Search Results
Author: Ryan, Rebecca M.
Resulting in 12 citations.
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Hines, Caitlin Ryan, Rebecca M. |
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Early Childhood WIC Use and Children's School Readiness Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2018 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Cognitive Development; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Program Participation/Evaluation; School Entry/Readiness; Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly Food Stamps) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The goal of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is to support the health and well-being of low-income women, infants, and children by providing pregnant women and children up to five years old with access to nutritious food. While the health benefits of WIC for young children have been well studied (Cole & Fox, 2008; Mackey-Bilaver, 2007), its potential non-health benefits, including improvements in children's early cognitive and socio-emotional wellbeing, have been practically unexplored. The one study to examine non-health outcomes found that prenatal WIC exposure predicted better cognitive outcomes at age 2 and educational outcomes at age 11 (Jackson, 2015). The goal of the present study is to expand that work by examining associations between WIC during early childhood (ages 0 - 5) and a broad set of cognitive and behavioral outcomes at school entry, between ages 5 and 7. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hines, Caitlin and Rebecca M. Ryan. "Early Childhood WIC Use and Children's School Readiness." Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2018. |
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Kalil, Ariel Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M. Ryan, Rebecca M. Markowitz, Anna J. |
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Changes in Income-Based Gaps in Parent Activities With Young Children From 1988 to 2012 AERA Open published online (August 2016): DOI: 10.1177/2332858416653732. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2332858416653732 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Income; Mothers, Education; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parent-Child Interaction; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Numerous studies show large differences between economically advantaged and disadvantaged parents in the quality and quantity of their engagement in young children's development. This "parenting gap" may account for a substantial portion of the gap in children's early cognitive skills. However, researchers know little about whether the socioeconomic gap in parenting has increased over time. The present study investigates this question, focusing on income- and education-based gaps in parents' engagement in cognitively stimulating activities with preschool-aged children. We draw on data from four national studies conducted over 25 years. We found a decrease in income-based gaps in children's book ownership and library attendance but increasing income-based gaps for several other parent behaviors, including reading and telling stories to children and teaching children letters, words, and numbers. Income-based gaps in children's participation in out-of-home cultural activities also increased. Results for education-based gaps were similar. These gaps largely arose from top-income families pulling away from their middle- and low-income counterparts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kalil, Ariel, Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest, Rebecca M. Ryan and Anna J. Markowitz. "Changes in Income-Based Gaps in Parent Activities With Young Children From 1988 to 2012." AERA Open published online (August 2016): DOI: 10.1177/2332858416653732.
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Markowitz, Anna J. Ryan, Rebecca M. |
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Father Absence and Adolescent Depression and Delinquency: A Comparison of Siblings Approach Journal of Marriage and Family 78,5 (October 2016): 1300-1314. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12343/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; CESD (Depression Scale); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Fathers, Absence; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Siblings Although associations between having a nonresident father and increased internalizing and externalizing behaviors in adolescence have been well documented, research has yet to establish the plausible causality of these links or identify underlying mechanisms. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 - Young Adult survey, this study addresses these questions by comparing the depressive symptoms and delinquent behavior of siblings discordant for age at father departure. Findings indicate that father departure later in childhood is associated with increased adolescent delinquency but not depressive symptoms, whereas early childhood father departure was not associated with adolescent outcomes. Both findings suggests that parental monitoring—rather than socialization or emotional distress—may account for links between father departure and adolescent delinquency. |
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Bibliography Citation
Markowitz, Anna J. and Rebecca M. Ryan. "Father Absence and Adolescent Depression and Delinquency: A Comparison of Siblings Approach." Journal of Marriage and Family 78,5 (October 2016): 1300-1314.
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Padilla, Christina Hines, Caitlin Ryan, Rebecca M. |
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Infant Temperament, Parenting and Behavior Problems: Variation by Parental Education and Income Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 70 (July-September 2020): 101179. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193397320301714 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Income; Parental Influences; Parents, Behavior; Siblings; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Temperament Although research has linked infants' negative temperamental characteristics with later behavior problems, it has not accounted for unobserved heterogeneity in this association, nor has it examined potential variation by socioeconomic status. Using data from the Child and Young Adult Supplement of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the present study compares behavioral outcomes at age 5 (mean age = 60.6 months) of siblings who differed with regard to infant temperament (N = 3480). Associations between temperament and parenting behavior, and the role parenting behavior plays in those associations, were also explored. Findings indicate that negative reactivity predicts greater internalizing behavior problems consistently across the socioeconomic distribution, whereas negative reactivity predicts externalizing behavior problems only among children from the lowest education group. Moreover, negative reactivity predicts less optimal parenting behavior, and consistently by education and income. No evidence emerged that parenting explains links between temperament and child behavior or variation in links by education or income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Padilla, Christina, Caitlin Hines and Rebecca M. Ryan. "Infant Temperament, Parenting and Behavior Problems: Variation by Parental Education and Income." Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 70 (July-September 2020): 101179.
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Ryan, Rebecca M. |
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Nonresident Fatherhood and Adolescent Sexual Behavior: A Comparison of Siblings Approach Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Attitudes; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Gender Differences; Genetics; Modeling, Multilevel; Sexual Behavior; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although voluminous research has linked nonresident fatherhood to riskier sexual behavior among adolescents, neither the causality of those links nor the mechanism accounting for them has been well-established. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 � the Young Adult survey (CNLSY79-YA), the present study addresses both questions by comparing the sexual development of siblings discordant in age at father departure from the home and examining results across behavioral (age at first intercourse), biological (pubertal timing), and cognitive (attitudes about sex and childbearing) sexual outcomes (N = 5792). Findings indicate that nonresident fatherhood, beginning either at birth or during middle childhood, leads to an earlier sexual debut for girls, but not boys, an effect likely explained by altered attitudes toward sex and reproduction rather than accelerated pubertal development. Implications for policies to curb the incidence of risky sexual behavior in adolescence are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Rebecca M. "Nonresident Fatherhood and Adolescent Sexual Behavior: A Comparison of Siblings Approach." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
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Ryan, Rebecca M. |
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Nonresident Fatherhood and Adolescent Sexual Behavior: A Comparison of Siblings Approach Developmental Psychology 51,2 (2015): 211-223. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/51/2/211.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Attitudes; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Gender Differences; Genetics; Modeling, Multilevel; Sexual Behavior; Siblings Although voluminous research has linked nonresident fatherhood to riskier sexual behavior in adolescence, including earlier sexual debut, neither the causality of that link nor the mechanism accounting for it has been well-established. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979--the Young Adult Survey (CNLSY-YA), the present study addresses both questions by comparing the sexual development of siblings discordant for age at father departure from the home and examining results across behavioral (age at first intercourse), biological (pubertal timing), and cognitive (attitudes about childbearing and marriage) sexual outcomes (N=5,542). Findings indicate that nonresident fatherhood, beginning either at birth or during middle childhood, leads to an earlier sexual debut for girls, but not for boys, an effect likely explained by weak parental monitoring rather than an accelerated reproductive strategy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Rebecca M. "Nonresident Fatherhood and Adolescent Sexual Behavior: A Comparison of Siblings Approach." Developmental Psychology 51,2 (2015): 211-223.
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Ryan, Rebecca M. Claessens, Amy |
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Associations Between Family Structure Changes and Children's Behavior Problems: The Moderating Effects of Timing and Marital Birth Developmental Psychology 49,7 (July 2013): 1219-1231. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2012-20863-001/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Divorce; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Dissolution; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Single The present study explores the implications of family instability for child development by investigating the conditions under which family structure changes matter most to child well-being. Using data from the Maternal and Child Supplement of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 3,492), it estimates how changes in family structure during four different developmental periods relate to concurrent and subsequent changes in children’s behavioral trajectories. We estimate associations separately for children born to married and unwed parents, or “fragile families”, to determine if family instability has different effects on children across policy-relevant family types. Results indicate that changes in family structure during the first three years influence children’s behavioral development more consistently than later changes, changes into a single-parent family have different implications than changes into a blended family, and changes in family structure matter more for children born to married parents than children in fragile families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Rebecca M. and Amy Claessens. "Associations Between Family Structure Changes and Children's Behavior Problems: The Moderating Effects of Timing and Marital Birth." Developmental Psychology 49,7 (July 2013): 1219-1231.
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| 8. |
Ryan, Rebecca M. Claessens, Amy |
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Associations Between Family Structure Changes and Children’s Behavior: The Moderating Effects of Timing and Marital Birth Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Divorce; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Dissolution; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The present study explores the implications of family instability for child development by investigating the conditions under which family structure changes matter most to child well-being. Using data from the Maternal and Child Supplement of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 3,492), it estimates how changes in family structure during four different developmental periods relate to concurrent and subsequent changes in children’s behavioral trajectories. We estimate associations separately for children born to married and unwed parents, or “fragile families”, to determine if family instability has different effects on children across policy-relevant family types. Results indicate that changes in family structure during the first three years influence children’s behavioral development more consistently than later changes, changes into a single-parent family have different implications than changes into a blended family, and changes in family structure matter more for children born to married parents than children in fragile families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Rebecca M. and Amy Claessens. "Associations Between Family Structure Changes and Children’s Behavior: The Moderating Effects of Timing and Marital Birth." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2012. |
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Ryan, Rebecca M. Claessens, Amy Markowitz, Anna J. |
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Associations Between Family Structure Change and Child Behavior Problems: The Moderating Effect of Family Income Child Development 86,1 (January/February 2015): 112-127. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdev.12283/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Poverty; Divorce; Family Income; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Dissolution; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Single This study investigated conditions under which family structure matters most for child well-being. Using data from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 3,936), a national sample of U.S. families, it was estimated how changes in family structure related to changes in children's behavior between age 3 and 12 separately by household income level to determine whether associations depended on families' resources. Early changes in family structure, particularly from a two-biological-parent to single-parent family, predicted increases in behavior problems more than later changes, and movements into single and stepparent families mattered more for children of higher versus lower income parents. Results suggest that for children of higher income parents, moving into a stepfamily may improve, not undermine, behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Rebecca M., Amy Claessens and Anna J. Markowitz. "Associations Between Family Structure Change and Child Behavior Problems: The Moderating Effect of Family Income." Child Development 86,1 (January/February 2015): 112-127.
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| 10. |
Ryan, Rebecca M. Kalil, Ariel Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M. Padilla, Christina |
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Socioeconomic Gaps in Parents' Discipline Strategies From 1988 to 2011 Pediatrics 138,6 (December 2016): DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0720. Also: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2016/11/10/peds.2016-0720.full.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics Keyword(s): Discipline; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Education; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parenting Skills/Styles; Punishment, Corporal; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status (SES) BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of corporal punishment is high in the United States despite a 1998 American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement urging against its use. The current study tests whether the socioeconomic difference in its use by parents has changed over the past quarter century. It goes on to test whether socioeconomic differences in the use of nonphysical discipline have also changed over time. METHODS: Data are drawn from 4 national studies conducted between 1988 and 2011. Each asked how often a kindergarten-aged child was spanked in the past week and what the parents would do if the child misbehaved, with physical discipline, time-out, and talking to child as possible responses. We use regression models to estimate parents' responses to these questions at the 90th, 50th, and 10th percentiles of the income and education distributions and t tests to compare estimates across cohorts. RESULTS: The proportion of mothers at the 50th income-percentile who endorse physical discipline decreased from 46% to 21% over time. Gaps between the 90th and 10th income-percentiles were stable at 11 and 18 percentage points in 1988 and 2011. The percentage of mothers at the 10th income-percentile endorsing time-outs increased from 51% to 71%, and the 90/10 income gap decreased from 23 to 14 percentage points between 1998 and 2011. CONCLUSIONS: Decline in popular support for physical discipline reflects real changes in parents' discipline strategies. These changes have occurred at all socioeconomic levels, producing for some behaviors a significant reduction in socioeconomic differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Rebecca M., Ariel Kalil, Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest and Christina Padilla. "Socioeconomic Gaps in Parents' Discipline Strategies From 1988 to 2011." Pediatrics 138,6 (December 2016): DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0720.
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| 11. |
Ryan, Rebecca M. Padilla, Christina Hines, Caitlin |
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Differential Parenting of Biologically Vulnerable Versus Nonvulnerable Children By Socioeconomic Status Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birthweight; Children, Temperament; Parental Investments; Parenting Skills/Styles; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It is well-established that socioeconomic (SES) disadvantage and biological vulnerability contribute to SES-based gaps in children's school readiness. The proposed study will investigate one way in which these two disadvantages may jointly exacerbate these early gaps: low-SES parents may invest fewer resources in vulnerable children, whereas high-SES parents may invest equally or more in them. Unlike prior research, the study focuses on investment during early childhood and examines two biological vulnerabilities: low birth weight (LBW) and difficult temperament. Investments are compared among siblings to minimize the influence of family-specific characteristics that might bias associations, drawing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Maternal and Child Supplement. Results indicate that low-SES parents are less cognitively stimulating with LBW infants, whereas higher-SES parents are not, but that parents across SES are less stimulating with difficult versus average temperament children and are more likely to report spanking them in infancy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Rebecca M., Christina Padilla and Caitlin Hines. "Differential Parenting of Biologically Vulnerable Versus Nonvulnerable Children By Socioeconomic Status." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
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Ryan, Rebecca M. Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M. Duncan, Greg J. Reardon, Sean F. Markowitz, Anna J. |
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Preschool-Age Skills Gaps and the Changing Technology of Parenting Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Children, Preschool; Children, Well-Being; Home Environment; Mothers, Education; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parental Influences; Parental Investments; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We aim to identify the home-environment drivers of increasing gaps in cognitive and non-cognitive skills between poor and more affluent children. These gap increases could arise in multiple ways. The most obvious is that the gap between the quality of home environments available to poor and more affluent children could be growing. This might happen if rapid increases in the incomes of affluent families have led them to spend more on children's early education, lessons, books, computers, etc. in ways that have enriched the home environments of affluent children more rapidly than the home environments of poor children. We draw on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement (1988/1990 n= ~ 2,700 children ages 3-5), the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Supplement (1997; n = ~ 800) and National Household Education Surveys covering the period 1991-2007 n = ~ 30,000). In this paper we document over-time class-based gaps in children's home environments in the three different data sets. The measure of the home environment is multifaceted, including measures of parents' time inputs, emotional support, and provision of a physical environment conducive to children's learning and emotional well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Rebecca M., Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest, Greg J. Duncan, Sean F. Reardon and Anna J. Markowitz. "Preschool-Age Skills Gaps and the Changing Technology of Parenting." Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015. |