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Author: Kletzer, Lori G.

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1.	Kletzer, Lori G.
1.	Job Displacement Journal of Economic Perspectives 12,1 (Winter 1998): 115-136. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/jep.12.1.115 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Blue-Collar Jobs; Human Capital; Job Turnover Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s, changes in technology, consumer demand, international competition, and some deep recessions all contributed to large-scale blue-collar job displacement. More recently, corporate downsizing has added large numbers of white-collar workers to the group of dislocated workers. A public perception has grown that worklife in the l990s is more precarious (New York Times, 1996). The past decade and a half has seen a veritable explosion of research in the area of permanent job loss. My discussion here is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of that literature; interested readers can find that in Fallick (1996) and Kletzer (1995b). Instead, this paper will discuss the state of knowledge on the issues and questions of job displacement. How has the incidence of displacement changed from the 1980s to the l990s? How do the characteristics of displaced workers compare to the characteristics of other workers who experience unemployment? What are the conseque nces of displacement? How important is the loss of firm-specific human capital for a displaced worker? How do earnings of displaced workers change? What is the appropriate public policy response for displaced workers?
	Bibliography Citation Kletzer, Lori G. "Job Displacement." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12,1 (Winter 1998): 115-136.

2.	Kletzer, Lori G. Fairlie, Robert W.
2.	Long-Term Costs of Job Displacement Among Young Workers JCPR Working Paper 87, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, June 1999. Also: http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/jcpr/workingpapers/wpfiles/fairlie_jobdisplace.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Education; Earnings; High School Completion/Graduates; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wage Growth; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. One limitation of the recent research on the long-term costs of job displacement is its focus on individuals with established work histories. Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the authors estimate the long-term costs of job displacement for young workers. Similar to a number of recent studies, the authors use a comparison group of nondisplaced workers and regressions that include individual-level fixed-effects to estimate post-displacement earnings losses for this group. The rate of job displacement among this cohort was high during the 1980s and early 1990s. The authors find that the earnings costs of job loss for young workers are substantial and persistent, as others have shown for older and more established workers. In the fifth year following job loss, displaced men lose 8.4 percent and displaced women 13.0 percent in annual earnings, relative to expected levels. To improve the understanding of the causes of these long-term costs, the authors also examine the relative contributions of actual earnings losses and losses due to foregone earnings to total earnings losses for young displaced workers. They find a clear contrast between young and older workers in the causes of these losses. Unlike more established workers, young displaced workers do not experience a large decline in earnings following displacement. At the same time, their nondisplaced counterparts experience rapid earnings growth.
	Bibliography Citation Kletzer, Lori G. and Robert W. Fairlie. "Long-Term Costs of Job Displacement Among Young Workers." JCPR Working Paper 87, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, June 1999.

3.	Kletzer, Lori G. Fairlie, Robert W.
3.	Long-Term Costs of Job Displacement Among Young Workers Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of California - Santa Cruz, July 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Cruz Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Job Turnover; Unions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The earnings costs of job displacement are sizeable and persistent. Recent additions to the literature show that five or more years after displacement, earnings remain from 10 percent to 18 percent below expected levels (see Topel 1990, Ruhm 1991, Jacobson, LaLonde, and Sullivan 1993a,b, Schoeni and Dardia 1996, and Stevens 1997). Evidence of the persistence of earnings losses after job loss has implications for the design of assistance policies, as it raises concerns about the long-term earnings prospects of displaced workers. One limitation of this recent research is its focus on individuals with established work histories. Job loss among young workers has been overlooked in the literature on job displacement. The lack of interest may stem from the presumption that young workers have less to lose from job displacement given their relatively short time to invest in firm-specific human capital. Young workers may also be less likely than older workers to experience losses of industry or union rents following job loss.
	Bibliography Citation Kletzer, Lori G. and Robert W. Fairlie. "Long-Term Costs of Job Displacement Among Young Workers." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of California - Santa Cruz, July 1997.

4.	Kletzer, Lori G. Fairlie, Robert W.
4.	The Long-Term Costs of Job Displacement for Young Adult Workers Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56,4 (July 2003): 682-699. Also: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/ilrreview/vol56/iss4/7/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Industrial Relations Research Association ==> LERA Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Earnings; Gender Differences; Job Turnover; Labor Market Outcomes; Wage Differentials; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using NLSY data, the authors estimate the long-term costs of job displacement for young adults. Earnings and wage losses were large for the first three years following displacement. Compared to earnings losses found by other studies for more mature workers, however, earnings losses for these young adults were short-lived, with differences between observed and expected earnings narrowing considerably five years after job loss. At that point, the shortfall in annual earnings (relative to what would have been expected absent job loss) was 9% for men and 12.5% for women, and the shortfall in hourly wages was 21.2% for men. Young workers also apparently differ from more established workers in the composition of total earnings losses: for older workers, total losses largely represent actual, immediate earnings losses, whereas for young workers the loss of opportunities for rapid earnings growth is more important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
	Bibliography Citation Kletzer, Lori G. and Robert W. Fairlie. "The Long-Term Costs of Job Displacement for Young Adult Workers." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56,4 (July 2003): 682-699.

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