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Author: Kivimäki, Mika
Resulting in 2 citations.
1. Jokela, Markus
Elovainio, Marko
Singh-Manoux, Archana
Kivimäki, Mika
IQ, Socioeconomic Status, and Early Death: The US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth.
Psychosomatic Medicine 71,3 (April 2009): 322-328
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Psychosomatic Society
Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Education; Household Income; I.Q.; Mortality; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the association between cognitive ability (IQ) and early mortality is mediated by socioeconomic status (SES) or whether the association between SES and mortality reflects a spurious association caused by IQ. METHODS: The participants were from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 11,321). IQ was assessed at age 16 to 23 years and the participants were followed up to 40 to 47 years of age. RESULTS: Controlling for sex, birth year, race/ethnicity, baseline health, and parental education, higher IQ was associated with lower probability of death (odds ratio (OR) per 1-standard deviation increase in IQ = 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.66, 0.91). This association disappeared (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.81, 1.20) when adjusted for education and household income. Adjustment for IQ had no effect on the association between SES and mortality. These findings were similar in Hispanic, Black, and White/other participants and in women and men. Parental education moderated the IQ-mortality association so that this association was not observed in participants with low parental education. CONCLUSIONS: Low IQ predicts early mortality in the US population and this association is largely explained by SES. The results do not support the alternative hypothesis that the socioeconomic gradient in early mortality would reflect IQ differences.
Bibliography Citation
Jokela, Markus, Marko Elovainio, Archana Singh-Manoux and Mika Kivimäki. "IQ, Socioeconomic Status, and Early Death: The US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Psychosomatic Medicine 71,3 (April 2009): 322-328.
2. Jokela, Markus
Kivimäki, Mika
Elovainio, Marko
Lower Fertility Associated with Obesity and Underweight: The US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88,4 (October 2008): 886-893.
Also: http://www.ajcn.org/content/88/4/886.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Society for Nutrition (ASN)
Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Childbearing; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Obesity; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that body weight predicts the number of children that a person will have: obese and underweight persons are hypothesized to have fewer children than do their normal-weight counterparts.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to prospectively examine the association between body weight in young adulthood and achieved fertility in later life. DESIGN: A representative national sample of 12 073 American young adults (aged 17-24 y in 1981) were followed through 2004 (19 survey waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth).

RESULTS: Obese young women and men were less likely to have their first child by the age of 47 y than were their normal-weight counterparts [relative risk (RR) = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.78 in women; RR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.84 in men). Obesity also predicted a lower probability of having more than one child, particularly for women. These associations were partly explained by a lower probability that obese participants will marry. Underweight men were less likely to have the first, second, third, and fourth child than were normal-weight men (RRs = 0.75-0.88; 95% CIs: 0.61, 0.95). These associations were largely explained by the lower marriage probability of underweight men. Obese women and men and underweight men were less likely to have as many children in adulthood as they had desired as young adults.

CONCLUSIONS: Obesity may be an important risk factor for lower fertility because of its social and possibly biological effect on reproductive behavior. Further data are needed to assess whether this association holds in more recent cohorts.

Bibliography Citation
Jokela, Markus, Mika Kivimäki and Marko Elovainio. "Lower Fertility Associated with Obesity and Underweight: The US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88,4 (October 2008): 886-893.