urban High School Dropout Rates: Are They Different? ." Journal of Research in Rural Education 27,12 (2012): .
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3126. |
Jordan, Lisa C. |
Familial and Self-Concept Variables Related to Substance Abuse in a National Study of Disadvantaged Young Adults M.A. Thesis, Michigan State University, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Family Models; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Income Level; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Modeling; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception; Substance Use This study tested a model of self-concept as a "buffer" between exposure to substance abuse in the family system and outcomes of substance abuse in children of alcoholics. Descriptive analyses were conducted with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The analyses focused on a supplemental sample from the NLSY (n = 4,777) including African American, Hispanic, and low-income Caucasian youth. It was anticipated that high self- concept (as measured by indices of self-esteem, locus of control, and level of aspirations/expectations for academic success) would act as a "buffer," decreasing rates of substance abuse in high risk youth. This study found minimal support for the "buffer" model. The only confirmatory evidence was obtained from analyses using the self-esteem measure with females aged 24-27. While the evidence for the other groups was less conclusive, some interesting gender and age effects were identified. The findings suggested that self-con cept may exert variable effects on substance use depending on the age and gender of the individual. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jordan, Lisa C. Familial and Self-Concept Variables Related to Substance Abuse in a National Study of Disadvantaged Young Adults. M.A. Thesis, Michigan State University, 1993. |
3127. |
Joseph, Alfred Louis |
The Impact of Tracking: An Examination of Outcomes Journal of Poverty 2,1 (1997): 1-21. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/wpov20/2/1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Education; Mobility, Social; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) The educational practice of tracking (ability grouping) is a widespread and controversial practice in the nation's schools. The charge has been made that poor, working-class and especially African-American schoolchildren are adversely impacted by this school policy. Critics believe that lower track children are not given the type of knowledge and instruction that allows for social mobility. Using a sample from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the author compares outcomes of 1900 tracked students. Results show that more than just the placement in academic tracks impacts outcomes for these young people. Race and class of origin are critical factors for life outcomes and also impact on who gets placed in which academic tracks. [Copyright 1998 by The Haworth Press. Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: getinfo@, haworth.com] |
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Bibliography Citation
Joseph, Alfred Louis. "The Impact of Tracking: An Examination of Outcomes." Journal of Poverty 2,1 (1997): 1-21.
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3128. |
Joseph, Alfred Louis |
Tracking of School Children: a Comparison of Life Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Demography; Education; Employment; Family Income; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Poverty; Social Work; Vocational Education The practice of ability grouping (tracking) in the schools is thought by many to have adverse effects on children placed in the non-academic or lower tracks. The curriculum and instruction they receive is inferior to that received by students in the academic or higher tracks. This study will look at how the practice of tracking has impacted the lives of school children according to how they were tracked in school. This investigation uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Out of the 12,686 possible cases, random selection was used to create four roughly equal groups of white male, white female, black male and black female respondents. The total number equaled 1,922; all high-school graduates. The data used came from survey year 1991. The variables of interest were grouped into four distinct categories. They were employment, educational, family financial and demographic. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, chi square, Anova and Ancova were used. For most of the analytic procedures, tracking (academic, general of vocational/commercial) was the predictor variable, the other variables were either categorized as confounding or criterion. Being placed in the academic track seemed to benefit the respondents when it came to employment and educational opportunities. It was also discovered that having a parent, especially a male parent, in certain job categories increased ones chances of being placed in the academic track. Academic track respondents also had better educated parents. In the financial arena, there were no significant differences, at the 0.05 level, due to track placement when hourly rate-of-pay was considered. Significant differences were found among the respondents when annual family income was used as the variable. Respondents in the academic track had much lower poverty rates than those respondents in the general or vocational/commercial. The distribution pattern of black and white respondents over the three tracks differed significantly. Blacks and whites also differed on outcomes within a particular track. For instance, in the academic track, the black female hourly rate-of-pay was 62% of the white female rate. It was slightly better for black males. Their rate was 78% of the white male rate. Similar discrepancies were also found in other tracks over many variables. Academic track placement was a definite advantage. However, same track placement did not guarantee equal outcomes. Race and sex seemed to be powerful influences. Given some of the results, one could conclude that tracking helps to maintain the status quo. This is done by grouping people with similar grounds and ensuring that they are exposed to similar types of educational experiences. This, in turn, greatly influences the types of occupational opportunities they will have. Having their offspring placed in academic tracks would complete the circle. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Joseph, Alfred Louis. Tracking of School Children: a Comparison of Life Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1995. |
3129. |
Joseph, Damien Ang, Soon Slaughter, Sandra A. |
Turnover or Turnaway? Competing Risks Analysis of Male and Female IT Professionals' Job Mobility and Relative Pay Gap Information Systems Research 26,1 (March 2015): DOI: 10.1287/isre.2014.0558. Also: https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/isre.2014.0558 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Clare Jellick; Gender Differences; Occupational Choice; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study draws on distributive justice, human capital, and stigmatization theories to hypothesize relationships between relative pay gap and patterns of job mobility. Our study also expands the criterion space of job mobility by contrasting different job destinations when information technology (IT) professionals make job moves. We examine three job moves: (a) turnover to another IT job in a different firm, (b) turnaway-within to a non-IT job, and (c) turnaway-between to a different firm and a non-IT job. We analyze work histories spanning 28 years for 359 IT professionals drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We report three major findings. First, as hypothesized, larger relative pay gaps significantly increase the likelihood of job mobility. Second, IT males and IT females have different job mobility patterns. IT males are more likely to turn over than turn away-between when faced with a relative pay gap. Further, and contrary to predictions from human capital theory, IT males are more likely to turn away-within than turn over. This surprising finding suggests that the ubiquitous use of IT in other business functions may have increased the value of IT skills for non-IT jobs and reduced the friction of moving from IT to other non-IT positions. Third, and consistent with stigmatization arguments, IT females are more likely to turn away from IT than to turn over when faced with a relative pay gap. In fact, to reduce relative pay gaps, IT females tend to take on lower-status jobs that pay less than their IT jobs. We conclude this study with important theoretical, practical, and policy implications. |
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Bibliography Citation
Joseph, Damien, Soon Ang and Sandra A. Slaughter. "Turnover or Turnaway? Competing Risks Analysis of Male and Female IT Professionals' Job Mobility and Relative Pay Gap." Information Systems Research 26,1 (March 2015): DOI: 10.1287/isre.2014.0558.
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3130. |
Joseph, Damien Boh, Wai Fong Ang, Soon Slaughter, Sandra A. |
The Career Paths Less (or More) Traveled: A Sequence Analysis of IT Career Histories, Mobility Patterns, and Career Success MIS Quarterly 36, 2 (2012): 427-452. Also: https://misq.umn.edu/the-career-paths-less-or-more-traveled-a-sequence-analysis-of-it-career-histories-mobility-patterns-and-career-success.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Minnesota Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Occupational Status; Occupations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the objective career histories, mobility patterns, and career success of 500 individuals, drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), who had worked in the information technology workforce. Sequence analysis of career histories shows that careers of the IT workforce are more diverse than the traditional view of a dual IT career path (technical versus managerial). This study reveals a new career typology comprising three broad, distinct paths: IT careers; professional labor market (PLM) careers; and secondary labor market (SLM) careers. Of the 500 individuals in the IT workforce, 173 individuals pursued IT careers while the remaining 327 individuals left IT for other high-status non-IT professional jobs in PLM or lower-status, non-IT jobs in SLM careers. Findings of this study contribute to refining the concept of "boundaryless" careers. By tracing the diverse trajectories of career mobility, we enrich our understanding of how individuals construct boundaryless careers that span not only organizational but also occupational boundaries. Career success did not differ in terms of average pay for individuals in IT and PLM careers. By contrast, individuals in SLM careers attained the lowest pay. We conclude this study with implications for future research and for the management of IT professionals' careers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Joseph, Damien, Wai Fong Boh, Soon Ang and Sandra A. Slaughter. "The Career Paths Less (or More) Traveled: A Sequence Analysis of IT Career Histories, Mobility Patterns, and Career Success." MIS Quarterly 36, 2 (2012): 427-452.
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3131. |
Joshi, Heather Cooksey, Elizabeth C. Clarke, Lynda Wiggins, Richard D. McCulloch, Andrew |
Family Disruption and the Cognitive and Behavioural Development of Children in Longitudinal Data from Britain and USA Working Paper No. 50, National Child Development Study, User Support Group, March 1998. Also: London, England: City University, Social Statistics Research Unit Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Child Development Study - NCDS Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Britain, British; Children, Well-Being; Cross-national Analysis; Families, Two-Parent; Family Characteristics; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Structure; Family Studies; Heterogeneity; Modeling; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Does the increasing number of children living outside a conventional two-parent nuclear family, mean bad news for children? Is cognitive and emotional development being harmed by the breakdown of the family, or has a moral panic been overstated? Evidence comes from the second generation of the British NCDS (1958 birth cohort), collected in 1991, when the study members were 33, and the American NLSY (1958-1965 cohorts), interviewed in 1992, when the sub-sample of their children studied were at least 4. Models relating family structure to child well-being are presented with and without adjustment for other demographic, social and economic circumstances. A multi-variate, multi-level strategy estimates heterogeneity within and between families. Simple associations between family disruption and child well-being are shown to be mediated through material and other factors. The high variability in the data defies deterministic modelling but there appear to be differing associations in the two countries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Joshi, Heather, Elizabeth C. Cooksey, Lynda Clarke, Richard D. Wiggins and Andrew McCulloch. "Family Disruption and the Cognitive and Behavioural Development of Children in Longitudinal Data from Britain and USA." Working Paper No. 50, National Child Development Study, User Support Group, March 1998. |
3132. |
Joshi, Heather Cooksey, Elizabeth C. Verropoulou, Georgia Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Tzavidis, Nikos |
Combining Childrearing with Work: Do Maternal Employment Experiences Compromise Child Development Presented: Marrakech, Morocco, XXVI International Population Conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), Sep 27-Oct 2, 2009 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); British Cohort Study (BCS); Child Care; Child Health; Family Structure; Job Characteristics; Maternal Employment; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using longitudinal panel study data from both Great Britain (BCS70) and the United States (NLSY79) we explore how various aspects of maternal employment during the first few years of a child's life might impact the cognitive and behavioral development of children as they move through early and middle childhood, and into early adolescence. Both the UK and the US have seen a substantial increase in the employment of mothers with young children in recent years although due to different maternity leave policies in the two countries, American mothers tend to return to employment after a shorter period than British mothers. We investigate both patterns of maternal employment and the nature of that employment, and utilize multi-level, multivariate modeling to examine how mother's labour force involvement during early childhood might be associated with various child outcomes that are complementary across the two countries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Joshi, Heather, Elizabeth C. Cooksey, Georgia Verropoulou, Elizabeth G. Menaghan and Nikos Tzavidis. "Combining Childrearing with Work: Do Maternal Employment Experiences Compromise Child Development." Presented: Marrakech, Morocco, XXVI International Population Conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), Sep 27-Oct 2, 2009. |
3133. |
Joshi, Heather Cooksey, Elizabeth C. Wiggins, Richard D. McCulloch, Andrew Verropoulou, Georgia Clarke, Lynda |
Diverse Family Living Situations and Child Development: A Multi-Level Analysis Comparing Longitudinal Evidence from Britain and the United States International Journal of Law, Policy, and the Family 13 (1999): 292-314 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Britain, British; Children, Well-Being; Cross-national Analysis; Fathers, Absence; Human Capital Theory; Marital Status; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Earlier version presented: British Society for Population Studies, Cambridge, England and Annual Conference of the Royal Statistical Society, 1998 This study uses national data from both Great Britain and the United State to examine the relationship between children's family history and their educational and behavioral development. We use a multivariate, multi-level modeling strategy to estimate heterogeneity both within and between families. Our results show that associations between family living situations and children's well-being appear to be mediated by levels of human, financial and social capital available to children. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence that children with non-traditional family living experiences are any more likely to be negatively impacted in Britain than across the Atlantic where diverse living arrangements are more widespread. |
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Bibliography Citation
Joshi, Heather, Elizabeth C. Cooksey, Richard D. Wiggins, Andrew McCulloch, Georgia Verropoulou and Lynda Clarke. "Diverse Family Living Situations and Child Development: A Multi-Level Analysis Comparing Longitudinal Evidence from Britain and the United States." International Journal of Law, Policy, and the Family 13 (1999): 292-314.
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3134. |
Joshi, Pamela Kumari |
Flexibility for Whom? The Effects of Nontraditional Work Arrangements on Parental Involvement with Children Ph.D. Dissertation, Brandeis University, The Florence Heller Graduate School for Advanced Studies in Social Welfare, 2001. DAI, 62, no. 05A Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Care; Family Studies; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Modeling, Multilevel; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Part-Time Work; Shift Workers; Welfare; Work Hours/Schedule Working families lead incredibly complex lives with few options that allow parents to feel successful in their careers and at home. One proposed solution is nontraditional work, which includes part-time, part-year, flextime, flexplace, irregular shifts, temporary assignments and independent contracting. These work arrangements can introduce flexibility in hours, schedules, locations or work assignments that may increase parental time with children, or synchronize parents' work schedules with children's schedules. While many scholars advocate these work arrangements as beneficial, others raise questions about their flexibility, job quality, and accessibility for single parents. This dissertation investigates the economic benefits and costs of available nontraditional work options and their effects on parental involvement with children. Using a sample of mothers and children between the ages of 10 and 14 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth panel study for the years 1994 and 1996, this study tests cross-sectional and lagged models of the determinants of parenting. The resulting descriptive analyses show that, with the exception of flextime, nontraditional work arrangements carry serious economic consequences. Multivariate models demonstrate that the only work arrangement that consistently increases parental involvement is mothers' part-time work, though positive effects partly depend on the presence of a spouse. On the other hand, fathers' part-time work has both positive and negative effects. "Family friendly" policies, such as flextime, do not significantly impact parenting, while flexplace produces mixed effects. Shift work, despite being a reasonable child care strategy, negatively affects parent-child relationships. Mothers' temporary work, if hired by a company directly, negatively influences time and activities with children, while temporary agency work and contracting have mixed effects. Given the economic costs and the mixed effects on parenting, nontraditional work, in its current form, is a risky solution for parents. Reducing work time is a strategy that helps some parents who can afford the economic tradeoffs. Developing an effective solution for all workers will require workplaces and government policies to go beyond "family friendly" and rethink the organization of work and how working time can be altered to incorporate the dual needs of business and families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Joshi, Pamela Kumari. Flexibility for Whom? The Effects of Nontraditional Work Arrangements on Parental Involvement with Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, Brandeis University, The Florence Heller Graduate School for Advanced Studies in Social Welfare, 2001. DAI, 62, no. 05A. |
3135. |
Joshi, Pamela Kumari |
Mothers and Nonstandard Work: Effects on Children's Home Environments Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Divorce; Family Formation; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Labor Market Segmentation; Mothers; Part-Time Work; Unions; Work Hours/Schedule; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Changing employer practices leading to the development & increasing use of new work arrangements, eg, temporary, part-time, contract, & on-call work, have been well documented. As mothers' labor force participation increases, both men & women are experiencing growing dissatisfaction with their ability to integrate their work & family lives. Some argue that nonstandard work arrangements help families by improving flexibility in schedules that allow parents more time to meet their children's needs. Others argue that nonstandard work arrangements are substandard jobs that may alleviate work & family conflicts, but to the detriment of mother's careers. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth mother-child sample for 1994 are used to estimate a model of children's home environments, showing that nonstandard work arrangement as a general category positively influences children's home environments, controlling for family & work characteristics. Individual categories of nonstandard work (temp agency, temp direct hire, contractor, consultant, involuntary part-time) are not significant predictors of children's home environments. Running the models separately by mothers' education shows that specific categories of nonstandard work also positively impact children's lives. It should be noted that these nonstandard work arrangements are significant only when wages, job tenure, & workplace benefits are held constant. Thus, nonstandard work arrangements by themselves will not improve children's home environments; a variety of other workplace policies need to be in place. |
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Bibliography Citation
Joshi, Pamela Kumari. "Mothers and Nonstandard Work: Effects on Children's Home Environments." Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1998. |
3136. |
Joyce, Theodore J. Kaestner, Robert Korenman, Sanders D. |
On the Validity of Retrospective Assessments of Pregnancy Intention NBER Working Paper, Baruch College, New York, NY and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics and Finance, Baruch College, CUNY Keyword(s): Birthweight; Breastfeeding; Childbearing; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Fertility; Methods/Methodology; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Information on pregnancy intention is often gathered retrospectively (after the birth of the child). This paper investigated whether retrospective assessment of pregnancy intention leads to biased estimates of the consequences or extent of unintended fertility. Comparison is made between pregnancy intentions ascertained during pregnancy or after birth in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Such comparisons are found to be biased by selective recognition or acknowledgement or pregnancy. The longitudinal feature of the data is used to determine actual pregnancy status at interview, which in turn is used as an instrumental variable for prospective (versus retrospective) reporting of pregnancy intention. After correction for selective pregnancy recognition, there is no evidence that retrospective assessment of pregnancy intention produces misleading estimates of either the number of the consequences of unintended births. This finding is supported by additional analysis of a small subsample for which pregnancy intention information was collected both during pregnancy and after delivery. |
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Bibliography Citation
Joyce, Theodore J., Robert Kaestner and Sanders D. Korenman. "On the Validity of Retrospective Assessments of Pregnancy Intention." NBER Working Paper, Baruch College, New York, NY and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, 2000. |
3137. |
Joyce, Theodore J. Kaestner, Robert Korenman, Sanders D. |
On the Validity of Retrospective Assessments of Pregnancy Intention Demography 39,1 (February 2002): 199-213. Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/demography/v039/39.1joyce.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birthweight; Breastfeeding; Childbearing; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Fertility; Infants; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Information on pregnancy intention is often gathered retrospectively (after the birth of a child). This article investigates whether the retrospective assessment of pregnancy intention leads to biased estimates of the extent or consequences of unintended fertility. Comparisons are made between pregnancy intentions ascertained during pregnancy and after birth using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. To address the bias caused by selective recognition or acknowledgment of pregnancy, we used the longitudinal feature of the data to determine actual pregnancy status at the time of interviews, which, in turn, was used as an instrumental variable for the retrospective (versus prospective) reporting of pregnancy intention. After correction for selective pregnancy recognition, we found no evidence that the retrospective assessment of pregnancy intention produces misleading estimates of either the number or the consequences of unintended births. This finding is supported by additional analyses of a small subsample of women for whom information on pregnancy intention was collected both during pregnancy and after birth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Joyce, Theodore J., Robert Kaestner and Sanders D. Korenman. "On the Validity of Retrospective Assessments of Pregnancy Intention." Demography 39,1 (February 2002): 199-213.
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3138. |
Joyce, Theodore J. Kaestner, Robert Korenman, Sanders D. |
Stability of Pregnancy Intentions and Pregnancy-Related Maternal Behaviors Maternal and Child Health Journal 4,3 (September 2000): 171-178. Also: http://www-us.ebsco.com/online/direct.asp?ArticleID=K1FLUG8TF79MGQBYVFV2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: JAMA: Journals of the American Medical Association Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Child Health; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Fertility; Infants; Marital Status; Mothers, Behavior; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: Our objectives were to characterize the stability of pregnancy intention and to examine whether stability is associated with the timing of prenatal care initiation, smoking during pregnancy, and breastfeeding. Methods: We use a sample of women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) for whom information on pregnancy intention was collected both during pregnancy and after delivery. In bivariate analyses we compare outcomes and characteristics of women whose pregnancy intention changed between the prenatal and postpartum periods. With multivariate methods, we analyze the correlates of switching pregnancy intention as well as the association between switching and maternal behaviors. Results: Women whose pregnancy intention changes between the two assessments are similar in marital status and socioeconomic background to those who report both during pregnancy and after delivery that the pregnancy is unintended. Disagreement during pregnancy between the parents' pregnancy intentions is the most important predictor of instability in the mother's pregnancy intention. Effects of unintended pregnancy on the timing of initiation of prenatal care, smoking during pregnancy, and breastfeeding based on reports after delivery are smaller than those based on reports during pregnancy, although differences are not statistically significant. Adverse effects of unintended pregnancy are greater when pregnancies reported by the mother to be unintended at either assessment are combined into a single category for unintended pregnancy. Conclusion: Unstable pregnancy intention may be a marker for adverse maternal behaviors related to infant health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Joyce, Theodore J., Robert Kaestner and Sanders D. Korenman. "Stability of Pregnancy Intentions and Pregnancy-Related Maternal Behaviors." Maternal and Child Health Journal 4,3 (September 2000): 171-178.
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3139. |
Joyce, Theodore J. Kaestner, Robert Korenman, Sanders D. |
The Effect of Pregnancy Intention on Child Development Demography 37,1 (February 2000): 83-94. Also: https://zicklin.baruch.cuny.edu/faculty/profiles/papers/joyce1.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Health; Fertility; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Siblings; Wantedness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to investigate the empirical link between unintended pregnancy and child health and development. An important contribution of our study is the use of information on siblings to control for unmeasured factors that may confound estimates of the effect of pregnancy intentions on infant and child outcomes. Results from our study indicate that unwanted pregnancy is associated with prenatal and postpartum maternal behaviors that adversely affect infant and child health, but that unwanted pregnancy has little association with birth weight and child cognitive outcomes. Estimates of the association between unwanted pregnancy and maternal behaviors were greatly reduced after controls for unmeasured family background were included in the model. Our results also indicate that there are no significant differences in maternal behaviors or child outcomes between mistimed and wanted pregnancies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Joyce, Theodore J., Robert Kaestner and Sanders D. Korenman. "The Effect of Pregnancy Intention on Child Development." Demography 37,1 (February 2000): 83-94.
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3140. |
Joyner, Kara Carmalt, Julie H. Dunifon, Rachel |
Parenting in Vain? Stepfather Influences on Early Transitions to Parenthood Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009. Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=91119 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Presence; Gender Differences; Parenting Skills/Styles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997, we examine the influence of resident fathers' parenting style on early transitions to parenthood. Results differ by gender and for those living with biological vs. stepfathers. We find, overall, fewer family-based predictors of early parenthood for boys, compared to girls, and for those living with a stepfather, compared to those living with a biological father. For girls, having an uninvolved mother or an authoritarian father is associated with an increased risk of early parenthood, but only for those living with a biological father. For boys, there were no effects of maternal parenting style on early parenthood. However, having an uninvolved biological father was associated with an increased risk in early fertility, while the opposite effect was observed for stepfathers, such that having an uninvolved stepfather was associated with a reduced risk of early birth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Joyner, Kara, Julie H. Carmalt and Rachel Dunifon. "Parenting in Vain? Stepfather Influences on Early Transitions to Parenthood." Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009. |
3141. |
Joyner, Kara Peters, H. Elizabeth Hynes, Kathryn Sikora, Asia Taber, Jamie Rubenstein Rendall, Michael S. |
The Quality of Male Fertility Data in Major U.S. Surveys Demography 49,1 (February 2012): 101-124. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/n52u383172070883/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Census of Population; Data Quality/Consistency; Fathers; Fathers, Biological; Fertility; Methods/Methodology; Monte Carlo; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Researchers continue to question fathers’ willingness to report their biological children in surveys and the ability of surveys to adequately represent fathers. To address these concerns, this study evaluates the quality of men’s fertility data in the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97) and in the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Comparing fertility rates in each survey with population rates based on data from Vital Statistics and the U.S. Census Bureau, we document how the incomplete reporting of births in different surveys varies according to men’s characteristics, including their age, race, marital status, and birth cohort. In addition, we use Monte Carlo simulations based on the NSFG data to demonstrate how birth underreporting biases associations between early parenthood and its antecedents. We find that in the NSFG, roughly four out of five early births were reported; but in the NLSY79 and NLSY97, almost nine-tenths of early births were reported. In all three surveys, incomplete reporting was especially pronounced for nonmarital births. Our results suggest that the quality of male fertility data is strongly linked to survey design and that it has implications for models of early male fertility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Joyner, Kara, H. Elizabeth Peters, Kathryn Hynes, Asia Sikora, Jamie Rubenstein Taber and Michael S. Rendall. "The Quality of Male Fertility Data in Major U.S. Surveys ." Demography 49,1 (February 2012): 101-124.
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3142. |
Joyner, Kara Peters, H. Elizabeth Sikora, Asia Hynes, Kathryn Rubenstein, Jamie C. |
The Quality of Male Fertility Data in Major U.S. Surveys Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Age at Birth; Census of Population; Data Quality/Consistency; Ethnic Differences; Fatherhood; Fathers; Fathers and Children; Fertility; Marital Status; Methods/Methodology; Monte Carlo; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Researchers continue to question fathers' willingness to report their biological children in surveys, and the ability of surveys to adequately represent them. To address these concerns, this study evaluates the quality of men's fertility data in the 1979 and 1997 Cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97), and in the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Comparing fertility rates in each survey to population rates based on the data from the National Center for Health Statistics and the U.S. Census Bureau, we document how the undercount of births to men in different surveys varies according to several of their characteristics, including their age, race/ethnicity, marital status, and birth cohort. In addition, we use Monte Carlo simulations based on the NSFG data to demonstrate how birth undercounting biases associations between early parenthood and its antecedents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Joyner, Kara, H. Elizabeth Peters, Asia Sikora, Kathryn Hynes and Jamie C. Rubenstein. "The Quality of Male Fertility Data in Major U.S. Surveys." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
3143. |
Judge, Timothy A. Cable, Daniel M. |
The Effect of Physical Height on Workplace Success and Income: Preliminary Test of a Theoretical Model Journal of Applied Psychology 89,3 (2004): 428-441. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/89/3/428/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Berkeley Intergenerational Studies; Height; Quality of Employment Survey (QES) In this article, the authors propose a theoretical model of the relationship between physical height and career success. We then test several linkages in the model based on a meta-analysis of the literature, with results indicating that physical height is significantly related to measures of social esteem (ˆ .41), leader emergence (ˆ .24), and performance (ˆ .18). Height was somewhat more strongly related to success for men (ˆ .29) than for women (ˆ .21), although this difference was not significant. Finally, given that almost no research has examined the relationship between individuals' physical height and their incomes, we present four large-sample studies (total N 8,590) showing that height is positively related to income ( ˆ .26) after controlling for sex, age, and weight. Overall, this article presents the most comprehensive analysis of the relationship of height to workplace success to date, and the results suggest that tall individuals have advantages in several important aspects of their careers and organizational lives. |
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Bibliography Citation
Judge, Timothy A. and Daniel M. Cable. "The Effect of Physical Height on Workplace Success and Income: Preliminary Test of a Theoretical Model." Journal of Applied Psychology 89,3 (2004): 428-441.
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3144. |
Judge, Timothy A. Cable, Daniel M. |
When It Comes to Pay, Do the Thin Win? The Effect of Weight on Pay for Men and Women Journal of Applied Psychology 96,1 (January 2011): 95-112. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/96/1/95/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Income; Income Level; Weight Cultivation theory suggests that society holds very different body standards for men versus women, and research indicates that the consequences of defying these social norms may not be linear. To test these notions in the employment context, we examined the relationship between weight and income and the degree to which the relationship varies by gender. For women, we theorized a negative weight–income relationship that is steepest at the thin end of the distribution. For men, we predicted a positive weight–income relationship until obesity, where it becomes negative. To test these hypotheses, we utilized 2 longitudinal studies, 1 German and 1 American. In Study 1, weight was measured over 2 time periods, and earnings were averaged over the subsequent 5 years. Study 2 was a multilevel study in which weight and earnings were within-individual variables observed over time, and gender was a between-individual variable. Results from the 2 studies generally support the hypotheses, even when examining within-individual changes in weight over time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Judge, Timothy A. and Daniel M. Cable. "When It Comes to Pay, Do the Thin Win? The Effect of Weight on Pay for Men and Women." Journal of Applied Psychology 96,1 (January 2011): 95-112.
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3145. |
Judge, Timothy A. Hurst, Charlice |
Capitalizing on One's Advantages: Role of Core Self-Evaluations Journal of Applied Psychology 92,5 (September 2007): 1212-1227. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/92/5/1212/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Achievement; Educational Attainment; Income Level; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception; Socioeconomic Factors The authors examined (a) whether core self-evaluations in adolescence and young adulthood predict income at midlife and (b) whether people with positive core self-evaluations are more likely to capitalize on advantages resulting from family socioeconomic status and academic achievement, resulting in even higher levels of income at midcareer. The sample consisted of participants from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a national probability sample that first surveyed participants in 1979. The authors found that core self-evaluations and family socioeconomic status and academic achievement predict income and that, furthermore, high core self-evaluations enhance the benefits derived from these factors. Overall, it appears that individuals with positive core self-evaluations are particularly adept at translating early advantages into later economic success. ((c) 2007 APA.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Judge, Timothy A. and Charlice Hurst. "Capitalizing on One's Advantages: Role of Core Self-Evaluations." Journal of Applied Psychology 92,5 (September 2007): 1212-1227.
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3146. |
Judge, Timothy A. Hurst, Charlice |
How the Rich (and Happy) Get Richer (and Happier): Relationship of Core Self-Evaluations to Trajectories in Attaining Work Success Journal of Applied Psychology 93,4 (July 2008): 849-863. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/93/4/849/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Occupational Status; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Self-Esteem; Self-Reporting; Wealth In this study, the authors linked core self-evaluations to job and work success. Utilizing a dynamic design from participants in the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY79), core self-evaluations were hypothesized to predict individuals' intercepts (starting levels of success), and their growth trajectories (slope of individuals' success over time) with respect to job satisfaction, pay, and occupational status. Results indicated that higher core self-evaluations were associated with both higher initial levels of work success and steeper work success trajectories. Education and health problems that interfere with work mediated a portion of the hypothesized relationships, suggesting that individuals with high core self-evaluations have more ascendant jobs and careers, in part, because they are more apt to pursue further education and maintain better health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Judge, Timothy A. and Charlice Hurst. "How the Rich (and Happy) Get Richer (and Happier): Relationship of Core Self-Evaluations to Trajectories in Attaining Work Success." Journal of Applied Psychology 93,4 (July 2008): 849-863.
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3147. |
Judge, Timothy A. Klinger, Ryan L. Simon, Lauren S. |
Time is on My Side: Time, General Mental Ability, Human Capital, and Extrinsic Career Success Journal of Applied Psychology 95,1 (January 2010): 92-107. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/95/1/92/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Human Capital; Income; Life Course; Occupational Prestige The present study linked general mental ability (GMA) to extrinsic career success using a multilevel framework that included time and 3 possible time-based mediators of the GMA–career success relationship. Results, based on a large national sample, revealed that over a 28-year period, GMA affected growth in 2 indicators of extrinsic career success (income and occupational prestige), such that the careers of high-GMA individuals ascended more steeply over time than those of low-GMA individuals. Part of the reason high-GMA individuals had steeper growth in extrinsic success over time was because they attained more education, completed more job training, and gravitated toward more complex jobs. GMA also moderated the degree to which within-individual variation in the mediating variables affected within-individual variation in extrinsic career success over time: Education, training, and job complexity were much more likely to translate into career success for more intelligent individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Judge, Timothy A., Ryan L. Klinger and Lauren S. Simon. "Time is on My Side: Time, General Mental Ability, Human Capital, and Extrinsic Career Success." Journal of Applied Psychology 95,1 (January 2010): 92-107.
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3148. |
Judge, Timothy A. Livingston, Beth A. |
Is the Gap More Than Gender? A Longitudinal Analysis of Gender, Gender Role Orientation, and Earnings Journal of Applied Psychology 93,5 (September 2008): 994–1012. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/93/5/994/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Earnings; Economics of Gender; Gender Differences; Men's Studies; Occupational Segregation; Wage Gap; Women's Roles; Women's Studies This study investigated the relationships among gender, gender role orientation (i.e., attitudes toward the gendered separation of roles at work and at home), and earnings. A multilevel model was conceptualized in which gender role orientation and earnings were within-individual variables that fluctuate over time (although predictors of between-individual differences in gender role orientation were also considered). Results indicated that whereas traditional gender role orientation was positively related to earnings, gender significantly predicted the slope of this relationship: Traditional gender role orientation was strongly positively associated with earnings for men; it was slightly negatively associated with earnings for women. Occupational segregation partly explained these gender differences. Overall, the results suggest that although gender role attitudes are becoming less traditional for men and for women, traditional gender role orientation continues to exacerbate the gender wage gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Judge, Timothy A. and Beth A. Livingston. "Is the Gap More Than Gender? A Longitudinal Analysis of Gender, Gender Role Orientation, and Earnings." Journal of Applied Psychology 93,5 (September 2008): 994–1012. A.
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3149. |
Judge, Timothy A. Watanabe, Shinichiro |
A Test of Ghiselli's "Hobo Syndrome" Working Paper 92-38, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, 1992. Also: http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/fthcorirl/92-38.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, Cornell University Keyword(s): Census of Population; Event History; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Work History Ghiselli (1974) observed that some workers possess internal impulses to migrate from one job to another irrespective of better alternatives or other apparently rational motives. Ghiselli labeled this tendency the "hobo syndrome." The present study tested the validity of the hobo syndrome using a national longitudinal sample of young workers. Results of event history analyses indicated support for the hypothesis that turnover depends on the number of times an individual has left his or her job in the past. Implications of the results are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Judge, Timothy A. and Shinichiro Watanabe. "A Test of Ghiselli's "Hobo Syndrome"." Working Paper 92-38, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, 1992. |
3150. |
Judge, Timothy A. Watanabe, Shinichiro |
Is the Past Prologue?: A Test of Ghiselli's Hobo Syndrome Journal of Management 21,2 (April1995): 211-229. Also: http://jom.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/2/211 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Census of Population; Event History; Job Turnover; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Ghiselli (1974 observed that some workers possess internal impulses to migrate from one job to another, irrespective of better alternatives or other apparently rational motives. Ghiselli labeled this tendency the "hobo syndrome." The present study tested the validity of the hobo syndrome using a national longitudinal sample of young workers. Results of event history analyses indicated support for the hypothesis that turnover depends on the number of times an individual has left his or her job in the past. The meaning and implications of the results in light of recent dispositional research are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Judge, Timothy A. and Shinichiro Watanabe. "Is the Past Prologue?: A Test of Ghiselli's Hobo Syndrome." Journal of Management 21,2 (April1995): 211-229.
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3151. |
Juhn, Chinhui Rubinstein, Yona Zuppann, Charles Andrew |
The Quantity-Quality Trade-off and the Formation of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills NBER Working Paper No. 21824, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birth Order; Educational Attainment; Family Size; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) We estimate the impact of increases in family size on childhood and adult outcomes using matched mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Using twins as an instrumental variable and panel data to control for omitted factors we find that families face a substantial quantity-quality trade-off: increases in family size decrease parental investment, decrease childhood cognitive abilities, and increase behavioral problems. The negative effects on cognitive abilities are much larger for girls while the detrimental effects on behavior are larger for boys. We also find evidence of heterogeneous effects by mother's AFQT score, with the negative effects on cognitive scores being much larger for children of mothers with low AFQT scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Juhn, Chinhui, Yona Rubinstein and Charles Andrew Zuppann. "The Quantity-Quality Trade-off and the Formation of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills." NBER Working Paper No. 21824, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2015. |
3152. |
Juhn, Chinhui Rubinstein, Yona Zuppann, Charles Andrew |
The Quantity-Quality Tradeoff and the Formation of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills Working Paper, University of Houston, October 2012 [Updated November 2014] Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: University of Houston Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birth Order; Educational Attainment; Family Size; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Force Participation; Noncognitive Skills; Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate the impact of increases in family size on childhood and adult outcomes using matched mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We use two approaches: using twin births as exogenous shocks to family size and utilizing the precise timing of family expansion to separate out family size increases from total family size effects. We find evidence that families face a substantial quantity-quality tradeoff: increases in family size decrease childhood cognitive abilities, decrease parental investment, decrease educational attainment, and decrease measures of adulthood non-cognitive abilities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Juhn, Chinhui, Yona Rubinstein and Charles Andrew Zuppann. "The Quantity-Quality Tradeoff and the Formation of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills." Working Paper, University of Houston, October 2012 [Updated November 2014]. |
3153. |
Jun, Tackseung Munasinghe, Lalith Roshan |
Does Wage Volatility Matter in Labor Markets? Theory and Evidence on Labor Mobility Working Paper, Department of Economics, Barnard College, Columbia University, May 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Columbia University Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Job Turnover; Minimum Wage; Modeling; Wage Dynamics; Wage Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We present theory and evidence on the effects of wage volatility on labor mobility. Our model of job turnover explicitly incorporates variance of within job wages by assuming that wages evolve as random walk processes. With the additional assumption that job changes entail "switching" costs, the key theoretical result is that the optimal threshold of turnover -- the minimum wage difference between outside and inside jobs necessary for a job change -- is positively related to wage volatility. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth show that workers who hold more volatile jobs quit less frequently and get bigger wage gains when they do quit. These findings are consistent with the implications of our theoretical model. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jun, Tackseung and Lalith Roshan Munasinghe. "Does Wage Volatility Matter in Labor Markets? Theory and Evidence on Labor Mobility." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Barnard College, Columbia University, May 2004. |
3154. |
Jung, Haeil |
Does Incarceration Impair the Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes of Men? Evidence from the NLSY79 Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Research Conference, November 5-9, 2009 Also: https://www.appam.org/conferences/fall/archives.asp Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Earnings; Economic Well-Being; Incarceration/Jail; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Minorities, Youth; Wage Rates; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The rapid increase in incarceration rates since the mid-1970s has given rise to a debate on how incarceration affects the economic activities of ex-prisoners. While theory suggests that the effect can be either positive or negative, most previous empirical research suggests that incarceration lowers subsequent labor market outcomes of men. Some recent research, however, shows that incarceration does not hurt the post-prison earnings and employment of men. Using data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), this paper tries to reconcile the conflicting evidence in the literature. Previous studies only use some labor market outcomes such as earnings, employment, or hourly wage. In order to fully understand the effect of incarceration on labor market outcomes, I investigate all three outcomes. I also show how using a valid comparison group for previously incarcerated men changes the estimated effect of incarceration. I improve the regression model by controlling for ever-incarceration status in order to compare previously incarcerated men with themselves prior to incarceration. This significantly changes the effect from negative to positive or null. Furthermore, I investigate whether the results I find change over time focusing on ever-incarcerated men. This paper finds that incarceration does not seem to hurt the marketable skills and employability of men. Post-incarceration earnings and average weekly work hours seem to reach pre-incarceration levels. Real hourly wage seems to increase after first incarceration. In addition, supporting these main findings, the marital status and family poverty rate before and after first incarceration indicate that the general well-being of men does not deteriorate after incarceration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jung, Haeil. "Does Incarceration Impair the Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes of Men? Evidence from the NLSY79." Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Research Conference, November 5-9, 2009. |
3155. |
Jung, Haeil |
Essays on Incarceration and Labor Market Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Harris School-Public Policy, The University of Chicago, 2009. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago Keyword(s): Earnings; Economic Well-Being; Incarceration/Jail; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Minorities, Youth; Wage Rates; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The male incarceration rate in the U.S. has increased by a factor of 4.5 between 1970 and 2000. This increase in incarceration has disproportionately focused on young minority men. Legitimate labor market participation is key to the economic well-being of young men in society. Thus, one of the most important questions raised by a sharp increase in incarceration is whether incarceration actually impairs young men's career and labor market prospects. The first essay in this dissertation examines how the length of incarceration in Illinois state prisons affects subsequent earnings and employment. After controlling for individual heterogeneity, I find that the length of incarceration is positively associated with earnings and employment even though these effects attenuate over time. The positive effects are stronger for individuals convicted of economically-motivated and less violent crimes such as property- and drug-related offenses than for those convicted of violent crimes such as person-related offenses. Also, the effect is stronger for men with self-reported drug addiction. In order to evaluate whether extensive exposure to rehabilitation and training programs can generate a positive effect of time served in prison, the second essay examines the effect of Illinois' Adult Transition Centers (ATC) on the earnings and employment of male ex-prisoners after they are released. The paper finds that the availability of ATC is associated with a higher employability of prisoners after release and that time in ATC is positively correlated with post-prison earnings through employment. These associations, however, attenuate over time. Also, the finding that men with more marketable skills successfully finish their terms in ATCs suggests that there is selection and sorting through the process of ATCs. The third essay tries to reconcile the conflicting evidence about the effect of incarceration on labor market outcomes in the literature. Using data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), I investigate the effect of incarceration on earnings, average weekly work hours, and hourly wage. Comparing ever-incarcerated men before and after incarceration, this paper finds that incarceration does not seem to hurt the marketable skills and employability of men. Post-incarceration earnings and average weekly work hours seem to reach pre-incarceration levels. Real hourly wages seem to increase after first incarceration. In addition, the marital status and family poverty rate before and after first incarceration indicate that the general well-being of men does not deteriorate after incarceration. Taken together, the essays suggest that incarceration does not harm the subsequent labor market outcomes of men. Especially, the length of incarceration is positively associated with earnings and employment even though these effects attenuate over time. It seems that rehabilitation and deterrence of incarceration are more effective for men convicted of property- or drug-related offenses and men with drug addiction. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jung, Haeil. Essays on Incarceration and Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harris School-Public Policy, The University of Chicago, 2009.. |
3156. |
Jung, Haeil |
The Long-Term Impact of Incarceration During the Teens and 20s on the Wages and Employment of Men Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 54,5 (2015): 317-337. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2015.1043480 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Incarceration/Jail; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Wages This article examines the long-term impact of incarceration during the teens and 20s on labor market outcomes and its causal pathways via education and job experience. Using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this article finds that incarceration in youth correctional institutions significantly reduces wages and the total number of weeks worked per year at age 39 or 40 while incarceration during the 20s only lowers wages. Further, this study finds that incarceration in youth correctional institutions lowers education and job experience at age 39 or 40 while incarceration in the 20s only significantly depresses job experience. |
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Bibliography Citation
Jung, Haeil. "The Long-Term Impact of Incarceration During the Teens and 20s on the Wages and Employment of Men." Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 54,5 (2015): 317-337.
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3157. |
Just, David Allen |
Delinquent Youth and Employment: The Mandate for Specialized Academic and Vocational Training Journal for Vocational Special Needs Education 7,3 (Spring 1985): 11-16, 34 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of Vocational Education Special Needs Personnel Keyword(s): Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Gender Differences; Illegal Activities; Racial Differences; School Suspension/Expulsion; Self-Reporting; Unemployment, Youth; Vocational Rehabilitation; Work Attitudes The youth interviewed were representative of the civilian, noninstitutional population of the United States ages 15 and 17 as of January 1979. Information in this paper was obtained from a self-reported delinquent behavior sample survey. A delinquency profile was developed using the ten most frequently self-reported delinquent acts committed by the participants. Eight response categories were used to determine a respondent's current labor force status. The delinquency category was cross-tabulated with the delinquency index by the following variates: gender, race, age, suspension from school, current residence, and living in a standard metropolitan statistical area. With few exceptions, the work records of self-reported offenders compared well with self-reported nondelinquent youth. Those who had been processed by the criminal justice system, however, tended to have employment problems occasioned by the adverse perceptions of employers, employment and training assistance agencies, and educational agencies. These findings suggest that intervention must focus on making employers, job training agencies, and educational agencies aware of the importance of upgrading the vocational capabilities of youth who have a history of contact with the criminal justice system. |
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Bibliography Citation
Just, David Allen. "Delinquent Youth and Employment: The Mandate for Specialized Academic and Vocational Training." Journal for Vocational Special Needs Education 7,3 (Spring 1985): 11-16, 34.
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3158. |
Just, David Allen |
The Relationship Between Delinquent Behavior and Work Values of Noninstitutionalized Youth Journal of Correctional Education 36,4 (December 1985): 148-154. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ326174&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ326174 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Correctional Education Association (CEA) Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Gender Differences; Illegal Activities; Racial Differences; Unemployment, Youth; Vocational Rehabilitation; Work Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Others have conducted extensive studies of work values for the general populace, this present study, using findings derived from the 1980 New Youth Survey of more than 12,000 youths by the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market, concentrates on the 15- to 17-year-old delinquent population. A delinquency profile is developed and through cross-tabulation and logistic regression its relationship to the variable, work values in 1979, is determined. Results of the analysis indicate that a 'nonrelationship' exists between delinquency and work values. Even as delinquency increases, work values tend to remain stable. |
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Bibliography Citation
Just, David Allen. "The Relationship Between Delinquent Behavior and Work Values of Noninstitutionalized Youth." Journal of Correctional Education 36,4 (December 1985): 148-154.
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3159. |
Just, David Allen |
The Relationship Between Female Delinquent Behavior and Work Values, Occupational Aspirations, and Labor Market Experience Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1984. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Attitudes; Behavioral Problems; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Labor Force Participation; Occupational Aspirations; School Suspension/Expulsion; Vocational Education The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between female delinquent behavior and work values, occupational aspirations, and labor market experience. Data was derived from the 1980 NLSY. Analyses were conducted on approximately 4,000 youth and three criterion variables were used: work values, occupational aspirations, and labor force status. The variates examined were: delinquency, gender, ethnic origin, age, suspension from school, current residence (rural/urban), and residence in a SMSA. Three methods of analysis were applied to the data: logistic regression (to analyze work values, employment status, and expected ability to achieve aspirations at age 35); least squares regression (to determine the relationship between the variates and the criterion variable, "occupational aspirations"); and cross-tabulation (to illustrate the relationship between the delinquency index and employment status). The findings were of two types: variates that showed a distinct relationship with the criterion variables; and those which were significant because they did not show any relationship to the criterion variables. Recommendations were offered concerning the reduction of present inequities, integration of the school system with the juvenile justice system, and the initiation of further research and pilot programs within the vocational education system. |
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Bibliography Citation
Just, David Allen. The Relationship Between Female Delinquent Behavior and Work Values, Occupational Aspirations, and Labor Market Experience. Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1984.. |
3160. |
Just, David Allen Wircenski, Jerry L |
The Relationship between Female Delinquent Behavior and Work Values, Occupational Aspirations and Labor Market Experience Final Report, Vocational-Technical Education Research Report 22,2 June 1984. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ERIC Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Education, Secondary; Labor Force Participation; Occupational Aspirations; School Suspension/Expulsion; Vocational Education; Work Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A study of female delinquent behavior used as data responses from approximately 4,000 15- to 17-year old civilian noninstitutionized youth who participated in the 1980 New Youth Survey of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience. Three criterion variables were used: work values, occupational aspirations, and labor force status. Variates included delinquency, gender, ethnic origin, age, suspension from school, and current residence. Three methods of data analysis were applied: (1) logistic regression to analyze work values, employment status, and expected ability to achieve aspiration; (2) least squares regression to determine the relationship between the variates and the criterion variable "occupational aspirations"; and (3) cross-tabulation to illustrate the relationship between the delinquency index and employment status. Females exhibited higher occupational aspirations but experienced consistently lower rates of employment than males. Females suspended from school had significantly lower rates of employment and less confidence in achieving occupational aspiration. Delinquency suggested either no relationship with the criterion variables or a rather unusual inverse relationship. Current residence was not related to occupational aspirations or work values. Age was not related to occupational aspirations or expected ability to achieve aspiration. (Two tables are appended: a summary of variables and Duncan Socioeconomic Conversion.) (YLB) |
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Bibliography Citation
Just, David Allen and Jerry L Wircenski. "The Relationship between Female Delinquent Behavior and Work Values, Occupational Aspirations and Labor Market Experience." Final Report, Vocational-Technical Education Research Report 22,2 June 1984. |
3161. |
Kaduk, Anne |
Move Up or Move Back? The Impact of Nonemployment Duration and Reason on Women's Wages and Work Hours at Workforce Reentry Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Exits; Re-employment; Wages; Women; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the extent to which women's work hours and hourly wages change upon re-employment after a period of non-employment and whether women's reasons for job exit predict such changes in work hours and wages. Beyond whether young to middle-age women return to the labor force (considered in previous work), examining the job conditions women attain upon return and the differences in their new jobs compared to the jobs they left provides insight into broad labor force inequalities in the US, including gender inequality. This paper uses data on around 10,000 person-spells of non-employment lasting two months or more in the NLSY79 to examine these aspects of women's employment. Analysis shows that many women return to fewer hours than the job they left, but mean wages largely do not change. Differences by education, reason for leaving last job, and family status are evident. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaduk, Anne. "Move Up or Move Back? The Impact of Nonemployment Duration and Reason on Women's Wages and Work Hours at Workforce Reentry." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
3162. |
Kaduk, Anne |
Multiple Agendas? How Women's Reasons for Employment Exits Affect Their Return to Work Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Labor Force Participation; Motherhood; Work Reentry Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines how women’s reasons for job exit, motherhood status, and education affect the probability and timing of their return to work. Women’s exits have been studied widely, yet little is known about who returns to work. But returning to work likely has important consequences for the well-being of women and their families. Using data on 8,843 person-spells of non-employment lasting three months or more in the NLSY79, I find that most women who experience a spell of non-employment eventually return to work, but the timing varies. Women with any college are more likely to return to employment quickly than those with twelve years or less of completed education if they left via job displacement or other involuntary job loss, but they spend more time not employed if they left because of a new child. New mothers remain non-employed longer than other groups, regardless of reason for exit. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaduk, Anne. "Multiple Agendas? How Women's Reasons for Employment Exits Affect Their Return to Work." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
3163. |
Kaduk, Anne |
Step Up or Step Back? The Impact of Non-Employment Duration and Reason on Women's Workforce Reentry Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Occupational Choice; Occupations, Female; Re-employment; Unemployment; Work Reentry Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the extent to which women change occupations and/or industry when seeking re-employment after a period of non-employment and whether women's reasons for job exit predict such changes in occupation and/or industry. Beyond whether young to middle-age women return to the labor force (considered in a previous paper), examining the types of jobs women attain upon return and the differences in their new jobs compared to the jobs they left will provide insight into broad labor force inequalities in the US, including gender inequality. This paper will use data on around 9,000 person-spells of non-employment lasting three months or more in the NLSY79 to examine these aspects of women's employment. I expect that such women will move out of more prestigious, perhaps better compensated, occupations and industries and into less advantaged areas where they are able to attain employment after being non-employed for a period of time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaduk, Anne. "Step Up or Step Back? The Impact of Non-Employment Duration and Reason on Women's Workforce Reentry." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
3164. |
Kaestner, Robert |
A Note on the Effect of Minimum Drinking Age Laws on Youth Alcohol Consumption Contemporary Economic Policy 18,3 (July 2000): 315-325. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2000.tb00028.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Gender Differences; Youth Problems This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to investigate the effect of minimum drinking age laws (MDALs) on youth alcohol consumption. Two considerations motivated the analysis. First, results from previous studies provide conflicting evidence of the effect of MDALs on alcohol consumption. Second, all previous studies of the effects of MDALs on alcohol consumption have failed to control for unmeasured time-varying state effects. This study addresses this latter issue by using a difference-in-differences-in-differences (DDD) methodology. The results of this study were mixed. On the one hand, a preponderance of estimates of the effect of MDALs on alcohol consumption are negative, although many are not significantly different from zero. On the other hand, estimates of the effect of MDALs differ by gender and exhibit some variation across samples and methods. In the end, I believe the estimates presented in this article are not sufficient to draw a definitive conclusion and suggest the need for additional research. (JEL 118, 112) |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert. "A Note on the Effect of Minimum Drinking Age Laws on Youth Alcohol Consumption." Contemporary Economic Policy 18,3 (July 2000): 315-325.
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3165. |
Kaestner, Robert |
Adolescent Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Correlates of Adult Health NBER Working Paper 14924, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2009. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w14924 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Childhood; Cognitive Ability; Family Environment; Family Income; Family Structure; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Home Environment; Self-Esteem; Well-Being While it is widely acknowledged that the family and childhood environments affect adult well being, why they matter is still an area of significant debate. Previous research concerned with this issue has focused on the influence of family income, family structure, and cognitive ability. Much of this research has focused on economic and social outcomes. Notably, the influence of childhood environments on adult health has not received as much attention as other outcomes, and when health has been the focus, interest has been mainly on childhood health. Here, I present a descriptive analysis of the associations between cognitive and non-cognitive traits measured at the end of childhood (age 14) and mental and physical health at age 41. Results suggest that, on average, adolescent cognitive ability and self esteem have a significant association with health at age 41. Other non-cognitive factors such as locus of control and adolescent substance use do not have significant associations with adult health. Net of adolescent influences, completed education has a significant association with adult health. The data for my analysis is drawn from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert. "Adolescent Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Correlates of Adult Health." NBER Working Paper 14924, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2009. |
3166. |
Kaestner, Robert |
Are Brothers Really Better? Sibling Sex Composition and Educational Achievement Revisited Journal of Human Resources 32,2 (Spring 1997): 250-284. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146215 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Brothers; Educational Attainment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Differences; Siblings In this paper, I examine the relationship between sibling sex composition and educational achievement. First, I replicate the study of Butcher and Case (1994) using data on a more recent birth cohort. Contrary to the findings of that study, I find basically no effect of sibling sex composition on the educational attainment of white males or females, although among black adults, those who grew up with a sister, or who had relatively more sisters, had greater levels of educational attainment than black adults with no or fewer sisters. Second, I broaden the analysis by examining the educational outcomes of children and teenagers. This extension is important because it provides an additional opportunity to test for sibling sex composition effects, and it helps differentiate between potential causes of a sibling sex composition effect. The results obtained from the analysis of child and teen outcomes suggest that sibling sex composition had little effect on educational achievement. The only group to be affected was black teens between the ages of 15 and 18. Those who grew up with sisters had higher educational achievement levels than those who grew up with brothers. (Copyright Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System 1997) Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5521 |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert. "Are Brothers Really Better? Sibling Sex Composition and Educational Achievement Revisited." Journal of Human Resources 32,2 (Spring 1997): 250-284.
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3167. |
Kaestner, Robert |
Are Brothers Really Better? Sibling Sex Composition and Educational Achievement Revisited NBER Working Paper No. 5521, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1996. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5521 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Black Youth; Educational Attainment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Psychological Effects; Racial Differences; Siblings In this paper, I examine the relationship between sibling sex composition and educational achievement. First, I replicate the study of Butcher and Case (1994) using data on a more recent birth cohort Contrary to the findings of that study, I find basically no effect of sibling sex composition on the educational attainment of white males or females, although among black adults, those who grew up with a sister, or who had relatively more sisters, had greater levels of educational attainment than persons with no or fewer sisters. Second, I broaden the analysis by examining the educational outcomes of children and teenagers. This extension is important because it provides an additional opportunity to test for sibling sex composition effects, and it helps differentiate between potential causes of a sibling sex composition effect. The results obtained from the analysis of child and teen outcomes suggest that sibling sex composition had little effect on educational achievement. The only group to be affected was black teens between the ages of 15 and 18. Those who grew up with sisters had higher educational achievement levels than those who grew up with brothers. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5521 |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert. "Are Brothers Really Better? Sibling Sex Composition and Educational Achievement Revisited." NBER Working Paper No. 5521, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1996. |
3168. |
Kaestner, Robert |
Does Drug Use Cause Poverty? NBER Working Paper No. 6406, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1998. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6406 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Drug Use; Poverty In this study, I examine the effect of drug use on poverty. The main objective of the paper is to provide descriptive empirical information about the relationship between drug use and poverty, and to explore, in a preliminary fashion, the question of whether drug use causes poverty. Toward this end, I present the results of both descriptive and multivariate analyses of the relationship between drug use and poverty for two national samples of young adults. One sample is drawn from the National Household Survey of Drug Abuse (NHSDA), and the other from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The results of the analysis indicate that for both samples, drug use is associated with greater poverty. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert. "Does Drug Use Cause Poverty?" NBER Working Paper No. 6406, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1998. |
3169. |
Kaestner, Robert |
Effects of Cocaine and Marijuana Use on Marriage and Marital Stability NBER Working Paper No. 5038, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1995. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5038 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Drug Use; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Marriage; Racial Differences; Substance Use This paper examines the relationship between illicit drug use and marital status. The paper starts with an overview of the relevant economic theory for this problem. Then, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experiences, the paper presents both cross sectional and longitudinal estimates of the effect of marijuana and cocaine use on marital status, time until first marriage, and duration of first marriage. The results indicate that in general, drug users are more likely to be unmarried due to a delay in the age at first marriage, and shorter marriage durations. The findings are not uniform, however, and differ according to the gender, race and age of the sample. (COPYRIGHT: This record is part of the Abstracts of Working Papers in Economics (AWPE) Database, copyright (c) 1995 Cambridge University Press.) Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5038 |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert. "Effects of Cocaine and Marijuana Use on Marriage and Marital Stability." NBER Working Paper No. 5038, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1995. |
3170. |
Kaestner, Robert |
New Estimates of the Effect of Marijuana and Cocaine Use on Wages Industrial and Labor Relations Review 47,3 (April 1994): 454-470. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2524977 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Drug Use; Heterogeneity; Illegal Activities; Wage Effects Using the 1984 and 1988 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study provides an update of several previous cross-sectional estimates of the effect of illicit drug use on wages, as well as the first longitudinal estimates of that effect. The cross-sectional results, which are generally consistent with the surprising findings of previous research, suggest that illicit drug use has a large, positive effect on wages. The longitudinal estimates, which control for unobserved heterogeneity in the sample, are mixed: among men, the estimated wage effects of both marijuana and cocaine use are negative, but among women, the effect of cocaine use remains positive and large. Because the longitudinal model is imprecisely estimated, however, those results are inconclusive. (Copyright New York State School of Industrial & Labor Relations 1994) |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert. "New Estimates of the Effect of Marijuana and Cocaine Use on Wages." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 47,3 (April 1994): 454-470.
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3171. |
Kaestner, Robert |
The Effect of Illicit Drug Use on the Labor Supply of Young Adults Journal of Human Resources 29,1 (Winter 1994): 126-155. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146059 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Drug Use; Employment, Youth; Illegal Activities; Labor Supply This paper analyzes the effects of illicit drug use on the labor supply of young adults using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The paper investigates whether the frequency and timing of marijuana and cocaine use are systematically related to the labor supply, and presents both cross-sectional and panel data estimates. The cross-sectional results are consistent with those of previous researchers, and suggest that illicit drug use has large, negative effects on labor supply. The longitudinal results, however, suggest that illicit drug use does not have a significant adverse impact on labor supply. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert. "The Effect of Illicit Drug Use on the Labor Supply of Young Adults." Journal of Human Resources 29,1 (Winter 1994): 126-155.
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3172. |
Kaestner, Robert |
The Effect of Illicit Drug Use on the Wages of Young Adults Journal of Labor Economics 9,4 (October 1991): 381-412. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2535076 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Drug Use; Substance Use; Wages, Adult This paper examines the effects of cocaine and marijuana use on the wages of a sample of young adults drawn from the NLSY. The results suggest that, for this sample, increased use of marijuana and cocaine is associated with higher wages. The positive relationship between drug use and wages does not diminish with age, but remains substantially positive. The author also investigates whether systematic differences in the return to measures of investments in human capital can explain the observed positive relationship between drug use and wages. The results do not support that hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert. "The Effect of Illicit Drug Use on the Wages of Young Adults." Journal of Labor Economics 9,4 (October 1991): 381-412.
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3173. |
Kaestner, Robert Callison, Kevin |
Adolescent Cognitive and Noncognitive Correlates of Adult Health Journal of Human Capital 5,1 (Spring 2011): 29-69. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/660082 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Childhood; Cognitive Ability; Education; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Noncognitive Skills; Self-Esteem We present an analysis of the associations between cognitive and noncognitive traits measured at the end of childhood and mental and physical health at age 41. Results suggest that adolescent cognitive ability and self-esteem have a significant association with health at age 41. Most noncognitive factors do not have significant associations with adult health, although in some analyses an internal locus of control was associated with better adult health. Net of adolescent influences, completed education has a significant association with adult health. Finally, differences in cognitive and noncognitive factors are not important explanations of gender or racial differences in health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert and Kevin Callison. "Adolescent Cognitive and Noncognitive Correlates of Adult Health." Journal of Human Capital 5,1 (Spring 2011): 29-69.
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3174. |
Kaestner, Robert Corman, Hope |
The Impact of Child Health and Family Inputs on Child Cognitive Development NBER Working Paper No. 5257, National Bureau Economic Research, September 1995. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w5257 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Cognitive Development; Family Characteristics; Illnesses; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) In this paper we extensively analyze the impact of child health and other family characteristics on the cognitive achievement of children between the ages of five and nine. We estimate both cross sectional and fixed effects models using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Several of our results challenge the conclusions found in the existing literature. First, we find only a weak relationship between several measures of child health and child cognitive development. Second, we find that additional maternal schooling does not improve child cognitive achievement. Finally, our estimates of the effect of mother's labor force participation suggest that working has a positive impact on child cognitive achievement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert and Hope Corman. "The Impact of Child Health and Family Inputs on Child Cognitive Development." NBER Working Paper No. 5257, National Bureau Economic Research, September 1995. |
3175. |
Kaestner, Robert Faundez, Luis F. |
Estimating a Theoretically Consistent Human Capital Production Function With an Application to Head Start NBER Working Paper No. 31199, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2023. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w31199 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Educational Attainment; Head Start; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings This article describes a conceptual and empirical approach for estimating a human capital production function of child development that incorporates mother- or child-fixed effects. The use of mother- or child-fixed effects is common in this applied economics literature, but its application is often inconsistent with human capital theory. We outline the problem and demonstrate its empirical importance with an analysis of the effect of Head Start and preschool on child and adult outcomes. The empirical specification we develop has broad implications for a variety of applied microeconomic analyses beyond our specific application. Results of our analysis indicate that attending Head Start or preschool had no economically or statistically significant effect on child or adult outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert and Luis F. Faundez. "Estimating a Theoretically Consistent Human Capital Production Function With an Application to Head Start." NBER Working Paper No. 31199, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2023. |
3176. |
Kaestner, Robert Grossman, Michael |
Effects of Weight on Children's Educational Achievement NBER Working Paper No. 13764, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2008. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w13764 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Achievement; Children, Academic Development; Educational Attainment; Obesity; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Progress; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Weight; Younger Adult Worker Study In this paper, we investigate the association between weight and children's educational achievement, as measured by scores on Peabody Individual Achievement Tests in math and reading, and grade attainment. Data for the study came from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), which contains a large, national sample of children between the ages of 5 and 12. We obtained estimates of the association between weight and achievement using several regression model specifications that controlled for a variety of observed characteristics of the child and his or her mother, and time-invariant characteristics of the child. Our results suggest that, in general, children who are overweight or obese have achievement test scores that are about the same as children with average weight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert and Michael Grossman. "Effects of Weight on Children's Educational Achievement." NBER Working Paper No. 13764, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2008. |
3177. |
Kaestner, Robert Korenman, Sanders D. O'Neill, June E. |
Has Welfare Reform Changed Teenage Behaviors? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 22,2 (Spring 2003): 225-248. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pam.10115/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Behavior; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; Welfare; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts were used to compare welfare use, fertility, educational attainment, and marriage among teenage women in the years before and immediately following welfare reform. The first objective was to document differences between these cohorts in welfare use and outcomes and behavior correlated with entry into welfare and with future economic and social well-being. The second objective was to investigate the causal role of welfare reform in behavioral change. Significant differences were found between cohorts in welfare use and in outcomes related to welfare use. Furthermore, difference-in-differences estimates suggest that welfare reform has been associated with reduced welfare receipt, reduced fertility, and reduced marriage among young women who, because of a disadvantaged family background, are at high risk of welfare receipt. Finally, in the post-welfare reform era, teenage mothers are less likely to receive welfare and are more likely to live with at least one parent than in the pre-reform era. Establishing more definitively that welfare reform is responsible for these changes will require further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright: 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert, Sanders D. Korenman and June E. O'Neill. "Has Welfare Reform Changed Teenage Behaviors?" Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 22,2 (Spring 2003): 225-248.
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3178. |
Kaestner, Robert O'Neill, June E. |
Has Welfare Reform Changed Teenage Behaviors? NBER Working Paper No. 8932, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2002. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w8932 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Educational Attainment; Marital Status; Program Participation/Evaluation; Welfare We use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts to compare welfare use, fertility rates, educational attainment, and marriage rates among teenage women in the years before and the years immediately following welfare reform. Our first objective is to document differences between these cohorts in welfare use and outcomes and behaviors correlated with 'entry' into welfare, and with future economic and social well-being. Our second objective is to investigate the causal role of welfare reform in behavioral change. We find significant differences between cohorts in welfare use and in outcomes related to welfare use. Further, difference-in-differences estimates suggest that welfare reform has been associated with reduced welfare receipt, reduced fertility, reduced marriage, and lower school drop-out among young women who, because of a disadvantaged family background, are at high risk of welfare receipt (relative to those at lower risk). Finally, in the post-welfare reform era, teenage mothers are less likely to receive welfare and are more likely to live with a spouse or to live with at least one parent than in the pre-reform era. Establishing definitively that welfare reform is responsible for these changes among teenagers will require further investigation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert and June E. O'Neill. "Has Welfare Reform Changed Teenage Behaviors?" NBER Working Paper No. 8932, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2002. |
3179. |
Kaestner, Robert Schiman, Cuiping Ward, Jason M. |
Education and Health Over the Life Cycle NBER Working Paper No. 26836, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2020. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w26836 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; High School Diploma; Life Cycle Research; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem There is little theoretical and empirical research on the effects of education on health over the life cycle. In this article, we extend the Grossman (1972) model of the demand for health and use the extended model to analyze the effect of education on health at different ages. The main conclusion from our model is that it is unlikely that the relationship between education and health will be constant over the life cycle and that education is likely to have little effect on health at younger ages when there is little depreciation of the health stock. We also present an extensive empirical analysis documenting the association between education and health over the life cycle. Results of our analysis suggest that in terms of mortality, education has little effect until age 60, but then lowers the hazard rate of death. For measures of morbidity, education has an effect at most ages between 45 to 60, but after age 60 has apparently little effect most likely due to selective mortality. In addition, most of the apparent beneficial effect of education stems from obtaining a high school degree or more. It is the health and mortality of lowest education group--those with less than a high school degree--that diverges from the health and mortality of other education groups. Finally, we find that the educational differences in health have become larger for more recent birth cohorts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert, Cuiping Schiman and Jason M. Ward. "Education and Health Over the Life Cycle." NBER Working Paper No. 26836, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2020. |
3180. |
Kahn, Joan R. Kalsbeek, William D. Hofferth, Sandra L. |
National Estimates of Teenage Sexual Activity: Evaluating the Comparability of Three National Surveys Demography 25,2 (May 1988): 189-204. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/h157407726170kj3/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this article, the reliability with which teenage sexual activity was reported in three recent national surveys is examined. Unlike other study-effects analyses of objective demographic phenomena such as births and marriages, the study focuses on a more sensitive question - age at first intercourse as reported in three very different surveys. Specifically, we compare reports for the 1959-1963 cohort in the 1979 Kantner-Zelnik Study of Young Women, the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, and the 1983 wave of the NLSY. For the ages when the majority of teens become sexually active (16-19), the three surveys provide comparable estimates of early sexual activity. For the younger teen ages, however, there is some disagreement among the estimates. Nevertheless, all three studies produce consistent estimates of the determinants of sexual activity throughout the teen years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kahn, Joan R., William D. Kalsbeek and Sandra L. Hofferth. "National Estimates of Teenage Sexual Activity: Evaluating the Comparability of Three National Surveys." Demography 25,2 (May 1988): 189-204.
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3181. |
Kahn, Lawrence M. Low, Stuart A. |
The Demand for Labor Market Information Southern Economic Journal 56,4 (April 1990): 1044-1058. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1059890 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Behavior; Job Search; Unemployment Insurance; Wages A model of the job seeker's demand for the labor market information provided by intermediaries is developed and tested. The value of using such indirect search methods is that one can increase knowledge about particular firms' potential offers. The model predicts that several factors raise the likelihood of using indirect search methods: (1) a lower stock of firm-specific information; (2) a lower discount rate; (3) greater unemployment insurance (UI) coverage; and (4) higher variance of one's wage offer distribution. These predictions are tested on the 1981 wave of the NLSY cohort aged 14-21 in 1979. Empirical support is found for the impact of information stock, UI coverage, and wage offer variance. The results for UI illustrate that UI affects job search behavior, in addition to its macroeconomic role. The effects of offer variance and information stock suggest some mechanisms that limit the amount of wage inequality unexplained by productivity differences. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Kahn, Lawrence M. and Stuart A. Low. "The Demand for Labor Market Information." Southern Economic Journal 56,4 (April 1990): 1044-1058.
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3182. |
Kahn, Lisa B. |
Asymmetric Information between Employers Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008. Also: http://client.norc.org/jole/SOLEweb/8181.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC Keyword(s): Firms; Learning, Asymmetric; Modeling; Workers Ability Employer learning about workers' abilities plays a key role in determining how workers sort into jobs and are compensated. This study explores whether learning is symmetric or asymmetric, i.e., whether potential employers have the same information about worker ability as the incumbent firm. I develop a model of asymmetric learning that nests the symmetric learning case and allows the degree of asymmetry to vary. I derive testable implications for the prevalence of asymmetric learning involving a new dependent variable: the variance in pay changes. Using the NLSY, I employ three distinct identification strategies to test different predictions of the model. I first test whether laid-off workers appear negatively selected compared to workers who lost jobs in plant closings, by comparing the variances in pay changes at their new jobs. I next exploit the fact that groups of workers differ in their variances in ability -- based on economic conditions at time of entry into a firm -- to show that incumbent wages track ability more closely than do outside firm wages. Finally, I provide additional evidence using the fact that learning about ability is more symmetric for some occupations than for others. All three cases favor the asymmetric learning model and suggest that the effect on wage setting is significant both statistically and in terms of economic magnitudes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kahn, Lisa B. "Asymmetric Information between Employers." Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008. |
3183. |
Kahn, Lisa B. |
Asymmetric Information between Employers IZA Discussion Paper No. 7147, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), January 2013. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp7147.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Firms; Learning, Asymmetric; Wages; Workers Ability Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Employer learning about workers' abilities plays a key role in determining how workers sort into jobs and are compensated. This study explores whether learning is symmetric or asymmetric, i.e., whether potential employers have the same information about worker ability as the incumbent firm. I develop a model of asymmetric learning that nests the symmetric learning case and allows the degree of asymmetry to vary, yielding testable implications for the prevalence of asymmetric learning. I then show how predictions in the model can be tested using compensation data. Using the NLSY, I test the model and find strong support for asymmetric information. I first exploit the fact that groups of workers differ in their variances in ability – based on economic conditions at time of entry into a firm – to show that incumbent wages track differences in ability distributions more closely than do outside firm wages. Second, I show that learning about ability is more symmetric for occupations that require more communication outside the firm. Finally, I show how to uncover the key parameter of interest in my model representing the degree to which information is asymmetric. My estimates imply that in one period, outside firms reduce the average expectation error over worker ability by roughly a third of the reduction made by incumbent firms. Thus outside firms retain sizeable expectation errors due to asymmetric information. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kahn, Lisa B. "Asymmetric Information between Employers." IZA Discussion Paper No. 7147, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), January 2013. |
3184. |
Kahn, Lisa B. |
Asymmetric Information between Employers American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5,4 (October 2013): 165-205. Also: https://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/app.5.4.165&fnd=s Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Firms; Learning, Asymmetric; Skills; Workers Ability Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study explores whether potential employers have the same information about worker ability as the incumbent firm. I develop a model of asymmetric learning that nests the symmetric learning case and allows the degree of asymmetry to vary. I then show how predictions in the model can be tested with compensation data. Using the NLSY, I test the model and find strong support for asymmetric information. My estimates imply that in one period, outside firms reduce the average expectation error over worker ability by only a third of the reduction made by incumbent firms. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kahn, Lisa B. "Asymmetric Information between Employers." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5,4 (October 2013): 165-205.
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3185. |
Kahn, Lisa B. |
Long-Term Labor Market Consequences of Graduating from College in a Bad Economy SSRN Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, September 12, 2006. Also: http://ssrn.com/abstract=702463 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Graduates; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Occupational Attainment; Occupational Prestige; Wage Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [First Draft: March, 2003]. This paper studies the labor market experiences of white male college graduates as a function of economic conditions at time of college graduation. I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth whose respondents graduated college between 1979 and 1988 and are followed for 14 to 23 years after college graduation. I use both national and state variation in economic conditions at time of college graduation to identify the effect. Because timing and location of college graduation could potentially be affected by economic conditions, I also instrument for these variables using age and state of residence at age 14. I find large, negative wage effects to graduating in a worse economy which persist for the entire period studied. I find that cohorts who graduate in worse economies are in lower level occupations and this explains a portion of the wage effect. There is slightly higher propensity to attain a graduate or professional degree among those who graduated in worse economies, while labor supply is unaffected. I analyze several theories predicting long-run wage effects and find that both occupational attainment differences and disparities in task-specific human capital investment are consistent with the data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kahn, Lisa B. "Long-Term Labor Market Consequences of Graduating from College in a Bad Economy." SSRN Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, September 12, 2006. |
3186. |
Kahn, Lisa B. |
The Long-Term Labor Market Consequences of Graduating from College in a Bad Economy Working Paper, Yale School of Management, August 13, 2009. Also: http://mba.yale.edu/faculty/pdf/kahn_longtermlabor.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Yale School of Management Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Graduates; Economic Changes/Recession; Educational Attainment; Geocoded Data; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Prestige; Occupational Status; Wage Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [First Draft: 2003]. Updated: August 13, 2009. This paper studies the labor market experiences of white male college graduates as a function of economic conditions at time of college graduation. I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth whose respondents graduated from college between 1979 and 1989. I estimate the effects of both national and state economic conditions at time of college graduation on labor market outcomes for the first two decades of a career. Because timing and location of college graduation could potentially be affected by economic conditions, I also instrument for the college unemployment rate using year of birth (state of residence at an early age for the state analysis). I find large, negative wage effects to graduating in a worse economy which persist for the entire period studied. I also find that cohorts who graduate in worse national economies are in lower level occupations, have slightly higher tenure and higher educational attainment, while labor supply is unaffected. Taken as a whole, the results suggest that the labor market consequences of graduating from college in a bad economy are large, negative and persistent. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kahn, Lisa B. "The Long-Term Labor Market Consequences of Graduating from College in a Bad Economy." Working Paper, Yale School of Management, August 13, 2009. |
3187. |
Kahn, Lisa B. |
The Long-Term Labor Market Consequences of Graduating From College in a Bad Economy Labour Economics 17,2 (April 2010): 303-316. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537109001018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Graduates; Economics, Demographic; Educational Attainment; Geocoded Data; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Supply; Occupational Prestige; Occupational Status; Racial Differences; Wage Effects This paper studies the labor market experiences of white-male college graduates as a function of economic conditions at time of college graduation. I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth whose respondents graduated from college between 1979 and 1989. I estimate the effects of both national and state economic conditions at time of college graduation on labor market outcomes for the first two decades of a career. Because timing and location of college graduation could potentially be affected by economic conditions, I also instrument for the college unemployment rate using year of birth (state of residence at an early age for the state analysis). I find large, negative wage effects of graduating in a worse economy which persist for the entire period studied. I also find that cohorts who graduate in worse national economies are in lower-level occupations, have slightly higher tenure and higher educational attainment, while labor supply is unaffected. Taken as a whole, the results suggest that the labor market consequences of graduating from college in a bad economy are large, negative and persistent. [Copyright Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Kahn, Lisa B. "The Long-Term Labor Market Consequences of Graduating From College in a Bad Economy." Labour Economics 17,2 (April 2010): 303-316.
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3188. |
Kahn, Robert S. |
Paper Raises at Least Three Concerns: Letter in re: Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women British Medical Journal 327 (May 2002): 1097. Also: http://www.bmj.com/content/324/7345/1097.full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Abortion; Depression (see also CESD); Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Psychological Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Note: This is a critique of Reardon and Cougle article "Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women." See NLS Bibliography entry #3866 and #3941. EDITOR--Reardon and Cougle's paper raises at least three concerns.(1) Firstly, their analyses do not address the stated hypothesis. No results indicate whether "prior psychological state is equally predictive of subsequent depression among women . . . regardless of whether they abort or carry to term." Nevertheless, their unstated hypothesis, focused on abortion and depressive symptoms, may be the more central question. Secondly, the final sample of women is surprisingly small. Only 421 of the initial 4463 women reported a first abortion or first unintended delivery between 1980 and 1992. Is it possible that the question in 1992 asking pregnancy intention actually referred to a much narrower time frame (that is, a delivery between the biannual surveys)? Little information is given about the abortion question; it is possible that the index unintended pregnancy defined in 1992 resulted in neither the first abortion nor the first delivery. Thirdly, the discussion omits mention of possible residual confounding. The national longitudinal survey of youth (NLSY) uses a four item abbreviated version (NLSY Cronbach 0.35) of Rotter's original 60 item locus of control scale, which itself is probably an inadequate proxy for prior psychological state. Furthermore, a one year measure of income may be only a modest proxy for a person's lifetime socioeconomic position. (2,3) The robustness of the authors' findings could be examined with other available measures. For example, the 1980 Rosenberg self esteem scale data (NLSY Cronbach 0.83) and the full 12 years of annual income and family size data would be stronger, though still less than optimal, tests of the hypotheses. This criticism is not an attempt to dismiss research on the topic; rather, such important and highly content ious questions require published studies with equal degrees of rigour and transparency. (1) Reardon DC, Cougle JR. Depression and unintended pregnancy in the national longitudinal survey of youth: a cohort study. BMJ 2002; 324: 151-152. (2) Wolfe B, Haveman R, Ginther D, An CB. The "window problem" in studies of children's attainments: a methodological exploration. J Am Stat Assoc 1996; 91: 970-982[ISI]. (3) Smith GD, Hart C, Blane D, Gillis C, Hawthorne V. Lifetime socioeconomic position and mortality: prospective observational study. BMJ 1997; 314: 547-552. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kahn, Robert S. "Paper Raises at Least Three Concerns: Letter in re: Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women." British Medical Journal 327 (May 2002): 1097.
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3189. |
Kahn, Robert S. Goddik, Steen Billings, Deborah L. Blanchard, Dallas A. Reardon, David C. Cougle, Jesse R. |
Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women: Comments & Letters British Medical Journal 324,7345 (May 2002): 1097. Also: http://www.bmj.com/content/324/7345/1097.full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Abortion; Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Methods/Methodology; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Comments on the D. C. Reardon and J. R. Cougle examination of depression and unintended pregnancy in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Billings discusses two methodological flaws in the analysis that undermine the conclusions stated. It is concluded that more rigorous analysis of the data is needed before any conclusions can be drawn about the link between depression and unintended pregnancy and marital status. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2002 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Kahn, Robert S., Steen Goddik, Deborah L. Billings, Dallas A. Blanchard, David C. Reardon and Jesse R. Cougle. "Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women: Comments & Letters." British Medical Journal 324,7345 (May 2002): 1097.
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3190. |
Kahn, Robert S. Wilson, Kathryn Wise, Paul H. |
Intergenerational Health Disparities: Socioeconomic Status, Women's Health Conditions, and Child Behavior Problems Public Health Reports 120 (July-August 2005): 399-408. Also: http://www.publichealthreports.org/userfiles/120_4/120399.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association of Schools of Public Health Keyword(s): Alimony; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Health; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Depression (see also CESD); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Health; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective. Relatively little is known about the intergenerational mechanisms that lead to social disparities in child health. We examined whether the association between low socioeconomic status (SES) and child behavior problems is mediated by maternal health conditions and behavior. Methods. Prospective cohort data (1979-1998) on 2,677 children and their mothers were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. SES, the Child Behavior Problems Index (BPI), and maternal smoking, depressive symptoms, and alcohol use before, during, and after pregnancy were examined. Results. Lower income and lower maternal education were associated with increased child BPI scores. Adjustment for maternal smoking, depressive symptoms, and alcohol use attenuated the associations between SES and child BPI by 26% to 49%. These maternal health conditions often occurred together, persisted over time, and were associated with the mother's own childhood SES and pre-pregnancy health. Conclusions. Social disparities in women's health conditions may help shape the likelihood of behavior problems in the subsequent generation. Improved public health programs and services for disadvantaged women across the lifecourse may not only address their own urgent health needs, but reduce social disparities in the health and well-being of their children |
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Bibliography Citation
Kahn, Robert S., Kathryn Wilson and Paul H. Wise. "Intergenerational Health Disparities: Socioeconomic Status, Women's Health Conditions, and Child Behavior Problems." Public Health Reports 120 (July-August 2005): 399-408.
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3191. |
Kalil, Ariel Corman, Hope Dave, Dhaval Schwartz-Soicher, Ofira Reichman, Nancy |
Welfare Reform and the Quality of Young Children's Home Environments NBER Working Paper No. 30407, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2022. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w30407 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Child Development; Children, Home Environment; Geocoded Data; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Human Capital; State-Level Data/Policy; Welfare This study investigates effects of welfare reform in the U.S., a major policy shift that increased employment of low-income mothers and reliance on their own earnings instead of cash assistance through the welfare system, on the quality of the home environments they provide for their preschool-age children. Using empirical methods designed to identify plausibly causal effects, we estimate effects of welfare reform on validated survey and observational measures of maternal behaviors that support children's cognitive skills and emotional adjustment and material goods that parents purchase to stimulate their children's skill development. The results suggest that welfare reform did not affect the amount of time and material resources mothers devoted to cognitively stimulating activities with their young children but was significantly associated with approximately 0.3-0.4 standard deviation lower scores on provision of emotional support, with stronger effects for mothers with low human capital. The findings provide evidence that maternal work incentives as implemented by welfare reform came at a cost to children in the form of lower quality parenting and underscore the importance of considering quality, and not just quantity, in assessing the effects of maternal work incentive policies on parenting and children's home environments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kalil, Ariel, Hope Corman, Dhaval Dave, Ofira Schwartz-Soicher and Nancy Reichman. "Welfare Reform and the Quality of Young Children's Home Environments." NBER Working Paper No. 30407, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2022. |
3192. |
Kalil, Ariel Kunz, James Peter |
Long-Term Effects of Teenage Childbearing on Mental Health in Young Adulthood Presented: Evanston, IL, Nothrwestern University, Joint Center for Poverty Research: Poverty Research Seminars 2000-2001, May 2001. Also: http://www.jcpr.org/povsem/teenmoms_paper.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Family Background and Culture; Fertility; Health, Mental/Psychological; Marriage; Parental Marital Status; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. High levels of depressive symptoms among teenage mothers are typically attributed to the "impact" or "consequences" of early parenting; recent studies, however, challenge the view that negative life outcomes observed among teenage childbearers are attributable to early childbearing, per se, suggesting instead that pre-childbearing selection factors play an important role. We draw on data from 609 black and white adolescents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to test the relative contribution of age and marital status at first birth to depressive symptomatology measured during young adulthood (ages 27-29). At the univariate level, teenage childbearers display, as expected, significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms during young adulthood than women who first give birth as married adults. These differences are dramatically reduced and no longer significant once pre-childbearing individual background characteristics, measured during adolescence, are controlled. Academic achievement and self-esteem measured in early adolescence are especially important in explaining differences among the groups in mental health in later life. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kalil, Ariel and James Peter Kunz. "Long-Term Effects of Teenage Childbearing on Mental Health in Young Adulthood." Presented: Evanston, IL, Nothrwestern University, Joint Center for Poverty Research: Poverty Research Seminars 2000-2001, May 2001. |
3193. |
Kalil, Ariel Kunz, James Peter |
Teenage Childbearing, Marital Status, and Depressive Symptoms in Later Life Child Development 73,6 (November-December 2002): 1748-1760. Also: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8624.00503 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); CESD (Depression Scale); Childbearing; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Depression (see also CESD); Household Composition; Marital Status; Mothers, Education; Racial Differences; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem) This study examined the role of prechildbearing characteristics in later-life depressive symptomatology among 990 married and unmarried teenage childbearers. Data from teenagers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) were used to test the relative contribution of age and marital status at first birth to depressive symptomatology measured during young adulthood (ages 27-29). Unmarried teenage childbearers displayed higher levels of depressive symptoms in young adulthood than did women who first gave birth as married adults. However, the psychological health of married teenager mothers later in life was as good as that of married adult mothers, whereas unmarried adult mothers and unmarried teenage mothers had similar poor outcomes. The findings of this study suggest that marital status, rather than age of first birth, may be more relevant for later-life psychological health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kalil, Ariel and James Peter Kunz. "Teenage Childbearing, Marital Status, and Depressive Symptoms in Later Life." Child Development 73,6 (November-December 2002): 1748-1760.
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3194. |
Kalil, Ariel Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M. |
Single Mothers' Employment Dynamics and Adolescent Well-Being Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): School Dropouts; School Progress; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Researchers have been concerned with the largely unaddressed question of the links between single mother job characteristics and child well-being. In this paper, we use data from a nationally-representative sample of single mothers whose employment experiences we observe over a two-year period during the mid-to-late 1990's. We link employment patterns to change over time in multiple measures of child well-being. Controlling for background characteristics and potential selection factors, we find that, relative to being continuously employed in a good job, teens whose mothers lose a job without re-employment show a decline in self-esteem; those whose mothers are continually employed in a bad job are more at risk for grade repetition; and those whose mothers are persistently out of the labor force or lose more than one job show an increased likelihood of school drop-out. These effects are largely unexplained by changes in family income over the two-year period. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kalil, Ariel and Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest. "Single Mothers' Employment Dynamics and Adolescent Well-Being." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. |
3195. |
Kalil, Ariel Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M. |
Single Mothers' Employment Dynamics and Adolescent Well-Being Working Paper No. 04-10, National Poverty Center, The University of Michigan, June 2004. Also: http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper10/04-10.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: National Poverty Center Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); CESD (Depression Scale); Children, Well-Being; Maternal Employment; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); School Progress Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The booming economy of the mid-to- late 1990's helped single mothers reach unprecedented employment levels. Researchers have been concerned with the largely unaddressed questions of whether single mothers who enter the workforce will be able to earn a living wage, the stability of women's jobs over time, and the links between these job characteristics and child well-being. In this paper, we use data from a nationally- representative sample of single mothers whose employment experiences we observe over a two-year period during the mid-to-late 1990's. We rely on mothers' weekly work histories to create detailed patterns of employment, which we then link to change over time in the well-being of the mothers' adolescent children. Controlling for a wide array of background characteristics and potential selection factors, we find that, relative to being continuously employed in a good job, adolescents whose mothers lose a job without regaining employment show declines in mastery and self-esteem. Those whose mothers are continuously employed in a bad job show an increase in grade repetition and those whose mothers are either persistently out of the labor force or lose more than one job show an increased likelihood of school drop-out. These effects are largely unexplained by concomitant changes in family income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kalil, Ariel and Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest. "Single Mothers' Employment Dynamics and Adolescent Well-Being." Working Paper No. 04-10, National Poverty Center, The University of Michigan, June 2004. |
3196. |
Kalil, Ariel Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M. |
Single Mothers' Employment Dynamics and Adolescent Well-Being Child Development 76,1 (January/February 2005): 196-212. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00839.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); CESD (Depression Scale); Maternal Employment; Parents, Single; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); School Completion; School Dropouts; School Progress; Self-Esteem The links between single mothers' employment patterns and change over time in the well-being of the mothers' adolescent children were investigated using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Adolescents were ages 14 to 16 at baseline, and they and their mothers were followed for 2 years. Relative to being continuously employed in a good job, findings suggest that adolescents whose mothers lose a job without regaining employment show declines in mastery and self-esteem, those whose mothers are continuously employed in a bad job show an increased likelihood of grade repetition, and those whose mothers are either persistently unemployed or lose more than one job show an increased likelihood of school dropout. These effects are not explained by concomitant changes in family income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Kalil, Ariel and Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest. "Single Mothers' Employment Dynamics and Adolescent Well-Being." Child Development 76,1 (January/February 2005): 196-212.
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3197. |
Kalil, Ariel Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M. Epstein, Jodie Levin |
Nonstandard Work and Marital Instability: Evidence From the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Journal of Marriage and Family 72,5 (October 2010): 1289-1300. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00765.x/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Divorce; Family Characteristics; Marital Stability; Maternal Employment; Shift Workers; Unemployment; Work Hours/Schedule; Work, Atypical This article replicated and extended Harriet Presser's (2000) investigation of the linkages between nonstandard work and marital instability. We reexplored this question using data from a sample of 2,893 newlywed couples from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and using different analytic techniques. In contrast to Presser, we found that the key dimension of husbands' and wives' employment was nonemployment. Similar to Presser, we found that wives' working of fixed night shifts increased the risk of divorce, driven by the experience in marriages over 5 years in duration. However, we did not replicate Presser's finding that the effect is significant only among households with children; rather, wives' fixed night shifts were associated with divorce only among those without children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kalil, Ariel, Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest and Jodie Levin Epstein. "Nonstandard Work and Marital Instability: Evidence From the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Journal of Marriage and Family 72,5 (October 2010): 1289-1300.
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3198. |
Kalil, Ariel Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M. Ryan, Rebecca M. Markowitz, Anna J. |
Changes in Income-Based Gaps in Parent Activities With Young Children From 1988 to 2012 AERA Open published online (August 2016): DOI: 10.1177/2332858416653732. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2332858416653732 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Income; Mothers, Education; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parent-Child Interaction; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Numerous studies show large differences between economically advantaged and disadvantaged parents in the quality and quantity of their engagement in young children's development. This "parenting gap" may account for a substantial portion of the gap in children's early cognitive skills. However, researchers know little about whether the socioeconomic gap in parenting has increased over time. The present study investigates this question, focusing on income- and education-based gaps in parents' engagement in cognitively stimulating activities with preschool-aged children. We draw on data from four national studies conducted over 25 years. We found a decrease in income-based gaps in children's book ownership and library attendance but increasing income-based gaps for several other parent behaviors, including reading and telling stories to children and teaching children letters, words, and numbers. Income-based gaps in children's participation in out-of-home cultural activities also increased. Results for education-based gaps were similar. These gaps largely arose from top-income families pulling away from their middle- and low-income counterparts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kalil, Ariel, Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest, Rebecca M. Ryan and Anna J. Markowitz. "Changes in Income-Based Gaps in Parent Activities With Young Children From 1988 to 2012." AERA Open published online (August 2016): DOI: 10.1177/2332858416653732.
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3199. |
Kalmuss, Debra S. Namerow, Pearila Brickner |
Mediators of Educational Attainment Among Early Childbearers Presented: Bethesda, MA, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Intercourse; Educational Milestones; Fertility; Schooling, Post-secondary The purpose of the present study is to more fully examine the mediators of educational attainment among teenage mothers. We extend previous work by developing multivanate models of educational outcomes for these women. In addition, this analysis is based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a national survey which contains a larger, and more representative sample of teenage mothers whose fertility experiences were more recent than the samples used in earlier studies of this topic. The theoretical model guiding our analysis assumes that teenage mothers' ultimate educational attainment is mediated by: early background characteristics, pre-birth educational characteristics, characteristics at first birth and post-birth experiences. In developing this model as well as choosing the variables in each mediating set, we were influenced by the status attainment literature, research on the effects of age at f'st birth on educational outcomes, Furstenberg's study, and of course, the data available from the NLSY. Below, we discuss our conceptualization of the outcome measure as well as each of the mediating variable sets presented in Figure 1. Educational Attainment |
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Bibliography Citation
Kalmuss, Debra S. and Pearila Brickner Namerow. "Mediators of Educational Attainment Among Early Childbearers." Presented: Bethesda, MA, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992. |
3200. |
Kambourov, Gueorgui Manovskii, Iourii Plesca, Miana |
Occupational Mobility and the Returns to Training Canadian Journal of Economics 53,1 (February 2020): 174-211. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/caje.12421 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Canadian Economics Association / Association canadienne d\'economiques Keyword(s): Mobility, Occupational; Occupations; Training; Training, Employee; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The literature on the returns to training has pointed out that, immediately following a training episode, wages of participants in employer‐sponsored training increase substantially while wages of participants in government‐sponsored training hardly change. We argue that there is a potential selection issue--most of the government‐sponsored trainees are occupation switchers while most participants in employer‐sponsored training are occupation stayers. An occupational switch involves a substantial destruction of human capital, and once we account for the associated decline in wages, we find a large positive impact of both employer‐ and government‐sponsored training on workers' human capital. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kambourov, Gueorgui, Iourii Manovskii and Miana Plesca. "Occupational Mobility and the Returns to Training." Canadian Journal of Economics 53,1 (February 2020): 174-211.
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3201. |
Kammeyer-Mueller, John D. Judge, Timothy A. Piccolo, Ronald F. |
Self-Esteem and Extrinsic Career Success: Test of a Dynamic Model Applied Psychology: An International Review 57,2 (April 2008): 204–224. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00300.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Occupational Prestige; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Self-Perception It has been proposed that one's self-esteem is both a cause and a consequence of one's extrinsic career success, but empirical research examining the direction of these effects is lacking. We tested a model which examines the relationships among self-esteem, education, occupational prestige, and income over a span of seven years during early careers. We use social identity theory to propose that self-esteem will be affected by extrinsic career success, and self-consistency theory to propose that extrinsic career success will be affected by self-esteem. Our results, based on a cross-lagged regression design, suggest that self-esteem increases occupational prestige (β=.22), and income (β=.22), but career outcomes did not alter self-esteem. Implications of these results for the study of self-esteem and careers are explored. Que l'estime de soi d'une personne soit à la fois une cause et une conséquence de son succès externe en termes de carrière est établi, mais les recherches empiriques examinant la direction de ces effets manquent. Nous testons un modèle examinant les relations entre l'estime de soi, l'éducation, le prestige professionnel et le revenu sur une durée de 7 ans à partir du début de carrière. Nous nous référons à la théorie de l'identité sociale pour montrer que l'estime de soi est affectée par un succès externe intervenant dans la carrière, et la théorie de consistance de soi pour montrer que ce succès externe est affecté par l'estime de soi. Nos résultats, basés sur une analyse de régression croisée, montrent que l'estime de soi accroît le prestige professionnel (b = .22) et les revenus (b = .22), mais les résultats relatifs à la carrière n'affectent pas l'estime de soi. Les implications de ces résultats pour l'étude de l'estime de soi et de la carrière sont explorées. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kammeyer-Mueller, John D., Timothy A. Judge and Ronald F. Piccolo. "Self-Esteem and Extrinsic Career Success: Test of a Dynamic Model." Applied Psychology: An International Review 57,2 (April 2008): 204–224. A.
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3202. |
Kamp Dush, Claire M. |
Change in Young Adult Union Formation and Dissolution over Twenty Years: A Cohort Comparison Using the National Longitudinal Surveys Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Coresidence; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I compare union experiences in young adulthood for two cohorts, approximately twenty years apart. I find that the NLSY79 sample was less likely to survive to age 29 without having entered a union, compared to the NLSY97 sample. The magnitude of the difference was about 0.06. However, I find that the NLSY97 are much more likely to enter a cohabiting union, while the NLSY79 was more likely to enter a marital union. For the conference, I plan to compare the duration of first unions by cohort, and specifically for cohabitation, I plan to examine the duration and outcomes (marriage or breakup) for cohabitation. Race and social class differences will be discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kamp Dush, Claire M. "Change in Young Adult Union Formation and Dissolution over Twenty Years: A Cohort Comparison Using the National Longitudinal Surveys." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
3203. |
Kamp Dush, Claire M. Arocho, Rachel Mernitz, Sara E. Bartholomew, Kyle R. |
The Intergenerational Transmission of Partnering PLoS ONE published online (13 November 2018): DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205732. Also: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0205732 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: PLOS Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Divorce; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Marital Status; Modeling, Poisson (IRT–ZIP); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As divorce and cohabitation dissolution in the US have increased, partnering has expanded to the point that sociologists describe a merry-go-round of partners in American families. Could one driver of the increase in the number of partners be an intergenerational transmission of partnering? We discuss three theoretical perspectives on potential mechanisms that would underlie an intergenerational transmission of partnering: the transmission of economic hardship, the transmission of marriageable characteristics and relationship skills, and the transmission of relationship commitment. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Child and Young Adult study (NLSY79 CYA) and their mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), we examined the intergenerational transmission of partnering, including both marital and cohabitating unions, using prospective measures of family and economic instability as well as exploiting sibling data to try to identify potential mechanisms. Even after controlling for maternal demographic characteristics and socioeconomic factors, the number of maternal partners was positively associated with offspring's number of partners. Hybrid sibling Poisson regression models that examined sibling differential experiences of maternal partners indicated that there were no differences between siblings who witnessed more or fewer maternal partners. Overall, results suggested that the transmission of poor marriageable characteristics and relationship skills from mother to child may warrant additional attention as a potential mechanism through which the number of partners continues across generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kamp Dush, Claire M., Rachel Arocho, Sara E. Mernitz and Kyle R. Bartholomew. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Partnering." PLoS ONE published online (13 November 2018): DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205732.
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3204. |
Kamp Dush, Claire M. Dunifon, Rachel |
The Family Structure Experiences of Children in Single Mother Families Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Meetings, April-May 2009. Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=91085 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Family Structure; Home Environment; Household Composition; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using merged mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we examine the family structure experiences of children born to single (unmarried and not cohabiting) mothers up to age 10. Specifically, we examine the probability that such children remain with a single mother vs. entering one or more cohabiting or marital unions. For those children whose mothers do enter unions, we examine whether the union was marital vs. cohabiting, as well as distinguish between unions with children's biological fathers vs. those with step-fathers. Finally, we consider the duration of such unions. We perform all analyses separately by race and ethnicity. In doing so, we take a child-based perspective, over a long period of time, to examine stability and change among children born to single mothers in the United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kamp Dush, Claire M. and Rachel Dunifon. "The Family Structure Experiences of Children in Single Mother Families." Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Meetings, April-May 2009. |
3205. |
Kamp Dush, Claire M. Jang, Bohyun Snyder, Anastasia R. |
A Cohort Comparison of Predictors of Young Adult Union Formation and Dissolution in the US Advances in Life Course Research 38 (December 2018): 37-49. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104026081830056X Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Marital Dissolution; Marital History/Transitions; Marriage; Socioeconomic Status (SES) The theory of the second demographic transition argues that as educated Americans began valuing self-actualization and individual autonomy, delays in union formation spread through the US. The accelerated adulthood theory suggests that socioeconomic disadvantage distinguishes young adulthood such that those with fewer resources have shorter, more informal (i.e. cohabitation) unions, and those with more resources delay but achieve marriage and have greater union stability. We use two large, nationally representative samples of young adults collected about twenty years apart, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts to examine cohort differences in union formation and dissolution and test interaction effects in demographic and socioeconomic correlates. We found that the NLSY97 cohort 1) entered into unions earlier than the NLSY79 cohort, 2) entered direct marriage (marriage without premarital cohabitation) later than the NLSY79 cohort, and 3) entered cohabiting unions earlier than the NLSY79 cohort. A greater proportion of young adults in the NLSY97 cohort dissolved their first union between ages 16 and 30. We found that socioeconomically disadvantaged young adults had earlier unions by some indicators (e.g. lower maternal education) and later unions by other indicators (e.g. unemployment) in both cohorts. We also found that in both cohorts, socioeconomic disadvantage undermined union stability. We also found evidence for interaction effects; some indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage (e.g. income, employment, and maternal education) had exacerbated effects on union formation and stability in the NLSY97 as compared to the NLSY79 cohorts perhaps because inequality grew over the twenty years between cohorts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kamp Dush, Claire M., Bohyun Jang and Anastasia R. Snyder. "A Cohort Comparison of Predictors of Young Adult Union Formation and Dissolution in the US." Advances in Life Course Research 38 (December 2018): 37-49.
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3206. |
Kanarek, Jaret L. |
Examining the AFQT as a Proxy for Human Capital Undergraduate Economic Review 11,1 (2015): . Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1285&context=uer Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Human Capital; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I examine whether the Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT) is a suitable proxy for human capital skills by testing the hypothesis that those factors most germane to human capital skills acquisition will most affect AFQT score. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Youth and OLS regression analysis, I find that strict and loose human capital factors are robust determinants of AFQT score, and thus the AFQT is a suitable proxy for human capital skills. However, its use as such requires specification that the AFQT is not a catchall for human capital factors, as it is significantly related to only some human capital factors considered in this study |
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Bibliography Citation
Kanarek, Jaret L. "Examining the AFQT as a Proxy for Human Capital." Undergraduate Economic Review 11,1 (2015): .
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3207. |
Kanaya, Tomoe Wai, Jonathan Miranda, Brenda |
Exploring the Links Between Receiving Special Education Services and Adulthood Outcomes Frontiers in Education published online (14 June 2019) DOI: 10.3389/feduc.2019.00056. Also: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2019.00056/full Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Frontiers Keyword(s): Economic Independence; Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Propensity Scores; Special Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A majority of the research on students receiving special education services in the United States have focused on school-aged outcomes. Comparatively less is known about how these students fare in adulthood. By utilizing a one-to-one propensity score matching technique, individuals who received special education services were compared with those who did not on multiple adulthood outcomes that span educational attainment, economic self-sufficiency, social engagement, and health. Results suggest that Hispanic students in our sample who participate in special education fared better compared to their non-Hispanic counterparts on some outcomes. Moreover, propensity (the likelihood of receiving services) predicted several more outcomes. These results point to the potential importance of the contextual factors that surround special education services and suggest the need to provide context-specific services at the local level. The findings also highlight the use of propensity score analyses to reduce concerns of selection bias in special educational research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kanaya, Tomoe, Jonathan Wai and Brenda Miranda. "Exploring the Links Between Receiving Special Education Services and Adulthood Outcomes." Frontiers in Education published online (14 June 2019) DOI: 10.3389/feduc.2019.00056.
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3208. |
Kanazawa, Satoshi |
The Myth of Racial Discrimination in Pay in the United States Managerial and Decision Economics 26,5 (July-August 2005): 285-294. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mde.1229/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Discrimination, Job; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; General Social Survey (GSS); Minorities; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The analyses of the General Social Survey data from 1974 to 2000 replicate earlier findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth that racial disparity in earnings disappears once cognitive ability is controlled for. The results are robust across many alternative specifications, and further show that blacks receive significantly greater returns to their cognitive ability than nonblacks. The trend data show that there was no sign of racial discrimination in the United States as early as 1970s. The analyses call into question the necessity of and justification for preferential treatment of ethnic minorities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Kanazawa, Satoshi. "The Myth of Racial Discrimination in Pay in the United States." Managerial and Decision Economics 26,5 (July-August 2005): 285-294.
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3209. |
Kandel, Denise B. Davies, Mark |
Cocaine Use in a National Sample of U.S. Youth (NLSY): Epidemiology, Predictors, and Ethnic Patterns In: Epidemiology of Cocaine Use and Abuse. S. Shober and C. Schade, eds. NIDA Research Monograph 110. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: NIDA - National Institute on Drug Abuse Keyword(s): Drug Use; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Substance Use Epidemiological surveys have established that following a sharp increase in the late 1970s and a seeming stabilization in the 1980s, cocaine use in the general population is starting to decline (Adams 1988; Rouse 1988; Johnston et al.1989). However, data are consistently presented for the American population as a whole. Potential ethnic differences and/or similarities in patterns of cocaine use are rarely discussed. An exception is the recently released report on the 1985 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (National Institute on Drug Abuse 1987). In this chapter, we take advantage of a large data set of young American adults, the Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of the labor force experience of young Americans (NLSY), to investigate in some detail patterns of cocaine use and selected risk factors for such use not only in the total youth population but also among three major ethnic groups, namely, whites, blacks and Hispanics. Specifically, we address the following three issues: (1) What is the prevalence of the use of cocaine and other drugs among young Americans reported by the three ethnic groups? (2) What is the order of initiation into the use of cocaine and other illicit drugs? Can one identify developmental patterns of involvement with cocaine? Are these patterns similar among the three ethnic groups? (3) What are the predictors of cocaine use among young adults? Are they different for whites, blacks and Hispanics? |
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Bibliography Citation
Kandel, Denise B. and Mark Davies. "Cocaine Use in a National Sample of U.S. Youth (NLSY): Epidemiology, Predictors, and Ethnic Patterns" In: Epidemiology of Cocaine Use and Abuse. S. Shober and C. Schade, eds. NIDA Research Monograph 110. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991
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3210. |
Kandel, Denise B. Davies, Mark |
Cocaine Use in a National Sample of U.S. Youth (NLSY): Ethnic Patterns, Progression, and Predictors Substance Use and Misuse 32,12-13 (January 1997): 1757-1762. Also: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10826089709035577 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Marcel Dekker Keyword(s): Drug Use; Epidemiology; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Studies; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This chapter investigates patterns of cocaine use and selected risk factors for Whites, Blacks and Hispanics in 1984 in a national sample aged 19-27, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Three issues are examined: the prevalence of the use of cocaine and other drugs; the order of initiation into the use of cocaine and other illicit drugs; and the predictors of cocaine use among young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kandel, Denise B. and Mark Davies. "Cocaine Use in a National Sample of U.S. Youth (NLSY): Ethnic Patterns, Progression, and Predictors." Substance Use and Misuse 32,12-13 (January 1997): 1757-1762.
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3211. |
Kandel, Denise B. Davies, Mark |
Labor Force Experiences of a National Sample of Young Adult Men: The Role of Drug Involvement Youth and Society 21,4 (June 1990): 411-445. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/21/4/411 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Clare Jellick; Drug Use; Earnings; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Mobility; Unemployment Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The impact of the use of legal and illegal drugs on the labor force experiences of young adult men was investigated in the male sample (N not given) of the NLSY (ages 19-27 in 1984). Examined over an annual interval (1984/85) were hourly wage rate, number of employers, number of employment gaps, and number of weeks unemployed. Controlling for human capital resources, health, lifestyle characteristics, and local unemployment rate, illicit drug use was found to impact three aspects of work performance, but not wage rate. Use of cocaine increased job mobility, the number of gaps between employment spells, and duration of unemployment. The deterioration in labor force performance that results from drug use appears to reflect the impact of drug use itself over and beyond the impact of self-selection factors that determine initial drug involvement. Results also indicate that job mobility early in work careers lowers the earnings of young workers. The job search paradigm, in which a change of employers is assumed to maximize the fit between workers and jobs, does not apply to all young men. Job changes may result from different causes among different subgroups of the population, and do not necessarily lead to optimization of job rewards. (Sociological Abstracts, Inc.). |
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Bibliography Citation
Kandel, Denise B. and Mark Davies. "Labor Force Experiences of a National Sample of Young Adult Men: The Role of Drug Involvement." Youth and Society 21,4 (June 1990): 411-445.
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3212. |
Kandel, Denise B. Griesler, Pamela C. Schaffran, Christine |
Educational Attainment and Smoking among Women: Risk Factors and Consequences for Offspring Drug and Alcohol Dependence 104,Supplement_1 (October 2009): S24-S33. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T63-4VGDNPK-1&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F01%2F2009&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=e959fe8aa16fa78f2d36f0827791f010&searchtype=a Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Addiction; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; CESD (Depression Scale); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Behavioral Development; Depression (see also CESD); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Pre/post Natal Behavior; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Variables, Independent - Covariate; Women's Education We examine the association between education and smoking by women in the population, including smoking during pregnancy, and identify risk factors for smoking and the consequences of smoking in pregnancy for children's smoking and behavioral problems. Secondary analyses of four national data sets were implemented: The National Survey of Drug Use and Health (2006), the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2004); the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Wave III); National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2006). The lower the level of education, the greater the risk of being a current smoker, smoking daily, smoking heavily, being nicotine dependent, starting to smoke at an early age, having higher levels of circulating cotinine per cigarettes smoked, and continuing to smoke in pregnancy. The educational gradient is especially strong in pregnancy. Educational level and smoking in pregnancy independently increase the risk of offspring smoking and antisocial and anxious/depressed behavior problems. These effects persist with control for other covariates, except maternal age at child's birth, which accounts for the impact of education on offspring smoking and anxious/depressed behavior problems. Women with low education should be the target of public health efforts toward reducing tobacco use. These efforts need to focus as much on social conditions that affect women's lives as on individual level interventions. These interventions would have beneficial effects not only for the women themselves but also for their offspring. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kandel, Denise B., Pamela C. Griesler and Christine Schaffran. "Educational Attainment and Smoking among Women: Risk Factors and Consequences for Offspring." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 104,Supplement_1 (October 2009): S24-S33.
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3213. |
Kandel, Denise B. Rosenbaum, Emily Chen, Kevin |
Impact of Maternal Drug Use and Life Experiences on Preadolescent Children Born to Teenage Mothers Journal of Marriage and Family 56,2 (May 1994): 325-340. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353103 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, School-Age; Cognitive Development; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Deviance; Drug Use; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Structure; Marital Disruption; Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Education; Parenthood; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) The influence of maternal drug use and unconventional behavior on children's behavioral problems, cognitive functioning, and self-esteem is examined for children aged 8 and older born to adolescent mothers. Analyses are based on 581 unique mother-child dyads from the 1986 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Causal model indicate that maternal attitudes and experiences as an adolescent or young adult (having been raised in a nonintact home, self-esteem, and delinquency) and current family structure have different consequences for the home environments provided for girls and boys. These same maternal characteristics also directly influence children's externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors, and feelings of self-worth. The effect of maternal drug use on children is indirect and operates through increasing the risk of marital disruption. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kandel, Denise B., Emily Rosenbaum and Kevin Chen. "Impact of Maternal Drug Use and Life Experiences on Preadolescent Children Born to Teenage Mothers." Journal of Marriage and Family 56,2 (May 1994): 325-340.
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3214. |
Kane, Jennifer B. |
A Closer Look at the Second Demographic Transition in the US: Evidence of Bidirectionality from a Cohort Perspective (1982–2006) Population Research and Policy Review 32,1 (February 2013): 47-80. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-012-9257-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Fertility; Life Course; Modeling, Poisson (IRT–ZIP) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Second demographic transition (SDT) theory posits that increased individualism and secularization have contributed to low fertility in Europe, but very little work has directly tested the salience of SDT theory to fertility trends in the US. Using longitudinal data from a nationally representative cohort of women who were followed throughout their reproductive years (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, NLSY79), this study examines the role of several key indicators of the SDT (secularization, egalitarianism, religious affiliation, and female participation in the labor market) on fertility behavior over time (1982–2006). Analyses employ Poisson estimation, logistic regression, and cross-lagged structural equation models to observe unidirectional and bidirectional relationships over the reproductive life course. Findings lend support to the relevance of SDT theory in the US but also provide evidence of “American bipolarity” which distinguishes the US from the European case. Furthermore, analyses document the reciprocal nature of these relationships over time which has implications for how we understand these associations at the individual-level. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kane, Jennifer B. "A Closer Look at the Second Demographic Transition in the US: Evidence of Bidirectionality from a Cohort Perspective (1982–2006)." Population Research and Policy Review 32,1 (February 2013): 47-80.
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3215. |
Kane, Jennifer B. |
An Integrative Model of Inter- and Intragenerational Preconception Processes Influencing Birthweight in the United States Journal of Health and Social Behavior 56,2 (June 2015): 246-261. Also: http://hsb.sagepub.com/content/56/2/246.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Birthweight; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Marital Status; Modeling, Structural Equation; Mothers and Daughters; Mothers, Health; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Social inequalities in birthweight are an important population health concern as low birthweight is one mechanism through which inequalities are reproduced across generations. Yet, we do not understand what causes these social inequalities. This study draws together theoretic and empiric findings from disparate disciplines—sociology, economics, public health, and behavior genetics—to develop a new integrative intra- and intergenerational model of preconception processes influencing birthweight. This model is empirically tested using structural equation modeling and population-level data containing linked mother-daughter pairs from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the Children of the NLSY79 (N = 1,580 mother-daughter pairs). Results reveal that birthweight is shaped by preconception factors dating back to women’s early life environment as well as conditions dating back three generations, via integrative intra- and intergenerational processes. These processes reveal specific pathways through which social inequality can transmit from mothers to children via birthweight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kane, Jennifer B. "An Integrative Model of Inter- and Intragenerational Preconception Processes Influencing Birthweight in the United States." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 56,2 (June 2015): 246-261.
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3216. |
Kane, Jennifer B. |
Do Mother-Daughter Similarities in Human Capital and Nonmarital Birth Status Explain Intergenerational Linkages in Infant Health Outcomes? Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Birthweight; Child Health; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Marital Status; Pre-natal Care/Exposure Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research demonstrates intergenerational (mother-daughter) similarities in infant health outcomes (e.g., having a low birth weight, or preterm infant), but finds that less than half of this association can be attributed to genetic or biological explanations. Little research tests what features of the environment might comprise the remaining proportion. Using a population-based sample of young women (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort) and their children (Children of the NLSY79), this study tests a variety of potential environmental explanations. Structural equation models indicate that mother-daughter similarities in birth weight are partly spurious in that intergenerational transmissions of educational attainment and sociobehavioral modeling accounted for half of the mother-daughter similarity in the risk of LBW when subgroups of non-poor and poor women were compared, and partially accounted for the mother-daughter similarity in birth weight (adjusted for preterm birth status). Importantly, the effect of education also operated indirectly through nonmarital birth status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kane, Jennifer B. "Do Mother-Daughter Similarities in Human Capital and Nonmarital Birth Status Explain Intergenerational Linkages in Infant Health Outcomes?" Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
3217. |
Kane, John Spizman, Lawrence M. |
An Update of the Educational Attainment Model for a Minor Child Journal of Forensic Economics 14,2 (Spring-Summer 2001): 155-166. Also: http://www.nafe.net/NAFE%20Information/Journal%20of%20Forens ic%20Economics.aspx Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of Forensic Economics Keyword(s): Children; Educational Attainment; Injuries; Modeling, Probit Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An ordered probit educational attainment model, used to predict the lost earning capacity of a wrongfully injured minor child, was created by Spizman and Kane (1992) and expanded by Gill and Foley (1996). The Spizman and Kane study was limited by its reliance on a sample (NLS72) that did not contain data on high school dropouts, while the Gill and Foley study was limited by censored observations on completed educational attainment due to the relatively young age of the sample (NLS79) used in their study. The current study re-estimates the educational attainment model using six additional years of information on educational attainment for NLS79 participants. This additional sample information makes it possible to provide more reliable estimate of completed educational attainment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kane, John and Lawrence M. Spizman. "An Update of the Educational Attainment Model for a Minor Child." Journal of Forensic Economics 14,2 (Spring-Summer 2001): 155-166.
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3218. |
Kane, John Spizman, Lawrence M. Rodgers, James Gaskins, Rick |
The Effect of the Loss of a Parent on the Future Earnings of a Minor Child. Eastern Economic Journal 36,3 (Summer 2010): 370-390. Also: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/eej/journal/v36/n3/abs/eej201025a.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Fathers and Sons; Fathers, Absence; Mothers and Daughters; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We quantify the effect of a parent's absence on a child's future earnings. A parent's absence because of separation or divorce reduces a child's lifetime earnings between 3 and 12 percent. Lifetime educational attainment is adversely affected by between 2 and 4 percent if a parent of the same gender as the child dies (a smaller impact than if absence is because of separation or divorce). No such adverse effect is found if a girl's father or a boy's mother dies. We conclude that it is sensible that lifetime earnings loss to children not be estimated in a parent's wrongful death case. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kane, John, Lawrence M. Spizman, James Rodgers and Rick Gaskins. "The Effect of the Loss of a Parent on the Future Earnings of a Minor Child. ." Eastern Economic Journal 36,3 (Summer 2010): 370-390.
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3219. |
Kane, Thomas J. |
College Cost, Borrowing Constraints and the Timing of College Entry Eastern Economic Journal 22,2 (Spring 1996): 181-194. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/40325703 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Keyword(s): College Education; Cost-Benefit Studies; Human Capital; Racial Differences; Savings; Tuition Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many youth, for whom college may be a worthwhile investment, have insufficient collateral with which to secure a loan. Indeed, this is the purpose of the Guaranteed Student Loan program. However, borrowing under the GSL program (now called Stafford Loans) is subject to a maximum, which can be binding, particularly during the first 2 years at college. Unfortunately, the size and importance of these borrowing constraints, which fell in real value throughout much of the 1980s, remain untested. A simple model of human capital investment predicts that youth would enter college immediately after high school in the absence of borrowing constraints. In the presence of borrowing constraints, students may choose to work first and save for college. Therefore, as a test of the presence of borrowing constraints, the relationships between public tuition levels and age of college entry is evaluated using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the October Current Population Survey. The evidence suggests that borrowing constraints may bind, since delayed college entry is more common in high tuition states, particularly among blacks and low-income whites. Copyright Eastern Economic Association 1996. Fulltext online. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kane, Thomas J. "College Cost, Borrowing Constraints and the Timing of College Entry." Eastern Economic Journal 22,2 (Spring 1996): 181-194.
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3220. |
Kane, Thomas J. |
Rising Public College Tuition and College Entry: How Well Do Public Subsidies Promote Access to College? NBER Working Paper No. 5164, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1995. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w5164 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): College Cost; College Enrollment; Cost-Benefit Studies; Educational Costs; Educational Returns; Schooling; Tuition Though economists have spent the past decade analyzing the rising payoff to schooling, we know much less about the responses of youth or the effectiveness of policies aimed at influencing those decisions. States and the federal government currently spend more than $53 billion annually, hoping to promote greater access to college. This paper evaluates the price sensitivity of youth, using several sources of non-experimental variation in costs. The bulk of the evidence points to large enrollment impacts, particularly for low-income students and for those attending two-year colleges. The states have chosen to promote college enrollment by keeping tuition low through across-the-board subsidies rather than using more targeted, means-tested aid. As public enrollments increase, this has become an expensive strategy. Means-tested aid may be better targeted. However, the evidence of enrollment responses to such targeted aid is much weaker. After a federal means-tested grant program was established in 1973, there was no disproportionate increase in enrollment by low-income youth. Given the number of public dollars at stake, the two sets of results should be reconciled. This paper is available in PDF (1626 K) format: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W5164.pdf |
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Bibliography Citation
Kane, Thomas J. "Rising Public College Tuition and College Entry: How Well Do Public Subsidies Promote Access to College?" NBER Working Paper No. 5164, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1995. |
3221. |
Kane, Thomas J. Rouse, Cecilia Elena |
Labor-Market Returns to Two- and Four-Year College American Economic Review 85,3 (June 1995): 600-614. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118190 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): College Characteristics; College Education; College Graduates; Education; National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 (NLS72); Schooling, Post-secondary; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite their importance as providers of post secondary education, little is known about the labor-market payoffs to a community-college education. An attempt is made to fill this gap by employing 2 different data sets that allow one to distinguish between 2-year and 4-year college attendance: 1. the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 (NLS-72) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Using the NLS- 72, it is found that the average person who attended a 2-year college earned about 10% more than those without any college education, even without completing an associate's degree. Further, contrary to widespread skepticism regarding the value of a community-college education, the estimated returns to a credit at a 2-year or 4-year college are both positive and remarkably similar: roughly 4%-6% for every 30 completed credits (2 semesters). Evidence is also found of the additional value of an associate's degree for women and a bachelor's degree for men. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kane, Thomas J. and Cecilia Elena Rouse. "Labor-Market Returns to Two- and Four-Year College." American Economic Review 85,3 (June 1995): 600-614.
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3222. |
Kangas, Nicole |
Forming Families and Careers: The Effects of Family Size, First Birth Timing, and Early Family Aspirations on U.S. Women's Mental Health, Labor Force Participation, and Career Choices Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Stanford University, August 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Family Size; Fertility; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The three papers comprising this dissertation examine issues surrounding the formation of women's families and careers. The first paper focuses on family size, and utilizes data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth to investigate whether women who have fewer or more children than they initially wanted are at increased risk for depression at mid-life. Results of multiple regression analysis indicate that the relationship between depression and missed fertility targets depends on race and education. Particularly, having more children than initially wanted is related to increased depression at age 40 for black women with less than a high school education. Conversely, having fewer children than initially wanted increases the depression risk for black college educated women at age 40. Most notably, among black and white women who are childless but initially wanted children, only women with less than a college education have an increased risk of depression at mid-life. The second paper centers on fertility timing and draws on qualitative interview data with 33 highly educated women living in the San Francisco bay area. Findings from this study reveal that delayed childbearing is related to reduced employment postnatally. Particularly, when women who delay childbearing ultimately become mothers, they are more likely to perceive that they have achieved their career goals, utilized their educations, and made a difference in their fields, which allows them to "feel good" about entering a separate, family-focused phase of their lives, while scaling back or exiting the labor force. This is in stark contrast to women who become mothers earlier, and who feel they still have much to accomplish in their careers. The third paper uses the same qualitative data to investigate women's career choices. Economic arguments assume that young women have well developed visions of their future family life and how they will combine work and family when they make educational and career decisions. This study demonstrates that this is not usually the case. Young women generally give work-family considerations little thought, assuming they can do it all, and they often ended up with work and family lives that are quite different than they anticipated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kangas, Nicole. Forming Families and Careers: The Effects of Family Size, First Birth Timing, and Early Family Aspirations on U.S. Women's Mental Health, Labor Force Participation, and Career Choices. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Stanford University, August 2011. |
3223. |
Kantenga, Kory |
Essays on Wage Inequality Using the Search Framework Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Job Search; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupational Status; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the second chapter, I present a multidimensional skills search model which accounts for changes in occupational wages, occupational employment shares, and the wage distribution at large. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kantenga, Kory. Essays on Wage Inequality Using the Search Framework. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 2018. |
3224. |
Kaplan, Seth A. Winslow, Carolyn J. Luchman, Joseph N. |
What are We Working For? Comparing the Importance of Job Features for Job Satisfaction over the Career Span Social Indicators Research 148 (2020): 1021-1037. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-019-02231-8 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Job Characteristics; Job Satisfaction; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the impact, relative importance, and unique predictive validity of changes in a host of job features and other relevant factors on job satisfaction over a 35-year period using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth cohort (12,686 respondents). The design of our analysis eliminated of the impact of established between-person correlates of job satisfaction (e.g., personality, cognitive ability), thereby providing for direct examination of within-person change in the focal variables. Results using a first-difference regression and a relative weights analysis revealed that changes in intrinsic, social, and extrinsic features corresponded to changes in satisfaction, but with differing magnitudes. Specific features (e.g., different dimensions of the Job Characteristics Model) generally were unique predictors when all variables were considered. Findings regarding the importance of various features substantially deviate from employees' reports about contributors to job satisfaction and, in some cases, also differ from findings drawn from cross-sectional data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaplan, Seth A., Carolyn J. Winslow and Joseph N. Luchman. "What are We Working For? Comparing the Importance of Job Features for Job Satisfaction over the Career Span." Social Indicators Research 148 (2020): 1021-1037.
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3225. |
Karasek, Deborah |
Reproductive Decision-Making Under Uncertainty: How Economic Preferences Shape Reproductive Behavior Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Contraception; Fertility; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Measures of risk aversion and temporal discounting have long been included in population surveys to examine economic behavior. Little research has examined how these preferences affect decision-making surrounding fertility intention, contraceptive behavior and unintended pregnancy, an area where intention-behavior inconsistencies are widely acknowledged. I test if individual risk tolerance and temporal discounting are associated with contraceptive use and fertility intention, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Preliminary results indicate that women who are most risk tolerant are more likely to report using abstinence and low efficacy methods, but also slightly more likely to report the highest efficacy methods. The most risk averse women appear least likely to experience an unwanted pregnancy. Results of this work will inform a conceptual model for how risk perception and time preferences affect reproductive health behaviors and outcomes, and how this pathway may be modified by different social contexts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Karasek, Deborah. "Reproductive Decision-Making Under Uncertainty: How Economic Preferences Shape Reproductive Behavior." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
3226. |
Karlson, Kristian |
Family Background Consistently Affects Economic Success Across the Life Cycle British Journal of Sociology published online (28 January 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.13081 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Brothers; Career Attainment; Career Patterns; Earnings; Economic Success; Family Background and Culture; Family Characteristics; Income; Life Course; Mobility, Social; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Scholars of social mobility increasingly study the role of family background in shaping attainment throughout the entire life course. However, research has yet to establish whether the family characteristics influencing early career attainment are the same as those influencing late career attainment. In this research note, I apply an extended sibling correlation approach to analyze brothers’ life cycle earnings and family income, using data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. My analysis reveals a near-perfect correlation in the family characteristics that affect attainment at early, mid, and late career stages. This finding has significant implications for how mobility scholars conceptualize the impact of family background across a career. It suggests that family background forms a single, consistent dimension in determining attainment throughout the life course. Further analysis also indicates that the imperfect relationship between current and lifetime income is exclusively driven by within-family processes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Karlson, Kristian. "Family Background Consistently Affects Economic Success Across the Life Cycle." British Journal of Sociology published online (28 January 2024).
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3227. |
Karlson, Kristian Bernt |
College as Equalizer? Testing the Selectivity Hypothesis Social Science Research 80 (May 2019): 216-229. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X17308244 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Degree; Family Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Social; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Stratification research shows that occupational origins and destinations are weakly associated among individuals holding a college degree. The finding is taken to support the hypothesis that college equalizes opportunities and promotes social mobility. I test the competing hypothesis that the high level of social mobility reported for college degree holders results from the selectivity of this group. To control for selectivity, I reweigh a sample of college degree holders by the inverse probability of being a college degree holder conditional on observable characteristics of students before they enter college, including characteristics such as cognitive ability, personality traits, and beliefs about the future. Analyzing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979), I find no support for the selectivity hypothesis. These findings align with evidence based on indirect tests of the hypothesis, and indicate that college indeed appears to be an equalizer. |
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Bibliography Citation
Karlson, Kristian Bernt. "College as Equalizer? Testing the Selectivity Hypothesis." Social Science Research 80 (May 2019): 216-229.
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3228. |
Karnehm, Amy Lynn |
The Effects of Parental Practices on Adolescent Sexual Initiation Prior to Age 16 Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 2000. Also: http://books.google.com/books/about/The_effects_of_parental_practices_on_ado.html?id=l-1NNwAACAAJ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Age at First Intercourse; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parental Influences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior In my dissertation I examine the transmission of family social capital from parent to child, as it impacts adolescent sexual initiation prior to Age 16. I extend the application of James Coleman's ideas and borrow from the conclusions of Alejandro Portes to integrate social capital theory with parenting practices and theories of adolescent sexual behavior. Using the 1979-1996 mother, child, and young adult data files from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), I examine parenting factors (i.e., shared activities as indicators of the parent-child bond, parental support, and parental control) and child and family characteristics (e.g., maternal education, race/ethnicity, father presence, maternal aspirations for child's education) that distinguish teens born to young mothers who have "early sex" (initiate prior to age 16), from those who delay their initiation until or past age 16. I also explore how the effects of parenting practices on early sexual initiation differ by gender and by father presence/absence. As hypothesized, children who reported at least monthly church attendance with their parents at age 10 or 11 are more likely to delay their first sex until at least age 16. However, contrary to expectations, children whose mothers took them to cultural performances were more likely to have sex before age 16. This level of analysis suggests that early background characteristics may be more important than parental practices in predicting early sexual initiation. This dissertation concludes by suggesting a need for a more intensive examination of the relationship between family interaction process and early sexual initiation than is possible with a large-scale data set such as the NLSY. |
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Bibliography Citation
Karnehm, Amy Lynn. The Effects of Parental Practices on Adolescent Sexual Initiation Prior to Age 16. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 2000.. |
3229. |
Karnehm, Amy Lynn Shepelak, Norma J. |
Meaning of Motherhood: Testing a Sociocultural Model of Identity Transformation Presented: Chicago, IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Divorce; Family Studies; Marriage; Motherhood; Parenthood; Women's Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Because the meaning of being a mother & wife is no longer central to a woman's identity, yet still involves being primary emotional caregiver as well as an economic provider, women's identities have taken on multiple role saliences (Stryker, 1968; McCall & Simmons, 1978). Martha McMahon's (1995) landmark qualitative study on engendered motherhood sought to understand the sociocultural dynamics that affect a woman's identity transformation into "mother." Here, this model is tested using data from the 1994 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (subsample N = 244). Initial results indicate differences by social class groupings in terms of both readiness for & the responsibility of motherhood for full-time workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Karnehm, Amy Lynn and Norma J. Shepelak. "Meaning of Motherhood: Testing a Sociocultural Model of Identity Transformation." Presented: Chicago, IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1999. |
3230. |
Karney, Benjamin R. Beckett, Megan K. Collins, Rebecca L. Shaw, Rebecca |
Adolescent Romantic Relationships as Precursors of Healthy Adult Marriages A Review of Theory, Research, and Programs Technical Report Prepared for the Department of Health and Human Services, Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation, 2007. Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR488.html Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Keyword(s): Marriage; Monitoring the Future (MTF); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Transition, Adulthood; Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) Goals of the Report. To inform current efforts to strengthen the adolescent precursors of healthy marriage, the overarching goal of this report is to synthesize and evaluate the existing basic and applied literature on adolescent romantic relationships, with particular emphasis on experiences in these relationships as precursors of adult marriages. By evaluating the accumulated products of this work to date, the analyses described in this report should provide a foundation for policies to promote healthy marriages through programs aimed at adolescents. Organization and Methods. The report is organized around three major tasks: Review descriptions of what adolescent romantic relationships are like. To accomplish this task, the report assembles and reviews research that describes what adolescents believe and value about romantic relationships and marriage in general and how adolescents behave in their own romantic relationships. Review explanations of the role adolescent romantic relationships may play in adult development. To accomplish this task, the report integrates existing theories of adolescent romantic relationships and adult development and evaluates the degree to which existing theories have received support from the empirical literature on adolescent relationships to date. Assess interventions designed to make adolescents’ relationships, and their subsequent marriages, better. To accomplish this task, this report reviews a diverse sample of available relationship education curricula targeted at adolescents and describes interviews with practitioners directly involved in this area. Drawing on the results of these tasks, the report concludes by identifying priorities for future research in this area and offering strategies and suggestions for developing programs and curricula to promote healthy adult marriages during adolescence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Karney, Benjamin R., Megan K. Beckett, Rebecca L. Collins and Rebecca Shaw. "Adolescent Romantic Relationships as Precursors of Healthy Adult Marriages A Review of Theory, Research, and Programs." Technical Report Prepared for the Department of Health and Human Services, Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation, 2007. |
3231. |
Karriker-Jaffe, Katherine J. Witbrodt, Jane Mulia, Nina |
Differential Consequences: Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences in the Enduring Impact of Early Disadvantage on Heavy Drinking in Midlife Prevention Science 20,7 (October 2019): 1009-1020. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11121-019-01033-1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Poverty; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use a "chain of risks" model to identify risk factors for prolonged heavy drinking in a nationally representative US sample followed from adolescence to middle age, focusing on educational mediators and differential consequences of early exposure to family poverty and area-level disadvantage. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (civilian respondents ages 14-19 at baseline, N = 5781), longitudinal path models assessed racial/ethnic and gender differences in indirect effects of early disadvantage (duration of exposure to family poverty and area-level disadvantage during adolescence) on midlife heavy drinking. Educational mediators were high school academic performance (taking remedial coursework), high school completion, and attaining a college education. Subgroups were based on race/ethnicity (50.7% White, 30.5% Black, 18.8% Hispanic respondents) and gender (49.6% males). There was a significant indirect path from family poverty during adolescence to poor high school academic performance, lower educational attainment, and more heavy drinking in midlife. For Black respondents, there was an additional direct effect of early area-level disadvantage on greater midlife heavy drinking that was not seen for other groups. The effect of family poverty on reduced high school graduation was stronger for males than females. Enduring impacts of family poverty duration during adolescence on educational attainment have consequences for health risk behaviors in midlife. Due to differential exposure to early adversity, intersectoral interventions are needed to reduce disparities in alcohol outcomes and to promote health equity among high-risk populations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Karriker-Jaffe, Katherine J., Jane Witbrodt and Nina Mulia. "Differential Consequences: Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences in the Enduring Impact of Early Disadvantage on Heavy Drinking in Midlife." Prevention Science 20,7 (October 2019): 1009-1020.
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3232. |
Kaskutas, Lee Ann Greenfield, Thomas K. Lee, M. E. Cote, J. |
Reach and Effects of Health Messages on Drinking During Pregnancy Journal of Health Education 29,1 (January-February 1998): 11-18. Also: http://openagricola.nal.usda.gov/Record/IND21804937 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Association for Health Education Keyword(s): Abortion; Alcohol Use; Health Factors; Mothers, Behavior; Parental Influences; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Because of the threat of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, pregnant women have been a primary target for interventions that provide information about the risk associated with drinking during pregnancy. In a general population sample of pregnant women, the relationships between alcohol consumption in pregnant women and exposure to four sources of health messages are investigated. Sources included alcohol beverage container labels, point of sale signs, advertisements, and personal conversations. Results from a five year cross-sectional U.S. national survey and a two year longitudinal study of women of childbearing age (18-40 yrs) indicate that the vast majority of the drinking women (80 percent) decrease their alcohol consumption during pregnancy, with 61 percent of the drinkers abstaining completely. Pregnant women who do drink reported consuming relatively low quantities of alcohol, with only four percent consuming more than three drinks in a single day. Unlike previous research, no differences were found by ethnicity. Message exposure varied greatly by source, ranging from 84 percent reporting conversations about the dangers of drinking during pregnancy to 17 percent who had seen a point-of-sale poster. While there has been an increase in the proportion of pregnant women exposed to the container warning message about drinking during pregnancy, there has been a significant decline in the proportion exposed to advertisements and to conversations about the risk. Unlike prior analyses of the general population which found that warning label exposure is associated with heavy drinking, no relationship was found between label exposure and consumption among the sample of pregnant women; nor were changes in drinking during pregnancy found to be associated with exposure to any of the assessed messages (labels, posters, advertisements, and conversations). |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaskutas, Lee Ann, Thomas K. Greenfield, M. E. Lee and J. Cote. "Reach and Effects of Health Messages on Drinking During Pregnancy." Journal of Health Education 29,1 (January-February 1998): 11-18.
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3233. |
Kass, Tobey |
Essays on Policies in Labor and Urban Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Job Characteristics; Work Hours/Schedule; Work, Atypical; Work, Contingent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the second chapter, I study what motivates individuals' decisions to engage in contingent work or traditional employment and I document the characteristics of these two labor markets. Contingent work includes independent contracting, freelance work, consulting, gig work, temporary agency work, and on-call work. I show that there is greater dispersion in hours worked by contingent workers than by traditional employees. In addition, contingent workers' annual income is lower by 33 percent, their hourly wages are lower by 11 percent, and their job spells are on average 11 weeks shorter than those of traditional employees. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kass, Tobey. Essays on Policies in Labor and Urban Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, 2022. |
3234. |
Kautz, Timothy Danna |
Essays in the Economics of Education and Skill Development Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Chicago, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Achievement; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; Noncognitive Skills; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The second chapter presents results of an evaluation of the General Educational Development (GED) program. The GED is an achievement test that high school dropouts can take to certify that they are equivalent to high school graduates. It reviews the existing evidence on the returns to GED certificates and presents new evidence. After controlling for achievement test scores before high school, GED recipients fare no better than other high school dropouts but lag behind high school graduates, because GED recipients lack non-cognitive skills that are missed by achievement tests. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kautz, Timothy Danna. Essays in the Economics of Education and Skill Development. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Chicago, 2015. |
3235. |
Kawaguchi, Daiji |
Compensating Wage Differentials among Self-Employed Workers: Evidence from Job Satisfaction Scores Working Paper No. 568, the Institute of Social and Economic Research - Osaka University, June 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER), Osaka University Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Job Tenure; Self-Employed Workers; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies have found that self-employed workers with long business tenure earn less than other workers with similar characteristics. This difference in earnings can be explained by the compensating wage differential theory when self-employed jobs have attractive, non-pecuniary aspects. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79), I test whether moves in and out of self-employment are associated with changes in global job satisfaction. By looking at changes in job satisfaction for individuals over time, I overcome the difficulty of interpreting differences in subjective job satisfaction scores across individuals that cross-sectional analysis would require. Using my estimates, I calculate the monetary value of the non-pecuniary aspects of self-employment and find that the value of self-employment in terms of job satisfaction is sufficiently high enough to support the compensating differential hypothesis as an explanation for lower earnings among self-employed workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kawaguchi, Daiji. "Compensating Wage Differentials among Self-Employed Workers: Evidence from Job Satisfaction Scores." Working Paper No. 568, the Institute of Social and Economic Research - Osaka University, June 2002. |
3236. |
Kawaguchi, Daiji |
Earnings of Self-Employed Workers and Peer Effects Among Teenagers Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2002. DAI-A 63/09, p. 3293, Mar 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Earnings; Endogeneity; Human Capital; Job Satisfaction; Labor Economics; Life Cycle Research; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Self-Employed Workers This dissertation contains three essays in applied microeconomics. Chapter 1 revisits the empirical results of Lazear and Moore [Edward Lazear and John Moore (1984) "Incentive, Productivity, and Contract" Quarterly Journal of Economics. That paper found that empirical experience-earnings profiles were flatter for self-employed workers and argued that this supported the Lazear contract theory that claim firms use life-cycle backloaded payment systems to work around principal-agent problems between firms and workers. This chapter reproduces the Lazear and Moore result on more modern data, but argues for an alternative interpretation. In particular, this chapter argues that self-employed workers face more wage variation but enjoy a higher return for human capital. A model based on these assumptions can produce flatter experience-earnings profile since self-employed workers start their career with more human capital and due to opportunity cost, they invest less in human capital on the job. The chapter develops implications of the model not found in the Lazear contract model and concludes by developing support for these implications. Chapter 2 attempts to explain the lower earnings among self-employed workers found by Hamilton [Barton Hamilton (2000) "Does entrepreneurship pay? An Empirical Analysis of the Return of Self-Employment" Journal of Political Economy. That paper found 20% lower earnings of self-employed workers with 10 years of business tenure than comparable salaried workers with 10 years of job tenure. This difference in earnings can in principal be explained by the compensating wage differential theory when self-employed jobs have attractive non-monetary aspects. Using the National Longitudinal Survey Youth 79 (NLSY79), this chapter tests whether self-employment is associated with higher global job satisfaction. By looking at changes in job satisfaction for individuals over time, I overcome the difficulty of interpreting differences in subjective job satisfaction scores across individuals that cross-sectional analysis would require. Using my estimates, I calculate the monetary value of the non-monetary aspects of self-employment and find that one dollar earned while a self-employed worker is equivalent to as much as three to four dollars earned as a salary or wage worker. Although the valuation is surprisingly high, the direction of the estimate is consistent with the compensating wage differential hypothesis. Although job satisfaction is a partial component of workers' total utility, the value of self-employment in terms of job satisfaction is sufficiently high to support the compensating differential hypothesis as an explanation for lower earnings among self-employed workers. I also evaluate several other explanations for the surprisingly high valuation of self-employment. Chapter 3 attempts to estimate peer effects on substance usage among teenagers. This chapter first summarizes the problems in the identification of peer effects. The existence of unobserved characteristics of individuals and endogenous sorting into reference groups based on unobserved characteristics causes problems in the identification of peer effects. The solutions for this problem are: (1) To control 'unobservable' through including plenty of explanatory variables using rich data set or using sibling method to difference out unobservable. (2) To use natural experimental situation in which reference group is assigned randomly. (3) To use economic theory to get a prediction that arises only from peer effect but not from contextual or correlated effect. In this chapter, the method 1 was taken. Significant peer effects were found on substance usage among teenagers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kawaguchi, Daiji. Earnings of Self-Employed Workers and Peer Effects Among Teenagers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2002. DAI-A 63/09, p. 3293, Mar 2003. |
3237. |
Kawaguchi, Daiji |
Self-Employment Rents: Evidence from Job Satisfaction Scores Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics 49,1 (June 2008): 35-45. Also: http://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/handle/10086/15881 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Hitotsubashi University Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Job Satisfaction; Self-Employed Workers; Self-Reporting; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies have pointed to the existence of barriers at the entry of self-employed sectors, such as liquidity constraints. In many countries, policies are directed toward removing these barriers in order to promote entrepreneurial activity. This paper examines whether such barriers exist by examining the amount of rent enjoyed by self-employed workers; if there are no barriers between the self-employed sector and the salary/wage sector, self-employed workers should not enjoy rents. Examination of the rent associated with self-employment, however, cannot simply be accomplished by comparing the incomes of self-employed and salary/wage workers. This is because self-employed workers may enjoy higher utility due to their work environment, with such benefits as autonomy and flexibility of work schedules. To overcome the difficulty of measuring self-employment rents, I use self-reported job satisfaction from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79) to capture workers' overall satisfaction with their jobs. The results robustly indicate that self-employed workers are more satisfied with their jobs than salary/wage workers, even after allowing for the time-invariant individual heterogeneity in their reported job satisfaction. This result suggests that there are barriers at the entry into self-employment and that self-employed workers enjoy rents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kawaguchi, Daiji. "Self-Employment Rents: Evidence from Job Satisfaction Scores." Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics 49,1 (June 2008): 35-45.
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3238. |
Kawaguchi, Daiji Kondo, Ayako |
The Effects of Graduating from College During a Recession on Living Standards Economic Inquiry 58,1 (January 2020): 283-293. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecin.12835 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Assets; College Graduates; Economic Changes/Recession; Family Formation; Geocoded Data; Home Ownership; Labor Market Outcomes; Mobility; Unemployment Rate, Regional Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Graduating from college during a recession has persistent negative effects on labor‐market outcomes. This study assesses the welfare impact of a recession at entry by analyzing family formation behaviors and asset holdings. Scrutiny of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) reveals that despite a decline in hourly wages, business cycle conditions at entry to the labor market do not affect family formation, car or home ownership, or net asset holdings in the long run. Evidence suggests that individuals who graduate in bad times tend to move to states with lower living costs to secure living standards. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kawaguchi, Daiji and Ayako Kondo. "The Effects of Graduating from College During a Recession on Living Standards." Economic Inquiry 58,1 (January 2020): 283-293.
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3239. |
Kaymak, Barış |
Postschooling Training Investment and Employer Learning Journal of Human Capital 8,3 (Fall 2014): DOI: 10.1086/678261. Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/678261 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Job Training; Skill Formation; Wage Growth Wage growth among young workers relates positively to ability and negatively to education, conditional on ability. This was interpreted as evidence for statistical discrimination with employer learning. I show that this pattern is also consistent with a version of the Ben-Porath model of skill formation in which (i) workers differ in their learning ability and (ii) job training is a substitute for formal schooling. Data on job training from the NLSY confirm both modeling extensions for young workers. Nonetheless, for more experienced workers, job training and formal schooling appear to be positively related, even after controlling for ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kaymak, Barış. "Postschooling Training Investment and Employer Learning." Journal of Human Capital 8,3 (Fall 2014): DOI: 10.1086/678261.
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3240. |
Kazis, Richard |
Improving the Transition from School to Work in the United States Position paper, Washington DC: Cambridge MA: American Youth Policy Forum; Competitiveness Policy Council; Jobs for the Future, Inc., 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Youth Policy Forum Keyword(s): Children, Health Care; Employment, Youth; High School; Job Skills; Job Training; Labor Force Participation; Skills; Transition, School to Work; Unemployment; Vocational Education; Vocational Training National Longitudinal Survey on Youth data indicate a large proportion of each youth cohort is still struggling in the labor market in their early 30s. Unemployment spells of long duration are common. A future problem is scarcity of needed skills in the kinds of jobs that will have to be created if the nation's economy is to regain its competitive edge. The United States' lack of a system of school-to-work transition is an obstacle to achieving the goal of getting the most out of each worker. Program models that illustrate "best practice" in the integration of school and work tend to cluster in two general categories: programs built around curricular approaches that bring work and career issues into the classroom and programs that get young people out of the classroom and into work and the labor market. Consensus is developing in the literature and among practitioners on basic building blocks of an effective career preparation system that underlie four recommendations for federal policy: (1) encourage continued experimentation with and learning from diverse school-to-work programs; (2) support development of the basic elements of a national skills training system; (3) focus federal resources on employer participation and teacher development; and (4) use its authority and resources to promote a new vision of government's role. (Appendixes include a 32-item bibliography and "A Memorandum on the Youth Transition" by Paul Barton.) (YLB) |
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Bibliography Citation
Kazis, Richard. "Improving the Transition from School to Work in the United States." Position paper, Washington DC: Cambridge MA: American Youth Policy Forum; Competitiveness Policy Council; Jobs for the Future, Inc., 1993. |
3241. |
Keane, Michael P. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Eliminating Race Differences in School Attainment and Labor Market Success Journal of Labor Economics 18,4 (October 2000): 614-652. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/209971 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Education; Educational Attainment; Labor Market Outcomes; Life Cycle Research; Occupational Choice; Racial Differences In this article, we provide quantitative evidence on the effects of monetary incentive schemes designed to reduce racial differences in school attainment and earnings. Our analysis is based on the structural estimation of a dynamic model of schooling, work, and occupational choice decisions over the life cycle. We consider two recent proposals that, although not specifically targeted to blacks, can be expected to have differential racial impacts. One proposal, suggested by Robert Reich, provides a high school graduation bonus to youths from lower-income families. The other, suggested by Edmund Phelps, provides wage subsidies to low-wage workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keane, Michael P. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Eliminating Race Differences in School Attainment and Labor Market Success." Journal of Labor Economics 18,4 (October 2000): 614-652.
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3242. |
Keane, Michael P. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Estimating Welfare Effects Consistent with Forward-Looking Behavior: Part II: Empirical Results Journal of Human Resources 37,3 (Summer 2002): 600-622. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3069683 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Behavior; Benefits; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Marriage; Schooling; Welfare In this paper, we provide estimates of welfare benefit effects on a set of behaviors that includes welfare participation, fertility, marriage, work and schooling using approximations to the decision rules that would be derived from an explicit dynamic optimization problem. We use the stylized model and associated simulations from Part I as a guide in specifying the approximate decision rules that we estimate here. The estimates are based on data from the 1979 youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience (NLSY79). |
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Bibliography Citation
Keane, Michael P. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Estimating Welfare Effects Consistent with Forward-Looking Behavior: Part II: Empirical Results." Journal of Human Resources 37,3 (Summer 2002): 600-622.
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3243. |
Keane, Michael P. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Exploring the Usefulness of a Non-Random Holdout Sample for Model Validation: Welfare Effects on Female Behavior PIER Working Paper Archive 06-006, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 2006. Also: http://www.econ.upenn.edu/Centers/pier/Archive/06-006.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Penn Institute for Economic Research (PIER) Keyword(s): Behavior; Heterogeneity; Modeling; Welfare; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Opportunities for external validation of behavioral models in the social sciences that are based on randomized social experiments or on large regime shifts, that can be treated as experiments for the purpose of model validation, are extremely rare. In this paper, we consider an alternative approach, namely mimicking the essential element of regime change by non-randomly holding out from estimation a portion of the sample that faces a significantly different policy regime. The non-random holdout sample is used for model validation/selection. We illustrate the non-random holdout sample approach to model validation in the context of a model of welfare program participation. The policy heterogeneity that we exploit to generate a non-random holdout sample takes advantage of the wide variation across states that has existed in welfare policy. We implement the model using 15 years of information from the 1979 youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience (NLSY79), supplemented with state level welfare benefit rules that we have collected for each state over a 23 year period prior to the new welfare reform. Benefit levels changed considerably over the decision-making period of the women in the NLSY79 sample. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keane, Michael P. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Exploring the Usefulness of a Non-Random Holdout Sample for Model Validation: Welfare Effects on Female Behavior." PIER Working Paper Archive 06-006, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 2006. |
3244. |
Keane, Michael P. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Exploring the Usefulness of a Nonrandom Holdout Sample for Model Validation: Welfare Effects On Female Behavior International Economic Review 48,4 (November 2007): 1351-1378. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2007.00465.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. International Trade Commission Keyword(s): Behavior; Welfare; Women A particularly challenging use of decision-theoretic models in economics is to forecast the impact of large changes in the environment. The problem we explore in this article is how to gain confidence in a model's ability to predict the impact of such large changes. We show that an approach to validation and model selection that includes the choice of a "on random holdout sample," a sample that differs significantly from the estimation sample along the policy dimension that the model is meant to forecast, can be fruitful. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keane, Michael P. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Exploring the Usefulness of a Nonrandom Holdout Sample for Model Validation: Welfare Effects On Female Behavior." International Economic Review 48,4 (November 2007): 1351-1378.
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3245. |
Keane, Michael P. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
The Career Decisions of Young Men Journal of Political Economy 105,3 (June 1997): 473-522. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/262080 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Absenteeism; Human Capital; Part-Time Work; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels This paper provides structural estimates of a dynamic mode of schooling, work, and occupational choice decisions based on 11 years of observations on a sample of young men from the 1979 youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience (NLSY). The structural estimation framework that we adopt fully imposes the restrictions of the theory and permits an investigation of whether such a theoretically restricted model can succeed in quantitatively fitting the observed data patterns. We find that a suitably extended human capital investment model can in fact do an excellent job of fitting observed data on school attendance work, occupational choices, and wages in the NLSY data on young men and also produces reasonable forecasts of future work decisions and wage patterns. Copyright 1997 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keane, Michael P. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "The Career Decisions of Young Men." Journal of Political Economy 105,3 (June 1997): 473-522.
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3246. |
Keane, Michael P. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
The Role of Labor and Marriage Markets, Preference Heterogeneity, and the Welfare System in the Life Cycle Decisions of Black, Hispanic, and White Women International Economic Review 51,3 (August 2010): 851-892. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2010.00604.x Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Life Cycle Research; Marriage; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Using data from the NLSY79, we structurally estimate a dynamic model of the life cycle decisions of young women. The women make sequential joint decisions about school attendance, work, marriage, fertility, and welfare participation. We use the model to perform counterfactual simulations designed to shed light on three questions: (1) How much of observed minority-majority differences in behavior can be attributed to differences in labor market opportunities, marriage market opportunities, and preference heterogeneity? (2) How does the welfare system interact with these factors to augment those differences? (3) How can new cohorts that grow up under the new welfare system (Temporary Aid for Needy Families) be expected to behave compared to older cohorts? |
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Bibliography Citation
Keane, Michael P. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "The Role of Labor and Marriage Markets, Preference Heterogeneity, and the Welfare System in the Life Cycle Decisions of Black, Hispanic, and White Women." International Economic Review 51,3 (August 2010): 851-892.
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3247. |
Kearney, Melissa S. Levine, Phillip B. |
Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and the Decision to Drop Out of High School NBER Working Paper No. 20195, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2014. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w20195 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Dropouts; Educational Attainment; Educational Longitudinal Study (ELS:2002); High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Diploma; Income; Income Distribution; Mobility, Social; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Socioeconomic Status (SES) This paper considers the role that high levels of income inequality and low rates of social mobility play in driving the educational attainment of youth in low-income households in the United States. Using high school degree status from five individual-level surveys, our analysis reveals that low-socioeconomic status (SES) students, and particularly boys, who grow up in locations with greater levels of lower-tail income inequality and lower levels of social mobility are relatively more likely to drop out of high school, conditional on other individual characteristics and contextual factors. The data indicate that this relationship does not reflect alternative characteristics of the place, such as poverty concentration, residential segregation, or public school financing. We propose that the results are consistent with a class of explanations that emphasize a role for perceptions of one’s own identity, position in society, or chances of success. In the end, our empirical results indicate that high levels of lower-tail income inequality and low levels of social mobility hinder educational advancement for disadvantaged youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kearney, Melissa S. and Phillip B. Levine. "Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and the Decision to Drop Out of High School." NBER Working Paper No. 20195, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2014. |
3248. |
Kearney, Melissa S. Levine, Phillip B. |
Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and the Decision to Drop Out of High School Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Spring 2016): 333-380. Also: Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and the Decision to Drop Out of High School Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; Income Distribution; Mobility, Social; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Socioeconomic Background It is widely documented that places with higher level of income inequality have lower rates of social mobility. But it is an open question whether and how higher levels of inequality actually lead to lower rates of mobility. We propose that one channel through which higher rates of income inequality might lead to lower rates of upward mobility is lower rates of human capital investment among low-income individuals. Specifically, we posit that greater levels of income inequality could lead low-income youth to perceive a lower rate of return on investment in their own human capital. Such an effect would offset any potential "aspirational" effect coming from higher educational wage premiums. The data are consistent with this prediction: Individuals from low socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to drop out of school if they live in a place with a great gap between the bottom and middle of the income distribution. This finding is robust in relation to a number of specification checks and tests for confounding factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kearney, Melissa S. and Phillip B. Levine. "Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and the Decision to Drop Out of High School." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Spring 2016): 333-380.
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3249. |
Kearns, Jill |
Career Interruptions: Wage and Gender Effects Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Kentucky, 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Gender Differences; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Unemployment Duration; Wage Gap; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation examines the effects of career interruptions on workers' wages. In chapter four I examine whether controlling for the type of interruption differently affects men's and women's wages and therefore can be used to explain the remaining gender wage differences. The increased participation of married women in the labor force has increased their wages from just 30% of men's wages in 1890 to nearly 80% as of 2001. Thus, although the gender wage gap has narrowed over time, it has yet to be eliminated. One argument for the persistence of the gender wage gap is that previously researchers have used poor measures of experience to estimate men's and women's wages. Although previous studies have made strides in measuring experience, including controls for the timing of work experience, the gender wage gap persists. I extend the wage-gap literature by including controls for the types of interruptions men and women encounter. Because they typically experience different types of interruptions, I examine whether the varying types affect wages differently. I control for the types of interruptions and find similar effects for men's and women's wages. My study shows that types of job interruptions do not explain the remaining wage differentials. The fifth chapter extends from the fourth chapter by including controls for all periods of unpaid leave from work. I examine whether wage differences exist between workers who return to their current employer post-interruption versus those who change employers post-interruption. I find differences in the wage effects from different types of unpaid leave for men and women. Chapter six extends from previous chapters by including controls for all periods of paid leave from work in addition to unpaid leaves from work. I examine whether depreciation effects occur when women spend time out of work but receive compensation through paid maternity leaves. I find no evidence that time out of work because of paid maternity leaves deprec iates skills. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kearns, Jill. Career Interruptions: Wage and Gender Effects. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Kentucky, 2010. |
3250. |
Keck, Canada K. |
Initiation and Duration of Breastfeeding Among Employed Women in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Birthweight; Breastfeeding; Demography; Ethnic Differences; First Birth; Household Composition; Labor Force Participation; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Maternal Employment; Racial Differences Despite a growing body of medical evidence that breastfeeding is beneficial to infants and mothers, women face many obstacles in initiating and maintaining breastfeeding. With the growing trend of mothers with children under one participating in the labor force, understanding the effects of employment on breastfeeding is crucial to any policy attempts to increase breastfeeding rates. I examine the impact of demographic, social psychological, employment, and birth factors on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). I analyze mothers employed during the pregnancy leading to their first birth who returned to work at some point during the first year afterwards (N=1698). Blacks but not Hispanics are significantly less likely to initiate breastfeeding than whites. Women in the West are significantly more likely to initiate breastfeeding than women in the Northeast, North Central or South. Women with higher leve ls of education, who are older at their first birth, who have a spouse or partner, who have greater internal locus of control, who have higher levels of occupational complexity, and who work 30 hours or less during their pregnancy are significantly more likely to breastfeed. Women who have a cesarean section and women who have indications of difficult birth conditions are significantly less likely to initiate breastfeeding. Among women who do initiate (N=891), women with higher levels of education, who live in the West, who have a spouse or partner, who return to work later and work 30 hours or less after returning breastfeed significantly longer. Hispanics but not Blacks have significantly shorter duration than whites. Having a difficult birth has a negative impact on duration of breastfeeding. When considering duration after returning to work, women living in the West, who work 30 hours or less, and have more education and higher occupational complexity breastfeed longer, with Hispanics and women with difficult births breastfeeding a shorter time. These results clearly suggest that a combination of addressing social attitudes, improving prenatal health, extending maternity leave options, and providing workplace flexibility are needed to increase the initiation and duration of breastfeeding among employed women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keck, Canada K. Initiation and Duration of Breastfeeding Among Employed Women in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1997. |
3251. |
Kedagni, Desire Mourifie, Ismael |
Generalized Instrumental Inequalities: Testing the Instrumental Variable Independence Assumption Biometrika published online (29 February 2020): DOI: 10.1093/biomet/asaa003. Also: https://academic.oup.com/biomet/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biomet/asaa003/5767137 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): College Cost; College Education; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Parental Influences; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper proposes a new set of testable implications for the instrumental variable independence assumption for discrete treatment, but unrestricted outcome and instruments: generalized instrumental inequalities. When outcome and treatment are both binary, but instruments are unrestricted, we show that the generalized instrumental inequalities are necessary and sufficient to detect all observable violations of the instrumental variable independence assumption. To test the generalized instrumental inequalities, we propose an approach combining a sample splitting procedure and an inference method for intersection bounds. This idea allows one to easily implement the test using existing Stata packages. We apply our proposed strategy to assess the validity of the instrumental variable independence assumption for various instruments used in the returns to college literature. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kedagni, Desire and Ismael Mourifie. "Generalized Instrumental Inequalities: Testing the Instrumental Variable Independence Assumption." Biometrika published online (29 February 2020): DOI: 10.1093/biomet/asaa003.
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3252. |
Keener, Gary Wayne |
Government Regulation of the Household Production Function: A Study of Prenatal Health Care Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education; Government Regulation; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care This dissertation is based on the practical application of the fundamental concepts of utility maximization: people are assumed to maximize their utility by consuming the goods that give them the most satisfaction. People's utility will be reduced if for some reason they are forced to consume any amount of a good different than their utility maximizing amount. Such a situation could arise when the government passes laws forcing people to consume a certain amount of a good, for example, pregnant women should be forced to consume the amount of prenatal health care necessary to insure their baby is born healthy. This dissertation examines the conditions that are necessary in order for society to increase its welfare through mandatory consumption of prenatal health care. It will also look at whether certain members of society would use such a law to increase their welfare at the expense of other members of society. Two empirical studies are presented. The first study will use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's merged child-mother data file to estimate the demand for prenatal health care. Particular interest will be paid to how the demand for prenatal health care responds to changes in certain economic variables such as income and education. The second empirical study will use survey data to examine how people react to a proposed law requiring pregnant women to receive prenatal health care and to examine the interdependencies between individuals regarding prenatal health care. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keener, Gary Wayne. Government Regulation of the Household Production Function: A Study of Prenatal Health Care. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1993. |
3253. |
Keil, Jacqueline M. Christie-Mizell, C. André |
Beliefs, Fertility, and Earnings of African American, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic White Mothers. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 30,3 (1 August 2008): 299-323. Also: http://hjb.sagepub.com/content/30/3/299.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Black Studies; Earnings; Fertility; Gender; Hispanics; Mothers, Income; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study explores gender ideology, fertility factors (e.g., age at first birth, number of children), and their effects on earnings of African American (n = 413), Hispanic American (n = 271), and White (n = 817) mothers. An analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth over a 10-year period (1988 to 1998) shows that, on average, Hispanic American and White mothers have a significantly more conservative gender ideology than African American mothers. Nevertheless, a conservative gender ideology significantly reduces African American, Hispanic American, and White mothers' earnings when controlling for a variety of important labor force factors. Regarding fertility, the number of children is detrimental to the earnings of White mothers but has no effect on African American or Hispanic mothers in the sample. Although early childbearing significantly depresses the earnings of African American and Hispanic mothers, it does not do so for their White counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Keil, Jacqueline M. and C. André Christie-Mizell. "Beliefs, Fertility, and Earnings of African American, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic White Mothers." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 30,3 (1 August 2008): 299-323.
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3254. |
Keister, Lisa A. |
Childhood Religious Denomination and Early Adult Asset Accumulation In: Religion, Families, and Health: Population-Based Research in the United States. C. Ellison and R. Hummer, eds., New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Rutgers University Press Keyword(s): Assets; Religion [From the preface]: Lisa Kiester examines the relationship between childhood religion and early adult asset accumulation in Chapter 9. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keister, Lisa A. "Childhood Religious Denomination and Early Adult Asset Accumulation" In: Religion, Families, and Health: Population-Based Research in the United States. C. Ellison and R. Hummer, eds., New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2010
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3255. |
Keister, Lisa A. |
Conservative Protestants and Wealth: How Religion Perpetuates Asset Poverty American Journal of Sociology 113,5 (March 2008): 1237-1271. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/10.1086/525506 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Assets; Poverty; Religion; Wealth The association between cultural orientation and material outcomes is fundamental to sociology research. This article contributes to the understanding of this relationship by exploring how religious affiliation affects wealth ownership for conservative Protestants (CPs). The results demonstrate that religion affects wealth indirectly through educational attainment, fertility, and female labor force participation. The results also provide evidence of a direct effect of religion on wealth. Low rates of asset accumulation and unique economic values combine to reduce CP wealth beyond the effects of demographics. The findings improve understanding of the relationship between religious beliefs and inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keister, Lisa A. "Conservative Protestants and Wealth: How Religion Perpetuates Asset Poverty." American Journal of Sociology 113,5 (March 2008): 1237-1271.
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3256. |
Keister, Lisa A. |
Faith and Money: How Religious Belief Contributes to Wealth and Poverty Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Assets; Debt/Borrowing; Income; Poverty; Religion; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [Editor's note: The NLSY is used in multiple chapters] |
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Bibliography Citation
Keister, Lisa A. Faith and Money: How Religious Belief Contributes to Wealth and Poverty. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. |
3257. |
Keister, Lisa A. |
Family Structure, Race, and Wealth Ownership: A Longitudinal Exploration of Wealth Accumulation Processes Working Paper No. 304, Economics Working Paper Archive, May 2000. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=240274& Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Washington University - St. Louis Keyword(s): Childhood Residence; Family Size; Family Structure; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Researchers have documented racial inequalities in wealth ownership and have offered a variety of explanations to account for these differences. One potentially important contributing factor that has received little attention is racial differences in family structure. This paper explores racial differences in the structure of family of origin and family in adulthood and examines the impact of these differences on wealth accumulation patterns. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that large family size and family disruptions in childhood are negatively associated with wealth accumulation, portfolio behavior, and wealth mobility in adulthood. My analyses suggest that family size is a more important factor determining wealth accumulation for whites than for blacks or Hispanics and that family disruption is most strongly related to wealth outcomes for Hispanics. I find that family structure in adulthood is only modestly associated with overall wealth but strongly related to portfolio behavior and wealth mobility and that these relationships are relatively fixed across racial groups. My findings lend support to arguments about the importance of the role that resource dilution plays in determining life outcomes. They also suggest that efforts to reduce racial inequality in wealth ownership may be most effective if they seek to reduce the impact of deprivation early in life. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keister, Lisa A. "Family Structure, Race, and Wealth Ownership: A Longitudinal Exploration of Wealth Accumulation Processes." Working Paper No. 304, Economics Working Paper Archive, May 2000. |
3258. |
Keister, Lisa A. |
Getting Rich: America's New Rich and How They Got That Way Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Family Background and Culture; Family Structure; Income Distribution; Life Course; Mobility; Religious Influences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Investigates what behaviors, decisions, and other factors contribute to individual wealth accumulation and wealth mobility in the United States. Bases the analysis primarily, but not exclusively, on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, involving nearly 13,000 young adults who were interviewed annually through 1994 and every other year after that through 2000. Examines trends in wealth mobility. Identifies the richest families in the United States and investigates the sources of their wealth. Proposes a general conceptual model of the processes that lead to wealth accumulation and mobility, highlighting the importance of education, family background, inheritance, work experiences, financial literacy, and adult family. Empirically explores the role that family background plays in adult wealth ownership, including the role of childhood family structure and siblings, and considers the role of religion, family culture and other contributing factors that are somewhat more difficult to quantify. Studies the role of individual differences, including occupational and work behavior, in adult wealth accumulation and mobility. Explores the role of adult family issues, including marriage, divorce, fertility, the timing of life events, and different investment strategies. Considers the importance of context, including such factors as stock market booms and busts, generational effects, and the importance of geography. Contents Part I: 1. I'd rather be rich; 2. Trends in wealth mobility; 3. The new rich; 4. Getting rich; Part II: 5. Family background: parents, structure, and siblings; 6. Family background: culture and religion; 7. Individuals: foundations and occupations; 8. Individuals: adult family; 9. Conclusion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keister, Lisa A. Getting Rich: America's New Rich and How They Got That Way. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. |
3259. |
Keister, Lisa A. |
Religion and Wealth Across Generations In: Religion, Work and Inequality. L. Keister, et al, eds., Bingley, West Yorkshire, England: Emerald Group Publishing, 2012: 131-150 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Assets; Health and Retirement Study (HRS); Life Course; Religion; Savings; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose – This chapter explores the relationship between religious affiliation and wealth ownership focusing on generational differences. Methodology – I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Health and Retirement Study to create descriptive statistics and regression analyses of the association between religious affiliation in childhood and adulthood for people of two cohorts. Findings – This chapter shows that there are important patterns by religious affiliation in total net worth, real assets, and asset allocation across generations. My findings are consistent with past work on religion and wealth ownership showing that Jews, mainline Protestants, and white Catholics tend to have higher total wealth than other groups. In addition, I find that black Protestants, Hispanic Catholics, and conservative Protestants tend to have relatively low wealth, consistent with research on religion, race/ethnicity, and wealth. My findings also show that these patterns are relatively robust across generations. Research implications – The findings are relevant to research on inequality, wealth accumulation and saving, life course processes, and the effect of religion on stratification outcomes. Originality/Value – This research shows how religious affiliation and wealth are related across generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keister, Lisa A. "Religion and Wealth Across Generations" In: Religion, Work and Inequality. L. Keister, et al, eds., Bingley, West Yorkshire, England: Emerald Group Publishing, 2012: 131-150
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3260. |
Keister, Lisa A. |
Religion and Wealth: The Role of Religious Affiliation and Participation in Early Adult Asset Accumulation Social Forces 82,1 (September 2003): 175-207. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3598143 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Assets; Demography; Economics, Demographic; Family Background and Culture; Family Influences; Religion; Religious Influences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Researchers have documented extreme inequalities in wealth ownership, but the processes that create these inequalities are not well understood. One important contributing factor that attracts little attention is religion. This study explores the relationship between religious participation, religious affiliation, and patterns of wealth accumulation. I argue that religion affects wealth ownership indirectly by shaping demographic behaviors. I also argue that religion directly influences wealth accumulation by identifying valuable goals, by providing a set of competencies that direct strategies of action, and by contributing to social contacts that provide information and opportunities that can enhance wealth ownership. The findings suggest that Jews enjoy tremendous gains in wealth ownership, while conservative Protestants accumulate relatively little wealth. In contrast, mainline Protestants and Catholics are indistinguishable from each other and from the general population. The results demonstrate the importance of family processes in shaping wealth accumulation, and they underscore the importance of culture in shaping economic behavior and ultimately in creating social inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keister, Lisa A. "Religion and Wealth: The Role of Religious Affiliation and Participation in Early Adult Asset Accumulation." Social Forces 82,1 (September 2003): 175-207.
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3261. |
Keister, Lisa A. |
Religion and Wealth: The Role of Religious Affiliation and Participation in Early Adult Asset Accumulation and Mobility Presented: Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, Conference on International Perspectives on Household Wealth, October 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Levy Economics Institute Keyword(s): Assets; Mobility; Religion; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. See, citation number 4656 in this bibliography. KEISTER, LISA A. Religion and Wealth: The Role of Religious Affiliation and Participation in Early Adult Asset Accumulation. Social Forces 82,1 (September 2003): 175-207. Also: http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~waxmanci/Keister-Religion&Wealth.pdf |
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Bibliography Citation
Keister, Lisa A. "Religion and Wealth: The Role of Religious Affiliation and Participation in Early Adult Asset Accumulation and Mobility." Presented: Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, Conference on International Perspectives on Household Wealth, October 2003. |
3262. |
Keister, Lisa A. |
Upward Wealth Mobility: Exploring the Roman Catholic Advantage Social Forces 85,3 (March 2007): 1195-1225. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4494970 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Hispanics; Mobility; Religion; Religious Influences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data are from the NLSY79 [Ed.] Wealth inequality is among tile most extreme forms of stratification in the United States, and upward wealth mobility is not common. Yet mobility is possible, and this paper takes advantage of trends among a unique group to explore the processes that generate mobility. I show that non-Hispanic whites raised in Roman Catholic families have been upwardly mobile in the wealth distribution in recent decades, and I find that unique fertility, marriage and education patterns contributed to this change. I also show that Catholic values related to work and money contributed to relatively high saving and portfolio behavior that facilitated mobility. The results provide important insight into the process by which childhood experiences shape adult well-being, particularly adult wealth ownership. The findings also contribute to understanding of social inequality by identifying important behaviors and processes that facilitate mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Social Forces is the property of University of North Carolina Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Keister, Lisa A. "Upward Wealth Mobility: Exploring the Roman Catholic Advantage." Social Forces 85,3 (March 2007): 1195-1225.
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3263. |
Keister, Lisa A. Vallejo, Jody Agius Borelli, E. Paige |
Mexican American Mobility: An Exploration of Wealth Accumulation Trajectories Working Paper, Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality, Institute for Research in the Social Sciences, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality Keyword(s): Hispanics; Immigrants; Life Course; Mobility; Poverty; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Mexican Americans are a large group whose mobility patterns can provide important insight into immigrant assimilation processes. It is well known that Mexicans have not attained economic parity with whites, but considerable debate exists about the degree to which Mexican immigrants and their American-born children experience mobility over their lives. We contribute to this literature by studying Mexican American wealth accumulation trajectories over the life course, focusing on three interrelated processes. First, we examine childhood poverty and inheritances to establish financial starting points and the degree to which resources from prior generations affect wealth ownership. Second, we study impediments to mobility in young adulthood to understand how processes in early adulthood affect later-life outcomes. Third, we study wealth accumulation rates over the life course and midlife wealth ownership to identify the trajectories followed over the working years and wealth status as respondents near retirement. We find high levels of early life disadvantage among Mexican Americans, but these disadvantages decline with each generation since migration. We also find that Mexican Americans accumulate assets over the working years more slowly than whites but more rapidly than African Americans, and that accumulation rates increase over the generations for Mexican Americans. At midlife, Mexican Americans have less total wealth than whites but more than African Americans, even when early-life impediments are controlled. Our results suggest that Mexican Americans are establishing a solid financial foundation that is likely to lead to long-term class stability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keister, Lisa A., Jody Agius Vallejo and E. Paige Borelli. "Mexican American Mobility: An Exploration of Wealth Accumulation Trajectories." Working Paper, Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality, Institute for Research in the Social Sciences, April 2013. |
3264. |
Keith, Kristen K. |
Reputation, Voluntary Mobility and Wages Review of Economics and Statistics 75,3 (August 1993): 559-563. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109476 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Endogeneity; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Turnover; Layoffs; Mobility; Mobility, Occupational; Quits; Unemployment; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many studies have examined the impact of turnover on wages, but little empirical work has examined whether past mobility behavior affects current wage offers. The effect of voluntary mobility on subsequent wages is analyzed to discover if there are wage penalties associated with repeated mobility. To reduce the endogeneity between wages and voluntary mobility, the sample is restricted to young males on their first job following a permanent layoff. Using respondents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, ordinary least squares wage equations from the layoff sample are compared to those from a sample of workers who remained employed. The evidence shows that voluntary mobility differentially affects the wage equations of the restricted and the unrestricted samples. [ABI/Inform] |
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Bibliography Citation
Keith, Kristen K. "Reputation, Voluntary Mobility and Wages." Review of Economics and Statistics 75,3 (August 1993): 559-563.
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3265. |
Keith, Kristen K. |
The Reputational Effect of Job Mobility Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1989. Also: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Keith%20Kristen.pdf?osu1265034773&dl=y Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Mobility; Quits Many studies have hypothesized that workers' "reputation" ensures their performance in an implicit employment contract. Poor performance results in loss of reputation which in turn may result in future wealth reduction. This dissertation examines the firm's interest in workers' mobility propensities. Specifically, it addresses the following question: Is there a reputational effect (in the form of wage penalties) of voluntary mobility? Voluntary mobility is measured using the number of an individual's previous quits. Previous quits are disaggregated into two reasons for quitting: economic and personal. The principal analysis is based on OLS regressions of the log of the hourly wage rate of young men employed in 1986. OLS estimates from a restricted sample of workers permanently laid-off recently are compared to those from a sample of workers remaining employed. The "permanent layoff" restriction is used to isolate the reputational effect of mobility from returns to previous job shopping and losses from forfeiting firm-specific training. Personal quit estimates are insignificant in both samples. Economic quit estimates are positive and significant in the unrestricted sample and insignificant in the restricted sample. These results reveal no evidence of a reputation effect of voluntary mobility. Thus, reputation may not play its assumed role in ensuring performance in implicit employment contracts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keith, Kristen K. The Reputational Effect of Job Mobility. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1989.. |
3266. |
Keith, Kristen K. McWilliams, Abagail |
Job Mobility and Gender-Based Wage Growth Differentials Economic Inquiry 35,2 (April 1997): 320-333. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1997.tb01913.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Gender Differences; Mobility, Occupational; Wage Differentials; Wage Growth Studies of gender differences in the returns to job mobility have yielded conflicting results. The issue of whether there are gender differences in mobility patterns or in the returns to different types of mobility. The results, based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, imply that there are gender differences in mobility patterns, but there are not gender differences in the wage growth associated with different types of mobility. Therefore, it appears that empirical estimates of the gender differences in the returns to job mobility may be misleading if they do not consider the cause of separation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keith, Kristen K. and Abagail McWilliams. "Job Mobility and Gender-Based Wage Growth Differentials." Economic Inquiry 35,2 (April 1997): 320-333.
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3267. |
Keith, Kristen K. McWilliams, Abagail |
Mobility, Job Search, and Wage Growth: Are There Gender Differences? Preliminary Draft, Arizona State University West, June 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Behavioral Differences; Childhood Education, Early; Discrimination, Sex; Gender Differences; Job Search; Job Skills; Mobility; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It is well established that some gender differences exist in employment in the U.S. The most widely researched and discussed is the difference in wages. Men, on average, earn more than women. Additionally, there is evidence that the gap widens over the work life of men and women. There is still a great deal of controversy over the causes of this wage gap. While the evidence on wage differences in both consistent and persistent, we still do not know why this gender difference exists. Explanations of the gender gap usually fall into two broad categories: sexual discrimination and gender differences in behavior. In this paper we add to the explanation of the gender wage gap by extending the research on gender differences in behavior. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to examine the mobility patterns of young men and women, the effect of different types of mobility on wage growth, the job search propensities of young men and women, the effect of job search on wage growth, and the wage growth of young men and women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keith, Kristen K. and Abagail McWilliams. "Mobility, Job Search, and Wage Growth: Are There Gender Differences?" Preliminary Draft, Arizona State University West, June 1994. |
3268. |
Keith, Kristen K. McWilliams, Abagail |
The Returns to Mobility and Job Search by Gender Industrial and Labor Relations Review 52,3 (April 1999): 460-477. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2525145 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Job Patterns; Job Search; Mobility, Occupational; Wage Growth Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the authors estimate the returns to job search, mobility, and the interaction of search and mobility for young men and women. They find statistically significant gender differences in mobility patterns and search behavior, but not in the returns to a given behavior. Both men and women engaged in substantial job search and mobility early in their careers, which resulted in wage growth premiums. There is evidence of an interactive effect: returns to search were realized through mobility, and returns to mobility were augmented by search. COPYRIGHT: Copyright New York State School of Industrial & Labor Relations 1999. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keith, Kristen K. and Abagail McWilliams. "The Returns to Mobility and Job Search by Gender." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 52,3 (April 1999): 460-477.
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3269. |
Keith, Kristen K. McWilliams, Abagail |
The Wage Effects of Cumulative Job Mobility Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49,1 (October 1995): 121-137. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2524916 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cornell University Press Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Industrial Training; Layoffs; Quits; Schooling; Skills; Training; Wage Differentials; Wage Effects; Wage Levels This analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth shows that cumulative job mobility had statistically significant effects on wages in the years 1979-88. The direction of the wage effects (positive or negative) and their magnitude varied depending on the type of cumulative mobility examined: employee-initiated versus employer-initiated separations, economic versus family-related quits, layoffs versus discharges. The results also indicate that although men and women had different mobility histories--men, for example, had been discharged more often than women, and women had quit for family-related reasons more often than men--the wage effects of each type of cumulative mobility (economic quits, family-related quits, layoffs, and discharges) were similar for men and women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keith, Kristen K. and Abagail McWilliams. "The Wage Effects of Cumulative Job Mobility." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49,1 (October 1995): 121-137.
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3270. |
Keith, Kristen K. Williams, Donald R. |
A Note on Racial Differences in Employed Male Job Search Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 41,3 (July 2002): 422-429. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-232X.00254/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Job Search; Racial Differences; Wage Growth; Wages; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examines why black males are more likely to engage in employed job search than are their white counterparts. We focus primarily on the roles that expected wages, wage growth, and job characteristics have on explaining the observed differential. Using a sample of young men from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the results indicate that the greater propensity of blacks to engage in employed job search is the result of their desire to obtain better jobs with more agreeable working conditions. Source: http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/asp/journal.asp?ref=0019-8676. (Copyright: Blackwell Publishers.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Keith, Kristen K. and Donald R. Williams. "A Note on Racial Differences in Employed Male Job Search." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 41,3 (July 2002): 422-429.
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3271. |
Kejriwal, Mohitosh Li, Xiaoxiao Nguyen, Linh Totty, Evan |
The Efficacy of Ability Proxies for Estimating the Returns to Schooling: A Factor Model-Based Evaluation Journal of Applied Econometrics published online (16 October 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.3011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Cognitive Skills; Earnings; Education; Factor Model; Interactive Fixed Effects; Latent Skills; Noncognitive Skills; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A common approach to addressing ability bias is to augment the earnings-schooling regression with proxies for cognitive and non-cognitive skills. We evaluate this approach using a factor model framework, which allows consistent estimation of the returns to schooling without relying on proxies. The factor model estimators may be viewed as implicitly estimating proxy measurement error and/or accounting for omitted dimensions of ability. A bias decomposition quantifies the contribution of the proxies while the estimated latent skills are used to construct direct tests for their viability. Both sets of results confirm the inadequacy of the proxies in capturing the latent skills. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kejriwal, Mohitosh, Xiaoxiao Li, Linh Nguyen and Evan Totty. "The Efficacy of Ability Proxies for Estimating the Returns to Schooling: A Factor Model-Based Evaluation." Journal of Applied Econometrics published online (16 October 2023).
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3272. |
Keller, Elisa |
Essays on Schooling, Occupations, and Earnings Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Iowa, 2013. Also: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2541/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Iowa Keyword(s): College Education; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Occupations; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This thesis consists of two chapters. The first chapter investigates the causes of the recent slowdown in college attainment in the United States. The second chapter studies the gender wage gap by occupational complexity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keller, Elisa. Essays on Schooling, Occupations, and Earnings. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Iowa, 2013.. |
3273. |
Keller, Elisa |
The Slowdown in American Educational Attainment Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 46 (September 2014): 252-270. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165188914001705 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Degree; Earnings; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; Human Capital Relative to those for high school graduates, lifetime earnings for college graduates are higher for more recent cohorts. At the same time, across successive cohorts born after 1950, there is a stagnation in the fraction of high school graduates that go on to complete a college degree. What explains this phenomenon? I formulate a life-cycle model of human capital accumulation in college and on the job, where successive cohorts decide whether or not to acquire a college degree as well as the quality of their college education. Cohorts differ by the sequence of rental price per unit of human capital they face and by the distribution of initial human capital across individuals. My model reproduces the observed pattern in college attainment for the 1920 to 1970 birth cohorts. The stagnation in college attainment is due to the decrease in the growth rate of the rental price per unit of human capital commencing in the 1970s. My model also generates about 80% of the increase in lifetime earnings for college graduates relative to those for high school graduates observed across cohorts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keller, Elisa. "The Slowdown in American Educational Attainment." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 46 (September 2014): 252-270.
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3274. |
Kelly, Dennis |
Education as a Case for Beer Tax USA Today, December 2, 1992, LIFE; Pg. 6D Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: USA Today Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; College Dropouts; College Graduates; Colleges; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Duke University study, not yet published but still brewing, looked at graduation rates for kids leaving high school in 1982, comparing those to state beer taxes. It found that the portion of kids graduating from college rose from 15% to nearly 21% when the beer tax jumped from 10 cents to $ 1 a case - about 4 cents a can. That's even when you control for other factors such as parents' education and drinking habits and family income. Study author Michael Moore, Duke's Fuqua School of Business, says higher prices reduce consumption. ''If you make drinking more expensive, they're drinking less,'' and possibly studying more, Moore says. ''Or perhaps not getting killed in car accidents or arrested or pregnant." Moore and co-author Philip Cook based findings on 1,904 students tracked in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth at Ohio State University. Jeff Becker of the Beer Institute in Washington, D.C., says he has not seen the study but questions it sharply. He says that increased taxes could reduce consumption, but that it's a ''large leap of faith'' to suggest reduced consumption improves college graduation chances. Moore says the study suggests that a higher beer tax could mean another 170,000 students graduating from college each year. And could that provide a reason for President-elect Bill Clinton to raise the sin tax on beer?''I'd be glad to talk to him about it if he was interested.'' Warning in plain sight Warning students about the danger of alcohol works better if you put the warnings where the students will see them. To Michael Kalsher, assistant professor of psychology at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y., that means putting posters over urinals or on the backs of toilet stall doors. The warning labels on beer bottles now are sideways and hard to read - and targeted to pregnant women. A teamheaded by Kalsher targeted males by putting posters in fraternity restrooms, and included information that spoke to male concerns, like reduced sexual performance and liabilities in lawsuits. The experiment increased knowledge of alcohol-related facts, and could offer clues to people trying to market anti-alcohol messages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kelly, Dennis. "Education as a Case for Beer Tax." USA Today, December 2, 1992, LIFE; Pg. 6D. |
3275. |
Keng, Shao-Hsun |
Demand for Health, Alcohol Abuse, and Labor Market Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study Ph.D. Dissertation, Iowa State University, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Supply; Simultaneity; Taxes Becker and Murphy (1988) presented a rational addiction theory to rationalize the behavior of addiction. This dissertation extends rational addiction theory to examine the hypothesis of rational addiction and the long-term impact of addiction on labor productivity and labor supply. The theoretical model explicitly considers investment in health, drug consumption, and labor supply as joint decision variables, and treats wage as the outcome of these decisions. A simultaneous framework is empirically estimated to test the forward-looking hypothesis and the government policies are evaluated by simulation. The data set is the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohort (1979-1994). The results show that there is a trade off between the demand for health and the occasions of binge drinking. Youths reduce their occasions of binge drinking when they increase the demand for health, and vice versa. The finding supports the forward-looking hypothesis and that heavy drinking is addictive. Furthermore, we found a statistically weak effect of the alcohol price on the demand for binge drinking, and the long run alcohol price elasticity of the probability of heavy drinking, binge drinking, and no binge drinking are relatively small, -0.24, 0.03, and 0.21, respectively. The short run price elasticities are − 0.09, 0.01, and 0.08, respectively. The results suggest that the demand for binge drinking is not price responsive in the short run or long run. Continued binge drinking results in lower wage and health profiles, whereas it does not have significant impact on hours worked. Policy simulations show that increasing alcohol price by 100% decreases the occasions of binge drinking by only 5%, but raising the minimum legal drinking age one year reduces the occasions of binge drinking among underage youths by about 5%. The effect of increasing the alcohol price and the minimum drinking age on health status, hours worked, and log wage are positive, however, their magnitudes are sm all. Our results suggest that policy makers should focuses on affecting the age at which young people start drinking and taxing alcohol is a relatively inefficient policy for achieving this. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keng, Shao-Hsun. Demand for Health, Alcohol Abuse, and Labor Market Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study. Ph.D. Dissertation, Iowa State University, 1998. |
3276. |
Keng, Shao-Hsun Huffman, Wallace Edgar |
Binge Drinking and Labor Market Success: A Longitudinal Study on Young People Journal of Population Economics 20,1 (January 2007): 35-54. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/v044557798238035/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Income; Labor Market Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper presents a two-equation model of joint outcomes on an individual's decision to binge-drink and on his/her annual labor market earnings. The primary data source is the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979–1994. We show that binge-drinking behavior is quite alcohol-price responsive and is a rational addiction. A new result is that an individual's decision to binge-drink has a statistically significant negative effect on his/her earnings. Furthermore, we conducted simulations of the short-run and long-run impacts of increasing the alcohol price. They showed that that the tendency for an individual to binge-drink heavily is reduced significantly, and the reduction is greater in the long- than short-run simulation. Also, an individual's annual earnings were increased. However, in the structural model, an individual's earnings have no significant effect on his/her tendency to engage in binge drinking. Our results contradict earlier findings from cross-sectional evidence that showed increased alcohol consumption raised an individual's earnings or wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Population Economics is the property of Springer Science & Business Media B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Keng, Shao-Hsun and Wallace Edgar Huffman. "Binge Drinking and Labor Market Success: A Longitudinal Study on Young People." Journal of Population Economics 20,1 (January 2007): 35-54.
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3277. |
Keng, Shao-Hsun Huffman, Wallace Edgar |
Binge Drinking and Labor Market Success: A Longitudinal Study on Young People Journal of Population Economics 23,1 (January 2010): 303-322. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/pr751727668073n6/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Earnings; Income; Labor Market Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [Editor's note: This paper appears to have been published twice by the Journal of Population Economics. See also, Journal of Population Economics, 20,1 (January 2007): 35-54, that appears in this bibliography.] This paper presents a two-equation model of joint outcomes on an individual's decision to binge drink and on his/her annual labor market earnings. The primary data source is the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), 1979-1994. We show that binge drinking behavior is quite alcohol-price responsive and is a rational addiction. A new result is that an individual's decision to binge drink has a statistically significant negative effect on his/her earnings. Furthermore, we conducted simulations of the short-run and long-run impacts of increasing the alcohol price. They showed that the tendency for an individual to binge drink heavily is reduced significantly, and the reduction is greater in the long-run than short-run simulation. Also, an individual's annual earnings were increased. However, in the structural model, an individual's earnings have no significant effect on his/her tendency to engage in binge drinking. Our results contradict earlier findings from cross-section evidence that showed increased alcohol consumption raised an individual's earnings or wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Keng, Shao-Hsun and Wallace Edgar Huffman. "Binge Drinking and Labor Market Success: A Longitudinal Study on Young People." Journal of Population Economics 23,1 (January 2010): 303-322.
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3278. |
Kenkel, Donald S. Lillard, Dean R. Mathios, Alan D. |
Accounting for Misclassification Error in Retrospective Smoking Data Health Economics 13,10 (October 2004): 1031-1044. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.934/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Data Analysis; Life Course; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Modeling, Probit Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent waves of major longitudinal surveys in the US and other countries include retrospective questions about the timing of smoking initiation and cessation, creating a potentially important but under-utilized source of information on smoking behavior over the life course. In this paper, we explore the extent of, consequences of, and possible solutions to misclassification errors in models of smoking participation that use data generated from retrospective reports. In our empirical work, we exploit the fact that the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 provides both contemporaneous and retrospective information about smoking status in certain years. We compare the results from four sets of models of smoking participation. The first set of results are from baseline probit models of smoking participation from contemporaneously reported information. The second set of results are from models that are identical except that the dependent variable is based on retrospective information. The last two sets of results are from models that take a parametric approach to account for a simple form of misclassification error. Our preliminary results suggest that accounting for misclassification error is important. However, the adjusted maximum likelihood estimation approach to account for misclassification does not always perform as expected. Copyright (c) 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kenkel, Donald S., Dean R. Lillard and Alan D. Mathios. "Accounting for Misclassification Error in Retrospective Smoking Data." Health Economics 13,10 (October 2004): 1031-1044.
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3279. |
Kenkel, Donald S. Lillard, Dean R. Mathios, Alan D. |
Smoke Or Fog? The Usefulness of Retrospectively Reported Information About Smoking Addiction 98,9 (September 2003):1307-1314. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00445.x/abstract Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Older Men, Young Women Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Addiction; Britain, British; British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Cross-national Analysis; Data Analysis; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Germany, German; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS); Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS); Russia, Russian Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Aims to investigate the reliability and validity of retrospectively reported information on smoking. Design: Nationally representative retrospective data from longitudinal surveys and contemporaneous data from repeated cross-sectional surveys were used. Participants: Adult respondents to three of the four samples of the National Longitudinal Surveys Original Cohort 1966-68; the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979; and various waves of the US National Health Interview Survey. Measurements: Reliability was investigated by calculating kappa statistics for repeated measures of ever-smoking and annual-smoking status. Validity was investigated by comparing smoking prevalence rates generated by retrospective data with contemporaneously measured rates. Findings: Kappa statistics indicated the repeated measures of ever-smoking status show substantial agreement; repeated measures of annual-smoking status show moderate agreement. Retrospective reports on smoking behavior produced prevalence rates that match reasonably well with those from contemporaneous reports of smoking behavior. Conclusions: Retrospective data on smoking can be an important resource for tobacco addiction research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Kenkel, Donald S., Dean R. Lillard and Alan D. Mathios. "Smoke Or Fog? The Usefulness of Retrospectively Reported Information About Smoking." Addiction 98,9 (September 2003):1307-1314.
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3280. |
Kenkel, Donald S. Lillard, Dean R. Mathios, Alan D. |
The Roles of High School Completion and GED Receipt in Smoking and Obesity NBER Working Paper No 11990, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11990.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Education; Family Background and Culture; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; High School Diploma; Obesity; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Variables, Instrumental We analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to explore the relationships between high school completion and the two leading preventable causes of death--smoking and obesity. We focus on three issues that have received a great deal of attention in research on the pecuniary returns to schooling. First, we investigate whether GED recipients differ from other high school graduates in their smoking and obesity behaviors. Second, we explore the extent to which the relationships between schooling and these health-related behaviors are sensitive to controlling for family background measures and cognitive ability. Third, we estimate instrumental variables (IV) models of the impact of schooling on smoking and obesity. Although our IV estimates are imprecise, both the OLS and IV results tend to suggest that the returns to high school completion include a reduction in smoking. We find little evidence that high school completion is associated with a lower probability of being overweight or obese for either men or women. The results also suggest that the health returns to GED receipt are much smaller than the returns to high school completion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kenkel, Donald S., Dean R. Lillard and Alan D. Mathios. "The Roles of High School Completion and GED Receipt in Smoking and Obesity." NBER Working Paper No 11990, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006. |
3281. |
Kenkel, Donald S. Lillard, Dean R. Mathios, Alan D. |
The Roles of High School Completion and GED Receipt in Smoking and Obesity Journal of Labor Economics 24,3 (July 2006): 635-660. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/504277 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School; High School Completion/Graduates; Obesity; Schooling; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) We analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 on high school completion, smoking, and obesity. First, we investigate whether GED recipients differ from other high school graduates in their smoking and obesity behaviors. Second, we explore whether the relationships between schooling and these health-related behaviors are sensitive to controlling for background and ability measures. Third, we estimate instrumental variables models. Our results suggest that the returns to high school completion may include less smoking but the health returns to GED receipt are much smaller. We find little evidence that high school completion is associated with less obesity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kenkel, Donald S., Dean R. Lillard and Alan D. Mathios. "The Roles of High School Completion and GED Receipt in Smoking and Obesity." Journal of Labor Economics 24,3 (July 2006): 635-660.
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3282. |
Kenkel, Donald S. Ribar, David C. |
Alcohol Consumption and Young Adults' Socioeconomic Status Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics (1994): 119-161 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Deviance; Earnings; Labor Supply; Marital Status; Modeling; Siblings; Socioeconomic Status (SES) A study finds that drinking generally has no major negative effects on young adults' earnings. Data from the 1979-90 panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were obtained for roughly 900 pairs of young people and a same-gender sibling. The NLSY contains detailed information on over 12,000 individuals who were 14 to 21 years old in 1979. Annual data are available for each individual in the survey, and retention through the 1990 panel is about 90 percent. Least squares estimates reveal that young men's earnings fall with drinking, while young women's earnings rise with moderate and heavy drinking. These effects are not statistically significant in longitudinal and sibling estimates, however. Instrumental variable estimates show much larger negative effects of drinking on male earnings, but alcohol consumption seems to increase female hours of work and sometimes raises earnings substantially. A variety of other findings are presented. Comments and discussion by P.J. Cook and Sam Peltzman follow. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kenkel, Donald S. and David C. Ribar. "Alcohol Consumption and Young Adults' Socioeconomic Status." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics (1994): 119-161.
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3283. |
Kenkel, Donald S. Wang, Ping |
Are Alcoholics in Bad Jobs? NBER Working Paper No. 6401, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1998. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6401 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Benefits, Fringe; Earnings; Employment, Youth; Firm Size; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Rewards; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations Alcohol abuse has important implications for the productivity of the U.S. workforce. The lost earnings of workers suffering from alcohol problems have been estimated at $36.6 billion in 1990. After completing schooling, young workers face critical labor market choices with long ranging consequences for future jobs and lifetime earnings, while many of them also drink alcohol to excess. In this paper, we provide evidence on whether the drinking choices of young adults also have long-ranging consequences for future jobs and lifetime earnings. In doing so we extend previous research on the productivity effects of alcohol to include non-wage job attributes as part of total employee compensation. The goal of this research is to establish benchmark empirical patterns describing relationships between alcoholism and job choice. Our empirical results based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data show that male alcoholics are less likely to receive a variety of fringe be nefits, are more likely to be injured on the job, and work for smaller firms. When the conventional methodology is extended to include non-wage job attributes, of an estimated total loss of $2380 per alcoholic, about $450, or almost 20% of the total, is the value of the lost fringe benefits. The data also show that male alcoholics are less likely to be in a white collar occupation, but conditional upon being in a white collar occupation their earnings are similar to their non-alcoholic peers. While alcoholics are more likely to be in a blue collar occupation, conditional upon being in such an occupation they are estimated to earn 15 percent less than their non-alcoholic peers. These findings can help evaluate more systematically and more accurately the potential effects and interactions between alcohol, education, and income policies and health policy. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6401 |
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Bibliography Citation
Kenkel, Donald S. and Ping Wang. "Are Alcoholics in Bad Jobs?" NBER Working Paper No. 6401, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1998. |
3284. |
Kennan, John |
Spatial Variation in Higher Education Financing and the Supply of College Graduates NBER Working Paper No. 21065, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2015. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w21065.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Census of Population; College Education; College Enrollment; Financial Assistance; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Migration; State-Level Data/Policy In the U.S. there are large differences across States in the extent to which college education is subsidized, and there are also large differences across States in the proportion of college graduates in the labor force. State subsidies are apparently motivated in part by the perceived benefits of having a more educated workforce. The paper extends the migration model of Kennan and Walker (2011) to analyze how geographical variation in college education subsidies affects the migration decisions of college graduates. The model is estimated using NLSY data, and used to quantify the sensitivity of migration and college enrollment decisions to differences in expected net lifetime income, focusing on how cross-State differences in public college financing affect the educational composition of the labor force. The main finding is that these differences have substantial effects on college enrollment, with no evidence that these effects are dissipated through migration. [Also presented at Atlanta GA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2019] |
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Bibliography Citation
Kennan, John. "Spatial Variation in Higher Education Financing and the Supply of College Graduates." NBER Working Paper No. 21065, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2015. |
3285. |
Kennan, John Walker, James R. |
The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions Working Paper 2003-07, Social Systems Research Institute, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2003. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~jkennan/research/jkjwPaper_March03.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): High School Completion/Graduates; Male Sample; Migration; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The paper develops a tractable econometric model of optimal migration, focusing on expected income as the main economic influence on migration. The model improves on previous work in two respects: it covers optimal sequences of location decisions (rather than a single once-for-all choice), and it allows for many alternative location choices. The model is estimated using panel data from the NLSY on white males with a high school education. Our main conclusion is that interstate migration decisions are influenced to a substantial extent by income prospects. On the other hand we find no evidence of a response to geographic differences in wage distributions. Instead, the results suggest that the link between income and migration decisions is driven by a tendency to move in search of a better locational match when the income realization in the current location is unfavorable...We analyze the migration decisions of men aged 20-35, using the non-military subsample of the NLSY79, observed over the period 1979-1992. In order to obtain a relatively homogeneous sample, we consider only white high-school graduates with no college education, using only the years after schooling is completed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kennan, John and James R. Walker. "The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions." Working Paper 2003-07, Social Systems Research Institute, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2003. |
3286. |
Kennan, John Walker, James R. |
The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions NBER Working Paper No. 9585, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2003. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w9585 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): High School Completion/Graduates; Male Sample; Migration; Wage Differentials The paper develops a tractable econometric model of optimal migration, focusing on expected income as the main economic influence on migration. The model improves on previous work in two respects: it covers optimal sequences of location decisions (rather than a single once-for-all choice), and it allows for many alternative location choices. The model is estimated using panel data from the NLSY on white males with a high school education. Our main conclusion is that interstate migration decisions are influenced to a substantial extent by income prospects. On the other hand we find no evidence of a response to geographic differences in wage distributions. Instead, the results suggest that the link between income and migration decisions is driven by a tendency to move in search of a better locational match when the income realization in the current location is unfavorable. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kennan, John and James R. Walker. "The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions." NBER Working Paper No. 9585, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2003. |
3287. |
Kennan, John Walker, James R. |
The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions Econometrica 79,1 (January 2011): 211-251. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3982/ECTA4657/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Economics, Demographic; High School Completion/Graduates; Income; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Income Level; Migration This paper develops a tractable econometric model of optimal migration, focusing on expected income as the main economic influence on migration. The model improves on previous work in two respects: it covers optimal sequences of location decisions (rather than a single once-for-all choice) and it allows for many alternative location choices. The model is estimated using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on white males with a high-school education. Our main conclusion is that interstate migration decisions are influenced to a substantial extent by income prospects. The results suggest that the link between income and migration decisions is driven both by geographic differences in mean wages and by a tendency to move in search of a better locational match when the income realization in the current location is unfavorable. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kennan, John and James R. Walker. "The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions." Econometrica 79,1 (January 2011): 211-251.
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3288. |
Kennan, John Walker, James R. |
Wages, Welfare Benefits and Migration Journal of Econometrics 156,1 (May 2010): 229-238. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407609002188 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Benefits; Economics, Regional; Job Search; Life Cycle Research; Migration; Welfare Differences in economic opportunities give rise to strong migration incentives, across regions within countries, and across countries. In this paper we focus on responses to differences in welfare benefits across States within the United States. We apply the model developed in Kennan and Walker (2008), which emphasizes that migration decisions are often reversed, and that many alternative locations must be considered. We model individual decisions to migrate as a job search problem. A worker starts the life-cycle in some home location and must determine the optimal sequence of moves before settling down. The model is sparsely parameterized.We estimate the model using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979). Our main finding is that income differences do help explain the migration decisions of young welfare-eligible women, but large differences in benefit levels provide surprisingly weak migration incentives. [Copyright c. Elsevier] Copyright of Journal of Econometrics is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Kennan, John and James R. Walker. "Wages, Welfare Benefits and Migration." Journal of Econometrics 156,1 (May 2010): 229-238.
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3289. |
Kerr, Sari Pekkala |
Parental Leave Legislation and Women's Work: A Story of Unequal Opportunities Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 35,1 (Winter 2016): 117-144. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pam.21875/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Family Income; Geocoded Data; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Legislation; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. U.S. federal and state family leave legislation requires employers to provide job-protected parental leave for new mothers covered under the legislation. In most cases the leave is unpaid, and rarely longer than 12 weeks in duration. This study evaluates disparities in parental leave eligibility, access, and usage across the family income distribution in the United States. It also describes the links between leave-taking and women's labor market careers. The focus is especially on low-income families, as their leave coverage and ability to afford taking unpaid leave is particularly poor. This study shows that the introduction of both state and federal legislation increased overall leave coverage, leave provision, and leave-taking. For example, the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) leads to an increased probability of leave-taking by nearly 20 percentage points and increased average leave length by almost five weeks across all states. The new policies did not, however, reduce gaps between low- and high-income families' eligibility, leave-taking, or leave length. In addition, the FMLA effects on leave-taking were very similar across states with and without prior leave legislation, and the FMLA did not disproportionately increase leave-taking for women who worked in firms and jobs covered by the new legislation, as these women were already relatively well covered by other parental leave arrangements. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kerr, Sari Pekkala. "Parental Leave Legislation and Women's Work: A Story of Unequal Opportunities." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 35,1 (Winter 2016): 117-144.
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3290. |
Kerr, William C. Fillmore, Kaye Middleton Bostrom, Alan |
Stability of Alcohol Consumption over Time: Evidence from Three Longitudinal Surveys from the United States Journal of Studies on Alcohol 63,3 (May 2002): 325-333. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Stability_of_Alcohol_Consumption_over_Time_Evidence_from_Three_Longitudina/1291.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Data Analysis; Modeling; Mortality; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); Statistical Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: To assess the stability of individual monthly alcohol consumption volume in three studies from the United States: The first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with three measurements; The Framingham Offspring and Spouse Cohort with four measurements; and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth with six measurements. The results will aid in the interpretation of studies that assess consumption at one point only. Method: Five analyses measure (1) the amount of change between measurements, (2) the correlation between reported consumption, (3) patterns of later drinking by the baseline group, (4) mean consumption of abstainers when they drink and heavy drinkers when not drinking heavily and (5) the strength of past consumption in predicting present consumption. Results: Correlations between measurements are high for adult samples 5 years apart or less but low for longer follow-ups and younger samples. Heavy drinkers are much less stable than abstainers or moderate drinkers. Abstainers at one time who drink at another drink much less than the mean. One time heavy drinkers are close to the consumption mean of the entire sample when not heavy but two or more time heavy drinkers drink more than the mean when not heavy. An autoregressive, rather than Markov, model of consumption change is supported. Conclusions: Aspects of both stability and change are found. Baseline measures of drinking groups are especially unreliable for younger samples, longer follow-ups and heavier drinkers. There appear to be important subgroups moving between abstention and light drinking and moderate and heavy drinking that can be identified only by multiple measurements or retrospective measures. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kerr, William C., Kaye Middleton Fillmore and Alan Bostrom. "Stability of Alcohol Consumption over Time: Evidence from Three Longitudinal Surveys from the United States." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 63,3 (May 2002): 325-333.
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3291. |
Kerr, William C. Lui, Camillia K. Williams, Edwina Ye, Yu Greenfield, Thomas K. Lown, E. Anne |
Health Risk Factors Associated with Lifetime Abstinence from Alcohol in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohort Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 41,2 (February 2017): 388-398. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acer.13302/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort of 14 to 21 year olds followed through 2012 (n = 7,515). Definitions of abstinence and occasional drinking were constructed based on multiple measurements. Descriptive analyses were used to compare the definitions, and in further analysis, lifetime abstainers (n = 718) and lifetime minimal drinkers (n = 1,027) were compared with drinkers across demographics and early-life characteristics (i.e., religion, poverty, parental education, and family alcohol problems) in logistic regression models. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kerr, William C., Camillia K. Lui, Edwina Williams, Yu Ye, Thomas K. Greenfield and E. Anne Lown. "Health Risk Factors Associated with Lifetime Abstinence from Alcohol in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohort." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 41,2 (February 2017): 388-398.
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3292. |
Kerr, William C. Williams, Edwina Li, Libo Lui, Camillia K. Ye, Yu Greenfield, Thomas K. Lown, E. Anne |
Alcohol Use Patterns and Risk of Diabetes Onset in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohort Preventive Medicine 109 (April 2018): 22-27. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743518300100 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Body Mass Index (BMI); Health, Chronic Conditions; Life Course One of the major limitations in studying alcohol's effect on risk for diabetes is the issue of classifying drinking patterns across the life course prior to the onset of diabetes. Furthermore, this research often overlooks important life course risk factors such as obesity and early-life health problems that may complicate estimation of the relationship between alcohol and diabetes. This study used data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort of 14-21 year olds followed through 2012 (n = 8289). Alcohol use was captured through time-varying measures of past month volume and frequency of days with 6+ drinks. Discrete-time survival models controlling for demographics, early-life characteristics and time-varying risk factors of employment, smoking, and body mass index (BMI) group, stratified by sex and race/ethnicity, were estimated. Increased odds of diabetes onset was found among lifetime abstainers for women compared to the low volume reference group (odds ratio (OR) 1.57; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.07–2.3). Increased odds of diabetes onset was also found among women who reported drinking 6+ drinks in a day on a weekly basis during the prior 10 years (OR 1.55; CI 1.04–2.31). Models interacting alcohol and BMI groups found increased odds of diabetes onset from lifetime abstention among overweight women only (OR 3.06; CI 1.67–5.60). This study confirms previous findings of protective effects from low volume drinking compared to lifetime abstention and harmful effects from regular heavy occasion drinking for women. Further, protective effects in this US sample were found to be limited to overweight women only. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kerr, William C., Edwina Williams, Libo Li, Camillia K. Lui, Yu Ye, Thomas K. Greenfield and E. Anne Lown. "Alcohol Use Patterns and Risk of Diabetes Onset in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohort." Preventive Medicine 109 (April 2018): 22-27.
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3293. |
Kerttula, Anne Kaarina |
A Dynamic Model of Welfare Participation Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Childbearing; Economics of Gender; Modeling; Schooling; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation analyses whether a five-year time limit on welfare participation encourages behaviors that lead to less reliance on public assistance. Using a dynamic discrete choice model, it describes young women's decisions about childbearing, schooling, working and welfare participation over time. The parameters underlying these decisions are estimated by fitting the model to data on observed choices obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Estimation is done using a simulated maximum likelihood procedure. Parameter estimates are used to simulate choices under current policy and under a policy of a five-year time limit on welfare participation. This provides a way of assessing effects of the time limit. The results suggest that a time limit has a significant impact on the behavior of those at highest risk for welfare participation. When faced with a time limit, they have fewer children, work and attend school more and rely on less welfare. In fact, a time limit leads to shorter-term welfare participation, apart from the purely "mechanical" effect of making long-term recipients categorically ineligible. Thus a time limit does encourage self-sufficiency in the sense that individuals rely more on other sources of support. At the same time, it appears that the shift occurs towards sources of support other than full-time work to a greater extent than towards full-time school attendance or full-time work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kerttula, Anne Kaarina. A Dynamic Model of Welfare Participation. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1996. |
3294. |
Kessler, Daniel |
Birth Order, Family Size, and Achievement: Family Structure and Wage Determination Journal of Labor Economics 9,4 (October 1991): 413-426. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2535077 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Birth Order; Family Size; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Wage Determination Neither birth order nor family size significantly influences a person's future level or growth rate of wages. For women, however, family size exerts an important effect on future employment status. Women from small families work less than women from large families when they are young (aged 14 to 22) and more than women from large families when they are more mature (aged 22 to 30). This is at least partially attributable to the influence of family size on women's childbearing behavior, which affects their labor force participation decisions. The reduced-form effect of family size on women's employment status is economically interesting and comparable to the effects of other family background characteristics. The lack of significant birth-order effects on achievement found in reduced-form estimation does not imply that a person's birth order is unimportant. (ABI/Inform) |
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Bibliography Citation
Kessler, Daniel. "Birth Order, Family Size, and Achievement: Family Structure and Wage Determination." Journal of Labor Economics 9,4 (October 1991): 413-426.
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3295. |
Ketterlinus, Robert D. |
Non-parental Care in the First Three Years of Life and its Association with Academic and Behavior Problems in Later Childhood Presented: Lausanne, Switzerland, International Symposium on Childcare in the Early Years: Research and Future Prospects, 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: International Symposium on Childcare Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Care; Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; General Assessment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ketterlinus, Robert D. "Non-parental Care in the First Three Years of Life and its Association with Academic and Behavior Problems in Later Childhood." Presented: Lausanne, Switzerland, International Symposium on Childcare in the Early Years: Research and Future Prospects, 1990. |
3296. |
Ketterlinus, Robert D. Henderson, Sandra H. Lamb, Michael E. |
Maternal Age, Sociodemographics, Prenatal Health, and Behavior: Influences on Neonatal Risk Status Journal of Adolescent Health Care 11,5 (September 1990): 423-431. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/019700709090090O Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Childbearing; Mothers; Mothers, Behavior; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes The effects on neonatal outcomes of maternal age, socioeconomic status, and prenatal health and behavior were assessed in the NLSY. Primagravids were categorized into one of four age-at-birth groups: 13 to 15-year-olds, 16- to 18-year-olds, 19- to 21-year-olds, or 22- to 30-year-olds. Younger mothers were lighter, gained less weight during pregnancy, and sought prenatal care later in their pregnancies. Neonates of the youngest mothers on average had lower birthweights, and had shorter gestational periods. There were significant effects of maternal age, race, education, and pregnancy weight gain on the probability of giving birth to either a premature or low birthweight infant. Tentative results also implicated time of first prenatal care in prematurity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ketterlinus, Robert D., Sandra H. Henderson and Michael E. Lamb. "Maternal Age, Sociodemographics, Prenatal Health, and Behavior: Influences on Neonatal Risk Status." Journal of Adolescent Health Care 11,5 (September 1990): 423-431.
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3297. |
Ketterlinus, Robert D. Henderson, Sandra H. Lamb, Michael E. |
The Effect of Type of Child Care and Maternal Employment and Self-Esteem on Children's Behavioral Adjustment: Findings from the U.S. NLSY In: L'Accueil du Jeune Enfant: Politiques et Recherches dans les Différents Pays. B. Pierrehumbert, ed. Paris, France: Editions Sociales Françaises, 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Éditions Sociales Françaises (ESF) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Children, Behavioral Development; Fathers, Absence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ketterlinus, Robert D., Sandra H. Henderson and Michael E. Lamb. "The Effect of Type of Child Care and Maternal Employment and Self-Esteem on Children's Behavioral Adjustment: Findings from the U.S. NLSY" In: L'Accueil du Jeune Enfant: Politiques et Recherches dans les Différents Pays.. . Pierrehumbert, ed. Paris, France: Editions Sociales Françaises, 1992
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3298. |
Ketterlinus, Robert D. Lamb, Michael E. Henderson, Sandra H. |
The Effects of Maternal Age-at-Birth on Children's Cognitive Development Journal of Research on Adolescence 1,2 (1991): 173-188 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Children; Children, Academic Development; Hispanics; Intelligence; Mothers; Mothers, Race; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ketterlinus, Robert D., Michael E. Lamb and Sandra H. Henderson. "The Effects of Maternal Age-at-Birth on Children's Cognitive Development." Journal of Research on Adolescence 1,2 (1991): 173-188.
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3299. |
Ketterlinus, Robert D. Lamb, Michael E. Nitz, Katherine |
Developmental and Ecological Sources of Stress Among Adolescent Parents (part of a symposium on: Adolescent pregnancy and parenting) Family Relations 40,4 (October 1991): 435-441. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/584901 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Childbearing; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Stress This article provides an overview of research on the stresses associated with normative developmental transitions, the effects of psychological stress on adult parenting and parent-child interactions, and the stresses associated with the transition to parenthood during adolescence, with an emphasis on schoo/-age parents. Suggestions are provided for the design of developmentally and ecologically valid research and interventions, and for broadly based public policy addressing the unique problems associated with adolescent parenting. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ketterlinus, Robert D., Michael E. Lamb and Katherine Nitz. "Developmental and Ecological Sources of Stress Among Adolescent Parents (part of a symposium on: Adolescent pregnancy and parenting)." Family Relations 40,4 (October 1991): 435-441.
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3300. |
Ketterlinus, Robert D. Nitz, Katherine |
Adolescent Sexual and Nonsexual Deviance: Stability Over Time and Generations Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Children; Children, Behavioral Development; Deviance; General Assessment; Mothers; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Self-Perception; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this study is to explore different patterns of transmission, stability, and co-occurrence of sexual and nonsexual problem behaviors among adolescents and their children. Data were obtained from the NLSY, a longitudinal survey of a national probability sample of American youth and their children. Exploratory data analysis using Partial Least-Squares techniques suggested that maternal deviance assessed in 1980 is a relatively strong predictor of 1986 child problem behaviors. Maternal self-concept, IQ, sociodemographics, and father's involvement were also associated with child outcomes suggesting that there may be different patterns of intergenerational transmission of problem behaviors among sub-groups of mother-child dyads. The determinants of continuity/discontinuity in problem behaviors across generations and stability in adolescents' problem behaviors are assessed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ketterlinus, Robert D. and Katherine Nitz. "Adolescent Sexual and Nonsexual Deviance: Stability Over Time and Generations." Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991. |
3301. |
Ketterlinus, Robert D. Nitz, Katherine Lamb, Michael E. Elster, Arthur B. |
Adolescent Non-Sexual and Sex-Related Problem Behaviors Journal of Adolescent Research 7,4 (October 1992): 431-456. Also: http://jar.sagepub.com/content/7/4/431.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Fertility; Behavior, Violent; Behavioral Problems; Drug Use; Gender Differences; Illegal Activities; Modeling, Multilevel; Religious Influences; Rural Youth; Rural/Urban Differences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The association between adolescent sexual behavior and problem behaviors is assessed in a sample of male and female adolescents from the NLSY. Preliminary analyses indicate that there are linear associations between age and sexual status (virgin, sexually active but never pregnant, or parents) and involvement in four types of problem behaviors: school-related, personal violence, drug use, and stealing. Log-linear models are being tested to formally test these relationships and how they might differ among males and females, and to further assess the effects of other independent variables (e.g., religiosity, urban vs. rural, SES, etc.). |
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Bibliography Citation
Ketterlinus, Robert D., Katherine Nitz, Michael E. Lamb and Arthur B. Elster. "Adolescent Non-Sexual and Sex-Related Problem Behaviors." Journal of Adolescent Research 7,4 (October 1992): 431-456.
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3302. |
Key, Jennifer Anne |
An Empirical Study of Gender and Racial Differences in Quits and Layoffs of Young Workers Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Ethnic Studies; Gender Differences; Job Turnover; Layoffs; Modeling, Multilevel; Quits; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Wage Gap That female and nonwhite workers are less attached to the labor market has been frequently offered as an explanation for the observed gender and racial wage gaps in the United States. Yet, empirically little is known about the propensities of females and nonwhite workers to leave their jobs. This dissertation examines the factors that influence the separation, quit and layoff rates of young workers: male, female, white and nonwhite. McLaughlin's (1991) model of quits and layoffs in an efficient turnover framework is extended to include the effects of job tenure and a stochastic value of nonmarket work. The framework allows for the decision to separate to nonemployment and the decision to separate to alternative employment to be motivated by different factors. Specifically, the empirical analysis in this thesis uses Nested Multinomial Logits (NMNL) to examine the probability of separating to nonemployment, the probability of separating to alternative employment, and the conditional Probability of a quit given a separation to either nonemployment or alternative employment. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, NMNLs are performed on four subgroups of workers: white males, white females, nonwhite males, and nonwhite females. The results indicate that the job turnover behavior of white female workers is quite different from that of the three other groups of workers. White females have the lowest probability of staying at a job and are twice as likely to separate to alternative employment. Also, white female workers are much more likely to separate to alternative employment following the birth of a child. Nonwhite male workers are much more likely to be laid off to alternative employment than the other groups of workers. This may be due to discrimination in the labor market. Contrary to other studies, these results indicate that, controlling for other factors that influence wage rates, job tenure has a positive effect on job separations. This result is consistent with the conceptual framework. Finally, divorce is found to have a large positive effect on the likelihood of separating to nonemployment and alternative employment. This is the first study to include the effects of divorce on job turnover. |
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Bibliography Citation
Key, Jennifer Anne. An Empirical Study of Gender and Racial Differences in Quits and Layoffs of Young Workers. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1999. |
3303. |
Keys, Benjamin J. |
The Credit Market Consequences of Job Displacement Review of Economics and Statistics 100,3 (July 2018): 405-415. Also: https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/REST_a_00709 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Credit/Credit Constraint; Displaced Workers; Geocoded Data; Unemployment This paper studies the role of job displacement in the household bankruptcy decision. Using an event-study methodology, I find that NLSY respondents are over three times more likely to file for bankruptcy immediately following a job loss. Using county-level data, I find similar magnitudes in the aggregate, with significant effects lasting two to three years. In addition, the loss of a manufacturing job, a proxy for a more persistent separation, is 40 percent more likely to lead to bankruptcy. The results suggest that unemployment spells can have significant long-term consequences on households' credit market outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keys, Benjamin J. "The Credit Market Consequences of Job Displacement." Review of Economics and Statistics 100,3 (July 2018): 405-415.
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3304. |
Keys, Benjamin J. |
Three Essays on Labor and Credit Markets Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Displaced Workers; Geocoded Data; Income Dynamics/Shocks Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first paper demonstrates the important role of job displacement in the household bankruptcy decision. Consistent with predicted filing behavior under persistent income shocks, I find that households in the NLSY are four times more likely to file in the year following job loss, with a smaller but significant response persisting two to three years. Aggregate patterns are also consistent with the model: At the county level, 1000 job losses are associated with 8-11 bankruptcies, the effects also last two to three years, and manufacturing job loss is more likely to induce bankruptcy than non-manufacturing job loss. The results suggest that providing credit counseling to vulnerable households at the time of displacement may be more effective than providing it at the time of bankruptcy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Keys, Benjamin J. Three Essays on Labor and Credit Markets. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 2009. |
3305. |
Khalifeh, Lara |
Disentangling the Links from Parental Monitoring and Delinquent Peer Exposure to Youth Delinquency: A Longitudinal, Sibling Comparison Analysis Master's Thesis, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Dayton, 2021. Also: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?p10_etd_subid=190167&clear=10 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: University of Dayton Keyword(s): Behavior, Antisocial; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Parent Supervision/Monitoring Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research suggests that parents and peers play an integral role in the development and prevention of antisocial behaviors (AB) like conduct problems and delinquency in youth. However, the magnitude and mechanisms of these influences have been a debated topic in the field. Consequently, it is crucial to understand how these two factors work together to influence the development of antisocial behavior. Using data from the mothers of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and their offspring, a longitudinal, sibling comparison design was used to examine if: (1) parental monitoring moderates the relationship between the child's early delinquency and subsequent deviant peer exposure (DPE), such that the influence of early delinquency on DPE will be smaller at high levels of parental monitoring and vice versa, (2) parental monitoring has an indirect effect against delinquency via its intermediate effects (mediation) against DPE, (3) baseline delinquency has an indirect effect on later, youth delinquency, vial its intermediate effects (mediation) on DPE, and (4) parental monitoring moderates the influence of DPE on later youth delinquency such that the influence of DPE will be smaller at high levels of parental monitoring, and will be larger at low levels of monitoring. Population analyses indicated that delinquency predicted increased DPE, and DPE mediated the association between early and later delinquency. In addition, DPE and parental monitoring significantly predicted later delinquency. Sibling comparison analysis revealed a significant interaction between parental monitoring and delinquency in predicting DPE, such that the association between early delinquency and later DPE was attenuated at high levels of parental monitoring. In addition, DPE significantly mediated the association between early and later delinquency in the sibling comparison analyses. The present findings provide support for an environmentally mediated effect of DPE and suggest that parental monitoring may act to suppress the link from earlier delinquency to later DPE. |
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Bibliography Citation
Khalifeh, Lara. Disentangling the Links from Parental Monitoring and Delinquent Peer Exposure to Youth Delinquency: A Longitudinal, Sibling Comparison Analysis. Master's Thesis, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Dayton, 2021.. |
3306. |
Khazan, Olga |
Your Mother's Romantic Past Affects Your Own Dating Adventures The Atlantic, November 13, 2018. Also: https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/11/how-your-parents-relationship-history-affects-you/575779/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Atlantic Media Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Divorce; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A new study suggests that people whose mothers had several serious romantic partners tend to follow the same trajectory. [News media article based on Kamp Dush, Claire M., Rachel Arocho, Sara E. Mernitz and Kyle R. Bartholomew. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Partnering." PLoS ONE published online (13 November 2018): DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205732] |
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Bibliography Citation
Khazan, Olga. "Your Mother's Romantic Past Affects Your Own Dating Adventures." The Atlantic, November 13, 2018. |
3307. |
Khieu, Hoang Walde, Klaus |
Capital Income Risk and the Dynamics of the Wealth Distribution IZA Discussion Paper No. 11840, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), September 2018. Also: https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/11840/capital-income-risk-and-the-dynamics-of-the-wealth-distribution Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Income Distribution; Income Risk; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we develop and numerically solve a model of idiosyncratic labour income and idiosyncratic interest rates to predict the evolution of a wealth distribution over time. Stochastic labour income follows a deterministic growth trend and it fluctuates between a wage and unemployment benefits. Stochastic interest rates are drawn initially (ex-ante heterogeneity), fluctuate between two values (ex-post heterogeneity) and can differ in their arrival rates (financial types). A low interest rate implies a stationary long-run wealth distribution, a high interest rate implies non-stationary wealth distributions. Our baseline model matches the evolution of the wealth distribution of the NLSY 79 cohort from 1986 to 2008 very well. When we start in 1986 and target 2008, we obtain a fit of 96.1%: The fit for non-targeted years is 77.0% on average. When targeting the evolution of wealth, the fit is 88.9%. With a more flexible interest rate distribution, the fit can even be increased to 96.7%. Comparing calibrated mean returns with data shows that the flexible interest rate distribution has empirically not convincing "superstar states". In the baseline model, mean returns are empirically convincing. Surprisingly, the standard deviation of model returns is an order of magnitude lower than the empirical standard deviation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Khieu, Hoang and Klaus Walde. "Capital Income Risk and the Dynamics of the Wealth Distribution." IZA Discussion Paper No. 11840, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), September 2018. |
3308. |
Khieu, Hoang Walde, Klaus |
Capital Income Risk and the Dynamics of the Wealth Distribution Economic Modelling 122 (May 2023): 106243. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026499932300055X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Income Risk; Wealth Understanding rising wealth inequality requires a comprehension of the evolution of wealth distributions. We quantify a model of idiosyncratic labor income and interest rates to match the evolution of the wealth distribution of the NLSY 79 cohort in the US from 1986 to 2008. We allow for economic growth, stochastic labor income and stochastic interest rates. Individuals differ in their financial ability, i.e. in their average financial returns. Aggregating over individuals balances a stationary long-run wealth distribution (for low interest rates) with exploding wealth distributions (for high interest rates). The baseline calibration fits the wealth distribution in 2008 up to 96.1% with an empirically plausible distribution of labor income and the standard deviation of model interest rates being lower than the empirical standard deviation. As our average fit over the entire sample period is also very good, models of this type can be employed to understand how quickly wealth distributions could become more equal if certain policy measures were introduced. |
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Bibliography Citation
Khieu, Hoang and Klaus Walde. "Capital Income Risk and the Dynamics of the Wealth Distribution." Economic Modelling 122 (May 2023): 106243.
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3309. |
Khoo, Siek-Toon Muthen, Bengt O. |
Longitudinal Data on Families: Growth Modeling Alternatives In: Multivariate Applications in Substance Use Research: New Methods for New Questions. J. Rose, et al., eds. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2000: 43-78 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Family Background and Culture; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; Modeling; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Modeling, Multilevel; Research Methodology; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Khoo, Siek-Toon and Bengt O. Muthen. "Longitudinal Data on Families: Growth Modeling Alternatives" In: Multivariate Applications in Substance Use Research: New Methods for New Questions. J. Rose, et al., eds. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2000: 43-78
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3310. |
Kilburn, M. Rebecca Hanser, Lawrence M. Klerman, Jacob Alex |
Estimating AFQT Scores for National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) Respondents Rand Monograph, MR-818-OSD/A. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1998. Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/2009/MR818.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Military Enlistment; Military Recruitment; National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP); National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT This is the first report of a two-part project that estimates the determinants of individual enlistment decisions using the 1992 and 1994 waves of the National Educational Longitudinal Survey (NELS). The authors impute AFQT scores for NELS respondents using test scores reported in the 1992 NELS, test score trends from the 1978-1992 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), and the sample in the 1980 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) that was used to norm the AFQT. Percentile scores on the NELS tests are equated to percentile scores on the AFQT in the NLSY with an adjustment to reflect test score trends observed in the NAEP over the period between 1980 and 1992. In addition to imputing AFQT scores for NELS respondents, the authors examine test score trends between 1980 and 1992 to draw implications for recruiting policy. There appears to be no justification for any concerns that a rising share of minorities in the youth population will result in a decline in the pot ential supply of youth. Even though minorities in the early 1990s continued to score lower than average on the AFQT, the growth in their population share was outweighed by their greater-than-average test score growth during the 1980s and early 1990s. The net result of these countervailing trends was that a larger fraction of minorities was estimated to be high-quality potential recruits and that the share of the entire senior population scoring in that range was largely unchanged. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kilburn, M. Rebecca, Lawrence M. Hanser and Jacob Alex Klerman. Estimating AFQT Scores for National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) Respondents. Rand Monograph, MR-818-OSD/A. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1998.. |
3311. |
Kilburn, M. Rebecca Hanser, Lawrence M. Klerman, Jacob Alex |
Estimating AFQT Scores for National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) Respondents Peace Research Abstracts Journal 37,4 (1 August 2000) Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Peace Research Institute - Dundas (Canada) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Economics of Minorities; Military Recruitment; National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP); National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This is the first report of a two-part project that estimates the determinants of individual enlistment decisions using the 1992 and 1994 waves of the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS). The authors estimate Air Force Qualification Test (AFQT) scores for NELS respondents using test scores reported in the 1992 NELS, test score trends from the 1978 to 1992 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), and the sample in the 1980 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) that was used to norm the AFQT. Percentile scores on the NELS tests are equated to percentile scores on the AFQT in the NLSY with an adjustment to reflect test score trends observed in the NAEP over the period 1980 to 1992. In addition to estimating AFQT scores for NELS respondents, the authors examine test score trends between 1980 and 1992 to draw implications for recruiting policy. The evidence suggests that concerns that a rising share of minorities in the youth population will result in a decline in the potential supply of high-quality youth are unwarranted. Even though minorities in the early 1990s continued to score lower than average on the AFQT, the growth in their population share was outweighed by their greater-than-average test score growth during the 1980s and early 1990s. The net result of these countervailing trends was that a larger fraction of minorities were estimated to be high-quality potential recruits and that the share of the entire high school senior population scoring in that range was largely unchanged. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kilburn, M. Rebecca, Lawrence M. Hanser and Jacob Alex Klerman. "Estimating AFQT Scores for National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) Respondents." Peace Research Abstracts Journal 37,4 (1 August 2000).
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3312. |
Kilburn, M. Rebecca Loughran, David S. |
Parental Investment and Later Outcomes Among Low Birthweight Children Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birthweight; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Pairs (also see Siblings); Siblings; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Our paper has three principle objectives. Our first objective is to clarify how the omission of family and individual-level endowments can confound estimates of both the short and long-run consequences of low birthweight. In formal models, we highlight how various empirical strategies control for specific endowments and the effects these controls are likely to have on parameter estimates. We also develop methods for decomposing birthweight effects into family and individual-level components. These exercises will allow us to more precisely interpret the results of our empirical analyses to follow as well as those in the current literature. We then expand upon the results in Boardman, et al. (2002), who examined only test scores, to include other health and behavioral outcomes available in the NLSY Child Sample. Our models will explore patterns of results using a variety of specifications, including OLS, mother fixed-effects, mother-sibling fixed effects, and IV strategies. The research pays careful attention to the source of variation in birthweight and outcomes across sibling pairs and considers how family income and other common environmental influences affect the relationship between birthweight and later outcomes. In addition, we experiment with a variety of measures of low birthweight including categorical and continuous measures and indices combining birthweight and prematurity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kilburn, M. Rebecca and David S. Loughran. "Parental Investment and Later Outcomes Among Low Birthweight Children." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003. |
3313. |
Killewald, Alexandra |
A Reconsideration of the Fatherhood Premium: Marriage, Coresidence, Biology, and Fathers’ Wages American Sociological Review 78,1 (February 2013): 96-116. Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/78/1/96.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Fatherhood; Fathers, Biological; Marital Status; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wage Differentials; Wages, Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Past research that asserts a fatherhood wage premium often ignores the heterogeneity of fathering contexts. I expect fatherhood to produce wage gains for men if it prompts them to alter their behavior in ways that increase labor-market productivity. Identity theory predicts a larger productivity-based fatherhood premium when ties of biology, coresidence with the child, and marriage to the child’s mother reinforce one another, making fatherhood, and the role of financial provider in particular, salient, high in commitment, and clear. Employer discrimination against fathers in less normative family structures may also contribute to variation in the fatherhood premium. Using fixed-effects models and data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), I find that married, residential, biological fatherhood is associated with wage gains of about 4 percent, but unmarried residential fathers, nonresidential fathers, and stepfathers do not receive a fatherhood premium. Married residential fathers also receive no statistically significant wage premium when their wives work full-time. About 15 percent of the wage premium for married residential fathers can be explained by changes in human capital and job traits. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra. "A Reconsideration of the Fatherhood Premium: Marriage, Coresidence, Biology, and Fathers’ Wages." American Sociological Review 78,1 (February 2013): 96-116.
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3314. |
Killewald, Alexandra Bryan, Brielle |
Does Your Home Make You Wealthy? Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 2,6 (October 2016): 110-128. Also: http://www.rsfjournal.org/doi/full/10.7758/RSF.2016.2.6.06 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Home Ownership; Modeling, Marginal Structural; Racial Differences; Wealth Estimating the lifetime wealth consequences of homeownership is complicated by ongoing events, such as divorce or inheritance, that may shape both homeownership decisions and later-life wealth. We argue that prior research that has not accounted for these dynamic selection processes has overstated the causal effect of homeownership on wealth. Using NLSY79 data and marginal structural models, we find that each additional year of homeownership increases midlife wealth in 2008 by about $6,800, more than 25 percent less than estimates from models that do not account for dynamic selection. Hispanic and African American wealth benefits from each homeownership year are 62 percent and 48 percent as large as those of whites, respectively. Homeownership remains wealth-enhancing in 2012, but shows smaller returns. Our results confirm homeownership's role in wealth accumulation and that variation in both homeownership rates and the wealth benefits of homeownership contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in midlife wealth holdings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra and Brielle Bryan. "Does Your Home Make You Wealthy?" Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 2,6 (October 2016): 110-128.
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3315. |
Killewald, Alexandra Bryan, Brielle |
Falling Behind: The Black-White Wealth Gap in Life Course and Intergenerational Perspective Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Life Course; Racial Equality/Inequality; Socioeconomic Background; Wages; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The black-white wealth gap in the United States is vast and increases with age. Prior research has typically taken a static approach, predicting current wealth with current individual traits or measures of social origins. This approach is ill-suited to wealth, which reflects the lifetime accumulation of resources and is a cumulative advantage process. Instead, we adopt a life-course perspective, examining the evolution of wealth across individuals' lives. We hypothesize that whites' early advantages, including higher educational attainment, more privileged social origins, and more consistent wage-earning, not only advantage young adult whites compared to their black peers, but place them on a trajectory of compounding advantage throughout their lives. Thus, social origins and early life outcomes may actually become more important determinants of racial disparities in wealth the farther into the past they recede. We evaluate these hypotheses using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and random-growth models. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra and Brielle Bryan. "Falling Behind: The Black-White Wealth Gap in Life Course and Intergenerational Perspective." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
3316. |
Killewald, Alexandra Bryan, Brielle |
Falling Behind: The Role of Inter- and Intragenerational Processes in Widening Racial and Ethnic Wealth Gaps through Early and Middle Adulthood Social Forces 97,2 (1 December 2018): 705-740. Also: https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/97/2/705/5053105 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Home Ownership; Life Course; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Whites' wealth advantage compared to blacks and Hispanics is vast and increases with age. While prior research on wealth gaps focuses primarily on wealth levels, we adopt a life-course perspective that treats wealth as a cumulative outcome and examine wealth accumulation across individuals' lives. We test to what extent intergenerational disadvantage and disparities in achieved characteristics explain accumulation disparities. We hypothesize that disparities in wealth determinants, like income and education, family and household characteristics, and homeownership and local context, increase through early and middle adulthood, widening wealth accumulation gaps. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we show that whites accumulate wealth more rapidly than blacks and Hispanics throughout early and middle adulthood, with the result that both groups fall further behind whites in amassed wealth with each passing year. Furthermore, the accumulation gap grows substantially in the 30s, so that blacks and Hispanics in this age range lose ground at an increasing annual rate. We find that adjusting for intergenerational disadvantage reduces the Hispanic-white and black-white gaps in wealth accumulated between ages 20 and 50 by over 40 percent and 50 percent, respectively, and even more in young adulthood. Yet, disparities in outcomes like income, marriage, and homeownership rise with age; together, these intragenerational processes explain a greater share of accumulation gaps in middle adulthood than at younger ages. These findings highlight that wealth gaps in the United States are both shaped by intergenerational legacies of disadvantage and created fresh in each generation through unequal distribution of achieved wealth-enhancing traits. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra and Brielle Bryan. "Falling Behind: The Role of Inter- and Intragenerational Processes in Widening Racial and Ethnic Wealth Gaps through Early and Middle Adulthood." Social Forces 97,2 (1 December 2018): 705-740.
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3317. |
Killewald, Alexandra England, Paula A. Lee, Angela Wang |
Wealth and Divorce Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Divorce; Home Ownership; Marital Stability; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Social scientists have extensively debated whether income promotes divorce by allowing individuals to exit unhappy marriages or promotes marital stability by easing financial strain. This literature has largely ignored that wealth is a distinct financial resource that may have its own effects on marital stability. We describe preliminary results from what we believe is the first examination of the effect of wealth on divorce in the United States. We use panel data from the NLSY79 and discrete-time hazard models and show that, for both blacks and whites, wealth is associated with greater marital stability, net of more commonly studied economic and background characteristics. Given prior evidence that homeownership reduces divorce risk, we test whether wealth's effects operate entirely through access to this specific asset, but find that wealth's effects are more general. We describe planned analyses to test the robustness of our findings and illuminate mechanisms responsible for the effects. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra, Paula A. England and Angela Wang Lee. "Wealth and Divorce." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
3318. |
Killewald, Alexandra Gough, Margaret |
Does Specialization Explain Marriage Penalties and Premiums? American Sociological Review 78,3 (June 2013): 477-502. Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/78/3/477.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Housework/Housewives; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Married men’s wage premium is often attributed to within-household specialization: men can devote more effort to wage-earning when their wives assume responsibility for household labor. We provide a comprehensive evaluation of the specialization hypothesis, arguing that, if specialization causes the male marriage premium, married women should experience wage losses. Furthermore, specialization by married parents should augment the motherhood penalty and the fatherhood premium for married as compared to unmarried parents. Using fixed-effects models and data from the NLSY79, we estimate within-gender differences in wages according to marital status and between-gender differences in the associations between marital status and wages. We then test whether specialization on time use, job traits, and tenure accounts for the observed associations. Results for women do not support the specialization hypothesis. Childless men and women both receive a marriage premium. Marriage augments the fatherhood premium but not the motherhood penalty. Changes in own and spousal employment hours, job traits, and tenure appear to benefit both married men and women, although men benefit more. Marriage changes men’s labor market behavior in ways that augment wages, but these changes do not appear to occur at the expense of women’s wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra and Margaret Gough. "Does Specialization Explain Marriage Penalties and Premiums?" American Sociological Review 78,3 (June 2013): 477-502.
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3319. |
Killewald, Alexandra Gough, Margaret |
Estimating the Impact of Marriage on Women's Wages Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Coresidence; Cost-Benefit Studies; Gender; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Income; Income Distribution; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Sex Equality; Unions; Wage Gap; Wages; Wives, Work; Women's Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The costs and benefits of marriage for women are influenced in part by the effect of marriage on women's earnings potential, yet the wage premium or penalty for married women has been relatively ignored. The theory of within-household specialization predicts that women's wages will fall upon entry into coresidential unions as their time in household labor rises and their labor market effort falls. If this is the case, marriage contributes to sex stratification by exacerbating the gender gap in pay and reducing wives' bargaining power within the household. We use data from the NLSY79 and fixed-effects models to assess the marriage premium or penalty for women. In contrast to the specialization model, we find that women have higher wages in the years after their entry into marriage, suggesting that marriage need not be a zero-sum game between spouses in terms of their labor market rewards. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra and Margaret Gough. "Estimating the Impact of Marriage on Women's Wages." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
3320. |
Killewald, Alexandra Harvey, Hope |
The Effect of Maternal Employment Experiences on Adolescent Outcomes Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Children, Well-Being; College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; Maternal Employment; Obesity; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research on the consequences of maternal employment for children's well-being has predominantly evaluated effects of early maternal employment on young children's outcomes. We conceptualize children as exposed to a 17-year trajectory of maternal employment and hypothesize that cumulative maternal employment will positively affect offspring's health and educational attainment in young adulthood, measured by obesity, smoking, high school graduation, and college enrollment. To test this hypothesis, we link data on women's employment histories from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) with the young adult outcomes of their children, collected in the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults study. Using marginal structural models and inverse probability of treatment weights, we account for the fact that maternal employment both affects and is affected by other family characteristics and provide the most accurate estimates to date of the cumulative, long-term effects of maternal employment on offspring life chances. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra and Hope Harvey. "The Effect of Maternal Employment Experiences on Adolescent Outcomes." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
3321. |
Killewald, Alexandra Lee, Angela England, Paula A. |
Wealth and Divorce Demography 60,1 (February 2023): 147-171. Also: https://www.jstor.org/stable/48711996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the United States, wealthier couples have lower divorce risk. Wealth may stabilize marriage through its material value, especially by easing financial stress, or by providing symbolic resources, especially signaling that couples meet normative financial standards for marriage. We first show that the negative association between wealth and divorce holds net of a rich set of controls. All else being equal, having $40,000 in wealth rather than $0 is associated with as big a decline in average predicted divorce risk as having no nonmarital births versus at least one. Second, we show that the negative association between wealth and divorce risk is steepest at low positive wealth levels. Net of covariates, having $40,000 in wealth rather than $0 is associated with as big a decline in average predicted divorce risk as having $400,000 rather than $40,000. Third, we consider evidence for the symbolic perspective, which emphasizes the stabilizing role of owning visible physical assets, and the material perspective, which suggests unsecured debt heightens divorce risk. Consistent with the symbolic perspective, we find that with net worth held constant, ownership of homes and vehicles is negatively associated with divorce risk. However, more research is needed to fully adjudicate between the symbolic and material perspectives. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra, Angela Lee and Paula A. England. "Wealth and Divorce." Demography 60,1 (February 2023): 147-171.
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3322. |
Killewald, Alexandra Lundberg, Ian |
How Do Married Men Get Ahead? A Process-Based Examination of the Male Marriage Premium Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Employment History; Husbands; Marriage; Work Experience; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The wage premium for married men is well-documented. Prior research has concentrated on understanding why this might be so, focusing on the role of household specialization. Largely absent from this research is attention to the job processes by which married men realize wage gains. We propose three possible pathways: (1) increased work experience, (2) improved employment histories, including longer job tenure and better job match, and (3) moves to higher-paying job types. We find that each of these processes contributes to the male marriage premium, although work experience is the most important. We further find that increases in work experience benefit married men about equally, regardless of wives’ labor supply, casting doubt on a pure specialization explanation. Lastly, we demonstrate the importance of flexibly specifying mediating variables: Conventional measures of work experience substantially understate the share of the marriage premium attributable to changes in work hours. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra and Ian Lundberg. "How Do Married Men Get Ahead? A Process-Based Examination of the Male Marriage Premium." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
3323. |
Killewald, Alexandra Lundberg, Ian |
New Evidence against a Causal Marriage Wage Premium Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Husbands, Income; Marriage; Transition, Adulthood; Wage Dynamics; Wages; Wages, Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marriage is associated with increases in men's wages. Recent research claims the long-term wage benefits of marriage for men are as high as 20 percent and begin prior to marriage, as men anticipate marriage or experience wage benefits of unmarried partnership. We argue instead that marriage has no causal effect on men's wages in either the short or long term and that research on the marriage wage premium has overlooked literature in other subfields suggesting that marriage occurs when wages are already rising unusually rapidly. A vast literature documents that entrance into marriage depends on economic circumstances, suggesting that effects may flow from wages to marriage, rather than the reverse. Furthermore, the demographic literature on the transition to adulthood suggests that emerging adulthood is a time of both union formation and unusually rapid improvements in work outcomes. Using data from the NLSY79, we evaluate these perspectives, considering both the effects of getting married and remaining married. We conclude that the observed wage patterns are most consistent with men marrying at a time that their wages are already rising more rapidly than expected and divorcing when their wages are already falling, with no additional causal effect of marriage on wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra and Ian Lundberg. "New Evidence against a Causal Marriage Wage Premium." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
3324. |
Killewald, Alexandra Lundberg, Ian |
New Evidence Against a Causal Marriage Wage Premium Demography 54,3 (June 2017): 1007-1028. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-017-0566-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Husbands, Income; Marriage; Wage Dynamics; Wages, Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent research has shown that men's wages rise more rapidly than expected prior to marriage, but interpretations diverge on whether this indicates selection or a causal effect of anticipating marriage. We seek to adjudicate this debate by bringing together literatures on (1) the male marriage wage premium; (2) selection into marriage based on men’s economic circumstances; and (3) the transition to adulthood, during which both union formation and unusually rapid improvements in work outcomes often occur. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we evaluate these perspectives. We show that wage declines predate rather than follow divorce, indicating no evidence that staying married benefits men's wages. We find that older grooms experience no unusual wage patterns at marriage, suggesting that the observed marriage premium may simply reflect co-occurrence with the transition to adulthood for younger grooms. We show that men entering shotgun marriages experience similar premarital wage gains as other grooms, casting doubt on the claim that anticipation of marriage drives wage increases. We conclude that the observed wage patterns are most consistent with men marrying when their wages are already rising more rapidly than expected and divorcing when their wages are already falling, with no additional causal effect of marriage on wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra and Ian Lundberg. "New Evidence Against a Causal Marriage Wage Premium." Demography 54,3 (June 2017): 1007-1028.
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3325. |
Killewald, Alexandra Pfeffer, Fabian T. |
For Richer: The Effects of Marriage on Wealth Accumulation Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Marriage; Modeling, Marginal Structural; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We investigate the effects of marriage on individuals' midlife wealth. Establishing the importance of marriage as a wealth-generating process is challenging because marriage and wealth are dynamic processes with reciprocal effects: marriage is both the result of prior wealth and a potential determinant of future wealth. To estimate the total causal effect of years spent married on wealth, we therefore apply marginal structural models. Using the NLSY79, we show that time spent married has positive effects on individuals' wealth at midlife but that accounting for dynamic selection into and out of marriage reduces these effects substantially. Ignoring the asset-pooling effect of marriage, the effects of marriage on wealth are small. However, the effects are also heterogeneous: women and whites gain more in absolute terms from each additional year spent married than do men and African Americans. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra and Fabian T. Pfeffer. "For Richer: The Effects of Marriage on Wealth Accumulation." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
3326. |
Killewald, Alexandra Zhu, Fangsheng |
Does Your Home Make You Wealthy? Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Racial Equality/Inequality; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Wealth inequality in the United States is vast, and homeownership is hypothesized to be one key mechanism by which wealth accumulates unequally. Evaluating the effect of homeownership on later-life wealth is challenging, however, because prior wealth affects transitions to homeownership, and homeownership in turn has the potential to affect other wealth-relevant traits, such as marital status. Thus, conventional regression models that predict current wealth as a function of prior homeownership are likely to overestimate the causal effect of homeownership. We propose to provide a more rigorous estimate of the effect of homeownership on later-life wealth by using NLSY79 data and inverse probability of treatment weights to model dynamic selection processes into and out of homeownership across the life course. Our results then provide insight about the potential for disparities in homeownership rates by race and social origins to contribute to persistent racial wealth inequality and the intergenerational transmission of advantage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra and Fangsheng Zhu. "Does Your Home Make You Wealthy?" Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
3327. |
Killewald, Alexandra Zhuo, Xiaolin |
Mothers' Long-Term Employment Patterns Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Employment, Part-Time; Life Course; Maternal Employment; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research on maternal employment has disproportionately focused on the experiences of married, college-educated mothers and examined either current employment status or return to work immediately following a birth. Drawing on the life course perspective, we instead conceptualize maternal careers as long-term life course patterns. Using data from the NLSY79 and optimal matching, we document five common employment patterns of American mothers over the first 18 years of maternity. About 60% experience either steady, full-time employment (41%) or steady nonemployment (20%). The rest experience "mixed" patterns: long-term part-time employment (14%), or a long period of nonemployment following maternity, then a return to employment approximately 6 (15%) or 12 (10%) years following the first birth. We find that consistent employment following maternity, either full-time or part-time, is characteristic of women with more economic advantages, while women who experience low levels of employment disproportionately lack a high school degree and are more likely to be Hispanic. Consistent part-time labor is distinctive to white women: Hispanic and African American women are underrepresented in this group compared to either consistent full-time employment or long-term nonemployment. Furthermore, race is one of the only predictors of whether a mother is employed consistently full-time versus part-time. Our results support the importance of studying maternal employment across the economic spectrum, considering motherhood as a long-term characteristic, and moving away from research approaches that consider employment as a binary or continuous measure and overlook the qualitative distinctness of particular employment patterns. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra and Xiaolin Zhuo. "Mothers' Long-Term Employment Patterns." Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015. |
3328. |
Killewald, Alexandra Zhuo, Xiaolin |
U.S. Mothers' Long-Term Employment Patterns Demography 56,1 (February 2019): 285-320. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-018-0745-9 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Employment, Part-Time; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research on maternal employment has disproportionately focused on the immediate postpartum period and typically modeled either cross-sectional employment status or time until a specific employment transition. We instead conceptualize maternal employment as a long-term pattern, extending the observation window and embedding employment statuses in temporal context. Using data from NLSY79 and sequence analysis, we document five common employment patterns of American mothers over the first 18 years of maternity. Three typical patterns revolve around a single employment status: full-time (36 %), part-time (13 %), or nonemployment (21 %); the other two patterns are characterized by 6 (15 %) or 11 (14 %) years of nonemployment, followed by a period of transition and then full-time employment. Analyses of the immediate postpartum period cannot distinguish between the nonemployment and reentry groups, which have different employment experiences and different prematernity characteristics. Next, we describe how mothers' human capital, attitudes and cultural models, family experiences, and race/ethnicity are associated with the employment patterns they follow, elucidating that these characteristics may be associated not only with how much mothers work but also the patterning of their employment. Our results support studying maternal employment as a long-term pattern and employing research approaches that address the qualitative distinctness of these diverse patterns. |
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Bibliography Citation
Killewald, Alexandra and Xiaolin Zhuo. "U.S. Mothers' Long-Term Employment Patterns." Demography 56,1 (February 2019): 285-320.
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3329. |
Kim, Choongsoo |
A Longitudinal Study of Enlistment in the Armed Forces with Special Reference to the Effect of Intentions on Behavior Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Military Enlistment; Military Recruitment; Tests and Testing This study develops an enlistment model to investigate the determinants of enlistment for young males. The author attempts to distinguish, among age-eligible male youths, the characteristics of individuals who join the armed services and those who do not. The model includes many factors relevant for enlistment, but particular attention is paid to the effect of previous enlistment intentions on future enlistment behavior. Stability of enlistment intentions of young males and females over time was examined by identifying the important factors leading to changes in enlistment intentions. Important findings are: (1) unlike the relationship between enlistment and education, an inverse relationship between education and intention changes is found for all race and sex groups, indicating that as youths become older, military service is viewed less favorably among the more educated than among the less educated; (2) a negative relationship between the Air Force Qualifying Test and intention changes was also observed among minority males; (3) lower educational desire and socioeconomic status, and higher desire for training all turned out to be significant factors; (4) change in marital status from single to married affects intentions negatively over time; and (5) for all race and sex groups, previous intentions served as significant control variables for intention changes. The results indicate that the effects of educational attainment and AFQT on the decline in enlistment intentions were larger among minority males and females than among white males and enlistment intentions declined more for females than for males of each race group. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Choongsoo. "A Longitudinal Study of Enlistment in the Armed Forces with Special Reference to the Effect of Intentions on Behavior." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983. |
3330. |
Kim, Choongsoo |
On the Determinants of Reservation Wages: An Empirical Specification Columbus, OH, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1981 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Job Search; Life Cycle Research; Unemployment; Wages, Reservation; Work History Under the assumption that the wage distribution is sufficiently characterized by the first and second moment, this paper develops an empirically tractable model where the above two pieces of information regarding the wage offer distribution play key roles in explaining the formation of reservation wages. The variance of the wage distribution, as a measure of the probability of finding a job, plays a significant role in explaining the formation of the reservation wages among the unemployed. The reservation wages are linearly related with the mean expected wages, and the elasticities are less than unity. The universe of the study includes white and black non- enrolled unemployed males from the l979 NLSY. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Choongsoo. "On the Determinants of Reservation Wages: An Empirical Specification." Columbus, OH, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1981. |
3331. |
Kim, Choongsoo |
Post-Service Educational Benefits & the All-Volunteer Force: Some Evidence from the Youth Cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Military Enlistment; Military Recruitment; Military Service; Training This paper utilizes data from the 1979-1981 NLSY to examine factors related to the use of VEAP (Veterans' Educational Assistance Program) as an enlistment incentive. Focusing on service personnel who enlisted during calendar years 1977 through 1980, the analysis attempts to differentiate individual characteristics and enlistment motives of those who participated in VEAP and those who did not. Some of the major findings include: (1) VEAP participation is positively associated with the number of aspired years of schooling in excess of the attained years of education for both males and females; (2) VEAP participation is positively related to the AFQT score for males and to educational attainment for females; (3) for both sexes, the participation probabilities for those serving in the Navy or in the Air Force are lower than the probabilities for those serving in the Army, while the participation probabilities are not statistically different for those serving in the Army and those serving in the Marines; and (4) for males, married personnel have significantly lower probabilities of participating in VEAP than single personnel while minority service members have higher probabilities than white service members. In relative terms, the desire for additional education plays a significantly greater role in the VEAP participation decision of females than of males. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Choongsoo. "Post-Service Educational Benefits & the All-Volunteer Force: Some Evidence from the Youth Cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983. |
3332. |
Kim, Choongsoo |
The All-Volunteer Force: 1979 NLS Studies of Enlistment, Intentions to Serve, and Intentions to Reenlist Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1982. Also: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA123789&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Hispanic Youth; Military Enlistment; Military Personnel; Military Recruitment; Military Service; Military Training; Veterans Chapter I, "Choosing Among Military Enlistment, College, Enrollment, and Other Civilian Pursuits," examines why individuals with similar human capital attributes choose different paths. Potential armed forces personnel are identified in Chapter II, "The Supply of Potential Armed Forces Personnel: A Cross-Section Study of Intentions to Enlist in the Military Service among Male Youth Who Have Never Served," which also analyzes personal characteristics of male youth who intend to enlist in the military service in the near future. Chapter III, "The Supply of Potential Reenlistment: A 1979 Cross-Section Study of Intentions to Reenlist among those Serving their First Term of Duty," identifies the first-term service members who have positive intentions to reenlist at the end of their term of duty. Included among findings are that: (1) military service is favored over college and other civilian pursuits as local labor market conditions deteriorate; (2) positive intentions to serve are inversely related to educational attainment and socioeconomic status and positively correlated with the perception of approval of enlisting in the military by the person who has the greatest influence upon the respondent's decisions; (3) the principal reason among black and Hispanic youth for intending to enlist is to take advantage of the post-service educational benefits, while obtaining occupational or on-the-job training other than regular schooling appears to be the primary motivation among whites; and (4) job satisfaction of military personnel serves as a strong indicator of positive reenlistment intentions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Choongsoo. "The All-Volunteer Force: 1979 NLS Studies of Enlistment, Intentions to Serve, and Intentions to Reenlist." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1982. |
3333. |
Kim, Choongsoo |
Youth and the Military Services: 1980 NLS Studies of Enlistment, Intentions to Serve, Reenlistment and Labor Market Experience of Veterans and Attriters Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Military Enlistment; Military Personnel; Military Recruitment; Military Service; Military Training; Tests and Testing; Training, Occupational; Unemployment; Veterans Chapter I, "Characteristics of Current Participants in the Armed Forces," compares persons who have chosen the full-time job of serving in the active armed forces with those who have chosen full-time employment in the civilian sector. Individual characteristics and motives for enlisting are compared between 1979 and 1978 enlistees in Chapter II, "Enlistment in the Armed Forces," and Chapter III, "Potential Supply of Armed Forces Personnel: Enlistment Intentions and Main Reasons for Nonenlistment" identifies future armed forces personnel. Chapter IV, "An Analysis of Reenlistment, Separation after Completing Initial Term of Duty, and Attrition from Military Service among Youths who Enlisted between 1975 and 1977," tests the hypothesis that youth view service in the military as a means of obtaining occupational training or postservice educational benefits. Post-service labor market performances of former service personnel are evaluated in the fifth chapter, "Labor Market Experience of Veterans and Attriters." Findings include: (1) among white males, Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT) scores were about the same for service personnel and their civilian counterparts; female and minority male service members scored substantially higher, however, than their respective civilian counterparts; (2) while only one out of six 1978 enlistees were high school dropouts, more than four out of ten 1979 enlistees were dropouts; (3) youth who talked to recruiters or took the ASVAB represented a cross-section of the youth population, but the socioeconomic status of youth with positive intentions to serve was lower than that of the total youth population; (4) married youth were more likely to remain in the service while those with a child were more likely to leave the service than those who did not; and (5) the unemployment rates for both sexes were highest for attriters, intermediate for veterans, and lowest for civilians who had never served. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Choongsoo. "Youth and the Military Services: 1980 NLS Studies of Enlistment, Intentions to Serve, Reenlistment and Labor Market Experience of Veterans and Attriters." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1982. |
3334. |
Kim, Choongsoo Borus, Michael E. Johnson, Kyle |
Policy Findings Related to Military Service from the Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience Working Paper, Defense Manpower Data Center, U.S. Department of Defense, Arlington VA, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Defense Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Military Enlistment; Military Recruitment; Military Service; Training, Occupational This report summarizes a briefing given on October 21, 1982, from the military portion of the NLSY presented to the Manpower Research and Department Planning Committee of the Office of Naval Research given by Michael E. Borus and Choongsoo Kim of The Ohio State University Center for Human Resource Research. Several findings with policy implications arise from the analysis. The All-Volunteer Force has been successful in attracting able young people, particularly from among minorities. The desire for occupational training is a major factor associated with enlistment among white men. While men in the service were more likely to be married, marriage seemed to increase reenlistment intentions among men and decrease them among women. Those young people with higher educational aspirations were more likely to enlist, implying that both in-service and post-service educational benefits may be an aid to recruitment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Choongsoo, Michael E. Borus and Kyle Johnson. "Policy Findings Related to Military Service from the Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience." Working Paper, Defense Manpower Data Center, U.S. Department of Defense, Arlington VA, 1985. |
3335. |
Kim, Choongsoo Nestel, Gilbert |
Participation in the All-Volunteer Force: The Effect on Civilian Earnings Proceedings, Business and Economic Statistics Section, American Statistical Association (1982): 440-444 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Attrition; Earnings; Sample Selection; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias This study compares the hourly earnings of youth by whether or not they served in the All Volunteer Force (AVF). The data are obtained from the NLSY, a nationally representative sample of individuals age 16-21 years of age in 1979. These data also contain information on a sample of youth who have served in the AVF. The enlistees are further classified by completion status in their first tour of duty to see whether this difference affects civilian earnings. Our estimation procedure controls for specification bias because of possible differences in unobserved characteristics between those who separate and those who reenlist, and between those who work and others who do not choose employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Choongsoo and Gilbert Nestel. "Participation in the All-Volunteer Force: The Effect on Civilian Earnings." Proceedings, Business and Economic Statistics Section, American Statistical Association (1982): 440-444.
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3336. |
Kim, Choongsoo Nestel, Gilbert Phillips, Robert L. Borus, Michael E. |
The All-Volunteer Force: An Analysis of Youth Participation, Attrition, and Reenlistment Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1980 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Military Enlistment; Military Recruitment; Military Service; Veterans This report presents preliminary cross-tabular analyses of the first round of the NLSY79. The characteristics of youth who were serving in the All-Volunteer Force (AVF), the quality of their military employment experiences, and their intentions to reenlist are discussed. The post-service status of former enlistees is also explored. Youth who had never served provide a reference group for these analyses. The final chapter profiles the never-served youth with strong incentives to enlist. Separate analyses for males and females and for the different racial groups are provided and differences noted when significant. Despite the fact the Armed Forces are a "volunteer" force, presumably competing in the labor market and paying competitive wages and salaries, it is clear that the employment opportunities offered by the services are dramatically affected by public policy decisions. As a generalization, minorities and females have a better relative chance in the military than outside as judged by preferences for enlistment and the patterns of retention of these within the services. If market forces were allowed to prevail, there is no doubt that the percentage of blacks in the military would increase. The "black" share is reduced by "rationing" so that relatively more qualified blacks are hired. Similarly, opportunities within the military are arbitrarily restricted so that women have to meet higher standards to enter than do men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Choongsoo, Gilbert Nestel, Robert L. Phillips and Michael E. Borus. "The All-Volunteer Force: An Analysis of Youth Participation, Attrition, and Reenlistment." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1980. |
3337. |
Kim, Daniel |
Does Paid Vacation Leave Predict Depression in Working Americans?: A National Longitudinal Analysis European Journal of Public Health 27, suppl_3 (November 2017): DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx187.453. Also: https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/27/suppl_3/ckx187.453/4556419 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Depression (see also CESD); Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Leisure; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Methods: Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a longitudinal study of 12,686 men and women aged 14–21 years when first surveyed in 1979, and aged 45-52 years in 2010. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the impact of the number of annual paid vacation leave days measured at age 40 on depression measured using the validated 7-item CES-D scale at age 50, for 3,380 individuals working 30-90 hours/week and reporting no unemployment over the past 2 years. Models were adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic factors, physical health, and weekly hours, and controlled for individual fixed effects to reduce bias. Results: Each 10 additional days of paid vacation leave predicted a 29% lower odds of depression in women (OR = 0.71; p = 0.01), while there was no association in men (OR = 1.07; p = 0.58; p for interaction = 0.02). A weaker association in Black vs. non-Hispanic White women was observed (p for interaction = 0.04). These findings were robust in sensitivity analyses that included extending the sample to those unemployed for up to 10 weeks over the previous 2 years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Daniel. "Does Paid Vacation Leave Predict Depression in Working Americans?: A National Longitudinal Analysis." European Journal of Public Health 27, suppl_3 (November 2017): DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx187.453.
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3338. |
Kim, Daniel |
Does Paid Vacation Leave Protect Against Depression among Working Americans? A National Longitudinal Fixed Effects Analysis Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 45,1 (2019): 22-32. Also: http://www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=3751 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Nordic Association of Occupational Safety and Health (NOROSH) Keyword(s): Benefits; Depression (see also CESD); Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The United States is the only advanced economy globally that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation leave. Although empirical studies have linked paid vacation leave to happiness and stress, no study has investigated the association between paid vacation leave and depression. Using a nationally-representative longitudinal sample of 3380 working men and women aged 45-52 years from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this study explored whether paid vacation leave may protect against depression. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Daniel. "Does Paid Vacation Leave Protect Against Depression among Working Americans? A National Longitudinal Fixed Effects Analysis." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 45,1 (2019): 22-32.
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3339. |
Kim, Gina Tedrow, Lucky M. |
The Joint Effects of Marital Status and Education on Health Limitations: NLSY-79 Presented: San Diego, CA, Medical Sociology Undergraduate Roundtable Session, Pacific Sociological Association meeting, April, 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pacific Sociological Association Keyword(s): Education; Health Factors; Marital Status; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Paper presented at the Western Washington University, Scholars Week--Sociology Program, May, 2009. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Gina and Lucky M. Tedrow. The Joint Effects of Marital Status and Education on Health Limitations: NLSY-79. Presented: San Diego, CA, Medical Sociology Undergraduate Roundtable Session, Pacific Sociological Association meeting, April, 2009. |
3340. |
Kim, Heuijin |
The Effect of Maternal Employment on Adolescents' Transition to Young Adulthood Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010. Also: http://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/15552 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Employment, Youth; Job Characteristics; Maternal Employment; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Interaction; Parenting Skills/Styles; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between multiple characteristics of maternal employment, parenting practices, and adolescents' transition outcomes to young adulthood. The research addressed four main research questions. First, are the characteristics of maternal work (i.e., hours worked, multiple jobs held, work schedules, earnings, and occupation) related to adolescents' enrollment in post-secondary education, employment, or involvement in neither of these types of activities as young adults? Second, are the work characteristics related to parental involvement and monitoring, and are the parenting practices related to adolescents' transition outcomes? Third, do parental involvement and monitoring mediate any relationships between the characteristics of maternal employment and adolescents' transition outcomes? Finally, do any associations between characteristics of maternal employment and parenting practices and adolescents' transition outcomes vary by poverty status, race/ethnicity, or gender? To address these research questions, secondary data analysis was conducted, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) from 1998 through 2004. The study sample consisted of 849 youths who were 15 through 17 years of age in either 1998 or 2000, and were 19 through 21 years of age when their transition outcomes in young adulthood were measured four years later. Multinomial logistic and ordinary least squares regression models were estimated to answer the research questions. Study findings indicated that of the maternal work characteristics, mothers' multiple jobs held, occupation, and work schedule were significantly related to the youths' transition outcomes. When mothers held multiple jobs for 1 to 25 weeks per year, and when mothers held jobs involving lower levels of occupational complexity, their youths were more likely to experience employment rather than post-secondary education. Adolescents whose mothers worked a standard work schedule were less likely to experience other types of transitions than post-secondary education. With regard to the effects of maternal employment on parenting practices, none of the maternal work variables were related to parental involvement, and only one variable, mothers working less than 40 hours per week, was negatively related to parental monitoring. In addition, when parents were more involved with their youths' education, the youths were less likely to transition into employment and other types of transitions rather than post-secondary education. The parenting practices did not mediate the relation between the significant work variables (holding multiple jobs, work schedule, and occupation) and youths' transition outcomes. Finally, none of the interactions between maternal work characteristics and poverty status, race/ethnicity, and gender met the criteria for determining significance; but in a series of sub-group analyses, some differences according to poverty status and gender were found. Despite the lack of mediation and moderation, the findings of this study have important implications for social policy and social work intervention. Based on the findings, suggestions are made in these areas to improve working mothers' lives and their adolescents' development and successful transition to adulthood. Finally, directions for future research are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Heuijin. The Effect of Maternal Employment on Adolescents' Transition to Young Adulthood. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010.. |
3341. |
Kim, Hyun Jae |
Three Essays on Economics of Immigration Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1995. DAI-A 57/02, p. 800, Aug 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Fertility; Immigrants; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission This dissertation is a collection of papers examining the performance and economic behavior of immigrants in the U.S. Each of the chapters is self-contained. Chapter one investigates the determinants of English language proficiency and compares immigrants in the 1980 and 1990 Censuses. It also studies the effect of English ability on the human capital earnings function in order to determine the performance and quality of recent immigrant cohorts in the U.S. labor market. In addition, this study examines whether English proficiency is a good measure of assimilation of immigrants into the U.S. labor market. This study shows that English proficiency is positively related to earnings of immigrants. Educational attainment, citizenship, and age at arrival are major determinants of English proficiency. In particular, education attained in the U.S. is more relevant to improving English proficiency. According to the regression results, the assimilation process is a significant phenomenon among recent immigrants. Also, the similar patterns of growth rates between earnings and English proficiency suggest that English proficiency can be used as a measure of economic adjustment of immigrants in the U.S. labor market. Chapter two examines fertility differences between native-born and immigrant women in the 1980 and 1990 U.S. Censuses, focusing on how fertility differences are related to female labor supply. Immigrant women with children might have a different pattern of labor supply relative to their native-born counterparts. In order to investigate this relationship, a simultaneous equations model of fertility and labor supply is applied to study the fertility and labor supply behavior of immigrant women. The main findings in this study are summarized by the following. First, recent immigrant cohorts have more children than native-born women. However, it is not evident that the immigrant fertility pattern shows an increasing relative fertility over time. Second, immigrant women and native-born women differ in their fertility and labor supply behavior. Immigrant women's labor supply is negatively related to their number of children, but this significant negative correlation is not found for native-born women. Chapter three attempts to compare the fertility patterns across immigrant generations from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, 1979-1991. The results provide some evidence of immigrants' convergence to the fertility rate of natives across generations. One of the major findings of this chapter is that grandchildren of immigrants have fewer children than the reference group (the fourth or later generations). Second, the correlation of the number of siblings with the number of children is quite low. This implies that the correlation across generations is weaker the longer immigrant families are in the U.S. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Hyun Jae. Three Essays on Economics of Immigration. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1995. DAI-A 57/02, p. 800, Aug 1996. |
3342. |
Kim, Jae Won |
Estimation of the Earnings Functions of Married Women in the Presence of Discontinuous Labor Supply Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 1984. Also: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/33897923_Estimation_of_the_earnings_functions_of_married_women_in_the_presence_of_discontinuous_labor_supply_ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior; Discrimination, Sex; Earnings; Occupational Investment; Work History During the last decade numerous authors have attempted to evaluate the sources of inequality in earnings between males and females. Much of the research has focused on the effects of labor market discrimination and differential investment in human capital. This study tests the hypothesis that the "observed" investment ratios profiles of married women are consistent with the "optimal" investment ratios profiles, taking explicit account of the timing and duration of the non-participation of married women. If there were no market discrimination against women in providing job opportunities and on-the-job training, the main barrier preventing married women from working continuously is the bearing and rearing of children. In that case, the rational investment behavior of married women will be mainly affected by the timing and duration of nonparticipation due to children anticipated at the outset of their adult life. Thus, accepting the hypothesis is equivalent to confirming that human capital theory, rather than market discrimination, provides a more plausible explanation of the earnings profiles of married women. Using data from the four years of the NLS, the results of the estimations show that the claim that human capital theory, rather than market discrimination, provides a more plausible explanation of the earnings profiles of married women receives less support than previously indicated and actually seems to be placed in some doubt. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Jae Won. Estimation of the Earnings Functions of Married Women in the Presence of Discontinuous Labor Supply. Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 1984.. |
3343. |
Kim, Ji Yeon |
Rebound of Never? A Life Course Approach to the Motherhood Wage Penalty Master's Thesis, Department of Sociology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Life Course; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Income; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper documents the long-term consequences of motherhood on women's wages over the course of their postpartum lives. I argue that using a single number to report the average effect of childbirth on wages over the entire span of women's postpartum life masks the variation of the motherhood wage penalty over smaller increments of time. In this paper, I ask whether the wage penalty experienced by mothers increases, decreases or remains constant over time and test if and to what extent some of the commonly cited mechanisms of the motherhood wage penalty explain the shape of the penalty over the life course. To answer these questions, this research draws from the 1979-2016 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and traces the motherhood wage penalty for over 20 years into women's postpartum lives. Using fixed-effects modeling and allowing for a flexible specification of time since first childbirth, I find a curvilinear relationship between first childbirth and wages over time. The motherhood wage penalty accumulates for the first 10 to 15 years following the birth but tapers off in the later years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Ji Yeon. Rebound of Never? A Life Course Approach to the Motherhood Wage Penalty. Master's Thesis, Department of Sociology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2020. |
3344. |
Kim, Jong In |
Job Search Methods: Use and Effectiveness Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Job Search; Occupational Prestige; Occupational Status; Support Networks; Unemployment Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth cohort (NLSY), this study advances information richness embedded in occupations as an important component in explaining variation in the choice of job search methods by young unemployed job seekers. The study supports the importance of interpersonal relationships (or networkings) in obtaining job information, as pointed out by Granovetter. Employed job seekers engage in job search activities at a less extensive and intensive margin than unemployed job seekers. For the unemployed searchers, their occupational personal contacts are viewed as a valuable source of job information, and they rely on the informal networkings for a potential job search. This study also suggests that job search extensity by employed and unemployed job seekers has significant effects on job search methods, they experience a higher rate of job offers to be received because extensive job search broadens information about job openings. Quality of search is sacrificed by extensity, at least as measured by satisfaction with the job received. This study focuses on young job seekers who are likely to involve different occupations and search behavior from older job seekers. An extension of this study would be to use data that includes older job seekers and to control more accurately for possible unobserved differences between employed and unemployed searchers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Jong In. Job Search Methods: Use and Effectiveness. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1994. |
3345. |
Kim, Joshua Masnick |
Economic Viability And Marriage: Life Course Transitions White and African Americans. 1967-1993 Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University, May 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Event History; Life Course; Marital Status; Marriage; Wage Dynamics; Wage Gap; Wages, Young Men This dissertation examines changes in employment and marital patterns of young American men between 1967 and 1993. The data utilized to describe the changing relationship between economic viability and marital family formation are a two-cohort longitudinal dataset constructed by merging the Young Men's (NLS) and Youth (NLSY) samples of the National Longitudinal Surveys. The time frames covered by the two cohorts correspond to years of increasing real wages and high rates of marital family formation (NLS, 1967 to 1981), and the onset of economic restructuring, declining real wages, and a retreat from marital family formation (NLSY, 1979 to 1993). Continuous time (Cox regression) and discrete time (logistic regression) event history analytical techniques are utilized in the analysis of changes in economic viability and marriage between the NLS and NLSY cohorts. The findings of this research indicate that the ability of young men to transition to adult work and family roses has bifurcated significantly by educational attainment. High school-educated men have endured approximately a twenty percent decline in rates of reaching secure, non-poverty employment during young adulthood. The gap in economic viability between high school and college educated men has grown substantially between the cohorts, with the slippage in the earnings and employment levels of high school educated men accounting for almost all of this inequality. The increased bifurcation in levels of economic viability across the cohorts has resulted in a significant decline in the probabilities of marital family formation during young adulthood. The single most important factor in explaining the retreat from marriage among high school-educated men is the diminished ability of this group to achieve economic viability during young adulthood. This finding lends support to the economic provider hypothesis that posits that the narrowing of the economic structure for young men is the most significant causal factor behind declines in marital family formation. This polarization in the assumption of adult work and family roles by educational level has become an entrenched feature of the early adult life course. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Joshua Masnick. Economic Viability And Marriage: Life Course Transitions White and African Americans. 1967-1993. Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University, May 1999. |
3346. |
Kim, Keuntae |
Intergenerational Transmission of Age at First Birth in the United States: Evidence from Multiple Surveys Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; First Birth; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It is well established that the timing of childbearing is transmitted from parents to children in the United States. However, little is known about how the intergenerational link has changed over time and under structural and ideological transformations associated with fertility behaviors. This study first considers changes across two birth cohorts from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) in the extent to which parents� age at first birth is transmitted to their children. The first cohort includes individuals born during the late 1950s through the early 1960s (NLSY79) while the second includes individuals born in the early 1980s (NLSY97). Results from discrete-time event history analyses indicate that the intergenerational transmission of age at first birth between mothers and daughters as well as between mothers and sons significantly increased over the period. Father�s age at first birth had trivial effects on children�s timing of parenthood in both cohorts. These results were confirmed by analyses of data from three cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) on five birth cohorts spanning the same time period. Over this period, age at first childbirth became increasingly younger for children born to teenage mothers and increasingly older for those born to mothers who entered parenthood after age 25. These patterns have important implications for reproductive polarization and the low-fertility trap hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Keuntae. "Intergenerational Transmission of Age at First Birth in the United States: Evidence from Multiple Surveys." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
3347. |
Kim, Keuntae |
Intergenerational Transmission of Age at First Birth in the United States: Evidence from Multiple Surveys Population Research and Policy Review 33,5 (October 2014): 649-671. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-014-9328-7 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Fertility; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It is well established that the timing of childbearing is transmitted from parents to children in the United States. However, little is known about how the intergenerational link has changed over time and under structural and ideological transformations associated with fertility behaviors. This study first considers changes across two birth cohorts from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in the extent to which parents’ age at first birth is transmitted to their children. The first cohort includes individuals born during the late 1950s through the early 1960s (NLSY79), while the second includes individuals born in the early 1980s (NLSY97). Results from discrete-time event history analyses indicate that the intergenerational transmission of age at first birth significantly increased for both daughters and sons. These results were confirmed by analyses of data from three cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth spanning the same time period. Over this period, age at first childbirth became increasingly younger for children born to teenage mothers and increasingly older for those born to mothers who began parenthood after age 25. These patterns have important implications for the reproductive polarization hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Keuntae. "Intergenerational Transmission of Age at First Birth in the United States: Evidence from Multiple Surveys." Population Research and Policy Review 33,5 (October 2014): 649-671.
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3348. |
Kim, Keuntae |
Neighborhood Disorders, Migration, Socioeconomic Status, and Self-Rated Health: A Longitudinal Study M.S. Thesis, Utah State University, 2005. MAI 44/04, Aug 2006. Also: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1079672151&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Demography; Health Factors; Neighborhood Effects; Residence; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most studies suggest that residents in highly disordered neighborhoods suffer from powerlessness, lack of information, poor diet, etc. However, few studies examine the cumulative effects of neighborhood disorders on self-rated health over the longterm. Most studies have been conducted in a cross-sectional framework and limited to a specific area, such as a single city or state. Even when employing longitudinal data, subjects were observed for a short period of time. The present thesis provides information on the following. First, by tracing individuals' history for 21 years with the National Longitudinal Survey Youth (NLSY79), this study examined the association between duration of residence in neighborhoods with different levels of perceived disorders and self-rated health. Second, this study examined the duration effects of socioeconomic characteristics on health. Finally, this thesis also examined the effects of risk factors for physical health. Findings from descriptive and multivariate analyses confirmed most of the research questions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Keuntae. Neighborhood Disorders, Migration, Socioeconomic Status, and Self-Rated Health: A Longitudinal Study. M.S. Thesis, Utah State University, 2005. MAI 44/04, Aug 2006.. |
3349. |
Kim, Kiweon |
The Effect of Poverty on Children's Academic Performance Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Dallas, 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Medicaid/Medicare; Mothers, Health; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Welfare Today's high poverty rate for children makes us think about its negative effects on our society. One such effect is on the children's academic performance. This study investigates how poverty spells affect children's academic achievement. Previous studies have found an adverse effect of low birth weight on children's academic achievement. For home environment, studies generally find a positive association between the quality of the home environment and children's academic outcomes. Transactional theory argues that home environment interacts with physical insults as they affect academic performance. For this study, 1988 NLSY Merged Child-Mother Data are used. By using key linkage variables, a child's ID number and a mother's ID number, two data sets are merged and the inter-generational effects are studied. Variables included are PIAT reading, mathematics test scores in 1988, poverty spells, prenatal maternal health and habits, physical insults, home environment,program participation, children's academic achievement, child's age, sex of the child, residence, spouse presence, mother's AFQT score, mother's highest grade completed, and spouse's highest grade completed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Kiweon. The Effect of Poverty on Children's Academic Performance. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Dallas, 1992. |
3350. |
Kim, Kyung-Nyun |
Formation of Educational Expectations of Lower Socioeconomic Status Children Education and Urban Society 46,3 (May 2014): 352-376. Also: http://eus.sagepub.com/content/46/3/352.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Aspirations/Expectations; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediation effects of children’s cognitive and noncognitive traits on the relationship between dropout mothers’ traits and their children’s educational expectations and to examine the interaction effects of dropout mothers’ General Education Development (GED) on children’s traits and educational expectations. The data were drawn from a series of National Longitudinal Survey Data. This study demonstrated the effect of mothers’ self-esteem on children’s educational expectations, which were mediated through children’s cognitive ability and self-esteem after controlling for the mothers’ cognitive ability, self-esteem, and socioeconomic status. Furthermore, mothers’ GED attainment moderated the relationship between children’s self-esteem and educational expectations. These findings provide better understanding of the intergenerational connections between cognitive and noncognitive traits and educational expectations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Kyung-Nyun. "Formation of Educational Expectations of Lower Socioeconomic Status Children." Education and Urban Society 46,3 (May 2014): 352-376.
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3351. |
Kim, Kyung-Nyun Baker, Rose M. |
The Assumed Benefits and Hidden Costs of Adult Learners' College Enrollment Research in Higher Education 56,5 (August 2015): 510-533. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162-014-9351-x Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): College Characteristics; College Enrollment; Occupational Status; Self-Esteem; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates the effects of adults' enrollment in and graduation from a two-year college on their hourly wages and occupational status in U.S. by employing a growth curve model and a piecewise model. College enrollment reduced hourly wages and occupational status by 13.8 % and 2.74 points, respectively. Less-educated workers whose wages were the main source of income were more likely to compromise their occupational status for a better work-study balance and thus to realize wage penalties during schooling. While a two-year college degree acquired in adulthood had significant positive effects on hourly wages and occupational status, the said positive economic returns from the degree were moderated by their self-esteem. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Kyung-Nyun and Rose M. Baker. "The Assumed Benefits and Hidden Costs of Adult Learners' College Enrollment." Research in Higher Education 56,5 (August 2015): 510-533.
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3352. |
Kim, Minseop |
Nonstandard Work Schedules, Parental Involvement, and Children's Academic Achievement Presented: New Orleans LA, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Keyword(s): Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-School involvement; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background/Purpose: In an effort to improve academic achievement, researchers and policy makers have advanced social policies designed to promote parental involvement in children’s education. However, nonstandard work schedules (NWS; work schedules outside the typical daytime span) may serve as a barrier to parental involvement and thus a risk factor in children’s academic achievement. The present study investigates how and under what conditions various nonstandard work schedules affect the rate of parental involvement that in turn affects children's (age 13-14) academic achievement. Specifically, this study examines whether two types of parental involvement (at-home involvement and at-school involvement) serve as a mediator. This study also examines whether the effects of NWS on parental involvement and academic achievement vary depending on family structure, with a hypothesis that parental involvement and children's academic achievement will be more adversely affected by parental NWS in single-parent families. Methods: Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and its Child Supplement. The selected sample included 7,838 children who were followed from birth to age 13 or 14 in 1996-2010. Children's academic achievement was measured by the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT) reading and math scores. Parental NWS were measured by five categories: 1) standard (if the main job begins at 6 am or later and ends by 6 pm); 2) evening shift (between 2 pm and midnight); 3) night shift (between 9 pm and 6 am); 4) other (split-shift, rotating shift, and irregular hours); and 5) not working. At-school involvement was measured by a composite score of 4 related items (e.g., How often did either of parents attend a school meeting; Cronbach alpha= .60). At-home involvement was measured by a composite score of 6 related items (e.g., how often the child have discussed with their parents school activities, Cronbach alpha=.70). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to estimate the relationship among parental NWS, parental involvement, and children's reading and math scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Minseop. "Nonstandard Work Schedules, Parental Involvement, and Children's Academic Achievement." Presented: New Orleans LA, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2017. |
3353. |
Kim, Minseop Ali, Samira Kim, Hyun Suk |
Parental Nonstandard Work Schedules, Parent-Child Communication, and Adolescent Substance Use Journal of Family Issues 37,4 (March 2016): 466-493. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/37/4/466.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Maternal Employment; Modeling, Structural Equation; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Shift Workers; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this study was to examine the cumulative impact of parental nonstandard work schedules (NWS) on adolescent alcohol and cigarette use, with a focus on the mediating role of parent-child communication. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and its Child Supplement, our path analyses revealed that (a) parental NWS affected adolescent alcohol and cigarette use via the openness of parent-child communication rather than the frequency of parent-child communication and (b) the pattern and directionality of the mediating effects differed by who worked NWS, when parents worked NWS, and what types of NWS parents worked. Implications and directions for future studies are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Minseop, Samira Ali and Hyun Suk Kim. "Parental Nonstandard Work Schedules, Parent-Child Communication, and Adolescent Substance Use." Journal of Family Issues 37,4 (March 2016): 466-493.
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3354. |
Kim, Minseop Jung, Nahri |
Parental Shift Works and Children's Cognitive Outcomes: A Sibling Fixed-Effects Regression Model Presented: San Antonio TX, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Keyword(s): Cognitive Development; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Shift Workers; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: With the rise of a 24/7 economy, a growing body of research has examined the impacts of parental shift works, which are especially prevalent among welfare leavers and low-income families, on child development, including cognitive outcomes. Given that parents with shift works may represent distinct groups, it is important to deal with selection bias and/or omitted variable bias in estimating the effects of parental shift works. However, previous empirical studies have often relied on observational data and conventional linear regression, which is unable to control for unmeasured parental characteristics (e.g., parental intelligence). Hence, it is unclear whether their findings reflect causal effects or biased results. In order to address this limitation, we examined the association between parental shift works and children’s cognitive outcomes (under age 5), using a sibling fixed-effects regression (SFE), which helps us make a better causal inference. Method: Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and its Child Supplement (NLSY-CS), we pooled 7838 children born to the NLSY female sample. Parental shift work was measured by five categories: 1) day shifts (if the main job begins at 6 am or later and ends by 6 pm); 2) evening shifts (between 2 pm and midnight); 3) night shifts (between 9 pm and 6 am); 4) other shifts (i.e., split-shift, rotating shift, and irregular hours); and 5) not working. Children’s cognitive outcome was measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - Revised (PPVT-R). We conducted OLS regression followed by the SFE that regressed differences in sibling PPVT-R scores on differences in siblings’ exposure to parental shift work, differencing out any sibling-invariant characteristics associated with the family, including any unobserved heterogeneity that is constant across siblings within the family. Results: Our OLS model suggested that paternal night shifts had a negative effect on children’s PPVT-R, while no maternal shift works had significant impacts. Specifically, the PPVT-R score of children with fathers working night shifts was on average about 7 points lower than that of their peers with fathers working standard day shifts (b=-7.36, p<.01), indicating that children with fathers working night shifts fell .35 standard deviation on the PPVT-R scale behind. However, in our SFE model, this negative effect of paternal night shifts dramatically decreased and was not statistically significant (b=-1.88, p>.05), indicating that there was essentially no difference in the PPVT-R between paternal night shifts and standard day shifts. Implications: Unlike previous studies, our study does not provide empirical evidence that parental shift works have negative effects on children’s cognitive outcomes, suggesting that we should be cautious in making a causal claim from observational data. However, given that the SFE also has limitations, further research is needed to ascertain the causal nature of the intergenerational effects of parental shift works. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Minseop and Nahri Jung. "Parental Shift Works and Children's Cognitive Outcomes: A Sibling Fixed-Effects Regression Model." Presented: San Antonio TX, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2014. |
3355. |
Kim, Rae Yule |
An Unforeseen Story of Alpha-woman: Breadwinner Women Are More Likely to Quit the Job in Work-Family Conflicts Applied Economics 52,55 (2020): 6009-6021. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00036846.2020.1781775 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Employment History; Family Decision-making/Conflict; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Job Turnover; Maternal Employment Extensive research studied the effect of work-family conflicts on employee turnover, however, limited studies explored how work-family conflicts might influence the turnover decision. This paper utilizes role congruity theory and predicts that the employee vulnerability to work-family conflicts might be enhanced when their perceived and actual parental roles are incongruent. This study examines the life history of 8,616 working parents in the U.S. National Longitudinal Surveys and finds that there is a gender difference in how employees respond to increasing family demands. Ironically, the results of this study indicate that growing family demands influence women to quit the job when they are the dominant financial provider to the family. Family demands did not have a significant effect on employee turnover for non-breadwinner women. Men are more likely to stay in the job as the family demand increases. The findings suggest that role-incongruity might be a substantial influence on how employees handle work-family conflicts. We also discuss the policy implications from this study. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Rae Yule. "An Unforeseen Story of Alpha-woman: Breadwinner Women Are More Likely to Quit the Job in Work-Family Conflicts." Applied Economics 52,55 (2020): 6009-6021.
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3356. |
Kim, Seik |
Studies of Economic Assimilation, Earnings Dynamics, and Race Differences in Wealth Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Attrition; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Immigrants; Income; Life Cycle Research; Modeling; Racial Differences; Self-Employed Workers; Wage Dynamics; Wage Growth; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 1 presents new evidence on whether foreign-born workers assimilate, which we define as the degree to which the wages of foreign-born workers approach those of comparable native-born workers with additional time spent in the United States. While the existing literature relies on cross-section data, we use longitudinal data on native-born and foreign-born populations which allows us to control for fixed unobserved heterogeneity. Longitudinal analysis of immigration, however, may suffer from bias from sample attrition and outmigration to the extent that they are related to wages and wage growth. We draw on recent work by Hirano, Imbens, Ridder, and Rubin (2001) to develop an estimation strategy for use with overlapping rotating panel data which accounts for both sample attrition and outmigration. We provide identification conditions and an estimation procedure for the weighting function when both sample attrition and outmigration are present. We apply the methods using the matched Current Population Survey (CPS) for 1994 to 2004. Overall, we find little evidence that foreign-born workers assimilate. We also find that older migrants are more skilled than younger ones conditional on the year of entry. Our results suggest that analyses of immigrant wage growth based on repeated cross-section studies may be biased upward by individual heterogeneity. Controlling for this heterogeneity reverses the conventional result of economic assimilation. Chapter 2 contributes to the literature on earnings dynamics. We incorporate uncertainty about future rental rates for human capital into an optimal life-cycle human capital investment model. We show that optimal life-cycle investment behavior implies not only individual heterogeneity in earnings slopes but also the presence of a persistent error process in earnings. Persistent errors are induced by the response of individuals in human capital investments to transitory shocks to the rental rate of human capital. We specify an econometric model of earnings dynamics that is loosely consistent with the solution to the worker's optimal investment decision and estimate the model using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). We confirm that heterogeneity in earnings slopes, permanent errors, and transitory shocks all play a significant role in earnings dynamics. Chapter 3 uses new econometric methods to examine the large gap in wealth between whites and African-Americans. Methodologically, we close the gap between econometric theory and practice by applying the methods of Altonji and Matzkin (2005). We explore ways of implementing their LAR and SFD estimators when the number of control variables is large, as is common in real world applications. A number of studies have found that the effect of permanent non-asset income on wealth is smaller for blacks than whites. A partial explanation is that, as a result of past discrimination, the earnings of whites may be more strongly related to unobserved parental variables than the earnings of blacks. Altonji and Doraszelski (2005) investigate this possibility using regression models with sibling fixed effects to control for unobserved background variables. However, as they point out, their estimation strategy requires that the unobserved characteristics enter additively, which is unlikely. Consequently, we apply the LAR estimator. In addition, we use the SFD estimator to examine the role of differences in the wealth function and differences in the distribution of unobservables as the sources black-white differences in the link between wealth and earnings. Our results largely confirm the findings of AD and others that wealth is more sensitive to permanent earnings and to self employment status for whites than for blacks. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Seik. Studies of Economic Assimilation, Earnings Dynamics, and Race Differences in Wealth. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2008. |
3357. |
Kim, Seik Usui, Emiko |
Employer Learning, Job Changes, and Wage Dynamics Economic Inquiry published online (27 March 2021): DOI: 10.1111/ecin.12980. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecin.12980 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Employer Learning; Heterogeneity; Job Analysis; Wage Dynamics; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper takes a new approach to testing whether employer learning is public or private. We show that public and private learning schemes make two distinct predictions about the curvature of the wage growth path when a worker changes jobs, because less information about the worker's productivity is transferred to a new employer in the private learning case than in the public learning case. This prediction enables us to account for individual and job‐match heterogeneity, which was not possible in previous tests. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we find that employer learning is public for high‐school graduates and private for college graduates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Seik and Emiko Usui. "Employer Learning, Job Changes, and Wage Dynamics." Economic Inquiry published online (27 March 2021): DOI: 10.1111/ecin.12980.
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3358. |
Kim, Seulki Yang, Tse-Chuan |
The Causal Effects of Cumulative Father Presence on Children's Academic Performance: The Role of Behavior Problems Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Fathers, Presence; Modeling, Structural Equation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Though the role of father in child development has received a considerable scholarly attention, little is known about whether cumulative father presence has a salient effect on child's academic performance. Using data from the NLSY79 and the NLSY79CYA from 1986 through 2014 for children between the ages of 7 and 14, the effect of cumulative father presence and potential mechanisms through which cumulative father presence affects children's academic performance were examined. The multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) results suggest that cumulative father presence has a direct and positive effect on children's academic performance, even after accounting for potential changes in household and maternal characteristics, as well as children's development over time. The effect of father presence on children's academic performance is mediated through externalizing behavior problems, but not by internalizing behavior problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Seulki and Tse-Chuan Yang. "The Causal Effects of Cumulative Father Presence on Children's Academic Performance: The Role of Behavior Problems." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
3359. |
Kim, Sie Won |
The Effect of Promoting Access to Community Colleges on Educational and Labor Market Outcomes Labour Economics 85 (December 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102438 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Degree; College Education; College Enrollment; Colleges; Community College; Dynamic Discrete Choice Mode; Education; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Financial Assistance; Higher Education; Income; Labor Economics; Labor Market Outcomes; School Progress; Schooling, Post-secondary; Tuition; Tuition Subsidy Community colleges offer an affordable postsecondary education and serve as a stepping stone to a four-year college degree. However, it is unclear how increased access to community colleges affects educational and labor market outcomes. To investigate this issue, I estimate a structural model of employment and college choices and evaluate policy interventions designed to promote access to community colleges: tuition subsidies and easier transition from two- to four-year colleges. I find that tuition subsidies at two-year colleges increase enrollment in community colleges and the average lifetime income but decrease four-year college degree attainment. In addition, I show that the transfer policy decreases enrollment in both two- and four-year colleges but increases bachelor’s degree attainment for high-ability students. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Sie Won. "The Effect of Promoting Access to Community Colleges on Educational and Labor Market Outcomes." Labour Economics 85 (December 2023).
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3360. |
Kim, Soobin Klager, Christopher Schneider, Barbara |
The Effects of Alignment of Educational Expectations and Occupational Aspirations on Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from NLSY79 Journal of Higher Education 90,6 (2019): 992-1015. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00221546.2019.1615333?journalCode=uhej20 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Prestige Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of 1979, this article examines the relationship between adolescents' educational and occupational expectations, and how they correspond to their subsequent labor market outcomes in adulthood. We show that over-aligned adolescents, those who expect to obtain more education than is necessary for their desired occupation, are predicted to have hourly wages 30% higher than under-aligned adolescents, whose educational expectations are lower than their occupational expectations. The misalignment of educational and occupational expectations is not related to the probability of being employed through individuals' early twenties to late forties. However, over-aligned individuals are predicted to have more prestigious occupations than under-aligned individuals, suggesting that those in the over-aligned group sorted into better jobs over their careers. We also show that the effects of misaligned expectations on labor market outcomes change over the years, indicating that having high and aligned expectations are even more important for labor market outcomes than previously estimated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Soobin, Christopher Klager and Barbara Schneider. "The Effects of Alignment of Educational Expectations and Occupational Aspirations on Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from NLSY79." Journal of Higher Education 90,6 (2019): 992-1015.
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3361. |
Kim, Stacy S. |
Gradual Return To Work: The Antecedents and Consequences of Switching to Part-Time Work After First Childbirth Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Development; Childbearing; Employment, Part-Time; Family Studies; Job Satisfaction; Mothers, Education; Women's Studies; Work Reentry For many workers, the birth of a child marks the beginning of their work-family concerns. Part-time work is often believed to be a solution to these concerns by child development experts, policy-makers, those in the media, and by parents. Yet, little is known whether switching from full-time to part-time work after the birth of a first child actually helps a first-time mother better manage her work and family life. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth was analyzed to uncover the conditions that allow a woman to return gradually to work. Additional survey and interview data were collected in the Chicago metropolitan area to see if a gradual return to work would decrease work-family conflict and/or increase work-family satisfaction compared to mothers who continued to work full-time. Results show that mothers who worked full-time before childbirth were more likely to switch to part-time work if they did not work in goods producing industries, were well-educated, were living with their spouse during the year of childbirth, and held traditional attitudes about women's roles at work and at home. While a gradual return did appear to help mothers to some degree, it did not appear to be a major factor in determining work-family conflict and work-family satisfaction. What appeared to matter was whether mothers were working hours that were close to what they perceived as ideal, were working a schedule they felt was accommodating to their families, and were satisfied with their jobs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Stacy S. Gradual Return To Work: The Antecedents and Consequences of Switching to Part-Time Work After First Childbirth. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2000. |
3362. |
Kim, Sun Hyung |
Essays in Labor and Information Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Iowa, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; College Graduates; Economic Changes/Recession; Labor Market Outcomes; Noncognitive Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Chapter 1, I examine how labor market returns to cognitive skills and social skills vary with the business cycle over the past 20 years, using data from the NLSY79 and the NLSY97. Exploiting a comparable set of cognitive and social skill measures across survey waves, I show that an increase in the unemployment rate led to higher demand for cognitive skills in the 2000s. High unemployment also sorted more workers into information use intensive occupations that require computer skills in the 2000s, but it sorted more workers into routine occupations in the 1980s and 1990s. This evidence suggests that recessions accelerate the restructuring of production toward routine-biased technologies. I also find that the returns to social skills increase during periods of high unemployment, though only in terms of the likelihood of full-time employment for experienced workers. Furthermore, an increase in unemployment increases the social skill task intensity of a worker's occupation in the 2000s, while it shows the contrary in the 1980s and 1990s. Based on these results, I argue that routine-biased technological change may not readily substitute for workers in tasks requiring interpersonal interaction, and therefore such technologies demand experienced laborers who have high social skills during recessions. In Chapter 2, I study the impacts of entry conditions on labor market outcomes to cognitive and social skills for the US college graduating classes of 1979-1989. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I find that Workers with higher cognitive skills are more likely to be employed, find jobs more quickly and have higher-quality employment, while those with higher social skills voluntarily switch jobs more often. I also show that graduating in a worse economy intensifies the roles of social skills, allowing workers with higher social skills to catch up more quickly from poor initial conditions by switching jobs more often. This could partly explain why wage returns to cognitive skills declines but wage returns to social skills increases from graduating in recessions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Sun Hyung. Essays in Labor and Information Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Iowa, 2019. |
3363. |
Kim, Sun Hyung |
The Importance of Social Skills in Recovery from Graduating in a Recession Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 205 (January 2023): 387-411. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268122004188 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Graduates; Economic Changes/Recession; Labor Market Outcomes; Noncognitive Skills I study how the impacts of initial unemployment conditions on labor market returns vary for US college graduates with different levels of cognitive and social skills. Using the NLSY79 whose respondents graduated from college between 1979 and 1989, I find that the cost of recessions is substantial and unequal. The different roles of skills in workers' careers explain a large degree of heterogeneity in the costs of labor market shocks at graduation. When a worker with higher social skills graduates in a recession, she widens her advantage mostly through higher academic attainment and mobility toward highly rated and high-skilled occupations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Sun Hyung. "The Importance of Social Skills in Recovery from Graduating in a Recession." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 205 (January 2023): 387-411.
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3364. |
Kim, Sungteak |
Duration Analysis of Welfare Spells: With Application to the NLSY and the NLS Young Women Data Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University, 1998. DAI-A 59/04, p. 1283, Oct 1998. Also: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9830466 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Family Structure; Heterogeneity; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Parents, Single; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Welfare mThis dissertation studies the determinants of welfare duration and the effects of the duration on the conditional probability of exit. It provides a theoretical background to understand the exit decision of welfare participants and the determinants of welfare duration, and explores the surroundings concerning welfare duration. The proportional hazard model and the accelerated failure time model are applied to the NLSY data (1979-1993), and the results are examined by two specification techniques-split sample comparison, and numerical test using a part of score test statistic. The fixed-effects partial likelihood model is applied to the multiple-spell NLSY data in an effort to solve the problems raised by the unobserved heterogeneity. Finally the welfare trends and the baseline hazard distributions over the 1970s and the 1980s are compared. This study reports that there is little evidence of negative duration dependence but strong presence of heterogeneity in the population, although some of the welfare recipients stay in the welfare program for a long period. The estimation results from the two hazard models are similar in the case of the whole sample. But the results from the split samples show very diverse estimates across the corresponding groups, and provide an evidence to the seriousness of the unobserved heterogeneity. Despite of the indication of decreasing hazard rate from the estimation results, the specification tests point the exponential distribution as the true underlying hazard rate except the 'self-income decrease' group. The multiple-spell application with the fixed-effects partial likelihood method presents more number of significant estimates and smaller standard errors than the single-spell application. Among the explanatory variables, the family income and the total welfare income consistently show significant effect on the hazard rate consistently, while the self-income and the maximum AFDC benefit reports insignificant effect. The policy imp lication from the results suggests to keep the family structure which can financially support the disadvantaged single mother, and to reduce the extent of connection among the welfare programs. The comparison of the welfare trends over the two decades reports that the young women in the 1980s start the welfare participation earlier, to return more often to welfare programs, and to work less hours than in the 1970s. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Sungteak. Duration Analysis of Welfare Spells: With Application to the NLSY and the NLS Young Women Data. Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University, 1998. DAI-A 59/04, p. 1283, Oct 1998.. |
3365. |
Kim, Yoo Bin |
A Structural Model of Taxation and Unemployment Insurance on Search Dynamics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; High School Completion/Graduates; Job Search; Labor Force Participation; Taxes; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment Insurance; Unemployment Rate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The thesis studies the effects of taxation and Unemployment Insurance program on the labor market search and employment dynamics of high school graduates in the U.S. We develop a dynamic life-cycle model of job search with institutional features of taxes and UI benefits, and examine the interaction between them to derive the effects on the optimization problem of single agents; labor force participation decisions, consumption, asset accumulation, labor status transitions, welfare, and the reservation wage. Knowing the effect of taxation and unemployment benefit is twofold and theoretically ambiguous, we estimate the model using a sub-sample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 with NLSY Geocode variables, and fit the model to the data by the Simulated Method of Moments. Given the SMM estimates, we conduct several policy experiments involving changes in the benefit rates, maximum duration that the benefits can be paid, deduction amounts, and income tax rates. We find that the disincentive to work dominates the incentive effect under the current Unemployment Insurance and taxation policies. The maximum benefit-paying period extension and increase in the UI replacement rate raise search and unemployment duration, but decrease wage earnings, assets, consumption, and sacrifice individuals' Wealth in turn. Increase in tax rates raises the unemployment duration and the first accepted wages, but lowers reemployment rate, wage earnings, assets, and consumption. Allowing tax exemption at the lowest tax brackets lowers the first unemployment duration, average search duration, and first accepted wage, but raises individual wealth. The income tax effects proposed by our policy experiments more stands out in high income tax area due to the higher unemployment rate. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Yoo Bin. A Structural Model of Taxation and Unemployment Insurance on Search Dynamics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2014. |
3366. |
Kim, Young Min |
Deprived? Privileged? Or Just Deviated? Unequal Resources and Differential Returns to Resources in Explaining Gender, Race, and Sector Differences in Earnings Attainment Among Young Career Workers Ph.D. Dissertation, Southern Illinois University At Carbondale, 1993. DAI-A 54/08, p. 3226, Feb 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Heterogeneity; Racial Differences; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Wage Gap In this research I present an analysis of sex, race, and sector differences in earnings attainment among young workers, using the National Longitudinal Surveys data. The separate analyses of earnings for females and males affirm that the gender earnings gap is not principally rooted in differences in the level of the worker characteristics. For example, differences in educational attainment between females and males are very small, with differences usually favoring females. By contrast, the single most prominent worker characteristic in explaining the race earnings gap is found to be education. When the effects of sex, race, and economic sector are analyzed interactively, I found no evidence of a three-way interaction effect. But both sex and race, and sex and sector seem to interact with each other positively, but more so between sex and race. When the effects of sex and race are analyzed at three different career stages over time, I found that the positive interaction between sex and race increases as one's career progresses. When the effects of moving in and out of economic sectors on earnings are analyzed, both white females and males are more likely to be affected by intersectoral mobility than black males and females. For white males and females, moving from core to periphery sectors is found to be costly, but the reverse is not necessarily true. The implications of these findings for both the individual and the structural perspectives of earnings inequality are multifarious. For the individual perspectives, the seven covariates are in general statistically significant predictors across gender, race, and sector groups. On the other hand, the degree of explanatory power of the supply variables varies considerably across gender, race, and sectoral groups. Further, the combined explanatory power of the supply variables seems to lose its importance over time. For the structural perspectives, the sector effect on earnings is quite significant and remains rather substantial even after the confounding effects, such as sex and race, are removed. Ironically, the sector effect on earnings is greatly reduced when the supply variables are held constant. That is, the unequal level of the supply variables between the sectoral groups persists across all gender-race groups. But, when analyzed within each gender-race group, earnings determination processes by the two sectoral groups are found to be quite homogeneous. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Young Min. Deprived? Privileged? Or Just Deviated? Unequal Resources and Differential Returns to Resources in Explaining Gender, Race, and Sector Differences in Earnings Attainment Among Young Career Workers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Southern Illinois University At Carbondale, 1993. DAI-A 54/08, p. 3226, Feb 1994. |
3367. |
Kim, Young-Taek |
A Longitudinal Analysis of Socioeconomic Difference in Obesity and Weight Change during the Early Adult Years Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, 2004. DAI-A 65/08, p. 3168, February 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Life Course; Obesity Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in American society. However, not enough attention has been given to weight change by temporal and dynamic detailed social characteristics, controlled for unobserved heterogeneities nested in county and state. Using the National Longitudinal Survey Youth (NLSY79), this study examined weight change and its development into unhealthy conditions like being overweight or obese, in relation to change in social characteristics including life course events. This study also examined the social characteristics of remaining at a normal weight through all time intervals over a 19-year period. Using hierarchical linear multilevel analysis, this study found that changes in social characteristics over time could be linked to weight status for both males and females. Young males with normal weight are more vulnerable to changes in life events than females. This study's identification of risky life events among young adults could lead to prevention strategies for the obesity epidemic. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Young-Taek. A Longitudinal Analysis of Socioeconomic Difference in Obesity and Weight Change during the Early Adult Years. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, 2004. DAI-A 65/08, p. 3168, February 2005. |
3368. |
Kim, Youngmi |
Impacts of Parental Resources on Child Educational Outcomes: Assets and Mediating Pathways Working Paper, Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, 2009 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Washington University Keyword(s): Assets; College Enrollment; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Family Income; High School Completion/Graduates; Home Ownership; Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The study poses the following questions. First, what types of parental economic resources are associated with children’s educational attainment? Second, do impacts of parental economic resources on educational milestones vary by type of educational attainment?: high school drop-out experience, high school completion, college attendance, and college degree attainment. Third, does parental involvement, children’s educational expectations, or children’s self-esteem mediate the effects of parental economic resources on children’s educational attainment? |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Youngmi. "Impacts of Parental Resources on Child Educational Outcomes: Assets and Mediating Pathways." Working Paper, Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, 2009. |
3369. |
Kim, Yujin |
Does Timing of First Incarceration Matter? The Effect of Age at First Incarceration on Midlife Health Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Criminal Justice System; Health Factors; Incarceration/Jail; Marital Status; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Mass imprisonment has affected inmate and ex-inmate's family, employment, and health life, and it is worthy to look at how the timing of incarceration might affect differently on ex-inmate's life, especially their midlife health. Experiencing incarceration during transition to adulthood might mean the different life trajectory of ex-inmates comparing to those with experiencing incarceration in adulthood. I investigated how the timing of first incarceration affects people's midlife health using NLSY79. Early incarceration and later incarceration lower the log odds of respondents to say that they are in good and excellent health comparing never incarcerated people at age 40. However, when current marital status and marital history are added in the model besides demographic, family background, and health behavior, later incarceration effect does not statistically significant, but early incarceration effect is still significant. It looks like the mechanism of effect of incarceration on midlife health differs by timing of first incarceration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Yujin. "Does Timing of First Incarceration Matter? The Effect of Age at First Incarceration on Midlife Health." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
3370. |
Kim, Yujin |
The Effect of Incarceration on Midlife Health: A Life-Course Approach Population Research and Policy Review 34,6 (December 2015): 827-849. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-015-9365-x Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Incarceration/Jail; Life Course; Propensity Scores; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A significant association between incarceration and health is well established, but whether this association depends on the timing of incarceration is not known. Men who experience incarceration during the transition to adulthood are more likely to have their educational attainment and transition into the work force disrupted relative to others who are never incarcerated and to those who are first incarcerated in adulthood. Thus, I investigate whether age at first incarceration conditions the relationship between incarceration and men’s health, including general and mental health in midlife. I also examine whether the disadvantaged socioeconomic status and health behavior of ex-inmates function as a main mechanism explaining the relationship between incarceration and health. Using propensity score–weighted regressions with data from the NLSY79. I find that men with a first incarceration during the transition to adulthood (at ages 18–24) are less likely to be in good self-reported general and mental health than otherwise similar men who have never been incarcerated. Results suggest that these negative health conditions among ex-inmates are explained mostly by socioeconomic status such as educational attainment and employment. On the other hand, men with an incarceration experience later in adulthood (at ages 25–40) are not less likely to be in good general and mental health compared to otherwise similar men who have never been incarcerated. Overall, the results from this study encourage a life course approach to understanding the relationship between incarceration and health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kim, Yujin. "The Effect of Incarceration on Midlife Health: A Life-Course Approach." Population Research and Policy Review 34,6 (December 2015): 827-849.
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3371. |
Kimmel, Jean Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina |
Effects of Family Leave on Wages, Employment, and the Family Wage Gap: Distributional Implications Journal of Law and Policy 15 (2004): 115-142. Also: http://law.wustl.edu/Journal/15/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington University - St. Louis, School of Law Keyword(s): Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA); Labor Force Participation; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Motherhood; Wage Gap; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. SUMMARY:... During this time period, overall female labor force participation increased from 33.9% in 1950 to 60.1% in 2001; while during the same time, male labor force participation actually fell from 86.4% to 74.4%. ... Despite the proliferation of research and publications in recent years on the topic of the FMLA, little has been published to date presenting a broad overview of the economic impact of mandated family leave, particularly regarding its distributional effects for women and their children. ... It is interesting to note that the enactment of a family and medical leave law in the state appears to have a negative impact on female employment. ... Looking at the coefficient for the motherhood dummy variable in model (1) in Table 5, we can see that, on average, mothers in our sample experienced a motherhood wage gap of approximately eleven percent. ... We use data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth n11 to estimate the impact of state leave policies on employment and wage outcomes for women, both mothers and non-mothers, thereby producing estimates of such leave policies on the family earnings gap. Finally, we discuss distributional implications of the current FMLA policy and suggest policy revisions. Copyright (c) 2004 Washington University |
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Bibliography Citation
Kimmel, Jean and Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes. "Effects of Family Leave on Wages, Employment, and the Family Wage Gap: Distributional Implications." Journal of Law and Policy 15 (2004): 115-142.
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3372. |
King, MIke |
Marriage Outcomes of First-Generation College Graduates: Marital Market Constraint or Incomplete Assimilation? Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; College Graduates; Marital History/Transitions; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, I use NLSY79 to compare marital patterns of first-generation college graduates to non-college graduates and second-generation college graduates. I test marriage market explanations and social and cultural capital explanations for why first-generation graduates might have different marriage outcomes. Marriage market explanations predict that first-generation graduates might experience constrained marriage markets (because of difficulty integrating) and lower rates of marriage than non-college graduates or other college graduates. On the other hand, social and cultural capital explanations suggest that first-generation college graduates might experience marital outcomes somewhere in between those of non-graduates and other college graduates (because of incomplete assimilation). Initial results indicate that the age of first marriage for first-generation graduates does fall somewhere in between non-graduates and second-generation graduates (supporting the idea of incomplete assimilation), but that first-generation graduates have similar likelihoods of ever being married and similar levels of educational homogamy as second-generation graduates. |
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Bibliography Citation
King, MIke. "Marriage Outcomes of First-Generation College Graduates: Marital Market Constraint or Incomplete Assimilation?" Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
3373. |
King, Randall H. Myers, Steven C. Byrne, Dennis M. |
The Demand for Abortion by Unmarried Teenagers: Economic Factors, Age, Ethnicity and Religiosity Matter American Journal of Economics and Sociology 51,2 (April 1992): 223-235. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1992.tb03349.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Inc. Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Family Income; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Religion; School Completion; Unemployment; Wages A demand model was developed and applied to a nationally representative sample of unmarried, pregnant teenagers drawn from the National Longitudinal Surveys in order to identify the economic determinants of abortion. Measures of the opportunity costs of pregnancy were found to play a major role in the individual's decision to give birth or to abort. Economic variables in the analysis included predicted wages, local area unemployment rates, other family income, poverty status, and school enrollment status. Other factors found to be significant were age, ethnicity, and religiosity. In general, young women in favorable economic circumstances were substantially more likely than others to abort a pregnancy. (ABI/Inform) |
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Bibliography Citation
King, Randall H., Steven C. Myers and Dennis M. Byrne. "The Demand for Abortion by Unmarried Teenagers: Economic Factors, Age, Ethnicity and Religiosity Matter." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 51,2 (April 1992): 223-235.
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3374. |
King, Valarie |
Consequences of Outside Father Involvement for Children's Well-Being Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Support; Family Influences; Fathers, Absence; Marital Status; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Given current rates of divorce and out-of-wedlock childbearing nonresident paternal parenting is becoming increasingly common. Recent public sentiment has increasingly called for the involvement of these fathers in their children's lives under the assumption that such involvement will have positive benefits for children. Yet there is only limited evidence for this assumption. Previous studies of the effects of father involvement for children offer contradictory findings. This dissertation extends knowledge of the consequences of paternal involvement for child well-being. Using data from the child supplement to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) it tests through a series of multivariate regression models whether father visitation or the payment of child support is significantly associated with several measures of child well-being. A second related objective of this dissertation is to specify the conditions that promote the importance of nonresident father involvement for child well-being. The results indicate that overall there is only limited evidence to support the hypothesis that nonresident father involvement has positive benefits for children. The strongest evidence is for the effect of child support in the domain of academic achievement. |
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Bibliography Citation
King, Valarie. Consequences of Outside Father Involvement for Children's Well-Being. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1993. |
3375. |
King, Valarie |
Nonresidential Father Involvement and Child Well-Being: Can Dads Make a Difference? Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Support; Children, Well-Being; Fathers, Absence; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the child supplement to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), I test, through a series of multivariate regression models, whether father visitation or the payment of child support is significantly associated with several measures of child well-being. The results indicate that there is only limited evidence to support the hypothesis that nonresidential father involvement has positive benefits for children. The strongest evidence is for the effect of child support in the domain of academics. |
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Bibliography Citation
King, Valarie. "Nonresidential Father Involvement and Child Well-Being: Can Dads Make a Difference?" Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993. |
3376. |
King, Valarie |
Nonresidential Father Involvement and Child Well-Being: Can Dads Make a Difference? Journal of Family Issues 15,1 (March 1994): 78-96. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/15/1/78.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Support; Children, Well-Being; College Education; Fathers, Absence; Modeling; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the child supplement to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), I test, through a series of multivariate regression models, whether father visitation or the payment of child support is significantly associated with several measures of child well-being. The results indicate that there is only limited evidence to support the hypothesis that nonresidential father involvement has positive benefits for children. The strongest evidence is for the effect of child support in the domain of academics. |
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Bibliography Citation
King, Valarie. "Nonresidential Father Involvement and Child Well-Being: Can Dads Make a Difference?" Journal of Family Issues 15,1 (March 1994): 78-96.
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3377. |
King, Valarie |
Variation in the Consequences of Nonresident Father Involvement for Children's Well-Being Journal of Marriage and Family 56,4 (November 1994): 963-972. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353606 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Support; Children; Children, Well-Being; Family Environment; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Hispanics; Marital Status; Modeling; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Differences; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) Using data from subsets ranging in size from 777 to 1,501 children from the child supplement to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a series of multivariate regression models were tested to determine whether the effects of nonresident father involvement on child well-being vary by race, mother's education, or whether the child was born within or outside of marriage. The results show few interactive effects, and no identifiable set of conditions emerged that increased or reduced the importance of father involvement for child well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
King, Valarie. "Variation in the Consequences of Nonresident Father Involvement for Children's Well-Being." Journal of Marriage and Family 56,4 (November 1994): 963-972.
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3378. |
King, Valarie |
Variation in the Consequences of Outside Father Involvement for Children's Well-Being: The Effects of Race, Education, and Wedlock Status Presented: Miami, FL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Support; Children, Well-Being; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Involvement; Fathers, Presence; Marital Status; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Race; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the child supplement to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this study tests whether the effects of nonresidential father involvement on child well-being vary by race, mother's education, or whether the child was born in marriage or out-of-wedlock. The results show few interactive effects and no identifiable set of conditions emerged that increased or reduced the importance of father involvement for child well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
King, Valarie. "Variation in the Consequences of Outside Father Involvement for Children's Well-Being: The Effects of Race, Education, and Wedlock Status." Presented: Miami, FL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1993. |
3379. |
Kinsler, Josh Pavan, Ronni |
Family Income and Higher Education Choices: The Importance of Accounting for College Quality Journal of Human Capital 5,4 (Winter 2011): DOI: 10.1086/663649. Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/663649 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; College Characteristics; Family Income In the examination of the determinants of educational choices, little attention has been devoted to the relationship between family income and the quality of higher education. Using the 1979 and 1997 waves of the NLSY, we show that family income significantly affects the quality of higher education, especially for high-ability individuals. While the impact of family income on college quality is significant in both samples, it has declined considerably over time for high-ability students. Overall, the trends we observe are highly consistent with increases in tuition across the quality spectrum, coupled with more generous merit-based aid at high-quality institutions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kinsler, Josh and Ronni Pavan. "Family Income and Higher Education Choices: The Importance of Accounting for College Quality." Journal of Human Capital 5,4 (Winter 2011): DOI: 10.1086/663649.
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3380. |
Kiplinger, Vonda L. Boesel, David P. Johnson, Kyle |
Propensity of Young Women to Enlist in the Military: A Report to Congress Working Paper, Defense Manpower Data Center, U.S. Department of Defense, Arlington VA, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Defense Keyword(s): Military Enlistment; Military Service; Women After briefly reviewing the history of women's participation in the Armed Forces and public attitudes toward their participation, the study turns to an analysis of recent data from three major ongoing surveys of American youth-- the Youth Attitude Tracking Study, the NLSY, and High School and Beyond. Together the studies provide a coherent picture of the propensity of women to enlist. Taken together, the research findings suggest that women's attitudes toward the military reflect an outlook which is rather different from men's. Not only are women in the aggregate less interested in military service, but those who are interested tend to view the service in a broader context. Their interest in the military is more likely to be limited and qualified by interests in other areas. This outlook, and the social context of which it is a part, may be major determinants of the future potential for women's participation in the Armed Forces. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kiplinger, Vonda L., David P. Boesel and Kyle Johnson. "Propensity of Young Women to Enlist in the Military: A Report to Congress." Working Paper, Defense Manpower Data Center, U.S. Department of Defense, Arlington VA, 1985. |
3381. |
Kirchner, EmmaLeigh E. |
Do Gender Stereotypes Keep Girls away from Crime? A Structural Equation Modeling Approach to Power-Control Theory Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Modeling, Structural Equation; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study utilizes multiple waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) to examine Hagan's original Power-Control Theory (1985) employing structural equation modeling. The research sought to examine gender differences in offending, as well as other concepts contained within Power-Control Theory, such as parenting. Results of the study showed mixed support for the theory. Power-Control Theory does produce convincing evidence of the importance of maternal control, particularly for daughters. Key findings also included gender differences in patriarchal attitudes as well as risk preferences. These findings suggest the role of females in changing, although it may not be becoming similar to the role of males. Policy implications include the importance of parenting programs to decrease delinquency and later criminal activity. More programs such incorporate gender differences in the impact of parenting, particularly by mothers. The study concludes with further discussion of the implications of this research and the policy implications. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kirchner, EmmaLeigh E. Do Gender Stereotypes Keep Girls away from Crime? A Structural Equation Modeling Approach to Power-Control Theory. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2016. |
3382. |
Kirk, Adele Marie |
The Relationship Between Education and Health Behaviors: Is it Causal? Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economics (ASHE), Inaugural Conference, "Economics of Population Health", June 2006. Also: http://healtheconomics.us/conference/2006/abstracts/06/06/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior; Body Mass Index (BMI); Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Modeling, Logit; Modeling, Probit; Unemployment; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An extensive body of literature documents a relationship between formal education and health that is strong, broad, and persistent. When presented with such a robust association, it is natural to make the leap, implicitly if not explicitly, to a presumption of causality. However, some have questioned the causal link on both conceptual and empirical grounds, arguing that the apparent relationship between education and health might in fact be due in some part to third factors, such as time preferences or self-efficacy, common to both educational attainment and health, but generally omitted from empirical models. The omitted-variables problem is exacerbated by the nature of most health-specific surveys. Such surveys, while rich in health data, generally provide sparse socioeconomic information about respondents, and in particular, do not provide much, if any, information about the respondent's family background and socioeconomic circumstances in youth, when educational intentions and possible determinants of adult health behaviors, such as time preferences, are formed. This paper uses a relatively data-rich longitudinal dataset (NLSY79) and instrumental variables methods to investigate the nature of the observed relationship between educational attainment and health behaviors in midlife (ages 35-40), including smoking, heavy drinking, exercise, recent check-up, and weight control. I first estimate a series of models and compare the estimated effects of education on behaviors when other key variables, such as family background measures, a measure of ability (AFQT), and a measure of locus of control, are omitted and then included. I then estimate instrumental variables (IV) models for each dependent variable, using college proximity, area unemployment rates at the time of schooling, and availability of household reading materials in youth as instruments for educational attainment. Preliminary analyses indicate modest but persistently significant effects for education that are generally robust to the inclusion of covariates in OLS and logit/probit models. IV models of drinking and BMI yield estimates that are comparable in magnitude to OLS/probit models but with considerably larger standard errors. But for models of exercise frequency, recent checkup, and smoking, the IV estimates are larger in magnitude than the naïve estimates, and remain significant. Tests of exogeneity indicate that education is exogenous in models of drinking, BMI, and smoking, but endogenous in models of exercise and recent checkup. Overidentification tests indicate that all instruments are excludable except for unemployment in the case of drinking and household reading materials in the case of smoking. Because theory would suggest that naïve estimates are biased upwards, further analyses will explore why some IV estimates are larger in magnitude, not smaller as expected. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kirk, Adele Marie. "The Relationship Between Education and Health Behaviors: Is it Causal?" Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economics (ASHE), Inaugural Conference, "Economics of Population Health", June 2006. |
3383. |
Kirk, Adele Marie |
The Relationship Between Education and Health: Is It Causal? Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Los Angeles, 2007. DAI-A 68/11, May 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Endogeneity; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An extensive body of literature documents a relationship between formal education and health that is strong, broad, and persistent. When presented with such a robust association, it is natural to make the leap, implicitly if not explicitly, to a presumption of causality. However, some have questioned the causal link on both conceptual and empirical grounds, arguing that the apparent relationship between education and health might in fact be due in some part to third factors common to both educational attainment and health, but generally omitted from empirical models. The omitted-variables problem is exacerbated by the nature of most health-specific surveys. Such surveys, while rich in health data, generally provide sparse information about respondents' socioeconomic circumstances in youth, when educational intentions and possible determinants of adult health behaviors are formed. This paper uses a relatively data-rich longitudinal dataset (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979) and instrumental variables (IV) methods to investigate the nature of the observed relationship between educational attainment and health behaviors and health status in midlife. I first estimate the effect of youth health on subsequent educational attainment. I then estimate a series of models of health behaviors and outcomes, and compare the estimated effects of education on health when other key variables are omitted and then included. I then estimate IV models for each dependent variable, using college proximity, area unemployment rates at the time of schooling, and availability of household reading materials in youth as instruments for educational attainment. The models of educational attainment that include youth health indicate that health limitations in youth has a negative effect on educational attainment, reducing education by about one-half year on average. Comparison of richer with more parsimonious models of health suggest that estimated education effects are significant and robust to specification, but generally modest in effect size. Tests of endogeneity indicate that education is endogenous in models of active/nonactive and recent check-up, and exogenous in all other models. These test results combined with the fact that the IV results were generally larger in magnitude than the single equation results give us some confidence that single equation estimates of the effect of education are consistent, and may even be conservative. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kirk, Adele Marie. The Relationship Between Education and Health: Is It Causal? Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Los Angeles, 2007. DAI-A 68/11, May 2008. |
3384. |
Kirkpatrick, Britanny |
The Gender Wage Ratio: Does it Differ Between Races? Honors Project Paper 20, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 2006. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/20 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU) Keyword(s): Economics of Gender; Economics of Minorities; Gender Differences; Undergraduate Research; Wage Gap; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In 1964 the Civil Rights Act made it illegal for employers to discriminate against individuals on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin (Coleman, 2003). This act was passed to help bring equality to men and women of all races; however, a gender wage gap still exists. Up until the 1970s it was estimated that women made only 60% compared to their male counterparts in earnings. Since then the wage difference between men and women has continually decreased due to the large number of women entering the labor force, the outlawing of gender discrimination, and an increase in the number of women attending colleges and professional schools (Stone, 2004). According to Blau, in 2003 women earned 76% of men's wages (2006). An even more interesting aspect of the gender wage gap is the way it differs between blacks and whites. For instance, in 1975 white women earned 42.5% less than white men, while today white women earn only 21 % less than white men (Green, 2005). Similarly, black women also earn less than black men, but not by as much of a margin. In fact, in 1975 black women earned 24.9% less than black men and in 2003 they earned only 10.7% less (Green, 2005). Although there have been many studies to understand why the gender wage gap exists, there have been few studies done to understand how the gap differs across racial groups and the role that labor force attachment plays in explaining the female-male wage ratio. This study examines the effects of labor force attachment in determining wages for black women, black men, white women, and white men. It follows a cohort of black and white men and women from 1980 through 2002 in order to explore the effect of labor force attachment on the female-male wage ratio. Section II reviews the related literature, section III explains the empirical model, section IV reveals the results, and section VI conducts counterfactual analysis of the results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kirkpatrick, Britanny. "The Gender Wage Ratio: Does it Differ Between Races?." Honors Project Paper 20, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 2006. |
3385. |
Kissling, Alexandra |
Partnership and Insomnia Status Among Mothers Family Relations published online (7 June 2020): DOI: 10.1111/fare.12455. Also: 10.1111/fare.12455 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Marital Status; Marriage; Sleep Method: Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a nationally representative and longitudinal cohort study (n = 1721), the primary aim of the present study is to test the association between partnership status and sleep. Further, given the association between race–ethnicity and partnership status, as well as race-ethnicity and sleep, this study also considers whether the association between mothers' partnership status and risk of insomnia varies by race and ethnicity. Results: Logistic regression results suggest that married mothers are less likely than cohabiting and formerly partnered mothers to experience insomnia. No sleep differences were found when comparing among the unmarried groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kissling, Alexandra. "Partnership and Insomnia Status Among Mothers." Family Relations published online (7 June 2020): DOI: 10.1111/fare.12455.
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3386. |
Kissling, Alexandra |
Partnership Status and Sleep Quality among Mothers Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Marital Status; Mothers, Health; Racial Differences; Sleep Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While there is a growing body of literature devoted to sleep as a health behavior, we know less about how social roles, such as partnership and parenthood, matter for sleep. The present study works from the protection, crisis, and selection theoretical perspectives to explore differences in sleep quality by partnership status among mothers. The present study further assesses the degree of racial variation in these effects of various partnership statuses on sleep quality. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (N=12,868), results show that married mothers are less likely to experience problem sleep than cohabiting, formerly partnered, and lone mothers. However, there are no significant difference in sleep quality when comparing these unmarried groups to one another. This finding suggests that marriage adds greatly to sleep quality. However, this result only holds for white mothers, as there are no differences in sleep quality by marital status. By highlighting the importance of partnership statuses for sleep, this study provides evidence that social relationships may be a key factor contributing to the stratification of sleep problems among adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kissling, Alexandra. "Partnership Status and Sleep Quality among Mothers." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
3387. |
Kittivibul, Tippawan |
Downward Mobility Aspirations among Adolescents Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Family Background and Culture; Gender Differences; Internal-External Attitude; Mobility; Occupational Aspirations; Parental Influences Little attention has been paid to the non-normative situation, downward educational aspirations, whereby adolescents desire a lower level of education than that attained by their fathers. Downward educational aspirations can be perceived as an early sign of a voluntary downward mobility tendency. The social psychological perspective that is employed in this study considers three levels of influence, social structure, interpersonal relations, and personality, and their effects on downward versus non-downward educational aspirations and the extent of downward educational aspirations. The sample consists of male and female adolescents aged 15-19 who participated in the 1979 NLSY. Multivariate analyses reveal that all three levels are relevant to adolescents' downward educational aspirations, social structure (father's occupation) is the strongest, followed by interpersonal relation (significant others' influence) and personality (occupational aspirations) variables. Specifying the social psychological process by which downward educational aspirations develop is an important goal of this research. Furthermore, to integrate the micro- and macro-levels of sociological analysis, social changes that have set the stage for downward educational aspirations and the voluntary downward mobility phenomenon are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kittivibul, Tippawan. Downward Mobility Aspirations among Adolescents. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1988. |
3388. |
Kizer, Jean Vaughn |
Influence of Gender Role Ideology, Socioeconomic Factors, Residential Location, Family Structure and Ethnic Background on Child-Care Arrangements in United Ph.D. Dissertation, Mississippi State University, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Care; Demography; Education; Family Characteristics; Family Structure; Family Studies; Income; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Modeling; Racial Differences; Regions; Residence; Sex Roles; Variables, Independent - Covariate Decision-making of parents regarding child-care arrangements has been a continual focus in the literature since the early 1900's. Although gender role ideology has been acknowledged, no study using a large national sample, has examined its contribution to decision-making regarding parental choice of child-care arrangement. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a number of antecedent variables, including gender role ideology on parental choice of child-care arrangement. Three research questions guided the study, first, are there differences associated with selected demographic and family characteristics and parental choice of child-care arrangements? Second, are there differences in gender role ideology associated with choice of child-care arrangement? Finally, are there differences in selected demographic and family characteristics associated with choice of child-care arrangement after controlling for differences in gender role ideology? The data were taken fr om the 1987-1988 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and was limited to female respondents with children 71 months or younger. A conceptual model was developed which consisted of 15 independent variables, one dependent variable, arrangement (with five categories) and the intervening variable of gender role ideology. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, crosstabulation and discriminant analysis. Findings from this study indicated that parents with more children and younger children chose parental or relative care and parents with older children chose non-relative or daycare. Those respondents with higher education and income chose daycare and non-relative over other types of care. Race, employment status and region of residence are associated with choice of child-care arrangement and marital status was the strongest predictor of choice. It was concluded that including the variable gender role ideology did make an independent contribution to parental choice of child-care arrangement. Those who exhibited a more traditional gender role ideology were more likely to choose parental or relative care and those with a more contemporary perspective were more likely to choose non-relative or daycare. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kizer, Jean Vaughn. Influence of Gender Role Ideology, Socioeconomic Factors, Residential Location, Family Structure and Ethnic Background on Child-Care Arrangements in United. Ph.D. Dissertation, Mississippi State University, 1994. |
3389. |
Klassen, Peter T. |
Placing the Community College Effect in Context: An Institution Serving Uncertainty and Marginality Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Dropouts; College Education; College Graduates; Colleges; Educational Attainment Studies of the educational attainment process cite an apparent negative effect on educational attainment of students beginning their college experience at the community college. This deficit has been labeled the "community college effect." Placing the community college effect in context requires examination of three problems. First, identify and describe high school students making the transition to two-year and four-year colleges, and identify how the students at two-year colleges differ from those at four-year colleges. Second, distinguish the effect of institutional type on college persistence of two-year and four-year students from the effect of individual input characteristics. Third, distinguish the effect of institutional type on educational progress of two-year and four-year students from the effect of individual input characteristics. Using data from the NLSY, the author analyzes (1) the high school to college transition for students graduating from high school in 1983 and (2) patterns of college persistence and educational progress between 1984 and 1985 for students at both community and four-year colleges. Descriptive statistics indicate that students attending two-year colleges are significantly different on nine characteristics from both individuals not attending college and students attending four-year colleges. Results indicate educational goals and high school educational achievement are more important than income and family background in determining high school to college placement; that the primary difference between two-year and four-year entering students is their educational achievement; that employment, residence, and aptitude are more important than college type in determining college persistence. In contrast to these findings, other results indicate college type, educational values, and aptitude are important in determining transfer versus continuation at the same school enrollment patterns. Finally, lower educational values and full-time employment are most important in increasing the probability of being a dropout versus being a stopout (leaving then returning). Results from a LISREL analysis indicate college type is significant as a determinant of college progress for non-minority males and Afro-American females, but not for their complements nor for Hispanics. These results provide a foundation for challenging interpretation of the community college in that this effect results from community college students' involvement in conflicting social role sets which result in marginal commitments to the student role rather than from an institutional process. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klassen, Peter T. Placing the Community College Effect in Context: An Institution Serving Uncertainty and Marginality. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1990. |
3390. |
Klawitter, Marieka Marjorie |
The Interrelations of Young Women's Marriage and Employment Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Childbearing; Employment; Hispanics; Marriage; Modeling, Probit; Racial Differences; Wives This thesis explores linkages between marriage and employment for young women. Marriage could substitute for a woman's market work by adding financial resources to her household. A marriage-employment "trade-off" may result, with women who are more likely to marry being less likely to be employed. Differences in values or opportunities could also link marriage with employment outcomes even prior to marriage. The major part of the thesis is an empirical study of marriage and employment for young women. The data come from the National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort in 1979. Bivariate Probit models jointly estimate marriage and employment outcomes. Using the 1985 survey year as a cross section, there is evidence of a marriage-employment trade-off for Nonblack-Nonhispanic women through the impact of observed and unobserved characteristics. For Black and Hispanic women, however, there is no clear pattern of marriage-employment linkage. In the second part of the empirical analysis, women who marry during the panel are compared with those still unmarried in 1985. Prior to marriage, women who will marry are more likely to be employed than are women who will not marry--even after controlling for a set of observed characteris- tics. Results suggest that women who marry are not the kind unlikely to be employed outside of marriage because of unobservable factors. For Black women, the higher employment rates for married women may be the result of stable individual differences in opportunities or values outweighing a trade-off through child-bearing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klawitter, Marieka Marjorie. The Interrelations of Young Women's Marriage and Employment Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1992. |
3391. |
Klawitter, Marieka Marjorie Plotnick, Robert D. Edwards, Mark Evan |
Determinants of Initial Entry onto Welfare by Young Women Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 19,4 (Autumn 2000): 527-546. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1520-6688%28200023%2919:4%3C527::AID-PAM1%3E3.0.CO;2-4/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Family Structure; First Birth; Poverty; Racial Differences; Welfare; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the youngest cohorts of women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study constructs Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) histories starting at age 15. Most young women go on AFDC for the first time between ages 18 and 25 and do so in the first few years after the birth of their first baby. These histories are used to estimate models of the determinants of initial use of AFDC. The models provide mixed evidence that the financial or other incentives of welfare policy affect the likelihood and timing of AFDC use. Benefit levels do not seem to affect participation, but the presence of a program for medically needy families who are not on welfare appears to decrease entrance to welfare for some groups. Parental poverty, family structure, academic achievement, attitudes toward school, and race are significantly related to the likelihood of participating in AFDC, and the rate of entry. copyright: 2000 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klawitter, Marieka Marjorie, Robert D. Plotnick and Mark Evan Edwards. "Determinants of Initial Entry onto Welfare by Young Women." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 19,4 (Autumn 2000): 527-546.
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3392. |
Klawitter, Marieka Marjorie Plotnick, Robert D. Edwards, Mark Evan |
Determinants of Welfare Entry and Exit by Young Women Discussion Paper No. 1099-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1996. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp109996.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Attitudes; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; First Birth; Home Environment; Modeling; Racial Differences; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Schooling; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the youngest cohorts of women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study constructs AFDC histories starting at age 15. Most young women go on AFDC for the first time between ages 18 and 25 and do so in the first few years after the birth of their first baby. We use these histories to estimate models of the determinants of initial use of AFDC and of the rate of exit from the first AFDC spell. The models show little evidence that welfare benefits affect the likelihood and timing of AFDC use, except that higher Medicaid benefits are associated with slower rates of exit from an initial AFDC spell. Parental welfare receipt, the home educational environment, family structure, academic achievement, attitudes toward school, and race are significantly related to the likelihood of participating in AFDC and the rate of entry and exit. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klawitter, Marieka Marjorie, Robert D. Plotnick and Mark Evan Edwards. "Determinants of Welfare Entry and Exit by Young Women." Discussion Paper No. 1099-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1996. |
3393. |
Kleiner, Morris M. Krueger, Alan B. |
Analyzing the Extent and Influence of Occupational Licensing on the Labor Market NBER Working Paper 14979, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2009. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w14979 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Census of Population; Labor Market Demographics; Occupations; Unions; Wage Determination This study examines the extent and influence of occupational licensing in the U.S. using a specially designed national labor force survey. Specifically, we provide new ways of measuring occupational licensing and consider what types of regulatory requirements and what level of government oversight contribute to wage gains and variability. Estimates from the survey indicated that 35 percent of employees were either licensed or certified by the government, and that 29 percent were fully licensed. Another 3 percent stated that all who worked in their job would eventually be required to be certified or licensed, bringing the total that are or eventually must be licensed or certified by government to 38 percent. We find that licensing is associated with about 14 percent higher wages, but the effect of governmental certification on pay is much smaller. Licensing by multiple political jurisdictions is associated with the highest wage gains relative to only local licensing. Specific requirements by the government for a worker to enter an occupation, such as education level and long internships, are positively associated with wages. We find little association between licensing and the variance of wages, in contrast to unions. Overall, our results show that occupational licensing is an important labor market phenomenon that can be measured in labor force surveys. [..general estimates of crosssectional studies using Census data of state licensing's influence on wages with standard labor market controls show a range from 10 to 15 percent for higher wages associated with occupational licensing. Estimates were developed from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) from 1984 to 2000 and show the difference in wages between changers from unlicensed to licensed occupations and between those who move from a licensed occupation to an unregulated one. The estimates show an impact of about 17 percent of moving to a licensed occupation relative to moving from a licensed occupation to an unlicensed one….] |
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Bibliography Citation
Kleiner, Morris M. and Alan B. Krueger. "Analyzing the Extent and Influence of Occupational Licensing on the Labor Market." NBER Working Paper 14979, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2009. |
3394. |
Kleiner, Sibyl Pavalko, Eliza K. |
Clocking In: The Organization of Work Time and Health in the United States Social Forces 88,3 (March 2010): 1463-1486. Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sof/summary/v088/88.3.kleiner.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Family Characteristics; Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Characteristics; Obesity; Part-Time Work; Stress; Time Use; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article assesses the health implications of emerging patterns in the organization of work time. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we examine general mental and physical health (SF-12 scores), psychological distress (CESD score), clinical levels of obesity, and the presence of medical conditions, at age 40. Overall, we find that health varies more across work hours than across types of shifts, and part-time workers report worse physical and emotional health than full-time workers. However, controlling for individual, family and job characteristics explains the poorer health observed among part-time workers. Those who are satisfied with their jobs, have more education, or have an employed spouse, report better health, while women and those with a prior health limitation report worse health. After taking these factors into account, we find a curvilinear relationship between work hours and health, with those working between 40 and 59 hours per week reporting worse mental and physical health than those working 40 hours per week. We also find that obesity differs from current health problems in its relationship to work time. Those who work part-time or fixed-hour schedules are less likely to be obese, suggesting that long-term health risks operating through obesity, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, are affected by time availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Social Forces is the property of University of North Carolina Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Kleiner, Sibyl and Eliza K. Pavalko. "Clocking In: The Organization of Work Time and Health in the United States." Social Forces 88,3 (March 2010): 1463-1486.
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3395. |
Kleiner, Sibyl Pavalko, Eliza K. |
Double Time: Is Health Affected by a Spouse's Time at Work? Social Forces 92,3 (March 2014): 983-1007. Also: http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/92/3/983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Exercise; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Husbands; Stress; Wives; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The amount of time families spend at work increased substantially over the course of the 20th century, but the health implications of these shifts remain poorly understood. Using the NLSY79, we examine potential consequences of men's and women's work time on the health of their spouse. We also investigate three mechanisms through which spousal hours might affect health: resources from the job, stress, and time for physical activity and exercise. Husbands' long (50+) hours predict better health for wives, due in part to greater resources. Wives' moderately long (41–49) hours of work predict worse health for husbands, due in part to husbands' reduced exercise time. Our gendered findings highlight persistent inequities in work and family life that constrain the family health–promoting benefits of women's labor. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kleiner, Sibyl and Eliza K. Pavalko. "Double Time: Is Health Affected by a Spouse's Time at Work?" Social Forces 92,3 (March 2014): 983-1007.
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3396. |
Kleiner, Sibyl Schunck, Reinhard Schomann, Klaus |
Different Contexts, Different Effects? Work Time and Mental Health in the United States and Germany Journal of Health and Social Behavior 56,1 (March 2015): 98-113. Also: http://hsb.sagepub.com/content/56/1/98.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Gender Differences; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Satisfaction; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper takes a comparative approach to the topic of work time and health, asking whether weekly work hours matter for mental health. We hypothesize that these relationships differ within the United States and Germany, given the more regulated work time environments within Germany and the greater incentives to work long hours in the United States. We further hypothesize that German women will experience greatest penalties to long hours. We use data from the German Socioeconomic Panel and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine hours effects on mental health score at midlife. The results support our initial hypothesis. In Germany, longer work time is associated with worse mental health, while in the United States, as seen in previous research, the associations are more complex. Our results do not show greater mental health penalties for German women and suggest instead a selection effect into work hours operating by gender. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kleiner, Sibyl, Reinhard Schunck and Klaus Schomann. "Different Contexts, Different Effects? Work Time and Mental Health in the United States and Germany." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 56,1 (March 2015): 98-113.
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3397. |
Klepinger, Daniel H. Lundberg, Shelly Plotnick, Robert D. |
Adolescent Fertility and the Educational Attainment of Young Women Report, Seattle WA: Human Affairs Research Center, Battelle Institute, March 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Contraception; Discrimination, Sex; Educational Attainment; Endogeneity; Fertility; Hispanics; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences This study finds that early childbearing reduces the educational attainment of young women by one to three years. The estimates control for both observed and unobserved differences in background and personal characteristics and take account of the endogeneity of fertility. We use an extensive set of predictors for early fertility, including state and county-level policy variables and other indicators of the costs and availability of abortion and contraception. Adolescent fertility has a strong negative effect on the schooling levels achieved by white, black, and Hispanic women. These results suggest that, if public policies are successful in reducing teenage pregnancy and childbearing, they will also increase the educational attainment of disadvantaged young women and improve their chances for economic self-sufficiency. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klepinger, Daniel H., Shelly Lundberg and Robert D. Plotnick. "Adolescent Fertility and the Educational Attainment of Young Women." Report, Seattle WA: Human Affairs Research Center, Battelle Institute, March 1994. |
3398. |
Klepinger, Daniel H. Lundberg, Shelly Plotnick, Robert D. |
Adolescent Fertility and the Educational Attainment of Young Women Family Planning Perspectives 27,1 (January 1995): 23-28. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135973 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Education; Educational Attainment; Endogeneity; Fertility; Hispanics; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study finds that early childbearing reduces the educational attainment of young women by one to three years. The estimates control for both observed and unobserved differences in background and personal characteristics and take account of the endogeneity of fertility. We use an extensive set of predictors for early fertility, including state and county-level policy variables and other indicators of the costs and availability of abortion and contraception. Adolescent fertility has a strong negative effect on the schooling levels achieved by white, black, and Hispanic women. These results suggest that, if public policies are successful in reducing teenage pregnancy and childbearing, they will also increase the educational attainment of disadvantaged young women and improve their chances for economic self-sufficiency. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klepinger, Daniel H., Shelly Lundberg and Robert D. Plotnick. "Adolescent Fertility and the Educational Attainment of Young Women." Family Planning Perspectives 27,1 (January 1995): 23-28.
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3399. |
Klepinger, Daniel H. Lundberg, Shelly Plotnick, Robert D. |
How Does Adolescent Fertility Affect the Human Capital and Wages of Young Women? Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Education; Educational Returns; Endogeneity; Human Capital; Maternal Employment; Racial Differences; Variables, Instrumental; Wage Dynamics; Wages, Adult; Wages, Young Men; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We present a model and estimates of the relationship between teenage childbearing and early human capital development, and the resulting consequences for wages in early adulthood. The analysis recognizes that the teenage childbearing decision is endogenous because it is likely to be related to the expected costs of and returns to investing in education teen work experience, and early adult work experience. We use instrumental variables procedures to generate unbiased estimates of the effects of early fertility on education and work experience, and of the effects of all these outcomes on adult wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klepinger, Daniel H., Shelly Lundberg and Robert D. Plotnick. "How Does Adolescent Fertility Affect the Human Capital and Wages of Young Women?" Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996. |
3400. |
Klepinger, Daniel H. Lundberg, Shelly Plotnick, Robert D. |
How Does Adolescent Fertility Affect the Human Capital and Wages of Young Women? Discussion Paper No. 1145-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, September 1997. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp114597.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Economic Well-Being; Education; Human Capital; Maternal Employment; Racial Differences; Variables, Instrumental; Wages, Adult; Wages, Young Women; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The consequences of teen childbearing for the future well-being of young women remain controversial. In this paper, we model and estimate the relationship between early childbearing and human capital investment, and its effect on wages in early adulthood. Taking advantage of a large set of potential instruments for fertility--principally state- and county-level indicators of the costs of fertility and fertility control--we use instrumental variables procedures to generate unbiased estimates of the effects of early fertility on education and work experience, and the effects of these outcomes on adult wages. For both black and white women, adolescent fertility substantially reduces years of formal education and teenage work experience. White teenage mothers also obtain less early adult work experience than young women who delay childbearing. We also find that, through these human capital effects, teenage childbearing has a significant effect on a young woman's market wage at age 25. Our results, unlike those of recent "revisionist" studies, suggest that public policies that reduce teenage childbearing are likely to have positive effects on the economic well-being of many young mothers and their families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klepinger, Daniel H., Shelly Lundberg and Robert D. Plotnick. "How Does Adolescent Fertility Affect the Human Capital and Wages of Young Women?" Discussion Paper No. 1145-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, September 1997. |
3401. |
Klepinger, Daniel H. Lundberg, Shelly Plotnick, Robert D. |
How Does Adolescent Fertility Affect the Human Capital and Wages of Young Women? Journal of Human Resources 34,3 (Summer 1999): 421-448. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146375 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Teenagers; Wages, Adult; Wages, Youth; Work Experience We estimate the relationship between teenage childbearing, human capital investment, and wages in early adulthood, using a sample of women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and a large set of potential instruments for fertility--principally state and county-level indicators of the costs of fertility and fertility control. Adolescent fertility substantially reduces years of formal education and teenage work experience and, for white women only, early adult work experience. Through reductions in human capital, teenage childbearing has a significant effect on market wages at age 25. Our results suggest that public policies which reduce teenage childbearing are likely to have positive effects on the economic well-being of many young mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klepinger, Daniel H., Shelly Lundberg and Robert D. Plotnick. "How Does Adolescent Fertility Affect the Human Capital and Wages of Young Women?" Journal of Human Resources 34,3 (Summer 1999): 421-448.
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3402. |
Klepinger, Daniel H. Lundberg, Shelly Plotnick, Robert D. |
Instrument Selection: The Case of Teenage Childbearing and Women's Educational Attainment Discussion Paper No. 1077-95, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, November 1995. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp107795.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Methods/Methodology; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent research has identified situations in which instrumental variables (IV) estimators are severely biased and has suggested diagnostic tests to identify such situations. We suggest a number of alternative techniques for choosing a set of instruments that satisfy these tests from a universe of a priori plausible candidates, and we apply them to a study of the effects of adolescent childbearing on the educational attainment of young women. We find that substantive results are sensitive to instrument choice, and make two recommendations to the practical researcher: First, it is prudent to begin with a large set of potential instruments, when possible, and pare it down through formal testing rather than to rely on a minimal instrument set justified on a priori grounds. Second, the application of more restrictive tests of instrument validity and relevance can yield results very different from those based on less restrictive tests that produce a more inclusive set of instruments, and is the preferred, conservative approach when improper instrument choice can lead to biased estimates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klepinger, Daniel H., Shelly Lundberg and Robert D. Plotnick. "Instrument Selection: The Case of Teenage Childbearing and Women's Educational Attainment." Discussion Paper No. 1077-95, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, November 1995. |
3403. |
Klepinger, Daniel H. Lundberg, Shelly Plotnick, Robert D. |
Teen Childbearing and Human Capital: Does Timing Matter? Working Paper, Center for Public Health Research and Evaluation, Battelle Memorial, Seattle WA, October 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Racial Differences; Schooling; Teenagers; Variables, Instrumental; Wages; Work Experience In this paper, we model and estimate the relationship between teenage childbearing at different ages and human capital investment. Taking advantage of a large set of potential instruments for fertility--principally state and county-level indicators of the costs of fertility and fertility control--we use instrumental variables procedures to generate unbiased estimates of the effects of early fertility at different ages on education and work. Using data from the NLSY, we find that teenage childbearing at any age substantially reduces years of formal education and early adult work experience for both black and white women. The effects of early and later teen births are similar for both education and early adult work experience. There are no important racial differences in the effects. In contrast, we find no significant impact of a first birth during ages 20-24 on education or work experience. An early teen birth fails have stronger detrimental effects because younger teen mothers are as likely to graduate from high school as older teen mothers, and are equally unlikely to attend college. Our results suggest that "a teen birth is a teen birth", and that public policies that reduce teenage childbearing are likely to have positive effects on the economic well being of many young mothers and their families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klepinger, Daniel H., Shelly Lundberg and Robert D. Plotnick. "Teen Childbearing and Human Capital: Does Timing Matter?" Working Paper, Center for Public Health Research and Evaluation, Battelle Memorial, Seattle WA, October 1999. |
3404. |
Klerman, Jacob Alex |
Characterizing Leave for Maternity: Modeling the NLSY Data NLS Discussion Paper No. 95-21, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 1993. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl930010.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Childbearing; Employment, Part-Time; Exits; Firm Size; Job Status; Job Tenure; Job Training; Labor Force Participation; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Modeling, Probit; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Quits Major changes in women's labor force behavior over the last two decades imply that while time away from the work force after the birth of a child was once measured in years, it is now measured in weeks or even days. Concentrating on the weeks immediately following childbirth, this paper characterizes the labor force behavior of women immediately before and after the birth of a child. The timing of labor market exits (during pregnancy) and entrances (after childbirth) are estimated to the day, and reported to the week. Quits, exits to unpaid leave, and exist to paid leave are separately identified. The estimates reveal the most women who work before the birth of a child return to work relatively quickly after the birth of a child. The modal time to return occurs only about six weeks after childbirth. Those who work long into pregnancy return to work more quickly after childbirth. The empirical work uses the National Longitudinal Survey-Youth. The estimates are generating using a system of probit and hazard models. The system includes unobserved heterogeneity to capture the correlation between decisions. The econometric model is specified to correct for the focus of the NLSY protocol (in some years) on employment, so that it is not possible to distinguish paid from unpaid leave. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klerman, Jacob Alex. "Characterizing Leave for Maternity: Modeling the NLSY Data." NLS Discussion Paper No. 95-21, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 1993. |
3405. |
Klerman, Jacob Alex |
Data for DoD Manpower Policy Analysis Technical Report, RAND, Santa Monica CA, 2009. Also: Also: http://www.rand.org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/pubs/technical_reports/2009/RAND_TR486.pdf Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Manpower Research; Military Personnel; Military Service To allow analyses of its personnel practices, the Department of Defense maintains historical administrative data files and administers surveys of military personnel. Military manpower analyses also make use of civilian cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Klerman provides an overview of these data sources and discusses how they can be analyzed with currently underutilized data-matching strategies. These data-matching strategies involve matching DoD administrative data files to (1) civilian administrative data (such as Social Security Administration earnings data); (2) DoD survey data; and (3) civilian survey data. These strategies have the potential for large payoffs in terms of better analysis-and therefore better policy-for DoD. Klerman also discusses the degree to which DoD should help fund a future National Longitudinal Study of Youth, and whether DoD should initiate a new military panel survey. Data for DoD Manpower Policy Analysis maintains that the research questions that these proposed surveys would help answer can instead be explored through data matching. Moreover, streamlining procedures for data matching-that is, making it easier for researchers to analyze the data DoD already has-is likely to be much less expensive than engaging in major new data-collection efforts. Quote from the report:
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Bibliography Citation
Klerman, Jacob Alex. "Data for DoD Manpower Policy Analysis." Technical Report, RAND, Santa Monica CA, 2009. |
3406. |
Klerman, Jacob Alex Karoly, Lynn A. |
The Transition to Stable Employment: The Experience of U.S. Youth in Their Early Labor Market Career Report, National Center for Research in Vocational Education, University of California - Berkeley, and RAND, 1995. Also: http://vufind.carli.illinois.edu/vf-uiu/Record/uiu_3773042 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): College Dropouts; College Graduates; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; Job Tenure; Labor Force Participation; School Completion; Schooling, Post-secondary; Transition, School to Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were analyzed to identify patterns in the early labor market and employment experience of a sample of 12,781 U.S. youths who were first interviewed in 1979 (at ages 14 through 21) and last interviewed in 1990 (at ages 25 through 32 years). School-to-work transition patterns were classified by school-leaving group (SLG) (no high school diploma, high school diploma, some college, college diploma, or some postcollege education). SLGs were analyzed in terms of the following factors: percentage of sample members employed, percentage in school, number of jobs held, and age at entrance into first job. While the median high school graduate entered his "three-year job" while he was 22, the median high school dropout, who first entered the labor force several years earlier, did not enter that job until he was 23. In contrast, the median college graduate--who entered the labor force four years later than the high school graduate--entered his "three-year job" shortly after turning 23. Although racial/ethnic groups and women manifested different employment, school attendance, and job stability patterns, the patterns of school-to-work transition by male high school graduates were surprisingly similarly across the three racial/ethnic groups. By using the SLG classification and a different concept of job duration, the study found less support for the notion that high school graduates typically mill about in the labor market until well into their twenties. It was recommended that school-to-work transition initiatives be targeted toward high school noncompleters. Appended is information about sample distribution by SLG and effect of alternative SLG definitions and/or sample members' return to school. Contains 53 references and 67 tables/figures. (MN) |
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Bibliography Citation
Klerman, Jacob Alex and Lynn A. Karoly. "The Transition to Stable Employment: The Experience of U.S. Youth in Their Early Labor Market Career." Report, National Center for Research in Vocational Education, University of California - Berkeley, and RAND, 1995. |
3407. |
Klerman, Jacob Alex Karoly, Lynn A. |
Young Men and the Transition to Stable Employment Monthly Labor Review 117,8 (August 1994): 31-48, Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1994/08/art4abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Employment, Youth; Job Tenure; Labor Turnover; Part-Time Work; Transition, School to Work The transition from school to work among male high school students is more heterogeneous and successful than is normally assumed. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. A sample of young men from 1978-90 is used to estimate the distribution of their ages at entrance into jobs lasting various lengths of time, researchers found that by age 20 half of all graduates have jobs that will last more than two years and that by age 22 half have jobs that will last more than three years. This refutes the widely held belief that young males flounder from one short-term job to another until their mid-twenties. There is, however, a significant difference between and within the school-leaving groups examined. Although the foregoing characterization holds for the median male high school graduate, those in the 75th percentile did not reach a job with one, two, or three years of tenure until the ages of 20, 23, and 25, respectively. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klerman, Jacob Alex and Lynn A. Karoly. "Young Men and the Transition to Stable Employment." Monthly Labor Review 117,8 (August 1994): 31-48,.
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3408. |
Klerman, Jacob Alex Leibowitz, Arleen A. |
Child Care and Women's Return to Work After Childbirth American Economic Review 80,2 (May 1990): 284-288. Also: http://www.researchconnections.org/childcare/resources/6782?author=Klerman%2C+Jacob+Alex Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Child Care; Childbearing; First Birth; Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Re-employment; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper focuses on the labor supply of women immediately following their first birth and explores the extent to which child care subsidies have promoted the recent growth in labor supply of women with young children. Using data from the NLSY, the authors estimate multinomial logit models of the determinants of returning to work by three and 24 months and the mode of child care utilized. Calculations of regional differences in child care costs are made. Results of the study indicate that: (1) the women studied returned to work rapidly after their first birth with one-third returning to work in the first three months following birth; (2) non-relative care accounted for one-third of the child care arrangements regardless of when the mother returned to work while child care centers and other non-home arrangements accounted for another 8-11% of the child care; (3) although the presence of a grandmother in the home increased the probability of a woman returning to work during the first three months, the presence of relatives did not appear to affect returns to work after three months; (4) the maximum value of the child care credit was found to be positively related to returns to work within three months of delivery while the marginal tax care credit had a negative effect on returning to work with market care but did not affect working with relative care; (5) neither child care tax variable significantly affected returns to work after the first three months; and (6) women with higher wages and more education return to work sooner. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klerman, Jacob Alex and Arleen A. Leibowitz. "Child Care and Women's Return to Work After Childbirth." American Economic Review 80,2 (May 1990): 284-288.
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3409. |
Klerman, Jacob Alex Leibowitz, Arleen A. |
Employment Continuity Among New Mothers NLS Discussion Paper 95-22, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1994. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl940020.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Childbearing; Employment, Part-Time; Fertility; Firm Size; Job Status; Job Tenure; Job Training; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Recently both state and federal governments have enacted maternity leave legislation. The key provision of that legislation is that after a leave (of a limited duration), the recent mother is guaranteed the right to return to her pre-leave employer at the same or equivalent position. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this paper correlates work status after childbirth with work status before pregnancy. Almost all women (nearly 90 percent) who work full-time both before and after childbirth continue to work at the same employer. Thus maternity leave legislation is unlikely to have a major effect on employment continuity. However, compared to all demographically similar women, new mothers do have an excess probability of leaving their jobs. Finally, most maternity leave legislation limits its protections to full-time workers with sufficient job tenure sufficiently large firms. Using the NLSY, the paper estimates that the federal Family Leave Act covers only about a third of all working new mothers. The restriction to full-time workers is relatively unimportant because few part-time workers would satisfy the tenure and firm-size requirements. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klerman, Jacob Alex and Arleen A. Leibowitz. "Employment Continuity Among New Mothers." NLS Discussion Paper 95-22, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1994. |
3410. |
Klerman, Jacob Alex Leibowitz, Arleen A. |
Job Continuity among New Mothers Demography 36,2 (May 1999): 145-155. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/au407895178u3382/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Benefits; Benefits, Fringe; Childbearing; Fertility; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Legislation; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the early 1990s, both state and federal governments enacted maternity-leave legislation. The key provision of that legislation is that after a leave of a limited duration, the recent mother is guaranteed the right to return to her preleave employer at the same or equivalent position. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we correlate work status after childbirth with work status before pregnancy to estimate the prevalence, before the legislation, of returns to the preleave employer. Among women working full-time before the pregnancy, return to the prepregnancy employer was quite common. Sixty percent of women who worked full-time before the birth of a child continued to work for the same employer after the child was born. Furthermore, the labor market behavior of most of the remaining 40% suggests that maternity-leave legislation is unlikely to have a major effect on job continuity. Compared with all demographically similar women, however, new mothers have an excess probability of leaving their jobs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klerman, Jacob Alex and Arleen A. Leibowitz. "Job Continuity among New Mothers." Demography 36,2 (May 1999): 145-155.
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3411. |
Klerman, Lorraine V. |
Another Chance: Preventing Additional Births to Teen Mothers Research and Policy Report, Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, May 2004. Also: http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/resources/pdf/pubs/AnotherChance_FINAL.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Campaign To Prevent Teen Pregnancy Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Fertility; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. From the Introduction Although overall teen birth rates have declined dramatically in the last decade, additional births to teens who are already mothers are disturbingly common. In 2002, there were nearly 89,000 such births, representing 21 percent of all births to teenagers. Nearly one-quarter of teen mothers have a second birth before turning 20. These additional births impose significant burdens on the young mothers, their children, their families, and society generally. These additional births also seem somewhat puzzling. After all, many teen mothers struggle with caring for their infant or toddler, whether alone or with help from family, and often with little or no help from the child’s father. They regularly confront sleepless nights, crowded days, and restricted social activities. Attending school can be challenging, and graduating even more so. Given all this, why do such a large percentage become pregnant again and have a second child relatively quickly after the first, and what can be done to alter this pattern? |
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Bibliography Citation
Klerman, Lorraine V. "Another Chance: Preventing Additional Births to Teen Mothers." Research and Policy Report, Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, May 2004. |
3412. |
Kletzer, Lori G. |
Job Displacement Journal of Economic Perspectives 12,1 (Winter 1998): 115-136. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/jep.12.1.115 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Blue-Collar Jobs; Clare Jellick; Human Capital; Job Turnover Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s, changes in technology, consumer demand, international competition, and some deep recessions all contributed to large-scale blue-collar job displacement. More recently, corporate downsizing has added large numbers of white-collar workers to the group of dislocated workers. A public perception has grown that worklife in the l990s is more precarious (New York Times, 1996). The past decade and a half has seen a veritable explosion of research in the area of permanent job loss. My discussion here is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of that literature; interested readers can find that in Fallick (1996) and Kletzer (1995b). Instead, this paper will discuss the state of knowledge on the issues and questions of job displacement. How has the incidence of displacement changed from the 1980s to the l990s? How do the characteristics of displaced workers compare to the characteristics of other workers who experience unemployment? What are the conseque nces of displacement? How important is the loss of firm-specific human capital for a displaced worker? How do earnings of displaced workers change? What is the appropriate public policy response for displaced workers? |
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Bibliography Citation
Kletzer, Lori G. "Job Displacement." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12,1 (Winter 1998): 115-136.
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3413. |
Kletzer, Lori G. Fairlie, Robert W. |
Long-Term Costs of Job Displacement Among Young Workers JCPR Working Paper 87, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, June 1999. Also: http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/jcpr/workingpapers/wpfiles/fairlie_jobdisplace.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Education; Earnings; High School Completion/Graduates; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wage Growth; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. One limitation of the recent research on the long-term costs of job displacement is its focus on individuals with established work histories. Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the authors estimate the long-term costs of job displacement for young workers. Similar to a number of recent studies, the authors use a comparison group of nondisplaced workers and regressions that include individual-level fixed-effects to estimate post-displacement earnings losses for this group. The rate of job displacement among this cohort was high during the 1980s and early 1990s. The authors find that the earnings costs of job loss for young workers are substantial and persistent, as others have shown for older and more established workers. In the fifth year following job loss, displaced men lose 8.4 percent and displaced women 13.0 percent in annual earnings, relative to expected levels. To improve the understanding of the causes of these long-term costs, the authors also examine the relative contributions of actual earnings losses and losses due to foregone earnings to total earnings losses for young displaced workers. They find a clear contrast between young and older workers in the causes of these losses. Unlike more established workers, young displaced workers do not experience a large decline in earnings following displacement. At the same time, their nondisplaced counterparts experience rapid earnings growth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kletzer, Lori G. and Robert W. Fairlie. "Long-Term Costs of Job Displacement Among Young Workers." JCPR Working Paper 87, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, June 1999. |
3414. |
Kletzer, Lori G. Fairlie, Robert W. |
Long-Term Costs of Job Displacement Among Young Workers Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of California - Santa Cruz, July 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Cruz Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Job Turnover; Unions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The earnings costs of job displacement are sizeable and persistent. Recent additions to the literature show that five or more years after displacement, earnings remain from 10 percent to 18 percent below expected levels (see Topel 1990, Ruhm 1991, Jacobson, LaLonde, and Sullivan 1993a,b, Schoeni and Dardia 1996, and Stevens 1997). Evidence of the persistence of earnings losses after job loss has implications for the design of assistance policies, as it raises concerns about the long-term earnings prospects of displaced workers. One limitation of this recent research is its focus on individuals with established work histories. Job loss among young workers has been overlooked in the literature on job displacement. The lack of interest may stem from the presumption that young workers have less to lose from job displacement given their relatively short time to invest in firm-specific human capital. Young workers may also be less likely than older workers to experience losses of industry or union rents following job loss. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kletzer, Lori G. and Robert W. Fairlie. "Long-Term Costs of Job Displacement Among Young Workers." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of California - Santa Cruz, July 1997. |
3415. |
Kletzer, Lori G. Fairlie, Robert W. |
The Long-Term Costs of Job Displacement for Young Adult Workers Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56,4 (July 2003): 682-699. Also: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/ilrreview/vol56/iss4/7/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Industrial Relations Research Association ==> LERA Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Earnings; Gender Differences; Job Turnover; Labor Market Outcomes; Wage Differentials; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using NLSY data, the authors estimate the long-term costs of job displacement for young adults. Earnings and wage losses were large for the first three years following displacement. Compared to earnings losses found by other studies for more mature workers, however, earnings losses for these young adults were short-lived, with differences between observed and expected earnings narrowing considerably five years after job loss. At that point, the shortfall in annual earnings (relative to what would have been expected absent job loss) was 9% for men and 12.5% for women, and the shortfall in hourly wages was 21.2% for men. Young workers also apparently differ from more established workers in the composition of total earnings losses: for older workers, total losses largely represent actual, immediate earnings losses, whereas for young workers the loss of opportunities for rapid earnings growth is more important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Kletzer, Lori G. and Robert W. Fairlie. "The Long-Term Costs of Job Displacement for Young Adult Workers." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56,4 (July 2003): 682-699.
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3416. |
Kleven, Henrik |
The Geography of Child Penalties and Gender Norms: Evidence from the United States NBER Working Paper No. 30176, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2022. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w30176 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): American Community Survey; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Immigrants; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parenthood; State-Level Data/Policy; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty This paper develops a new approach to estimating child penalties based on crosssectional data and pseudo-event studies around child birth. The approach is applied to US data and validated against the state-of-the-art panel data approach. Child penalties can be accurately estimated using cross-sectional data, which are widely available and give more statistical power than typical panel datasets. Five main empirical findings are presented. First, US child penalties have declined significantly over the last five decades, but almost all of this decline occurred during the earlier part of the period. Child penalties have been virtually constant since the 1990s, explaining the slowdown of gender convergence during this period. Second, child penalties vary enormously over space. The employment penalty ranges from 12% in the Dakotas to 38% in Utah, while the earnings penalty ranges from 21% in Vermont to 61% in Utah. Third, child penalties correlate strongly with measures of gender norms. The evolution of child penalties mirrors the evolution of gender progressivity over time, with a greater fall in child penalties in states where gender progressivity has increased more. Fourth, an epidemiological study of gender norms using US-born movers and foreign-born immigrants is presented. The child penalty for US movers is strongly related to the child penalty in their state of birth, adjusting for selection in their state of residence. Parents born in high-penalty states (such as Utah or Idaho) have much larger child penalties than those born in low-penalty states (such as the Dakotas or Rhode Island), conditional on where they live. Similarly, the child penalty for foreign immigrants is strongly related to the child penalty in their country of birth. Immigrants born in high-penalty countries (such as Mexico or Iran) have much larger child penalties than immigrants born in low-penalty countries (such as China or Sweden). Evidence is presented to show that these effects are not driven by selection. Finally, immigrants assimilate to US culture over time: A comparison of child penalties among first-generation and later-generation immigrants shows that differences by country of origin eventually disappear. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kleven, Henrik. "The Geography of Child Penalties and Gender Norms: Evidence from the United States." NBER Working Paper No. 30176, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2022. |
3417. |
Kling, Jeffrey R. |
Interpreting Instrumental Variables Estimates of the Returns to Schooling NBER Working Paper No. 7989, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Colleges; High School; Schooling; Variables, Instrumental This paper synthesizes economic insights from theoretical models of schooling choice based on individual benefits and econometric work interpreting instrumental variables estimates as weighted averages of individual-specific causal effects. Linkages are illustrated using college proximity to instrument for schooling. After characterizing groups differentially affected by the instrument according to family background, I directly compute weights underlying estimation of the averall return. In analyzing the level of schooling at which individuals change their behavior in response to the instrument, I demonstrate that this instrument has its greatest impact on the transition from high school to college. Specification robustness is also examined. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kling, Jeffrey R. "Interpreting Instrumental Variables Estimates of the Returns to Schooling." NBER Working Paper No. 7989, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2000. |
3418. |
Kling, Jeffrey R. Liebman, Jeffrey B. |
Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects on Youth Working Paper No. RWP04-034, John Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, August 2004. Also: http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/research/wpaper.nsf/rwp/RWP04-034/$File/rwp_04_034b_Liebman.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: John F. Kennedy School of Government Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Neighborhood Effects; Poverty; Public Housing; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine the effects of moving out of high-poverty neighborhoods on the outcomes of teenage youth, a population often seen as most at risk from the adverse effects of such neighborhoods. The randomized design of the Moving To Opportunity demonstration allows us to compare groups of youth, initially similar and living in high-poverty public housing. An "experimental" group was offered vouchers valid only in a low-poverty neighborhood; a "Section 8" group was offered traditional vouchers without geographic restriction; and a control group was not offered vouchers. We study outcomes in four domains: education, risky behavior, mental health, and physical health. Females in the experimental group experienced improvements in education and mental health and were less likely to engage in risky behaviors. Females in the traditional voucher group experienced improvements in mental health. Males in both treatment groups were more likely than controls to engage in risky behaviors and to experience physical health problems. We adopt a multiple-testing framework to account for the large number of estimates considered. We show that the overall effects on females in the experimental group and the effects on mental health for females in both treatment groups were least likely to be due to sampling variation. Families with female children and families with male children moved to similar neighborhoods, suggesting that their outcomes differ not because of exposure to different types of neighborhoods but because male and female youth respond to their environments in different ways. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kling, Jeffrey R. and Jeffrey B. Liebman. "Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects on Youth." Working Paper No. RWP04-034, John Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, August 2004. |
3419. |
Kling, Ryan |
Revisiting the Effect of Criminal Justice Involvement on Employment using the NLSY Presented: New Orleans LA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Attrition; Crime; Criminal Justice System; Employment; Sample Selection; Sampling Weights/Weighting; Statistical Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The negative relationship between criminality and involvement with the criminal justice system and employment and wages has been long-studied in particular in the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. While many of the extant studies using the NLSY are observational, at least one uses quasi-experimental methods as an attempt to estimate a causal relationship of criminality and employment and/or wages. However, though prior research has recognized that there is attrition bias in the NLSY, methods used to deal with it have unnecessarily removed large numbers of observations. Alternative methods to attempt to correct for this attrition bias are necessary, especially as the NLSY cohorts mature. Furthermore, even in the quasi-experimental designs, little attention has been paid to the sample design or the sampling weights. Using the NLSY79 and 97, this paper will present estimates of the causal relationship of criminality and criminal justice system involvement using quasi-experimental econometric techniques, using the complex sampling design and sampling weights and exploring statistical adjustments to correct for attrition bias. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kling, Ryan. "Revisiting the Effect of Criminal Justice Involvement on Employment using the NLSY." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2016. |
3420. |
Klopfer, John Bodian |
Essays on Human Capital Investment and Labor Markets Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Princeton University, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Skilled Workers; Skills; Wage Determination Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 2 studies a puzzle in the literature on employer learning and wage setting. It has been argued that employers are poorly informed about the cognitive skills of their workers, so that the most skilled workers have a strong incentive to reveal information to reap higher wages. The puzzle is why cognitive testing isn't in greater use. My coauthor Maria Zumbuehl and I show that entry-level employers already have access to highly predictive, publicly observed proxies of the relevant cognitive skills, making testing redundant. |
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Bibliography Citation
Klopfer, John Bodian. Essays on Human Capital Investment and Labor Markets. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Princeton University, 2017. |
3421. |
Kluve, Jochen Augurzky, Boris |
Assessing the Performance of Matching Algorithms when Selection into Treatment is Strong Journal of Applied Econometrics 22,3 (2007): 533-557. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jae.919/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): College Education; Earnings; Heterogeneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the method of matching regarding two crucial implementation choices: the distance measure and the type of algorithm. We implement optimal full matching—a fully efficient algorithm—and present a framework for statistical inference. The implementation uses data from the NLSY79 to study the effect of college education on earnings. We find that decisions regarding the matching algorithm depend on the structure of the data: In the case of strong selection into treatment and treatment effect heterogeneity a full matching seems preferable. If heterogeneity is weak, pair matching suffices. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kluve, Jochen and Boris Augurzky. "Assessing the Performance of Matching Algorithms when Selection into Treatment is Strong." Journal of Applied Econometrics 22,3 (2007): 533-557.
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3422. |
Kmec, Julie A. McDonald, Steve Trimble, Lindsey B. |
Making Gender Fit and "Correcting" Gender Misfits: Sex Segregated Employment and the Nonsearch Process Gender and Society 24,2 (April 2010): 213-236. Also: http://gas.sagepub.com/content/24/2/213.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Job Rewards; Job Search; Occupational Segregation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article highlights the extent to which finding a job without actively searching ("nonsearching") sustains workplace sex segregation. We suspect that unsolicited information from job informants that prompts fortuitous job changes is susceptible to bias about gender "fit" and segregates workers. Results from analyses of 1,119 respondents to the 1996 and 1998 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are generally consistent with this expectation. Gender "misfits"--individuals employed in gender-atypical work groups--are more likely to move into gender-typical work groups than neutral ones. Women misfits are more likely to move into male-dominated than neutral work groups without a job search, but they join mostly desegregated occupations and receive lower job rewards than men misfits who change jobs without searching. We conclude that the nonsearch process serves as an important mechanism that sustains sex segregation and workplace inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kmec, Julie A., Steve McDonald and Lindsey B. Trimble. "Making Gender Fit and "Correcting" Gender Misfits: Sex Segregated Employment and the Nonsearch Process." Gender and Society 24,2 (April 2010): 213-236.
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3423. |
Knapp, James Lyndon |
Predicting the Retirement Intentions of Professional Workers Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Texas, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Working Conditions The entrance of the entire baby-boom generation into the prime-age work force in 1989, along with an increase in the number of professional workers, has produced changes in the composition of the labor force. The impact of these changes will be seen most vividly in the early part of the 21st century when the baby-boom generation begins to leave the labor force. While research focusing on the retirement intentions of individuals within the general population has been undertaken, only two empirical studies have examined the retirement intentions of professional workers. This study expands the small, existing body of literature focusing on this topic by presenting eighteen hypotheses, grouped into five categories of factors, and testing them with the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience. While several variables impacted the retirement intentions of professional workers, age and job satisfaction were especially influential. Policy makers in the public and private sectors can respond to the findings by realizing the complex nature of the retirement decision. In addition, decision makers in the private sector can strive to create more satisfying work environments and offer comprehensive retirement planning programs for professionals who are contemplating retirement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Knapp, James Lyndon. Predicting the Retirement Intentions of Professional Workers. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Texas, 1995. |
3424. |
Knapp, Thomas A. White, Nancy E. |
The Effect of Youth Poverty Rates and Migration on Adult Wages Journal of Regional Science 56,2 (March 2016): 239-256. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jors.12241/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Earnings; Geocoded Data; Human Capital; Male Sample; Migration; Poverty; Rural/Urban Differences We created a migration and earnings history from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to analyze the effects of youth county poverty rates on the adult earnings of white male migrants. We estimate a log wage equation that includes human capital measures, migration types, county poverty rates, and a rural-poverty rate interaction variable. Growing up in a rural county has a negative impact on adult wages independent of youth county poverty rates, but the rural effect is significantly greater for those who grew up in high poverty counties. Youth county poverty rates indirectly affect wages through the returns to migration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Knapp, Thomas A. and Nancy E. White. "The Effect of Youth Poverty Rates and Migration on Adult Wages." Journal of Regional Science 56,2 (March 2016): 239-256.
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3425. |
Knapp, Thomas A. White, Nancy E. Wolaver, Amy M. |
The Returns to Migration: The Influence of Education and Migration Type Growth and Change 44,4 (December 2013): 589-607. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/grow.12022/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Migration; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We show the impact of migration type on real wages over time. We create a migration and earnings history from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth over the period 1979–2002. We estimate the effects of primary, onward, and two types of return migration on real wages using a panel data model with individual, location, and time fixed effects. Panel data are well suited for the study of the returns to U.S. internal migration because the influence of migration on wages has been found to occur years after the event. We differentiate return migration into two types: return to a location with ties that form a geographical anchor (“home”) and return to a prior place of work. We find that real wage growth varies by migration type. Education attainment is a significant factor in real wage growth. Our results show that onward migration is an important channel by which the monetary rewards to a college education are manifested. |
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Bibliography Citation
Knapp, Thomas A., Nancy E. White and Amy M. Wolaver. "The Returns to Migration: The Influence of Education and Migration Type." Growth and Change 44,4 (December 2013): 589-607.
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3426. |
Knoke, David Ishio, Yoshito |
The Gender Gap in Company Job Training Work and Occupations 25,2 (May 1998): 141-167. Also: http://wox.sagepub.com/content/25/2/141.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Job; Event History; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Job Training; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Draws on data from the 1979-1991 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 6,111) to examine gender differences in employee participation in company-provided job training programs. Rather than closing the gender gap, the women's training disadvantage widened after controlling for theoretically important human capital, occupational, industrial, organizational, & family-stage variables. Further examination of women's & men's distributions on these independent variables & estimates of separate event-history equations suggest that gender segregation by occupation & industry, workweek length, & family-role obligations afford men better training opportunities than women. Suggestions are made for future research & speculations differed about the policy implications for closing the persistent gender gap in company-provided job training. 3 Tables, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix, 49 References. Adapted from the source document. |
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Bibliography Citation
Knoke, David and Yoshito Ishio. "The Gender Gap in Company Job Training." Work and Occupations 25,2 (May 1998): 141-167.
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3427. |
Knox, Virginia Williams |
Child Support Payments: Effects on the Educational Achievement of Children in Single Parent Families Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Support; Children, Behavioral Development; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Fathers, Absence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Welfare This dissertation evaluates the effects of child support payments from absent fathers on the educational achievement of children in single parent families. Local state and federal efforts to reform child support enforcement systems should be informed by an understanding of whether and how payments affect children's outcomes. Two longitudinal data sets the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are used to evaluate these effects. The main hypotheses tested are whether child support payments affect children's grades completed at age 21, their achievement test scores in elementary school, and their level of behavior problems in elementary school. |
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Bibliography Citation
Knox, Virginia Williams. Child Support Payments: Effects on the Educational Achievement of Children in Single Parent Families. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1993. |
3428. |
Knox, Virginia Williams |
The Effects of Child Support Payments on Developmental Outcomes for Elementary School-Age Children Journal of Human Resources 31,4 (1996): 817-840. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146148 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Support; Children, School-Age; Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Educational Attainment; Fathers, Absence; Heterogeneity; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Past research suggests that increasing the incomes of single mothers will bring intergenerational benefits. However, some sources of income may he more beneficial to children than others. This paper evaluates the effects of child support payments from absent fathers on children's achievement test scores and home environments, using three methods to control for heterogeneity among families The results provide evidence that increased child support payments may improve the academic achievement of elementary school-age children even more than income from other sources. While overall family income appears to affect levels of cognitive stimulation available in children's homes, child support dies not have larger effects than other sources of income. These findings suggest that increasing the financial contributions of absent fathers through improved child support enforcement or other interventions may be a particularly beneficial income support strategy for children in single mother families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Knox, Virginia Williams. "The Effects of Child Support Payments on Developmental Outcomes for Elementary School-Age Children." Journal of Human Resources 31,4 (1996): 817-840.
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3429. |
Koball, Heather |
Young Fathers' Involvement with Fragile Families: A Longitudinal Analysis Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Family Characteristics; Family Formation; Fathers; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Involvement; Parental Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research shows that the majority of unwed parents create fragile families at the time of their child's birth. Fragile families include unmarried parents who cohabit or who live apart with frequent visitation. Within a few years, however, many unwed fathers have dropped out of the lives of their children and their children's mothers. This study uses longitudinal data to examine factors that predict young men's likelihood of forming fragile families and remaining involved in these families. Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Two research questions are addressed. One, what individual, family, and community characteristics are associated with a young man's likelihood of forming a fragile family? Two, what characteristics predict whether a nonmarital father will remain involved in his child's life, either through marriage, cohabitation, or through frequent visitation with his child? |
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Bibliography Citation
Koball, Heather. "Young Fathers' Involvement with Fragile Families: A Longitudinal Analysis." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002. |
3430. |
Koch, Steven F. McGeary, Kerry Anne |
The Effect of Youth Alcohol Initiation on High School Completion Economic Inquiry 43,4 (October 2005): 750-765. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1093/ei/cbi052/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Social Environment The social environment inherent in schools impacts both alcohol consumption onset and high school completion. The results reported here, based on data from the 1979-96 NLSY panels, show that the social coincidences between alcohol consumption and education are important determinants of both education completion and alcohol onset. Ignoring the social nature of these simultaneous decisions underestimates the impact of alcohol onset on education. After correcting for the presence of an endogenous positive relationship between schooling and alcohol consumption, we find that alcohol initiation before age 14 significantly reduces the probability of timeously completing high school by between 7% and 22%. |
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Bibliography Citation
Koch, Steven F. and Kerry Anne McGeary. "The Effect of Youth Alcohol Initiation on High School Completion." Economic Inquiry 43,4 (October 2005): 750-765.
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3431. |
Koch, Steven F. Ribar, David C. |
A Siblings Analysis of the Effects of Alcohol Consumption Onset on Educational Attainment Contemporary Economic Policy 19,2 (April 2001): 162-174. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2001.tb00058.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Educational Attainment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Pairs (also see Siblings); Schooling; Siblings This article examines the relationship between youthful drinking and educational attainment using data on same-sex siblings pairs from the 1979-1990 panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Different estimators are considered that can be constructed using siblings data, including estimators that adopt key restrictions of the standard regression, family fixed effect and instrumental variable approaches. The properties of these estimators are also considered under more general conditions and it is shown that under very plausible assumptions the effect of drinking on schooling can be bounded. the study finds that estimates of the schooling consequences of youthful drinking are very sensitive to specification issues. The research concludes that the actual effects of youthful drinking on education are likely to be small. Copyright Western Economic Association Apr 2001. |
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Bibliography Citation
Koch, Steven F. and David C. Ribar. "A Siblings Analysis of the Effects of Alcohol Consumption Onset on Educational Attainment." Contemporary Economic Policy 19,2 (April 2001): 162-174.
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3432. |
Kodrzycki, Yolanda K. |
Migration of Recent College Graduates: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth New England Economic Review (January-February 2001): 13-34. Also: http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/neer/neer2001/neer101b.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Keyword(s): College Graduates; Educational Attainment; Migration; Migration Patterns; Regions; Statistical Analysis; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the context of today's tight labor markets, as well as projections of continued demand for workers with high skills, various states are considering how to retain and attract college graduates. Such efforts involve identifying an area's relative strengths and weaknesses and taking actions as needed, either to capitalize on the strengths or to mitigate the weaknesses. Perhaps surprisingly, however, little systematic evidence exists on the factors influencing location decisions of recent graduates. This study is a first step in providing such evidence, making use of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1979 to 1996 to examine cross-state migration in the five-year period after completion of schooling. The author first presents information on geographic mobility of young adults by educational attainment and region of the country. Next, she briefly outlines previous explanations for migration in the general population and investigates their applicability both to young college graduates and--for comparison--to other young adults without four years of college. Her study shows that the person's past history of migration is very important. In addition, the majority of moves are made to states with stronger economies or more attractive characteristics, as measured by such factors as higher employment growth, lower unemployment, higher pay, lower housing costs, or better amenities. Copyright Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Jan-Feb 2001. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kodrzycki, Yolanda K. "Migration of Recent College Graduates: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." New England Economic Review (January-February 2001): 13-34.
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3433. |
Koehli, Marianne Bernatzky |
Essays on Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Yale University, 2021 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Depression (see also CESD); Family Structure; Fertility; Health, Mental/Psychological; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter studies the life-cycle behavior of two cohorts of American women: those born in the 1960s and those born in the 1980s. Millennial women are more likely to work full time, work in professional, health, and education-related occupations, and be childless in their mid-thirties than women born in the 1960s. I build a life-cycle model that incorporates labor supply, occupation, and fertility choices, and estimate the model for the older cohort. I analyze the role of two forces in explaining the data patterns: (i) labor market factors, including changes in the wage structure and in the initial joint distribution of workers' skills and occupations' skills requirements, and (ii) family factors, including changes in marital status across cohorts. I find that both mechanisms are important and together are able to (i) explain the changes in occupational sorting across cohorts; (ii) predict 74% of the changes in the share of women in full-time work; (iii) explain 85% of the decrease in the share of women with two children and (iv) explain 81% of the increase in the share of childless women in their mid-thirties. In the third chapter, which is joint work with Paula Calvo and Zhengren Zhu, we investigate the role of maternal mental health on children's cognitive and mental health development. We propose a model that incorporates maternal mental health as a separate input in the human capital production function, different from cognitive and non-cognitive skills. We employ the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, where we link mothers and their children, to document the empirical patterns that motivate this study: First, poor maternal mental health is positively associated with poor mental health of her child and negatively associated with her child's cognitive development (which includes math and reading recognition). Second, poor maternal mental health is associated with worse parental practices at different ages. Third, children's mental health problems affect their cognitive outcomes in school. Fourth, children with poor mental health are more likely to have mental health problems in adult life, have lower wages and lower educational attainment. Our model incorporates these key mechanisms. We describe the estimation steps and propose counterfactual exercises. |
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Bibliography Citation
Koehli, Marianne Bernatzky. Essays on Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Yale University, 2021. |
3434. |
Koenig, Katherine A. Frey, Meredith C. Detterman, Douglas K. |
ACT and General Cognitive Ability Intelligence 36,2 (March-April 2008): 153-160. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289607000487 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); g Factor; Gender Differences; I.Q.; Labor Supply; Mobility, Occupational; Modeling; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Equations; Wages, Women Research on the SAT has shown a substantial correlation with measures of g such as the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB). Another widely administered test for college admission is the American College Test (ACT). Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, measures of g were derived from the ASVAB and correlated with ACT scores for 1075 participants. The resulting correlation was .77. The ACT also shows significant correlations with the SAT and several standard IQ tests. A more recent sample (N =149) consisting of ACT scores and the Raven's APM shows a correlation of .61 between Raven's-derived IQ scores and Composite ACT scores. It appears that ACT scores can be used to accurately predict IQ in the general population. [Copyright 2008 Elsevier] Copyright of Intelligence is the property of Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Koenig, Katherine A., Meredith C. Frey and Douglas K. Detterman. "ACT and General Cognitive Ability." Intelligence 36,2 (March-April 2008): 153-160.
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3435. |
Koerner, Stefan |
Sensitivity Analysis on the Relationship Between Alcohol Abuse or Dependence and Annual Hours Worked Master's Thesis, University of Missouri- Rolla, 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This thesis focuses on an observational study investigating the relationship between alcohol abuse or dependence and annual hours worked by using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Koerner, Stefan. Sensitivity Analysis on the Relationship Between Alcohol Abuse or Dependence and Annual Hours Worked. Master's Thesis, University of Missouri- Rolla, 2006. |
3436. |
Kohen, Andrew I. |
Attrition from Military and Civilian Jobs: Insights from the National Longitudinal Surveys Final Report, Columbus OH: Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1984 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Behavior; Military Service; Mobility, Occupational; Quits This study uses data from the Young Men and NLSY cohorts to investigate the antecedents of voluntary job separations. The focus is on comparing military and civilian behaviors. For civilians the analysis concentrates on the first regular post-school job, while for the members of the armed forces the concentration is on attrition from the first term of service. Some of the conclusions based on comparing the various empirical findings are: (1) quitting a first civilian job and attriting from an initial term of military service are distinctly different behaviors; (2) military pay level and other objective features of the military context are strongly related to whether a young man completes his first term of service; and (3) many affective traits significantly influence the likelihood of a young man attriting from military service. A few policy suggestions regarding recruitment and training are offered based on the empirical findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kohen, Andrew I. "Attrition from Military and Civilian Jobs: Insights from the National Longitudinal Surveys." Final Report, Columbus OH: Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1984. |
3437. |
Kohler, Hans-Peter Rodgers, Joseph Lee Skytthe, Axel |
Subjective Well-Being, Fertility and Partnerships: A Biodemographic Perspective Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior; Cross-national Analysis; Danish Twin-Omnibus-Survey; Denmark, Danish; Fertility; Genetics; Socioeconomic Factors; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We propose comparative behavior genetic analyzes of subjective well-being, fertility and partnerships from a biodemographic perspective using the 2002 Danish twin omnibus survey and the U.S. National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY). Our preliminary analyzes of the Danish data suggest a systematic positive association between the genetic components of variation in subjective well-being and of variation in fertility/partnership behaviors. For males, for instance, genetic dispositions that tend to increase subjective well-being are associated with a higher number of partnerships, a higher probability of being currently in a partnership, and a larger number of children. The analyzes of the NLSY will augment these analyzes in two dimensions: first, the analyzes reveal whether the results vary across socioeconomic contexts (the U.S. versus Denmark), and second, the longitudinal data in the NLSY allow analyzes of changes in happiness, fertility and partnerships over time, which is impossible in the cross-sectional twin data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kohler, Hans-Peter, Joseph Lee Rodgers and Axel Skytthe. "Subjective Well-Being, Fertility and Partnerships: A Biodemographic Perspective." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. |
3438. |
Kollannoor-Samuel, Grace Shebl, Fatma M. Hawley, Nicola L. Pérez-Escamilla, Rafael |
Nutrition Label Use Is Associated with Lower Longer-term Diabetes Risk in US Adults American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 105,5 (May 2017): 1079-1085. Also: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/105/5/1079/4633977 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society for Nutrition (ASN) Keyword(s): Health, Chronic Conditions; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: We tested the association between nutrition label use and risk of a future diabetes diagnosis in a multiethnic US cohort. Design: Data from the ongoing National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (NLSY79) were analyzed. From 2002 (baseline) to 5 follow-up time points (2004-2012), 7150 diabetes-free, multiethnic young adults were prospectively followed for a diagnosis of incident diabetes. Nutrition label use, diabetes diagnosis, time to diabetes diagnosis, and all covariates were self-reported. Results: Between January 2002 and September 2013, 430 participants (6.0%) were diagnosed with diabetes. A weighted, multivariable, extended Cox regression was conducted, which suggested that in nutrition label users, the HR of diabetes diagnosis risk decreased significantly with time (P-nutrition label use × time interaction < 0.05) compared with risk in nutrition label nonusers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kollannoor-Samuel, Grace, Fatma M. Shebl, Nicola L. Hawley and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla. "Nutrition Label Use Is Associated with Lower Longer-term Diabetes Risk in US Adults." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 105,5 (May 2017): 1079-1085.
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3439. |
Kondo, Ayako |
Differential Effects of Graduating during a Recession across Gender and Race IZA Journal of Labor Economics 4,23 (December 2015): DOI: 10.1186/s40172-015-0040-6. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40172-015-0040-6 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; High School Completion/Graduates; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Racial Differences; State-Level Data/Policy; Unemployment Rate; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the differential effects of the unemployment rate at labor market entry, defined as the time of leaving school, on subsequent wages across gender and race using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79. Results suggest that the negative effect of a recession at entry on wages is weaker for women. The differences between blacks and whites are not statistically significant for both genders. These results are robust to controlling for the endogenous timing and location of entry, using an instrumental variable based on the predicted year of graduation and the state of residence at age 14. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kondo, Ayako. "Differential Effects of Graduating during a Recession across Gender and Race." IZA Journal of Labor Economics 4,23 (December 2015): DOI: 10.1186/s40172-015-0040-6.
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3440. |
Kong, Dolores |
Focus on Day Care Heartens Specialists Boston Globe, March 2, 1999, National/Foreign; Pg. A6 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Boston Globe Keyword(s): Child Care; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports that child advocates and researchers are hoping recent data showing that maternal employment does not significantly harm child development will result in a new focus on day care issues. Elizabeth Harvey's study of the effects of maternal employment on child development, which utilizes NLSY79 and Children of the NLSY79 data, is referenced. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kong, Dolores. "Focus on Day Care Heartens Specialists." Boston Globe, March 2, 1999, National/Foreign; Pg. A6. |
3441. |
Koonce, Joan Mauldin, Teresa A. Rupured, A. Michael Parazo, Justice |
Working Poor: Research, Outreach, and Public Policy Consumer Interests Annual 46 (2000). Also: http://www.consumerinterests.org/public/articles/working.PDF Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Council on Consumer Interests (ACCI) Keyword(s): Benefits; Benefits, Fringe; Earnings; Economic Well-Being; Employment; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Wages; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This panel discussion provided background information about a sample of working poor, working near-poor and working non-poor from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Data (79) and information about fringe benefits available from their employers. Ideas for moving the working poor to self-sufficiency and resources related to the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 were also discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Koonce, Joan, Teresa A. Mauldin, A. Michael Rupured and Justice Parazo. "Working Poor: Research, Outreach, and Public Policy." Consumer Interests Annual 46 (2000).
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3442. |
Koop, Gary Tobias, Justin L. |
Learning about Heterogeneity in Returns to Schooling Journal of Applied Econometrics 19,7 (November-December 2004): 827-849. Also: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/107636928/HTMLSTART Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Bayesian; Educational Returns; Heterogeneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) we introduce and estimate various Bayesian hierarchical models that investigate the nature of unobserved heterogeneity in returns to schooling. We consider a variety of possible forms for the heterogeneity, some motivated by previous theoretical and empirical work and some new ones, and let the data decide among the competing specifications. Empirical results indicate that heterogeneity is present in returns to education. Furthermore, we find strong evidence that the heterogeneity follows a continuous rather than a discrete distribution, and that bivariate normality provides a very reasonable description of individual-level heterogeneity in intercepts and returns to schooling. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. |
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Bibliography Citation
Koop, Gary and Justin L. Tobias. "Learning about Heterogeneity in Returns to Schooling." Journal of Applied Econometrics 19,7 (November-December 2004): 827-849.
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3443. |
Koop, Gary Tobias, Justin L. |
Semiparametric Bayesian Inference in Smooth Coefficient Models Journal of Econometrics 134,1 (September 2006): 283-315. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407605001491 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Bayesian; Cognitive Ability; Education; Labor Supply; Modeling; Variables, Independent - Covariate We describe procedures for Bayesian estimation and testing in cross-sectional, panel data and nonlinear smooth coefficient models. The smooth coefficient model is a generalization of the partially linear or additive model wherein coefficients on linear explanatory variables are treated as unknown functions of an observable covariate. In the approach we describe, points on the regression lines are regarded as unknown parameters and priors are placed on differences between adjacent points to introduce the potential for smoothing the curves. The algorithms we describe are quite simple to implement—-for example, estimation, testing and smoothing parameter selection can be carried out analytically in the cross-sectional smooth coefficient model. We apply our methods using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Using the NLSY data we first explore the relationship between ability and log wages and flexibly model how returns to schooling vary with measured cognitive ability. We also examine a model of female labor supply and use this example to illustrate how the described techniques can been applied in nonlinear settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR; Copyright 2006 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Koop, Gary and Justin L. Tobias. "Semiparametric Bayesian Inference in Smooth Coefficient Models." Journal of Econometrics 134,1 (September 2006): 283-315.
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3444. |
Koop, Gary Tobias, Justin L. |
Semiparametric Bayesian Inference in Smooth Coefficient Models Working Paper No. 04/18, Department of Economics, University of Leicester, October 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Leicester Keyword(s): Bayesian; Cognitive Ability; Educational Returns; Endogeneity; Modeling; Schooling; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We describe procedures for Bayesian estimation and testing in both cross sectional and longitudinal data smooth coefficient models (with and without endogeneity problems). The smooth coefficient model is a generalization of the partially linear or additive model wherein coefficients on linear explanatory variables are treated as unknown functions of an observable covariate. In the approach we describe, points on the regression lines are regarded as unknown parameters and priors are placed on differences between adjacent points to introduce the potential for smoothing the curves. The algorithms we describe are quite simple to implement - estimation, testing and smoothing parameter selection can be carried out analytically in the cross-sectional smooth coefficient model, and estimation in the hierarchical models only involves simulation from standard distributions. We apply our methods by fitting several hierarchical models using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We explore the relationship between ability and log wages and flexibly model how returns to schooling vary with measured cognitive ability. In a generalization of this model, we also permit endogeneity of schooling and describe simulation-based methods for inference in the presence of the endogeneity problem. We find returns to schooling are approximately constant throughout the ability support and that simpler (and often used) parametric specifications provide an adequate description of these relationships. |
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Bibliography Citation
Koop, Gary and Justin L. Tobias. "Semiparametric Bayesian Inference in Smooth Coefficient Models." Working Paper No. 04/18, Department of Economics, University of Leicester, October 2003. |
3445. |
Koop, Gary Tobias, Justin L. |
Semiparametric Bayesian Inference in Smooth Coefficient Models Staff General Research Papers 12202, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, July 2004. Also: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/faculty/tobias/documents/smoothrev2.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Iowa State University Keyword(s): Bayesian; Cognitive Ability; Educational Returns; Labor Supply; Modeling; Schooling; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We describe procedures for Bayesian estimation and testing in cross sectional, panel data and nonlinear smooth coefficient models. The smooth coefficient model is a generalization of the partially linear or additive model wherein coefficients on linear explanatory variables are treated as unknown functions of an observable covariate. In the approach we describe, points on the regression lines are regarded as unknown parameters and priors are placed on differences between adjacent points to introduce the potential for smoothing the curves. The algorithms we describe are quite simple to implement - for example, estimation, testing and smoothing parameter selection can be carried out analytically in the cross-sectional smooth coefficient model. We apply our methods using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Using the NLSY data we first explore the relationship between ability and log wages and flexibly model how returns to schooling vary with measured cognitive ability. We also examine model of female labor supply and use this example to illustrate how the described techniques can been applied in nonlinear settings. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Koop, Gary and Justin L. Tobias. "Semiparametric Bayesian Inference in Smooth Coefficient Models." Staff General Research Papers 12202, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, July 2004. |
3446. |
Kootsikas, Michael |
Mothers', Fathers', and Children's Choices That Influence a Child's BMI Senior Thesis in Economics, Carleton College, February 23, 2007 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Carleton College Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Behavior; Bias Decomposition; Body Mass Index (BMI); Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Influence; Fathers, Presence; Modeling; Mothers, Education; Television Viewing; Undergraduate Research; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper addresses the variables related to a child,s weight that goes beyond the delicate balance between energy intake and energy expenditures, incorporating the child's behaviors and parental information, including: mother's body mass index (BMI), number of hours the child spends watching television per day, mother's education level, mother's age at birth, and whether or not the father lives with the mother and child in the same household. I collected data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLYS79) and NLSY79 Children and Young Adults survey. I found significant information after applying multiple regression analyses to a basic econometric model in order to determine which variables have the most influence over a child's BMI. Unfortunately, a child has little control over his or her BMI as parents have the most influence on the child's BMI. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kootsikas, Michael. "Mothers', Fathers', and Children's Choices That Influence a Child's BMI." Senior Thesis in Economics, Carleton College, February 23, 2007. |
3447. |
Koppera, Vedant |
The Female College Boom, Educational Mobility, and Overeducation in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Graduates; Educational Attainment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the second chapter, I estimate the intergenerational transmission of education in the United States between 1980 and 2013. I find that intergenerational persistence in education has increased substantially among blacks in recent years while remaining stable among whites and Hispanics. I observe this trend when using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics as well as the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. I demonstrate that much of the increase in educational persistence among blacks is due to decreases in upward mobility. The increase in black educational persistence is found in both two-parent and single-parent households, and I do not find similar trends and differences when estimating intergenerational income persistence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Koppera, Vedant. The Female College Boom, Educational Mobility, and Overeducation in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2016. |
3448. |
Kopplin, Kyle A. |
County Finance, House Prices, and Financial Decision-Making Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2023 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Financial Literacy; Insurance, Health Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The third chapter analyzes whether increases in financial-decision making capabilities has an impact on health insurance purchase decisions and other health-related financial decisions. Financial literacy is shown to reduce undesirable outcomes in these dimensions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kopplin, Kyle A. County Finance, House Prices, and Financial Decision-Making. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2023. |
3449. |
Korenman, Sanders D. Kaestner, Robert Joyce, Theodore J. |
Consequences for Infants of Parental Disagreement in Pregnancy Intention Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34,4 (July-August 2002): 198-205. Also: https://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3419802.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Birthweight; Breastfeeding; Child Health; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Fertility; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Household Composition; Infants; Marital Status; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Health; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Wantedness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. CONTEXT: Despite the well-established literature on couples' pregnancy intention and on the consequences of unintended pregnancy, the effects of parents' disagreement in fertility intentions has not been explored. Parental disagreement in pregnancy intention,as well as a father's pregnancy intention, may affect infant health. RESULTS: Infants whose conception was intended by their mother but not their father are at elevated risk of adverse health events. When a pregnancy was not intended by the mother, the risks are higher than they are if both parents intended the pregnancy, but they differ little according to the father's intention. Thus, it may be useful to classify pregnancies as intended by both parents or not intended by at least one. In comparisons of siblings, unintended fertility (so defined) is associated with delayed prenatal care and reduced initiation of breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: Information on both parent's fertility intentions is needed to identify infants at risk of adverse health and developmental outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Korenman, Sanders D., Robert Kaestner and Theodore J. Joyce. "Consequences for Infants of Parental Disagreement in Pregnancy Intention." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34,4 (July-August 2002): 198-205.
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3450. |
Korenman, Sanders D. Kaestner, Robert Joyce, Theodore J. |
Unintended Pregnancy and the Consequences of Non-Marital Childbearing Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Abortion; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Breastfeeding; Child Development; Child Support; Childbearing; Marital Status; Modeling; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate consequences of non-marital childbearing for infant health and child development, including the first estimates of these effects based on comparisons of siblings or first cousins. We also estimate effects of non-marital births by treating non-martial births that result from unintended pregnancies as exogenously determined. To bolster the case for exogeneity, in some models we use information on the availability of abortion services and indicators of state child support policies and enforcement as instrumental variables for pregnancy intention and marital status. Estimates from models with standard controls for mother's family background suggest that non-marital childbearing delays prenatal care initiation, lowers birth weight, increases smoking during pregnancy, reduces breastfeeding, and, according to several indicators, adversely affects child development. However, comparisons of siblings and first cousins suggest that these estimates exaggerate the adverse consequences of non-marital childbearing for children. Evidence of substantial adverse effects remains in comparisons of siblings and first cousins in two cases: elevated risks of smoking during pregnancy among divorced mothers, and reduced breastfeeding among never married mothers. Evidence for an effect of non-marital childbearing on child development is weaker. |
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Bibliography Citation
Korenman, Sanders D., Robert Kaestner and Theodore J. Joyce. "Unintended Pregnancy and the Consequences of Non-Marital Childbearing." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2000. |
3451. |
Korenman, Sanders D. Miller, Jane E. |
Effects of Long-Term Poverty on Physical Health of Children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth In: Consequences of Growing Up Poor. G.J. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997: pp. 70-99 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Family Structure; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Income; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Poverty; Siblings; Weight In this chapter, we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 1979-91, that provide background information on socioeconomic characteristics and annual data on income and family structure for a nationally representative sample of women selected in 1979. In combination with assessments of the health and development of the children born to this cohort of women, these data provide and excellent opportunity to investigate the effect of poverty dynamics on children's physical health and development in the United States (for example, Chase-Landsdale et al. 1991). We investigate the relations between income and timing or duration of poverty on the one hand and indicators of nutritional status and motor and social development (MSD) on the other. (The MSD index provides a measure of how a child's physical, language, and motor skills compare to standards for children of the same age.) Better estimates of the relationships between poverty history and child health may aid n the formulation of health and social policies. For example, identifying ages at which children are most vulnerable to the effects of poverty may allow resources to be targeted effectively, as demonstrated by the age range of children, youth, and young adults studied in this volume (Children's Defense Fund 1994). p. 71 |
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Bibliography Citation
Korenman, Sanders D. and Jane E. Miller. "Effects of Long-Term Poverty on Physical Health of Children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth" In: Consequences of Growing Up Poor. G.J. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997: pp. 70-99
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3452. |
Korenman, Sanders D. Miller, Jane E. Sjaastad, John E. |
Long-Term Poverty and Child Development in the United States: Results from the NLSY Children and Youth Services Review 17,1/2 (1995): 127-155. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/019074099500006X Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Development; Child Health; Children, Home Environment; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Digit Span (also see Memory for Digit Span - WISC); Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) Korenman, Miller, and Sjaastad found that the differences in the abilities of the poor and nonpoor children were not due to differences in the education of the children's mothers, the structure of the children's families (e.g., number of siblings), or whether a child's mother smoked or drank during pregnancy; nor were they explained by the health of the child in infancy or the age of the children's mothers when they first gave birth. The amount of emotional support and cognitive stimulation in a child's home, however, had a major impact on his or her development. The home environment accounted for one-third to one-half of the developmental disadvantage of chronically poor children (children from families whose income-to-needs ratio was below 1.0 over a thirteen-year period). Data used are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which tested children on such things as short-term memory, vocabulary, mathematics, reading comprehension, and word recognition. Sample sizes ranged from 1939 children to 3826 children, depending on the test. The children were tested during their pre-teenage years; most tests were given to children when they were younger than ten years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Korenman, Sanders D., Jane E. Miller and John E. Sjaastad. "Long-Term Poverty and Child Development in the United States: Results from the NLSY." Children and Youth Services Review 17,1/2 (1995): 127-155.
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3453. |
Korenman, Sanders D. Winship, Christopher |
A Reanalysis of The Bell Curve NBER Working Paper No. 5230, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1995. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w5230 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Crime; Family Background and Culture; I.Q.; Marriage; Parents, Single; Siblings; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Welfare In The Bell Curve Herrnstein and Murray argue that a youth's intelligence (IQ) is a more important determinant of social and economic success in adulthood than is the socioeconomic status (SES) of his or her parents. Herrnstein and Murray base this conclusion on comparison of effects of IQ score (measured at ages 15 and 23) and the effects of an index of parents' SES from models of economic status, marriage, welfare use, involvement in crime, as well as several outcomes for young children. Reviewers of The Bell Curve have questioned whether Herrnstein and Murray's estimates of the effects of IQ are overstated by their use of a rather crude measure of parents' SES. Comparisons of siblings in the Herrnstein and Murray sample, a more complete and accurate way to control for family background, reveal little evidence that Herrnstein and Murray's estimates of the effects of IQ score are biased by omitted family background characteristics (with the possible exception of outcomes for young children). However, there is evidence of substantial bias due to measurement error in their estimates of the effects of parents' socioeconomic status. In addition, Herrnstein and Murray's measure of parental SES fails to capture the effects of important elements of family background (such as single-parent family structure at age 14). As a result, their analysis gives an exaggerated impression of the importance of IQ relative to parents' SES, and relative to family background more generally. Estimates based on a variety of methods, including analyses of siblings, suggest that parental family background is at least as important, and may be more important than IQ in determining socioeconomic success in adulthood. This paper is available in PDF (1578 K) format: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W5230.pdf |
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Bibliography Citation
Korenman, Sanders D. and Christopher Winship. "A Reanalysis of The Bell Curve." NBER Working Paper No. 5230, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1995. |
3454. |
Korenman, Sanders Turner, Susan C. |
Employment Contacts and Minority-White Wage Differences Industrial Relations 35,1 (January 1996): 106-122. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1996.tb00397.x Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Job Search; Racial Differences; Wages We study effects of job contacts on wages in inner-city Boston in 1989 and in the 1982 NLSY. Race/Hispanicity differences in wages are not explained by an absence of contacts among minority youths. Rather, in the Boston data, lower wages of black youths are explained by lower "returns" to their contacts. In the NLSY there is little evidence of lower return to black youths' contacts, but there is evidence of lower returns to Hispanic youths' contacts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Korenman, Sanders and Susan C. Turner. "Employment Contacts and Minority-White Wage Differences." Industrial Relations 35,1 (January 1996): 106-122.
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3455. |
Kosovich, Stephen M. |
How do firms interpret a job loss? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth NLSY79 Economics Bulletin 29,2 (19 May 2009):1086-1100 Also: http://www.accessecon.com/Pubs/EB/2009/Volume29/EB-09-V29-I2-P55.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Bulletin Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Job Turnover; Layoffs; Modeling, Probit Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Empirical studies in the job displacement literature have found that workers face significant earnings losses on average, when they are permanently displaced from jobs. Previous research also suggests that the costliness of job loss varies widely. Gibbons and Katz (1991) develop and test a theoretical model in which layoffs provide the market with information concerning the quality of laid off workers, while plant and firm closings do not. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this paper tests a model that describes how firms can use additional information about job losses to determine worker quality. The results suggest that workers face the most stigma from very recent and uncommon job losses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kosovich, Stephen M. "How do firms interpret a job loss? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth NLSY79." Economics Bulletin 29,2 (19 May 2009):1086-1100.
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3456. |
Kosovich, Stephen M. |
The Value of Job Displacements as a Signal of Worker Quality: Layoffs, Lemons, and Labor Market Conditions Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oregon, 2005. DAI-A 66/09, p. 3408, Mar 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Human Capital; Layoffs Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Empirical studies in the job displacement literature have found that workers face significant earnings losses on average, when they are permanently displaced from jobs. Previous empirical evidence suggests that the costliness of job loss varies widely. Gibbons and Katz (1991) develop and test a model in which layoffs provide the market with information concerning the quality of laid-off workers. Layoffs provide a signal of worker productivity to potential employers, since firms layoff their lowest productivity workers first. In this essay, I construct a framework in which labor market conditions influence the stigma of layoffs. Later, I explicitly allow firms to calculate the probability of job loss for each worker, and also examine the impact of multiple job losses. This second approach models firms as using all available worker and job-specific attributes to interpret the information provided by a layoff. In the first part of this essay, I summarize the job displacement literature and provide a theoretical motivation that allows for labor market conditions to affect the signal associated with job loss. The theoretical model predicts that a weaker signal is provided regarding worker quality when many layoffs occur. Next, the essay contains several tests that examine whether the conditions surrounding a job loss affect post-displacement wages. I first utilize the Displaced Worker Survey and estimate that layoffs have larger post-displacement wage costs for male workers, as compared to plant closings. I also find that male, white-collar workers would face lower costs associated with displacement if the local unemployment rate were to increase, suggesting that the informative value of layoffs depends upon the market conditions under which the layoff occurs. As an additional empirical test, I investigate the stigma effect of layoffs using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth using two different approaches. The second approach explicitly m odels the market's interpretation of the conditions surrounding a layoff, and allows for the examination of multiple job. My results provide evidence that labor market conditions affect the stigma associated with layoffs for a sample of male workers, using both approaches. I conclude the essay with a discussion of policy implications. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kosovich, Stephen M. The Value of Job Displacements as a Signal of Worker Quality: Layoffs, Lemons, and Labor Market Conditions. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oregon, 2005. DAI-A 66/09, p. 3408, Mar 2006. |
3457. |
Kossoudji, Sherrie A. Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. |
Coming Out of the Shadows: Learning about Legal Status and Wages from the Legalized Population Journal of Labor Economics 20,3 (July 2002): 598-628. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/339611 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Amnesty / Legalized Population; Employment; Immigrants; Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA); Wage Determination; Wage Levels The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) granted amnesty to approximately 1.7 million long-term unauthorized workers in an effort to bring them "out of the shadows" and improve their labor market opportunities. An analysis of wages using panel data for a sample of legalized men provides evidence that wage determinants are structurally different after amnesty for them but not for the comparison group as measured during the same time periods. The wage penalty for being unauthorized is estimated to range from 14% to 24%. The wage benefit of legalization under IRCA was approximately 6%. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kossoudji, Sherrie A. and Deborah A. Cobb-Clark. "Coming Out of the Shadows: Learning about Legal Status and Wages from the Legalized Population." Journal of Labor Economics 20,3 (July 2002): 598-628.
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3458. |
Kost, Kathleen Ann |
The Use of An Income Maintenance Program By Young Men: An Exploratory Study Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Fatherhood; Fathers; Financial Assistance; Income; Regions; Welfare Concern over the effects of the public provision of financial assistance on the lives of citizens, and its consequences for society, has been a driving force in the policy arena for the last decade. Public debate has focused primarily on Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), a federally mandated and regulated welfare program. Missing from much of this debate has been the smaller General Assistance (GA) program, a state and/or locally financed income maintenance program for persons in need who do not qualify for economic assistance under federal programs. There are no federal mandates or regulations which require states to implement this program or that govern its administration. Little is known about the potential effect of GA on the lives of recipients and the impact its availability may have on work effort. This research examines the personal and structural characteristics of young able-bodied men who use GA, their duration of use and the characteristics that may be related to exit from it. These characteristics are compared to recipients who are considered unemployable by program administrators and to similarly situated able-bodied young men who also have access to a GA program but did not use it. Data are from the 1979 through 1984 panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth (NLSY). Significant differences were found between unemployable and employable recipients; there were fewer substantive differences between able-bodied recipients and nonrecipients. Young men living in states in the East North Central region were found to be more likely to use GA, as were young men who had had two or more incidents in the criminal justice system. Little long-term GA use was found in these data: a majority of able-bodies recipients exit this welfare program within six months. The number of weeks worked previously increases the likelihood to exit from GA. Fathers were less likely to exit than recipients who did not have a child. Implications for policy and suggestion for future research are included. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kost, Kathleen Ann. The Use of An Income Maintenance Program By Young Men: An Exploratory Study. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1994. |
3459. |
Kost, Kathleen Ann Smyth, Nancy J. |
Two Strikes Against Them? Exploring the Influence of a History of Poverty and Growing Up in an Alcoholic Family on Alcohol Problems and Income Journal of Social Service Research 28,4 (2002): 23-52. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J079v28n04_02 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Income; Parental Influences; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The relationship between poverty and substance abuse is complex and mitigated by many factors. While poverty is a risk factor for adolescent substance abuse, there is little research documenting the relationship beyond adolescence. Using a systematic sample of 1,268 cases from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study investigated whether there are synergistic, intergenerational effects of poverty and alcoholism. Results suggest that a co-occurring history of family alcoholism and poverty has a nonlinear relationship with alcohol problems and income as an adult. Young adults who were poor six or more years and lived with an alcoholic relative for nine or more years are at greater risk of having low income and problems with alcohol as an adult compared to others. Implications for policy, practice, and future research are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kost, Kathleen Ann and Nancy J. Smyth. "Two Strikes Against Them? Exploring the Influence of a History of Poverty and Growing Up in an Alcoholic Family on Alcohol Problems and Income." Journal of Social Service Research 28,4 (2002): 23-52.
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3460. |
Kosteas, Vasilios D. |
Effect of Exercise on Earnings: Evidence from the NLSY Working Paper, Department of Economics, Cleveland State University, September 20, 2010. Also: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1612384 Forthcoming in Journal of Labor Research. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Cleveland State University Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Earnings; Exercise; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates whether engaging in regular exercise leads to higher earnings in the labor market. While there has been a recent surge of interest by economists on the issue of obesity, relatively little attention has been given to the economic effects of regular physical activity apart from its impact on body composition. I find that regular exercise yields a six to nine percent wage increase. The results also show that while even moderate exercise yields a positive earnings effect, frequent exercise generates an even larger impact. These findings are fairly robust to a variety of estimation techniques. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kosteas, Vasilios D. "Effect of Exercise on Earnings: Evidence from the NLSY." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Cleveland State University, September 20, 2010. |
3461. |
Kosteas, Vasilios D. |
Employment Disruptions and Supervisors Industrial Relations 49,1 (January 2010): 116-141. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2009.00590.x Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Supervisor Characteristics; Unemployment This study estimates the effect of past career disruptions on the probability a worker has supervisory status and responsibility for determining promotions or setting pay, paying particular attention to gender differences. Past unemployment spells are negatively correlated with supervisory status; however, the correlation is economically small. Differences in employment history cannot explain the difference in rates of supervisor status between men and women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kosteas, Vasilios D. "Employment Disruptions and Supervisors." Industrial Relations 49,1 (January 2010): 116-141.
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3462. |
Kosteas, Vasilios D. |
Gender Role Attitudes, Labor Supply, and Human Capital Formation Industrial Relations 52,4 (October 2013): 915-940. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/irel.12040/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the relationship between attitudes toward women's roles in the labor force and human capital acquisition. I analyze both educational attainment and post schooling training spells. Holding more traditional attitudes about gender roles is associated with both lower educational attainment and lower probability of participating in post schooling training episodes. Also, gender role attitudes appear to have significant indirect effects on human capital acquisition, operating through a lower probability of labor market participation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kosteas, Vasilios D. "Gender Role Attitudes, Labor Supply, and Human Capital Formation." Industrial Relations 52,4 (October 2013): 915-940.
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3463. |
Kosteas, Vasilios D. |
High School Clubs Participation and Earnings Working Paper, Department of Economics, Cleveland State University, 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Cleveland State University Keyword(s): Earnings; Extracurricular Activities/Sports; High School; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper estimates the effect of participation in high school extracurricular activities on future earnings, making three important contributions to the existing literature: 1) it compares the earnings effects of participation in different types of clubs; 2) it investigates whether the effect of clubs participation is constant over time; and 3) it employs a new estimation strategy in order to identify a causal link between clubs participation and wages. Using the NLSY79 dataset, I find that participation in high school clubs leads to higher future earnings. While previous studies have focused on athletics, I show that participation in both athletics and academic clubs have positive earnings effects. These results are robust to various estimation routines and robustness checks. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kosteas, Vasilios D. "High School Clubs Participation and Earnings." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Cleveland State University, 2010. |
3464. |
Kosteas, Vasilios D. |
High School Clubs Participation and Future Supervisory Status British Journal of Industrial Relations 49,s1 (June 2011): s181-s206 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Extracurricular Activities/Sports; High School; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Probit; Occupational Status; Occupations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examines the relationship between high school clubs participation and the probability that a worker will become a supervisor and the types of responsibility she will have, using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 dataset. While other articles have tried to explain what affects a worker's probability of being a supervisor, this article focuses on the impact of participation in extracurricular activities during high school. Both probit and household fixed effects estimates show that clubs participation raises the probability that an individual will be a supervisor and have high-level supervisory responsibilities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kosteas, Vasilios D. "High School Clubs Participation and Future Supervisory Status." British Journal of Industrial Relations 49,s1 (June 2011): s181-s206.
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3465. |
Kosteas, Vasilios D. |
Job Satisfaction and Promotions Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 50,1 (January 2011): 174-194. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2010.00630.x/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Job Promotion; Job Satisfaction; Wage Differentials; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper estimates the impact of promotions and promotion expectations on job satisfaction using the 1996–2006 waves of the NLSY79 dataset. Having received a promotion in the past 2 years leads to increased job satisfaction, even while controlling for the worker’s current wage, wage rank within her peer group, and wage growth. Workers who believe a promotion is possible in the next 2 years also report higher job satisfaction. Additionally, past promotions have a lingering, but fading impact on job satisfaction. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kosteas, Vasilios D. "Job Satisfaction and Promotions." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 50,1 (January 2011): 174-194.
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3466. |
Kosteas, Vasilios D. |
Manufacturing Wages and Imports: Evidence from the NLSY Economica 75,298 (May 2008): 259-279. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2007.00591.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Blue-Collar Jobs; Job Status; Wages; White Collar Jobs This paper analyses the effect of imports on US manufacturing wages using the NLSY79 data-set, estimating differential impacts on blue-and white-collar wages. I find that rising imports put downward pressure on wages between 1979 and 1988. This correlation holds for both white- and blue-collar workers, with a somewhat stronger impact on the latter group. Evidence suggests that imports from low-wage countries are responsible for the negative relationship between imports and wages, but only for blue-collar wages. A one-percentage-point increase in the low-wage import share is associated with a 2.8% decline in blue-collar wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kosteas, Vasilios D. "Manufacturing Wages and Imports: Evidence from the NLSY." Economica 75,298 (May 2008): 259-279.
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3467. |
Kosteas, Vasilios D. |
Physical Activity and Time Preference International Journal of Health Economics and Management 15,4 (December 2015): 361-386. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10754-015-9173-1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Exercise; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Time Preference Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the link between time preference (whether a person is more present or future oriented) and time spent participating in physical activity. Using data on time spent engaged in physical activity from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 cohort, 2006 wave, where time preference is proxied by the expected share of money saved from a hypothetical $1000 cash prize. I find that time preference is a significant predictor of the amount of time spent participating in both vigorous and light-to-moderate physical activity for women and vigorous physical activity for men. The results are robust to various sample restrictions and alternative measures of time preference. The findings in this paper fill in a gap in the relationship between time preference and body composition by examining one of the pathways through which the former might affect the latter using a large, nationally representative dataset. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kosteas, Vasilios D. "Physical Activity and Time Preference." International Journal of Health Economics and Management 15,4 (December 2015): 361-386.
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3468. |
Kosteas, Vasilios D. |
The Effect of Exercise on Earnings: Evidence from the NLSY Journal of Labor Research 33,2 (June 2012): 225-250. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/f70733h231243mw4/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, George Mason University Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Earnings; Exercise; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates whether engaging in regular exercise leads to higher earnings in the labor market. While there has been a recent surge of interest by economists on the issue of obesity, relatively little attention has been given to the economic effects of regular physical activity apart from its impact on body composition. I find that engaging in regular exercise yields a 6 to 10% wage increase. The results also show that while even moderate exercise yields a positive earnings effect, frequent exercise generates an even larger impact. These findings are fairly robust to a variety of estimation techniques, including propensity score matching. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kosteas, Vasilios D. "The Effect of Exercise on Earnings: Evidence from the NLSY." Journal of Labor Research 33,2 (June 2012): 225-250.
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3469. |
Kosteas, Vasilios D. |
Workers' Participation in Training and Import Competition: Evidence from the USA The World Economy 40,6 (June 2017): 1089-1104. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/twec.12403/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Industrial Classification; Industrial Sector; Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Merging industry-level data on imports into the NLSY79 cohort data, we examine the relationship between rising imports and the amount of time workers in the US manufacturing sector spend in training events. A simple theoretical model shows the effect of foreign competition may depend on the type of training. Controlling for both industry and individual fixed effects, we find that rising imports lead workers to spend less time in training for the purpose of career advancement. There is some evidence this effect is stronger for less educated and lower ability workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kosteas, Vasilios D. "Workers' Participation in Training and Import Competition: Evidence from the USA." The World Economy 40,6 (June 2017): 1089-1104.
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3470. |
Kosteas, Vasilios D. Renna, Francesco |
The Impact of Job Displacement on Employer Based Health Insurance Coverage Journal of Labor Research 30,4 (2009): 317-327. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/fg75964861187501/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Benefits, Insurance; Displaced Workers; Insurance, Health Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We analyze the effect of job displacement on the probability that employer based health insurance is made available to workers. Using fixed and random effects logit models, we do find that displacement is associated with a lower probability of having access to an employer based health insurance plan. Overall this penalty is quite small (between 2 and 3 percentage points), but it becomes substantial (about 16 percentage points) for displaced workers who have been with the current employer for less than 6 months. While we do not find evidence that the penalty associated with being displaced has worsened in recent years, we do find that employers respond to economic hardship by cutting back on fringe benefits. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kosteas, Vasilios D. and Francesco Renna. "The Impact of Job Displacement on Employer Based Health Insurance Coverage ." Journal of Labor Research 30,4 (2009): 317-327.
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3471. |
Kotikula, Aphichoke |
Abortion and Child Outcomes Presented: New York, NY, European Society for Population Economics, 17th Annual Congress, June 2003. Also: Johns Hopkins University, Oct 2002; http://www.econ.nyu.edu/cvstarr/conferences/ESPE/papers/kotikulaa.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: European Society for Population Economics (ESPE) Keyword(s): Abortion; Endogeneity; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study develops a framework to answer the hypothetical question: what would child outcomes be, had the woman made a different decision about abortion during the pregnancy? I measure and test the significance of the differences between child outcomes from assuming two conditions hold: a) the women not having abortions bring their pregnancies to term and b) the women who had abortions have children later. My study is confined to the abortion decision in the first pregnancy. Due to the panel structure of the child outcome data, the random effects model is the primary estimation technique. Even after controlling for a woman's family background factors, endogeneity in abortion decision might persist. This study used variables relating to the state-level abortion accessibility as instrumental variables in order to deal with this problem. My findings show that the abortion decision significantly improves child outcomes in mathematical test and reading recognition test but not in reading comprehension test or vocabulary test. The explanation is that the timing of pregnancy is important and will influence the child outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kotikula, Aphichoke. "Abortion and Child Outcomes." Presented: New York, NY, European Society for Population Economics, 17th Annual Congress, June 2003. |
3472. |
Kotkin, Joel Cox, Michael Carlson, Allan Murray, Charles A. Bowman, Karlyn Von Kohorn, Ken Haskins, Ron Murray, David Frey, William |
State of the Nation American Enterprise 13,3 (April-May 2002): 30-44. Also: http://www.unz.org/Pub/AmEnterprise-2002apr-00030 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Keyword(s): Census of Population; Family Structure; Family Studies; Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Presents several essays on social conditions in the U.S.. Deconcentration of the population in urban areas; Trend toward better jobs; Demographic changes in the country; Relationship of income to family structure. Every decade, the U.S. Bureau of the Census takes our nation's pulse. These detailed results complement other findings gathered through the year by private and government data collectors, providing a vivid picture of where our society is headed. With most census results now out, we thought this an opportune time to review America's long-term health. Following are nine essays in which experts describe some of the important things--both positive and negative--we've learned recently about how the U.S. is faring deep in its bones and muscles. In the essay "Family Decay Hurts Equality", the author explores the relationship of income to family structure, extracted from a classic government database called the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), and apply those findings to the latest (2000) figures released by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kotkin, Joel, Michael Cox, Allan Carlson, Charles A. Murray, Karlyn Bowman, Ken Von Kohorn, Ron Haskins, David Murray and William Frey. "State of the Nation." American Enterprise 13,3 (April-May 2002): 30-44.
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3473. |
Kouki, Amairisa |
Beyond the “Comforts” of Work from Home: Child Health and the Female Wage Penalty European Economic Review 157 (August 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104527 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Child Care; Child Health; Job Patterns; Job Promotion; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Outcomes; Motherhood Penalty; Mothers; Mothers, Income; Remote Work; Variables, Instrumental; Wage Gap; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Women; Women; Work From Home Using data on American women and the health status of their children, this paper provides estimates of the effect of remote work on female wages. A temporary child health shock, which does not affect a woman's labor market outcomes beyond inducing her to work at home, is used as an instrument. Instrumental variable estimates indicate a substantial wage penalty that is more likely attributed to women's choices or assignments of less promotable job tasks when working from home. The findings are valuable in assessing the costs associated with remote flexibility, especially when children are required to stay at home during episodes of illness. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kouki, Amairisa. "Beyond the “Comforts” of Work from Home: Child Health and the Female Wage Penalty." European Economic Review 157 (August 2023).
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3474. |
Kourtellos, Andros Marr, Christa Tan, Chih Ming |
Local Intergenerational Mobility European Economic Review published online (7 May 2020): DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103460. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292120300921 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Heterogeneity; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Noncognitive Skills; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Using NLSY data we investigate whether the observed patterns of economic mobility (as measured by income and educational attainment) exhibit heterogeneity across socioeconomic groups and whether the nature of the heterogeneity can be explained by different levels of persistence in the intergenerational transmission of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities across these groups. In doing so we employ the varying coefficient model (VCM) to estimate nonparametric (local) measures of intergenerational mobility of those outcome variables. By local we mean that the persistence coefficients are modeled as smooth functions of log parental permanent income. Our findings show that intergenerational mobility exhibits nonlinear patterns. Individuals with different parental income are characterized by different degrees of intergenerational mobility. Moreover, we find evidence that suggests cognitive abilities play a role in explaining intergenerational mobility. These findings provide some support for a new class of family investment models that emphasize the role of such abilities in economic mobility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kourtellos, Andros, Christa Marr and Chih Ming Tan. "Local Intergenerational Mobility." European Economic Review published online (7 May 2020): DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103460.
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3475. |
Kourtellos, Andros Marr, Christa Tan, Chih Ming |
Local Measures of Intergenerational Mobility of Income, Cognitive, and Noncognitive Skills Presented: Toulouse, France, European Economic Association and Econometric Society Parallel Meetings, August 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: European Economic Association & Econometric Society Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Family Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Noncognitive Skills; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using NLSY data we investigate whether the observed patterns of intergenerational persistence in cognitive and non-cognitive abilities are consistent with the predictions of the genetic hypothesis. In doing so we employ the varying coefficient model to estimate nonparametric (local) measures of intergenerational mobility of income, cognitive, and non-cognitive skills as smooth functions of log parent permanent income. Our findings show that intergenerational mobility exhibits nonlinear patterns. Individuals with different parental income are characterized by different degrees of intergenerational mobility. Moreover, we find evidence that suggests that the genetic component in the overall intergenerational transmission mechanism is much stronger than the epigenetic for both sons and daughters. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kourtellos, Andros, Christa Marr and Chih Ming Tan. "Local Measures of Intergenerational Mobility of Income, Cognitive, and Noncognitive Skills." Presented: Toulouse, France, European Economic Association and Econometric Society Parallel Meetings, August 2014. |
3476. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori |
Effects of Participation in Food Assistance Programs on Children's Health and Development: Evidence from NLSY Children Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Siblings; Temperament; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori. "Effects of Participation in Food Assistance Programs on Children's Health and Development: Evidence from NLSY Children." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 1999. |
3477. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori |
Explaining Children's Heath Problems: The Effects of Poverty and Access to Health Insurance Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America, April 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Child Health; Family Income; Family Size; Health Care; Income Level; Morbidity; Poverty; Rural/Urban Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research uses a sample of exactly 1144 children between the ages of 8 and 11 in 1990 to: 1) explore the effects of deficient family income and health care insurance on children's health service utilization and morbidity; and 2) to assess the methodological concern of whether it is better to measure children's health problems as one multi-dimensional construct or as several uni-dimensional constructs. The data are drawn from the 1979 through 1990 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Merged Mother-Child file. It is clear from these analyses that Medicaid health insurance conferred substantial benefits to children. The effects of private insurance coverage were not as straightforward. Rather than having strong additive effects on children's health services utilization, the effects of income adequacy are contingent on the levels of family and community stressors present in the child's life. For example, adequate income adequacy diminishes the p otential ben efits of kin support within the home, and intensifies the negative effects of both large family sizes and central city residence. These findings that income effects are contingent on levels of family and community characteristics represent a contribution to the literature because they further specify the relationship between childhood poverty and health. Finally, with the data available in this dataset, it seems clear that several uni-dimensional constructs tapping different aspects of child health represent the optimal methodological strategy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori. "Explaining Children's Heath Problems: The Effects of Poverty and Access to Health Insurance." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America, April 1995. |
3478. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori |
Public and Private Support Systems: Evaluating the Effects of Welfare Status and Children's Participation in Head Start on Child Outcomes Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Development; Childbearing, Adolescent; Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Self-Esteem; Support Networks; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Concern and research have centered around the fate of young women who bear children during adolescence. The often disadvantaged situation in which they bear their children places their offspring in a precarious position both physically and cognitively. This subset of young women and their children typically lack the emotional and economic resources that are more likely to be available to older mothers and have a higher likelihood of raising their child without the father. This purpose of this paper is to investigate these often complex relationships. The results presented in this paper are preliminary findings from a comprehensive research effort examining the impact of public and private support systems on a variety of cognitive outcomes of children born to adolescent mothers. The sample is drawn from the Merged Mother-Child sample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Policies to reduce the negative effects of poverty and female household headship on child development, the impact of interaction of public and private support systems impact children are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori. "Public and Private Support Systems: Evaluating the Effects of Welfare Status and Children's Participation in Head Start on Child Outcomes." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993. |
3479. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori |
Staying Out of Trouble: Community Resources and Problem Behavior Among High-Risk Adolescents Journal of Marriage and Family 62,2 (May 2000): 449-464. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00449.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Behavior, Violent; Behavioral Problems; Bias Decomposition; Census of Population; Children, Behavioral Development; Deviance; Family Environment; Family Income; Family Resources; Family Structure; Mobility; Neighborhood Effects; Residence; Risk-Taking; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem) This research considers how community resources affect adolescent risk-taking attitudes and problem behavior. Data from the 1990 United States Census and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Merged Mother-Child files are merged to form a sample of 860 adolescents (aged 14-18 yrs) in 1994. Among these high-risk adolescents, selected community resources have significant associations with adolescent outcomes. Residential stability decreases both adolescent risk-taking attitudes and aggressive behavior, regardless of the level of disadvantage present within the community. Higher quality schools, as perceived by mothers, are environments in which adolescents are less likely to get into trouble, even controlling for attributes of the adolescent's family situation. ((c) 2000 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori. "Staying Out of Trouble: Community Resources and Problem Behavior Among High-Risk Adolescents." Journal of Marriage and Family 62,2 (May 2000): 449-464.
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3480. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori |
Staying Out of Trouble: Neighborhood Influences on Adolescent Problem Behavior Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Behavior, Violent; Bias Decomposition; Census of Population; Deviance; Family Environment; Family Income; Family Resources; Neighborhood Effects; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Residence; Risk-Taking; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); School Characteristics/Rating/Safety Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research considers how objective and perceived neighborhood quality affects adolescent problem behavior by estimating a series of multivariate models using zip code level data from the 1990 Census and data from the 1994 National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) Merged Mother-Child sample. This sample includes 854 adolescents aged 14 to 18 (Child inputs from 1992, YA outputs from 1994). The results indicate that residential stability has a strong protective effect on adolescent deviant behavior and this effect persists even when family level stressors and maternal resources are considered. Living in communities with higher levels of collective affluence also negatively influences adolescent deviant behavior. Perceived characteristics also matter. Attending schools staffed by caring and skilled teachers who maintain an environment of discipline and safety has detectable effects on the student's propensity for aggressive behavior. However, the significant effects of perceived neighborhood problems on deviant adolescent behavior seem to be counteracted by positive family and especially maternal resources. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori. "Staying Out of Trouble: Neighborhood Influences on Adolescent Problem Behavior." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996. |
3481. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori |
Staying Out of Trouble: Neighborhood Influences on Adolescent Problem Behavior Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Antisocial; Bias Decomposition; Census of Population; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Demography; Deviance; Family Environment; Family Studies; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Neighborhood Effects; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Residence; Risk-Taking In this research, I consider how objective and perceived neighborhood quality affect adolescent problem behavior. I focus on four main questions: (1) Are stressful neighborhoods a cause of a family environment characterized by less maternal warmth, cognitive stimulation, and parental investment? (2) Does living in stressful neighborhoods cause adolescents to be more likely to take risks? (3) Do some neighborhoods contribute to adolescent problem behaviors by exacerbating the effects of family level stressors and inadequate maternal resources? (4) How does the adolescent's attitudinal orientation in turn influence their likelihood of engaging in problem behavior? To address these questions, I merge data from the 1990 Census and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) Merged Mother-Child files to form a sample of 860 adolescents aged 14 to 18 in 1994. Overall, neighborhood characteristics have a limited impact on measures of family interaction. The effects where they a re present are often reduced when the adolescent's family resources are considered, and some neighborhood effects operate interactively with the adolescent's family resources. However, some neighborhood attributes have strong effects on adolescent outcomes. In particular, a clear factor that helps adolescents to stay out of trouble is living in more residentially stable communities. Residential stability decreases both adolescent risk taking attitudes and aggressive behavior. One of the more compelling findings of this research is that the protective effect of residential stability persists regardless of the level of disadvantage present within the community. The quality of schools that adolescents attend also has strong protective effects. Higher quality schools are environments in which adolescents are less likely to get into trouble, even controlling for attributes of the adolescent's family situation. From a policy perspective, this is a particularly important finding as it counters the argument that schools cannot effectively help adolescents without substantial family support. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori. Staying Out of Trouble: Neighborhood Influences on Adolescent Problem Behavior. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1996. |
3482. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori |
Welfare Receipt and Family Structure: Evaluating the Effects on Child Cognitive Outcomes Presented: Los Angeles, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Development; Cognitive Development; Family Income; Family Structure; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Adolescent; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Self-Esteem; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the impact of public and private support systems on cognitive outcomes for children born to adolescent mothers. The data for this analysis were drawn from the 1979 to 1988 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The sample consists of 1358 children who were between the ages of six and ten in 1988. The key inputs for this analysis are average family income, intensity of mother's employment, and presence of a significant other, as indicators of private support systems, and average number of survey years that the family received welfare benefits, as indicators of public support systems, over the life span of the child. The initial maternal resources on which they may draw intellectual skills and self esteem are controlled in all analyses. Overall, the findings indicate that private support systems are important in shaping the children's cognitive development but these effects are sometimes contingent on the levels of maternal resources available. These results suggest that total family income is a more important predictor of reading ability than is a history of welfare receipt. Rather than focusing on the potential-negative effects of welfare receipt on children, researchers should be investigating the ways in which adolescent mothers who rely on welfare may not have intellectual, emotional, or economic resources sufficient to ensure optimal child development. Researchers and policy analysts should also be concerned with how a lack of maternal resources may interact with available private support systems to impinge on their children's development. Update version, 1996, available from the author. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori. "Welfare Receipt and Family Structure: Evaluating the Effects on Child Cognitive Outcomes." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1994. |
3483. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Brown, Barbara B. Fan, Jessie X. Smith, Ken R. Zick, Cathleen D. |
Are You What Your Mother Weighs? Evaluating the Impact of Maternal Weight Trajectories on Youth Overweight Maternal and Child Health Journal 14,5 (September 2010): 680-686. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/t1x7867w47417875/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: JAMA: Journals of the American Medical Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Family Characteristics; Home Environment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study, we investigate how three alternative measures of maternal body mass index (BMI) relate to youth overweight. We contrast the typical cross-sectional measure of maternal BMI with a longitudinal mean and a standard deviation in maternal BMI. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, we estimate logistic regressions that relate maternal BMI to the risk of a youth being overweight while controlling for other familial characteristics. Participants in this study are 918 males and 841 females who were age 16-21 and either healthy weight or overweight in 2006. To be eligible for inclusion, teens were 15 years old by December 2006. After comparing several measures of maternal weight, we find that higher mean maternal BMI measured over the life of the adolescent has the strongest relationship with the odds of youth overweight for both male and female adolescents. For boys, a one unit increase in mother's mean BMI increases the odds of being overweight by 16% (OR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.11-1.20) while for girls the increase in the odds of being overweight is 13% (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.09-1.18). Our findings suggest that researchers should move beyond static measures of maternal weight when examining the correlates of youth BMI. Maternal weight histories offer additional insights about the youth's home environment that are associated with the risk of a youth being overweight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori, Barbara B. Brown, Jessie X. Fan, Ken R. Smith and Cathleen D. Zick. "Are You What Your Mother Weighs? Evaluating the Impact of Maternal Weight Trajectories on Youth Overweight." Maternal and Child Health Journal 14,5 (September 2010): 680-686.
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3484. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Brown, Barbara B. Fan, Jessie X. Smith, Ken R. Zick, Cathleen D. |
Youth Energy Balance: Evaluating Family and Economic Trajectories Consumer Interests Annual 52 (2006): 367-368. Also: http://www.consumerinterests.org/files/public/Jones_YouthEnergyBalanceEvaluatingFamilyandEconomicTrajectories.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Council on Consumer Interests (ACCI) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Health Factors; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers; Mothers, Height; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use the 2004 release of Young Adult data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) to explore the relationships among maternal BMI, family income, family background variables and youth overweight and healthy behaviors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori, Barbara B. Brown, Jessie X. Fan, Ken R. Smith and Cathleen D. Zick. "Youth Energy Balance: Evaluating Family and Economic Trajectories." Consumer Interests Annual 52 (2006): 367-368.
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3485. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Brown, Barbara B. Fan, Jessie X. Zick, Cathleen D. |
Youth Energy Balance: Evaluating the Impact of Family and Economic Trajectories Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America (PAA) Annual Meetings, March-April 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Body Mass Index (BMI); Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we explore how family economic and energy balance history may be linked to youth overweight and development. We use the 2004 release of Young Adult data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) to explore the relationships among maternal BMI, family income, family background variables and youth overweight and healthy behaviors. In our study, we exploit the longitudinal nature of the NLSY to create long-term family economic and family BMI profiles. Finally, we also track the impact of these profiles for key subgroups of youth (e.g., those youth still living at home and those who have left the parental home). Using multivariate techniques, we relate trajectories of familial BMI and economic well-being to healthy youth behaviors such as engaging in exercise and the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Results from this research afford valuable insights into complexity of family contributions to youth energy balance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori, Barbara B. Brown, Jessie X. Fan and Cathleen D. Zick. "Youth Energy Balance: Evaluating the Impact of Family and Economic Trajectories." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America (PAA) Annual Meetings, March-April 2006. |
3486. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Christie-Mizell, C. André |
Depression and Adolescent Overweight: Exploring Race Differences Presented: Montreal, Quebec, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Family Structure; Gender Differences; Neighborhood Effects; Obesity; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1994-1998 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth merged Mother and Young Adult file, this paper examines the relationship between depression and overweight in adolescence. We also examine whether this relationship varies by race and gender. Our findings indicate that over a four year period that depression is only related to increases in weight for African American females. Step-family arrangements and poor neighborhood quality were more related to weight gain among white females. With the exception of household income predicting higher weight for African American males, our models were not very predictive for either African American or white males. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori and C. André Christie-Mizell. "Depression and Adolescent Overweight: Exploring Race Differences." Presented: Montreal, Quebec, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2006. |
3487. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Duncan, Greg J. |
Income, Family Structure, and the Dynamics of Achievement and Behavior in Middle Childhood Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America, Annual Meeting, April 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Divorce; Family Characteristics; Family Income; Family Resources; Family Structure; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As with equation (1), the achievement/behavior level model (equation 6a) presumes that initial age-6 achievement or behavior is a product of the accumulated amount of the financial resources available to the family; time spent in family structures between birth and age 6; and a set of fixed individual and family characteristics. All in all, the level formulation does not differ appreciably from that adopted in the now voluminous literature on achievement and behavior models based on the NLSY data. The slope (equation 6b) and acceleration (equation 6c) models focus on dynamic elements of resources and family conditions across the period of middle childhood. In line with the previous discussion, we allow for the achievement and behavior slopes between ages 6 and 12 to be affected both by conditions prior to age 6 as well as conditions and events occurring between ages 6 and 12. We hypothesize that inter-individual differences in the acceleration or deceleration in achievement and behavior scores (ma) will be influenced by income and family structure events as well. For example, the deceleration in math scores and the acceleration of behavior problems are hypothesized to increase in the case of a child whose parents undergo divorce, experience the addition of new siblings in the household, or whose family experiences a bout of poverty. These are the IncEvent and FamEvent variables in equation 6c. Even if we suspect that events affect acceleration, it is unclear what the timing of the effects would be. Since behavior problems are likely to be influenced more quickly by these kinds of changes, we expect shorter lags between events and their effects on the acceleration or deceleration of behavior than for achievement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori and Greg J. Duncan. "Income, Family Structure, and the Dynamics of Achievement and Behavior in Middle Childhood." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America, Annual Meeting, April 1998. |
3488. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Duncan, Greg J. |
The Effects of WIC on Children's Health and Development Poverty Research News, 5,2, (March-April 2001): 6-7 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Siblings; Temperament; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Kowaleski-Jones and Duncan address some of the limitations of prior research by using a national sample of children and siblings born to relatively older mothers. Specifically, they compare siblings whose mothers used WIC with one sibling but not the other. In addition to birth weight, they also examine two measures of infant development: temperament and motor and social skills. Their research supports the positive findings on infant birth weight, and finds a small, positive effect on temperament, but no established link to improved motor or social skills. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori and Greg J. Duncan. "The Effects of WIC on Children's Health and Development." Poverty Research News, 5,2, (March-April 2001): 6-7. |
3489. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Dunifon, Rachel |
Children's Home Environments: Understanding the Role of Family Structure Changes Journal of Family Issues 25,1 (January 2004): 3-28. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/25/1/3.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Child Development; Divorce; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1996 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) merged mother-child sample, we investigate the impact of two family events, parental divorce and the birth of a sibling, on the cognitive stimulation and emotional support provided to children in the home. We use fixed-effect regression techniques to control for unmeasured mother- and child-specific characteristics and measure responses to these family changes before, during, and after the events. We find that an impending birth is associated with increased emotional support provided to children, whereas concurrent births are associated with decreased support. Additionally, we find that, after controlling for unmeasured variables, divorce does not have an adverse effect on the home environments of boys and girls; in fact, a divorce occurring in a previous time period is associated with a modest increase in emotional support provided to girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori and Rachel Dunifon. "Children's Home Environments: Understanding the Role of Family Structure Changes." Journal of Family Issues 25,1 (January 2004): 3-28.
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3490. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Dunifon, Rachel |
Family Structure and Community Context: Evaluating Influences on Adolescent Outcomes Youth and Society 38,1 (September 2006): 110-130. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/38/1/110 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Cohabitation; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Depression (see also CESD); Divorce; Family Structure; Marital Status; Neighborhood Effects; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parents, Single; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth merged mother-child file, this article examines the relationship between living in four different family structures on key measures of youth well-being, studied separately by race. The authors also examine whether contextual factors mediate these associations. For Black youth, we find no effects of family structure on youth well-being; however, community context measures are associated with youth outcomes. For White youth, single parenthood and cohabitation are associated with poorer youth outcomes; however, in some cases, these associations are mediated with the inclusion of the community context measures. [Specifically, we used data on mothers and their 14 to 19-year-old teens from the 1994, 1996, and 1998 youth supplements. All years of information for a given teen were pooled in a stacked, person–year dataset.][ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori and Rachel Dunifon. "Family Structure and Community Context: Evaluating Influences on Adolescent Outcomes." Youth and Society 38,1 (September 2006): 110-130.
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3491. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Mott, Frank L. |
Adolescent Risk Taking: Do Youth Learn with Experience? Working Paper, revised presentation, New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Contraception; Control; Parenthood; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this research, we investigate the extent to which early sexual activity, the use of contraception and early parenthood may be linked with a range of proximate attitudes and behaviors, controlling for a wide range of family and maternal priors. The data we use are from the 1979-1992 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the linked 1994 young adult data file. Our sample includes about 900 youth, mostly between the ages of 14 and 18 as of the 1994 survey date. Using a partial correlation approach, we find that youth who are inclined towards risk taking are more likely to be sexually active but only girls perhaps give thought to the implications by showing some awareness of a risk in their contracepting behavior. Additionally, there is fairly persuasive and systematic evidence that for girls only, early sex, not using contraception and indeed, having a child are indeed in various ways linked with depression, having low self esteem, and having little sense of control. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori and Frank L. Mott. "Adolescent Risk Taking: Do Youth Learn with Experience?" Working Paper, revised presentation, New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1996. |
3492. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Mott, Frank L. |
Adolescent Sexual Initiation: Comparing Across a Decade Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Age at First Birth; Age at First Intercourse; Attitudes; Childbearing, Adolescent; Contraception; Depression (see also CESD); Deviance; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Behavior; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Risk-Taking; Runaways; Self-Esteem; Sexual Activity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this research, we compare adolescents from 1994 and 2004 to investigate the extent to which early sexual activity, and early parenthood may be linked with a range of proximate attitudes and behavior. Our particular focus is on exploring whether or not there are distinctive differences in these associations across gender and period. The data we use are from the 1979-2002 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the linked 2004 Young Adult data file. Our sample includes 860 youth between the ages of 14 and 18 in 1994 and 1934 youth between the same ages in 2004. Using a partial correlation approach, we explore differences in the correlates of sexual activity initiation and early parenthood between 1994 and 2004. We find that youth who are inclined towards risk taking are more likely to be sexually active. Additionally, there is fairly systematic evidence that for girls only, early sex and having a child are in various ways linked with depression, having low self-esteem, and having little sense of control over their lives. The results for young men are less consistent, in several instances suggesting substantially different motivations for sexual activity between the genders. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori and Frank L. Mott. "Adolescent Sexual Initiation: Comparing Across a Decade." Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2007. |
3493. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Mott, Frank L. |
Early Sex and Early Childbearing: Risk Taking and Learning the Hard Way Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavioral Problems; Childbearing, Adolescent; Contraception; Gender Differences; Grandmothers; Sexual Activity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori and Frank L. Mott. "Early Sex and Early Childbearing: Risk Taking and Learning the Hard Way." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1996. |
3494. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Mott, Frank L. |
Family and Youth Behavioral and Social-Psychological Antecedents of Adolescent Smoking Among High Risk Youth Presented: Washington, DC, Annual Meetings of the Population Association of America, March 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Bias Decomposition; Children, Behavioral Development; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Deviance; Family Background and Culture; Family Environment; Family Influences; Family Studies; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Behavior; Psychological Effects; Socioeconomic Factors Also: Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, September 1996. In this work, we use a large national data set to explore how longer term socio-economic family and maternal as well as psychological antecedents predict both contemporary as well as longer term smoking behavior for a large sample of relatively high risk American youth. There are essentially two linked components to this research. First, we consider the relevance of longer term socio-economic and demographic prior characteristics as predictors of longer and shorter term smoking behavior. Then, controlling for this full range of priors, we explore issues which are of some interest, particularly to developmental and child psychologists; are there causal connections between childhood hyperactivity and adolescent smoking or is the often found connection spurious, in that it really reflects a likelihood that both hyperactivity and smoking behavior are intimately linked with other dimensions of child and adolescent behaviors? Additionally, to what extent does youthful smoking have an intergenerational connection independent of all the other potentially spurious factors which we are able to measure? The availability of long term maternal, family and behavioral trajectories for the NLSY youth and their families permit us to partially untangle competing hypotheses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori and Frank L. Mott. "Family and Youth Behavioral and Social-Psychological Antecedents of Adolescent Smoking Among High Risk Youth." Presented: Washington, DC, Annual Meetings of the Population Association of America, March 1997. |
3495. |
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Mott, Frank L. |
Sex, Contraception and Childbearing Among High-Risk Youth: Do Different Factors Influence Males and Females? Family Planning Perspectives 30,4 (July-August 1998): 163-169. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2991677 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Attitudes; Childbearing, Adolescent; Contraception; Control; Deviance; Family Characteristics; Gender Differences; Mothers; Mothers, Behavior; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Runaways; Self-Esteem; Sexual Activity; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Context: The likelihood that adolescents will engage in sexual activity, use contraceptives or become parents is influenced by a range of attitudes and behaviors. These factors may differ for males and females. >Methods: Data on female respondents to the 1979-1992 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the linked 1994 young adult data file on their children provided background information on 959 adolescents who had been born to young mothers. Partial correlation analysis was used to examine the factors related to sexual behavior, contraceptive use and childbirth, controlling for maternal and familial characteristics, in this relatively disadvantaged sample. Results: Youth who are inclined toward risk-taking and those who have run away from home are more likely than others to be sexually active. For young women, having intercourse at an early age, not using contraceptives and having a child are linked with depression, low self-esteem and little sense of control over their lives. The results for young men are less consistent and often in the opposite direction. Young people who have become parents evidence greater maturity than their childless peers; women are less likely to consume alcohol or to spend time with friends who drink and men are more likely to participate in socially productive work. Conclusions: Although sexual behavior is tied to risk taking in both adolescent males and females some noticeable psychological differences are evidenced early. Behaviorally, there is room for optimism in that young parents appear to adopt more mature traits. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori and Frank L. Mott. "Sex, Contraception and Childbearing Among High-Risk Youth: Do Different Factors Influence Males and Females?" Family Planning Perspectives 30,4 (July-August 1998): 163-169.
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3496. |
Kowalewski, Brenda Marsteller |
The Effects of Work and Family Experiences on Gender Role Attitudes of Youths: 1982-1987 Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland College Park, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Attitudes; Ethnic Differences; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Life Course; Racial Differences; Sex Roles; Transitional Programs |
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Bibliography Citation
Kowalewski, Brenda Marsteller. The Effects of Work and Family Experiences on Gender Role Attitudes of Youths: 1982-1987. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland College Park, 1995. |
3497. |
Kozimor-King, Michele Lee |
Does Belief Matter? Social Psychological Characteristics and the Likelihood of Welfare Use and Exit Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 35,1 (March 2008): 197-219. Also: https://secure.touchnet.net/C21782_ustores/web/product_detail.jsp?PRODUCTID=820 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Michigan University School of Social Work Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Human Capital; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Occupational Status; Psychological Effects; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Numerous studies have reemerged examining social psychological variables as predictors of individual differences in the human experience. Still, current research focusing on the effects of self-beliefs on welfare use and exit is limited. This study examines the effects of social psychological variables on the likelihood of welfare use and five-year outcomes of women using data from the 1979 through 2000 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Binary logistic regression estimates suggest that social psychological characteristics are initially related to welfare use, but do not remain once control variables are introduced. While social psychological predictors do not appear to have strong or robust direct effects in multivariate models, traditional human capital variables of public assistance outcomes past initial entry are significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare is the property of Western Michigan University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Kozimor-King, Michele Lee. "Does Belief Matter? Social Psychological Characteristics and the Likelihood of Welfare Use and Exit ." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 35,1 (March 2008): 197-219.
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3498. |
Kozimor-King, Michele Lee |
You Have to Believe: The Effects of Locus Of Control and Self-Efficacy on Welfare Use and Long-Term Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2005. DAI-A 66/04, p. 1516, Oct 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Occupational Status; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem; Self-Perception; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Numerous studies have examined locus of control and self-efficacy as predictors of individual differences in the human experience including unemployment, health, homelessness, occupational choice, and academic performance. Most of these studies have found that control over life outcomes and judged capability to perform a given action influence future goals and attainment including outcomes in education, work skills, labor market experience, and demographic characteristics (such as fertility and marriage). In contrast, most of the current research on the socioeconomic attainment of welfare recipients focuses on human capital characteristics and family background variables. What is largely overlooked in the welfare literature is an analysis of how self-beliefs formed and measured early in life influence future goals and attainment. This dissertation examines the effects of locus of control and self-efficacy on the likelihood of welfare use, five-year outcomes, and wages of former welfare recipients using data from the 1979 through 2000 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Binary logistic regression estimates confirm that social psychological characteristics formed early in life are initially related to welfare use. As expected, women with external locus of control and low occupational self-efficacy are more likely to receive welfare than those with an internal locus. While the social psychological predictors do not appear to have strong or robust direct effects on welfare outcomes past initial entry or on socioeconomic attainment five years following an initial exposure, occupational self-efficacy provides a notable exception. The effects of classical predictors of welfare outcomes, human capital and family background characteristics, appear to have the strongest effects on the likelihood of ever receiving welfare, five-year welfare outcomes, and socioeconomic attainment. Results of this study suggest that more research on the effect of social psychological predictors on welfare outcomes and long term socioeconomic attainment of welfare recipients should be conducted where changes in locus of control and self-efficacy using a domain-specific construct are measured after initial exposure to welfare. As it stands, the results of this dissertation have important implications for the current welfare system, especially concerning time restrictions and self-sufficiency goals. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kozimor-King, Michele Lee. You Have to Believe: The Effects of Locus Of Control and Self-Efficacy on Welfare Use and Long-Term Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2005. DAI-A 66/04, p. 1516, Oct 2005. |
3499. |
Kraft, Joan Marie |
Work and Fertility: An Exploration of the Relationship Between Labor Force Participation and Premarital Fertility Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Abortion; Behavior; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Contraception; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Sexual Behavior; Wages; Women This dissertation attempts to add to our knowledge of the causes of premarital fertility behavior--sexual activity, use of birth control, pregnancy, abortion, and marital status at time of birth. Current research pays attention to the roles played by aspirations, social-psychological variables, and community norms in fertility behavior. The approach of this paper differs in its emphasis upon labor force participation and the quality of worklife. The argument is implicit in the literature's concern with why young women "risk the future" by engaging in premarital intercourse that may result in conception. Premarital motherhood can disrupt a woman's life, making it difficult to maintain a current standard of living or attain future goals. The central hypothesis of the dissertation is that young women who work, especially those working in full-time jobs with high wages and high occupational status, will be less likely than other women to engage in potentially risky premarital fertility behaviors. Monthly data on fertility behavior and labor force participation are drawn from the NLSY and cover a span of seven years (1978 through 1984). Event history and logistic regression models suggest that workers are more likely than non-workers to be sexually active, to use birth control, to get abortions, and to marry prior to birth. Workers are less likely than non-workers to become premaritally pregnant. A comparison of workers and non-workers thus supports the opportunity cost argument. Models that include occupational status, wages, and hours worked indicate that the opportunity cost argument has some merit in the prediction of pregnancy and the use of birth control. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kraft, Joan Marie. Work and Fertility: An Exploration of the Relationship Between Labor Force Participation and Premarital Fertility. Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1989. |
3500. |
Kraft, Joan Marie Coverdill, James E. |
Employment and the Use of Birth Control by Sexually Active Single Hispanic, Black, and White Women Demography 31,4 (November 1994): 593-602. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/w42452h5425883t1/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Contraception; Education; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Employment; Employment History; Ethnic Differences; Family Background and Culture; Family Studies; Fertility; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Sexual Activity; Wage Effects; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies of the use of birth control by sexually active single women tend to emphasize family background and aspirations, and restrict their attention to teenagers. This framework is elaborated by considering how labor market experiences might shape the birth control practices of women in their late teens and 20s. Data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Force Experiences - Youth Cohort provide evidence that employment histories and wages influence birth control practices, net of the effects of family background, aspirations, and educational attainment. Several pronounced racial and ethnic differences are found. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kraft, Joan Marie and James E. Coverdill. "Employment and the Use of Birth Control by Sexually Active Single Hispanic, Black, and White Women." Demography 31,4 (November 1994): 593-602.
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