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Author: Jahromi, Afrouz Azadikhah
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1. Jahromi, Afrouz Azadikhah
Essays on Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in The Labor Market
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Temple University, 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Income; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Chapter 3, titled THE HETEROGENEOUS EFFECTS OF HAVING CHILDREN ON WOMEN'S INCOME, estimates the distributional effects of having children on women's annual income in the United States using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1979 to 2016. Existing work on motherhood penalty shows that while the wage gap among men and women becomes smaller in the United States, the gap between mothers and childless women is increasing (Waldfogel 1998). After childbirth, women usually experience an immediate decrease in their earnings relative to what they would have earned if they had not become a mother. The gap closes somewhat over time though mothers never fully catch up to their counterfactuals. Previous work tried to explain the motherhood wage penalty by estimating the average treatment effect of children on women's earnings, but these effects can be quite heterogeneous across mothers with different observable characteristics. By utilizing the Changes-in-Changes model and distribution regression, I find that around 90% of mothers have lower income after having children. White, married, older, and highly educated mothers with two or more children experience a substantial drop in their income.
Bibliography Citation
Jahromi, Afrouz Azadikhah. Essays on Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in The Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Temple University, 2019.