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ignoring parameter: Working Paper, University of Washington, 1990
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ignoring parameter: Working Paper 20 (December 2009), China Center for Human Capital and Labor Market Research, Central University of Finance and Economics.
ignoring parameter: Discussion Paper No. 1224-01. Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, February 2001.
5501. |
Ruspini, Elisabetta |
Introduction to Longitudinal Research London and New York, NY: Routledge, 2002 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys [Publisher's Blurb] One of the major changes in the social science research landscape in recent years has been the introduction of computerized panel surveys in Europe and the US which make longitudinal data widely available to graduate students for the first time. Elisabetta Ruspini here provides a concise yet comprehensive introduction to the issues involved in this kind of research. This book:
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Bibliography Citation
Ruspini, Elisabetta. Introduction to Longitudinal Research. London and New York, NY: Routledge, 2002. |
5502. |
Russo, Anna |
A Head Start for the Whole Family: Assessing the Labor Supply Response of Mothers of Head Start Participants Senior Essay, Department of Economics, Yale University, 2017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Yale University Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Head Start; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Childcare programs have the potential to benefit both children, through cognitive development, and parents, by lessening the burden of childcare. This paper is one of the first to study the impact of Head Start, a preschool program serving nearly one million low-income children in the United States, on the parents of participants. Using discontinuities in the eligibility requirements of Head Start, I provide the first evidence that Head Start has a positive causal effect on the labor market participation of the mothers of Head Start children. I find that Head Start increases mothers' hours worked per week, probability of employment, and probability of an income increase. These effects are large in magnitude and particularly strong for black families who exhibit greater take-up rates of the program. |
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Bibliography Citation
Russo, Anna. "A Head Start for the Whole Family: Assessing the Labor Supply Response of Mothers of Head Start Participants." Senior Essay, Department of Economics, Yale University, 2017. |
5503. |
Russo, Nancy Felipe Dabul, Amy J. |
The Relationship of Abortion to Well-Being. Do Race and Religion Make a Difference? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 28,1 (February 1997): 23-31. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/pro/28/1/23/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Behavior; Childbearing; Education; Ethnic Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Income; Legislation; Racial Differences; Religion; Religious Influences; Well-Being Relationships of abortion and childbearing to well-being were examined for 1,189 Black and 3,147 White women. Education, income, and having a work role were positively and independently related to well-being for all women. Abortion did not have an independent relationship to well-being, regardless of race or religion, when well-being before becoming pregnant was controlled. These findings suggest professional psychologists should explore the origins of women's mental health problems in experiences predating their experience with abortion, and they can assist psychologists in working to ensure that mandated scripts from "informed consent" legislation do not misrepresent scientific findings. ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved). |
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Bibliography Citation
Russo, Nancy Felipe and Amy J. Dabul. "The Relationship of Abortion to Well-Being. Do Race and Religion Make a Difference?" Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 28,1 (February 1997): 23-31.
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5504. |
Russo, Nancy Felipe Zierk, K. |
Abortion, Childbearing, and Women's Well-Being Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 23 (1992): 269-280. Also: http://www.prochoiceforum.org.uk/psy_research5.asp Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Behavior; Childbearing; Data Quality/Consistency; Ethnic Differences; Fertility; Health, Mental/Psychological; Legislation; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences; Religious Influences; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Well-Being This study is based on a secondary analysis of NLSY interview data from 5,295 women who were interviewed annually from 1979 to 1987. Among this group 773 women were identified in 1987 as having at least one abortion, with 233 of them reporting repeat abortions. Well-being was assessed in 1980 and 1987 by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The researchers used analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple regression to examine the combined and separate contributions of preabortion self-esteem, contextual variables (education, employment, income, and marital status), childbearing (being a parent, numbers of wanted and unwanted children) and abortion (having one abortion, having repeat abortions, number of abortions, time since last abortion) to women's post abortion self-esteem. |
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Bibliography Citation
Russo, Nancy Felipe and K. Zierk. "Abortion, Childbearing, and Women's Well-Being." Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 23 (1992): 269-280.
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5505. |
Rutledge, Matthew S. Sanzenbacher, Geoffrey Zulkarnain, Alice |
How Secure Is the Retirement of Contingent Workers? Presented: Chicago IL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Health and Retirement Study (HRS); Retirement/Retirement Planning; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Work, Atypical; Work, Contingent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent research suggests the share of workers in contingent work -- broadly defined as contract, temporary, or on-call work -- is on the rise. But no research has focused on the association between contingent work and retirement security, because no single U.S. data source combines information on contingent work and detailed retirement security information for the full population of workers. To get around this issue, this paper analyzes three data sources that together provide an assessment of the extent to which contingent workers are able to prepare for retirement: 1) the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which follows one group of workers from early career into their late 40s and early 50s; 2) a more age-representative sample from the Survey of Income and Program Participation; and 3) Health and Retirement Study respondents at ages 50-61. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rutledge, Matthew S., Geoffrey Sanzenbacher and Alice Zulkarnain. "How Secure Is the Retirement of Contingent Workers?" Presented: Chicago IL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2017. |
5506. |
Ruttenauer, Tobias Ludwig, Volker |
Fixed Effects Individual Slopes: Accounting and Testing for Heterogeneous Effects in Panel Data or Other Multilevel Models Sociological Methods and Research published online (10 June 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0049124120926211 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Head Start; Marital Status; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Monte Carlo; Research Methodology; Wage Dynamics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Fixed effects (FE) panel models have been used extensively in the past, as those models control for all stable heterogeneity between units. Still, the conventional FE estimator relies on the assumption of parallel trends between treated and untreated groups. It returns biased results in the presence of heterogeneous slopes or growth curves that are related to the parameter of interest (e.g., selection into treatment is based on individual growth of the outcome). In this study, we derive the bias in conventional FE models and show that fixed effects individual slope (FEIS) models can overcome this problem. This is a more general version of the conventional FE model, which accounts for heterogeneous slopes or trends, thereby providing a powerful tool for panel data and other multilevel data in general. We propose two versions of the Hausman test that can be used to identify misspecification in FE models. The performance of the FEIS estimator and the specification tests is evaluated in a series of Monte Carlo experiments. Using the examples of the marital wage premium and returns to preschool education (Head Start), we demonstrate how taking heterogeneous effects into account can seriously change the conclusions drawn from conventional FE models. Thus, we propose to test for bias in FE models in practical applications and to apply FEIS if indicated by the specification tests. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ruttenauer, Tobias and Volker Ludwig. "Fixed Effects Individual Slopes: Accounting and Testing for Heterogeneous Effects in Panel Data or Other Multilevel Models." Sociological Methods and Research published online (10 June 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0049124120926211.
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5507. |
Ryan, Andrea Kay |
Gender Differences in Family Formation Behavior: The Effects of Adolescent Substance Use Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 71,6 (November 2010): 938-949. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Gender_Differences_in_Family_Formation_Behavior_The_Effects_of_Adolescent_/4521.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Family Formation; Gender Differences; Marriage; Parenthood; Risk-Taking; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This study extended previous research on the association of substance use with family formation behavior by assessing the effects of the type and extent of adolescent substance use in a competing risks model. Substance use was expected to increase the likelihood of nonmarital family formation overall and differently by gender. Method: Longitudinal data from home interviews with the 14- to 16-year-old respondents to the first wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N = 4,011) were used in multinomial logistic regressions estimating the odds that first cohabitation, parenthood, or remaining single occurred before first marriage among five types of substance users compared with nonusers. Full sample analysis preceded separate analyses of women (n = 1,946) and men (n = 2,065). Results: Illegal drug use and concurrent substance use increased the likelihood that cohabitation, as opposed to marriage, was the first family type. Concurrent use of three types of substances had the largest effect on family formation behavior. The effects of singular marijuana use mattered only for men. The effects of substance use on parenthood as the first family type were significant only for women and increased the likelihood that marriage occurred first. Conclusions: The effects of substance use depended on the type(s) of substance(s) used, singular or concurrent use, and gender. Previous research regarding cohabitation was supported and extended. Assumptions that substance use leads to teenage or unwed parenthood based on the relationship of substance use to pregnancy or its predictors should be re-examined. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Andrea Kay. "Gender Differences in Family Formation Behavior: The Effects of Adolescent Substance Use." Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 71,6 (November 2010): 938-949.
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5508. |
Ryan, Andrea Kay |
The Lasting Effects of Marijuana Use on Educational Attainment in Midlife Substance Use and Misuse 45,4 (March 2010): 554-597. Also: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10826080802490238 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Marcel Dekker Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the NLSY79, a U.S. nationally representative longitudinal survey of labor market behavior, sponsored and directed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor, was used to assess the influence of marijuana use on educational attainment (N = 7,724). Multivariate nested OLS models assessed the associations of marijuana use in 1979, 1984, and 1998 with educational attainment in 2002. Adolescent, frequent, and persistent users experienced lower attainment at ages 37 to 45 than nonusers even when use was confined to adolescence. Implications of the findings, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Andrea Kay. "The Lasting Effects of Marijuana Use on Educational Attainment in Midlife." Substance Use and Misuse 45,4 (March 2010): 554-597.
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5509. |
Ryan, Rebecca M. Claessens, Amy |
Associations Between Family Structure Changes and Children's Behavior Problems: The Moderating Effects of Timing and Marital Birth Developmental Psychology 49,7 (July 2013): 1219-1231. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2012-20863-001/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Divorce; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Dissolution; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Single The present study explores the implications of family instability for child development by investigating the conditions under which family structure changes matter most to child well-being. Using data from the Maternal and Child Supplement of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 3,492), it estimates how changes in family structure during four different developmental periods relate to concurrent and subsequent changes in children’s behavioral trajectories. We estimate associations separately for children born to married and unwed parents, or “fragile families”, to determine if family instability has different effects on children across policy-relevant family types. Results indicate that changes in family structure during the first three years influence children’s behavioral development more consistently than later changes, changes into a single-parent family have different implications than changes into a blended family, and changes in family structure matter more for children born to married parents than children in fragile families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Rebecca M. and Amy Claessens. "Associations Between Family Structure Changes and Children's Behavior Problems: The Moderating Effects of Timing and Marital Birth." Developmental Psychology 49,7 (July 2013): 1219-1231.
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5510. |
Ryan, Rebecca M. Claessens, Amy |
Associations Between Family Structure Changes and Children’s Behavior: The Moderating Effects of Timing and Marital Birth Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Divorce; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Dissolution; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The present study explores the implications of family instability for child development by investigating the conditions under which family structure changes matter most to child well-being. Using data from the Maternal and Child Supplement of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 3,492), it estimates how changes in family structure during four different developmental periods relate to concurrent and subsequent changes in children’s behavioral trajectories. We estimate associations separately for children born to married and unwed parents, or “fragile families”, to determine if family instability has different effects on children across policy-relevant family types. Results indicate that changes in family structure during the first three years influence children’s behavioral development more consistently than later changes, changes into a single-parent family have different implications than changes into a blended family, and changes in family structure matter more for children born to married parents than children in fragile families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Rebecca M. and Amy Claessens. "Associations Between Family Structure Changes and Children’s Behavior: The Moderating Effects of Timing and Marital Birth." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2012. |
5511. |
Ryan, Rebecca M. Kalil, Ariel Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M. Padilla, Christina |
Socioeconomic Gaps in Parents' Discipline Strategies From 1988 to 2011 Pediatrics 138,6 (December 2016): DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0720. Also: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2016/11/10/peds.2016-0720.full.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics Keyword(s): Discipline; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Education; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parenting Skills/Styles; Punishment, Corporal; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status (SES) BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of corporal punishment is high in the United States despite a 1998 American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement urging against its use. The current study tests whether the socioeconomic difference in its use by parents has changed over the past quarter century. It goes on to test whether socioeconomic differences in the use of nonphysical discipline have also changed over time. METHODS: Data are drawn from 4 national studies conducted between 1988 and 2011. Each asked how often a kindergarten-aged child was spanked in the past week and what the parents would do if the child misbehaved, with physical discipline, time-out, and talking to child as possible responses. We use regression models to estimate parents' responses to these questions at the 90th, 50th, and 10th percentiles of the income and education distributions and t tests to compare estimates across cohorts. RESULTS: The proportion of mothers at the 50th income-percentile who endorse physical discipline decreased from 46% to 21% over time. Gaps between the 90th and 10th income-percentiles were stable at 11 and 18 percentage points in 1988 and 2011. The percentage of mothers at the 10th income-percentile endorsing time-outs increased from 51% to 71%, and the 90/10 income gap decreased from 23 to 14 percentage points between 1998 and 2011. CONCLUSIONS: Decline in popular support for physical discipline reflects real changes in parents' discipline strategies. These changes have occurred at all socioeconomic levels, producing for some behaviors a significant reduction in socioeconomic differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Rebecca M., Ariel Kalil, Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest and Christina Padilla. "Socioeconomic Gaps in Parents' Discipline Strategies From 1988 to 2011." Pediatrics 138,6 (December 2016): DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0720.
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5512. |
Ryan, Rebecca M. Padilla, Christina Hines, Caitlin |
Differential Parenting of Biologically Vulnerable Versus Nonvulnerable Children By Socioeconomic Status Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birthweight; Children, Temperament; Parental Investments; Parenting Skills/Styles; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It is well-established that socioeconomic (SES) disadvantage and biological vulnerability contribute to SES-based gaps in children's school readiness. The proposed study will investigate one way in which these two disadvantages may jointly exacerbate these early gaps: low-SES parents may invest fewer resources in vulnerable children, whereas high-SES parents may invest equally or more in them. Unlike prior research, the study focuses on investment during early childhood and examines two biological vulnerabilities: low birth weight (LBW) and difficult temperament. Investments are compared among siblings to minimize the influence of family-specific characteristics that might bias associations, drawing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Maternal and Child Supplement. Results indicate that low-SES parents are less cognitively stimulating with LBW infants, whereas higher-SES parents are not, but that parents across SES are less stimulating with difficult versus average temperament children and are more likely to report spanking them in infancy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Rebecca M., Christina Padilla and Caitlin Hines. "Differential Parenting of Biologically Vulnerable Versus Nonvulnerable Children By Socioeconomic Status." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
5513. |
Ryan, Rebecca M. Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M. Duncan, Greg J. Reardon, Sean F. Markowitz, Anna J. |
Preschool-Age Skills Gaps and the Changing Technology of Parenting Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Children, Preschool; Children, Well-Being; Home Environment; Mothers, Education; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parental Influences; Parental Investments; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We aim to identify the home-environment drivers of increasing gaps in cognitive and non-cognitive skills between poor and more affluent children. These gap increases could arise in multiple ways. The most obvious is that the gap between the quality of home environments available to poor and more affluent children could be growing. This might happen if rapid increases in the incomes of affluent families have led them to spend more on children's early education, lessons, books, computers, etc. in ways that have enriched the home environments of affluent children more rapidly than the home environments of poor children. We draw on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement (1988/1990 n= ~ 2,700 children ages 3-5), the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Supplement (1997; n = ~ 800) and National Household Education Surveys covering the period 1991-2007 n = ~ 30,000). In this paper we document over-time class-based gaps in children's home environments in the three different data sets. The measure of the home environment is multifaceted, including measures of parents' time inputs, emotional support, and provision of a physical environment conducive to children's learning and emotional well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Rebecca M., Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest, Greg J. Duncan, Sean F. Reardon and Anna J. Markowitz. "Preschool-Age Skills Gaps and the Changing Technology of Parenting." Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015. |
5514. |
Ryan, Richard W. |
Aggregate Implications of Labor-Market Composition Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Labor Market Demographics; Wage Dynamics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation comprises three essays on the movements of workers into and out of employment and unemployment--in other words, the composition of the labor market. The first provides an overview. It describes the US economy's ability to create new hires from unemployment and vacancies and some implications for labor-macro models. The second considers fishery management plans in a two-sector, random search environment, where one sector harvests fish. The optimal composition of jobs is described. The third investigates how labor-market composition affects the cyclical behavior of wages informed by random search models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the Current Population Survey, and the Current Employment Statistics program. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ryan, Richard W. Aggregate Implications of Labor-Market Composition. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 2020. |
5515. |
Rybinska-Campbell, Anna |
Intentions to Remain Childless: An Old Response to New Exigencies or a New Response to Old Exigencies? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Marriage; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this dissertation, I investigate an idea that in recent decades the development of an intention to remain childless during the transition to adulthood emerged as an alternative response, or even a new response, to life exigencies. In other words: under the present day cultural context, women, instead of delaying motherhood, decide early in their life course to forego childbearing for the sake of a childless life style. I introduce three research aims: 1. to investigate the emergence of preferences for motherhood delay and childlessness in adolescence; 2. to examine the process of childlessness intentions development over the life course; and 3. to study the changes in the prevalence of childlessness intentions in the United States. The findings unveil a nuanced picture of the connections between marriage and motherhood postponement, the development of childlessness intentions, and permanent childlessness. Preference for marriage delay and remaining childless emerge early in the life course, at times as early as during adolescence. Thus, the processes of selection into marriage delay and into preferences for childlessness start very early and set young women on trajectories of motherhood postponement which ultimately increase their chances of permanent childlessness. In addition, the prevalence of intentions to remain childless is on the rise, potentially leading to a spread of a childfree lifestyle among future generations. By addressing the associations between motherhood delay and childlessness intentions, this dissertation contributes to scholarly conversations about parenthood delay, childlessness, and family change. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rybinska-Campbell, Anna. Intentions to Remain Childless: An Old Response to New Exigencies or a New Response to Old Exigencies? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2019. |
5516. |
Rybinska, Anna |
Family Size Preferences in Early Adulthood: Measurement Error and Dimensionality M.A. Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Childbearing; Data Quality/Consistency; Expectations/Intentions; Modeling, Structural Equation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study, the link between childbearing desires, intentions, and behavior is revisited using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach in which I test if childbearing desires and intentions are distinct constructs while accounting for measurement error. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth I estimate latent intentions and desires and then use the results to estimate the odds of having a(nother) child within the next three years. The results indicate that measurement error causes major bias in the relationship between childbearing intentions, desires and behavior. In models that account for measurement error, the effects of childbearing intentions and desires on childbearing behavior are twice as large as in models that assume perfect measurement. In addition, I find that while childbearing intentions and desires are distinct constructs, when used independently they might predict childbearing behavior with similar precision. Combined these results suggest that researchers interested in childbearing behaviors need to account for both measurement error and the distinction between childbearing intentions and desires in their models or risk severe bias in their results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rybinska, Anna. Family Size Preferences in Early Adulthood: Measurement Error and Dimensionality. M.A. Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2016. |
5517. |
Rybinska, Anna |
Predictive Power of Early Adulthood Reports of Intentions for Childlessness Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Qualitative studies of childlessness frequently point out to the importance of women's preferences in the process of remaining childless. Childless women often describe their status as a deliberate decision to avoid parenthood, situated within the structure of their lives. Despite these narratives, predictive validity of intentions for childlessness (i.e. intentions to have no children) is rarely examined. Findings from previous analyses point out to a strong predictive power of childless intentions: women who intend childlessness rarely become mothers and childless intentions, once verbalized, tend to be stable. This project complements existing research by investigating the link between intentions for childlessness reported in early adulthood and permanent childlessness at the end of women's reproductive careers for a recent cohort of American women. I use the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth and estimate a logistic regression model. I hypothesize that the women who intend to have no children in early adulthood will have a high probability of remaining childless over the life course. Moderating effects of personality traits and socio-demographic factors are explored. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rybinska, Anna. "Predictive Power of Early Adulthood Reports of Intentions for Childlessness." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018. |
5518. |
Rybinska, Anna |
Revisiting Measures of Childbearing Intentions: Should We Worry About Measurement Error? Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Family Size; Fertility; Statistical Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although the measures of childbearing intentions are widely used in studies of fertility, little attention is paid to their statistical reliability. The effects of the intentions on subsequent behavior might be biased if the statistical reliability of the measures is poor. I employ the structural equations framework to build a measurement model of family size intentions and analyze the impact of the measurement error on the predictions of childbearing behavior for respondents of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results suggest that the measurement error in the intentions leads to underestimation of the coefficients. The effects of intentions of childbearing are significantly larger once the regression is adjusted for the measurement error. These results call for more attention to the precision of the measurement of intentions in future research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rybinska, Anna. "Revisiting Measures of Childbearing Intentions: Should We Worry About Measurement Error?" Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
5519. |
Rybinska, Anna |
What Are the Determinants of Intentions for Childlessness? Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Career Patterns; College Enrollment; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Marital History/Transitions; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The results from the National Survey of Family Growth indicate that the prevalence of the intentions for childlessness among young women in America is increasing. At the same time, empirical studies provide evidence that intentions for childlessness serve as a strong predictor of subsequent permanent childlessness. Despite the rising prevalence of intentions for having no children among young women, and their strong connection to permanent childlessness, little is known about what contributes to the development of such reports. In this project, I examine the determinants of intentions for childlessness for a cohort of American women who participated in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The effects of the changes in women's marital histories, professional careers, and educational enrollment on the probability of reporting an intention for childlessness are explored. Methods of longitudinal data analysis (fixed and random effects models) are used to capture the dynamic nature of women’s lives. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rybinska, Anna. "What Are the Determinants of Intentions for Childlessness?" Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
5520. |
Rybinska, Anna Morgan, S. Philip |
Childless Expectations and Childlessness Over the Life Course Social Forces 97,4 (June 2019): 1571-1602. Also: https://academic.oup.com/sf/article/97/4/1571/5126895 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Childbearing; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using nineteen panels of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY-79), we construct life-lines characterizing women's childless expectations and fertility behavior. One-quarter of women in the NLSY-79 cohort ever reported an expectation for childlessness but only 14.8 percent of women remain childless. Childless women follow two predominant life course paths: (1) repeated postponement of childbearing and the subsequent adoption of a childless expectation at older ages or (2) indecision about parenthood signaled through vacillating reports of childless expectations across various ages. We also find that more than one in ten women became a mother after considering childlessness: an understudied group in research on childlessness and childbearing preferences. These findings reaffirm that it is problematic to assign expected and unexpected childlessness labels to the reproductive experience of childless women. In addition, despite their variability over time, childless expectations strongly predict permanent childlessness, regardless of the age when respondents offer them. Longitudinal logistic regression analysis of these childless expectations indicates a strong effect of childbearing postponement among the increasingly selective group of childless women. However, net of this postponement, few variables commonly associated with childlessness are associated with reports of a childless expectation. We thus conclude that the effects of socio-demographic and situational factors on childless expectations are channeled predominantly through repeated childbearing postponement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rybinska, Anna and S. Philip Morgan. "Childless Expectations and Childlessness Over the Life Course." Social Forces 97,4 (June 2019): 1571-1602.
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5521. |
Sabol, Terri J. |
Does Increased Investment in Parents' Human Capital Relate to Changes in Investment in Early Education Quality? Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Children, Preschool; Children, Well-Being; Geocoded Data; Head Start; Human Capital; Parental Influences; Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Administrative data for this study come from Head Start Program Information Reports (PIR), which are mandatory, agency-level, annual surveys. We include all agencies from 2002-2014, which results in approximately 2,700 Head Start grantees/agencies with a total of around 37,000 program-by-year observations. We will also link the PIR data to the National Longitudinal Survey 1979 using FIPS county code to attain parent and child outcomes. A similar approach was employed by Currie & Neidell (2007) and resulted in a sample of approximately 880 children who attended Head Start that matched to the PIR data. We first characterize trends in parent services versus child services in Head Start over the past decade by conducting mean-level difference tests at the national level in each year. For parents, we focus primarily on programming that directly targets their skill development, including adult education, job training, English as a Second Language training, and parenting education. For children we focus on ECE quality, including staff-child ratios, staff qualifications, and teacher salaries |
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Bibliography Citation
Sabol, Terri J. "Does Increased Investment in Parents' Human Capital Relate to Changes in Investment in Early Education Quality?." Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2016. |
5522. |
Sacerdote, Bruce |
The Nature and Nurture of Economic Outcomes NBER Working Paper No. 7949, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Adoption; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Comparison Group (Reference group); Cross-national Analysis; Educational Attainment; Fathers, Biological; Income; Labor Market Outcomes; Mothers, Education; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Parental Influences This paper uses data on adopted children to examine the relative importance of biology and environment in determining educational and labor market outcomes. I employ three long-term panel data sets which contain information on adopted children, their adoptive parents, and their biological parents. In at least two of the three data sets the mechanism for assigning children to adoptive parents is fairly random and does not match children to adoptive parents based on health, race, or ability. I find that adoptive parents' education and income have a modest impact on child test scores but a large impact on college attendance, marital status, and earnings. In contrast with existing work on IQ scores, I do not find that the influence of adoptive parents declines with child age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sacerdote, Bruce. "The Nature and Nurture of Economic Outcomes." NBER Working Paper No. 7949, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2000. |
5523. |
Sacramento Bee |
Beer Study Coming to Head Sacramento Bee, December 11, 1992, Scene; Pg. SC4 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sacramento Bee Keyword(s): College Education; College Graduates; Dropouts; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Duke University study, not yet published but still brewing, looked at graduation rates for kids leaving high school in 1982, comparing those to state beer taxes. It found that the percentage of kids graduating from college rose nearly 6 percent when the beer tax jumped from 10 cents to $ 1 a case --about 4 cents a can. That's even when you control for other factors such as parents' education and drinking habits and family income. Study author Michael Moore, of Duke's Fuqua School of Business, says higher prices reduce consumption. "If you make drinking more expensive, they're drinking less," and possibly studying more, Moore says. "Or perhaps not getting killed in car accidents or arrested or pregnant." Moore and co-author Philip Cook based findings on 1,904 students tracked in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth at Ohio State University. Jeff Becker of the Beer Institute in Washington, D.C., says he has not seen the study but questions it sharply. He says that increased taxes could reduce consumption, but that it's a "large leap of faith" to suggest reduced consumption improves college graduation chances. Moore says the study suggests that a higher beer tax could mean another 170,000 students graduating from college each year. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sacramento Bee. "Beer Study Coming to Head." Sacramento Bee, December 11, 1992, Scene; Pg. SC4. |
5524. |
Sadighi, Shahriar |
Essays in Empirical Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Northeastern University, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Wage Determination Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My dissertation consists of three essays in empirical labor economics which are self-contained and can be read independently of the others. The second essay estimates the changing effects of cognitive ability on wage determination of college bound and non-college bound young adults between 1980s and 2000s. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sadighi, Shahriar. Essays in Empirical Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Northeastern University, 2017. |
5525. |
Sages, Ronald Alan |
Three Essays on Self-Esteem and Retirement Planning Behaviors Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Family Studies and Human Services, Kansas State University, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Income; Net Worth; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation, consisting of three studies, explores the influence of self-esteem upon retirement planning behaviors. Data for all three essays was obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY79). A Theory of Self-Esteem (Cast & Burke, 2002) served as a theoretical framework for each study. The first essay examined the association between information search behaviors and retirement planning actions upon two dimensions of self-esteem, consisting of efficacy and worth. Both information search behaviors and retirement planning actions were found to be associated with both dimensions. Attained levels of education and the masculine gender were also found to be significantly associated with each self-esteem dimension. Essay two explored creditworthiness as part of the identity self-verification (Stryker, 1980) and self-esteem buffer mechanism, and its association with pre-retirement planning behaviors. Higher levels of self-esteem, attained level of education, net worth, and net income were all found to be associated with individuals who were likely to engage in one or more pre-retirement planning behavior. Creditworthy practices, however, were not found to be associated with pre-retirement planning behaviors in this study. Essay three postulated that respondents who possessed a composite psychosocial profile consisting of Rosenberg's self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965), Pearlin's mastery scale (Pearlin & Schooler, 1978), and Rotter's locus of control scale (Rotter, 1966) would be associated with engaging in one or more retirement planning behavior. Results showed that a composite psychosocial profile is associated with individuals likely to engage in one or more retirement planning behaviors. Attained levels of education, net worth, net income, and age were found to be associated with individuals likely to engage in one or more retirement planning behaviors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sages, Ronald Alan. Three Essays on Self-Esteem and Retirement Planning Behaviors. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Family Studies and Human Services, Kansas State University, 2012. |
5526. |
Sahadewo, Gumilang Aryo |
Essays in the Economics of Education and Experimental Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Earnings; Geocoded Data; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Quality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three studies in the economics of education and experimental economics. In Chapter 1, I address a debate in the literature about the effects of measures of school quality on labor market earnings. Using individual-level data, previous studies find no effects of measures of school quality and a subsequent study argues that the result is driven by the sample that includes mainly young individuals. I use recent NLSY79 Geocode data that provides extended earnings observations including prime-age earnings. I find that the percentage of teachers with a Master's degree has a positive long-run effect on individuals' earnings in the labor market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sahadewo, Gumilang Aryo. Essays in the Economics of Education and Experimental Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 2017. |
5527. |
Sahadewo, Gumilang Aryo |
School Quality and Labor Market Earnings: Some New Results on an Old Debate Journal of Applied Economics 26,1 (January 2023): DOI: 10.1080/15140326.2022.2163580. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15140326.2022.2163580 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Earnings; Geocoded Data; School Quality; State-Level Data/Policy; Teachers/Faculty This study addresses an open debate in the literature about the direct effects of measures of school quality on workers' earnings in the labor market. Card and Kureges (1996) argue that the young sample that Betts (1995) uses understates the effects of the measures of school quality on earnings. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the measures of school quality on earnings at older age, using a recent version of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The replication of Betts' analysis show that the measures of school quality did not affect earnings when workers were young. However, the estimation shows that the percentage of teachers with a graduate degree significantly affects workers' prime-age earnings. The findings support Card and Krueger's claim that the measures of school quality affected workers' earnings at older age. More importantly, the results reconcile different findings from two strands of studies in the literature using state-level and individual-level data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sahadewo, Gumilang Aryo. "School Quality and Labor Market Earnings: Some New Results on an Old Debate." Journal of Applied Economics 26,1 (January 2023): DOI: 10.1080/15140326.2022.2163580.
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5528. |
Sahin, Aysegul |
Incentive Effects of Higher Education Subsidies on Student Effort Staff Reports No. 192, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2004. Also: http://www.ny.frb.org/research/staff_reports/sr192.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of New York Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Colleges; Cost-Benefit Studies; Human Capital; Modeling; Tuition Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses a game-theoretic model to analyze the disincentive effects of low-tuition policies on student effort. The model of parent and student responses to tuition subsidies is then calibrated using information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the High School and Beyond Sophomore Cohort: 1980-92. I find that although subsidizing tuition increases enrollment rates, it reduces student effort. This follows from the fact that a high-subsidy, low-tuition policy causes an increase in the percentage of less able and less highly motivated college graduates. Additionally--and potentially more important--all students, even the more highly motivated ones, respond to lower tuition levels by decreasing their effort levels. This study adds to the literature on the enrollment effects of low-tuition policies by demonstrating how high-subsidy, low-tuition policies have both disincentive effects on students' study time and adverse effects on human capital accumulation |
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Bibliography Citation
Sahin, Aysegul. "Incentive Effects of Higher Education Subsidies on Student Effort." Staff Reports No. 192, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2004. |
5529. |
Sahin, Aysegul |
Incentive Effects of Social Policies on Education and Labor Markets Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Rochester, 2002. DAI-A 63/03, p. 1051, Sep 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Higher Education; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Tuition; Unemployment; Unemployment Insurance; Welfare A social policy might have disincentive effects on its beneficiaries in the presence of asymmetric information, This dissertation studies the incentive issues arising from the implementation of certain educational and labor market policies when informational asymmetry is present, In particular, the first chapter deals with higher education subsidies and the second chapter studies unemployment insurance. Chapter 1 analyzes the potential disincentive effects of higher education subsidies on students' performance, A game-theoretical model is employed to analyze the interaction between parents and their child prior to and during the college education, The model is calibrated by using information from the High School and Beyond Sophomore Cohort: 1980-92 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data sets, The experiments show that subsidizing tuition increases enrollment rates and graduation rates. Yet, there are two effects lowering student effort, First a low-tuition, high-subsidy strategy causes an increase in the ratio of less able and less highly-motivated students among college graduates. Secondly, all students, even the more highly-motivated ones, respond to lower tuition levels by decreasing their effort levels. Chapter 2 employs a dynamic general equilibrium model to design and evaluate long-term unemployment insurance plans (plans that depend on workers' unemployment history) in economies with and without hidden savings. The simulations show that optimal benefit schemes and welfare implications differ considerably when hidden savings are considered. First of all, the optimal benefit path is not necessarily declining, Secondly, the role of history dependence of unemployment insurance plans is not as important quantitatively as the earlier studies suggest: welfare gains are much lower when hidden savings are considered. Given these results, as well as the fact that long-term unemployment insurance plans are hard to administer in practice, switching to long-term plans may not be a desirable policy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sahin, Aysegul. Incentive Effects of Social Policies on Education and Labor Markets. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Rochester, 2002. DAI-A 63/03, p. 1051, Sep 2002. |
5530. |
Sahin, Aysegul |
The Rotten Kid at College: The Incentive Effects of Higher Education Subsidies on Student Achievement Department of Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, October 2001. Also: http://www.mgmt.purdue.edu/faculty/asahin/subsidy.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Purdue University Keyword(s): College Education; College Enrollment; Colleges; Education; Educational Costs; Educational Returns; Tuition Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Higher education subsidies encourage college enrollment by reducing tuitioncosts. Despite the abundant literature on the enrollment effects of low-tuition policies, little has been done to analyze the disincentive effects of these policies on student performance. I employ a game-theoretical model to analyze how parents and students respond to tuition subsidies. The model is calibrated using information from the High School and Beyond Sophomore Cohort and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data sets. The experiments imply that subsidizing tuition, while increasing enrollment rates, may considerably reduce students? efforts. First of all, a low-tuition, high-subsidy strategy causes an increase in the ratio of less able and less highly-motivated students among college graduates. Secondly, and more importantly, all students, even the more highly motivated ones, respond to lower tuition levels by decreasing their effort levels. I conclude that high-subsidy, low-tuition policies, indeed, have disincentive effects on students? study time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sahin, Aysegul. "The Rotten Kid at College: The Incentive Effects of Higher Education Subsidies on Student Achievement." Department of Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, October 2001. |
5531. |
Saini, Shiv K. |
Three Essays in Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2008. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~ssaini/academics/diss_abstract_shiv.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; College Dropouts; Educational Attainment; Educational Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter of the thesis estimates the effect of labor market regulations on market outcomes when there is a sector which is not covered by the regulations. The theoretical model is an extension of the Mortensen and Pissarides matching model with two sectors. The structural model is estimated using Indian manufacturing data. The results show that the estimated cost of labor regulations vary significantly across Indian states and have large welfare implications. A policy experiment in which all states in India have the best labor regulations observed in sample would increase total output by 26%. This increase in output is due to a 18% decrease in the unemployment rate and a shift in production from the informal sector to the more productive formal sector. This policy increases employment in the formal sector by 53% and decreases employment in the less productive informal sector by 12%. In the second chapter, a joint work with Professor Maurizio Mazzocco, we propose a method to tests efficiency even when households have different preferences for risk. The method is composed of three tests. The first test is a test of homogeneous risk preferences. The second and third tests are tests of efficient risk sharing. We use this method to test efficient risk sharing in rural India. Using the first test, we strongly reject the hypothesis of identical risk preferences. We then test efficiency with and without the assumption of preference homogeneity. In the first case we reject efficient risk sharing at the village and caste level. In the second case we still reject efficiency at the village level, but we cannot reject this hypothesis at the caste level. This finding suggests that the relevant risk-sharing unit in rural India is the caste and not the village. The third chapter estimates effect of working while in college on drop out probability. The model is estimated using data from the NLSY 1979. The estimates show that higher ability individuals are less likely to drop out of college and that the net cost of education decreases with an increase in parents' education. The policy experiments suggests that a policy which provides aid to college students and later taxes the income of college graduates increases the enrollment rate and decreases the dropout rate. |
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Bibliography Citation
Saini, Shiv K. Three Essays in Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2008.. |
5532. |
Salkever, David S. |
Interpreting the NLSY79 Empirical Data on “IQ” and "Achievement": A Comment on Borghans et al.'s "Identification Problems in Personality Psychology" Personality and Individual Differences 85 (October 2015): 66-68. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886915003050 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); I.Q.; Misclassification, Mismeasurement; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Statistical Analysis In an otherwise interesting and enlightening article, Borghans, Golsteyn, Heckman, and Humphries (2011) analyzed evidence from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to support their contention that "achievement" tests have greater power than "IQ" tests in predicting "a variety of life outcomes". A key point in their argument is their contention that scores on the Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT) represent "achievement" scores and that the AFQT is qualitatively different from purported true "IQ" score data also available in the NLSY79. This contention is based on both conceptual argument and empirical analysis of NLSY79 data. This comment disputes their contention on both grounds. First, it argues that their conceptual distinction is contradicted in the educational testing literature and is based on erroneous assumptions about the nature of the purported true "IQ" test data in the NLSY79. Second, it presents evidence that their empirical findings flow from problems in true "IQ" score imputation and large gaps in calendar time between the purported true "IQ" tests and AFQT and personality test data in the NLSY79 data set. |
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Bibliography Citation
Salkever, David S. "Interpreting the NLSY79 Empirical Data on “IQ” and "Achievement": A Comment on Borghans et al.'s "Identification Problems in Personality Psychology"." Personality and Individual Differences 85 (October 2015): 66-68.
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5533. |
Salkever, David S. |
Updated Estimates of Earnings Benefits from Reduced Exposure of Children to Environmental Lead Environmental Research 70,1 (July 1995): 1-6. Also: http://www.idealibrary.com/links/artid/enrs.1995.1038 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Benefits, Fringe; Child Health; Cognitive Ability; Drug Use; Earnings; Education; Educational Status; Environment, Pollution/Urban Density; Environmental Exposure/Environmental Policy; Epidemiology; Income The recent and important study by Schwartz found that almost three-fourths of the benefits of reduced lead exposure in children are in the form of earnings gains (earnings losses avoided). New data on recent trends in returns to education and cognitive skills in the labor market suggest a need to revise this estimate upward. Based on an analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the present study estimates that an upward revision of at least 50% (or $2.5 billion per annual birth cohort) is indicated. The study also finds evidence that percentage earnings gains are considerably larger for females than for males. |
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Bibliography Citation
Salkever, David S. "Updated Estimates of Earnings Benefits from Reduced Exposure of Children to Environmental Lead." Environmental Research 70,1 (July 1995): 1-6.
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5534. |
Salsberry, Pamela J. Reagan, Patricia Benton |
Comparing the Influence of Childhood and Adult Economic Status on Midlife Obesity in Mexican American, White, and African American Women Public Health Nursing 26,1 (January-February 2009): 14-22 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Childhood; Disadvantaged, Economically; Economic Well-Being; Economics of Minorities; Education, Adult; Ethnic Differences; Obesity; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This research addresses the following 2 questions. What is the effect of childhood and adult economic status on midlife obesity in Mexican American women? How do these economic patterns in Mexican American women compare with patterns seen in White women and in African American women? Method: Data were drawn from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979-2002 waves. The sample consisted of 422 Mexican Americans, 2,090 Whites, and 1,195 African Americans. The economic indicator used for childhood economic status was parent education; for adult economic status, the participant's own education and adult per capita income were used. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were estimated for the relationship between midlife obesity and economic indicator, stratified by race/ethnic group. Results: There was an increased risk for midlife obesity with disadvantaged economic status measured during childhood and at midlife in Mexican American women. The economic effects on midlife obesity in Mexican American women were similar to those found for White, but not African American women. Few economic influences on obesity at midlife were found for African American women. Conclusions: Strategies that broadly improve the economic conditions of Mexican American women may be one important way to address the obesity epidemic in this population. |
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Bibliography Citation
Salsberry, Pamela J. and Patricia Benton Reagan. "Comparing the Influence of Childhood and Adult Economic Status on Midlife Obesity in Mexican American, White, and African American Women." Public Health Nursing 26,1 (January-February 2009): 14-22.
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5535. |
Salsberry, Pamela J. Reagan, Patricia Benton Fang, Muriel Z. |
Disparities in Women’s Health Across a Generation: A Mother–Daughter Comparison Journal of Women's Health 22,7 (July 2013): 617-624 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Keyword(s): Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Body Mass Index (BMI); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Height; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Obesity; Racial Differences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has set national goals to eliminate health disparities by race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Progress in meeting these goals has been mixed. This paper provides a different view on the evolving health of U.S. women by examining a sample of daughters and their mothers. Methods: The aim was to determine if the health risk profiles of daughters (born 1975–1992) were different from their mothers (born 1957–1964) measured when both were between the ages of 17 and 24 years. The U.S.-based National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and associated Children and Young Adult Surveys were used. The sample was 2411 non-Hispanic white and African American girls born to 1701 mothers. Outcomes were height, weight, body mass index (BMI), age of menarche, and self-reported health. Results: In both races, daughters were taller but entered adulthood at greater risk for the development of chronic illness than their mothers. Racial differences were greater in the daughters’ generation than in the mothers’. Whites in both generations experienced educational differences in health based upon the mother’s educational level, with fewer years of maternal education associated with poorer health. African Americans of both generations experienced differences by maternal education in self-reported health. However, when African American daughters were compared with their mothers, daughters born to college educated women gained more weight and had higher BMI and earlier menarche than did daughters born to high school dropouts. Conclusion: Health deterioration across generations in both races suggests that much work is needed to meet Healthy People 2020 goals of health equity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Salsberry, Pamela J., Patricia Benton Reagan and Muriel Z. Fang. "Disparities in Women’s Health Across a Generation: A Mother–Daughter Comparison." Journal of Women's Health 22,7 (July 2013): 617-624.
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5536. |
Salsberry, Pamela J. Reagan, Patricia Benton Pajer, Kathleen |
Growth Differences by Age of Menarche in African American and White Girls Nursing Research 58,6 (November-December 2009): 382-90. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19680162?dopt=Abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Keyword(s): Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Body Mass Index (BMI); Height; Obesity; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. BACKGROUND:: Because of the rapid increases in childhood obesity coupled with decreases in the median age of menarche, there is interest in how growth (body mass index [BMI] and height) in childhood may be associated with timing of menarche. OBJECTIVES:: Two research questions were addressed in this article: (a) Within each race, at what ages were BMI and height differences evident among the early-, the mid-, and the late-onset groups? And (b) within each timing group, at what ages were BMI and height differences evident between White and African American girls? METHODS:: The mother/child files of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used for this study. Menarcheal timing groups were identified using the 25th and the 75th percentile of the age distribution for each race. Longitudinal statistical techniques were used to estimate BMI and height as polynomial functions of age and age relative to menarche for African American and White girls. RESULTS:: Significant differences in BMI by timing group were found. By 3 years of age, significant differences were found between early- and mid-onset African American girls, by 5 years of age between mid- and late-onset African American girls, and by 6 years of age among the three timing groups of White girls. Significant height differences were evident by 5 years of age when comparing early- to mid-onset and mid- to late-onset girls in both race groups. Comparing across race and within timing group, BMI and height differences were evident. African American girls were more likely than White girls to experience accelerated growth and earlier menarche. DISCUSSION:: This is one of the few longitudinal studies of differences in growth by timing of menarche that includes data on girls younger than 5 years with large samples of both African American and White girls. Understanding when differences are first apparent is critical in establishing the critical period for prevention of these high-risk growth patterns. |
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Bibliography Citation
Salsberry, Pamela J., Patricia Benton Reagan and Kathleen Pajer. "Growth Differences by Age of Menarche in African American and White Girls." Nursing Research 58,6 (November-December 2009): 382-90.
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5537. |
Salsberry, Pamela J. Reagan, Patricia Benton Pajer, Kathleen Gardner, William Fang, Muriel Z. Currie, Lisa |
Choosing a Measure of Birth Size in Longitudinal Studies: How Do Various Measures Compare? Presented: Dublin, Ireland, Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (SLLS) International Conference, October 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies Keyword(s): Adolescent Health; Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Methods/Methodology Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As the fetal origins hypothesis has gained support over the past two decades, an increasing number of studies have used birth size as a predictor for later life health. Birth size is thought to matter because it is a marker of adverse intrauterine conditions that results in various structural, physiological and metabolic changes in the fetus. Empirical tests of the fetal origins hypothesis have generally provided support, but not all studies have found a relationship. This may be related to methodological differences across studies, with wide variation in how birth size is measured. For example, birth size has been captured using birth weight as a continuous measure as well as in categories of low and high weight; others capture gestational age or birth length as part of the measure. Little justification is generally provided regarding the choice of measure. But are these measures the same? Clinical research in maternal-fetal medicine indicates that different birth size measures provide different information about fetal development, thus suggesting that these measures may not be interchangeable. The purpose of this study is: i) to investigate how different birth size indexes predict young adult health outcomes, including age at menarche and BMI, outcomes that are related to adult health; and ii) whether different indexes identify the same group of high risk infants. The US based NLSY79 mother, child and young adult files are used in these analyses. Sample inclusion requires birth data and young adult outcomes on the participants. Regression analyses will be completed. Results from these analyses will help inform researchers about how various measures of birth size compare, providing empirical results to inform decisions regarding the choice of birth size measure in future studies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Salsberry, Pamela J., Patricia Benton Reagan, Kathleen Pajer, William Gardner, Muriel Z. Fang and Lisa Currie. "Choosing a Measure of Birth Size in Longitudinal Studies: How Do Various Measures Compare?" Presented: Dublin, Ireland, Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (SLLS) International Conference, October 2015. |
5538. |
Salter, Sean Patrick |
A Transition Analysis of Housing Tenure Choice Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Alabama, 2001. DAI-A 62/09, p. 3136, Mar 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Household Income; Marital Status; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Modeling, Logit; Welfare This study focuses on housing tenure choice--the decision to rent or to own. For many Americans, an important element of their financial "coming of age"; is the decision to buy a home. We examine housing choice with a special focus on youths. Because the consumption and investment patterns of today's young people are not yet established, we must garner insight into this group's decision-making through older groups. We employ the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort in our analysis. Longitudinal data allows us to follow an individual and to trace the impact of life changes such as marriage, as well as financial characteristics, on the decision to own or rent. Using the NLSY79, we follow a panel of youths over a 16-year period during which ownership rises from 19.70% to 55.54%. The first stage of our analysis is an exploratory investigation of the factors that drive housing choices through time, including income and wealth, user cost of housing, and demographic factors. In this investigation, we identify issues pertinent to the tenure decision for those who have transitioned to ownership. In the second stage of the study, we analyze random effects associated with time and some unobservable factors as well as the previously identified fixed effects, allowing more insight than is available from the simpler logit model. The third and final stage in the analysis is the application of survival analysis to our data. The hazard functions associated with survival analysis allow us to estimate the factors that affect a respondent's time to ownership. We find differences in ownership across gender, racial or ethnic, educational, and socioeconomic lines as are indicated by the results from our base models. However, these differences do not associate themselves across factor lines in our interaction models. The one major area in which differences across ethnicity are ubiquitous is family structure. Marital status and number of children seem to help explain botH tenure choice and transition time well. Additionally, we recognize that there are demographic, household, and income-related factors that help predispose certain individuals to ownership or renting. |
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Bibliography Citation
Salter, Sean Patrick. A Transition Analysis of Housing Tenure Choice. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Alabama, 2001. DAI-A 62/09, p. 3136, Mar 2002. |
5539. |
Sampson, Julia Ann |
Employment Decisions of Female College Students: Influences and Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Kent State University, 2001. DAI, 62, no. 02A (2001): 703 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Graduates; Earnings; Gender Differences; Home Environment; Labor Economics; Work Experience The resumes of college graduates have been evolving in the past several decades. Unlike older students, many current students will enter the working world not only with a degree but also with a substantial amount of work experience. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this dissertation examines three questions for a sample of young women. First, what are the short run and long run effects of working in college on earnings? Second, how does employment during college effect the time to degree completion? And third, how does the presence of children in the home impact this decision to work? Using Ordinary Least Squares earnings regressions, with controls for ability and attitude, the results show that women who work about 15 hours per week while in college are found to experience significantly higher wages five years after education completion than their counterparts. No such effect is found when income is measured two years after education completion. Women who were employed more than an average of five hours a week in college had a longer time to completion of their bachelor's degree, holding constant other factors. A Tobit analysis of the determinants of hours worked indicates that the number of children have a positive but insignificant effect on hours worked. An increase in the number of children significantly lengthens the woman's time to degree completion, however, and decreases future earnings. The addition of attitude variables to the regressions has no significant effect. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sampson, Julia Ann. Employment Decisions of Female College Students: Influences and Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Kent State University, 2001. DAI, 62, no. 02A (2001): 703. |
5540. |
Sanchez, Luis A. |
Establishing Immigrant Legacies: A Study of Immigrant Homeownership in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Pennsylvania State University, 2013. Also: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/19659 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Penn State University Press Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Immigrants; Mobility, Social Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation focuses on the intersection of homeownership and immigrant assimilation. Homeownership is emphasized because of its importance in establishing positive legacies crucial to social mobility of subsequent generations. The dissertation addresses three questions related to immigrant homeownership. First, how are immigrants and subsequent generations faring in the transition to first-time homeownership? Second, how does immigrant homeowner attainment differ in non-traditional settlement areas commonly described as “new destinations?” Lastly, how does immigrant homeownership influence immigrant children’s educational attainment? The dissertation consists of three substantive studies. The first is a longitudinal analysis of the transition to first-time homeownership among a cohort of youths followed from 1979 to 2009 using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY, 1979). In particular, it examines ethno-generational group differences in first-time homeownership over an observation period that spans thirty years while testing theories of straight-line and segmented assimilation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sanchez, Luis A. Establishing Immigrant Legacies: A Study of Immigrant Homeownership in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Pennsylvania State University, 2013.. |
5541. |
Sanchez, Luis A. |
Segmented Paths? Generational Differences in the Transition to Homeownership Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Home Ownership; Immigrants; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Racial Differences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Homeownership represents an important indicator of immigrant incorporation and acculturation. It reflects an immigrant’s commitment to remain in the host country and serves as a vehicle of wealth accumulation. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) to test theories of immigrant assimilation (straight-line vs. segmented) by focusing on generational patterns to first-time homeownership using a discrete time hazard model. I find an increase in the likelihood of first-time homeownership between Hispanic first and second generation. However, by the third generation I find Hispanics are experiencing significantly lower likelihoods of becoming a first-time homeowner in comparison to native-born whites. I did not find support for straight-line assimilation theory in terms of the transition homeownership but rather I found that black and Hispanic immigrants are experiencing segmented paths towards ownership and achieving the “American Dream.” |
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Bibliography Citation
Sanchez, Luis A. "Segmented Paths? Generational Differences in the Transition to Homeownership." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
5542. |
Sanchez, Luis A. |
Segmented Paths? Mexican Generational Differences in the Transition to First-Time Homeownership in the United States Journal of International Migration and Integration 19,3 (August 2018): 737-755. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12134-018-0560-6 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Home Ownership; Immigrants; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Homeownership represents an important indicator of immigrant incorporation and assimilation. This study is a longitudinal analysis of the transition to first-time homeownership among a cohort of youths followed from 1979 to 2009 using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY, 1979). In particular, I examine Mexican generational group differences in the transition to first-time homeownership over an observation period that spans 30 years while evaluating theories of straight-line and segmented assimilation. I find that Mexican homeownership rates do not increase in a linear fashion across generations, relative to native, non-Hispanic whites, even after controlling for various social, demographic, and economic characteristics. Furthermore, analyses limited to Mexicans reveal that first- and second-generation respondents exhibit more success in the transition to first-time homeownership than their third-generation counterparts. Contrary to observing linear gains in homeownership across generations, I find that Mexicans are experiencing segmented paths towards homeownership and achieving upward mobility across generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sanchez, Luis A. "Segmented Paths? Mexican Generational Differences in the Transition to First-Time Homeownership in the United States." Journal of International Migration and Integration 19,3 (August 2018): 737-755.
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5543. |
Sandefur, Gary D. Cook, Steven T. |
Duration of Public Assistance Receipt: Is Welfare a Trap? Discussion Paper No. 1129-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, April 1997. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/dpabs97.htm#DP1129-97 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Family Characteristics; High School Diploma; Marital Status; Welfare; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to answer two questions about the effects of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program: (1) Does the length of time that one receives AFDC affect the likelihood of permanently leaving AFDC? (2) What personal and family characteristics are associated with the long-term receipt of AFDC? The answer to the first question is that the likelihood of permanently leaving AFDC decreases with the length of time that individuals receive benefits, after adjustments for other measured and unmeasured attributes of individuals and their families. The answer to the second question is that not having a high school diploma, never having married, having more than two children, and having little work experience are associated with long-term receipt. Many of the recipients who will reach the five-year limit imposed by the new federal legislation are in situations that make it difficult for them to support themselves and their families without public assistance. Abstract online. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sandefur, Gary D. and Steven T. Cook. "Duration of Public Assistance Receipt: Is Welfare a Trap?" Discussion Paper No. 1129-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, April 1997. |
5544. |
Sandefur, Gary D. Cook, Steven T. |
Permanent Exits from Public Assistance: The Impact of Duration, Family, and Work Social Forces 77,2 (December 1998): 763-786. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3005546 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing; Exits; Marital Status; Welfare; Women's Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to answer two questions raised in the recent debate over welfare reform: (1) Is the length of time that a woman receives Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) associated with the likelihood of permanently leaving AFDC? (2) Are marital status, childbearing and qualifications for work associated with permanently leaving AFDC? We define a permanent exit as leaving the AFDC rolls and not returning within two years. The answer to the first question is that the likelihood of permanently leaving AFDC decreases with the length of time that women receive benefits after adjusting for other attributes of individuals and their families. This finding is robust across several, but not all, specifications of the model of permanent exits. The answer to the second question is that marital status, the number of children, and qualifications for work, as well as the availability of employment, are associated with the likelihood of leaving AFDC permanently. The effects of these characteristics are robust across all of the different specifications used in the analysis. Copyright: The University of North Carolina Press. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sandefur, Gary D. and Steven T. Cook. "Permanent Exits from Public Assistance: The Impact of Duration, Family, and Work." Social Forces 77,2 (December 1998): 763-786.
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5545. |
Sandefur, Gary D. Cook, Steven T. |
Poverty and Welfare Duration Among Young Adults Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Education Indicators; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Fathers; Heterogeneity; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Poverty; Racial Differences; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the poverty and welfare careers of young people during the period from late adolescence to young adulthood. During this period individuals are especially vulnerable to experiencing periods of poverty and to using public assistance programs. We describe differences in patterns of poverty and public assistance receipt for different racial and ethnic groups and for different social classes (as defined by parental education and fathers occupation. The study employs monthly data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to model welfare use for these age groups which are particularly vulnerable to becoming poor and/or using public assistance and to examine the appropriateness of different hazard models to describe the probability of exiting welfare programs. In addition parameters are included to capture the effects of unobserved heterogeneity on this probability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sandefur, Gary D. and Steven T. Cook. "Poverty and Welfare Duration Among Young Adults." Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. |
5546. |
Sandefur, Gary D. McLanahan, Sara S. Wojtkiewicz, Roger A. |
Race and Ethnicity, Family Structure, and High School Graduation Discussion Paper No. 893-89, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, August 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Family Structure; Heterogeneity; High School Completion/Graduates; Minorities, Youth; Parental Influences; Parents, Single; Racial Differences; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1979-1985 waves of the NLSY, this paper focuses on two questions: (1) Can racial and ethnic differences in family structure and single parenthood account for differences in high school graduation rates of white and minority youth? (2) What explains the relationship between family structure and school achievement? The authors find that parental education is more important than family structure in accounting for differences in schooling among whites, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Native Americans, and that family structure and parental education are equally important in accounting for differences between whites and blacks. Family income moderates some of the impact of family structure on children's graduation. Statistical controls for the endogeneity of family structure suggest that not all of the family structure effect on school graduation is due to unmeasured heterogeneity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sandefur, Gary D., Sara S. McLanahan and Roger A. Wojtkiewicz. "Race and Ethnicity, Family Structure, and High School Graduation." Discussion Paper No. 893-89, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, August 1989. |
5547. |
Sandefur, Gary D. McLanahan, Sara S. Wojtkiewicz, Roger A. |
The Effects of Parental Marital Status During Adolescence on High School Graduation Social Forces 71,1 (September 1992): 103-121. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2579968 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Divorce; Family Structure; High School Completion/Graduates; Marital Status; Marriage; Parental Influences; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the 1979-1985 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (total N = 5246 respondents ages 14-17 when first interviewed) are used to investigate the effects of family type on high school graduation. Analysis reveals that: (1) not living with both parents at age 14 has negative consequences for graduation regardless of whether the child lives with a single parent a parent and stepparent or neither parent; (2) changes in family structure between ages 14 and 17 have negative consequences; and (3) the effects of family structure and changes in it on graduation persist after controlling for income and some social psychological attributes of the adolescents; income accounts for approximately 15% of the single-parent effect. References. (Copyright Sociological Abstracts Inc. All rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Sandefur, Gary D., Sara S. McLanahan and Roger A. Wojtkiewicz. "The Effects of Parental Marital Status During Adolescence on High School Graduation." Social Forces 71,1 (September 1992): 103-121.
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5548. |
Sandefur, Gary D. Wells, Thomas Eric |
Does Family Structure Really Influence Educational Attainment? Social Science Research 28,4 (December 1999): 331-357. Also: http://www.idealibrary.com/links/artid/ssre.1999.0648 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Characteristics; Family Influences; Family Structure; Siblings This paper examines the effects of family structure on educational attainment after controlling for common family influences, observed and unobserved, using data from siblings. The use of sibling data permits us to examine whether the apparent effects of family structure are due to unmeasured characteristics of families that are common to siblings. The data come from pairs of siblings in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1992. The results suggest that taking into account the unmeasured family characteristics yields estimates of the effects of family structure on educational attainment that are smaller, but still statistically significant, than estimates based on analyses that do not take unmeasured family influences into account. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sandefur, Gary D. and Thomas Eric Wells. "Does Family Structure Really Influence Educational Attainment?" Social Science Research 28,4 (December 1999): 331-357.
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5549. |
Sandefur, Gary D. Wells, Thomas Eric |
Using Siblings to Investigate the Effects of Family Structure on Educational Attainment Discussion Paper No. 1144-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, September 1997. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp114497.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Family Structure; Income; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the effects of family structure on educational attainment after controlling for common family influences, observed and unobserved, using data from siblings. The use of sibling data permits us to examine whether the apparent effects of family structure are due to unmeasured characteristics of families that are common to siblings. The data come from pairs of siblings in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1992. The results suggest that taking into account the unmeasured family characteristics yields estimates of the effects of family structure on educational attainment that are smaller, but still statistically significant, than estimates based on analyses that do not take unmeasured family influences into account. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sandefur, Gary D. and Thomas Eric Wells. "Using Siblings to Investigate the Effects of Family Structure on Educational Attainment." Discussion Paper No. 1144-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, September 1997. |
5550. |
Sanders, Carl |
Reading Skills and Earnings: Why Do Doing Words Good Hurt You’re Wages? Presented: Montreal, Society of Labor Economics World Meeting, June 2015. Also: http://www.sole-jole.org/15504.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society of Labor Economists (SOLE) Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Earnings; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wage Theory Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In a reading comprehension test administered to American youth in 1980 by the National Longitudinal Survey, a one standard deviation increase in reading scores is associated with a 1.5% decrease in later wages after conditioning on the youths' other scores on math, science, and personality tests. This goal of this paper is to explain this negative conditional relationship between the reading test score and wages, which I call the reading penalty. In the first section of the paper, I consider and reject a number of statistical objections to the existence of the reading penalty. In the second section, I construct a simple generalized Roy model that offers two distinct economic explanations for the reading penalty. The first explanation is the starving artist, where reading skills are a proxy for preferences for low-wage jobs, while the second is the bad sign, where high reading test scores proxy for a lack of other productive attributes. In the final section, I use the NLSY data and the identification from the model to determine which economic explanation of the reading penalty is most plausible. I find weak support for the starving artist hypothesis. On the other hand, I find evidence in favor of the bad sign explanation: higher reading comprehension scores may signal a lack of organizational skills. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sanders, Carl. "Reading Skills and Earnings: Why Do Doing Words Good Hurt You’re Wages?" Presented: Montreal, Society of Labor Economics World Meeting, June 2015. |
5551. |
Sanders, Carl |
Skill Uncertainty, Skill Accumulation, and Occupational Choice Presented: Chicago IL, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society of Labor Economists (SOLE) Keyword(s): Occupational Choice; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Workers entering the labor market are uncertain about their skill set. Standard human capital theory assumes workers have perfect information about their skills. In this paper, I argue that skill uncertainty can explain one type of worker moves that standard human capital theory cannot: moves between jobs where they perform different kinds of tasks. I consider workers who have a multi-dimensional bundle of labor market skills and begin their careers uncertain about their skill levels. I construct a model that links learning about skills to the tasks performed in jobs: the more intensely a job uses a particular skill, the more the workers learn about their true level of that skill. The model also contains a skill accumulation motive: as workers use a skill they gain additional amounts of it. A simplified version of the model suggests that if skill uncertainty were the dominant force workers would switch between jobs that use skills in different ratios but similar total levels. On the other hand, if skill accumulation were the dominant force they would switch between jobs that use similar ratios of skills but higher total levels. Linking data on workers from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 with occupational characteristics from the US Department of Labor O*NET database, I show that worker mobility across different task mixes is common and I estimate the model parameters. The current results indicate that skill uncertainty explains approximately 30% of worker mobility across different task ratios. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sanders, Carl. "Skill Uncertainty, Skill Accumulation, and Occupational Choice." Presented: Chicago IL, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meetings, May 2012. |
5552. |
Sanders, Seth G. Smith, Jeffrey A. Zhang, Ye |
Teenage Childbearing and Maternal Schooling Outcomes: Evidence from Matching Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008. Also: http://client.norc.org/jole/SOLEweb/826.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Maryland Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Mothers, Education; Schooling; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates to what extent the observed correlation between adolescent fertility and poor maternal educational attainment is causal. Semi-parametric kernel matching estimator is applied to estimate the effects of teenage childbearing on schooling outcomes. The matching method estimates the conditional moments without imposing any functional form restrictions and attends directly to the common support condition. Using data from the NLSY79 [1979-to-2002 waves], kernel matching estimates suggest that half of the cross-sectional educational gaps remains after controlling for individual and family covariates. The difference between matching estimates and regression-based estimates implies that part of the conditional difference in parametric models is due to the functional assumption. The robustness check following Altonji, Elder, and Taber (2005) reveals that a substantial amount of correlation is required within a parametric framework to make the negative effect of teen motherhood on educational attainment go away. Further evidence obtained by simulation-based nonparametric sensitivity analysis suggests that the matching estimates are quite robust with regard to a wide range of specifications of the simulated unobservables. The paper suggests that the "richness of covariates makes the sample ideal for our study and makes the assumption of selection-on-observables plausible. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sanders, Seth G., Jeffrey A. Smith and Ye Zhang. "Teenage Childbearing and Maternal Schooling Outcomes: Evidence from Matching." Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008. |
5553. |
Sands, Emily Glassberg |
Essays in Applied Microeconomics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Harvard University, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the second chapter, I examine growth in educational attainment over the past thirty years by gender and demographic characteristics. I show that both the rise in educational attainment and the rise of the female advantage in educational attainment occurred relatively similarly across socioeconomic status (SES). I also demonstrate how a prior result showing an increased gradient of education by SES used incorrect sampling weights and is not robust to a more permanent measure of SES. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sands, Emily Glassberg. Essays in Applied Microeconomics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Harvard University, 2014. |
5554. |
Sandsor, Astrid Marie Jorde |
Jack-of-All-Subjects? The Association between Individual Grade Variance and Educational Attainment Economics of Education Review 75 (April 2020): 101969. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775719301281 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Grade Point Average (GPA)/Grades; Norway, Norwegian; Schooling; Skills This paper uses detailed register information on students in lower secondary school in Norway to study the importance of the second moment of individual grade distribution: grade variance. Students receive discrete-value grades from 1 to 6 in the same 13 subjects, and the grade point average (GPA) is used to determine entrance into upper secondary school. This leads to a limited number of possible GPA values and the within-GPA-value variation in grades is used to investigate the association between grade variance and educational attainment. Grade variance is found to be negatively associated with educational attainment across the grade distribution and for both genders. US data [NLSY79] confirm this finding. Results suggests that being a generalist with similar skills across subjects predicts educational attainment and that educational institutions may benefit from considering more than just grade point average when making admission decisions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sandsor, Astrid Marie Jorde. "Jack-of-All-Subjects? The Association between Individual Grade Variance and Educational Attainment." Economics of Education Review 75 (April 2020): 101969.
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5555. |
Sandy, Jonathan Duncan, Kevin Craig |
Does Private Education Increase Earnings? Eastern Economic Journal 22,3 (Summer 1996): 303-312. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/40325720 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Educational Status; Family Background and Culture; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Labor Economics; Private Schools; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Schooling; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Unemployment Rate, Regional; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the relative effectiveness of public and private schools by examining the differential effects of education on earnings. The paper estimates wage equations, controlling for private education, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Holding family background, ability, and other school characteristics constant, the results indicate that respondents attending private schools earn significantly higher wages than those attending public schools. (Adapted from EconLit) |
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Bibliography Citation
Sandy, Jonathan and Kevin Craig Duncan. "Does Private Education Increase Earnings?" Eastern Economic Journal 22,3 (Summer 1996): 303-312.
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5556. |
Sanginabadi, Bahram |
Essays on Economics of Human Capital and Natural Resources Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Noncognitive Skills; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the third essay, we use exogenous variation in student aid eligibility in 1982 that took place in the United States to study the impact of schooling on non-cognitive skills. Following Heckman (2006) we apply Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scores and the Rotter Locus of Control Scale from NLSY79 dataset as measurements of non-cognitive skills. Our results suggest that schooling has a positive impact on non-cognitive abilities such that it increases internal locus of control and it improves self-esteem. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sanginabadi, Bahram. Essays on Economics of Human Capital and Natural Resources. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2019. |
5557. |
Santa-Maria, Hugo |
The Transaction Cost Economics Approach to the Organization of Labor: An Empirical Analysis Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington University, 1998. Also: http://www.worldcat.org/title/transaction-cost-economics-approach-to-the-organization-of-labor-an-empirical-analysis/oclc/39310713 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Collective Bargaining; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Unions; Wages Williamson, Wachter, and Harris (1975), Klein, Crawford, and Alchian (1978), and Williamson (1985) developed the Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) approach to the organization of labor. The basic insight is that the collectivization of the employment agreement can economize in transaction costs generated by the presence of firm-specific human capital. The dissertation tests the two main hypotheses that the theory has developed regarding the relation between firm-specific human capital, collective employment agreements, and wages: H1: Collective employment agreements are more likely to be in place when firm-specific human capital is present. H2: Jobs with firm-specific human capital content should exhibit a lower collective-bargaining-agreement wage premium than jobs without firm-specific human capital.H1 follows the logic of most TCE empirical papers. It examines how the attributes of the transaction (dominated by the presence of firm-specific human capital) determines the organizational choice (the collectivization of the employment agreement). The test of H2 complements the examination of the first hypothesis by focusing on the effect of the organizational choice on the transaction prices (wages). H2 completes the TCE argument and forces the discussion of alternative hypotheses that may be observationally equivalent to TCE propositions, in tests focused on the relationship between the attributes of the transactions and the organizational choice. Standard econometric tools of labor economics are applied to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of Ohio State University (1988 cohort) to perform the empirical tests. The results are consistent with H1, but not with H2 and, therefore, question the validity of the TCE's empirical predictions. This dissertation is an example of the problems of limiting the test of the TCE approach to verifying whether the observable attributes of the transactions line up with the organizational choice in a way consistent with the theory's prediction. Empirical tests should also examine the effects of the organizational choice on transaction prices, productivity, or other measures of performance to get an indication that transaction-cost economizing is actually taking place. As the review in Klein and Shelanski (1994) shows, very little has been done in this direction. |
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Bibliography Citation
Santa-Maria, Hugo. The Transaction Cost Economics Approach to the Organization of Labor: An Empirical Analysis. Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington University, 1998.. |
5558. |
Santiago, Anna M. |
Intergenerational and Program-Induced Effects of Welfare Dependency: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Journal of Family and Economic Issues 16,2-3 (Fall 1995): 281-306. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/p67l5j4x40573r71/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Ethnic Differences; Family Background and Culture; Family Structure; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Local Labor Market; Poverty; Program Participation/Evaluation; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; State Welfare; Welfare Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1988, are drawn on to examine intergenerational and program-induced effects of welfare dependency. Three research questions are asked: (1) How do parental Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) receipt and other family background characteristics affect subsequent dependency on AFDC? (2) How do attitudes about welfare and state AFDC benefit levels affect AFDC dependency? and (3) How do the patterns and factors associated with AFDC dependency vary across racial and ethnic lines? The results suggest that women who grew up in households that received welfare during the woman's adolescence are approximately twice as likely to be dependent on AFDC in young adulthood as women whose families did not receive welfare. Further, state AFDC benefit levels are associated with higher risks of AFDC dependency, but the association is significant only for Anglo women. These analyses provide little support for the hypothesis that attitudes toward welfare and low-wage work increase the likelihood of welfare dependency. 3 Tables, 2 Figures, 1 Appendix, 35 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Santiago, Anna M. "Intergenerational and Program-Induced Effects of Welfare Dependency: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 16,2-3 (Fall 1995): 281-306.
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5559. |
Santiago, Anna M. Padilla, Yolanda Chavez |
Persistence of Poverty across Generations: A Comparison of Anglos, Blacks, and Latinos New England Journal of Public Policy 11,1 (Spring-Summer 1995): 117-146 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: John W. McCormack Institute of Public Affairs Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups; Family Background and Culture; Gender Differences; Minority Groups; Poverty; Public Sector; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Welfare; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, examines the impact of children growing up in poverty on the probability of their remaining in poverty during young adulthood. Racial, ethnic, and gender differences in patterns of persistent poverty are examined and predictors of poverty status in young adulthood are identified. The results suggest that women, regardless of their race, ethnicity, or adolescent poverty status, and black men who grew up in poverty, are more likely to be poor as young adults than are Anglo men. Logistic regression analyses reveal that in addition to education and work experience, metropolitan unemployment rates were also significant predictors of poverty status for both men and women. Further, while growing up in a poor family for extended periods of time was associated with the increasing probability of being poor for minority men and Anglo women, other family background variables were insignificant predictors of adult pover ty status in all models. 6 Tables, 2 Appendixes. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Santiago, Anna M. and Yolanda Chavez Padilla. "Persistence of Poverty across Generations: A Comparison of Anglos, Blacks, and Latinos." New England Journal of Public Policy 11,1 (Spring-Summer 1995): 117-146.
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5560. |
Santos, Richard |
Employment Status of Hispanics In: A Profile of Hispanic Youth: Youth Knowledge Development Report 10.2, U.S. Department of Labor, 1980 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): High School; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Unemployment In 1979, nearly a million Hispanic youth age 16-21 are in the labor force in the NLS survey week; approximately 720,000 are employed, 218,000 are unemployed, and 578,000 are neither looking for nor holding jobs. Hispanic youth represent 5.1 percent of the employed youth, 6.5 percent of the unemployed youth, and 8.1 percent of those outside the labor force. Hispanics occupy an intermediate employment status relative to blacks and whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Santos, Richard. "Employment Status of Hispanics" In: A Profile of Hispanic Youth: Youth Knowledge Development Report 10.2, U.S. Department of Labor, 1980
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5561. |
Santos, Richard |
Estimating Youth Employment and Unemployment: The National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience Review of Public Data Use 10, 1-2 (May 1982): 127-135 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Commerce Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Dropouts; High School; Hispanics; Unemployment, Youth; Wages, Reservation The Current Population Survey (CPS) provides valuable data on the overall employment status of youth and, once a year, on school enrollment status. The 1979 NLSY also provides this type of employment status data and showed extensive labor force activity during the spring of 1979 among youth aged 16-21. Youth were engaged actively in both school and work responsibilities. The NLSY also contains data permitting a more detailed examination of employment issues, not possible with the CPS. Examples of the research that could be done with the NLS presented in this article include further employment status comparison by Hispanic groups and analysis of unemployment by occupations and reservation wages sought. |
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Bibliography Citation
Santos, Richard. "Estimating Youth Employment and Unemployment: The National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience." Review of Public Data Use 10, 1-2 (May 1982): 127-135.
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5562. |
Santos, Richard |
Hispanic Youth in the Labor Market Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1983. Also: http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009872111 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Employment; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Job Satisfaction; Job Search; Occupations; Racial Differences; Unemployment Using data from the 1979 and 1980 interviews of the NLSY, this study examines the labor market experiences of Hispanic youth. Subjects selected for analysis include employment and unemployment, job search methods, types of occupation, job satisfaction, government sponsored employment and training, attitudes toward work and military service, reported illegal activities, and employment opportunities. Comparisons are made with blacks and whites who were also included in this sample of young men and women aged 14-21 in 1979. |
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Bibliography Citation
Santos, Richard. "Hispanic Youth in the Labor Market." Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1983. |
5563. |
Santos, Richard |
Hispanic Youth: Emerging Workers New York, NY: Praeger Publishing, Inc, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Praeger Publishers Keyword(s): Employment; Hispanics; Job Training; Labor Force Participation; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1979 and 1980 NLSY, the author examines how Hispanic youth fare in the labor market. Included in the analysis are the issues of employment, unemployment, the role of the government in providing jobs, as well as attitudes toward work, military service, and other activities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Santos, Richard. Hispanic Youth: Emerging Workers. New York, NY: Praeger Publishing, Inc, 1985. |
5564. |
Santos, Richard |
Measuring the Employment Status of Youth: A Comparison of the Current Population Survey and the National Longitudinal Survey Presented: Denver CO, Industrial Relations Research Association Thirty-Third Annual Meeting, December 1980 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Industrial Relations Research Association ==> LERA Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Research Methodology; Unemployment, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. (Editor's note: Published in the IRRA Proceedings (1981): 62-68). The most plausible explanation of the differences in unemployment estimates between the surveys appear to be that the NLSY directly interviews the youth, while the CPS relies on the head of the household or some other responsible adult. The largest differentials occurred among the younger youths and those in school. It is this younger group whose parents may know the least about their job-search activities and their desire to participate in the labor force. For example, a youth may have sought baby-sitting jobs, lawn mowing, or part-time work at a fast food restaurant without the knowledge of the parents. It is this group which is least likely to report for themselves in the CPS and also most likely to be living in their parents' household. |
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Bibliography Citation
Santos, Richard. "Measuring the Employment Status of Youth: A Comparison of the Current Population Survey and the National Longitudinal Survey." Presented: Denver CO, Industrial Relations Research Association Thirty-Third Annual Meeting, December 1980. |
5565. |
Santos, Richard |
US and Foreign Born Mexican American Youth: A Socioeconomic Comparison International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 3,3-4 (1992): 319-331 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: AB Academic Publishers Keyword(s): High School; High School Curriculum; High School Dropouts; Hispanics; Household Income; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from a Hispanic civilian subsample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 849 US-born & 312 foreign-born Mexican Americans ages 14-21) are drawn on to investigate how aggregate socioeconomic indicators for this population vary by birthplace. Analysis indicates that, depending on the indicator, problems are often compounded for foreign-born youth, though the unfavorable status of Mexican Americans is not exclusive to the foreign-born. Indeed, 20% of the US-born youth fail to complete high school, 25% are unemployed, & 20% live in a poverty-income household. Implications of these socioeconomic differences for researchers & policy makers are discussed, & it is suggested that the effects of gender also be investigated. 2 Tables, 15 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1993, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Santos, Richard. "US and Foreign Born Mexican American Youth: A Socioeconomic Comparison." International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 3,3-4 (1992): 319-331.
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5566. |
Santos, Richard Seitz, Patricia Ann |
School-to-Work Experience of Hispanic Youth Contemporary Economic Policy 10,4 (October 1992): 65-73. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00361.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): College Education; Ethnic Differences; High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Labor Force Participation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Selected studies based on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experiences (NLS) and the High School and Beyond Surveys (HS&B) offer both consistent and conflicting findings about the experience of Hispanics in school and work. Non-high school completion, college attendance, and the link between education and economic gains varied by the sample selected, gender and ethnic group, and model specification. Methodological complexities prevent a meaningful synthesis of the findings. This paper focuses on these research complexities in an attempt to translate the findings into policy statements that could improve Hispanics' school-to-work experience. |
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Bibliography Citation
Santos, Richard and Patricia Ann Seitz. "School-to-Work Experience of Hispanic Youth." Contemporary Economic Policy 10,4 (October 1992): 65-73.
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5567. |
Santos, Richard Seitz, Patricia Ann |
School-to-Work Transition Among Hispanic Youth: Selected Findings from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience Presented: San Diego, CA, Western Economics Association Meetings, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Labor Force Participation This paper reviews the literature on the school-to-work transition of Hispanic youth specifically focusing on educational attainment and its relation to employment and earnings. Using data on Hispanics from the NLSY, rates of high school completion, college attendance, and labor force participation are depicted for Hispanics as a whole as well as for subgroups including Chicano, Cuban, Puerto Rican, and foreign- vs U.S.-born Hispanics. The paper discusses the sometimes conflicting findings of studies conducted to date and presents recommendations for continued research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Santos, Richard and Patricia Ann Seitz. "School-to-Work Transition Among Hispanic Youth: Selected Findings from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience." Presented: San Diego, CA, Western Economics Association Meetings, 1990. |
5568. |
Sanzenbacher, Geoffrey |
Essays in Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Boston College, 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Job Tenure; Motherhood; Parents, Single; Wage Growth; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The welfare reforms of 1996 were designed to encourage single mothers to become self-sufficient through employment. Yet, these women often end up in unstable, low-paying jobs. In this paper, I quantify the importance of (1) the returns to tenure and experience, (2) job mobility, and (3) job exit in leading to these employment outcomes. I estimate a model of full-time work, part-time work, and welfare use. To allow differences in wage growth between recipients and non-recipients, I incorporate heterogeneity in job offer arrival rates, the returns to experience and tenure, and the rate of job destruction. I show that, for welfare recipients, tenure is a more important source of wage growth than work experience. Thus, policies encouraging lengthy employment spells could encourage wage growth. Policy experiments indicate that a work requirement on welfare receipt encourages longer employment spells and four times as much wage growth for women between the ages of 18 and 33 as a five-year lifetime welfare receipt time limit. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sanzenbacher, Geoffrey. Essays in Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Boston College, 2010. |
5569. |
Saperstein, Aliya Penner, Andrew M. |
Racial Fluidity and Inequality in the United States American Journal of Sociology 118,3 (November 2012): 676-727. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/10.1086/667722 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Racial Studies The authors link the literature on racial fluidity and inequality in the United States and offer new evidence of the reciprocal relationship between the two processes. Using two decades of longitudinal data from a national survey, they demonstrate that not only does an individual’s race change over time, it changes in response to myriad changes in social position, and the patterns are similar for both self-identification and classification by others. These findings suggest that, in the contemporary United States, microlevel racial fluidity serves to reinforce existing disparities by redefining successful or high-status people as white (or not black) and unsuccessful or low-status people as black (or not white). Thus, racial differences are both an input and an output in stratification processes; this relationship has implications for theorizing and measuring race in research, as well as for crafting policies that attempt to address racialized inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Saperstein, Aliya and Andrew M. Penner. "Racial Fluidity and Inequality in the United States." American Journal of Sociology 118,3 (November 2012): 676-727.
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5570. |
Saperstein, Aliya Penner, Andrew M. |
The Race of a Criminal Record: How Incarceration Colors Racial Perceptions Social Problems 57,1 (February 2010): 92-113. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/10.1525/sp.2010.57.1.92 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Racial Studies; Self-Perception The article reports on research conducted to determine whether being incarcerated in the United States affects how individuals perceive their own race and how they are perceived by others. Researchers used unique longitudinal data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. They found that respondents who have been incarcerated are more likely to identify as and be seen as black, and less likely to identify and be seen as white, regardless of how they were perceived or identified previously. Researchers concluded that their research results suggest that race is not a fixed characteristic of individuals but is flexible and continually negotiated in everyday interactions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Saperstein, Aliya and Andrew M. Penner. "The Race of a Criminal Record: How Incarceration Colors Racial Perceptions." Social Problems 57,1 (February 2010): 92-113.
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5571. |
Saperstein, Aliya Pickett, Robert Penner, Andrew M. |
Placing Racial Fluidity in Context Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Racial Differences; Racial Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As mounting evidence demonstrates that an individual's race is subject to change, the question increasingly becomes: under what circumstances is racial fluidity more or less likely? We draw on a geocoded national longitudinal survey that allows us to link individuals to the U.S. counties in which they live. Our analysis explores whether racial fluidity is more common in some places rather than others, and whether contextual characteristics help to predict the specific racial classification of individuals either in addition to, or instead of, their personal characteristics. The results demonstrate contextual variation in the social construction of race, and underscore the important role that place plays in 'making race' in the United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Saperstein, Aliya, Robert Pickett and Andrew M. Penner. "Placing Racial Fluidity in Context." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
5572. |
Sarkadi, Anna Kristiansson, Robert Oberklaid, Frank Bremberg, Sven |
Fathers' Involvement and Children's Developmental Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Acta Paediatrica 97,2 (February 2008): 153-158. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00572.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Behavior; Cognitive Development; Cohabitation; Fathers, Involvement; Longitudinal Data Sets; Social Emotional Development; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Objective: This systematic review aims to describe longitudinal evidence on the effects of father involvement on children's developmental outcomes. Methods: Father involvement was conceptualized as accessibility (cohabitation), engagement, responsibility or other complex measures of involvement. Both biological fathers and father figures were included. We searched all major databases from the first dates. Data on father involvement had to be generated at least 1 year before measuring offspring outcomes. Results: N = 24 publications were included in the overview: 22 of these described positive effects of father involvement, whereof 16 studies had controlled for SES and 11 concerned the study population as a whole [five socio-economic status (SES)-controlled]. There is certain evidence that cohabitation with the mother and her male partner is associated with less externalising behavioural problems. Active and regular engagement with the child predicts a range of positive outcomes, although no specific form of engagement has been shown to yield better outcomes than another. Father engagement seems to have differential effects on desirable outcomes by reducing the frequency of behavioural problems in boys and psychological problems in young women, and enhancing cognitive development, while decreasing delinquency and economic disadvantage in low SES families. Conclusions: There is evidence to support the positive influence of father engagement on offspring social, behavioural and psychological outcomes. Although the literature only provides sufficient basis for engagement (direct interaction with the child) as the specific form of 'effective' father involvement, there is enough support to urge both professionals and policy makers to improve circumstances for involved fathering. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sarkadi, Anna, Robert Kristiansson, Frank Oberklaid and Sven Bremberg. "Fathers' Involvement and Children's Developmental Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies." Acta Paediatrica 97,2 (February 2008): 153-158.
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5573. |
Sarpong, Eric Mensah |
Essays in Labor Economics: Alcohol Consumption and Socioeconomic Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2006. DAI-A 68/01, Jul 2007. Also: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1288653251&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Employment; Endogeneity; Geocoded Data; Health Factors; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Social Capital; Socioeconomic Factors; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent studies indicate that alcohol consumption may affect socioeconomic outcomes through its effects on health capital and social capital. If, in fact, differences in socioeconomic outcomes are causally linked to differences in alcohol consumption, then lack of adequate insight into such connectivity may adversely affect the labor market and retirement outcomes of some groups of individuals in society. The rationale for examining the relationship between alcohol consumption and socioeconomic outcomes stems from growing concerns about deterioration in retirement outcomes resulting from declining health capital and recent shifts to incorporate social capital as a key performance or productivity indicator by employers. In two essays, this research examines the impact of alcohol consumption on wealth at retirement using data from the RAND Health and Retirement Study (HRS) from 1992 through 2002; and the effects of alcohol consumption on employment duration and earnings using the Geocode version of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY1979) micro dataset from 1984 through 1996. The theoretical foundation of the association between alcohol use and economic outcomes relies on Grossman's (1972) health capital model. Empirically, the research relies on panel data methods and duration analysis to determine whether differences in socioeconomic outcomes can be explained by differences in alcohol consumption. Using both duration analysis and panel data methods, the results indicate that drinking is positively related to improved socioeconomic outcomes as compared to total abstention, when endogeneity has not been taken into account. In contrast, under the duration analysis, estimation via instrumental variables approach indicates that alcohol consumption shortens employment duration. Panel data estimation indicates that the relationship between alcohol consumption and socioeconomic outcomes is rather an inverted U-shaped for some specifications, when endogen eity has been taken into account. Additionally, the effects of drinking on retirement wealth and earnings tend to diminish with the instrumental variables approach. The findings were unchanged even with abstainers partitioned into lifetime abstainers and infrequent or light drinkers (less than one drinking day per week). The results also confirm the positive association between human capital measures such as the level of education and economic outcomes and also the negative relationship between alcohol consumption and taxes on alcoholic beverages. This dissertation contributes to the literature on alcohol-socioeconomic outcomes nexus and has implications for policies related to health, social capital and alcohol since a more inclusive alcohol and/or health policy could improve civic responsibility and narrow the health capital and social capital gap, both of which are critical to individual level socioeconomic success. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sarpong, Eric Mensah. Essays in Labor Economics: Alcohol Consumption and Socioeconomic Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2006. DAI-A 68/01, Jul 2007.. |
5574. |
Sassler, Sharon Addo, Fenaba Williams, Kristi |
Maternal Union Status and Youth Educational Attainment: Does Age at Birth Matter? Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at Birth; High School Completion/Graduates; Marital History/Transitions; Marital Status; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent demographic trends indicate declines in teen childbirth, increases in non-marital childbearing, and shifts to more births to women in their twenties. Using data from the linked Children and Young Adult sample (N=2,865) of the NLSY79, this study examines the potential benefits to the offspring of women who delay childbirth. We investigate whether the children born to mothers who delay childbirth into their early and late twenties have more positive educational outcomes compared with children born to teen mothers. Results suggest youth born to teen and young adult mothers are less likely to graduate from high school than youth born to older mothers. And, this association remains robust to mother's marital status at birth. Our results highlight the diverging destinies faced by youth born to teen mothers and older mothers, but suggest that those born to young adult women (in their early 20s) may also face educational disadvantage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sassler, Sharon, Fenaba Addo and Kristi Williams. "Maternal Union Status and Youth Educational Attainment: Does Age at Birth Matter?" Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
5575. |
Sassler, Sharon Glass, Jennifer L. Levitte, Yael Michelmore, Katherine |
The Missing Women in STEM? Assessing Gender Differentials in the Factors Associated with Transition to First Jobs Social Science Research 63 (March 2017): 192-208. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X16306020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Expectations/Intentions; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Occupational Choice We utilize data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY79) to explore transitions into the labor force of young adults who received a baccalaureate degree. This was the first cohort for whom college completion was more likely among women than men (Buchman and DiPrete, 2006). Graduates also began their careers in the early 1980s, when women's job opportunities were expanding, and when considerable gains in female representation in STEM baccalaureates fields were made (Xie and Killewald, 2012). We begin by reviewing existing explanations of women's underrepresentation in STEM employment, then present our own empirical results. Our analysis extends prior research by incorporating indicators of young adult's values, expectations, and intentions. We use regression decomposition techniques to investigate what factors account for gender disparities in transitions into STEM employment. Our results highlight the need to better interrogate long-accepted views regarding the association between women's and men's family and work values and actual employment outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sassler, Sharon, Jennifer L. Glass, Yael Levitte and Katherine Michelmore. "The Missing Women in STEM? Assessing Gender Differentials in the Factors Associated with Transition to First Jobs." Social Science Research 63 (March 2017): 192-208.
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5576. |
Sassler, Sharon Levitte, Yael Glass, Jennifer L. Michelmore, Katherine |
The Missing Women in Science, Math, Engineering, and Behavioral Science Jobs? Accounting for Gender Differences in Entrance into STEM Occupations Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. Also: http://paa2011.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=111615 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Outcomes; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Occupational Segregation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the investment of considerable money to increase women's representation in undergraduate science and engineering education, gender imbalance in the science workplace remains. Women are now more likely than men to obtain a college degree, and in science, math, engineering and behavioral science (SMEB)-related fields of study, women's graduation rates since the 1970s have increased between two to ten times (Bell, 2010). Despite these educational gains, women's representation in the SMEB workforce remains low. As of 2003, women were only 27% of the SMEB workforce (National Science Board, 2008). In this paper, we examine the factors associated with entering into SMEB occupations and how this differs by gender. We assess whether differences in attitudes towards gender and family roles account for gender disparities in the likelihood of entering into SMEB occupations among young adults who received college degrees and majored in SMEB fields. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sassler, Sharon, Yael Levitte, Jennifer L. Glass and Katherine Michelmore. "The Missing Women in Science, Math, Engineering, and Behavioral Science Jobs? Accounting for Gender Differences in Entrance into STEM Occupations." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
5577. |
Sassler, Sharon Williams, Kristi Addo, Fenaba Frech, Adrianne Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Family Structure and High School Graduation: How Children Born to Unmarried Mothers Fare Genus: Journal of Population Sciences 69,2 (2013): 1-33. Also: http://scistat.cilea.it/index.php/genus/article/view/501/254 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Universita Degli Studi Di Roma "La Sapienza" Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at Birth; Cohabitation; Fertility; High School Completion/Graduates; Marital History/Transitions; Marital Status; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine whether the union transitions of unmarried mothers into marriage or cohabitation during their children's youth are associated with their offspring's likelihood of graduating from high school by age 20. Data are from the linked Children and Young Adult sample of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), which enables us to extend the growing body of research on the intergenerational reproduction of family structure and well-being in the United States |
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Bibliography Citation
Sassler, Sharon, Kristi Williams, Fenaba Addo, Adrianne Frech and Elizabeth C. Cooksey. "Family Structure and High School Graduation: How Children Born to Unmarried Mothers Fare." Genus: Journal of Population Sciences 69,2 (2013): 1-33.
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5578. |
Sassler, Sharon Williams, Kristi Addo, Fenaba Frech, Adrianne Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Maternal Union Status and Youth Educational Attainment: Does Age at Birth Matter? Presented: Paris, France, EUCCONET/Society For Longitudinal And Life Course Studies International Conference, October 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at Birth; Cohabitation; Fertility; High School Completion/Graduates; Marital History/Transitions; Marital Status; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In 2008, 41% of all births in the United States occurred outside of marriage. Children born to unmarried mothers are often disadvantaged in young adulthood, including being less likely to graduate high school. In recent years, the age composition of mothers has changed; teen births declined substantially, and non-marital births are now most heavily concentrated among women in their twenties. This paper examines whether maternal age at birth differentiates the educational outcomes of children, and if this varies by maternal marital status. Data are from the linked Children and Young Adult sample of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). We find significant differences in the likelihood of high school graduation among youth born to a never-married versus a married mother. These disparities remain even after including controls for maternal age at birth, as well as social and economic characteristics of mothers prior to the birth. The marital status gap in the likelihood of graduating from high school among youth born to older mothers is far narrower than for youth whose mothers were either teenagers or in their early 20s when they were born, though this finding is limited to white youth. Impacts for racial educational disparities are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sassler, Sharon, Kristi Williams, Fenaba Addo, Adrianne Frech and Elizabeth C. Cooksey. "Maternal Union Status and Youth Educational Attainment: Does Age at Birth Matter?" Presented: Paris, France, EUCCONET/Society For Longitudinal And Life Course Studies International Conference, October 2012. |
5579. |
Sattinger, Michael |
Foster Care Youth in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Research Report, New York State Department of Social Services, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State Department of Social Services Keyword(s): Childhood Residence; Educational Attainment; Employment; Foster Care; Unemployment; Wages This paper compares education and employment outcomes for foster care youth in comparison with outcomes for youth in the general population. The comparisons are based on data from the NLSY. In 1988, questions concerning childhood residence allow one to determine whether respondents were ever in foster care as well as other details of foster care status. The major advantage of these data is that it permits comparison of foster care youth with the larger population. Topics examined include information concerning foster care status, relation to other youth, education, employment, income, other outcomes, and relevant aspects of foster care experience. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sattinger, Michael. "Foster Care Youth in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Research Report, New York State Department of Social Services, 1990. |
5580. |
Savage, Timothy Howard |
The Long-Term Effects of Youth Unemployment Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Legislation; Training; Unemployment, Youth; Vocational Training Most analyses of the potential adverse impacts of labor market legislation focus primarily on contemporaneous employment effects. Particularly for young people, such a focus might be quite shortsighted. Using a sample of young men from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this research presents policy-relevant results on the long-term impacts of youth unemployment on later labor market outcomes. It examines whether there are any substantial adverse effects on a number of different outcomes, including training and earnings. The existing youth labor market literature provides little guidance about the magnitude and duration of these effects. A spell of involuntary unemployment can lead to sub-optimal investments in human capital among young people in the short run. A theoretical model of dynamic human capital investment and accumulation predicts a rational "catch-up" response to such a spell. Using semiparametric estimation techniques, the empirical results control extensively for the endogeneity of prior unemployment and unobserved heterogeneity. These results provide strong evidence of a catch-up response. I find that an unemployment spell experienced today increases the likelihood of undertaking vocational training in the near future. It also increases for many years to come the likelihood of working and the amount of time spent working among those who work. This evidence is entirely new to the literature. Unlike much of the literature, however, I find evidence of short-lived persistence in unemployment after controlling for the endogeneity of prior unemployment. Unemployment experienced this year increases the likelihood that unemployment is experienced in the near future and lengthens the duration of future spells. Finally, I find the negative effect of prior unemployment on earnings is mitigated over time as a result of the catch-up response. The theoretical model exactly predicts that this will happen. Controlling for the observed human capi tal stock, 13 weeks of unemployment experienced last year reduces average hourly earnings by 4.7 percent. A similar spell experienced four years ago, however, reduces them by only 1.3 percent. Dynamic simulations show that the adverse impacts from a large exogenous labor market shock experienced at age 22 have largely dissipated by age 27. |
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Bibliography Citation
Savage, Timothy Howard. The Long-Term Effects of Youth Unemployment. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1999. |
5581. |
Savidge-Wilkins, Galen G. |
The Relationship Between Parental Receipt of the Earned Income Tax Credit and Children's High School Dropout Status Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgetown University, 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Poverty; Dropouts; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Family Income; Head Start; High School Completion/Graduates; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; School Progress Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Earned Income Tax Credit was established to provide low-income families with relief from the payroll tax, but it has grown over time to become the largest means tested cash transfer program and one of the most substantial federal supports for the working poor. While the EITC has been studied extensively, the literature has largely focused on its ability to encourage work, particularly among mothers. (Eissa and Liebman 1996, Eissa and Hoynes 1998, Meyer and Rossenbaum 2000) There is a growing research literature on other effects of the EITC, including its impact on child cognitive ability and maternal health. (Dahl and Lochner 2011, Evans and Garthwaite 2011) However, there is little research into how this component of the safety net impacts a key outcome for children, high school graduation. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on mothers and their children to construct a rich personal history for each child, I examine the relationship between parental receipt of the Earned Income Tax Credit and children's likelihood of graduating from high school on time. Within my sample, EITC receipt is found to be most strongly associated with on-time graduation when these benefits are received during two life stages: before the children enter school and when children are in middle school. My results indicate that a $1,000 increase in average yearly real EITC receipt before the children enter school is associated with a 6.80 percentage point increase in the likelihood of finishing high school on-time, and 1.56 percentage point improvement when that same increase in average real EITC receipt occurs during middle school. Analyses of specific disadvantaged subgroups yield statistically significant results during the same life stages and a stronger positive relationship between EITC receipt and high school graduation for those children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Savidge-Wilkins, Galen G. The Relationship Between Parental Receipt of the Earned Income Tax Credit and Children's High School Dropout Status. Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgetown University, 2012. |
5582. |
Sawhill, Isabel V. Reeves, Richard V. |
Modeling Equal Opportunity Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 2,2 (May 2016): 60-97. Also: http://www.rsfjournal.org/doi/full/10.7758/RSF.2016.2.2.03 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Achievement; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Children, Well-Being; Family Income; Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Mobility, Economic; Modeling, Simulation; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Entry/Readiness We examine the themes of equal opportunity, intergenerational mobility, and inequality. We address the normative and definitional questions of selecting measures of mobility and summarize the current state of intergenerational mobility in the United States and abroad. We introduce a new microsimulation model, the Social Genome Model (SGM), which provides a framework for measuring success in each stage of the life cycle. We show how the SGM can be used not only to understand the pathways to the middle class, but also to simulate the impact of policy interventions on rates of mobility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sawhill, Isabel V. and Richard V. Reeves. "Modeling Equal Opportunity ." Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 2,2 (May 2016): 60-97.
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5583. |
Sawhill, Isabel V. Winship, Scott Grannis, Kerry Searle |
Pathways to the Middle Class: Balancing Personal and Public Responsibilities Report No. 47, Social Genome Project Series, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, September 2012. Also: http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2012/09/20-pathways-middle-class-sawhill-winship Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Achievement; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Well-Being; Economic Well-Being; Family Income; Gender Differences; Life Course; Mobility, Economic; Modeling, Simulation; School Entry/Readiness Why do some children do so much better than others? And what will it take to create more opportunity? The remainder of this paper addresses these two questions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sawhill, Isabel V., Scott Winship and Kerry Searle Grannis. "Pathways to the Middle Class: Balancing Personal and Public Responsibilities." Report No. 47, Social Genome Project Series, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, September 2012. |
5584. |
Scarbrough, William H. |
Urban Poverty Database Inventory 1992 New York, NY: National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University School of Public Health, 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP) Keyword(s): Child Development; Family Studies; Poverty; Urbanization/Urban Living Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Center, under contract with the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), is preparing an urban inventory of existing databases relevant to interdisciplinary research on family processes and development of children and adults living in poor urban areas. The purposes of the project are threefold: to provide guidance to investigators in their search for useful databases; to highlight gaps in available research regarding the effects of living in poor urban areas on families and individuals, particularly young children; and to identify opportunities for adding neighborhood/community-level variables to databases lacking that type of information. The narrative summaries of the more than 150 entries will include substantive as well as technical information on topics such as subject emphases, sample characteristics, attrition, instruments used, periodicity, principal investigators, sources of funding/support, and data accessibility and availability. NCCP will publish the inventory on behalf of SSRC. William Scarbrough, associate director for research, is directing the project. Copyright, 1997, National Center for Children in Poverty |
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Bibliography Citation
Scarbrough, William H. Urban Poverty Database Inventory 1992. New York, NY: National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University School of Public Health, 1992. |
5585. |
Scarbrough, William H. |
Urban Poverty Database Inventory Aims To Document On-going Studies Child Poverty News and Issues 1,1 (Spring 1991). Also: http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/news/childpov/newi0084.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP) Keyword(s): Family Models; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Poverty; Urbanization/Urban Living Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Center, under contract with the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), is preparing an urban inventory of existing databases relevant to interdisciplinary research on family processes and development of children and adults living in poor urban areas. The purposes of the project are threefold: to provide guidance to investigators in their search for useful databases; to highlight gaps in available research regarding the effects of living in poor urban areas on families and individuals, particularly young children; and to identify opportunities for adding neighborhood/community-level variables to databases lacking that type of information. The narrative summaries of the more than 150 entries will include substantive as well as technical information on topics such as subject emphases, sample characteristics, attrition, instruments used, periodicity, principal investigators, sources of funding/support, and data accessibility and availability. NCCP will publish the inventory on behalf of SSRC. William Scarbrough, associate director for research, is directing the project. copyright ?, 1996, National Center for Children in Poverty. |
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Bibliography Citation
Scarbrough, William H. "Urban Poverty Database Inventory Aims To Document On-going Studies." Child Poverty News and Issues 1,1 (Spring 1991).
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5586. |
Scarr, Sandra |
On Comparing Apples and Oranges and Making Inferences About Bananas Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1099-1100. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Attrition; Child Care; General Assessment; Maternal Employment An exchange on Maternal Employment and Young Children's Adjustment. The article by Belsky and Eggebeen reports analyses from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set on the effects of early maternal employment on children's adjustment at ages four to six. The paper is written as though the results can be generalized broadly, when the samples, the measures, and the attrition imposed by the authors create severe limitation on the generality of this research. The lack of comparability of employed and unemployed mothers is truly an apples-and-oranges problem. and one does not use comparisons of apples and oranges to make inferences about bananas. Although hardly mentioned in the text, this research is based on a large sample of young mothers (30%< 19 years), who are largely uneducated (37% < high school graduation), unmarried (33% not living with a spouse), and poor (71% < $20,000 per year family income). They are atypical U.S. parents, because they represent only the first wave of births to the young age cohort in the NLSY sample. As one would expect, these mothers are the youngest and most disadvantaged members of their cohort. |
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Bibliography Citation
Scarr, Sandra. "On Comparing Apples and Oranges and Making Inferences About Bananas." Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1099-1100.
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5587. |
Schiamberg, Lawrence B. Lee, Choona |
Predictors of Verbal Intelligence and Behavior Problems Among Four-Year-Old Children Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Family Income; General Assessment; Hispanics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the relations between several variables that distinguish between families, such as quality of the home environment, family income and maternal intelligence, and two child outcomes, verbal intelligence and behavioral problems. The central question addressed is which of the family and maternal factors assessed in this study are related to the two child outcomes, when the other factors are controlled? Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used to address this question. Analyses were done for the total sample of 587 four-year-olds. In addition, separate analyses were done for three ethnic subsamples: African-American, Hispanic and white families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schiamberg, Lawrence B. and Choona Lee. "Predictors of Verbal Intelligence and Behavior Problems Among Four-Year-Old Children." Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991. |
5588. |
Schildhaus, Sam Shaw-Taylor, Yoku Pedlow, Steven Pergamit, Michael R. |
Predicting Heavy Drug Use: Results of a Longitudinal Study, Youth Characteristics Describing and Predicting Heavy Drug Use by Adults Executive Office of the President (Publication Number NCJ 208382). Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy, February 2004. Also: http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=208382 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Drug Use; Gender Differences; Income; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data are drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), which focuses on the labor market experiences of adolescents and has followed a representative sample of 12,686 youth ages 14 through 21 years for 23 years, from their adolescence into their early 40's. The NLSY includes a battery of questions about drug use that were administered during 5 years of the survey, in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1994, and 1998. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis and odds ratios. Results revealed that most respondents reported no drug use during the 5 years under examination. Marijuana use was reported by 42 percent of respondents, while 19 percent reported cocaine use and 3 percent reported crack cocaine use. Most respondents only reported use during one survey year or used the drug for only one more survey year. However, half of marijuana users who used in one survey year reported marijuana use in the next survey year. Approximately one-quarter of cocaine users reported cocaine use in the next survey year. In terms of predictors of heavy drug use as adults, results indicated that heavy marijuana use in adolescence was predictive of heavy cocaine use in adulthood. Results also showed that young male drug users were nearly twice as likely as young female drug users to become heavy adult drug users. Adolescents reporting significant amounts of illegal income were also twice as likely to become heavy cocaine users. The findings suggest that steering adolescents away from heavy marijuana use and criminal occupations may be an effective means of deterring future heavy drug use. Footnotes, exhibits, appendix. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schildhaus, Sam, Yoku Shaw-Taylor, Steven Pedlow and Michael R. Pergamit. Predicting Heavy Drug Use: Results of a Longitudinal Study, Youth Characteristics Describing and Predicting Heavy Drug Use by Adults. Executive Office of the President (Publication Number NCJ 208382). Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy, February 2004.. |
5589. |
Schiller, Bradley R. |
Below-Minimum-Wage Workers: Implications for Minimum-Wage Models Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 34,2 (Summer 1994): 131-144. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1062976994900094 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Minimum Wage; Teenagers Prior research on minimum wage employment tends to assume that coverage is either universal or easily estimated. In reality, coverage of teenagers and youth is low and results from a diversity of both employer and employee characteristics. Failure to recognize this has biased prior estimates of noncompliance and displacement. This paper uses the NLSY to document the prevalence of below-minimum wage jobs among young workers and show their links to both worker and employer characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schiller, Bradley R. "Below-Minimum-Wage Workers: Implications for Minimum-Wage Models." Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 34,2 (Summer 1994): 131-144.
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5590. |
Schiller, Bradley R. |
Early Jobs and Training: The Role of Small Business Final Report, Contract SBA-9281-AER. Washington DC: US Small Business Administration, 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Small Business Administration Keyword(s): Employment, In-School; Employment, Youth; Industrial Sector; Job Satisfaction; Job Training; Transfers, Skill; Wages This paper examines small business as the preeminent provider of early work experience and training for both in- school and out-of-school youth during the years 1979-1983. The concentration of employment of young men and women in this sector is examined, along with the linkages between these firms and larger, multi-establishment firms. Young men still in school and working are disproportionately employed in retail businesses. Young workers already out of school are also highly concentrated in retailing, but heavily represented in manufacturing as well. Within the retail sector, the fast food industry may account for a high percentage of jobs and job growth. Wages are generally lower in small businesses than in large businesses, but job satisfaction and perceived training opportunities of young men are higher. Young men in small businesses indicate that they are exposed to a greater variety of tasks than those in large businesses, and so develop a broader range of marketable skills, likely to accelerate productivity and wage growth. Training in larger firms tends to be more specialized and firm-specific. However, lower retention rates of newly-trained workers can reduce a smaller firm's pay-off to training investments and may result in a competitive disadvantage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schiller, Bradley R. Early Jobs and Training: The Role of Small Business. Final Report, Contract SBA-9281-AER. Washington DC: US Small Business Administration, 1986. |
5591. |
Schiller, Bradley R. |
Just Getting By? Income Dependence On Minimum Wage Jobs Final Report, Washington, DC: Employment Policies Institute, March 2011. Also: http://epionline.org/study_detail.cfm?sid=132 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Employment Policies Institute Keyword(s): Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Employment, Part-Time; Family Income; Job Satisfaction; Minimum Wage; Wage Growth; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Schiller’s study shows that only a small minority of adults age 33 to 50 who earn at or below the minimum wage are the primary (or sole) breadwinner in their household. Previous research has shown that long-term minimum wage earners (while an enormously small portion of the population) often lack basic job skills needed to move up in the workforce. Paradoxically, raising the minimum wage in an attempt to help this small subset of minimum wage workers can actually harm them; decades of economic research show that artificially raising the cost to hire and train these employees makes it likely that management will hire a more-skilled employee to do their job (or replace that job with an automated, self-service alternative). |
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Bibliography Citation
Schiller, Bradley R. "Just Getting By? Income Dependence On Minimum Wage Jobs." Final Report, Washington, DC: Employment Policies Institute, March 2011. |
5592. |
Schiller, Bradley R. |
Longitudinal Experiences of Minimum Wage Youth Final Report, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Assistant Secretary for Policy, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Job Satisfaction; Minimum Wage; Wages, Youth; Work Histories The labor market experiences of young minimum-wage workers were examined using the NLSY 19791987. The analysis indicates that all young people hold a job paying the minimum wage or less at some point in the early stages of their work lives. Of special concern are the training experiences and subsequent wage growth of youth who start at the minimum wage or less. The study finds that: (1) Most minimum-wage youth workers like their jobs, believe the job experience is beneficial, and perceive that they are acquiring skills that will be valuable in attaining better jobs later. (2) The minimum wage experience is relatively brief. Young people neither expect to hold nor stay on their minimum-wage job long. Within two years, most youth who start at the minimum wage (or less) are earning above minimum wages. (3) The wage growth of youth who began at or below the minimum wage averages 16 percent a year in the first six years, five times faster than the wage growth of all U.S. workers in the same period (1981- 1987). Overall, the evidence reviewed refutes the notion that minimum-wage jobs are "dead-end" jobs, offering neither training nor opportunities for wage growth. At least for young labor-market entrants, minimum-wage jobs are common stepping stones to higher wages. Details are provided in the two volumes that constitute the final report. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schiller, Bradley R. "Longitudinal Experiences of Minimum Wage Youth." Final Report, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Assistant Secretary for Policy, 1989. |
5593. |
Schiller, Bradley R. |
Minimum Wage Youth: Training and Wage Growth Industrial Relations Research Association Series, Proceedings 43rd Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. Madison WI: Industrial Relation Research Association, 1990: pp. 266-275 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Industrial Relations Research Association ==> LERA Keyword(s): Firm Size; Gender Differences; Geographical Variation; Marital Status; Minimum Wage; Racial Differences; Training; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The debate over minimum wage thresholds and the larger controversy about good jobs versus bad jobs share a common concern; namely whether low-wage jobs are inherently dead end. The observations reported here suggest that that concern is ill-founded, at least with respect to younger workers. Young labor market entrants certainly don't perceive their minimum wage jobs in that way. A substantial majority of minimum wage youth believe they are acquiring valuable skills, have opportunities for promotion, and even say they like their jobs. The longitudinal experiences of minimum wage youth provide an even more compelling refutation of the notion that minimum wage jobs are inherently dead end. Since virtually all young people hold a job paying the minimum wage or less at some point in their work history, that blanket assertion can be dismissed out of hand. The evidence shows further that youths entering the labor market in the 1980s did particularly well. Specifically, those who started at the minimum wage in 1980 enjoyed impressive wage gains over the subsequent seven years. Insofar as young workers are concerned, minimum wage jobs are correctly viewed as transitions to better jobs, not dead-end endeavors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schiller, Bradley R. "Minimum Wage Youth: Training and Wage Growth" In: .
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5594. |
Schiller, Bradley R. |
Moving Up: The Training and Wage Gains of Minimum-Wage Entrants Social Science Quarterly 75,3 (September 1994): 622-636 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas Press Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Minimum Wage; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schiller, Bradley R. "Moving Up: The Training and Wage Gains of Minimum-Wage Entrants." Social Science Quarterly 75,3 (September 1994): 622-636.
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5595. |
Schiller, Bradley R. |
Small Business and Self-employment as Income Mobility Mechanisms Small Business Administration Research Summary 366, July 2010. Also: http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/rs366tot.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Small Business Administration Keyword(s): Income Level; Labor Force Participation; Mobility, Economic; Skill Formation; Small Business (Owner/Employer); Training, On-the-Job; Wage Growth; Work History Executive Summary The contributions of small businesses to the labor market entry, skill training, and wage growth of youth have been extensively documented in a series of research studies conducted in the mid- 1980s. That research confirmed that small businesses provide most first-time job opportunities for young labor market entrants. Moreover, the skills and experience provided at those entry jobs paid off handsomely for the affected youth, as witnessed by their subsequent wage growth. This study extends the observation period for gauging income growth. Using the same National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) surveys used in earlier studies, this study tracks employment and income experiences in a later phase of the typical work life. Whereas earlier studies focused on the first years of labor market entry for youths aged 14-22, this study focuses on those same workers a decade later. Specifically, this study focuses on young people aged 24- 32 years at the beginning of the observation period (1989). We then track their work history over the subsequent 15 years (1989-2004). Our research goal was twofold. First we wanted to gauge the degree of relative income mobility over the 1989-2004 period. That is, we wanted to ascertain how often and to what degree individuals change intra-cohort income ranks in this age and time space. That would allow us to determine whether general mobility in the U.S. economy is changing over time. Our second goal was to isolate the role of small business exposure in the mobility process. Specifically, does small business experience – either as owner or employee – significantly affect the degree of income mobility? |
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Bibliography Citation
Schiller, Bradley R. "Small Business and Self-employment as Income Mobility Mechanisms." Small Business Administration Research Summary 366, July 2010. |
5596. |
Schiller, Bradley R. |
Youth Employment in the Hospitality Sector Washington DC: Employment Policies Institute, June 1995. Also: http://www.epionline.org/study_detail.cfm?sid=49 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Employment Policies Institute Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Employment; Employment, Part-Time; Employment, Youth; Higher Education; Job Tenure; Part-Time Work; Schooling; Wage Effects; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A study used data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth to analyze the long-term effects of hospitality industry employment on youth. The subsample extracted for the study included all youth who were aged 16-24 in 1980 and employed in the civilian sector for pay at any time in the year. Statistics indicated the hospitality sector was clearly a major source of employment for youth employing nearly one out of five (18.1%) working youth in any given year. Especially important was the availability of part-time opportunities for students. Students, particularly those college bound or in college, filled a disproportionately large share of jobs in the sector. Although entry-level jobs were an important source of income support for students and other youth, relatively few young workers established careers in the industry. Industry affiliation declined sharply as workers got older. Although many youth, particularly students, had several years of experience (part-time) in the restaurant and hotel industries, few youth remained in the industry. Noncollege-bound youth were even less likely to make longer-term commitments to this sector. As their work lives evolved, the youth with experience in the hospitality industry followed the average tendency toward rapidly rising wage levels. With no distinct long-term wage effect from experience in the hospitality sector, such jobs were best viewed as a transitory phase in highly varied career paths. The youth who held jobs in the hospitality sector were likely to complete additional schooling than youth employed in other industries. (YLB). |
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Bibliography Citation
Schiller, Bradley R. Youth Employment in the Hospitality Sector. Washington DC: Employment Policies Institute, June 1995.. |
5597. |
Schiller, Bradley R. Crewson, Philip E. |
Entrepreneurial Origins: A Longitudinal Inquiry Economic Inquiry 35,3 (July 1997): 523-531. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2006.00002.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Longitudinal Surveys; Self-Employed Workers Ever since Schumpeter identified the 'animal spirits' of entrepreneurs as the driving force of markets, researchers have been trying to determine who is an entrepreneur and what factors breed entrepreneurial success. Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, the authors first determine who pursues self-employment in their youth and then who succeeds. There is a surprisingly high incidence of self-employment but very low success rates. Significant correlates of both entry into self-employment and eventual success differ markedly by gender. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schiller, Bradley R. and Philip E. Crewson. "Entrepreneurial Origins: A Longitudinal Inquiry." Economic Inquiry 35,3 (July 1997): 523-531.
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5598. |
Schiller, Bradley R. Crewson, Philip E. |
Entrepreneurial Origins: A Longitudinal Inquiry. Small Business Research Summary No 152, under contract no: SBA-8032-OA-93. Washington, DC: Small Business Association, February 1995. Also: http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/rs152.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Small Business Administration Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Modeling; Self-Employed Workers This study examines the experience of young entrepreneurs in the 1980s. A nationally-representative longitudinal data base (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth) is used to identify young men and women (aged 14-37) who engaged in self-employment at any time between 1979 and 1991. The study examines not only the incidence of entrepreneurial activity, but also various measures of entrepreneurial performance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schiller, Bradley R. and Philip E. Crewson. Entrepreneurial Origins: A Longitudinal Inquiry. Small Business Research Summary No 152, under contract no: SBA-8032-OA-93. Washington, DC: Small Business Association, February 1995.. |
5599. |
Schiller, Bradley R. Mukhopadhyay, Sankar |
Long-Term Trends in Relative Earnings Mobility Social Science Quarterly 94,4 (December 2013): 881-893. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ssqu.12008/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Earnings; Mobility Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: The extent of individual mobility across hierarchical ranks of the income distribution is a critical factor in interpreting the sociopolitical significance of well-documented increases in cross-sectional inequality. The objective of this study is to replicate two earlier investigations of mobility, allowing one to discern trends in mobility rates and patterns. Methods: Mobility was measured using data from NLSY79 (where NLSY is National Longitudinal Survey of Youth) for the years 1989–2004. Results: Results show that hierarchical (relative) mobility has remained substantial and pervasive from the 1970s through the 1990s for male workers, with no evidence of any attenuation. In view of the increased distance between (absolute) income ranks, this observation is both surprising and reassuring. Conclusion: Despite substantial increase in cross-sectional inequality, long-term mobility rates have not changed since the 1960s. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schiller, Bradley R. and Sankar Mukhopadhyay. "Long-Term Trends in Relative Earnings Mobility." Social Science Quarterly 94,4 (December 2013): 881-893.
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5600. |
Schiller, Erin |
Upholding CCRI In California Policy Brief, Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, San Francisco CA, 1999. Also: http://special.pacificresearch.org/pub/sab/entrep/ca-leg-guide_99/civil.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pacific Research Institute Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Job; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Economics of Gender; Gender; Gender Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wages; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper argues that the California legislature should implement voter-approved Proposition 209, the California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI), which ended race and gender-based preference programs in public employment, contracting, and education. CCRI. CCRI amends California's constitution and specifically states that California "shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting." This paper denies the gender wage gap by utilizing NLSY data which shows that childless women aged 27-33 years earn 98 cents to a man's dollar. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schiller, Erin. "Upholding CCRI In California." Policy Brief, Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, San Francisco CA, 1999. |
5601. |
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. |
Expanding Wallets and Waistlines: The Impact of Family Income on the BMI of Women and Men Eligible for the Earned Income Tax Credit Health Economics 18,11 (November 2009): 1277-1294. Also: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121606649/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The rising rate of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now one of the most serious public health challenges facing the US. However, the underlying causes for this increase are unclear. This paper examines the effect of family income changes on body mass index (BMI) and obesity using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. It does so by using exogenous variation in family income in a sample of low-income women and men. This exogenous variation is obtained from the correlation of their family income with the generosity of state and federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) program benefits. Income is found to significantly raise the BMI and probability of being obese for women with EITC-eligible earnings, and have no appreciable effect for men with EITC-eligible earnings. The results imply that the increase in real family income from 1990 to 2002 explains between 10 and 21% of the increase in sample women's BMI and between 23 and 29% of their increased obesity prevalence. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. "Expanding Wallets and Waistlines: The Impact of Family Income on the BMI of Women and Men Eligible for the Earned Income Tax Credit." Health Economics 18,11 (November 2009): 1277-1294.
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5602. |
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. |
Expanding Wallets and Waistlines: The Impact of Family Income on the BMI of Women and Men Eligible for the Earned Income Tax Credit Discussion Paper No. 1339-08, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin–Madison, July 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Income; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The rising rate of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now one of the most serious public health challenges facing the US. However, the underlying causes for this increase are unclear. This paper examines the effect of family income changes on body mass index (BMI) and obesity using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. It does so by using exogenous variation in family income in a sample of low-income women and men. This exogenous variation is obtained from the correlation of their family income with the generosity of state and federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) program benefits. Income is found to significantly raise the BMI and probability of being obese for women with EITC-eligible earnings, and have no appreciable effect for men with EITC-eligible earnings. The results imply that the increase in real family income from 1990 to 2002 explains between 10 and 21 percent of the increase in sample women's BMI and between 23 and 29 percent of their increased obesity prevalence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. "Expanding Wallets and Waistlines: The Impact of Family Income on the BMI of Women and Men Eligible for the Earned Income Tax Credit." Discussion Paper No. 1339-08, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin–Madison, July 2008. |
5603. |
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. |
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and Child Obesity: Revisiting the NLSY79 Presented: Milwaukee, WI, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association's AAEA & ACCI Joint Annual Meeting, July 2009. Also: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/49280/2/The%20Supplemental%20Nutrition%20Assistance%20Program%20and%20Child%20Obesity%20AAEA.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association (AAEA) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; State-Level Data/Policy; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over the past three decades the prevalence of obesity among children in the United States has more than tripled. A clear income gradient exists in the prevalence of obesity, with low-income children significantly more likely to be obese. One suggested cause of the higher prevalence of obesity among children in low-income families is participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), as the obesity prevalence among SNAP participants is consistently higher than that of eligible non-participants. This paper examines the effect of long-term SNAP participation on the obesity status of children ages 3 to 11 using data from the Children and Young Adults of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and an instrumental variables identification strategy. Doing so, I find that there is no effect of the SNAP on obesity status for either boys or girls. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and Child Obesity: Revisiting the NLSY79." Presented: Milwaukee, WI, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association's AAEA & ACCI Joint Annual Meeting, July 2009. |
5604. |
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. |
The Impact of Long Term Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program on Child Obesity Presented: Chicago, IL, Academy Health Annual Research Meeting, June 2009 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: AcademyHealth Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; State-Level Data/Policy; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research Question: • Does participation in the SNAP program increase obesity among children ages 5 to 18? • Focus on percent of time over past 5 years child participated in SNAP since obesity is a stock measure which takes time to adjust to changes in behavior • Use an Instrumental Variables (IV) strategy to identify causal effect of SNAP participation on child obesity |
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Bibliography Citation
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. "The Impact of Long Term Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program on Child Obesity." Presented: Chicago, IL, Academy Health Annual Research Meeting, June 2009. |
5605. |
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. |
The Impact of Long Term Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program on Child Obesity Working Paper, Department of Consumer Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, September 2010. Also: https://www.appam.org/conferences/fall/boston2010/sessions/downloads/1097.1.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Department of Consumer Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Geocoded Data; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; State-Level Data/Policy; Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly Food Stamps); Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. See also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1645525 for a working paper published earlier in 2010. Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) reached an all-time high of 40.2 million persons in March 2010, which means the program affects a substantial fraction of Americans. A significant body of research has emerged suggesting that participation in SNAP increases the probability of being obese for adult women and has little effect on the probability for adult men. However, studies addressing the effects of participation on children have produced mixed results. This paper examines the effect of long-term SNAP participation on the Body Mass Index (BMI) percentile and probability of being overweight or obese for children ages 5 through 18 using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adults data set. An instrumental variables identification strategy that exploits exogenous variation in state-level program parameters, as well as state and federal expansions of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), is used to address the endogeneity between SNAP participation and obesity. SNAP participation is found to significantly reduce BMI percentile and the probability of being overweight or obese for boys and girls ages 5 through 11 and boys ages 12 through 18. For girls ages 12 through 18, SNAP participation appears to have no significant effect on these outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. "The Impact of Long Term Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program on Child Obesity." Working Paper, Department of Consumer Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, September 2010. |
5606. |
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. |
The Impact of Long-Term Participation In the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program on Child Obesity Health Economics 21,4 (April 2012): 386-404. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.1714/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Growth; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Geocoded Data; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Obesity; State-Level Data/Policy; Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly Food Stamps); Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. SUMMARY Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) reached an all-time high of 40.2 million persons in March 2010, which means the program affects a substantial fraction of Americans. A significant body of research has emerged suggesting that participation in SNAP increases the probability of being obese for adult women and has little effect on the probability for adult men. However, studies addressing the effects of participation on children have produced mixed results. This paper examines the effect of long-term SNAP participation on the Body Mass Index (BMI) percentile and probability of being overweight or obese for children ages 5–18 using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adults data set. An instrumental variables identification strategy that exploits exogenous variation in state-level program parameters, as well as state and federal expansions of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), is used to address the endogeneity between SNAP participation and obesity. SNAP participation is found to significantly reduce BMI percentile and the probability of being overweight or obese for boys and girls ages 5–11 and boys ages 12–18. For girls ages 12–18, SNAP participation appears to have no significant effect on these outcomes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. "The Impact of Long-Term Participation In the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program on Child Obesity." Health Economics 21,4 (April 2012): 386-404.
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5607. |
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. |
Trigger Events and Financial Outcomes Over the Lifespan CFS Research Brief (FLRC 10-3), Center for Financial Security, University of Wisconsin-Madison, September 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; Financial Literacy; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Resilience/Developmental Assets Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research identifies demographic groups vulnerable to trigger events to inform efforts to improve financial education. Specifically, this study examines the effects of trigger events on net worth throughout the life course. In general, educational attainment is a better predictor of resilience to a negative shock than intelligence but effects vary across age groups and by type of shock. The findings provide an opportunity to target financial education where it is most needed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. "Trigger Events and Financial Outcomes Over the Lifespan." CFS Research Brief (FLRC 10-3), Center for Financial Security, University of Wisconsin-Madison, September 2010. |
5608. |
Schmidt, Amy |
Divorce and Marriage: Does the Marriage Wage Premium Matter? Presented: Philidelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Male Sample; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is a sizeable literature on the wage premium of married men. Nearly all of the studies in this area attempt to determine why this premium exists and, recently, why it has been falling. There is also a growing economic literature on marriage and divorce, which complements the large sociological, anthropological and demographic literatures on the same subject. This paper combines these two research areas by attempting to determine whether an individual's probability of marrying (if single) or divorcing (if married) is affected by the magnitude of his estimated premium. Micro data from the NLSY79 is used to follow more than 1500 white men over a twenty year period. Results are forthcoming. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schmidt, Amy. "Divorce and Marriage: Does the Marriage Wage Premium Matter?" Presented: Philidelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. |
5609. |
Schmiege, Sarah Russo, Nancy Felipe |
Depression and Unwanted First Pregnancy: Longitudinal Cohort Study British Medical Journal 331,7528 (December 2005): 1303-1306. Also: http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/331/7528/0-a Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Abortion; CESD (Depression Scale); Health, Mental/Psychological; Income; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Women; Women's Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: To examine the outcomes of an unwanted first pregnancy (abortion v live delivery) and risk of depression and to explain discrepancies with previous research that used the same dataset. Design: Longitudinal cohort study. Setting: Nationally representative sample of US men and women aged 14-24 in 1979. Participants: 1247 women in the US national longitudinal survey of youth who aborted or delivered an unwanted first pregnancy. Main outcome measures: Clinical cut-off and continuous scores on a 1992 measure of the Center for Epidemiological Studies depression scale. Results: Terminating compared with delivering an unwanted first pregnancy was not directly related to risk of clinically significant depression (odds ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.66). No evidence was found of a relation between pregnancy outcome and depression in analyses of subgroups known to vary in under-reporting of abortion. In analyses of the characteristics of non-respondents, refusal to provide information on abortion did not explain the lack of detecting a relation between abortion and mental health. The abortion group had a significantly higher mean education and income and lower total family size, all of which were associated with a lower risk of depression. Conclusions: Evidence that choosing to terminate rather than deliver an unwanted first pregnancy puts women at higher risk of depression is inconclusive. Discrepancies between current findings and those of previous research using the same dataset primarily reflect differences in coding of a first pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Schmiege, Sarah and Nancy Felipe Russo. "Depression and Unwanted First Pregnancy: Longitudinal Cohort Study." British Medical Journal 331,7528 (December 2005): 1303-1306.
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5610. |
Schmierer, Daniel A. |
Home Investment in Children in Anticipation of Divorce Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Chicago, December 8, 2010 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Chicago Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Divorce; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Conflict; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parental Investments; Pregnancy, Adolescent; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In families that end up divorcing or separating, the spouses invest less in their children during marriage. In addition, investment in these children declines starting about two years prior to the divorce itself, primarily due to lower investments by fathers. This new finding suggests that the anticipation of divorce may be detrimental to children through its impact on parental investment. In order to understand these results, I develop a model of a married couple learning about their match quality and engaging in match-specific investment in their children. The model shows that it is match quality, and not merely divorce, that affects children. I use two implications of the model to establish that the prospect of divorce impacts home investment in children during marriage. First, by using variation over time in the probability of divorce within a given marriage, I show that the probability of divorce is negatively related to parental investment in children during marriage. Second, I use information on marital conflict to show that the home investment levels of families near the margin of divorce respond to differences in the costs and benefits of divorce whereas in families far from the margin of divorce they do not. This finding implies that it is the possibility of divorce that is driving some of the differences in investment levels between families. My results establish a new pathway by which divorce may harm children: the anticipation of divorce decreases investment in children during marriage. This effect can explain a small but significant portion of the gap in investment levels between families that divorce and those that do not; roughly the same amount as is explained by the mother's cognitive ability or father's education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schmierer, Daniel A. "Home Investment in Children in Anticipation of Divorce." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Chicago, December 8, 2010. |
5611. |
Schmitz, Mark F. |
Cultural and Acculturation Differences in Trajectories of Home Environment Inventory Scores for Latino Children and Families Journal of Family Issues 26,5 (July 2005): 568-583. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/26/5/568.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Children, Poverty; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Immigrants; Interviewing Method; Language Problems; Modeling, Multilevel; Mothers, Education; Testing Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the influence of social context on the home environment for children aged 0 to 14 years, testing for differences between Cubans (n = 47),Mexicans (n = 240),Mexican Americans (n = 415), and Puerto Ricans (n = 162). Hierarchical linear models showed significant cultural and acculturation effects on the trajectories of cognitive stimulation and emotional support in the home environment. The home environment of families in which the mother reported more U.S. ancestry showed significant declines in cognitive stimulation, whereas families in which the mother was more likely to use Spanish during the study interview showed significant increases in cognitive stimulation as the child aged. In contrast, no significant acculturation effects were found for the trajectories of emotional support in the home. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schmitz, Mark F. "Cultural and Acculturation Differences in Trajectories of Home Environment Inventory Scores for Latino Children and Families." Journal of Family Issues 26,5 (July 2005): 568-583.
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5612. |
Schmitz, Mark F. |
Effects of Childhood Foster Care and Adoption on Adulthood Childbearing Children and Youth Services Review 27,1 (January 2005): 85-98. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740904001641 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adoption; Childbearing; Childhood Residence; Family Structure; Foster Care; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Poverty Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), latent growth curve modeling was used to examine the trajectories of adulthood childbearing. Respondents consisted of 195 subjects who were raised by an adoptive family, 78 who raised by a foster family for 4 months or more, 200 who were raised by stepparents for 4 months or more, and 200 who were raised by both biological parents until age 18. In the first-stage analyses, foster-parented respondents showed significantly greater linear increases in the number of childbirths per year and significant deceleration in childbirth, as compared with biological- and adoptive-parented respondents. In the second-stage analyses, there were significant differences between the groups in the effects of education on the initial level of childbirth, with step- and adoptive-parented respondents having significantly more negative relationships for education than did biological-parented respondents. Likewise, adoptive-parented respondents showed a significantly more positive relationship between persistent poverty status and the initial level of childbirth, as compared with biological- and foster-parented respondents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schmitz, Mark F. "Effects of Childhood Foster Care and Adoption on Adulthood Childbearing ." Children and Youth Services Review 27,1 (January 2005): 85-98.
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5613. |
Schmitz, Susanne Williams, Donald R. Gabriel, Paul E. |
An Empirical Examination of Racial and Gender Differences in Wage Distributions Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 34,3 (Fall 1994): 227-239. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1062976994900256 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Discrimination, Job; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Modeling, Logit; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wives, Income This research presents an examination of racial and gender differences in differences in earnings distributions among a sample of young workers. Using data from the 1987 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we utilize an ordered-response logit model to estimate the probability of a white male being in a given position in the earnings distribution, based on his human capital and other personal characteristics. We then generate "predicted" probabilities of given earnings positions for individual black males, black females, and white females. Non-parametric tests indicate that significant differences exist between the actual and predicted earnings distributions for all of the racial and gender groups studied. We interpret this as evidence of the impact of differential treatment in the labor market. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schmitz, Susanne, Donald R. Williams and Paul E. Gabriel. "An Empirical Examination of Racial and Gender Differences in Wage Distributions." Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 34,3 (Fall 1994): 227-239.
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5614. |
Schnabel, Jim |
Media Research: The Black Box Nature, 459,7248, (June 2009): 765-768. Also: http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090610/full/459765a.html Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: MacMillan Publishers, Ltd. Keyword(s): Children, Mental Health; Television Viewing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The article offers information on the study related to the impact of watching television on the children below three years old conducted by Dimitri Christakis in the U.S. It notes that through the database called National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, they analyzed 1,300 children who have available data, after which they concluded that 20% of the children who watched television two hours per day before the age of three have developed attention problem at the age of seven compared to children who did not watch television. According to the article, Christakis and his colleagues worked with public health expert Fred Zimmerman from University of California in Los Angeles in following the study. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schnabel, Jim. "Media Research: The Black Box." Nature, 459,7248, (June 2009): 765-768. |
5615. |
Schneider, Daniel J. |
Wealth and the Marital Divide Working Paper, Office of Population Research, Princeton University, March 22nd, 2010. Also: http://www.princeton.edu/~djschnei/wealthdivide_032210.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Office of Population Research, Princeton University Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Assets; Educational Status; Gender Differences; Marriage; Racial Differences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marriage patterns differ dramatically in the United States by race and education. The author identifies a novel explanation for these marital divides; namely, the important role of personal wealth in marriage entry. Using event history models and data from the NLSY-79 cohort, the author shows that wealth is an important predictor of first marriage and that differences in asset ownership by race and education help to explain a significant portion of the race and education gaps in first marriage. The paper also tests possible explanations for why wealth plays an important role in first marriage entry and presents evidence that wealth is primarily important because of its symbolic value. (Previously circulated and presented as "Norms and Nuptials: The Changing Social Price of Marriage.") Presentations: Society for the Study of Social Problems (SSSP), Annual Meeting. August 2009. Population Association of America (PAA), Annual Meeting. April 2009. Eastern Sociological Society (ESS), Annual Meeting. March 2009. Princeton University, Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Workshop. September 2008. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schneider, Daniel J. "Wealth and the Marital Divide." Working Paper, Office of Population Research, Princeton University, March 22nd, 2010. |
5616. |
Schneider, Daniel J. |
Wealth and the Marital Divide American Journal of Sociology 117,2 (September 2011): 627-667. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/661594 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Assets; Educational Status; Gender Differences; Marriage; Racial Differences; Wealth Marriage patterns differ dramatically in the United States by race and education. The author identifies a novel explanation for these marital divides, namely, the important role of personal wealth in marriage entry. Using event-history models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, the author shows that wealth is an important predictor of first marriage and that differences in asset ownership by race and education help to explain a significant portion of the race and education gaps in first marriage. The article also tests possible explanations for why wealth plays an important role in first marriage entry. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schneider, Daniel J. "Wealth and the Marital Divide." American Journal of Sociology 117,2 (September 2011): 627-667.
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5617. |
Schneider, Daniel J. |
Wealth and the Propensity to Marry Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, September 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Assets; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Marriage; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation takes a comprehensive and multidimensional approach to examining the link between wealth and the transition to marriage. In the first empirical chapter, I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 1979 to model the relationship between the ownership of key personal assets and transition to first marriage. I find that ownership of a car and financial assets for men and a car and other assets for women is positively related to entry into first marriages and that accounting for gaps in wealth ownership by race and education explains a portion of the marital divides along those same axes of differentiation. The second empirical chapter draws on data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to model the relationship between wealth and marriage in the contemporary period for a sample of disadvantaged parents who were unmarried at the birth of their children. I find additional evidence of a link between asset ownership and marriage entry. However, I find little evidence that asset ownership is related to entry into cohabitation or that access to other economic resources can take the place of assets for marriage. In the final empirical chapter, I use a novel data source to assess how wealth losses during the Great Recession may have impacted plans to marry and find evidence that men and women who have lost wealth are more likely to plan to delay marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schneider, Daniel J. Wealth and the Propensity to Marry. Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, September 2012. |
5618. |
Schneider, Daniel J. Reich, Adam |
Marrying Ain't Hard When You Got a Union Card? Labor Union Membership and First Marriage Social Problems 61,4 (November 2014): 625-643. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/sp.2014.12316 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Employment; Income; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Unions Over the past five decades, marriage has changed dramatically, as young people began marrying later or never getting married at all. Scholars have shown how this decline is less a result of changing cultural definitions of marriage, and more a result of men's changing access to historically consistent social and economic pre-requisites for marriage. Specifically, men's current economic standing and men's future economic security have been shown to affect their marriageability. Traditionally, labor unions provided economic standing and security to male workers. Yet during the same period that marriage has declined among young people, membership in labor unions has declined precipitously--particularly for men. In this paper we examine the relationship between union membership and first marriage and discuss the possible mechanisms by which union membership might lead to first marriage. We draw on longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-79 to estimate discrete time event-history models of first marriage entry and find that, controlling for many factors, union membership is positively and significantly associated with marriage. We show then that this relationship is largely explained by the increased income, regularity and stability of employment, and fringe benefits that come with union membership. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schneider, Daniel J. and Adam Reich. "Marrying Ain't Hard When You Got a Union Card? Labor Union Membership and First Marriage." Social Problems 61,4 (November 2014): 625-643.
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5619. |
Schnittker, Jason John, Andrea |
Enduring Stigma: The Long-Term Effects of Incarceration on Health Journal of Health and Social Behavior 48,2 (June 2007): 115-130. Also: http://hsb.sagepub.com/content/48/2/115.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Incarceration/Jail; Marital Instability; Racial Differences; Stress; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although incarceration rates have risen sharply since the 1970s, medical sociology has largely neglected the health effects of imprisonment. Incarceration might have powerful effects on health, especially if it instills stigma, and it could provide sociologists with another mechanism for understanding health disparities. This study identifies some of incarceration's direct and indirect effects and rigorously tests them using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. It finds that incarceration has powerful effects on health, but only after release. A history of incarceration strongly increases the likelihood of severe health limitations. Furthermore, any contact with prison is generally more important than the amount of contact, a finding consistent with a stigma-based interpretation. Although this relationship is partly attributable to diminished wage growth and marital instability, the bulk of the effect remains even under the most stringent of specifications, including controls for intelligence and the use of fixed effects, suggesting a far-reaching process with a proliferation of risk factors. The study also finds that incarceration contributes only modestly to racial disparities, that there are few synergistic interactions between incarceration and other features of inequality, including schooling, and that the evidence for a causal effect is much weaker among persistent recidivists and those serving exceptionally long sentences. These study findings are inconsistent with recent speculation; nevertheless, incarceration is an important addition to sociology's research agenda. Exploring incarceration could lead to, among other things, a fruitful synergy among studies on fundamental causes, stigma, and stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Health & Social Behavior is the property of American Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Schnittker, Jason and Andrea John. "Enduring Stigma: The Long-Term Effects of Incarceration on Health." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 48,2 (June 2007): 115-130.
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5620. |
Schochet, Peter Zygmunt |
Alternatives to College Education: Incidence and Returns for Young Males Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Education; Education, Secondary; Educational Returns; Family Background and Culture; Job Training; Military Training; Modeling, Probit; Training, Post-School; Vocational Training This thesis explores the incidence of and returns to alternatives to college programs for young males using data from the random sample of the 1979-1986 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Econometric methods are used to study government, vocational and commercial, military, company, and two and four year college programs in a unified choice framework. The economic model is based on the notion that individuals choose the program(s) that maximize their expected net present value of lifetime income streams. Family background, demand condition, and ability variables are used to proxy for the individuals' 'costs' of participation in the particular program. The results show that the vast majority of males invested in at most one type of training program, and that most programs were taken within the first four years after secondary school. The multinomial probit model estimates suggest that there exist some significant correlations among the normalized unobservables in the choice equations. The estimates from the earnings equations show that the training variables are almost orthogonal to one another. Therefore, results from previous human capital studies which mostly treat alternative forms of investment programs in isolation are not seriously biased. The returns to the training programs are generally positive and significant. More importantly, it is the amount of time spent in the programs which yields positive effects and not program participation per se. Results suggest that the studied noncollegiate training programs can be productive alternatives to college for those with access to limited resources. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schochet, Peter Zygmunt. Alternatives to College Education: Incidence and Returns for Young Males. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1991. |
5621. |
Schoenberg, Uta |
Wage Growth Due to Human Capital Accumulation and Job Search: A Comparison Between the United States and Germany Industrial and Labor Relations Review 60,4 (July 2007): 562-586. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25249110 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Germany, German; Human Capital; Job Search; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Mobility, Labor Market; Wage Differentials; Wage Growth This paper compares the sources of wage growth of young male workers in two countries with very different labor market institutions, the United States and Germany. The author first develops a simple method for decomposing wage growth into components due to general human capital accumulation, firm-specific human capital accumulation, and job search. The empirical analysis uses data from administrative records (Germany) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (United States) for cohorts entering the labor market in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Although the two countries differed substantially in mobility rates, they were similar in the sources of wage growth, with general human capital accumulation being the most important single source and job search accounting for an additional 25% or more of total wage growth. There is no evidence that returns to firm-specific human capital accumulation were higher for German apprentices than for U.S. high school dropouts or graduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Industrial & Labor Relations Review is the property of Cornell University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Schoenberg, Uta. "Wage Growth Due to Human Capital Accumulation and Job Search: A Comparison Between the United States and Germany." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 60,4 (July 2007): 562-586.
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5622. |
Schoenberger, Nicole Rocheleau, Gregory C. |
Effective Parenting and Self-Control: Difference by Gender Women and Criminal Justice 27,5 (2017): 271-286. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08974454.2016.1261071 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Interaction; Parental Influences; Punishment, Corporal; Self-Control/Self-Regulation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Few studies have tested whether the process through which self-control is developed varies by gender. This study examines whether gender differences in self-control among children are explained by differences in parental supervision, monitoring, and discipline using a sample of mothers from National Longitudinal Study of Youth Children and Young Adults (NLSY79-CYA) data (N = 862). This study also examines whether the relationship between parenting factors and self-control is moderated by gender. Using ordinary least squares regression, findings showed that females report higher levels of self-control than males and that this difference is accounted for by parenting factors. Moreover, this study found that the effect of parental discipline for grades and spanking on self-control varied by gender. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schoenberger, Nicole and Gregory C. Rocheleau. "Effective Parenting and Self-Control: Difference by Gender." Women and Criminal Justice 27,5 (2017): 271-286.
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5623. |
Schoeni, Robert F. Stafford, Frank McGonagle, Katherine A. Andreski, Patricia |
Response Rates in National Panel Surveys Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 645,1 (January 2013): 60-87. Also: http://ann.sagepub.com/content/645/1/60.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Attrition; Australia, Australian; British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Cross-national Analysis; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Health and Retirement Study (HRS); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Research Methodology Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It has been well documented that response rates to cross-sectional surveys have declined over the past few decades. It is less clear whether response rates to longitudinal surveys have experienced similar changes over time. This article examines trends in response rates in several major, national longitudinal surveys in the United States and abroad. The authors find that for most of these surveys, the wave-to-wave response rate has not declined. This article also describes the various approaches that these surveys use to minimize attrition. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schoeni, Robert F., Frank Stafford, Katherine A. McGonagle and Patricia Andreski. "Response Rates in National Panel Surveys." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 645,1 (January 2013): 60-87.
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5624. |
Schofield, Lynne Steuerle |
Measurement Error in the AFQT in the NLSY79 Economics Letters 123,3 (June 2014): 262-265. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176514000901 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Many promising efforts in the social sciences aim to measure future outcomes (such as wages or health outcomes) given some base level of human capital or ability. They typically fail to recognize the proxies for human capital are all measured with error, creating bias in regression analysis. Here I show how item level data offers the opportunity to improve a broad range of economic, social and psychometric studies, an opportunity now enhanced significantly by the new release of item response level data for the Armed Forces Qualifying Test in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schofield, Lynne Steuerle. "Measurement Error in the AFQT in the NLSY79." Economics Letters 123,3 (June 2014): 262-265.
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5625. |
Scholl, Kathleen K. Marcotte, Dave |
Young Absent Fathers' Income and Child Support Presented: Ft. Lauderdale, FL, American Statistical Association Winter Conference, Families and Children: Research Findings, Data Needs, and Survey Issues, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Child Support; Fathers, Absence The incomes of young absent fathers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were compared with an amount that represents at least one-half of the cost of raising their custodial children. An array of the percentages of the fathers' income needed to pay this amount indicates that two-thirds of the absent fathers aged 23 to 31 years old could meet this amount by using less than 40 percent of their gross income. Results can be used in many current policy discussions concerning, most noticeably, the proposed child support assurance system, collection of child support and child support guidelines used to determine child support awards. |
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Bibliography Citation
Scholl, Kathleen K. and Dave Marcotte. "Young Absent Fathers' Income and Child Support." Presented: Ft. Lauderdale, FL, American Statistical Association Winter Conference, Families and Children: Research Findings, Data Needs, and Survey Issues, 1993. |
5626. |
Scholz, Dan |
Risk and College Majors Honors Project Paper 113, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1995. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/113 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University Keyword(s): College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Education, Guidance and Counseling; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Occupational Choice; Occupational Investment; Risk Perception; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. When students choose a certain field of study in college, some opportunities are instantly forgone. Since different types of educations have varying degrees of forgone opportunities, risk is associated with educational choices. The extent to which these educational choices impose a risk on the individual is studied here. It is hypothesized that more technically oriented and job-specific type educations will have a higher risk than less restrictive liberal arts type educations. Using a large sample drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth, this paper examines the presence and nature of risk across the different areas of study. Initial analysis reveals that compared to other areas of study, engineers and scientists have a high average income and a high variance in those incomes. Using standard linear regression analysis to control for background variables, it is found that in general, this variance is significant and positively correlated to the higher paying, more technical fields. |
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Bibliography Citation
Scholz, Dan. "Risk and College Majors." Honors Project Paper 113, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1995. |
5627. |
Schultz, T. Paul |
Wage Gains Associated with Height as a Form of Health Human Capital Center Discussion Paper No. 841. Economic Growth Center, Yale University, February 2002. Also: www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp841.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economic Growth Center, Yale University Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Height; Human Capital; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Height is consulted as a latent indicator of early nutrition and lifetime health status. Height is observed to increase in recent decades in populations where per capita national income has increased and public health activities have grown. Height is determined by genetic make up and realized in part through satisfactory nutrition and health related care and conditions. Alternative instrumental variables (IV) are explored which proxy price and income constraints which are expected to influence the latter reproducible human capital investments in height. I report OLS and IV estimates of the partial effect of height on log hourly wages in recent national surveys from three countries: Ghana, Brazil and the United States. I conclude that the human capital productivity effect of height estimated by parent education IVs in the US and Ghana are many times larger than the OLS estimates, and in Ghana and Brazil the regional price IVs estimates also imply a substantially larger human capital wage effects of height compared with the OLS estimates. The OLS estimates of height effects on wages are dominated by the genetic variation in height, and appear to understate substantially the human capital returns to health and nutrition inputs which increase adult height. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schultz, T. Paul. "Wage Gains Associated with Height as a Form of Health Human Capital." Center Discussion Paper No. 841. Economic Growth Center, Yale University, February 2002. |
5628. |
Schumann, Paul Louis |
Investment in Human Capital: Work, Military Service, and College Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Education; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Human Capital Theory; Labor Supply; Military Service; Modeling, Probit Since policymakers are concerned with the decisions made by youth with respect to their development and training, how these decisions affect potential earnings, and how these effects on potential earnings affect the relative attractiveness of alternative human capital investments, a good understanding of the demand for such investments is important. Previous studies of the demand for human capital investments, however, tended to focus on specific investments. This study presents a choice model in which the individual is faced with an array of discrete investment alternatives. The theoretical model allows for an arbitrary number of alternatives; the empirical implementation examines a limited set of alternatives for male high school graduates: civilian employment, military service, and college. The theoretical model was based on the assumption that individuals choose the human capital investment alternative that maximizes their utility. This assumption generated a general multiple outcome discrete choice model; other assumptions allowed the general model to be written as specific, estimable models, such as the multiple outcome probit model or the multiple outcome logit model. The study also generalizes corrections for sample selection bias to the multiple outcome case. The data set used to estimate the model was the NLSY 1979. Variables used in the analyses included experience, ability, race, marital status, health limitations, possession of a GED certificate, earnings, parents' education, number of siblings, parents' work status, and the unemployment rate. A general finding of the study was that individuals seem to respond to economic incentives in ways that one would expect. In particular, it was found that increases in costs tend to discourage investment and increases in benefits tend to encourage investment. For example, it was found that military enlistments were very elastic with respect to military pay. The results also provide support for the hypothesis that family background can play a significant role in the investment choice process. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schumann, Paul Louis. Investment in Human Capital: Work, Military Service, and College. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1983. |
5629. |
Schwartz, Christine R. |
Educational Homogamy in Marital and Cohabiting Unions: A Test of the Double Selection Hypothesis Working Paper, Department of Sociology, University of California - Los Angeles, August 2004. Also: http://www.iuperj.br/rc28/papers/schwartz_rc282004_final.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Cohabitation; Education; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses log-linear models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to compare the odds of educational homogamy in marriage and cohabitation. I find that differences in the educational resemblance of married and cohabiting couples vary considerably depending on the sample used and the point at which assortative mating patterns are measured. Cohabiting couples are much less likely to be educationally homogamous than married couples using a sample of prevailing unions. Restricting the sample to newly formed unions, however, largely eliminates this difference. Nevertheless, I find support for the hypothesis that couples who enter marriage via cohabitation are 'doubly selected' and are more homogamous than cohabiting couples who split up. I find no difference in the educational resemblance of couples whose marriages are preceded by cohabitation and those marry without first cohabiting. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schwartz, Christine R. "Educational Homogamy in Marital and Cohabiting Unions: A Test of the Double Selection Hypothesis." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, University of California - Los Angeles, August 2004. |
5630. |
Schwartz, Christine R. |
Educational Homogamy in Marital and Cohabiting Unions: A Test of the Double Selection Hypothesis Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Cohabitation; Marriage; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I use log-linear models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the 1987-88 and 1992-94 waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) to compare the odds of educational homogamy in cohabitation and marriage. Preliminary results using NLSY79 data show that differences in the educational resemblance of married and cohabiting couples vary depending on the sample used and the point at which assortative mating patterns are measured. Cohabitors are much less likely to be educationally homogamous than married couples using a sample of prevailing unions. Restricting the sample to newly formed unions, however, eliminates this difference. Nevertheless, I find support for the hypothesis that couples who enter marriage via cohabitation are "doubly selected" and are more homogamous than cohabiting couples who split up. I find no difference in the resemblance of couples whose marriages are preceded by cohabitation and those marry without first cohabiting. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schwartz, Christine R. "Educational Homogamy in Marital and Cohabiting Unions: A Test of the Double Selection Hypothesis." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. |
5631. |
Schwartz, Christine R. |
Pathways to Educational Homogamy in Marital and Cohabiting Unions Demography 47,3 (August 2010): 735-753. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/u377n482781tv002/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Cohabitation; Divorce; Educational Attainment; Homogamy; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is considerable disagreement about whether cohabitors are more or less likely to be educationally homogamous than married couples. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I reconcile many of the disparate findings of previous research by conducting a "stock and flow" analysis of assortative cohabitation and marriage. I find that cohabitors are less likely to be educationally homogamous than married couples overall, but these differences are not apparent when cohabiting and marital unions begin. Instead, the results suggest that differences in educational homogamy by union type are driven by selective exits from marriage and cohabitation rather than by differences in partner choice. Marriages that cross educational boundaries are particularly likely to end. The findings suggest that although cohabitors place greater emphasis on egalitarianism than married couples, this does not translate into greater educational homogamy. The findings are also consistent with a large body of research on cohabitation and divorce questioning the effectiveness of cohabitation as a trial marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Demography is the property of Population Association of America and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Schwartz, Christine R. "Pathways to Educational Homogamy in Marital and Cohabiting Unions." Demography 47,3 (August 2010): 735-753.
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5632. |
Schwartz, Christine R. Mare, Robert D. |
The Proximate Determinants of Educational Homogamy: The Effects of First Marriage, Marital Dissolution, Remarriage, and Educational Upgrading Demography 49,2 (May 2012): 629-650. Also: http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-012-0093-0 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Education; Educational Attainment; Homogamy; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper adapts the population balancing equation to develop a framework for studying the proximate determinants of educational homogamy. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on a cohort of women born between 1957 and 1964, we decompose the odds of homogamy in prevailing marriages into four proximate determinants: (1) first marriages, (2) first and later marital dissolutions, (3) remarriages, and (4) educational attainment after marriage. The odds of homogamy among new first marriages are lower than among prevailing marriages, but not because of selective marital dissolution, remarriage, and educational attainment after marriage, as has been speculated. Prevailing marriages are more likely to be educationally homogamous than new first marriages because of the accumulation of homogamous first marriages in the stock of marriages. First marriages overwhelmingly account for the odds of homogamy in prevailing marriages in this cohort. Marital dissolutions, remarriages, and educational upgrades after marriage have relatively small and offsetting effects. Our results suggest that, despite the high prevalence of divorce, remarriage, and continued schooling after marriage in the United States, the key to understanding trends in educational homogamy lies primarily in variation in assortative mating into first marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schwartz, Christine R. and Robert D. Mare. "The Proximate Determinants of Educational Homogamy: The Effects of First Marriage, Marital Dissolution, Remarriage, and Educational Upgrading." Demography 49,2 (May 2012): 629-650.
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5633. |
Schwartz, Saul Hutchins, Robert Jakubson, George |
Dynamic Models of the Joint Determination of Labor Supply and Family Structure NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-3, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1991. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl910020.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Family Structure; Labor Supply; Modeling; Simultaneity; Women This project will construct a dynamic theoretical model of the labor supply and family structure of young women. The authors will then show how the parameters of that theoretical model might be estimated. Essentially, the resulting econometric model is a simultaneous equations model in which the range of possible values for the dependent variables is limited. They may be binary, truncated at zero or censored. In addition, the model may contain lagged dependent variables as explanatory variables. Linear models of this type have been estimated previously. It is anticipated that literature will be extended in order to deal with the nonlinear structure implied by our theoretical model. Once estimation is complete, the models described here will provide knowledge that is of substantial policy relevance. The estimated models will yield new information on the economic consequences of a young woman's decisions regarding labor supply and family structure. Moreover, the models will indicate the extent to which such decisions are sensitive to changes in economic variables such as wage rates and demographic characteristics. Such knowledge can play a fundamental role in the formulation and evaluation of government policy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Schwartz, Saul, Robert Hutchins and George Jakubson. "Dynamic Models of the Joint Determination of Labor Supply and Family Structure." NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-3, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1991. |
5634. |
Scioneaux, Mary Joynt |
Social Resources and Divorced Mothers' Economic Well-being M.S. Thesis, Department of Sociology, Iowa State University, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Child Support; Divorce; Educational Attainment; Employment; Fathers; Mothers; Regions; Religion; Welfare; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although research has studied women's post-divorce financial recovery, this topic needs revisiting as most of these studies are over a decade old and do not reflect the current life situations of divorced women today. This study draws upon a recent cohort of divorced women with children from the 2010 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and investigates how divorced women's various social resources are associated with their economic well-being. Specifically, I examine three categories of resources: individual resources (e.g., education, employment, and socio-emotional well-being), interpersonal resources (e.g., religious attendance, nonresident father involvement), and structural resources (community size, child support, and welfare receipt). This study looks at more variables associated with mothers' personal, interpersonal and structural resources available to her post-divorce, specifically, region of residence and nonresidential father visitation. Overall, the major findings within this study show that education, more precisely, a four year degree has the largest effect on income for single divorce mothers. More specific to single divorced mothers, was the negative effect of dependence on welfare and no visitation from fathers on mothers income. Limitations of this study are first, the sample is limited single, divorced women with children; divorced mothers have the highest incidence of poverty and that many of the variables are generalizable to women or men, barring father visitation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Scioneaux, Mary Joynt. Social Resources and Divorced Mothers' Economic Well-being. M.S. Thesis, Department of Sociology, Iowa State University, 2014. |
5635. |
Scott, Janny Leonhardt, David |
Class in America: Shadowy Lines That Still Divide The New York Times, May 15, 2005: National. Also: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/15/national/class/OVERVIEW-FINAL.html Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: New York Times Keyword(s): Mobility, Social; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. On Sunday, May 15 the New York Times ran the first in a major series on class and socioeonomic mobility in the US. Featured in the first article was research based on the NLS, with a link to a paper by Mazumder and Levine based on the NLS Young Men and the NLSY79 (NLS bibliography ID number 4597). There is also a link in the news article to other research on social inequality, sponsored by the Russell Sage Foundation, that is also based on the NLS, such as a recent Harvard paper by Ellwood, Wilde, and Batchelder on the impact of motherhood on wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Scott, Janny and David Leonhardt. "Class in America: Shadowy Lines That Still Divide." The New York Times, May 15, 2005: National. |
5636. |
Scott, Marc A. |
Affinity Models for Career Sequences Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics) 60,3 (May 2011): 417-436. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9876.2010.00752.x/pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Longitudinal Data Sets; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Summary. We develop an affinity model for longitudinal categorical data in which the number of categories is large and we apply the technique to 20 years of labour market data for a contemporary cohort of young adult workers in the USA. The method provides a representation of the underlying complexity of the labour market that can then be augmented to include covariate effects. These can be understood as effects net of transition patterns associated with labour market sorting. We include in our model pairwise affinities to relate nominal categories representing types of job. The affinities capture complex relationships between these types of job and how they change over time. We evaluate the role of gender and education to illustrate the different types of questions and answers that are addressed by this methodology. |
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Bibliography Citation
Scott, Marc A. "Affinity Models for Career Sequences." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics) 60,3 (May 2011): 417-436.
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5637. |
Scott, Marc A. Bernhardt, Annette |
Pathways to Educational Attainment and their Effect on Early Career Development NCRVE Publication MDS-1296. Berkeley, CA: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, University of California - Berkeley, November 1999. Also: http://136.165.122.102/UserFiles/File/mdspubs/mds1296.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Mobility; Wage Growth; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We begin this report by comparing long-term wage growth-a measure of upward mobility-for two cohorts of young white men. These men entered the labor market during very different economic periods, with the original cohort entering in the late 1960s, at the tail of the post-World War II economic boom, and the recent cohort entering in the early 1980s after the onset of economic restructuring. We find that long-term wage growth between the ages of 16 and 36 has both declined and become significantly more unequal for the recent cohort. The declines have been concentrated among less educated workers (i.e., high school dropouts and high school graduates). Also worrisome are our findings for workers with sub-baccalaureate degrees or only some college experience. While these workers have a clear advantage over high school graduates in terms of wage growth, that advantage has not increased noticeably in recent years. By contrast, young adults with a bachelor's degree or higher have seen increases in their wage growth. The rising demand for education and skill in the new labor market has apparently benefited only those with four-year college degrees. It has not trickled down to improve the wage growth of those with some college experience or associate's degrees. Education is not the whole story, however, as we find rising inequality in wage growth within all education groups. Thus, there has been a dramatic reduction in mobility opportunities for less-educated young men, but even among the well-educated, there are now many more extreme winners and losers. Educational credentials no longer ensure success with the certainty that they once did. These trends raise a difficult challenge to public policies aimed at improving the living standards and upward mobility of American workers...The question is whether these emerging pathways have paid off. Descriptive evidence suggests that they have been beneficial for some workers but not for others. In particular, there has been a det erioration in wage growth when interrupting and then returning to school-especially among those with only some college experience or with associate's degrees. It also appears that the new pathways are generating more polar and unequal wage outcomes in recent years, especially those involving interruptions to schooling. |
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Bibliography Citation
Scott, Marc A. and Annette Bernhardt. Pathways to Educational Attainment and their Effect on Early Career Development. NCRVE Publication MDS-1296. Berkeley, CA: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, University of California - Berkeley, November 1999.. |
5638. |
Scott, Marc A. Handcock, Mark S. |
Covariance Models for Latent Structure in Longitudinal Data Working Paper No. 14, Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences, University of Washington, December 2000. Also: http://www.csss.washington.edu/Papers/wp14.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences, University of Washington Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Heterogeneity; Longitudinal Data Sets; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Modeling, Multilevel; Modeling, Random Effects; Statistical Analysis; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Wage Equations; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We present several approaches to modeling latent structure in longitudinal studies when the covariance itself is the primary focus of the analysis. This is a departure from much of the work on longitudinal data analysis, in which attention is focused solely on the cross-sectional mean and the influence of covariates on the mean. Such analyses are particularly important in policy-related studies, in which the heterogeneity of the population is of interest. We describe several traditional approaches to this modeling and introduce a flexible, parsimonious class of covariance models appropriate to such analyses. This class, while rooted in the tradition of mixed effects and random coefficient models, merges several disparate modeling philosophies into what we view as a hybrid approach to longitudinal data modeling. We discuss the implications of this approach and its alternatives especially on model interpretation. We compare several implementations of this class to more commonly employed mixed effects models to describe the strengths and limitations of each. These alternatives are compared in an application to long-term trends in wage inequality for young workers. The findings provide additional guidance for the model formulation process in both statistical and substantive senses. Full-text available on-line, PDF, http://www.csss.washington.edu/Papers/wp14.pdf |
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Bibliography Citation
Scott, Marc A. and Mark S. Handcock. "Covariance Models for Latent Structure in Longitudinal Data." Working Paper No. 14, Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences, University of Washington, December 2000. |
5639. |
Scott, Marc A. Handcock, Mark S. |
Persistent Inequality? Answers From Hybrid Models for Longitudinal Data Sociological Methods and Research 34,1 (August 2005): 3-30. Also: http://smr.sagepub.com/content/34/1/3.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Income Distribution; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Wage Dynamics; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many questions in social research must be evaluated over time. For example, in studies of intragenerational mobility, measuring opportunity for economic advancement requires longitudinal data. The authors develop and use a class of hybrid functional models to demonstrate how different models can lead to extremely different substantive conclusions. They provide guidelines for longitudinal data analyses in which variance partitions are central to the inquiry. In their analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the authors conclude that in a period of rising wage dispersion, the bulk of inequality is persistent over the life course. Their models provide support for the scenario in which wage inequality rises steadily while instability slowly diminishes over time. They obtain mild evidence of increased wage instability for somewhat older workers in the early 1990s, matching a recessionary trend. These findings contribute significantly to understanding wage inequality in United States over the past 25 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Scott, Marc A. and Mark S. Handcock. "Persistent Inequality? Answers From Hybrid Models for Longitudinal Data." Sociological Methods and Research 34,1 (August 2005): 3-30.
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5640. |
Scott, Marc M. Glauber, Rebecca |
Mapping Careers in the Low-Wage Labor Market Presented: San Diego, CA, Industrial Relations and Research Association Meetings, January 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Industrial Relations Research Association ==> LERA Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Educational Attainment; Exits; Labor Market Outcomes; Skills; Training; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using over twenty years of data on the careers of young workers represented in the NLSY, we identify workers who are stuck in low-wage, dead-end jobs over the long run. We contrast these career paths to the careers of individuals with similar backgrounds and skills who managed to secure careers with more growth potential. We characterize these more and less successful trajectories in terms of the sequencing of industries and occupations over time. We then attempt to classify or cluster similar career paths, where similarity is judged primarily on the patterning of industry and occupation over time. Other factors that will be used to characterize these histories include the amount of job changing, unemployment, and exits from the labor force each path contains, as well as educational attainment and training. This analysis will provide us, for the first time, with a concrete mapping of typical career paths in the low-wage labor market, a much needed starting point for informed policy discussion around building career ladders ?Mapping Careers in the Low-Wage Labor Market? |
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Bibliography Citation
Scott, Marc M. and Rebecca Glauber. "Mapping Careers in the Low-Wage Labor Market." Presented: San Diego, CA, Industrial Relations and Research Association Meetings, January 2004. |
5641. |
Scott, Marc Zeidenberg, Matthew |
Order or Chaos? Understanding Career Mobility Using Categorical Clustering and Information Theory Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 7,4 (2016): 320-346. Also: http://www.llcsjournal.org/index.php/llcs/article/view/358 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Longitudinal and Life Course Studies Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Clare Jellick; Mobility, Labor Market; Occupations; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine the careers of a nationally representative US cohort of young adults using sequence analysis and information-theoretic techniques to describe these careers' structure and how this structure might inform differences in wage mobility. We operationalise the career as a sequence of industry-occupation pairs observed quarterly. We investigate how the content of these pairs and their organisation over time relate to future mobility. We perform the analysis across three different mobility groups, one of which is characterised by persistent low-wage work. Contrary to what one might expect, low-wage work is not typified by a lack of structure, even in many of the careers in which the worker is weakly attached to the labour market. Using clustering techniques customised to this problem, we build a typology of careers within three groups of workers defined by their wage mobility. We find significant variation within, as well as similarity across the three groups, enhancing our understanding of careers with different levels of mobility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Scott, Marc and Matthew Zeidenberg. "Order or Chaos? Understanding Career Mobility Using Categorical Clustering and Information Theory." Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 7,4 (2016): 320-346.
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5642. |
Seeborg, Michael C. |
Effect of Marital Status on the Standard of Living of Young Men and Women Journal of Business and Economics Research 2,1 (2004): 65-80. Also: http://works.bepress.com/michael_seeborg/2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Clute Institute for Academic Research Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Income; Income Risk; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data base is used to explore the effects of changes in marital status on the standard of living of a sample of young adults. OLS regression analysis indicates that changes in marital status have very different effects on young women and young men. Women receive large increases in their income-to-needs ratios when they marry, and they incur large declines in their income-to-needs ratios after experiencing a divorce or separation. Men, on the other hand, do not experience significant changes in their income-to-needs ratios when their marital status changes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Seeborg, Michael C. "Effect of Marital Status on the Standard of Living of Young Men and Women." Journal of Business and Economics Research 2,1 (2004): 65-80.
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5643. |
Seeborg, Michael C. |
Effects of Marriage and Divorce on the Poverty States of Young Adults Journal of Economics 22,2 (1996): 89-96 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: College of Business Administration, University of Northern Iowa Keyword(s): Divorce; Economics of Discrimination; Economics of Gender; Economics of Minorities; Labor Market Demographics; Marital Status; Marriage; Modeling, Logit; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data base is used to explore the effects of marital decisions on the current poverty status of a sample of young adults who experienced poverty as youth. Logit analysis indicates that marital status is an important determinant of poverty for this sample. The results support three general conclusions: married men and women have a much lower likelihood of being poor in comparison to unmarried men and women; divorce is a significant determinant of poverty for both men and women; and, women are affected much more adversely by divorce or never having been married than are men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Seeborg, Michael C. "Effects of Marriage and Divorce on the Poverty States of Young Adults." Journal of Economics 22,2 (1996): 89-96.
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5644. |
Seeborg, Michael C. |
Race, Poverty and Enlistment: Some Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Journal of Economics 20,1 (Spring 1994): 15-24 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Economics of Minorities; Human Capital; Military Service; Minorities; Mobility, Economic; Modeling, Logit; Occupational Choice; Poverty; Socioeconomic Background; Training, Occupational; Vocational Rehabilitation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores the determinants of enlistment for a large sample of male youth drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Logit results indicate that the probability of enlistment is directly related to minority and poverty status while controlling for ability and a number of other socioeconomic background variables. In addition, an analysis of poverty transitions show that a very large percentage of enlistees in the early 1980s who were living in poverty at age 17 were successful in escaping poverty by 1990. An important conclusion is that the military can serve as a mechanism of upward economic mobility for disadvantaged youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Seeborg, Michael C. "Race, Poverty and Enlistment: Some Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Journal of Economics 20,1 (Spring 1994): 15-24.
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5645. |
Seeborg, Michael C. Kumazawa, Risa |
Effect of Marriage, Divorce, Separation and Children on the Relative Standard of Living of Young Men and Women Presented: Seattle, WA, Western Economic Association International Conference, 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Family Income; Marital Status; Poverty Seeborg and Kumazawa explore the effects of changes in marital status on the standard of living, as measured by the ratio of family income to the poverty level, of young men and women in the NLSY. |
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Bibliography Citation
Seeborg, Michael C. and Risa Kumazawa. "Effect of Marriage, Divorce, Separation and Children on the Relative Standard of Living of Young Men and Women." Presented: Seattle, WA, Western Economic Association International Conference, 2002. |
5646. |
Segal, Carmit |
Essays on Human Capital Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 2005. DAI-A 66/04, p. 1452, Oct 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Black Studies; Children, Behavioral Development; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Labor Market Outcomes; Motivation; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Empirical studies on the acquisition and importance of productive skills to economic success have mainly focused on cognitive skills, as measured by aptitude and knowledge tests. This essay goes beyond cognitive skills and emphasizes the importance of non-cognitive skills. In the first part of the essay, data on young men from the National Education Longitudinal Survey is utilized to determine the relation of education and labor market outcomes to childhood behavior. The main finding is that eighth grade behavior is of the same order of importance to earnings as eighth grade test scores. Moreover, childhood behavior is associated with earnings at all educational levels. By contrast, achievement test scores are only related to earnings for young men with postsecondary degrees. Furthermore, behavior is persistent. Although school and family characteristics do relate to behavior, these factors explain only a small part of behavior. In the second part, the relationships of motivation to test scores are investigated. Plenty of inferences regarding test scores and economic outcomes are drawn from tests administered to surveys participants, in which no performance-based incentives are supplied. Thus, the issue of effort, or motivation, might be crucial to the interpretation of the empirical findings. To illustrate the problem the black-white test score gap is examined. Given that blacks score lower than whites on standardized tests, a common conclusion drawn is that blacks are less capable than whites. If test scores are produced by two inputs, human capital and effort, where effort is costly, it is possible that the root of the test score gap is lack of effort, and not lack of knowledge. This lack of effort on the part of minorities might be the result of either actual or perceived lack of future opportunities. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth supporting indirect evidence are provided. To directly investigate the effect of incentives on the black-white test score gap, an experiment was conducted. The experimental results, however, are inconclusive regarding the roots of the black-white test score gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Segal, Carmit. Essays on Human Capital. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 2005. DAI-A 66/04, p. 1452, Oct 2005. |
5647. |
Segal, Carmit |
Motivation, Test Scores, and Economic Success Working Paper, Harvard Business School, November 2006. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard Business School Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Earnings; Income; Motivation; Noncognitive Skills; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper I investigate through which channels low-stakes test scores relate to economic success. The inferences in the economic literature regarding test scores and their association with economic outcomes are mostly based on tests without performance-based incentives, administered to survey participants. I argue that the lack of performance-based incentives allows for the possibility that higher test scores are caused by non-cognitive skills associated with test-taking motivation, and not necessarily by cognitive skills alone. I suggest that the coding speed test, which is a short and very simple test available for participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY), may serve as a proxy for test-taking motivation. To gather more definite evidence on the motivational component in the coding speed test I conduct a controlled experiment, in which I induce motivation via the provision of incentives. In the experiment, the average performance improved substantially and significantly once incentives were provided. More importantly, I find heterogeneous responses to incentives. Roughly a third of the participants improved their performance significantly in response to performance-based incentives, while the others did not. These two groups have the same test score distributions when incentives were provided, suggesting that some participants are less motivated and invest less effort when no performance-based incentives are provided. These participants however are not less able. I then explore to what extent coding speed test scores relate to economic success. Focusing on male NLSY participants, I show that the coding speed scores are highly correlated with earnings 23 years after NLSY participants took the test even after controlling for usual measures of cognitive skills like the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) scores. Moreover, I find that while for highly educated workers the association between AFQT scores and earnings i s significantly larger that the one between coding speed scores and earnings, for less educated workers these associations are of similar size. |
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Bibliography Citation
Segal, Carmit. "Motivation, Test Scores, and Economic Success." Working Paper, Harvard Business School, November 2006. |
5648. |
Segal, Carmit |
Working When No One Is Watching: Motivation, Test Scores, and Economic Success Working Paper, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, March 31, 2011. Also: http://www.econ.upf.edu/~segal/SegalMotivationTestScoresMarch2011.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Earnings; Income; Motivation; Noncognitive Skills; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previously published as: "Motivation, Test Scores, and Economic Success". http://www.econ.upf.edu/en/research/onepaper.php?id=1124 This paper suggests that scores of simple tests administered without performance-based incentives may depend on test-takers' personality traits associated with their level of intrinsic motivation. As an example of a simple test, I use the coding speed test that was administered without incentives to participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). I show that controlling for an extensive set of cognitive ability measures, the coding speed scores are correlated with the future earnings of male NLSY participants. The coding speed scores of the highly-motivated, though less-educated, group (potential recruits to the military), are higher than the NLSY participants' scores. I use controlled experiments to show directly that intrinsic motivation is an important component of the unincentivized coding speed scores. These results suggest that unincentivized test scores relate to economic success because they indicate favorable personality traits and not only cognitive skills. |
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Bibliography Citation
Segal, Carmit. "Working When No One Is Watching: Motivation, Test Scores, and Economic Success." Working Paper, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, March 31, 2011. |
5649. |
Segal, Carmit |
Working When No One Is Watching: Motivation, Test Scores, and Economic Success Management Science 58,8 (August 2012): 1438-1457. Also: http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1509 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Earnings; Economic Well-Being; Motivation; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper provides evidence that scores on simple, low-stakes tests are associated with future economic success because the scores also reflect test takers' personality traits associated with their level of intrinsic motivation. To establish this, I use the coding speed test that was administered without incentives to participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). I show that, controlling for cognitive ability, the coding speed scores are correlated with future earnings of male NLSY participants. I provide evidence that the coding speed scores relate to intrinsic motivation. I show that the scores of the highly motivated, though less educated, group (potential recruits to the U.S. military), are higher than the NLSY participants' scores. I use controlled experiments to show directly that intrinsic motivation is an important component of the unincentivized coding speed scores and that it relates to test takers' personality traits. |
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Bibliography Citation
Segal, Carmit. "Working When No One Is Watching: Motivation, Test Scores, and Economic Success." Management Science 58,8 (August 2012): 1438-1457.
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5650. |
Segrist, Cheryl |
Depression after Age 40: A SUDAAN Analysis from the NLSY79 40+ Health Module Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting & Exposition, December 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Segrist, Cheryl. "Depression after Age 40: A SUDAAN Analysis from the NLSY79 40+ Health Module." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting & Exposition, December 2005. |
5651. |
Segrist, Cheryl |
For Example the CES-D: Using the National Longitudinal Surveys to Study Public Health Presented: Chicago, IL, American Public Health Association Meetings (Statistics Division), November 1999 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Gender Differences; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Longitudinal Data Sets; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to examine data from the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, administered recently as part of the set of National Longitudinal Surveys sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, to showcase a public health component of the surveys. Methods. The NLS of Mature Women (1989 and 1995), of Young Women (1993 and 1995), and Youth (NLSY, 1992 and 1994) provide data for all 20 items of the CESD in the earlier surveys and for 7 CESD items in the later surveys. Analyses of internal consistency (coefficient alpha) and of factor structure (principal components) are conducted separately for blacks and non-blacks using data from the earlier surveys. Items from the later surveys are correlated with items from the earlier surveys to examine the integrity of items over time. Results. The CESD showed internal consistency ranging from .75 for non-blacks to .78 for blacks. The three factors that resulted are consistent with those that have been reported in the past, for both blacks and non-blacks, with the exception that no apparent distinction between the depressed affect and enervation factors emerged for either group. Females reported higher frequencies of depression than did males (youth cohort); blacks reported higher frequencies of depression than did non-blacks. Conclusions. The NLS offers researchers an opportunity to study certain public health issues in this case the CESD, using large panels of Americans over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Segrist, Cheryl. "For Example the CES-D: Using the National Longitudinal Surveys to Study Public Health." Presented: Chicago, IL, American Public Health Association Meetings (Statistics Division), November 1999. |
5652. |
Seipel, Michael M. O. Shafer, Kevin M. |
The Effect of Prenatal and Postnatal Care on Childhood Obesity Social Work 58,3 (July 2013): 241-252. Also: http://sw.oxfordjournals.org/content/58/3/241.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Mothers, Health; Obesity; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Childhood obesity continues to be a major public health problem in the United States. If this problem is unresolved, some children will be at risk for disorders such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and cancer and will become a high economic and social burden for society. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Child and Young Adult sample (N = 6,643), this study examined the relationship between the effect of pre- and postnatal characteristics and obesity. The findings of this study show that the probability of childhood obesity can be lessened if pregnant women do not smoke and do not gain significant pregnancy-related weight. Moreover, breast feeding and health insurance were also found to be correlated to avoiding childhood obesity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Seipel, Michael M. O. and Kevin M. Shafer. "The Effect of Prenatal and Postnatal Care on Childhood Obesity." Social Work 58,3 (July 2013): 241-252.
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5653. |
Seitz, Patricia Ann |
Occupational Segregation and Earnings: Gender, Race and Ethnicity in the Youth Labor Market Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Earnings; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Industrial Relations; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Occupational Segregation; Racial Studies; Skills; Wage Effects The link between occupational segregation and wages is investigated for a cohort of youth in the 1980s. The analysis contrasts individual-level and structural-level theories of occupational segregation and earnings inequality in an examination of occupational gender and race/ethnic segregation, occupational labor market location and wage processes for youth at two points in the school-to-work transition period. Data are drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, Youth Cohort, for six groups of youth workers: Mexican-American women and men, African-American women and men, and anglo women and men. The study finds that occupational segregation by sex and by race/ethnicity is as extensive in the youth labor market as in the adult labor market. As workers move out of the youth labor market sex segregation decreases slightly and race/ethnic segregation increases. Occupational segregation measures are combined with occupational skill, supply/demand, and social organization characteristics to develop a classification scheme that categorizes occupations into ten distinctive occupational labor markets. Gender has the largest effect on workers' occupational labor market location in the youth labor market period; race/ethnic effects emerge as workers progress into the adult labor market. Occupational labor market location exhibits large wage effects once workers enter the adult labor market. Moreover, these effects vary by gender, and to a lesser extent by race/ethnicity, such that occupational labor market location is more important to understanding the wage process for women than for men. Wage effects for occupational gender and race/ethnic composition are discovered for both the youth and adult labor market periods, but these effects diminish when occupational skills, supply/demand and social organization dimensions are heldconstant. The analyses suggest that it is problematic to analyze the effects associated with employment in "women's jobs" without taking into account the accompanying occupational characteristics that influence wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Seitz, Patricia Ann. Occupational Segregation and Earnings: Gender, Race and Ethnicity in the Youth Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 1995. |
5654. |
Seitz, Shannon |
Accounting for Racial Differences in Marriage and Employment Working Paper, Economics Department, Queen's University, August 2004. Also: http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/faculty/seitz/Paper13.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Queens University Keyword(s): Divorce; Household Models; Marriage; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. To what extent can marriage market conditions explain differences in marriage and employment decisions across blacks and whites? I develop a dynamic, equilibrium model of marriage that is consistent with several stylized facts on racial differences in marriage and employment rates. The parameters of the model are estimated using a panel of young men and women from the US. Black-white differences in the quality and quantity of men and women in the marriage market explain 20% of the difference in marriage rates and between one-fifth and one-third of the differences in employment rates across race. |
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Bibliography Citation
Seitz, Shannon. "Accounting for Racial Differences in Marriage and Employment." Working Paper, Economics Department, Queen's University, August 2004. |
5655. |
Seitz, Shannon |
Accounting for Racial Differences in Marriage and Employment Journal of Labor Economics 27,3 (July 2009): 385-437. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/599281 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Employment; Marriage; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wages What can account for the differences in marriage and employment decisions across blacks and whites? To answer this question, I develop a dynamic, equilibrium model of marriage. Two explanations for the racial differences in behavior are considered: differences in population supplies and wages. Black‐white differences in population supplies explain one‐fifth of the difference in marriage rates and between one‐fifth and one‐third of the differences in employment rates across race. Removing the racial gap in wages eliminates the differences in employment but increases the differences in marriage rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Seitz, Shannon. "Accounting for Racial Differences in Marriage and Employment." Journal of Labor Economics 27,3 (July 2009): 385-437.
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5656. |
Seitz, Shannon |
Employment and the Sex Ratio in a Two-Sided Model of Marriage Working Paper, Department of Economics, The University of Western Ontario, April 2000. Also: http://www.econ.queensu.ca/pub/faculty/ferrall/niepa/papers/seitz.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Queens University Keyword(s): Household Models; Income Distribution; Marriage; Sex Ratios; Transfers, Family Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The implications of changes in the sex ratio for marriage and employment decisions are considered in a dynamic, general equilibrium model of marriage. As a measure of demand and supply conditions in the marriage market, the sex ratio influences the allocation of income within married households and the ease with which single agents contact prospective spouses. The structural parameters of the full two-sided model are estimated using a panel of young men and women from the U.S. Preliminary results indicate the role of the sex ratio on intra-household transfers is negligible; however, the effect of the sex ratio on search frictions for those facing limited marriage market opportunities is substantial. Together, these effects have the potential to account for the dramatic differences in family structure and employment behavior across race and sex in the U.S. |
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Bibliography Citation
Seitz, Shannon. "Employment and the Sex Ratio in a Two-Sided Model of Marriage." Working Paper, Department of Economics, The University of Western Ontario, April 2000. |
5657. |
Sellman, Wayne S. Laurence, Janice H. |
Aptitude Testing in DOD and the Profile of American Youth Study Proceedings, Annual Conference of the Military Testing Association (October 1981): 1627-1635. Also: http://www.dtic.mil/srch/doc?collection=t3&id=ADP001427 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Profile of American Youth; Research Methodology; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper provides a brief discussion of aptitude testing in the Department of Defense and the rationale for Defense sponsorship of the Profile of American Youth Study. Also described is the historical development of the current version of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), as well as its enlistment eligibility composite, the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT). The aptitude profile study involved administration of the 1980 version of the ASVAB to a national probability sample of approximately 12,000 young men and women ages 16 and 23. The young people sampled were participants in the NLSY sponsored by the Department of Labor. The methodology, sampling procedures, test administration, and data quality controls used in the execution of the Profile of American Youth study are described. [NTIS AD-P001-427-4] |
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Bibliography Citation
Sellman, Wayne S. and Janice H. Laurence. "Aptitude Testing in DOD and the Profile of American Youth Study." Proceedings, Annual Conference of the Military Testing Association (October 1981): 1627-1635.
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5658. |
Semaan, Karen Frech, Adrianne Tumin, Dmitry |
Reciprocal Association Between Chronic Pain and Health Insurance Type in a Population-Based Longitudinal Cohort Study The Journal of Pain published online (3 March 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2024.02.017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Insurance; Insurance, Health; Labor Force Participation; Midlife Health; Midlife/Middle Aged; Pain, Chronic; Underinsured (Health Insurance) Chronic pain is a widespread condition limiting adults’ daily activities and labor force participation. In the US, withdrawal from the workforce could be associated with loss of health insurance coverage, while lack of health insurance coverage can limit access to diagnosis and management of chronic health conditions. We used a longitudinal cohort study of middle-aged adults to investigate whether chronic pain is reciprocally associated with coverage by any insurance and type of insurance coverage over a 2-year period (2018 and 2020). Among 5,137 participants (median age of 57 years in 2018), 29% reported chronic pain in either year, while 9-10% were uninsured each year. Using multivariable cross-lagged logistic regression analysis, chronic pain in 2018 was not associated with having any insurance coverage in 2020, and lack of coverage in 2018 was not associated with chronic pain in 2020. In further analysis, we determined that public coverage, other (non-private) coverage, or no coverage in 2018 were associated with increased risk of chronic pain in 2020; while chronic pain in 2018 increased the risk of coverage by public rather than private insurance 2 years later, as well as risk of coverage by other (non-private) payors. The reciprocal association of non-private insurance coverage and chronic pain may be related to insufficient access to chronic pain treatment among publicly insured adults, or qualification for public insurance based on disability among adults with chronic pain. These results demonstrate that accounting for type of health insurance coverage is critical when predicting chronic pain in US populations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Semaan, Karen, Adrianne Frech and Dmitry Tumin. "Reciprocal Association Between Chronic Pain and Health Insurance Type in a Population-Based Longitudinal Cohort Study." The Journal of Pain published online (3 March 2024).
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5659. |
Semenza, Daniel C. Silver, Ian A. Stansfield, Richard Boen, Courtney |
Concentrated Disadvantage and Functional Disability: A Longitudinal Neighbourhood Analysis in 100 US cities Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 77 (September 2023): 676-682. Also: https://jech.bmj.com/content/77/10/676 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Disability; Disadvantage, Neighborhood; Neighborhoods/Areas; Poverty; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: Socioeconomic disadvantage related to poverty, unemployment and social disinvestment contributes to significant disparities in community health in the USA. Yet, there remains limited ecological research on the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and functional disability. Much of the work in this area has focused on elderly populations without attention to variation across age and sex groups. Methods: Using a longitudinal dataset of almost 16,000 neighbourhoods, we examine the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and functional disability. Leveraging a series of cross-lagged panel models, we account for reciprocal dynamics and a range of pertinent covariates while assessing differences across age- and sex-specific groups. Results: Accounting for reciprocal effects, we found that the association between concentrated disadvantage and functional disability varies across age and sex groups. Concentrated disadvantage is most consistently associated with increased functional disability among boys (5–17 years), young men (18–34 years) and middle-aged men (35–64 years). Similar associations are found among girls (5–17 years) and middle-aged women (35–64 years). Conclusion: Local neighbourhood economic conditions are significantly associated with functional disability among relatively young populations of males and females. Exposure to neighbourhood disadvantage and deprivation may accelerate disablement processes and shift the age curve of disability risk. social disinvestment |
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Bibliography Citation
Semenza, Daniel C., Ian A. Silver, Richard Stansfield and Courtney Boen. "Concentrated Disadvantage and Functional Disability: A Longitudinal Neighbourhood Analysis in 100 US cities." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 77 (September 2023): 676-682.
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5660. |
Semykina, Anastasia |
Self-employment among Women: Do Children Matter More than We Previously Thought? Journal of Applied Econometrics 33,3 (April/May 2018): 416-434. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jae.2596 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Entrepreneurship; Fertility; Maternal Employment; Self-Employed Workers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper presents an estimation approach that addresses the problems of sample selection and endogeneity of fertility decisions when estimating the effect of young children on women's self-employment. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, 1982-2006, we find that ignoring self-selection and endogeneity leads to underestimating the effect of young children. Once both sources of biases are accounted for, the estimated effect of young children roughly triples when compared to uncorrected results. This finding is robust to several changes in the specification and to the use of a different dataset. |
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Bibliography Citation
Semykina, Anastasia. "Self-employment among Women: Do Children Matter More than We Previously Thought?" Journal of Applied Econometrics 33,3 (April/May 2018): 416-434.
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5661. |
Sen, Bisakha |
Does Married Women's Market Work Affect Marital Stability Adversely? An Intercohort Analysis Using NLS Data Review of Social Economy 60,1 (March 2002): 71-92. Also: http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/link.asp?id=jd2v0yjy24gheqy8 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Association for Social Economics Keyword(s): Divorce; Employment; Marriage; Women Over most of the twentieth century, the U.S. has witnessed considerable increases in divorce rates. Conventional economic literature believes that married women's entry into market work may have contributed to this by decreasing the gains from marriage arising from specialization between spouses. However, since the 1980s, divorce rates have ceased to increase though married women's labor supply continues to rise, suggesting that the relationship has changed across time and birth cohorts. Here I use two cohorts of women, those born between 1944-1954 and those born between 1957-64, to test whether this is the case. My findings indicate that the detrimental effect of married women's market work on marital stability has indeed decreased substantially across cohorts, and such work may even be beneficial to marital stability among the recent cohort. Therefore, it appears that women's market work can no longer be held culpable for the breaking up of American families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sen, Bisakha. "Does Married Women's Market Work Affect Marital Stability Adversely? An Intercohort Analysis Using NLS Data." Review of Social Economy 60,1 (March 2002): 71-92.
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5662. |
Sen, Bisakha |
How Important Is Anticipation of Divorce in Married Women's Labor Supply Decisions? An Intercohort Comparison Using NLS Data Economics Letters 67,2 (May 2000): 209-216. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176599002591 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Divorce; Labor Supply; Marital Instability; Marital Status; Marriage; Wives, Work; Women I compare two birth-cohorts of married women and find that divorce-risk plays a significantly smaller role in the recent cohort's labor supply decision. This suggests that any decline in America's divorce rates will not substantially reduce married women's labor supply. Copyright: 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sen, Bisakha. "How Important Is Anticipation of Divorce in Married Women's Labor Supply Decisions? An Intercohort Comparison Using NLS Data." Economics Letters 67,2 (May 2000): 209-216.
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5663. |
Sen, Bisakha Mennemeyer, Stephen T. Gary, Lisa C. |
The Relationship Between Neighborhood Quality and Obesity Among Children NBER Working Paper No. 14985, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2009. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w14985 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Mothers, Education; Neighborhood Effects; Obesity; Weight It has long been posited by scientists that we need to have a better understanding in the role that larger contextual factors -- like neighborhood quality and the built environment -- may have on the nation's obesity crisis. This paper explores whether maternal perceptions of neighborhood quality affect children's bodyweight outcomes, and whether racial and ethnic differences in such perceptions may explain any of the hitherto unexplained gap in bodyweight and obesity prevalence among Whites and minorities. The project uses data from the NLSY79 and the CoNLSY datasets. Results indicate that overall neighborhood quality is not significantly related to children's bodyweight. However, one particular characteristic, namely whether or not the mother believes there is enough police protection in the neighborhood, is related. Lack of police protection has robust and significant effects on the BMI-percentile of the children, though it has less robust effects on the risk of becoming obese per se. Finally, there are differences in perceptions about adequate police protection in their neighborhood between Whites and minorities which remain after controlling for other socio-economic characteristics like maternal education, family income and family structure. However, these differences play a minor role in explaining part of the gap in bodyweight between White and minority children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sen, Bisakha, Stephen T. Mennemeyer and Lisa C. Gary. "The Relationship Between Neighborhood Quality and Obesity Among Children." NBER Working Paper No. 14985, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2009. |
5664. |
Seo, Gye Soon Kong |
Impact of Maternal Problem Drinking on Children's Developmental Outcomes: Focus on Parenting as Mediator Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University: 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Child Development; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Behavioral Development; Family Structure; Gender; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Education; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Racial Differences; Social Work The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of parenting practice as potential mediator of the influence of maternal problem drinking on children's developmental outcomes. Child outcomes were examined in terms of non-normative behaviors, depressive mood, and reading performance. Areas of parenting practice examined were maternal warmth, cognitive stimulation, child-parent joint activity, maternal supervision, emotional closeness between child and mother, child's participation in making rules, and conflict between parent and child over rules. Binge drinking, which is defined as alcohol consumption of 6 or more drinks at one time in the past month, was used as a criteria of problem drinking status. Several sociodemographic characteristics such as poverty status, family structure, mother's education, number of children, race, child's age and gender were included as control variables. The subjects of this study were drawn from among a group of children 10 to 14 years of age and their mothers who responded to a survey conducted in 1994 as part of the National Longitudinal Surveys on Youth (NLSY). A series of regression analyses were conducted, and the relationships among major variables were presented in path diagrams. The results showed that maternal problem drinking was associated with children's increased non-normative behaviors and poor reading performance, but maternal problem drinking was not associated with children's depressive mood. Maternal problem drinking was associated with less maternal warmth and less cognitive stimulation, but it was not associated with other dimensions of parenting practices. Less cognitive stimulation and less maternal warmth were associated with increased children's non-normative behaviors and poor performance in reading tests, but they were not associated with scores on the measures of depression. Parenting practices, specifically in terms of maternal warmth and cognitive stimulation, had a mediating function in the impact of maternal problem drinking on children's non-normative behaviors and reading performance. However, the mediating effects of parenting were very small, and the direct effects of maternal binge drinking on child outcomes remained strong after controlling the effects of parenting variables. Major findings were discussed in terms of previous research findings. Several suggestions were made for social work practice and future studies of children with parental problem drinking. |
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Bibliography Citation
Seo, Gye Soon Kong. Impact of Maternal Problem Drinking on Children's Developmental Outcomes: Focus on Parenting as Mediator. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University: 1998. |
5665. |
Seong, Dakyung |
Econometric Analysis of Functional Data Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, Davis, 2020 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Handedness; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Monte Carlo Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 1 concerns an endogenous binary response model when available instrumental variables are possibly infinite-dimensional. Furthermore, the instrumental variables considered in this chapter could have too small signals in the first stage to obtain reliable results using existing estimators. The use of high-dimensional or infinite-dimensional instrumental variables under this environment has not received enough attention compared to the linear model in spite of its empirical importance. In this chapter, I propose two estimators based on ridge-regularization; the ridge-regularized conditional maximum likelihood estimator and the ridge-regularized nonlinear least square estimator. I derived asymptotic properties for both estimators. Compared to existing estimators that are only valid under strong identification, the proposed ridge-regularized estimators have good asymptotic properties even under weak identification. Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed estimators have good finite sample properties regardless of the first-stage signal-to-noise ratio. Two empirical applications are also provided. In the first example, I investigate the effect of education on employment status for a full calendar year using variations in seasons of birth as instrumental variables. The second empirical example examines the effect of child behavioral developments on maternal employment status. To control for the potential endogeneity, I use children's handedness as instrumental variables in the second example. |
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Bibliography Citation
Seong, Dakyung. Econometric Analysis of Functional Data. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, Davis, 2020. |
5666. |
Sepulveda, Facundo |
Essays in Quantitative Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Environment, Pollution/Urban Density; Skills; Time Preference This dissertation contains three essays in quantitative macroeconomics. The first chapter, "Precautionary savings in general equilibrium," uses a calibrated stochastic OLG model to address three questions about US savings and wealth accumulation: first, does an equilibrium display buffer stock savings by agents? Second, is this equilibrium consistent with savings behavior of US households? And finally, what level of precautionary savings arises when general equilibrium effects are accounted for? I find that given observed earnings risk, the rates of time preference that are consistent with the equilibrium are very close to the interest rate, so no buffer stock behavior is observed. Moreover, the equilibrium reproduces important facts about savings behavior of US households. Finally, accounting for general equilibrium effects lowers the size of precautionary wealth to about 35% of aggregate wealth, or 30 to 50% less than partial equilibrium estimates. The second chapter, "Green taxes and double dividends in a dynamic economy," asks whether a tax recycling experiment would deliver a double dividend in the US economy. According to the double dividend hypothesis, environmental taxes may raise revenue that can be used to lower other (pre-existing) tax distortions apart from decreasing pollution externalities. This hypothesis is evaluated using a dynamic general equilibrium model of capital accumulation. I find that, although in the long run pollution may worsen, the green dividend-higher discounted utility from a cleaner environment-would be obtained under all tax changes, due to a better environment during most of the transition. The efficiency dividend however-higher discounted utility from consumption of traded goods-will obtain only for target levels of the green tax below a critical number. In the third chapter, "Training and business cycles," I examine the behavior of skill acquisition through training at business cycles frequencies. First, a time series of training is constructed using individual data from the NLSY79 database. After documenting the cyclical properties of the series, I discuss what features are needed for a RBC model to successfully reproduce them. I find that training is weakly countercyclical, leads the cycle, and has a standard deviation of about ten times output. A model where employment, but not weekly hours, is costly to adjust, is able to account for most of the documented regularities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sepulveda, Facundo. Essays in Quantitative Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2002. |
5667. |
Sepulveda, Facundo Mendez, Fabio |
The Cyclicality of Skill Acquisition: Evidence from Panel Data Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis (CAMA) Working Paper No. 13-2011, Australian National University, June 2011. Also: http://cama.anu.edu.au/Working%20Papers/Papers/2011/Sepulveda_Mendez132011.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Australian National University - Canberra Keyword(s): Schooling; Skill Formation; Skills; Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper presents new empirical evidence regarding the cyclicality of skill acquisition activities. The paper studies both training and schooling episodes at the individual level using quarterly data from the NLSY79 for a period of 19 years. We find that aggregate schooling is strongly countercyclical, while aggregate training is acyclical. Several training categories however behave procyclically. The results also indicate that firm-financed training is procyclical while training financed through other means is countercyclical; and that the cyclicality of skill acquisition investments depends significantly on the educational level and the employment status of the individual. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sepulveda, Facundo and Fabio Mendez. "The Cyclicality of Skill Acquisition: Evidence from Panel Data." Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis (CAMA) Working Paper No. 13-2011, Australian National University, June 2011. |
5668. |
Serafini, Brian |
The Declining Significance of Motherhood? Differential Effects of Children on Boomer and Millennial Women's Wages Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Maternal Employment; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Parenthood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although studies demonstrate that mothers earn lower wages than childless women among older cohorts of workers, questions remain as to whether parenthood still leads to the same earnings disparities for millennial women and men as it has for the baby boomer cohort. To answer this question, we apply decomposition and hybrid mixed effects models to National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997 data to examine the intracohort effects of parenthood across generations of baby boomers and millennials. We find that parenthood does not affect earnings among millennials in the same way as it has for baby boomer women, but, even with changing relationships, motherhood is still very much a factor for millennial women. Although OLS models show a similar motherhood penalty among millennial women, more detailed decomposition models highlight the employment factors contributing to these trends and hybrid mixed effects models indicate that selection into parenthood has also played a role in these changes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Serafini, Brian. "The Declining Significance of Motherhood? Differential Effects of Children on Boomer and Millennial Women's Wages." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
5669. |
Serrato, Carl A. |
Premarital Pregnancies, Pregnancy Resolutions and Public Policy Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Los Angeles, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Fertility; Hispanics; Parents, Single; Poverty; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences; Sex Education; Sexual Behavior; State Welfare; Welfare The premarital fertility rate of teenagers and young women has risen steadily over the past two decades. In some quarters it is the common wisdom that public programs, such as sex education and welfare, are an important cause of teenage pregnancy, premarital childbearing and subsequent poverty. This study examines the role public policies play in young women's decisions regarding the likelihood of out-of-wedlock pregnancy resolutions (abortion, single-parenthood, married- parenthood). The specific public policies examined are Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), sex education, public funding of abortion services, parental involvement laws and availability of abortion providers. The underlying model of decision making employed in this study is a multiperiod utility maximizing model. One conclusion from this model is that public policies are expected to play a more prominent role in the pregnancy resolution decisions than in decisions concerning pregnancy risk tak ing behaviors. The principle source of data for the empirical analyses is the NLSY combined with state-year measures of policy variables. The findings of this study are that public policies do not affect the probability that a young woman will experience a premarital pregnancy. States with more generous economic assistance programs are not encouraging young women to become premaritally pregnant in order to qualify for welfare. Increased access to abortions is not associated with riskier sexual behavior, and there is no strong evidence that sex education courses change the probability of a premarital pregnancy. However, public policies do affect pregnancy resolution decisions. Higher AFDC payments lower the likelihood that premaritally pregnant women will choose either abortion or married-parenthood. Hispanic and white women are more inclined to choose abortions if they have had a prior sex education course. Finally, decreasing the supply of abortion providers or eliminating the government subsidy of abortions for poor women will increase the rates of premarital childbearing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Serrato, Carl A. Premarital Pregnancies, Pregnancy Resolutions and Public Policy. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Los Angeles, 1990. |
5670. |
Serrato, Carl A. |
Resolution of Premarital Pregnancies: What is the Role of Public Policy? Presented: Baltimore, MD, Population Association of America Meetings, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Birth Rate; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Planning; Fertility; Poverty; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Sex Education; State Welfare; Teenagers; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Since the 1960s the teenage birth rate has declined by almost half, yet teenage childbearing is still considered a major national concern. Underlying the overall decline in teenage fertility are a rising birth rate among single teenagers and an increase in the rates of teenage pregnancy and abortion. While many public programs (e.g., family planning services, sex education, parental consent laws) have been initiated with the purpose of reversing these trends, in some quarters it is the common wisdom that these programs, along with others (e.g., public assistance programs), are an important cause of teenage pregnancy and childbearing. Using the NLSY, the author examines the influence public policies may have on young women's decisions concerning how to resolve a premarital pregnancy: birth and marriage, birth and remaining single, or abortion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Serrato, Carl A. "Resolution of Premarital Pregnancies: What is the Role of Public Policy?" Presented: Baltimore, MD, Population Association of America Meetings, 1989. |
5671. |
Seshadri, Ananth Zhou, Anson |
Intergenerational Mobility Begins Before Birth Journal of Monetary Economics published online (12 March 2022): DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2022.03.005. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393222000368 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Family Planning; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Socioeconomic Status (SES) Nearly 40% of births in the United States are unintended, and this phenomenon is disproportionately common among Black Americans and women with lower education. Given that being born to unprepared parents significantly affects children's outcomes, could family planning access affect intergenerational persistence of economic status? We extend the standard Becker-Tomes model by incorporating an endogenous family planning choice. In a policy counterfactual where states reduce family planning costs for the poor, intergenerational mobility improves by 0.3 standard deviations on average. We also find that differences in family planning costs account for 20% of the racial gap in upward mobility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Seshadri, Ananth and Anson Zhou. "Intergenerational Mobility Begins Before Birth." Journal of Monetary Economics published online (12 March 2022): DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2022.03.005.
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5672. |
Setor, Tenace Joseph, Damien |
Prototypical Career Paths in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Locations in the United States Human Relations published online (14 June 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0018726720929406. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0018726720929406 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Human Capital; Occupational Choice Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Career paths are formed over time from interactions between individuals, organizations, and labor markets within and across geographic locations. What are the prototypical career paths thus formed? Who are the likely incumbents of these career paths? What are the consequences of pursuing these career paths? This study combines micro-level perspectives on personal agency and macro-level institutional factors to explain how careers unfold over time and space. The juxtaposition of micro- and macro-level factors contributes to career research and practice, which have traditionally examined careers as movements across organizations and occupations over time, but almost exclusively within specific geographic locations. We make a significant contribution to theory and practice by analyzing sequences of jobs and residence locations for 2836 individuals drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The analyses reveal eight prototypical career paths, some commonly found across geographic locations and others idiosyncratic to specific geographic locations. The profiles of the career path incumbents vary regarding gender, ethnicity, and education attainment. We find that the objective career success associated with prototypical career paths is more a function of human capital accumulation and career choices than geographic locations. We close by discussing our findings' implications for career research and practice. |
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Bibliography Citation
Setor, Tenace and Damien Joseph. "Prototypical Career Paths in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Locations in the United States." Human Relations published online (14 June 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0018726720929406.
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5673. |
Seymour, Jane Frasso, Rosemary Shofer, Frances Bennett, Ian M. |
Cohort Study of Early Literacy and Childbearing over the Reproductive Lifecourse BMJ Open 6,12 (December 2016):. Also: http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/12/e013522 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Childbearing; Cognitive Ability; Fertility; Life Course; Literacy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Introduction: Literacy is linked to a range of health outcomes, but its association with reproductive health in high-income countries is not well understood. We assessed the relationship between early-life literacy and childbearing across the reproductive lifecourse in the USA. Study design: A prospective cohort design was employed to assess early-life literacy and subsequent childbearing, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The US youth aged 14-22 years in 1979, including 6283 women, were surveyed annually through 1994 and biannually thereafter. Literacy was assessed in 1980 using the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery Reading Grade Level (RGL). Cumulative childbearing and grand multiparity (≥5 births) were assessed in 2010. |
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Bibliography Citation
Seymour, Jane, Rosemary Frasso, Frances Shofer and Ian M. Bennett. "Cohort Study of Early Literacy and Childbearing over the Reproductive Lifecourse." BMJ Open 6,12 (December 2016):.
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5674. |
Seymour, Jane Shofer, Frances Frasso, Rosemary Bennett, Ian M. |
Literacy and Fertility: Lifecourse Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) Presented: New Orleans LA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Age at First Birth; Fertility; Life Course; Literacy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Cohort data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) were assessed to understand the relationship between literacy and fertility. NLSY participants, US youth aged 14-22 in 1979, were surveyed annually through 1994 and biannually thereafter. Literacy was assessed in 1980 and converted to Department of Defense Reading Grade Level (RGL) for this study. In 2010, fertility outcomes were assessed, including total parity, grand multiparity, and age at first and last birth. Chi-square and multiple and logistic regression were used to understand these relationships. |
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Bibliography Citation
Seymour, Jane, Frances Shofer, Rosemary Frasso and Ian M. Bennett. "Literacy and Fertility: Lifecourse Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY)." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2014. |
5675. |
Shafer, Emily Fitzgibbons |
The Effect of Marriage on Weight Gain and Propensity to Become Obese in the African American Community Journal of Family Issues 31,9 (September 2010): 1166-1182. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/31/9/1166.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Gender Differences; Health Factors; Racial Differences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Does marriage have a causal impact on weight and the likelihood of becoming obese? Marriage is thought to have a protective influence on both men's and women's health, although via different mechanisms. Evidence in regard to marriage affecting body mass index (BMI) and the propensity to become obese, however, is mixed and often based on limited data. Even less clear is whether the effect varies by race and gender. In this article, the author uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979), which has followed individuals for more than 20 years, and uses methods aimed at netting out selection bias to show that marriage is associated with a modest increase in BMI for all race and gender groups. Additionally, marriage is associated with an increase in the likelihood for becoming obese for African American women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Shafer, Emily Fitzgibbons. "The Effect of Marriage on Weight Gain and Propensity to Become Obese in the African American Community." Journal of Family Issues 31,9 (September 2010): 1166-1182.
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5676. |
Shafer, Emily Fitzgibbons |
Wives' Relative Wages, Husbands' Paid Work Hours, and Wives' Labor-Force Exit Journal of Marriage and Family 73,1 (February 2011): 250-264. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00802.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Economics of Gender; Event History; Exits; Labor Force Participation; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels; Wage Rates; Wives, Income Economic theories predict that women are more likely to exit the labor force if their partners' earnings are higher and if their own wage rate is lower. In this article, I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 2,254) and discrete-time event-history analysis to show that wives' relative wages are more predictive of their exit than are their own or their husbands' absolute wages. In addition, I show that women married to men who work more than 45 hours per week are more likely to exit the labor force than are wives whose husbands' work approximately 40 hours per week. My findings highlight the need to examine how women's partners affect women's labor-force participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Marriage & Family is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Shafer, Emily Fitzgibbons. "Wives' Relative Wages, Husbands' Paid Work Hours, and Wives' Labor-Force Exit." Journal of Marriage and Family 73,1 (February 2011): 250-264.
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5677. |
Shafer, Emily Fitzgibbons Malhotra, Neil |
The Effect of a Child’s Sex on Support for Traditional Gender Roles Social Forces 90,1 (September 2011): 209-222. Also: http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/90/1/209.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Gender; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine whether sex of child affects parents' beliefs about traditional gender roles. Using an improved methodological approach that explicitly analyzes the natural experiment via differences in differences, we find that having a daughter (vs. having a son) causes men to reduce their support for traditional gender roles, but a female child has no such effect among women, representing less than 4 percent of the size of the standard deviation of the attitude scale. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shafer, Emily Fitzgibbons and Neil Malhotra. "The Effect of a Child’s Sex on Support for Traditional Gender Roles." Social Forces 90,1 (September 2011): 209-222.
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5678. |
Shafer, Kevin M. |
Disentangling the Relationship Between Age and Marital History in Age-Assortative Mating Marriage and Family Review 49,1 (2013): 83-114. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01494929.2012.728557 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Assortative Mating; Dating; Divorce; Remarriage Many scholars have noted that divorcees have age-assortative mating patterns distinct from the never-married. Similarly, comparisons between older and younger individuals indicate that hypergamy becomes increasingly likely with age. Unfortunately, prior research has not been able to disentangle the effects of age from the effect of divorce. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (n = 12,231 for first marriage and 4,298 for remarriage) and heterogeneous choice models, this research predicted the likelihood of age homogamy and hypergamy as a function of age, marital history, and other factors. The results indicate that homogamy is largely an age-driven phenomena, where the never-married and previously married have similar patterns. However, the likelihood of hypergamy is higher for the previously married, even after accounting for the influence of age in the models. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shafer, Kevin M. "Disentangling the Relationship Between Age and Marital History in Age-Assortative Mating." Marriage and Family Review 49,1 (2013): 83-114.
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5679. |
Shafer, Kevin M. |
Gender Differences in Remarriage: Marriage Formation and Assortative Mating After Divorce Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Divorce; Economic Well-Being; Economics of Gender; Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Remarriage; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Divorce and subsequent remarriage have become an important part of American family life in recent decades. Divorce has negative consequences for mental health, physical health, overall well-being, and economic well-being. Remarriage can help divorcees overcome many of these problems, especially financial difficulties. However, there are significant gender differences in the likelihood of remarriage. Men are much more likely to remarry than women. This gender gap has important micro- and macro-level social implications. At the individual level, gender differences in remarriage mean that men are more likely to regain the benefits associated with marriage, including economic benefits, at higher rates than women. At the macro-level, some family scholars argue that first marriage has increasingly resembled remarriage in recent decades (Popenoe 1993; Cherlin 2004). In first marriage, both men's and women's socioeconomic status is positively associated with first marriage formation and both educational and age homogamy--a move away from traditional marriage where men's, but not women's, economic status was important in the marriage market. However, empirical work focusing on the claim that first marriage and remarriage formation are similar is lacking because little is known about remarriage formation patterns. I focus on two aspects of remarriage formation to understand how remarriage patterns compare to first marriage formation. First, I analyze the individual characteristics associated with the likelihood of remarriage for men and women. I pay particular attention to socioeconomic status (income, labor force status, and educational attainment), first marriage ties (co-residential children) and time since divorce as important factors in the remarriage market. Second, I examine educational and age assortative mating patterns in second marriages to identify whether remarriage follows a more contemporary homogamous pattern or a more traditional form where men marry less-educated and younger women. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort (NLSY79) to answer these questions. The results show remarriage formation patterns consistent with traditional first marriages where current and long-term economic status has a positive effect on remarriage for men, but not for women. For women, family background, race/ethnicity, age and parental status are associated with remarriage. The analysis of assortative mating shows that high-status men tend to marry less-educated, young women and both educational and age homogamy is unlikely for both men and women, regardless of socioeconomic status. These patterns are different from those present in contemporary first marriages where both men and women emphasize on spousal economic status as valuable traits. These findings suggest that remarriage differs from first marriage in its likelihood and assortative mating patterns and provide a foundation for future work to incorporate gender dynamics in research on remarriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shafer, Kevin M. Gender Differences in Remarriage: Marriage Formation and Assortative Mating After Divorce. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 2009. |
5680. |
Shafer, Kevin M. |
Reconsidering Marital Exchange: A Comparison of First Marriage and Remarriage Patterns in the United States Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Marriage; Parenthood; Remarriage; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Divorce and subsequent remarriage have become an important part of American family life in recent decades. However, there are significant gender differences in the likelihood and formation of remarriage. In first marriage, both men's and women's socioeconomic status is positively associated with first marriage formation—a move away from traditional marriage where men's, but not women's, economic status was important in the marriage market. However, empirical work focusing on the claim that first marriage and remarriage formation are similar is lacking. In this paper I analyze the individual characteristics associated with the likelihood of remarriage for men and women. The preliminary results show remarriage patterns consistent with traditional marriages where economic status has a positive effect on remarriage for men, but not for women. For women, family background, race/ethnicity, age and parental status are associated with remarriage. These results call for additional analyses which directly compare first marriage and remarriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shafer, Kevin M. "Reconsidering Marital Exchange: A Comparison of First Marriage and Remarriage Patterns in the United States." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
5681. |
Shafer, Kevin M. |
Social Exchange in Remarriage: Are Marriages More Traditional the Second Time Around? Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Marriage; Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Divorce and subsequent remarriage have become an important part of American family life in recent decades. However, there are significant gender differences in the likelihood and formation of remarriage. In first marriage, both men's and women's socioeconomic status is positively associated with first marriage formation—a move away from traditional marriage where men's, but not women's, economic status was important in the marriage market. However, empirical work focusing on the claim that first marriage and remarriage formation are similar is lacking. In this paper I analyze the individual characteristics associated with the likelihood of remarriage for men and women. The results indicate that remarriage formation is consistent with traditional marriages where economic status has a positive effect on remarriage for men, but not for women. Instead, women’s remarriage chances are associated with family background, race/ethnicity, age and parental status are associated with remarriage. These findings are particularly robust in light that first marriage patterns between the continuously married and divorced are similar and less gendered than remarriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shafer, Kevin M. "Social Exchange in Remarriage: Are Marriages More Traditional the Second Time Around?" Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010. |
5682. |
Shafer, Kevin M. |
Unique Matching Patterns in Remarriage: Educational Assortative Mating Among Divorced Men and Women Journal of Family Issues 34,11 (November 2013): 1500-1535. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/34/11/1500.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Education; Educational Attainment; Marriage; Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Educational assortative mating is a crucial aspect of marriage formation because it confers benefits such as improved health and well-being, affects economic standing, and reflects the level of gender equity within marriage. However, little is known about educational assortative mating patterns in remarriage. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort, this study addresses this shortcoming in two ways. First, I compare educational assortative mating patterns in first and second marriages. Second, I address characteristics associated with homogamy, hypergamy, and hypogamy in remarriage. The results show that assortative mating patterns in remarriage are distinct from those in first marriage, remarriage patterns are unique by educational attainment and gender, and these patterns are not explained by differences in income, age, or parental status. The results illustrate the need for theories which specifically address the unique nature of remarriage in the United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shafer, Kevin M. "Unique Matching Patterns in Remarriage: Educational Assortative Mating Among Divorced Men and Women." Journal of Family Issues 34,11 (November 2013): 1500-1535.
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5683. |
Shafer, Kevin M. James, Spencer |
Gender and Socioeconomic Status Differences in First and Second Marriage Formation Journal of Marriage and Family 75,3 (June 2013): 544-564. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12024/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Divorce; Gender Differences; Life Course; Marital Status; Marriage; Socioeconomic Status (SES) In this article, we address how first and second marriages are formed by asking whether SES has similar effects on first and second marriage entry. Like many studies of first marriage, we focus on gender, socioeconomic characteristics (education, income, and employment status), and gender differences in the effect of SES. To examine this question, we use the NLSY79 (n = 12,231 never-married and 3,695 divorced persons), discrete-time logistic regression, and heterogeneous choice models to test for statistically significant differences by gender and between first and second marriages. Our models show gender differences in first and second marriage entry, that the effect of SES on marriage entry differs between first and second marriage, and that the interaction between gender and SES has a unique association with marital entry for never- and previously married individuals. Our results have implications for understanding marriage formation, stratification across the life course, and the well-being of divorced persons who remarry. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shafer, Kevin M. and Spencer James. "Gender and Socioeconomic Status Differences in First and Second Marriage Formation." Journal of Marriage and Family 75,3 (June 2013): 544-564.
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5684. |
Shafer, Kevin M. Jensen, Todd M. |
Remarital Chances, Choices, and Economic Consequences: Issues of Social and Personal Welfare Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 40,2 (2013): 6. Also: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol40/iss2/6/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Michigan University School of Social Work Keyword(s): Remarriage; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many divorced women experience a significant decline in financial, social, physical, and psychological well-being following a divorce. Using data from the NLSY79 (n= 2,520) we compare welfare recipients, mothers, and impoverished women to less marginalized divorcees on remarriage chances. Furthermore, we look at the kinds of men these women marry by focusing on the employment and education of new spouses. Finally, we address how remarriage and spousal quality (as defined by education and employment) impact economic well-being after divorce. Our results show that remarriage has positive economic effects, but that is dependent upon spousal quality. However, such matches are rare among divorced women with children and in poverty. The implications of our results for social welfare issues are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shafer, Kevin M. and Todd M. Jensen. "Remarital Chances, Choices, and Economic Consequences: Issues of Social and Personal Welfare." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 40,2 (2013): 6.
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5685. |
Shafer, Kevin M. Pace, Garrett T. |
Gender Differences in Depression across Parental Roles Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Family Structure; Gender Differences; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research has focused on the relationship between parenthood and psychological well-being with mixed results. Some studies have also addressed potential gender differences in this relationship, again yielding varied findings. One reason may be methodological choices pursued in these studies, including the lack of focus on combined parental roles (i.e., biological parent and stepparent). We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY, n= 6276) and multinomial treatment models to address how combined roles influence depressive symptoms in mothers and fathers. Further, we explore potential gender differences. Our results indicate that numerous parental roles are negatively associated with psychological well-being for both men and women, while childlessness is negative for women, and specific parental role combinations affect mothers and fathers differently. Within the context of changing family structure in the U.S., these results help us understand any link how gendered parental roles can influence mental health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shafer, Kevin M. and Garrett T. Pace. "Gender Differences in Depression across Parental Roles." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
5686. |
Shafer, Kevin M. Pace, Garrett T. |
Gender Differences in Depression across Parental Roles Social Work 60,2 (April 2015): 115-125. Also: https://academic.oup.com/sw/article/60/2/115/2472153 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Family Structure; Gender Differences; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research has focused on the relationship between parenthood and psychological well-being, with mixed results. Some studies have also addressed potential gender differences in this relationship, again yielding varied findings. One reason may be methodological choices pursued in these studies, including the lack of focus on combined parental roles (for example, biological parent and stepparent). The authors used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (N = 6,276) and multinomial treatment models to address how combined roles influence depressive symptoms in mothers and fathers. Further, they explored potential gender differences. Their results indicated that having multiple parental roles is negatively associated with psychological well-being for both men and women, whereas childlessness is more negative for women, and specific parental role combinations affect mothers and fathers differently. Within the context of changing family structure in the United States, these results have important implications for social workers and other mental health professionals--particularly with regard to screening for depression among parents, who are less likely to seek mental health counseling than childless adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shafer, Kevin M. and Garrett T. Pace. "Gender Differences in Depression across Parental Roles." Social Work 60,2 (April 2015): 115-125.
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5687. |
Shafer, Kevin M. Standiford, Kyle Hathcock, Russell, II, |
Age Assortative Mating in Second Marriages after Divorce Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Assortative Mating; Childbearing; Divorce; Fertility; Gender Differences; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although remarriage after divorce is common in the United States, few studies have focused on the remarriage process. We address this shortcoming by focusing on age assortative mating patterns among remarried men and women using NLSY79. We pay particular attention to the effects of socioeconomic status, fertility intention, fertility history, and age on differences in age marital sorting. Our results indicate that each has important effects on age assortative mating for both men and women, though important gender differences are observed. Specifically, homogamy and hypergamy are most common among men, though the likelihood of each outcome varies across our key variables. Among women, remarriage is less common and age assortative mating outcomes are strongly related to age, while fertility intentions, fertility history, and socioeconomic status have smaller effects on sorting. The results have implications for understanding the remarriage market, gender dynamics in remarriage, and childbearing after divorce are considered. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shafer, Kevin M., Kyle Standiford and Russell Hathcock. "Age Assortative Mating in Second Marriages after Divorce." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
5688. |
Shaff, Kimberly Anne Wolfinger, Nicholas H. Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Smith, Ken R. |
Family Structure Transitions and Child Achievement Sociological Spectrum 28,6 (November 2008): 681-704. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02732170802342966 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Divorce; Family Formation; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Marriage; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Income; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) This article uses prospective data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to investigate how children in divorced and never-married-mother families vary in reading and math achievement after parental remarriage. These are compared to children who remain in never-married, divorced, and continuously married families. Results based on growth curve modeling indicate that children remaining in single-parent families resulting from divorce or nonmarital births have lower achievement scores than children from married families. Maternal education and income account for all of the adverse effects of family structure on reading achievement, while maternal education, income, and children's home environment can explain the negative relationship between single parenting and math scores. We conclude that parental remarriage may have more benefits for children than previous studies have suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Sociological Spectrum is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Shaff, Kimberly Anne, Nicholas H. Wolfinger, Lori Kowaleski-Jones and Ken R. Smith. "Family Structure Transitions and Child Achievement." Sociological Spectrum 28,6 (November 2008): 681-704.
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5689. |
Shang, Qianqian Yin, Yongkun |
Gender Role Attitudes and Fertility Revisited: Evidence from the United States Population Review 59,2 (2020): DOI: 10.1353/prv.2020.0005. Also:https://muse.jhu.edu/article/763413 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sociological Demography Press Keyword(s): Family Size; Fertility; Gender Attitudes/Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Whether gender egalitarianism is associated with higher or lower fertility intentions is debatable. Some studies show that gender egalitarianism is associated with higher fertility intentions; others document the opposite. Moreover, the interrelationship may vary by gender and across countries. Based on longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 in the United States, we examine the effects of gender role attitudes with multiple measures of fertility (ideals, intentions and outcomes) and investigate how gender role attitudes are reshaped by the number of children. Our results show that individuals holding more egalitarian attitudes tend to have a smaller ideal family size, desire fewer children and have fewer children. In addition, for both men and women, the arrival of children can shape gender role attitudes towards more traditional ones. Different dimensions of gender attitudes may, however, affect and be affected by fertility to different extents, and the interrelationship can vary across gender. Our study adds more evidence to the debate over the effect of gender role attitudes on fertility, helps to understand distinct findings in the literature, sheds light on the development of gender role attitudes of men and women over time, and highlights the importance of using longitudinal data to examine the effects of gender attitudes on fertility behaviors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shang, Qianqian and Yongkun Yin. "Gender Role Attitudes and Fertility Revisited: Evidence from the United States." Population Review 59,2 (2020): DOI: 10.1353/prv.2020.0005. Also:https://muse.jhu.edu/article/763413.
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5690. |
Shapiro, David |
Wage Differentials Among Black, Hispanic, and White Male Youth Industrial and Labor Relations Review 37,4 (July 1984): 570-581. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2523673 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Hispanics; Job Tenure; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wages, Youth; Work Experience This paper uses the 1979 NLSY to examine the hypothesis that racial wage differences have vanished from the labor market for male youths. In addition, the relationship between racial differences in youth wages and accumulation of work experience as well as the extent to which adjustment for sample selection bias affects measured racial differentials in wage rates and also analyzed. The empirical evidence indicates that there is a significant black white difference in hourly wage rates among non-enrolled male youth, ceteris paribus. Among students, race is not associated with wage rates. Hispanic white wage differences are not significant among either students or nonstudents. Accumulation of job tenure contributes to significantly higher wage rates among nonenrolled whites, white tenure wage profiles for nonenrolled blacks are essentially flat. Further, the magnitude of the estimated wage premium of whites over blacks among nonenrolled male youths increases by more than 40 percent (from 7-10 percent to 11-15 percent) once sample selection bias is taken into account. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shapiro, David. "Wage Differentials Among Black, Hispanic, and White Male Youth." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 37,4 (July 1984): 570-581.
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5691. |
Shapiro, David Crowley, Joan E. |
Aspirations and Expectations of Youth in the United States. Part 2. Employment Activity Youth and Society 14,1 (September 1982): 33-58. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/13/4/449 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Blue-Collar Jobs; Duncan Index; Family Influences; Hispanics; Occupational Aspirations; Religious Influences; Role Models; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Teenagers; White Collar Jobs Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The occupational aspirations of respondents on the first wave of the NLSY are described. Respondents were asked what they would like to be doing at age 35. Almost 90 percent of the youth had specific occupational goals. For both men and women, over one-third of the respondents aspire to professional or technical employment. The existing segregation of the labor market is reflected in the aspirations of youth, with females predominating among those aspiring to clerical positions and males predominating among those aspiring to skilled trades. About one-quarter of the young women expect to be housewives, although this aspiration was almost twice as prevalent among whites and Hispanics than among blacks. Looking only at those youth with specific occupational aspirations, it is clear that the proportion of youth expecting to be in professional occupations is much larger than the proportion of such jobs in the general labor market. In a multivariate analysis, family background and sex role attitudes were important predictors of the prestige of the desired occupation for both young men and young women. When the aspirations of women in the youth cohort were compared with the aspirations of women of the same age a decade earlier (using the NLS of Young Women), clear shifts away from housework to paid employment, and from lower skill to higher skill occupations were shown. For young women, a multivariate analysis of aspirations for sex- role atypical jobs showed that family background and maternal role modeling were significantly related to such aspirations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shapiro, David and Joan E. Crowley. "Aspirations and Expectations of Youth in the United States. Part 2. Employment Activity." Youth and Society 14,1 (September 1982): 33-58.
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5692. |
Shapiro, Joel D. Wu, Stephen |
Fatalism and Savings Working Paper Series, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), July 23, 2010. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1673906 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Control; Risk Perception; Savings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine the impact of fatalism, the belief that one has little or no control over future events, on the decision of whether or not to save. We develop a model that predicts that fatalism decreases savings for moderately risk averse individuals, increases savings for highly risk averse individuals, and otherwise has no impact. Furthermore, fatalism decreases effort in learning about savings and investment options. We use data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and find general support for the theoretical predictions of the model. The results are robust to the inclusion of a number of additional control variables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shapiro, Joel D. and Stephen Wu. "Fatalism and Savings." Working Paper Series, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), July 23, 2010. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1673906. |
5693. |
Shapiro, Joel D. Wu, Stephen |
Fatalism and Savings Journal of Socio-Economics 40,5 (October 2011): 645-651. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535711000643 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Risk-Taking; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Savings; Well-Being An individual’s decision about how much to save depends on her perception of how current savings affects future well-being. Fatalistic individuals believe that they have little or no control over future outcomes. We develop a theoretical model linking fatalism to savings and test the predictions using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The model predicts that fatalism decreases savings for moderately risk averse individuals, but actually increases savings for highly risk averse individuals. Furthermore, fatalism decreases effort in learning about savings and investment options. The empirical results support the theoretical predictions of the model and are robust to the inclusion of a number of additional control variables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shapiro, Joel D. and Stephen Wu. "Fatalism and Savings." Journal of Socio-Economics 40,5 (October 2011): 645-651.
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5694. |
Sharkey, Patrick Graham, Bryan |
Mobility and the Metropolis: How Communities Factor into Economic Mobility Report, Economic Mobility Project, Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC., 2013. Also: http://www.pewstates.org/uploadedFiles/PCS_Assets/2013/Mobility-and-the-Metropolis.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Pew Charitable Trust Keyword(s): Family Income; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Income; Mobility, Economic; Neighborhood Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); State-Level Data/Policy; Urbanization/Urban Living Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. To measure differences in economic mobility across American metro areas over the last generation, this research uses three nationally representative, longitudinal data sets: the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Each data set follows and collects information on a sample of individuals over time, allowing for measurement of family income during an individual’s childhood and again in adulthood. Across the data sets, which collectively include individuals residing in 96 metro areas, the same pattern emerged: Levels of economic mobility varied substantially among the places studied. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sharkey, Patrick and Bryan Graham. "Mobility and the Metropolis: How Communities Factor into Economic Mobility." Report, Economic Mobility Project, Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC., 2013. |
5695. |
Sharpe, Deanna L. Abdel-Ghany, Mohamed |
Discrimination Due to Race and Gender in the Youth Labor Market: Is It a Double Jeopardy? Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 22,1 (1996): 43-55. Also: http://www.mendeley.com/research/discrimination-due-race-gender-youth-labor-market-it-double-jeopardy/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Employment, Youth; Labor Market Demographics; Unions; Wage Differentials Components of average wage differentials in the youth labor market are examined using a wage decomposition method letting both race & gender vary, drawing on data from the 1984 National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience (total N = 3,483 employed whites & blacks ages 19-26). Issues also addressed. Findings indicate that bias in the youth labor market focuses more on gender than race. However, until researchers devise consistent methods of estimating the source, amount, & direction of discrimination, policymakers face difficulty devising procedures to correct discriminatory wage differences. 7 Tables, 23 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Sharpe, Deanna L. and Mohamed Abdel-Ghany. "Discrimination Due to Race and Gender in the Youth Labor Market: Is It a Double Jeopardy?" Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 22,1 (1996): 43-55.
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5696. |
Shearer, Darlene Louise |
Cognitive Ability and Its Association With Early Childbearing and Second Teen Births Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Birth Rate; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Poverty; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Self-Esteem; Sexual Activity; Variables, Independent - Covariate Despite efforts to reduce the incidence of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing in the U.S., it remains a pressing social concern and public health problem. Indeed, births to women under 20 continue to constitute one of every seven births in this country and remain higher than teen birth rates in comparable industrialized nations. The literature clearly indicates that factors such as (a) early initiation of sexual activity, (b) lack of appropriate reproductive knowledge, (c) limited educational aspirations, (d) low self-esteem, and (e) family poverty increase the likelihood that an adolescent will begin early childbearing and that she will subsequently have at least one additional birth during adolescence. It is also clear that a certain level of cognitive ability and decision-making competence are necessary for a young woman to negotiate critical decision points in order to avoid unplanned childbearing. Yet, early childbearing in the context of cognitive limitation remains largely unstudied. The present study used a matched-pairs nested case control design to examine cognitive ability as an independent variable; early childbearing and second teen births as outcome variables; and age of initiation, level of reproductive knowledge, level of educational expectations, level of self esteem, and family poverty status as intervening variables that might mediate the effects of the independent and dependent variable relationship. Study subjects were women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) (N = 2,094) who were between the ages of 14 and 22 at the beginning of the NLSY study. One third of the study sample (n = 706) were women who gave birth to a child before their 18th birthday. They were matched at a ratio of 1 to 2 with women who did not give birth before age 18 on variables of age, race, geographic region, and urban-rural status. Results show that poverty (OR 1.8, CI 1.4, 2.4, p < .001) and low cognitive ability (OR 2.0, CI 1.7, 3.7, p < .001) signific antly increase the odds that a woman will give birth before age 18. Furthermore, low cognitive ability, independent of poverty, significantly increases the odds of a second birth before age 20 (OR 2.9, CI 1.7, 4.9, p < .001). In sum, this study provides a quantitative basis for considering low intellectual function as an important risk factor for adolescent pregnancy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shearer, Darlene Louise. Cognitive Ability and Its Association With Early Childbearing and Second Teen Births. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, 1999. |
5697. |
Shearer, Darlene Louise Mulvilhill, Beverly A. Klerman, Lorraine V. Wallander, Jan L. Hovinga, Mary E. Redden, David T. |
Association of Early Childbearing and Low Cognitive Ability Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34, 5 (2002): 236-243 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Fertility Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. CONTEXT: Teenage pregnancy remains a pressing social issue and public health problem in the United States. Low cognitive ability is seldom studied as a risk factor for adolescent childbearing. METHODS: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used in a matched-pairs nested case-control study comparing women who had a first birth before age 18 with those who did not. Significant differences in Armed Forces Qualifications Test scores and in reproductive and social intervening variables were determined using chisquare analyses and t-tests. Multiple logistic regression models determined the independent effects of specific factors on early childbearing. RESULTS:Women who had their first birth before age 18 had significantly lower cognitive scores than others; women with a second birth before age 20 had significantly lower scores than those with one teenage birth. On average, women with the lowest cognitive scores initiated sexual activity 1.4 years earlier than those with the highest cognitive scores. Among those who had had a sexuality education course, a smaller proportion of women had scores in the first quartile for the overall sample than in the fourth quartile (20% vs. 28%); an even greater difference was seen among women who correctly answered a question about pregnancy risk (14% vs. 43%). Both poverty and low cognitive ability increased the odds of early childbearing. CONCLUSIONS: Young women with low cognitive ability are at increased risk for early initiation of sexual activity and early pregnancy. Further research is needed to design interventions that consider this population's specific information and support needs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shearer, Darlene Louise, Beverly A. Mulvilhill, Lorraine V. Klerman, Jan L. Wallander, Mary E. Hovinga and David T. Redden. "Association of Early Childbearing and Low Cognitive Ability." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34, 5 (2002): 236-243.
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5698. |
Sheets, Carol T. |
NLSDBA: The National Longitudinal Surveys on Compact Disc Behavior, Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 23,2 (1991): 212-213. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/c850615775r41141/ Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: Psychonomic Society ==> Springer Keyword(s): NLS Description; NLSDBA CD-ROM Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper describes the NLSDBA software developed by The Ohio State University's Center for Human Resource Research which allows users of NLSY data on compact disc to easily search for variables and create an extract file of up to 1,024 variables. A description of the NLSY, including both the ongoing study of 12,686 youth aged 14-22 as of January 1, 1979 and the panel of children aged 0 to 18 of the female respondents, is followed by a brief overview of types of information available for the youth and children. Personal computer (PC) requirements and execution times are included. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sheets, Carol T. "NLSDBA: The National Longitudinal Surveys on Compact Disc." Behavior, Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 23,2 (1991): 212-213.
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5699. |
Shen, Jenny |
Essays in the Economics of Gender Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Princeton University, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Expectations/Intentions; Human Capital; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 3, co-authored with Ilyana Kuziemko, Jessica Pan, and Ebonya Washington, examines the empirical puzzle of why women's labor force participation rates have stalled, despite women's increasing investment in human capital. We propose a hypothesis to reconcile these two trends: that when they are making key human capital decisions, women in modern cohorts underestimate the impact of motherhood on their future labor supply. Using an event-study framework, we show substantial and persistent employment effects of motherhood in U.K. and U.S. data. We then provide evidence that women do not anticipate these effects. Upon becoming parents, women (and especially more educated women) adopt more negative views toward female employment (e.g., they are more likely to say that women working hurts family life), suggesting that motherhood serves as an information shock to their beliefs. We then look at longer horizons--are young women's expectations about future labor supply correct when they make their key educational decisions? In fact, female high school seniors are increasingly and substantially overestimating the likelihood they will be in the labor market in their thirties, a sharp reversal from previous cohorts who substantially underestimated their future labor supply. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shen, Jenny. Essays in the Economics of Gender. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Princeton University, 2020. |
5700. |
Shen, Sophie Danqing |
Essays on Family and Public Policies Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Purdue University, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; College Characteristics; College Degree; Divorce; Marriage; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The third chapter investigates the impact of post-secondary college education quality on marriage outcomes. Using NLSY79 data, an instrumental variable strategy is employed to identify the causal effect. College quality is measured as the average SAT score of the entering freshman class of the degree-granting school. A better college education is associated with stabler marriages, later first marriages, and a lower likelihood of remarriages. I also find that it has no impact on the probability of marriage. Among people who obtained a college degree before age 25, a 100-point increase in SAT score leads to an increase in the age at first marriage by 4 years. In addition, people with higher quality of college education are 25 and 23 percentage points less likely to get divorced and divorce before 40, respectively, than those with a 100-point lower quality of college education. Additionally, better-educated people have 26% fewer number of marriages than their counterparts. Since the number of college graduates have been growing up over time, this article provides a new perspective to understand the trends of marriage and divorce. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shen, Sophie Danqing. Essays on Family and Public Policies. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Purdue University, 2018. |
5701. |
Shenhav, Na'ama |
Essays on Gender Gaps and Investments in Children Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, Davis, 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Health; Earnings, Wives; Family Income; Geocoded Data; Household Income; Obesity; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The third chapter builds on the findings made in the first two chapters, and explores the implications of changes in male and female wage opportunities for child achievement. It contributes to a large literature that has shown that a child's academic success and physical development are strongly influenced by family income, but which has less evidence on whether the source of income also matters. The empirical strategy takes advantage of national shifts in the return to occupations over this time period as a source of exogenous convergence of wages across sexes in a marriage market. In contrast to previous findings, the results do not show that a higher female to male wage ratio significantly improves children's outcomes, although the confidence intervals allow for an important positive or negative effect. Auxiliary analyses which use observed relative household income produce a qualitatively different, negative and statistically significant effect of relative wages on children's development, which is likely a reflection of an omitted variable bias. Sources of the imprecision in the estimation are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shenhav, Na'ama. Essays on Gender Gaps and Investments in Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, Davis, 2016. |
5702. |
Sheran, Michelle Elizabeth |
Career and Family Choices of Women: A Dynamic Analysis of Labor Force Participation, Schooling, Marriage, and Fertility Decisions Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 2001. DAI-A 62/07, p. 2501, Jan 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education; Family Studies; Fertility; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Marriage; Women's Studies This paper formulates and estimates a dynamic labor supply model in which marriage, fertility, and education are choice variables. Specifically, I model the behavior of women as a finite horizon, discrete time, discrete choice, dynamic programming problem. Each period, each woman maximizes the present value of her utility over a known finite horizon by choosing her employment status, marital status, whether to use contraception, and whether to attend school. The dynamics of these choices are captured by various forms of state and duration dependence. Uncertainty in the model comes from the imperfect control women have over births and from a choice-specific random shock to utility each period. Women choose different career and family life-cycle paths because of the realizations of these uncertainties and also because they have different tastes. I estimate the structural parameters of the model using maximum likelihood estimation techniques with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Because I model so many choices each period, estimation is computationally expensive. This dissertation discusses techniques employed to reduce this computational cost. The structural parameter estimates are used to analyze the career and family paths women choose over their lifetimes, and to examine the impact on choices over time of a change in the cost of college, divorce laws, own income, the marriage "penalty", and the cost of childcare. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sheran, Michelle Elizabeth. Career and Family Choices of Women: A Dynamic Analysis of Labor Force Participation, Schooling, Marriage, and Fertility Decisions. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 2001. DAI-A 62/07, p. 2501, Jan 2002. |
5703. |
Sheran, Michelle Elizabeth |
Career and Family Choices of Women: A Dynamic Analysis of Labor Force Participation, Schooling, Marriage, and Fertility Decisions Review of Economic Dynamics 10,3 (July 2007): 367-399 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Economic Dynamics Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Fertility; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market, Secondary; Life Cycle Research; Marriage; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper formulates and estimates a discrete time, discrete choice dynamic labor supply model in which marriage, fertility, and education are choice variables. The dynamics of these choices are captured by various forms of state and duration dependence. Uncertainty comes from the imperfect control women have over births and from a choice-specific random shock to utility each period. Women choose different career and family life-cycle paths because of these uncertainties and also because they have different tastes. The structural parameters of the model are estimated using maximum likelihood estimation techniques with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. [Copyright 2007 Elsevier] Copyright of Review of Economic Dynamics is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Sheran, Michelle Elizabeth. "Career and Family Choices of Women: A Dynamic Analysis of Labor Force Participation, Schooling, Marriage, and Fertility Decisions." Review of Economic Dynamics 10,3 (July 2007): 367-399 .
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5704. |
Shetty, Sandeep |
Economic Essays on Adult Students Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Arizona, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Degree; College Education; College Enrollment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 2 analyzes the pecuniary returns to returning adults using the National Longitudinal Youth Survey of 1979 (NLSY79). I find 10-20% returns to returning adults across different education degrees. I also find that the post-return experience premium is higher for returners relative to non-returners. Chapter 3 analyzes the degree of persistence or state dependence in enrollment behavior of adult students using NLSY data from 1989-1994 and dynamic panel estimation methods. The results suggest that state dependence effects exist with respect to the previous enrollment incidence for men and women. For men I find that about 20% of the observed persistence in the enrollment probability is accounted for by state-dependence, as compared with roughly 36% for women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shetty, Sandeep. Economic Essays on Adult Students. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Arizona, 2013. |
5705. |
Shierholz, Heidi S. Moore, Quinn |
Externalities of Imprisonment: Does Maternal Incarceration Affect Child Outcomes? Presented: Washington, DC, Twenty-Seventh Annual Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Research Conference, "Understanding and Informing Policy Design", November 2005 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Incarceration/Jail; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As a result of deliberate policy decisions over the last three decades to increase the probability and lengths of prison sentences, the incarceration rate for state and federal prisoners has grown by 340% since 1980. Incarceration rates have risen even faster for women -- 560% percent over the same time period. These dramatic increases raise some conspicuous policy questions about the effects -- beyond the intended effects of punishment, incapacitation, and deterrence -- of imprisonment on prisoners, their families and their communities. The economic literature on the externalities of imprisonment has focused primarily on the effects of involvement in the criminal justice system on later employment and earnings. Much less is known about the effects of parental incarceration on children's outcomes, though the little available evidence suggests that the effect is large and detrimental. Developing a more complete understanding of the independent effect of parental incarceration on child outcomes is crucial to informing policy decisions, particularly in light of the recent dramatic increase in the use of imprisonment. In this paper, we examine the effects of maternal imprisonment on children's educational outcomes using data from the Children of the NLSY. These data include a rich set of variables related to both the mother and the child, including maternal criminal history and a set of standardized child cognitive assessments. We employ both child and sibling fixed effects specifications to address the presence of unobservable characteristics that may be correlated with both maternal imprisonment and child outcomes. These fixed effects estimates attempt to identify the independent effect of maternal imprisonment on child outcomes -- independent, that is, from the effects of the nonrandom selection into the population of kids whose moms are in prison. Preliminary results show that both reading scores and behavioral problems worsen significantly for every year of maternal imprisonment. Math scores also worsen though the effect is not significant. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shierholz, Heidi S. and Quinn Moore. "Externalities of Imprisonment: Does Maternal Incarceration Affect Child Outcomes?" Presented: Washington, DC, Twenty-Seventh Annual Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Research Conference, "Understanding and Informing Policy Design", November 2005. |
5706. |
Shierholz, Heidi S. Moore, Quinn |
The Externalities of Imprisonment: Does Maternal Incarceration Affect Child Outcomes? Presented: Toronto, Canada, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2005 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Incarceration/Jail; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As a result of deliberate policy decisions, the incarceration rate for state and federal prisoners has grown by 340% since 1980. Incarceration rates have risen even faster for women -- 560% percent over the same time period. These dramatic increases raise conspicuous questions about the effects -- beyond the intended effects of punishment, incapacitation, and deterrence -- of imprisonment on prisoners, their families and their communities. Specifically, little is known about the effects of parental incarceration on children's outcomes, though the available evidence suggests that the effects are large and detrimental. Developing a more complete understanding of the independent effect of parental incarceration on child outcomes is crucial to informing policy decisions surrounding the use of imprisonment. In this paper, we examine the effects of maternal imprisonment on children's educational outcomes using data from the Children of the NLSY. These data include a rich set of variables related to both the mother and the child, including maternal criminal history and a set of standardized child cognitive assessments. We employ both child and sibling fixed-effects specifications to address the presence of unobservable characteristics that may be correlated with both maternal imprisonment and child outcomes. These fixed-effects estimates attempt to identify the independent effect of maternal imprisonment on child outcomes -- independent, that is, from the effects of the nonrandom selection into the population of kids whose moms are in prison. Preliminary results show that both reading scores and behavioral problems worsen significantly for every year of maternal imprisonment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shierholz, Heidi S. and Quinn Moore. "The Externalities of Imprisonment: Does Maternal Incarceration Affect Child Outcomes?" Presented: Toronto, Canada, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2005. |
5707. |
Shillington, Audrey M. Berry, Eddy Helen Peak, Terry |
Multi-Ethnic Longitudinal Comparison of Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Pregnancy: A Focus on American Indian Women Working Paper, School of Social Work, San Diego State University, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: School of Social Work, San Diego State University Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Mothers, Education; Poverty; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Substance Use; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A longitudinal, cohort design has been used by the investigators of the N.L. S.Y. study. These data are used to study the differences in risk and protective factors for adolescent pregnancy among four ethnic groups -- non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and for the first time, American Indians. Objectives include identification of any unique risk factors for adolescent pregnancy among each ethnic group included in the analyses, as well as better comprehension of the differences among women who experienced a teen pregnancy compared to those who did not. The model for this sample of 5,053 women indicates that a higher self-esteem and a higher level of maternal education is associated with less risk for teen pregnancy. Living in poverty as a young teen, substance use, and adolescent marriage are all associated with experiencing a teen pregnancy. Further, the results indicate that unique models of predictors exist for each ethnic group. These findings imply that, for certain populations, there is an increased need for educational efforts to reduce the risk for teen pregnancy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shillington, Audrey M., Eddy Helen Berry and Terry Peak. "Multi-Ethnic Longitudinal Comparison of Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Pregnancy: A Focus on American Indian Women." Working Paper, School of Social Work, San Diego State University, 1998. |
5708. |
Shillington, Audrey M. Clapp, John D. |
Beer and Bongs: Differential Problems Experienced by Older Adolescents Using Alcohol only Compared to Combined Alcohol and Marijuana Use American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 28,2 (May 2002): 379-397. Also: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/ADA-120002980 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Marcel Dekker Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Behavioral Problems; Drug Use; Ethnic Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Alcohol and other drug problems experienced by adolescents who use only alcohol compared to those who use both alcohol and marijuana (A+M) is studied. Using the national longitudinal survey of youth 1994 data, forward multiple regression analyses revealed that impulsivity, A+M use (compared to alcohol-only use), age, sex, religiosity, frequency of substance use were associated with a higher number of behavioral problems. Youth with more alcohol problems were found to be binge drinkers, impulsive, more frequent alcohol users, and nonHispanic. Implications and future research needs are discussed. (Source: Biological Abstracts Database.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Shillington, Audrey M. and John D. Clapp. "Beer and Bongs: Differential Problems Experienced by Older Adolescents Using Alcohol only Compared to Combined Alcohol and Marijuana Use." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 28,2 (May 2002): 379-397.
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5709. |
Shillington, Audrey M. Clapp, John D. |
Following the NLSY Mothers: An Examination of Their Children's Cigarette Use Presented: San Diego, CA, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Annual Meetings, 1999. Also: http://www.srnt.org/events/abstracts99/index.htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Reseach on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavioral Problems; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Family Influences; Hispanics; Mothers, Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates risk/protective factors related to cigarette use among children. The data for this study were derived from the ongoing National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The offspring of these women are interviewed every two years since 1986. This study analyzes the data for 2,079 children aged 10 and older and their mothers. Using logistic regression we found for both males and females being Non-black, Non-Hispanic, reporting behavioral problems and older age were risk factor for using cigarettes. Among males: mother with a high school diploma was a protective factor and mother's lifetime history of cocaine use was a risk factor. Among females, protective factors included greater religiosity and close maternal relationship. Mother's lifetime marijuana use and ever using foodstamps were risk factors for females. Increasing number of behavioral problems was a risk factor for Blacks, Hispanics, and Caucasian children and adolescents. Having a close relationship with the mother was protective only for Hispanic children and religiosity was protective only for Caucasian children. Having a history of receiving AFDC and maternal cigarette use were both risk factors for Caucasian children only. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shillington, Audrey M. and John D. Clapp. "Following the NLSY Mothers: An Examination of Their Children's Cigarette Use." Presented: San Diego, CA, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Annual Meetings, 1999. |
5710. |
Shillington, Audrey M. Clapp, John D. |
Maternal and Child Predictors of Adolescent Cigarette Use: Data from the NLSY Study Working Paper, San Diego State University School of Social Work, July 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: School of Social Work, San Diego State University Keyword(s): Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Substance Use; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also presented: Scientific Meeting for the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Nashville, 1997 This study builds upon previous research using data from an on-going longitudinal study. Specifically, this study will compare pre-adolescent and adolescent smokers to non-smokers to understand: a) if there are maternal characteristics related to children's cigarette use, b)if there are child characteristics related to cigarette use, and c) if there are unique models predicting cigarette used across gender and racial groups |
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Bibliography Citation
Shillington, Audrey M. and John D. Clapp. "Maternal and Child Predictors of Adolescent Cigarette Use: Data from the NLSY Study." Working Paper, San Diego State University School of Social Work, July 1998. |
5711. |
Shillington, Audrey M. Clapp, John D. |
Maternal and Child Predictors of Adolescent Cigarette Use: Data from the NLSY Study Presented: San Diego, CA, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Annual Meetings, Poster Session A, 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Reseach on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) Keyword(s): Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shillington, Audrey M. and John D. Clapp. "Maternal and Child Predictors of Adolescent Cigarette Use: Data from the NLSY Study." Presented: San Diego, CA, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Annual Meetings, Poster Session A, 1999. |
5712. |
Shillington, Audrey M. Woodruff, Susan I. Clapp, John D. Reed, Mark B. Lemus, Hector |
Self-Reported Age of Onset and Telescoping for Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana: Across Eight Years of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse 21,4 (September 2012): 333-348. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1067828X.2012.710026 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Age and Ageing; Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use are leading causes of morbidity and mortality, both during adolescence as well as later in life. The determination of how well national and local policy and intervention efforts address teen substance use depends largely on the collection of valid and accurate data. Assessments of substance use rely heavily on retrospective self-report measures, but the reliability and validity, however, may be limited by various sources of measurement error. This study utilizes four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth spanning eight years. Results from multiple linear regression analyses showed that the single most consistent variable associated with telescoping was the number of years since the substance was first reported. Time since first report was the single consistent variable and was strongly associated with telescoping in each wave-to-wave comparison for all three substances under study. Implications for policy and research are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shillington, Audrey M., Susan I. Woodruff, John D. Clapp, Mark B. Reed and Hector Lemus. "Self-Reported Age of Onset and Telescoping for Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana: Across Eight Years of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse 21,4 (September 2012): 333-348.
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5713. |
Shin, Donggyun |
Recent Trends in Men's Earnings Volatility: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1985-2009 B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 12,2 (October 2012): . Also: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bejeap.2012.12.issue-2/1935-1682.3339/1935-1682.3339.xml?format=INT Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Keyword(s): Earnings; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Evidence on recent trends in men’s earnings volatility from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) has been found to be at odds with evidence from some other sources. This study adds evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which turns out to be more consistent with the PSID. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shin, Donggyun. "Recent Trends in Men's Earnings Volatility: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1985-2009." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 12,2 (October 2012): .
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5714. |
Shin, Donggyun Shin, Kwanho Park, Seonyoung |
Are Initial Wage Losses of Intersectoral Movers Compensated for by Their Subsequent Wage Gains? Macroeconomic Dynamics 14,4 (September 2010): 501-526. Also: http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cup:macdyn:v:14:y:2010:i:04:p:501-526_09 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Mobility; Mobility, Labor Market; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Unemployment; Wage Differentials; Wage Growth; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper presents an equilibrium explanation of the inter- and intrasectoral mobility of workers. Analyses of our samples from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show that, other things being equal, the initial wage decline is greater for intersectoral movers than for intrasectoral movers. Intersectoral movers, however, enjoy higher wage growth in subsequent years on postunemployment jobs than intrasectoral movers do, and hence are compensated for their initial wage decline. Our estimates suggest that, other things being constant, the additional short-term wage loss associated with sector shifts is overturned in no more than four years by the greater wage growth of intersectoral movers in subsequent years. The findings in the current study clearly show that the true economic costs of intersector mobility tend to be overstated in existing studies and are significantly lowered in the long-term perspective. Calibration of a simple lifetime utility model demonstrates that inter- and intrasectoral movements of workers are quantitatively consistent with an equilibrium framework, at least for a major group of workers who move with longer term perspectives. Evidence also shows that job seekers consider not only the initial wage rate but also the subsequent wages received from the postunemployment job when deciding whether to recommence employment or switch sectors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shin, Donggyun, Kwanho Shin and Seonyoung Park. "Are Initial Wage Losses of Intersectoral Movers Compensated for by Their Subsequent Wage Gains?" Macroeconomic Dynamics 14,4 (September 2010): 501-526.
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5715. |
Shin, Donggyun Solon, Gary |
New Evidence on Real Wage Cyclicality within Employer-Employee Matches NBER Working Papers No. w12262, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w12262.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wage Dynamics; Wages In the most thorough study to date on wage cyclicality among job stayers, Devereux's (2001) analysis of men in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics produced two puzzling findings: (1) the real wages of salaried workers are noncyclical, and (2) wage cyclicality among hourly workers differs between two alternative wage measures. We examine these puzzles with additional evidence from other sources. Devereux's finding of noncyclical real wages among salaried job stayers is not replicated in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data. The NLSY data, however, do corroborate his finding of a discrepancy for hourly workers between the cyclicality of the two alternative wage measures. Evidence from the PSID Validation Study contradicts Devereux's conjecture that the discrepancy might be due to a procyclical bias from measurement error in average hourly earnings. Evidence from the Bureau of Labor Statistics establishment survey supports his hypothesis that overtime work accounts for part (but not all) of the discrepancy. We conclude that job stayers' real average hourly earnings are substantially procyclical and that an important portion of that procyclicality probably is due to compensation beyond base wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shin, Donggyun and Gary Solon. "New Evidence on Real Wage Cyclicality within Employer-Employee Matches." NBER Working Papers No. w12262, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006. |
5716. |
Shin, Donggyun Solon, Gary |
New Evidence on Real Wage Cyclicality within Employer-Employee Matches Scottish Journal of Political Economy 54,5 (November 2007): 648-660. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9485.2007.00434.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Employment; Income Distribution; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Unemployment; Wage Differentials; Wage Equations; Wage Levels; Wages In the most thorough study to date on wage cyclicality among job stayers, Devereux's (2001) analysis of men in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) produced two puzzling findings: (1) the real wages of salaried workers are noncyclical, and (2) wage cyclicality among hourly workers differs between two alternative wage measures. We examine these puzzles with additional evidence from other sources. Devereux's finding of noncyclical real wages among salaried job stayers is not replicated in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data. The NLSY data, however, do corroborate his finding of a discrepancy for hourly workers between the cyclicality of the two alternative wage measures. Evidence from the PSID Validation Study contradicts Devereux's conjecture that the discrepancy might be due to a procyclical bias from measurement error in average hourly earnings. Evidence from the Bureau of Labor Statistics establishment survey supports his hypothesis that overtime work accounts for part (but not all) of the discrepancy. We conclude that job stayers' real average hourly earnings are substantially procyclical and that an important portion of that procyclicality probably is due to compensation beyond base wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shin, Donggyun and Gary Solon. "New Evidence on Real Wage Cyclicality within Employer-Employee Matches." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 54,5 (November 2007): 648-660.
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5717. |
Shin, Ini Choi |
Multiple Welfare Exits and Recidivism: Understanding of Culture of Poverty, Local Labormarket/Area Characteristics, Welfare Reform and Job Quality Ph.D. Dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 2005. DAI-A 65/12, p. 4745, Jun 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Exits; Geocoded Data; Insurance, Health; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Poverty; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Transition, Welfare to Work; Wages; Welfare; Work History; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many states began to reduce welfare caseloads after the enactment of current welfare-to-work programs based on the new policy, Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) which emphasized quick job entries, penalties for non-compliance with work mandates and time limits on benefits. But the reduction of welfare caseloads is not always related to the improvement of family well-being. Namely, the most important determinant for the reduction of welfare recidivism is not just getting a job, but rather maintaining their jobs which increase their job quality (specifically working hours, wages and fringe benefits), ultimately resulting in a more steady employment. Thus, exploring the impact of job quality on welfare exits and recidivism contribute to a better understanding of the underlying premise of current welfare reform, which assumes that getting a job will eventually move a person to a higher paying job and a permanent welfare exit. Under the current welfare policy, this study suggests welfare exits and recidivism for two consecutive spells based on National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979–2000 data and Multivariate Failure Time Models (MFTM) as an extended survival analysis in order to evaluate the true successfulness of current welfare policy. Based on the results, welfare reform showed a positive impact on getting a full time job and paying over $7.00 per hour as well as welfare exits. Also, the impact of welfare reform under unfavorable economic condition such as high employment rate reduced the probability of getting a full time job. Thus, most welfare recipients relying on jobs with more working hours rather than on high paying jobs will encounter some financial difficulties under unfavorable economic conditions. In addition, welfare reform showed a negative impact on getting health and life insurance because many welfare recipients did not start with good quality jobs. Education and Armed Forces Qualification Test (A FQ T) were consistently significant in the criteria of job quality such as wage, working hours, health insurance and life insurance. Also, current welfare reform still reduced welfare recidivism even under higher unemployment rates, specifically for welfare recipients who had multiple spells. This feature contrasts with the result of the impact of welfare reform on welfare exits in the second spell depending on economic conditions. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Shin, Ini Choi. Multiple Welfare Exits and Recidivism: Understanding of Culture of Poverty, Local Labormarket/Area Characteristics, Welfare Reform and Job Quality. Ph.D. Dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 2005. DAI-A 65/12, p. 4745, Jun 2005. |
5718. |
Shin, Taek-Jin |
The Impact of Structural Changes on the Job Mobility Rates in the United States Presented: New York, NY, Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility of the International Sociological Association Meeting, August 2003. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: SIDOS - Swiss Information and Data Archive Service for the Social Sciences Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Human Capital Theory; Labor Market Segmentation; Occupational Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the job history of young American workers who spent their first 20 years in the turbulent labor market of the 1980s and 1990s. To study how structural changes can affect the job mobility of workers and generate different mobility outcomes, I use the structural account of job mobility to investigate its inherent inequalities. The human capital theory, the vacancy chain model and the segmented labor market theory are limited in the way they answer the question of how structural changes affect the different outcomes of job mobility rates. These theories are also unclear as to whether structural changes affect different groups of workers differently, thereby contributing to the growing inequality in the labor market. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I present the following findings. First, structural changes in the organizational and national level play an important role in determining the job mobility outcomes of individual workers. Second, the mechanism of job mobility varies according to mobility outcomes. Finally, structural changes in the labor market affect workers of lower occupational status more strongly than workers of higher status. These results suggest that structural changes in the labor market and the economy did contribute to a growing inequality in the labor market, through changes in mobility regimes and opportunity structure. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shin, Taek-Jin. "The Impact of Structural Changes on the Job Mobility Rates in the United States." Presented: New York, NY, Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility of the International Sociological Association Meeting, August 2003.. |
5719. |
Shin, Taek-Jin |
The Impact of Structural Dynamics on Job Mobility Rates in the United States Social Science Research 36,4 (December 2007): 1301-1327. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X0700018X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Behavior; Clare Jellick; Event History; Human Capital; Labor Market Demographics This paper examines the job mobility of young American workers in the turbulent labor market of the 1980s and 1990s. To study how structural dynamics affect job mobility, I test hypotheses on such major structural changes as industrial shifts and corporate merger movement. Event history analysis using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 suggests that structural changes played an important role in determining job mobility outcomes. Industrial expansion decreases the rates of employment exits and between-industry mobility, both upward and downward, net of demographic and human capital variables. Mergers decrease all kinds of job mobility rates, including employment exits and directional moves. This paper demonstrates that research in job mobility, industrial restructuring, and labor market inequality should be integrated in studying the connection between structural changes and individual behaviors. [Copyright 2007 Elsevier] Copyright of Social Science Research is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Shin, Taek-Jin. "The Impact of Structural Dynamics on Job Mobility Rates in the United States." Social Science Research 36,4 (December 2007): 1301-1327.
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5720. |
Shnaps, Reuven |
Estimating the Effect of Smoking on Birth Weight in a Dynamic Model When Fertility Is a Choice Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2001. DAI-A 62/05, p. 1899, Nov 2001. Also: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3015372 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Fertility; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Heterogeneity; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Siblings; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) The negative effect of smoking during pregnancy on birth weight outcomes has been a consistent finding in the economics literature on estimating birth weight production functions. An important result in the literature is that the negative effect of smoking on birth weight is generally robust to the introduction of unobserved heterogeneity in family-specific health endowments. All of the studies have assumed, however, that fertility itself is unrelated to either anticipated or realized birth weight outcomes that depend on such endowments. One purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of relaxing that assumption on the estimates of the smoking effect on birth weight. To that end, a dynamic model of fertility choice that explicitly incorporates the smoking decision, allowing for its addictive nature, and the birth weight technology, is constructed and empirically implemented using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Surveys 1979 youth cohort. The estimates of the model imply that avoiding heavy smoking during pregnancy will increase the birth weight of the born child by almost 5oz., or approximately 140g. This estimate, however, is only slightly lower than the one obtained from a sibling Fixed-Effects estimation procedure which is based on the simulated data, and is equal to the sibling Fixed-Effects estimate obtained from the actual data. In addition to obtaining estimates of the birth weight production function that account for fertility choice, the estimates of the model are used to perform counterfactual policy experiments. In particular, the model predicts that preventing women from smoking during pregnancies will increase average birth weight outcomes by 0.7oz. In addition, this policy will reduce the incidence of low birth weight by about 10%. Furthermore, increasing the cigarette taxes will lead to a significant decline in the percentage of women who smoke, both while they are pregnant and while they are not pregnant. Consequently, in the event of a 50% increase in the price of cigarettes about 6% of the pregnant women will realize a significant increase of 4.7oz., on average, in their children's birth weight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shnaps, Reuven. Estimating the Effect of Smoking on Birth Weight in a Dynamic Model When Fertility Is a Choice. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2001. DAI-A 62/05, p. 1899, Nov 2001.. |
5721. |
Shokraii, Nina H. Rector, Robert |
After 33 Years and $30 Billion, Time to Find Out if Head Start Produces Results Backgrounder #1202 Report, The Heritage Foundation, July 15, 1998. Also: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Education/BG1202.cfm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Heritage Foundation Keyword(s): Head Start Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper argues that the effectiveness of the Head Start program has been insufficiently studied and calls for its evaluation using NLSY data. The NLSY study would examine a wide range of outcomes, including cognitive, socio-emotional, behavioral, and academic development, while controlling for such factors as family background, the mother's intelligence quotient (IQ), and the mother's level of education. The authors note that there is a tendency on the part of NLSY parents to overstate the attendance of their children in Head Start and ask that the researchers adjust the data accordingly. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shokraii, Nina H. and Robert Rector. "After 33 Years and $30 Billion, Time to Find Out if Head Start Produces Results." Backgrounder #1202 Report, The Heritage Foundation, July 15, 1998. |
5722. |
Shonkoff, Jack P. Phillips, Deborah A. |
From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309069882/html/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Overview, Child Assessment Data Scientists have had a long-standing fascination with the complexities of the process of human development. Parents have always been captivated by the rapid growth and development that characterize the earliest years of their children's lives. Professional service providers continue to search for new knowledge to inform their work. Consequently, one of the distinctive features of the science of early childhood development is the extent to which it evolves under the anxious and eager eyes of millions of families, policy markers, and service providers who seek authoritative guidance as they address the challenges of promoting the health and well-being of young children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shonkoff, Jack P. and Deborah A. Phillips. From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.. |
5723. |
Shore, Stephanie A. |
Obesity and Asthma: Implications for Treatment Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 13,1 (January 2007): 56-62 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Keyword(s): Asthma; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Epidemiological data as well as data from mouse models of asthma indicate a relationship between obesity and asthma. The purpose of this review is to evaluate rehcent data addressing this relationship and its biological basis, and to evaluate the implications of these data for treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: Obesity increases the prevalence, incidence, and possibly severity of asthma, while weight loss in the obese improves asthma outcomes. Obesity also influences asthma control and the response to standard asthma therapeutics. Moreover, obese mice exhibit innate airway hyperresponsiveness and increased responses to common asthma triggers. The biological basis for the relationship between obesity and asthma may be the result of common etiologies, comorbidities, effects of obesity on lung volume, or adipokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, leptin, and adiponectin. SUMMARY: Understanding the mechanistic basis for the relationship between obesity and asthma may lead to new therapeutic strategies for treatment of this susceptible population. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) |
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Bibliography Citation
Shore, Stephanie A. "Obesity and Asthma: Implications for Treatment." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 13,1 (January 2007): 56-62.
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5724. |
Showalter, Brandon |
What Does a Broken Home Cost a Child? $61,600, Study Finds Christian Post, August 23, 2018. Also: https://www.christianpost.com/news/what-does-a-broken-home-cost-a-child-61600-study-226952/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Christian Post Keyword(s): Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Divorce; Family Structure; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A new study examining family structures reveals that children from broken families accumulate approximately $61,600 less wealth on average over the course of their lifetimes than those who were raised in an intact family. [Media article based on Bernardi, Fabrizio, Diederik Boertien and Koen Geven. "Childhood Family Structure and the Accumulation of Wealth Across the Life Course." Journal of Marriage and Family published online (03 August 2018): DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12523] |
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Bibliography Citation
Showalter, Brandon. "What Does a Broken Home Cost a Child? $61,600, Study Finds." Christian Post, August 23, 2018. |
5725. |
Shull, Virginia |
Division of Labor and the Economic Determinants of Divorce Honors Project Paper 57, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1995. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/57 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University Keyword(s): Divorce; Family Formation; Family Income; Family Models; Family Studies; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marital Stability; Marriage; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The theme of the 1992 National Republican Convention rang out with such phrases as the "traditional family" and "family values," and many conservatives asserted that a return to these molds of the established institutions of marriage and family would be the solution to the societal ills America now faces. As the number of single parent households skyrocketed in the 1980's and more single-headed household incomes began to fall at or below the poverty line, America as a whole began to feel the economic burden of a booming population of families economically dependent on federal and state social programs. This paper will explore how the economic structure of a marriage determines the viability of the marriage over time. More specifically, it will attempt to test a hypothesis implied by Gary Becker's theory of the family that the lack of division of labor between two spouses, that is both spouses working full time outside the home, causes a greater probability of divorce. Hence, a "traditional family", with only one spouse as the primary wage earner and the other spouse primarily producing nonmarketable commodities within the home is "better off" than a non-traditional family because that family unit is more likely to realize economies from divisions of labor and to remain permanent. |
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Bibliography Citation
Shull, Virginia. "Division of Labor and the Economic Determinants of Divorce." Honors Project Paper 57, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1995. |
5726. |
Sicilian, Paul Grossberg, Adam J. |
Does Supervisor Gender Affect Wages? Empirical Economics 46,2 (March 2014): 479-499. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00181-013-0695-4?no-access=true Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Gender; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Supervisor Characteristics; Wage Effects; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79) and the Current Population Survey to estimate the wage effects of having a female supervisor. Existing studies, using OLS to estimate the supervisor gender effect, find wage penalties for both men and women associated with working for a female supervisor. We extend this research in two important ways. First, we control for gender segregation at job level as opposed to the broader occupation level. This is important because of the concern that supervisor gender is simply a proxy for the gender-type of the job. Second, we apply fixed effects estimation to control for selection effects of supervisor gender. When using OLS we find estimates of the supervisor gender effect similar to those in the existing literature. However, when using fixed effects we find no evidence of a supervisor gender effect for women and only a small, marginally significant effect for men. We conclude that existing OLS estimates overstate the importance of the impact of supervisor gender on wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sicilian, Paul and Adam J. Grossberg. "Does Supervisor Gender Affect Wages?" Empirical Economics 46,2 (March 2014): 479-499.
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5727. |
Sicilian, Paul Grossberg, Adam J. |
Investment in Human Capital and Gender Wage Differences: Evidence from the NLSY Applied Economics 33,4 (2001): 463-471. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036840123000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Gender; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Modeling; Time Use; Training, Off-the-Job; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to investigate gender differences in returns to various forms of human capital. Since the NLSY includes relatively detailed information regarding on- and off-the-job training, special emphasis is placed on measuring gender differences in the incidence of and returns to formal post-school training. Also considered is the role of non-human capital factors such as industry and occupation in explaining the wage gap. It is found that about 60% of the gender wage gap in the sample is explained by mean differences in individual characteristics and market circumstances. This suggests a smaller role for discrimination in explaining the wage gap than previous research has found. The research indicates that training does not affect the gender wage gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sicilian, Paul and Adam J. Grossberg. "Investment in Human Capital and Gender Wage Differences: Evidence from the NLSY." Applied Economics 33,4 (2001): 463-471.
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5728. |
Sickles, Robin Taubman, Paul |
Who Uses Illegal Drugs American Economic Review 81,2 (May 1991): 248-251. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2006863 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Drug Use; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper utilizes data from the 1984 and 1988 NLSY to estimate a model of the types of young people reporting use, in the past year, of various illegal substances such as marijuana or cocaine. Examined are such socio- demographic variables as age, race, sex, parents' education, yearly income, and religious affiliation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sickles, Robin and Paul Taubman. "Who Uses Illegal Drugs." American Economic Review 81,2 (May 1991): 248-251.
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5729. |
Sickmeier, Marie B. |
Union Wage Impact: Cross-Sectional & Longitudinal Analyses Using the NLSY Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Unions; Wage Effects To date, the state of the research on the impact of unions on wages is clear on the existence on a union wage differential, but the size of the differential remains subject to debate. Central to the uncertainty surrounding the debate is which type of research design is most appropriate for measuring the differential. This dissertation addresses this issue by conducting cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis using the NLSY. Results of the two cross-sectional analyses and the longitudinal analyses lead us to the following conclusions: (1) the impact of unions on the wages of youth is less than it is traditionally argued for - on the order of ten percent for males and three percent for females; (2) cross-sectional estimates of 14 and 12 percent were found for the years of 1982 and 1986, respectively; and (3) striking gender differences in the impact of unions on wages were reported with unions having no significant effect on female wages in the longitudinal analysis. Suggestions for future research utilizing longitudinal data sets and arguments for the inclusion of both genders in such efforts are presented. The authors conclude that longitudinal designs are the preferred way of investigating the union impact on wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sickmeier, Marie B. Union Wage Impact: Cross-Sectional & Longitudinal Analyses Using the NLSY. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1989. |
5730. |
Siddique, Zahra |
Ethnicity, Race and Gender in the Labor Market Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 2008. DAI-A 69/03, Sep 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cross-national Analysis; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Discrimination; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Domestic Violence; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Gender; India, Indian; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Ethnicity, race and gender play an important role in labor markets; labor market outcomes such as hiring and compensation are very different across different social groups. These differentials are partly the result of differences in productivity and preferences and partly the result of discrimination. Chapter two uses an audit study to determine the existence and extent of caste-based discrimination in the Indian private sector. The study also has policy implications for recent debates regarding introduction of caste-based quotas in Indian private sector jobs. Resumes with caste-specific names are sent to employers for entry-level jobs and callback rates measured. On average, low-caste applicants need to send 20% more resumes than high-caste applicants to get one callback. There is also heterogeneity in callback gaps by recruiter characteristics and firm size which indicates the presence of prejudice against low-caste workers and is consistent with commitments made by large firms to hire actively from among low-caste groups. In chapter three I find partially identified treatment effect for arrest and other treatments by looking at recidivism for a sample of domestic assault offenders. The treatment effects are not fully identified due to non-compliance with assigned treatment and the possibility of a non-random treatment assignment. Partially identified treatment effects are estimated by making minimal assumptions on the counterfactual probabilities. Chapter four (based on joint work with Wallace Mok) examines the difference in non-wage compensation between African Americans and whites in the US. Using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we find that without controlling for the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) scores, white men are more likely to receive non-wage compensation and white women are not more likely to get non-wage compensation. With controls for AFQT scores we find that white men are not more likely to receive non-wage compensation but black women are more likely to get non-wage compensation. We also find that the percentage differences in total compensation and the percentage differences in wages across racial groups are essentially the same. |
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Bibliography Citation
Siddique, Zahra. Ethnicity, Race and Gender in the Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 2008. DAI-A 69/03, Sep 2008. |
5731. |
Sidhu, Nirmal S. |
The Role of Cognitive Ability in the Health-Education Nexus M.A. Thesis, University of Calgary (Canada), 2004. MAI 43/02, p. 419, Apr 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Endogeneity; Health Factors; Schooling This thesis, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), examines the role of cognitive ability in the health-education nexus and tries to estimate the effect of cognitive ability on health. The results of our study suggest that though schooling is still associated with health, this association is reduced by about half with inclusion of cognitive ability. The effect of cognitive ability on health is more stable and robust to different measures of health. Therefore, the well-documented association between health and schooling is partially attributable to cognitive ability. However, when schooling is treated as endogenous to health, cognitive ability is no longer statistically related to health but schooling appears to cause better health. We also find that studies that do not control for cognitive ability in the schooling equation, or in both the schooling and the health equation, tend to overestimate the association between schooling and health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sidhu, Nirmal S. The Role of Cognitive Ability in the Health-Education Nexus. M.A. Thesis, University of Calgary (Canada), 2004. MAI 43/02, p. 419, Apr 2005. |
5732. |
Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy |
US Study: Jews Richer Because of Religion Jerusalem Post, Daily Edition, Sep. 21, 2003: pg. 3 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Palestine Post Ltd. Keyword(s): Religion; Religious Influences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Religious teachings of different faiths may influence spending and saving strategies in a variety of ways, according to [Lisa Keister]. For example, conservative Protestants often emphasize prayer and trust in God, which may reduce their desire to invest. Conservative Protestants also look forward to the rewards of the afterlife and don't promote acquiring wealth as a good for this life. Jews, on the other hand ... For the study itself, see, citation number 4656 "Religion and Wealth: The Role of Religious Affiliation and Participation in Early Adult Asset Accumulation" by Lisa Keister in this bibliography. |
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Bibliography Citation
Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy. "US Study: Jews Richer Because of Religion." Jerusalem Post, Daily Edition, Sep. 21, 2003: pg. 3. |
5733. |
Sievertsen, Hans Henrik |
The Consumption Value of Higher Education M.Sc. Dissertation, Economics, University of Warwick, September 19, 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); College Education; Earnings; Educational Costs; Higher Education; Modeling; Occupational Choice; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. If the choice of higher education is affected by non-pecuniary components, progressive tax systems can be introduced for efficiency reasons. Very few studies have analysed these non-pecuniary components of higher education. With a dataset on American college students we show that controlling for selectivity, actual earnings differ from potential earnings. Counterfactual earnings are predicted by means of a polychotomous choice selection model. It is found that education and nursing and liberal arts graduates sacrifice up to 46 pct. of their potential earnings. Assuming that these students maximised expected utility when choosing education, their choice indicates that their education must have a consumption component, which should not be ignored in policy design. The aim of this study is to measure whether there is any consumption value of college education. This is done by combining previous approaches and applying them on a detailed dataset of American college students. By means of the theory of compensating values we provide a measurement of the lower bound for the individual valuation of the consumption component of college education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sievertsen, Hans Henrik. The Consumption Value of Higher Education. M.Sc. Dissertation, Economics, University of Warwick, September 19, 2009. |
5734. |
Sillers, Anna |
Understanding How Birth Spacing Influences the Employment Decisions of At-risk, Unmarried Mothers after the Birth of a Second Child M.P.P. Thesis, Department of Public Policy and Policy Management, Georgetown University, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Maternal Employment; Parents, Single; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Returning to work after giving birth is uniquely important to unmarried mothers, who rely more heavily on their income than married mothers, who have, on average, higher household incomes. One understudied effect in unmarried mothers' employment status is the number of months between the births of the first and second child. To better understand if birth spacing impacts single mother's employment, I used data from the NLSY79 of unmarried mothers who gave birth to their first child before the age of 22 and went on to have a second child between 1980 and 2006. I conducted a survival analysis using Cox proportional hazard regressions to determine the risk of entering or returning to the workforce within a year following the second birth. I found that while spacing children more than 77 months apart is associated with a higher risk of entering the workforce when testing just birth spacing effects, these effects disappear net of controls for previous income, age and work history. This suggests that women who have children farther apart are also more likely to have characteristics associated with returning to work after giving birth. I also found that being employed before the second child is born is highly correlated with returning to or entering the workforce within twelve months of the birth. This suggests that policies that allow women to stay employed while pregnant could be helpful in encouraging single women to return to the workforce after having a second child. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sillers, Anna. Understanding How Birth Spacing Influences the Employment Decisions of At-risk, Unmarried Mothers after the Birth of a Second Child. M.P.P. Thesis, Department of Public Policy and Policy Management, Georgetown University, 2018. |
5735. |
Silva, Fabiana |
Generating Labor Market Inequality: Family Background, Employment Histories, and Earnings Disparities Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): College Degree; Earnings; Economic Well-Being; Employment History; Family Background and Culture; Household Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Parents pass on a substantial amount of their economic advantage to their children. While sociologists have long sought to explain this intergenerational transmission of economic status, most of the transmission remains unexplained. I argue sociological explanations have been limited by their focus on pre-labor market factors, such as educational attainment. Instead, drawing on rich week-by-week measures of work experiences from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), I examine the role of labor market experiences--specifically, employment histories--in explaining the intergenerational transmission of economic status. I document a strong association between parental income and employment histories for men without a college degree. Among this group, men from higher-income families accumulate more work experience and tenure, and less unemployment, throughout their careers than men from lower-income families. Further, higher parental income is associated with a faster transition to stable employment for men with at most a high-school education, reducing the "churning" that characterizes the early labor market years of less-educated men. Consequently, conditioning on pre-labor market factors, employment histories mediate approximately one-third of the effect of parental income on earnings among non-college graduates. In contrast, regardless of parental income, college graduates quickly settle into stable, long-term employment. For the purposes of attaining stable employment, a college degree appears to be a powerful resource that leaves little room for family background effects. Ultimately, this study highlights the utility of examining how family background continues to affect individuals after they enter labor force. |
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Bibliography Citation
Silva, Fabiana. "Generating Labor Market Inequality: Family Background, Employment Histories, and Earnings Disparities." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018. |
5736. |
Silverman, Daniel Susman |
Non-market Determinants of Human Capital Accumulation: Theory and Evidence Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior, Violent; Crime; Gender Differences; Human Capital Theory; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Supply; Modeling; Racial Differences; Time Preference; Underclass; Welfare Crime and reputation. A model of social interaction is developed in which individuals with varying payoffs from street crime meet in an environment with incomplete information. The value of a reputation for violence is demonstrated. Those who do not gain from street crime directly nevertheless invest in violence and thereby build a reputation that will earn them deference from the rest of the community. It may be that even when the fraction of the population with a direct interest in street crime is small a larger proportion will necessarily participate in violence in pursuit of reputation. Thus the model explains how a social force (reputation) can support an "underclass" culture of violence in communities where the incentives for such behavior are otherwise weak. The model also reveals how the social structure of a community interacts with returns to crime to determine the value of a street reputation. On the compassion of time-limited welfare programs ( with H. Fang). Supporters of recent welfare reforms argue that time limits and other eligibility restrictions serve recipients. We present a simple model of present-biased preferences to investigate the theoretical validity of this claim. We first identify four types of outcome that describe the behavior of a present-biased agent in the absence of time limits. We then show that the behavioral consequences of time limits are contingent on which outcome characterizes the agent's behavior in the absence of time limits. Under some conditions the imposition of time limits may improve the well-being of welfare recipients evaluated both in terms of long-run, time-consistent utility and the period-one self's utility. This benefit of time limits may come either from allowing the welfare eligible to start working earlier than they otherwise would or, contrary to the intent of the reforms, from allowing them to postpone working. Time-inconsistency and welfare promgram participation: Evidence from the NLSY (with H. Fang). This paper applies a model of potentially time-inconsistent preferences to the problem of dynamic labor supply and welfare program participation. From panel data on the choices of single women with children, we provide estimates of the degree of time-inconsistency, and of its influence on the welfare take-up decision. Estimates of time-discount parameters suggest present-bias in preferences. Simulations of the estimated model indicate that, in states with relatively low welfare benefits, commitment problems lead to significant under-investment in human capital. However, policies such as welfare time limits and work requirements, that provide imperfect commitments to future human capital investment, appear unlikely to generate substantial utility gains for the welfare eligible. The effect of adolescent experience on labor market outcomes: The case of height (with N. Persico and A. Postlewaite ). Consistent with prior studies, we find that taller workers receive a wage premium, and that the disparity in wages is similar in magnitude to the race and gender gaps. Our contribution is to exploit the variation in an individual's height over time to identify the channels through which height affects wages. We show that for white males, the effect of adult height is essentially eliminated when adolescent height is taken into account. We take this as evidence that adolescent height has important economic implications long after the time that it is observable to others, and we explore the channels through which the effects might be manifested. |
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Bibliography Citation
Silverman, Daniel Susman. Non-market Determinants of Human Capital Accumulation: Theory and Evidence. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2002. |
5737. |
Simmons, Sarah Marie |
Welfare (to School?) to Work: How Welfare Reform Affects Collegiate Attainment Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Education; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Income Level; Modeling; Transition, School to Work; Transition, Welfare to Work; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I model a woman's employment, education, fertility, marriage, and welfare receipt behavior as a series of interrelated discrete choices over time. A primary innovation of this model is the distinction between school enrollment and years of educational attainment. The detail with which this research models educational inputs and outputs makes it particularly well-suited for examining the impact of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) on the educational attainment of low-income women. Although there has been considerable study of the employment effects of "welfare reform" since its implementation in 1997, there has been far less attention paid to how it affects educational outcomes. How this program changes incentives to invest in education, particularly at the collegiate level, is important in gauging the long run economic impact of the policy. Individuals in my model make different career and family decisions due to observed characteristics that affect consumption and nonconsumption utility of choices. Choices differ also due to randomness in realizations of wages, translation of educational inputs into attainment, and choice-specific time shocks to utility. The human capital accrued through postsecondary education is modeled such that actual attainment is the measure of interest. The main education choice facing a woman in this model is how much effort to put towards completing additional schooling if she chooses to enroll. While a woman cannot directly choose to complete an additional year of school, her chances of doing so increase with the amount of effort she puts forth. Using maximum likelihood estimation, I estimate a structural model of women's choices using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in years prior to welfare reform. The results from the structural model are qualitatively consistent with the relationships found in the non-structural portion of this research but suggest an important role for unobserved heterogeneity.Specific plans exist and are under way to use maximum simulated likelihood estimation to estimate an empirical model that includes unobserved heterogeneity in women's tastes and ability. I will use estimated parameters from that model to simulate the effect of welfare reform on the collegiate attainment of low-income women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Simmons, Sarah Marie. Welfare (to School?) to Work: How Welfare Reform Affects Collegiate Attainment. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 2008. |
5738. |
Simon Thomas, Juli |
Health Effects of Work and Family Transitions Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 9,4 (2018): 412-432. Also: http://www.llcsjournal.org/index.php/llcs/article/view/507 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Divorce; Employment History; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Disruptive life events, including transitions in work or family structure, affect health. Research often focuses on one transition rather than thinking of an event framework in which respondents experience multiple transitions across qualitatively distinct domains. This paper contributes original evidence on the effects of event interaction, transition timing, and multiple occurrences of events on health outcomes. I look at employment loss, employment gain, marriage, and divorce as instances of disruptive transitions or instability in the life course; I analyse these events' effects on self-rated health and depression at ages 40 and 50. I show that employment losses and divorces have significant negative effects on health, and employment gains and marriages show smaller positive effects or null effects. Higher counts of transitions lead to stronger effects on health. Respondents who are older at event occurrence show larger negative effects, suggesting that work and family instability at early ages is not as detrimental to health as such instability at later ages. These results show that there are similarities across work and family domains in effects on health outcomes; moreover, experiencing several transitions can lead to overlaps in effects that might lessen or worsen health outcomes overall. |
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Bibliography Citation
Simon Thomas, Juli. "Health Effects of Work and Family Transitions." Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 9,4 (2018): 412-432.
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5739. |
Simon Thomas, Juli |
Variations in the Experience of Job Displacement for Single Mothers and the Effects on Their Children’s Educational Outcomes Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Children, Home Environment; College Enrollment; Depression (see also CESD); Displaced Workers; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; High School Completion/Graduates; Layoffs; Marital Disruption; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Multilevel; Parents, Single; Propensity Scores; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Parental job displacement can lead to unemployment, but the length of unemployment following a displacement varies substantially, in some cases not occurring at all; additionally, job displacements can occur more than once during a parent’s career, and they can occur at a time of many or few other layoffs. Brand and Simon Thomas (2012) find significant decreases in high school completion and college attendance as well as increases in depression among children whose single mothers were displaced. This study examines variations in single mothers’ job displacement experiences and the effects on children’s educational outcomes, including high school completion, college attendance, public versus private school attendance, two-year versus four-year college attendance, and full- or part-time college attendance. The National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, the Child-Mother File, and Mass Layoff Statistics are used to move toward a more nuanced understanding of the effects of parental job displacement on children’s educational outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Simon Thomas, Juli. "Variations in the Experience of Job Displacement for Single Mothers and the Effects on Their Children’s Educational Outcomes." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
5740. |
Simon, Kosali Ilayperuma Kaestner, Robert |
Do Minimum Wages Affect Non-Wage Job Attributes? Evidence on Fringe Benefits and Working Conditions NBER Working Paper No. 9688, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2003. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w9688.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Benefits; Benefits, Fringe; Minimum Wage; Wage Effects; Wage Levels; Wages Neoclassical labor market theories imply that employers will react to binding minimum wages by changing the level of employment. A multitude of studies consider this aspect of minimum wages, yet fail to reach a consensus as to its employment effects. While the employment effects of the minimum wage are certainly important, the empirical literature has not adequately explored the possibility that employers may also adjust non-wage components of the job such as fringe benefits, job safety, and access to training opportunities. We study the effect of minimum wage legislation on fringe benefits (employer provision of health insurance, pension coverage, dental insurance, vacation pay, and training/educational benefits) and working conditions (shift work, irregular shifts, and workplace safety) doing the period of 1979 to 2000 using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Current Population Survey. We examine effects of state and federal variation in the minimum wages on groups unlikely to be affected by minimum wage. These effects are compared to estimates found for groups unlikely to be affected by minimum wages. Our results indicate no discernible effect of the minimum wage on fringe benefit generosity for low-skilled workers. This conclusion is unchanged whether we use only state level variations or federal and state variation in minimum wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Simon, Kosali Ilayperuma and Robert Kaestner. "Do Minimum Wages Affect Non-Wage Job Attributes? Evidence on Fringe Benefits and Working Conditions." NBER Working Paper No. 9688, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2003. |
5741. |
Simpson, Sally S. Elis, Lori |
Doing Gender: Sorting Out the Caste and Crime Condundrum Criminology 33,1 (February 1995): 47-81. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1995.tb01171.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Gender Differences; Mobility, Social; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Racial Studies; Self-Reporting; Social Environment; Social Roles; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Explorations of the relationship between inequality and crime have examined the significance of class, gender, and racial oppression, but few theorists have considered how gender and racial oppression moderate etiological factors predictive of delinquency. Reviewing the literature in this area, several research hypotheses are generated regarding the formation of hegemonic masculinities and femininities within social institutions (work, family, peer groups, and schools), the ways in which "doing gender" must be modified by race, and the relationship among social structure, social action, and delinquency. In addition, self-report data (N = 4,578 juveniles) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979/80) are used to test the research hypotheses. The results indicate that gender and race do in fact modify independent-variable effects on property and violent delinquency. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Simpson, Sally S. and Lori Elis. "Doing Gender: Sorting Out the Caste and Crime Condundrum." Criminology 33,1 (February 1995): 47-81.
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5742. |
Sims, Emma E. Trattner, Jonathan D. Garrison, S. Mason |
Does Depression Lead to Criminal Behavior? A Sibling Comparison Design Using the NLSY Presented: Online, Behavior Genetics Association Annual Meeting, June 29, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Crime; Depression (see also CESD); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Relative to the general population, adolescents with psychiatric disorders such as major depression disorder are incarcerated (and reincarcerated) at higher rates (McDougall et al., 2013). Current research is mixed whether this association is a cause, consequence, or familial confound. For example, correctional facility time leads to more depressive symptoms (Fazel et al., 2008), yet depression is associated with antisocial behaviors (e.g., delinquency; Ozkan et al., 2019). Moreover, most studies have failed to incorporate genetic and environmental confounding. Therefore, we employed the discordant kinship model to see whether compared siblings. We examined the direction and timing of the relationship between criminal behavior and depression, using sibling pairs from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979--a nationally representative study. This allowed us to control for within- and between-family variance, reducing plausible confounds in analyzing the causal relationship between depression and delinquency. After controlling for familial confounds, we failed to find a causal link between depression and delinquency. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sims, Emma E., Jonathan D. Trattner and S. Mason Garrison. "Does Depression Lead to Criminal Behavior? A Sibling Comparison Design Using the NLSY." Presented: Online, Behavior Genetics Association Annual Meeting, June 29, 2021. |
5743. |
Singh, Maliha M |
Essays in Applied Economics and Public Policy Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Disability; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Insurance, Health; Legislation; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the first chapter, I look into the long-term effects of the receipt of child Supplemental Security Income (SSI) on the siblings to whom the SSI benefits are directly targeted and the spillover effects on the other siblings in the family without a disability. Siblings in households where a child has a disability are often disadvantaged as parents need to divert a high proportion of their resources, time, and energy to the child with a disability in the family (Abrams, 2009). In 1990, the Zebley reform took place which made it easier for children with intellectual disabilities to obtain SSI. This historic decision passed by the U.S. Supreme Court in the Sullivan vs Zebley case allowed children with intellectual disabilities, previously not considered disabled for SSI purposes, to receive child SSI benefits for disability. Exploiting the quasi-experimental variation induced by the Zebley decision, I employ a difference-in-differences model. The model estimates the intent-to-treat effects of being eligible for Zebley for an additional year on the outcomes of the children with Zebley affected intellectual disabilities and their siblings with no disabilities. Being eligible for SSI for an additional year increases the number of years of schooling completed by the Zebley eligible child, and also increases the probability that the other siblings in the family complete high school by age 19, earn a higher income, and have private health insurance coverage at the age of 25. |
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Bibliography Citation
Singh, Maliha M. Essays in Applied Economics and Public Policy. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2022. |
5744. |
Sinha, Gaurav R. Viswanathan, Madhubalan Larrison, Christopher R. |
Student Loan Debt and Mental Health: A Comprehensive Review of Scholarly Literature from 1900 to 2019 Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work published online (04 January 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1080/26408066.2023.2299019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Student Loans / Student Aid Purpose: The review had two purposes. The first was to examine the nature and extent of published literature on student loan and the second was to systematically review the literature on student loans and mental health. Materials and Methods: Data from academic databases (1900–2019) were analyzed using two methods. First, topic modeling (a text-mining tool that utilized Bayesian statistics to extract hidden patterns in large volumes of texts) was used to understand the topical coverage in peer-reviewed abstracts (n = 988) on student debt. Second, using PRISMA guidelines, 46 manuscripts were systematically reviewed to synthesize literature linking student debt and mental health. Results: A model with 10 topics was selected for parsimony and more accurate clustered representation of the patterns. Certain topics have received less attention, including mental health and wellbeing. In the systematic review, themes derived were categorized into two life trajectories: before and during repayment. Whereas stress, anxiety, and depression dominated the literature, the review demonstrated that the consequences of student loans extend beyond mental health and negatively affect a person’s wellbeing. Self-efficacy emerged as a potential solution. Discussion and Conclusion: Across countries and samples, the results are uniform and show that student loan burdens certain vulnerable groups more. Findings indicate diversity in mental health measures has resulted into a lack of a unified theoretical framework. Better scales and consensus on commonly used terms will strengthen the literature. Some areas, such as impact of student loans on graduate students or consumers repaying their loans, warrant attention in future research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sinha, Gaurav R., Madhubalan Viswanathan and Christopher R. Larrison. "Student Loan Debt and Mental Health: A Comprehensive Review of Scholarly Literature from 1900 to 2019." Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work published online (04 January 2024).
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5745. |
Sirois, Catherine |
The Strain of Sons' Incarceration on Mothers' Health Social Science and Medicine 264 (November 2020): 113264. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953620304834 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Health; Sons; Well-Being Research on disadvantage across generations typically focuses on the resources that parents pass on to their children. Yet, social disadvantage might also result from the transmission of adverse experiences from children to their parents. This paper explores one such adverse experience by examining the influence of a son's incarceration on his mother's health. Using panel data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and its young adult follow up (n=2,651 mothers; 18,390 observations), the paper shows that mothers are more likely to suffer health limitations after a son is incarcerated. A time-distributed fixed effects analysis indicates that the effect on maternal health may persist or even grow over time. Rather than a short-term shock whose effect soon diminishes, a son's incarceration is a long-term strain on mothers' health. The disproportionate incarceration of young men in disadvantaged communities is thus likely to contribute to cumulative adversity among mothers already at risk of severe hardship. More broadly, the results suggest how children's adverse experiences may influence parental well-being, producing further disadvantage across generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sirois, Catherine. "The Strain of Sons' Incarceration on Mothers' Health." Social Science and Medicine 264 (November 2020): 113264.
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5746. |
Sironi, Maria |
The Transition to Adulthood in the Developed Western World: A Focus on the Achievement of Economic Independence and on the Role of Family Background Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Economic Independence; Family Background and Culture; Socioeconomic Background; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The second half of the twentieth century has been characterized by substantial changes in demographic behaviors. Among these transformations also the process by which adolescents and teenagers transition to adulthood has changed greatly in many countries of the Western world. All the events of the transition to adulthood have been delayed and life course trajectories became more diverse. There are some aspects concerning the mentioned changes that have not been extensively studied in the literature. This dissertation is a collection of three papers that have the aim to investigate these neglected aspects concerning life course trajectories of young adults. In particular, the first two papers look at trends over time in the achievement of economic independence, a crucial event in the transition to adulthood that has not received enough attention so far. The first paper is a cross-national comparison describing the situation in six different developed societies. The second paper studies only the United States, going back to the 1970s and tracing changes over time until 2007. The third paper, instead, focuses on the role of parental social class in the transition to adulthood. The exact mechanisms by which socio-economic status affects the transition to economic self-sufficiency and family formation are largely unknown. A better understanding of these issues can highlight additional information to understand why and how the transition to adulthood has changed in the last five decades. Analyses were carried out using survey data from the Luxemburg Income Study (LIS), the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS, NLSY79, NLSY97), and the Multipurpose ISTAT (FSS 2003). A first main finding of this study is that the transition to economic independence has been delayed together with all the other events of the transition to adulthood. This process has occurred in all developed Western countries even if with some differences. A second finding is that parental social class can explain some of the variation in life courses, and that a higher social class is associated with a postponement in the transition. Also the role of family background, however, differentiates based on welfare state regimes, institutions, and the strength of family ties. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sironi, Maria. The Transition to Adulthood in the Developed Western World: A Focus on the Achievement of Economic Independence and on the Role of Family Background. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 2013. |
5747. |
Sironi, Maria Barban, Nicola Impicciatore, Roberto |
Parental Social Class and the Transition to Adulthood in Italy and the United States Advances in Life Course Research 26 (December 2015): 89-104. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040260815000532 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Italy/Italian Social Surveys; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Transition, Adulthood Compared to older cohorts, young adults in developed societies delay their transition to adulthood. Yet within cohorts, variations in timing and sequencing of events still remain. A major determinant of life course differences is social class. This characteristic can influence the sequence of events in terms of socioeconomic inequalities through a different availability of opportunities for social mobility. Several studies show that in North America, a higher familial status tends to decrease the complexity of trajectories, while the opposite effect has been found in Southern Europe. This research examines the sequence of transitions, highlighting in a comparative perspective how life trajectories are influenced by parental social class in the United States and Italy. The main result of the analysis is that the effect of parental status is in fact different across countries, however in an unforeseen way based on what the literature on the topic has found so far. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sironi, Maria, Nicola Barban and Roberto Impicciatore. "Parental Social Class and the Transition to Adulthood in Italy and the United States." Advances in Life Course Research 26 (December 2015): 89-104.
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5748. |
Sironi, Maria Barban, Nicola Impicciatore, Roberto |
The Role of Parental Social Class in the Transition to Adulthood: a Sequence Analysis Approach in Italy and the United States Presented: Busan, Republic of Korea, IUSSP International Population Conference, August 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Economic Independence; Family Background and Culture; Italy/Italian Social Surveys; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In comparison to older cohorts, younger men and women in the developed societies delay their transition to adulthood and follow more complex trajectories. However, within cohorts there remain variations in timing and sequencing of events. Two of the major determinants of life course events related to transition to adulthood, and in particular family formation, are gender and social class. These two characteristics can influence the sequence of events characterizing the transition to adulthood in terms of socioeconomic inequalities through a different availability of opportunities for social mobility. Several studies show that in North America, a higher familiar status tends to decrease the complexity of trajectories or, in other words, to push towards a more "traditional" pattern, i.e. a trajectory in which the end of education and the first job precedes union formation, which in turn precedes parenthood. On the other hand, it has been highlighted that in Europe the familiar status has a different effect with an increasing complexity among higher status. The aim of the research is to examine in details the sequences of transitions highlighting, in a comparative perspective, how the life trajectories are influenced by parental social class and gender in the US and Italy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sironi, Maria, Nicola Barban and Roberto Impicciatore. "The Role of Parental Social Class in the Transition to Adulthood: a Sequence Analysis Approach in Italy and the United States." Presented: Busan, Republic of Korea, IUSSP International Population Conference, August 2013. |
5749. |
Sironi, Maria Furstenberg, Frank |
Trends in the Economic Independence of Young Adults in the United States: 1973–2007 Population and Development Review 38,4 (December 2012): 609-630. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00529.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Population Council Keyword(s): Economic Independence; Economic Well-Being; Employment; Transition, Adulthood One of the major milestones of adulthood is achieving economic independence. Without sufficient income, young people have difficulty leaving their childhood home, establishing a union, or having children—or they do so at great peril. Using the National Longitudinal Survey, this article compares the employment and economic circumstances of young adults aged 22–30 in 1973, 1987, and 2007, and their possible determinants. The results show that achieving economic independence is more difficult now than it was in the late 1980s and especially in the 1970s, even for the older age groups (age 27–28). The deterioration is more evident among men. From the 1970s there has been convergence in the trajectories for the achievement of economic self-sufficiency between men and women, suggesting that the increase in gender parity, especially in education and labor market outcomes, is making their opportunities to be employed and to earn good wages more similar. This convergence also suggests that union formation increasingly may depend on a capacity to combine men's and women's wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sironi, Maria and Frank Furstenberg. "Trends in the Economic Independence of Young Adults in the United States: 1973–2007." Population and Development Review 38,4 (December 2012): 609-630.
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5750. |
Sklaroff, Sara Ash, Michael |
American Pie Charts Civilization 4,2 (April-May 1997): 84-85 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: Library of Congress Associates Keyword(s): Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI); Data Quality/Consistency; I.Q.; NLS Description; NLSDBA CD-ROM; Socioeconomic Factors; Technology/Technological Changes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. How strange is the national passion to enumerate, gather, question, tabulate. The current information revolution only feeds the habit. Even as critics continue to worry whether CD-ROMs and on-line offerings will "kill" their analog ancestor (the printed word), they have to agree that the technology gives us unprecedented access to large stores of information, like reference works and databases. One of the best examples is the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth CD-ROM, an electronic compilation of just about everything that's worth knowing about Americans born at the end of the baby boom. On paper, the survey data would fill half a million pages, and until recently this kind of information was available only on nine-track tapes, which are played on clunky, expensive reel-to-reel tape players found in the basements of university archives. Today, $20 buys all of the NLSY data on one CDROM. Although the names of the survey participants and other identifying characteristics, li ke their home-towns--have been dropped, the disc paints a fascinating portrait of late-boomer psychology and socioeconomics. The survey began in 1979, when a representative 12,686 people between the ages of 14 and 22 started answering annual questionnaires about everything from income and criminal behavior to how often they order takeout food. (In 1994, the survey became biannual.) Their answers have launched thousands of academic papers, helped shape federal welfare and health policy--and made careers: In 1980, the survey group took an IQ test, which is how Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein became household names. Most of The Bell Curve's data came from the NLSY, although some argue that the authors misinterpreted the numbers. Unlike the census, which takes a snapshot of the entire population at 10-year intervals, the NLSY shows how individual lives unfold. And while the majority of people who use this data are trained professionals, the affordability of the CD-ROM m eans that anyone who's determined enough can engage in a bit of pop sociology at home. On two consecutive Saturday afternoons we did just that. We were able to run the disc (as yet available only in DOS format) on a basic CD-ROM/PC setup, but there are a few other tools we found helpful, like a printer, a statistics program to correlate the data (we used Stata), and, oh yes, an economist (a sociologist or statistician will do). After an hour or two of data extraction and tabulation, we came up with some compelling--if perplexing--findings. Of course, our kind of "data mining" is unacceptable to the serious social scientist (for whom theory should precede rabid cross-tabulation). But how delightful to find that, among the participants who were in the top 20th percentile for IQ, 87 percent lived in homes where someone subscribed to magazines. Even better, the disc lets you search by individual cases, revealing a wealth of characters worthy of a Flannery O'Connor story. Who is this white, male, Irish-American, Baptist, frequent pot smoker who has been married three times and makes $5.83 an hour? Who are these compulsive shoplifters, wealthy redheads, brilliant con artists? Like it or not, they are America. (Condensed from the article.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Sklaroff, Sara and Michael Ash. "American Pie Charts." Civilization 4,2 (April-May 1997): 84-85.
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5751. |
Skuterud, Mikal |
Explaining the Increase in On-the-job Search Working Paper 11F0019MIE No. 250, Statistics Canada, April 2005. Also: http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/11F0019MIE/11F0019MIE2005250.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Statistics Canada Keyword(s): Canada, Canadian; Canadian Labour Force Survey (LFS); Cross-national Analysis; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Job Search; Job Turnover; Labor Turnover; Wage Differentials Evidence from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) reveals that the percentage of employed workers searching for other jobs more than doubled in Canada between 1976 and 1995. Comparable evidence from the Current Population Survey (CPS), Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), and National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) suggests that the U.S. experienced a remarkably similar upward trend in on-the-job search (OJS) over this period. Using U.S. data to supplement the Canadian data wherever possible, this paper attempts to explain this long-term, secular trend in Canadian OJS rates by performing decomposition and industry-level analyses, and by considering concomitant changes in employer-to-employer transition rates and the wage returns to job changing. The results from both countries suggest that an important part of the upward trend in OJS rates is not explained by compositional effects, including cohort effects. The OJS increase seems also to have occurred independently of rising job insecurity due to sector-specific demand shocks and trends in the dispersion of log wage residuals. The data are most consistent with a long-term decrease in search costs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Skuterud, Mikal. "Explaining the Increase in On-the-job Search." Working Paper 11F0019MIE No. 250, Statistics Canada, April 2005. |
5752. |
Slade, Eric Phillip |
An Analysis of the Consequences of Employer Linked Health Insurance Coverage in the U. S. NLS Discussion Paper No. 96-33, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 1995. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl950100.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Clare Jellick; Employment; Health Care; Modeling This paper analyzes the arguments and evidence presented in existing job-lock studies, and offers new evidence regarding the effect of health insurance coverage on job mobility. It begins with a lengthy critique of existing studies. The second part of the paper presents a new model of job changes and health insurance coverage. The final section reports the results of an empirical analysis based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). |
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Bibliography Citation
Slade, Eric Phillip. "An Analysis of the Consequences of Employer Linked Health Insurance Coverage in the U. S." NLS Discussion Paper No. 96-33, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 1995. |
5753. |
Slade, Eric Phillip |
An Economic Analysis of Employer Related Health Insurance Coverage and Job Mobility in The United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Clare Jellick; Health Care; Health Reform; Industrial Relations; Labor Economics This dissertation investigates the relationship between access to employer related health insurance coverage and transitions out of existing jobs or into new jobs. That relationship has recently become an important topic for investigation as policy makers consider major reforms to the current system of health insurance coverage distribution in the U.S. Previous authors have pointed to the deterrent to job mobility created by preexisting conditions exclusions in health insurance policies as an important reason for reform, but give no guidance as to whether nationalized insurance would be more or less preferable to alternative piecemeal reforms to the current system, such as a prohibition on preexisting condition exclusions. This dissertation advances previous research in this area by formalizing a model which illustrates the interdependencies between job changes and access to health insurance coverage. Within this framework I examine the implications of alternative reforms for access to health insurance coverage and job mobility. In the analysis the decision to leave a current job depends on one's ability to obtain a new job which offers health insurance coverage. Also, individuals with a high propensity for job changes are less likely to be hired by employers who offer coverage than are low mobility individuals. Models of job mobility and health insurance acquisition are estimated using longitudinal data on 21-35 year olds from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The estimates of health insurance coverage show that employed individuals who have a history of severe illness or who live in states with high average health care costs are substantially less likely to be in jobs which offer coverage than are individuals who do not have a previous history of serious illness or who live in low cost states. For example, the model predicts that employees with three or more prior illness spells lasting longer than a week are 22 percent less likely to be in jobs that offer coverage than are individuals with no such prior spells. The job mobility estimates show that the existence of health insurance coverage at a current job has no negative effect on job mobility once an individual's propensity to change jobs is added as a control in the job mobility equation. This result together with the health insurance estimates strongly suggest that legislation which guarantees health insurance portability, such as the Kennedy-Kassebaum bill now in Congress, is unlikely to have a significant positive effect on job mobility; it may actually make health insurance coverage less available by increasing the burden on employers who offer health insurance as a fringe benefit, thus decreasing their willingness to do so. |
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Bibliography Citation
Slade, Eric Phillip. An Economic Analysis of Employer Related Health Insurance Coverage and Job Mobility in The United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University, 1997. |
5754. |
Slade, Peter |
Body Mass and Wages: New Evidence from Quantile Estimation Economics and Human Biology 27,A (November 2017): 223-240. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X16301320 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wages I estimate the effect of body mass index (BMI) on wages across the unconditional distribution of wages. I find that for whites and Hispanics the effect of BMI is generally decreasing across the wage distribution; at the.9 quantile of the wage distribution, a two standard deviation increase in BMI reduces wages by 8% for white males, 13% for white females, 9% for Hispanic males, and 16% for Hispanic females. Conversely, at the.1 quantile, a two standard deviation increase in BMI affects wages by less than 2% for all these groups. For black males, the effect of BMI is positive, and either increasing or non-linear in wages. For black females, the estimates tend to be more uniform across the wage distribution. I discuss possible explanations for these inter-quantile differences including preference discrimination, productivity differences, and statistical discrimination. The results point to a new explanation for the observed correlation between socioeconomic status and body weight: individuals with higher income earning potential have differential incentives to maintain a lower BMI. |
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Bibliography Citation
Slade, Peter. "Body Mass and Wages: New Evidence from Quantile Estimation." Economics and Human Biology 27,A (November 2017): 223-240.
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5755. |
Sloan, Frank A. Grossman, Daniel S. |
Alcohol Consumption in Early Adulthood and Schooling Completed and Labor Market Outcomes at Midlife by Race and Gender American Journal of Public Health 101,11 (November 2011): 2093-2101. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21330591 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Educational Attainment; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Attainment; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives. We assessed the relation of alcohol consumption in young adulthood to problem alcohol consumption 10 years later and to educational attainment and labor market outcomes at midlife. We considered whether these relations differ between Blacks and Whites. Methods. We classified individuals on the basis of their drinking frequency patterns with data from the 1982 to 1984 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (respondents aged 19–27 years). We assessed alcohol consumption from the 1991 reinterview (respondents aged 26–34 years) and midlife outcomes from the 2006 reinterview (respondents aged 41–49 years). Results. Black men who consumed 12 or more drinks per week at baseline had lower earnings at midlife, but no corresponding relation for Black women or Whites was found. Black men and Black women who consumed 12 or more drinks per week at baseline had lower occupational attainment than did White male non-drinkers and White female non-drinkers, respectively, but this result was not statistically significant. Conclusions. The relation between alcohol consumption in young adulthood and important outcomes at midlife differed between Blacks and Whites and between Black men and Black women, although Blacks’ alcohol consumption at baseline was lower on average than was that of Whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sloan, Frank A. and Daniel S. Grossman. "Alcohol Consumption in Early Adulthood and Schooling Completed and Labor Market Outcomes at Midlife by Race and Gender ." American Journal of Public Health 101,11 (November 2011): 2093-2101.
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5756. |
Sloan, Frank A. Grossman, Daniel S. Platt, Alyssa |
Heavy Episodic Drinking in Early Adulthood and Outcomes in Midlife Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 72,3 (May 2011): 459-470. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Heavy_Episodic_Drinking_in_Early_Adulthood_and_Outcomes_in_Midlife/4578.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Educational Attainment; Health Factors; Labor Market Outcomes; Propensity Scores; Youth Problems Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This study assessed to what extent drinking patterns of young adults persist into midlife and whether frequent heavy episodic drinking as a young adult is associated with educational attainment, labor market, and health outcomes at midlife. Method: Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we grouped individuals into three baseline drinking categories using data on the number of occasions they consumed six or more drinks on one occasion from the 1982-1984 surveys. Categories were frequent heavy episodic drinker, occasional heavy episodic drinker, and other drinker/abstainer. We used propensity score matching to compare baseline drinking groups on midlife alcohol consumption, educational attainment, and labor market and health outcomes. Results: Frequent heavy episodic drinkers substantially reduced alcohol consumption between baseline and follow-up 25 years later. However, they were much more likely to abuse alcohol and be alcohol dependent in 1994 and be heavy episodic drinkers at the 25-year follow-up compared with the other drinking groups. After matching, there was little indication that being in a higher consumption baseline alcohol group was adversely associated with years of schooling completed by middle age, the probability of being employed, earnings conditional on being employed in midlife, and health problems in midlife. Results on the probability of surviving to follow-up were mixed. Conclusions: Frequent heavy episodic drinking at ages 17-25 years was associated with higher rates of alcohol dependence and abuse at a 10-year follow-up and alcohol consumption 25 years following baseline but not with other study outcomes at midlife. Lack of differences in outcomes at midlife may be because of decreased heavy episodic drinking among the heaviest baseline drinkers. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 72, 459–470, 2011) |
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Bibliography Citation
Sloan, Frank A., Daniel S. Grossman and Alyssa Platt. "Heavy Episodic Drinking in Early Adulthood and Outcomes in Midlife." Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 72,3 (May 2011): 459-470.
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5757. |
Sloczynski, Tymon |
Average Gaps and Oaxaca-Blinder Decompositions: A Cautionary Tale about Regression Estimates of Racial Differences in Labor Market Outcomes IZA Discussion Paper No. 12041, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), December 2018. Also: https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/12041/average-gaps-and-oaxacablinder-decompositions-a-cautionary-tale-about-regression-estimates-of-racial-differences-in-labor-market-outcomes Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper I demonstrate, both theoretically and empirically, that the interpretation of regression estimates of between-group differences in economic outcomes depends on the relative sizes of subpopulations under study. When the disadvantaged group is small, regression estimates are similar to its average loss. When this group is instead a numerical majority, regression estimates are similar to the average gain for advantaged individuals. I analyze black-white test score gaps using ECLS-K data and black-white wage gaps using CPS, NLSY79, and NSW data, documenting that the interpretation of regression estimates varies dramatically across applications. Methodologically, I also develop a new version of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition whose unexplained component recovers a parameter referred to as the average outcome gap. Under a particular conditional independence assumption, this estimand is equivalent to the average treatment effect (ATE). Finally, I provide treatment-effects reinterpretations of the Reimers, Cotton, and Fortin decompositions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sloczynski, Tymon. "Average Gaps and Oaxaca-Blinder Decompositions: A Cautionary Tale about Regression Estimates of Racial Differences in Labor Market Outcomes." IZA Discussion Paper No. 12041, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), December 2018. |
5758. |
Sloczynski, Tymon |
Average Gaps and Oaxaca–Blinder Decompositions: A Cautionary Tale about Regression Estimates of Racial Differences in Labor Market Outcomes ILR Review published online (13 September 2019): DOI: 10.1177/0019793919874063. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0019793919874063 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Racial Differences; Statistics; Wage Gap Using a recent result from the program evaluation literature, the author demonstrates that the interpretation of regression estimates of between-group differences in wages and other economic outcomes depends on the relative sizes of subpopulations under study. When the disadvantaged group is small, regression estimates are similar to the average loss for disadvantaged individuals. When this group is a numerical majority, regression estimates are similar to the average gain for advantaged individuals. The author analyzes racial test score gaps using ECLS-K data and racial wage gaps using CPS, NLSY79, and NSW data, and shows that the interpretation of regression estimates varies substantially across data sets. Methodologically, he develops a new version of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, in which the unexplained component recovers a parameter referred to as the average outcome gap. Under additional assumptions, this estimand is equivalent to the average treatment effect. Finally, the author reinterprets the Reimers, Cotton, and Fortin decompositions in the context of the program evaluation literature, with attention to the limitations of these approaches. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sloczynski, Tymon. "Average Gaps and Oaxaca–Blinder Decompositions: A Cautionary Tale about Regression Estimates of Racial Differences in Labor Market Outcomes." ILR Review published online (13 September 2019): DOI: 10.1177/0019793919874063.
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5759. |
Smith-Donals, Louise |
Life Goals and Occupational Plans: A Comparison of Young American Men and Women Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Career Patterns; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Family Influences; Occupational Aspirations; Sex Roles This study analyzed the effects of occupational, marital, and parental life goals on contemporary youths' occupational plans. Its basic thesis was that both sexes' plans for employment in their early 20's are influenced by their midlife career goals but that anticipated family roles affect the occupational planning process of young women only. Regression analysis was used to estimate models of occupational plans and to test whether sex interacted with life goals and other determinants of occupational plans. Nearly all youths studied had formulated occupational and family life goals for age 35, but nearly one- fifth of them did not know what job they could expect to have 5 years after the survey. Unexpectedly, boys were far more likely than girls to lack occupational plans. The former group also was surprisingly heterogeneous with respect to academic ability and socioeconomic status. Educational opportunities appeared to distinguish youthful drifters from those whose plans for early employment are likely to be unrelated to their occupational goals. Youths plans were highly sex- stereotyped and strongly influenced by the prestige and sex-typicality (i.e., proportion of female incumbents) of their occupational goals. Sex interacted with significant others' encouragement to enter high-status occupations, those determining youths' occupational goals, educational plans, and the sex-typicality of early work plans. Desired family size and marriage age were unrelated to the prestige of youths' plans, but the latter produced more sex- stereotyped early work plans. Mothers' occupations influenced both plans process of the boys' and girls' at various points, but maternal employment did not affect youths' plans directly. In sum, the results indicate that socially directed "self- selection," as opposed to overt structural constraints or parental influence, constitutesthe dominant mechanism in youths' occupational planning process. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith-Donals, Louise. Life Goals and Occupational Plans: A Comparison of Young American Men and Women. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1983. |
5760. |
Smith-McKeever, T. Chedgzsey Falconnier, Lydia Gao, Weihua |
African American and White Mothers' Substance Abuse, Depression, and Criminality as Risk Factors for Child Behavior Problems Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 92,1 (January 2011): 63-68. Also: http://www.familiesinsociety.org/ArticleArchive/2011/92-1_smith-mckeever.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Alliance for Children and Families Keyword(s): Addiction; Age at First Birth; Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Bias Decomposition; Black Family; Black Studies; Depression (see also CESD); Drug Use; First Birth; Health, Mental/Psychological; Risk-Taking; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, examines the correlation among maternal substance abuse, depression, and criminality and their impact on child behavior problems, using a sample of African American and White mothers. Results show that maternal depression is the strongest predictor of child behavior problems. Race was significantly associated with income, a mother's age at the time of her first child's birth, and depression. Implications for practice include the need for practitioners to prioritize the treatment of maternal depression when working with children who have behavior problems and to not look at race as a cultural descriptor alone but rather to consider how it may be associated with other risk factors for child behavior problems. (Journal abstract) |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith-McKeever, T. Chedgzsey, Lydia Falconnier and Weihua Gao. "African American and White Mothers' Substance Abuse, Depression, and Criminality as Risk Factors for Child Behavior Problems." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 92,1 (January 2011): 63-68.
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5761. |
Smith-McKeever, T. Chedgzsey Rowe, Darryl M. Gao, Weihua |
Socioeconomic and Other Factors Influencing Depression: A Comparison of Black and White Mothers Journal of Ethnic And Cultural Diversity in Social Work 21,1 (2012): 1-19. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15313204.2012.647346 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Depression (see also CESD); Education; Income; Mothers, Health; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses the theoretical framework proposed by Jones and Ford (200823. Jones , L. V. and Ford) to examine the differential impact of psychosocial factors previously found to influence depression among mothers. The factors examined include race, education, income, and a child's behavior problems, as well as psychosocial factors such as substance abuse and criminality. The study analyzes a sample of 2,449 African-American and white mothers. Results indicate that race, education, income, drug use, and child behavior problems were significantly associated with maternal depression. Results also reveal significantly lower depression scores for African-American compared with white mothers, after controlling for all other statistically significant variables. In addition, increased income was more strongly associated with lower depression among white mothers than African-American mothers. Implications for practice include the need to assess and treat for the effects of the psychosocial factors of discrimination and race-based traumatic stress when working with African-American mothers with depression. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith-McKeever, T. Chedgzsey, Darryl M. Rowe and Weihua Gao. "Socioeconomic and Other Factors Influencing Depression: A Comparison of Black and White Mothers." Journal of Ethnic And Cultural Diversity in Social Work 21,1 (2012): 1-19.
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5762. |
Smith, Angela A. |
Predicting the Divorce Decisions of Young Women Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Honors Project Paper 63, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1996. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/63 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University Keyword(s): Divorce; Economic Changes/Recession; Family Income; Family Structure; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marriage; Undergraduate Research; Wage Rates; Wages, Young Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over recent decades, we have witnessed drastic changes in American family structure. Previous studies, such as those performed by Gary Becker (1991) and Manser and Brown (1980) have applied economic models to divorce and other family structure decisions. Building on the utility maximization analysis of Manser and Brown, as adapted by John Ermisch (1993), this study uses a logit regression analysis to predict divorce decisions for an all female sample of respondents, ages 28 to 36. Data are extracted from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for this analysis. Economic theory predicts that the probability of divorce is directly related to one's opportunity cost to being married. Using a woman's estimated wage rate as a proxy for the economic portion of this opportunity cost, this study hypothesizes that the probability of a woman seeking divorce will increase with increases in her potential wage rate, holding total family income constant. The empirical results of the study support this hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Angela A. "Predicting the Divorce Decisions of Young Women Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Honors Project Paper 63, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1996. |
5763. |
Smith, Chelsea Crosnoe, Robert Chao, Shih-Yi |
Family Background and Contemporary Changes in Young Adults' School-Work Transitions and Family Formation in the United States Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 46,A (December 2016): 3-10. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562416300099 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Family Background and Culture; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Force Participation; Marriage; Parenthood; Transition, Adulthood; Transition, School to Work The oft-discussed lengthening of the transition into adulthood is unlikely uniform across diverse segments of the population. This study followed youth in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts (n = 12,686 and 8,984, respectively) from 16 to 32 years old to investigate this trend in the United States, examining cross-cohort changes in transitions with a focus on differences by family background. Logistic regressions revealed that young adults in the most recent cohort were less likely to have completed schooling, fully entered the labor force, married, or become parents by their 30s than those in the older cohort. The cross-cohort drop in young adults completing schooling was more pronounced among youth from more disadvantaged family backgrounds, the drop in entering the labor force and having children was more pronounced among those from more advantaged backgrounds, and the drop in marriage did not differ by family background. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Chelsea, Robert Crosnoe and Shih-Yi Chao. "Family Background and Contemporary Changes in Young Adults' School-Work Transitions and Family Formation in the United States." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 46,A (December 2016): 3-10.
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5764. |
Smith, Claudette Lendora |
Factors Affecting the Economic Status of Early Childbearers Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Adolescent; Economic Changes/Recession; Family Background and Culture; Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Behavior; Poverty; Pregnancy, Adolescent The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify factors that affect the economic status of early childbearers at several points subsequent to the first birth. Both background factors and decisions and experiences of the women after their first birth were studied. The sample consisted of 162 women all of whom gave birth to their first child prior to age eighteen in the year 1979 or later. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) were analyzed at three points in time--the year after the first birth, five years later and in 1989. Both descriptive and multiple regression procedures were used to analyze the data. The results showed that both background factors and decisions made by early childbearers, as their lives unfolded, can either help or hinder them economically. Living arrangements and race proved to be important to affecting early childbearers' later economic status. In general being married, living independent of persons other than spouse (if any) and children and being white were associated with positive economic outcomes. Having additional births and having come from a poor family were associated with negative economic outcomes. The effect of education was somewhat ambiguous. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Claudette Lendora. Factors Affecting the Economic Status of Early Childbearers. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1994. |
5765. |
Smith, Dionne F. |
A Multi-Level Longitudinal Analysis of Racial Convergence and Segmentation between African-American and White Women in the Professions: 1967-1993 Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, 2002. DAI-A 63/08, p. 3015, February 2003 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Occupational Segregation; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Women In the late 1970s some theorists and policy makers asserted that equal opportunity policies had contributed to substantial racial convergence in employment in professional occupations. Segmentation theorists argued that these policies had forced racial minorities, African-Americans in particular, into a subordinate segment of the professional middle class. This study examines the racial convergence versus racial segmentation debate as it relates to the occupational distributions of African-American and White women in professional occupations from the 1960s to the 1990s. Previous studies devoted to the analysis of the employment patterns of African-American and White women in the professions have primarily employed census and other cross-sectional data to determine trends in women's occupational distributions over time. These studies have yielded aggregate-level statistics that are useful for the observation of overall trends; however, this level of analysis does not capture individual-level responses to changes in the social, economic, and political conditions at particular historical moments. Therefore, this study expands previous research with the use of individual-level panel data from the National Longitudinal Study of Labor Market Experience (NLS) for three age cohorts (Mature Women 1967, Young Women 1968, and Youth 1979). A longitudinal investigation of the intragenerational and intergenerational occupational distributions of African-American and White women was conducted in order to assess women's occupational behavior in response to the changing context in which they were making employment decisions from the 1960s to the 1990s. This study also expands results from previous research in that I (1)plify the interaction of race, gender, and class as it relates to the occupational distributions of African-American and White women in the professions within and across cohorts. Overall, the results support both the racial convergence and racial segmentation views. However, the extent of racial convergence and/or segmentation between African-American and White women in the professions is dependent upon the social construction and intersection of race, gender, and class at particular historical moments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Dionne F. A Multi-Level Longitudinal Analysis of Racial Convergence and Segmentation between African-American and White Women in the Professions: 1967-1993. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, 2002. DAI-A 63/08, p. 3015, February 2003. |
5766. |
Smith, Herbert L. |
A Reanalysis of Data Concerning the Effects of Maternal Employment on the Vocabularies of Four-Year-Old Children Working Paper, Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press Keyword(s): Child Development; Childbearing, Adolescent; Children; Family Income; Gender Differences; General Assessment; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Research Methodology; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Tests and Testing In a recent article in Demography, Desai, Chase-Lansdale, and Michael (1989) use data from the NLSY to examine the effects of maternal employment on the intellectual ability of young children. The chief vehicle is the regression of scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised (PPVT) on measures of maternal employment plus a variety of control variables. They conclude that maternal employment has a statistically significant adverse impact on a child's intellectual ability, but only for boys and only then for boys in higher income families. This paper reanalyzes data used by Desai et al. (1989) and concludes that their findings are largely unsubstantiated and very much open to misinterpretation. Among the criticisms discussed: The sample used in the article (NLSY) is designed to over-represent the disadvantaged American population and self-selection of women on the basis of early childbearing makes the sample even more unrepresentative; socioeconomic status (SES) is op erationalized in terms of an income measure that ignores mother's earnings, but is then discussed and interpreted in terms of the mother's education; the presence of sampling weights distorts characteristics of the sample; the crucial result of the study involves what is functionally a three-factor interaction--the effect of maternal work on child's PPVT score varies by the sex of the child and the level of non-maternal family income. Put simply, there is no statistical evidence that the effect of maternal work on child's PPVT score varies by either the child's sex or the family's non-maternal income, much less the two together. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Herbert L. "A Reanalysis of Data Concerning the Effects of Maternal Employment on the Vocabularies of Four-Year-Old Children." Working Paper, Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, 1990. |
5767. |
Smith, Jennifer Ann |
Family Wage Gap in the United States M.A. Thesis, The University of New Mexico, 2005. MAI 44/01, p. 135, Feb 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Childbearing; Labor Economics; Wage Gap; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The paper examines the wage disparities between parents and people without children. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort, this study determines the family wage gap for the 1979 cohort and compares it to the gap determined by Anderson, Binder and Krause in 2002 and 2003. It is determined that a woman's penalty for childbearing has largely increased as the workforce has changed and their responsibilities in the home have not. It is determined that fathers see a significant premium for their children, and that this may be because fathers have support at home and their partners are taking the bearing the cost of household responsibilities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Jennifer Ann. Family Wage Gap in the United States. M.A. Thesis, The University of New Mexico, 2005. MAI 44/01, p. 135, Feb 2006. |
5768. |
Smith, Judith R. |
Maternal Employment and the Young Child Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Census of Population; Child Care; Childbearing; Children, Behavioral Development; High School Completion/Graduates; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty The dramatic increase in the labor force participation rates of women with young children has become a new social reality impacting on childrearing and parenting arrangements. This study investigates the crossover effects of a mother's employment situation on her young child during the first, second and third year of the child's life. This study not only investigates maternal employment from the traditional perspective of the potential negative effects on the child as a result of coping with a separation from mother, but includes a broader investigation of how the various aspects of a working mother's employment situation affect subsequent development, measured when the child is four to six years old. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Judith R. Maternal Employment and the Young Child. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1994. |
5769. |
Smith, Judith R. Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Jackson, Aurora P. |
Parental Employment and Children In: Indicators of Children's Well-Being. R.M. Hauser, B. V. Brown, and W.R. Prosser, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997: 279-308. Also: http://www.russellsage.org/publications/titles/indicators_children.htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Family Resources; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Includes bibliographical references and index. Indicators of children's well-being : a review of current indicators based on data from the federal statistical system / Brett V. Brown -- Criteria for indicators of child well- being / Kristin A. Moore -- Population indicators of prenatal and infant health / Paula Lantz and Melissa Partin -- Health indicators for preschool children, ages one to four / Barbara L. Wolfe and James Sears -- Health indicators for preadolescent school-age children / Barbara Starfield -- Adolescent health indicators / Arthur B. Elster -- Indicators for school readiness, schooling, and child care in early to middle childhood / Deborah A. Phillips and John M. Love -- Indicators of high school completion and dropout / Robert M. Hauser -- Postsecondary and vocational education : keeping track of the college track / Thomas J. Kane -- Indicators of educational achievement / Daniel Koretz -- Indicators of children's economic well-being and parental employment / Susan E. Mayer -- Longitudinal indicators of children's poverty and dependence / Greg J. Duncan and Leslie Moscow -- Parental employment and children / Judith R. Smith, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Aurora Jackson -- Demographic change and the population of children : race/ethnicity, immigration, and family size / Dennis P. Hogan and David J. Eggebeen -- Family structure, stability, and the well-being of children / Gary D. Sandefur and Jane Mosley -- The influence of neighborhoods on children's development : a theoretical perspective and a research agenda / Frank F. Furstenberg, Jr., and Mary Elizabeth Hughes -- Potential and problems in developing community-level indicators of children's well-being / Claudia J. Coulton -- Indicators of positive development in early childhood : improving concepts and measures / J. Lawrence Aber and Stephanie M. Jones -- Indicators of problem behavior and problems in early childhood / John M. Love -- Positive indicators of adolescent development : redressing the negative image of American adolescents / Ruby Takanishi, Allyn M. Mortimer, and Timothy J. McGourthy -- The status of adolescent problem behavior indicators / Bruce P. Kennedy and Deborah Prothrow-Stith -- Potential and problems in developing indicators on child well-being from administrative data / Robert M. Goerge -- Context and connection in social indicators : enhancing what we measure and monitor / Marc L. Miringoff and Marque-Luisa Miringoff -- Children in dire straits : how do we know whether we are progressing? / William R. Prosser and Matthew Stagner. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Judith R., Jeanne Brooks-Gunn and Aurora P. Jackson. "Parental Employment and Children" In: Indicators of Children's Well-Being. R.M. Hauser, B. V. Brown, and W.R. Prosser, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997: 279-308.
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5770. |
Smith, Judith R. Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Klebanov, Pamela Kato |
Consequences of Living in Poverty for Young Children's Cognitive and Verbal Ability and Early School Achievement In: Consequences of Growing Up Poor. G.J. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997: 132-189 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Development; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Poverty; Children, School-Age; Cognitive Ability; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Schooling In Consequences of Growing Up Poor, developmental psychologists, economists, and sociologists revisit a large body of studies to answer specific questions about how low income puts children at risk intellectually, emotionally, and physically. Many of their investigations demonstrate that although income clearly creates disadvantages, it does so selectively and in a wide variety of ways. Low-income preschoolers exhibit poorer cognitive and verbal skills because they are generally exposed to fewer toys, books, and other stimulating experiences in the home. Poor parents also tend to rely on home-based child care, where the quality and amount of attention children receive is inferior to that of professional facilities. In later years, conflict between economically stressed parents increases anxiety and weakens self-esteem in their teenaged children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Judith R., Jeanne Brooks-Gunn and Pamela Kato Klebanov. "Consequences of Living in Poverty for Young Children's Cognitive and Verbal Ability and Early School Achievement" In: Consequences of Growing Up Poor. G.J. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997: 132-189
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5771. |
Smith, Judith R. Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Klebanov, Pamela Kato Lee, Kyunghee |
Welfare and Work: Complementary Strategies for Low-Income Women? Journal of Marriage and Family 62,3 (August 2000): 808-821. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1566798 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Children; Cognitive Development; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Welfare; Women We examine the effects of mothers' strategies of combining employment and welfare receipt during the first 3 years of their child's life on the child's cognitive development, behavior problems, and home learning environment at ages 5 to 6. We compare the child outcomes of those mothers who were continuously employed and received no welfare with (a) those who worked some or all of the 3 years and also received public assistance and (b) those who were totally dependent on public assistance. We studied children in single-parent families (N=1271) living below 200% of the poverty threshold using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement. No negative association was found on most child outcomes with a mother's employment whether or not it was combined with public assistance. However, mothers' not working at all and receiving financial support solely from AFDC was associated with negative child outcomes. We discuss the implications of these findings for the possible effects of the new welfare laws on families and young children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Judith R., Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Pamela Kato Klebanov and Kyunghee Lee. "Welfare and Work: Complementary Strategies for Low-Income Women?" Journal of Marriage and Family 62,3 (August 2000): 808-821.
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5772. |
Smith, Kristin E. Bachu, Amara |
Women's Labor Force Attachment Patterns and Maternity Leave: A Review of the Literature Working Paper No. 32, US Bureau of the Census, Population Division,Washington DC, January 1999. Also: http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0032/twps0032.html Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Commerce Keyword(s): Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA); Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment This paper presents a review of recent literature on women's labor force attachment and maternity leave. First, we review the historical trends in women's labor force participation from 1940 through 1997. Second, we consider the policy issues and relevant maternity leave legislation, noteably the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and how they have affected the direction of research. Next, we provide a brief description of the studies that we reviewed and discuss the results from these studies. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the changes in social, workplace, and policy issues that occurred and the directions for future research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Kristin E. and Amara Bachu. "Women's Labor Force Attachment Patterns and Maternity Leave: A Review of the Literature." Working Paper No. 32, US Bureau of the Census, Population Division,Washington DC, January 1999. |
5773. |
Smith, Marvin M. |
Spotlight on Research: Youth Debt and College Graduation Cascade 82 (Winter/Spring 2013): . Also: http://www.philadelphiafed.org/community-development/publications/cascade/82/07_youth-debt-and-college-graduation.cfm Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Keyword(s): Assets; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Ethnic Differences; Family Resources; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This newsletter article describes the research of Min Zhan's working paper titled “The Impact of Youth Debt on College Graduation,” Washington University in St. Louis, Center for Social Development Working Papers, No. 12-11, 2012, available at http://csd.wustl.edu/Publications/Documents/WP12-11.pdf. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Marvin M. "Spotlight on Research: Youth Debt and College Graduation." Cascade 82 (Winter/Spring 2013): . |
5774. |
Smith, Patricia K. Bogin, Barry Bishai, David M. |
Are Time Preference and Body Mass Index Associated? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Economics and Human Biology 3,2 (July 2005): 259-270. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X05000286 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Obesity; Racial Differences; Time Preference; Weight The prevalence of obesity among both adults and children in the U.S. has risen to all time highs in the past two decades. We propose that an increase in the marginal rate of time preference has contributed to increasing obesity. More people are consuming more calories than they expend because they have become less willing to trade current pleasure for potential future health benefits. Accordingly, this paper explores the association between body mass index (BMI) and time preference. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to test our hypothesis that time preference and BMI are positively related. We find some evidence that there is such a positive association among black and Hispanic men and black women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Patricia K., Barry Bogin and David M. Bishai. "Are Time Preference and Body Mass Index Associated? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Economics and Human Biology 3,2 (July 2005): 259-270.
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5775. |
Smith, Patricia K. Shah, Parth J. |
Does Policy Affect a Teen's Pregnancy Resolution Decision? Department of Social Sciences, Economics ,University of Michigan-Dearborn, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Social Sciences, Economics, University of Michigan-Dearborn Keyword(s): Abortion; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Marital Status; Mothers, Adolescent; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines a pregnant teen's choice between marital birth, premarital birth, and abortion. We estimate the effect of benefit levels in the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Food Stamps programs, the legal restrictions on Medicaid funding for abortions, and parental involvement restrictions on a minor's access to abortion on a teen's first premarital pregnancy resolution decision while controlling for an host of other factors. The results suggest that a teen's individual characteristics are very influential. However, there is evidence that prior family welfare receipt and the level of welfare benefits lower the likelihood that the teen will marry. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Patricia K. and Parth J. Shah. "Does Policy Affect a Teen's Pregnancy Resolution Decision?" Department of Social Sciences, Economics ,University of Michigan-Dearborn, 1996. |
5776. |
Smith, Susan Elizabeth |
Public Policies and Economic Hardship: Determining Where Individual Decisions Confront Structural Barriers Ph.D. Dissertation, The University Of Chicago, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior; Childbearing, Adolescent; Disadvantaged, Economically; Economics of Gender; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Event History; Exits; Family Background and Culture; High School Dropouts; Life Course; Marriage; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Modeling; Modeling, Probit; Parenthood; Poverty; Racial Differences; Welfare This dissertation examines the relative importance of life course events and family background on young women's prospects for remaining or becoming economically disadvantaged. Using a broad theory of economic mobility, and controlling for family background, the relative power of children's behaviors in explaining variation in their adult poverty odds is tested. Of particular interest is how ethnicity combines with other events to predict poverty odds. Despite obvious differences between white, African American, and Latino women in their experiences with teen parenthood, marriage, and welfare receipt, research often fail to properly specify the interaction between ethnicity and other causal variables. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (the NLSY), this research studied the life courses of 4766 women for fifteen years--from the age of 14 to 28 years. The sample was a stratified, probability sample of young people in the United States. Models used event history, logistic, and probit models to estimate odds of teen births, high school exits, and marriage. The role of welfare receipt in preceding or mitigating events was also considered. A large set of family background and personal characteristics were controlled. The study's major finding was that dropping out of high school had a much more negative and enduring impact on adult poverty odds than did early childbearing. The life chances of high school dropouts were significantly constrained. Still, dropouts who were also teen parents were no worse off than those who delayed childbearing. Leaving high school or having a child before the age of 16 had a much more dramatic effect on life chances than an event occurring in the later teen years. Finally, regardless of their behavior or family background, African American girls were poor more often and for longer periods of time than white and Latino girls. Three policy implications come from these findings. First, the United States needs to develop a comprehensive set of family policies, including supplementing low-income wages and guaranteeing child support. Second, children need to be encouraged to stay in school. And third, serious effort must be made to break down racial barriers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Susan Elizabeth. Public Policies and Economic Hardship: Determining Where Individual Decisions Confront Structural Barriers. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University Of Chicago, 1998. |
5777. |
Smith, Trenton G. Stoddard, Christiana Barnes, Michael G. |
Why the Poor Get Fat: Weight Gain and Economic Insecurity Forum for Health Economics and Policy 12,2 (December 2009): 1-29. Advance on-line publication by Berkeley Electronic Press. Also: http://www.bepress.com/fhep/12/2/5/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Berkeley Electronic Press (bpress) Keyword(s): Income; Income Level; Income Risk; Insurance, Health; Obesity; Poverty; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Something about being poor makes people fat. Though there are many possible explanations for the income-body weight gradient, we investigate a promising but little-studied hypothesis: that changes in body weight can-at least in part-be explained as an optimal response to economic insecurity. We use data on working-age men from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to identify the effects of various measures of economic insecurity on weight gain. We find in particular that over the 12-year period between 1988 and 2000, the average man gained about 21 pounds. A one percentage point (0.01) increase in the probability of becoming unemployed causes weight gain over this period to increase by about 0.6 pounds, and each realized 50% drop in annual income results in an increase of about 5 pounds. The mechanism also appears to work in reverse, with health insurance and intrafamily transfers protecting against weight gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Trenton G., Christiana Stoddard and Michael G. Barnes. "Why the Poor Get Fat: Weight Gain and Economic Insecurity." Forum for Health Economics and Policy 12,2 (December 2009): 1-29. Advance on-line publication by Berkeley Electronic Press.
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5778. |
Smith, Trenton G. Stoddard, Christiana Barnes, Michael G. |
Why the Poor Get Fat: Weight Gain and Economic Insecurity Working Papers: 2007-16, School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, 2007. Also: http://www.ses.wsu.edu/PDFFiles/WorkingPapers/Insecurity033007.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University Keyword(s): Income; Insurance, Health; Obesity; Poverty; Unemployment; Weight; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Something about being poor makes people fat. Though there are many possible explanations for the income-body weight gradient, we investigate a promising but little-studied hypothesis: that economic insecurity acts as an independent cause of weight gain. We use data on working age men from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to identify the effect of various measures of economic insecurity on weight gain. We find in particular that over the 12-year period between 1988 and 2000, a one point (0.01) increase in the probability of becoming unemployed causes weight gain over this period to increase by about one pound, and each realized drop in annual income results in an increase of about 5.5 pounds. The mechanism also appears to work in reverse, with health insurance and government "social safety net" payments leading to smaller weight gains. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smith, Trenton G., Christiana Stoddard and Michael G. Barnes. "Why the Poor Get Fat: Weight Gain and Economic Insecurity." Working Papers: 2007-16, School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, 2007. |
5779. |
Smock, Pamela Jane |
Economic Costs of Martial Disruption for Young Women in the United States: Have They Declined over the Past Two Decades? Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Divorce; Educational Returns; Marital Dissolution; Work Experience; Work History This dissertation examines the economic costs of separation and divorce for young women in the United States from the late 1960s through the late 1980s. Broadened opportunities for women outside of marriage may have alleviated the severe economic costs of marital disruption. This research thus contrasts the experiences of two cohorts of young women: those who married and separated or divorced in the late 1960s through the mid-1970s and those who experienced these events in the 1980s. Drawing on panel data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979-88, Young Women 1968-78, and Young Men 1966-78, the results show stability in the costs of disruption for the two cohorts. Levels of post disruption economic status and declines from predisruption levels are similar. The results show that women in the more recent cohort had more labor force experience prior to marital disruption than those in the earlier cohort, but that prior work history does not protect women from the costs of disruption. Young separated and divorced women are also not receiving greater income returns to their schooling or labor force experience over time. Other findings show that unmeasured characteristics do not account for the persisting disadvantages of marital disruption. Young martially-disrupted women continue to confront the low wages and conflict between parenting and employment as their counterparts a decade or so ago. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smock, Pamela Jane. Economic Costs of Martial Disruption for Young Women in the United States: Have They Declined over the Past Two Decades? Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1992. |
5780. |
Smock, Pamela Jane |
Gender and the Short-Run Economic Consequences of Marital Disruption Social Forces 73,1 (September 1994): 243-262. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2579925 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Divorce; Economic Well-Being; Economics of Gender; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Marital Instability; Parenthood; Women's Roles; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Analysis of national survey data found that, among young adult couples separating or divorcing during the 1980s, women's postdisruption economic welfare was significantly lower than men's within all racial-ethnic groups. This disparity stemmed, directly and indirectly, from women's roles as primary child caretakers and was not related to gender differences in education or work experience. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smock, Pamela Jane. "Gender and the Short-Run Economic Consequences of Marital Disruption." Social Forces 73,1 (September 1994): 243-262.
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5781. |
Smock, Pamela Jane |
The Economic Costs of Marital Disruption for Young Women Over the Past Two Decades Demography 30,3 (August 1993): 353-371. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2061645 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Divorce; Economic Well-Being; Marital Disruption; Marital Dissolution; Women; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the economic costs of separation and divorce for young women in the United States from the late 1960s through the late 1980s. Broadened opportunities for women outside marriage may have alleviated some of the severe economic costs of marital disruption for women. This paper contrasts the experiences of two cohorts of young women: those who married and separated or divorced in the late 1960s through the mid-1970s and those who experienced these events in the 1980s. Based on panel data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979-1988, Young Women 1968-1978, and Young Men 1966-1978, the results show stability in the costs of disruption. A multivariate analysis shows that young women in the more recent cohort have more labor force experience before disruption than those in the earlier cohort, but prior work history does not protect women from the severe costs of marital disruption. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smock, Pamela Jane. "The Economic Costs of Marital Disruption for Young Women Over the Past Two Decades." Demography 30,3 (August 1993): 353-371.
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5782. |
Smock, Pamela Jane Manning, Wendy D. Dorius, Cassandra J. |
The Intergenerational Transmission of Cohabitation and Marriage in the U.S.: The Role of Parental Union Histories Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Family Structure; Fathers, Influence; Fathers, Involvement; Gender Differences; Marital History/Transitions; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Stepfamilies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over two decades ago, in his presidential address to the Population Association of America, demographer Larry Bumpass posed the question: “What’s Happening to the Family?” The issues he raised in that address motivate this paper. Most broadly, we are interested in tracing processes that may continue to fuel family change. Specifically, this paper investigates the intergenerational transmission of cohabitation and marriage, focusing on parents and their young adult children. This paper extends knowledge about linkages between parents’ cohabitation and marital histories and children’s own union formation behavior. We use data from 23 waves (1979-2008) of the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79) main youth and 2 waves (2008 and 2010) of the young adult (YA) survey. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smock, Pamela Jane, Wendy D. Manning and Cassandra J. Dorius. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Cohabitation and Marriage in the U.S.: The Role of Parental Union Histories." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
5783. |
Smock, Pamela Jane Tzoc, Kristen Carr, Deborah |
Gender and the Economic Consequences of Divorce in the United States: Variation by Race and Ethnicity Journal of Family and Economic Issues published online (28 December 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-023-09940-w Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Divorce; Economic Well-Being; Economics of Gender; Economics of Minorities; Gender; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Equality/Inequality; Gender Gap; Racial Equality/Inequality; Racial Studies; Women; Women, Black Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Gender differences in the economic consequences of divorce are well established and reveal how a traditional gender-based division of paid and unpaid labor can render women economically vulnerable when marriages dissolve. Guided by intersectional approaches that recognize systemic racism and entrenched gender inequality, we assess how race/ethnicity and gender intersect to pattern the economic consequences of divorce. Drawing on 28 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), we conduct a descriptive analysis of the short-term economic impact of marital disruption for non-Hispanic Black women and men, Hispanic women and men, and non-Hispanic White women and men. Our bivariate and multivariable results indicate that the economic consequences of marital disruption vary substantially on the basis of race/ethnicity and gender. All groups of women fare worse than men in post-dissolution economic wellbeing and in changes in economic status. Black and Hispanic men and the three groups of women fare worse than White men, with Black women experiencing the highest levels of economic precarity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smock, Pamela Jane, Kristen Tzoc and Deborah Carr. "Gender and the Economic Consequences of Divorce in the United States: Variation by Race and Ethnicity." Journal of Family and Economic Issues published online (28 December 2023).
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5784. |
Smollar, Jacqueline Ooms, Theodora |
Young Unwed Fathers: Research Review, Policy Dilemmas and Options Commissioned Papers from the Unwed Fathers Project. Rockville, MD: Shared Resource Center, 1987. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED321206.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Shared Resource Center Keyword(s): Fatherhood; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Absence; Marital Status; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A brief narrative description of the journal article, document, or resource. The Unwed Fathers Project was designed to draw upon the small but rapidly growing body of knowledge about young fathers up to 25 years of age. The specific project components were 10 working papers commissioned from researchers and program professionals; a 1986 invitational symposium which included policy officials, employees of governments, universities, and service agencies; and a report synthesizing major findings of the commissioned papers and summarizing symposium discussions. The project concluded that: (1) unwed fathers need to be held responsible for their children and, for the most part, should be required to fulfill the minimum obligations of fatherhood; (2) it is generally in the best interests of the children if their fathers develop a personal relationship with them and this should be encouraged; (3) these responsibilities and interests need to be balanced against the rights and needs of the young mothers, family members, and society as a whole; (4) young unwed fathers often need considerable assistance and encouragement to be able to fulfill their parenting responsibilities; (5) increasing job skills and opportunities of young unwed fathers not only benefits their children but society as a whole; and (6) many different sectors of society at national, state, and local levels will need to work together to meet the challenge of encouraging more responsible and involved parenting among unwed fathers. (ABL) |
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Bibliography Citation
Smollar, Jacqueline and Theodora Ooms. Young Unwed Fathers: Research Review, Policy Dilemmas and Options. Commissioned Papers from the Unwed Fathers Project. Rockville, MD: Shared Resource Center, 1987.. |
5785. |
Smythe, Andria C. |
The Impact of Economic Conditions during the College-aged Years on Educational Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Temple University, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Dropouts; Economic Changes/Recession; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Geocoded Data Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Essay 1 examines whether economic conditions affect college participation among different demographic groups differently. The main or average effect of an economic downturn on enrollment is well studied. However, research on how a downturn affects individuals from different backgrounds is rare. Using a class of logit models that account for interaction effects, I find that individuals who are black or Hispanic and individuals from low education maternal backgrounds are more likely to enroll in college during high unemployment periods compared to individuals from other demographic backgrounds. Essay 2 picks up where essay 1 leaves off by investigating college outcomes for individuals who enrolled during a recession. While many studies consider the enrollment decisions, little evidence exists on whether enrollment is successfully transformed into completed education for recession era enrollees. Employing an innovative competing risk model, I estimate the completion and drop-out probabilities for individuals who enrolled during a downturn. I find that individuals who enrolled in college at 18 and who experience a recession at enrollment, are less likely to complete a 4-year degree by age 24, are more likely to complete a 2-year degree, are more likely to drop out of college and are more likely to experience inactivity. Essay 3 builds upon the negative effects of a recession on college-aged youths found in essay 2. In essay 3, I study educational attainment after individuals have exited their college-aged years. I investigate whether cohorts who experienced adverse economic conditions during young adulthood eventually caught up with their luckier counterparts who experienced more prosperous years. I find that individuals who experience adverse economic conditions during parts of the college-aged years (18-21) experience lower educational attainment than those who experience more prosperous college-aged years and these negative effects are still present up to ten years post college-age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Smythe, Andria C. The Impact of Economic Conditions during the College-aged Years on Educational Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Temple University, 2015. |
5786. |
Snell, Emily Keller |
Shaping Nurture: Evocative Effects of Children on Their Environments Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Human Development and Socal Policy, Northwestern University, 2008 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Development; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Understanding how contexts shape child development is a primary goal of human development research and theory. Child effects, or the influence of children on their own environment, may be a key process by which contexts and children interact to shape subsequent development. Yet, child effects have been under-studied in social science, both theoretically and empirically. The goal of this dissertation is to explore how children influence their own environments by evoking caregiver or parent behavior. It examines whether child language and cognitive ability shape caregiver language stimulation and the home learning environment, and whether child academic, behavioral, and health characteristics influence parental use of housing vouchers. For the first study, I use longitudinal data from the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care to examine whether children with more advanced cognitive and language development evoke more stimulating language environments. I find evidence for an evocative response for toddlers (15 and 24 months), but not for preschoolers (54 months). The evocative response does not vary by child care context. For the second study, I use longitudinal data from the Children of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth to examine whether children with more advanced language and cognitive skills evoke higher quality home learning environments, and whether these evocative effects are moderated by other child and family characteristics. Using multiple analytic techniques, I find evidence that more advanced skills do evoke higher quality home learning environments, and that these evocative effects function fairly similarly for children of different ages, gender, and socioeconomic background. For the third study, I use data from the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) study to examine how child academic, behavioral, and health characteristics influence parental moving behavior. I find that, in parti cular, families with children who have multiple problems are much less likely to move than families whose children do not have problems. By examining evocative processes across these three areas, I identify evocative processes that shape children's development contexts and discuss their implications for research, policy, and practice. |
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Bibliography Citation
Snell, Emily Keller. Shaping Nurture: Evocative Effects of Children on Their Environments. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Human Development and Socal Policy, Northwestern University, 2008. |
5787. |
Snider, Lisa D. |
Working Moms: A Study of the Factors That Affect the Hours of Employment Per Week of Married Mothers Whose Youngest Child Is Less Than Six M.A. Thesis, North Carolina State University, 2003. MAI 42/04, p. 1172, Aug 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Care; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Work Hours/Schedule Data from 1983--1986 and 1988 waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) are drawn upon to explore how type of childcare utilized affects the extent of mother's employment. Fixed-effects analysis suggests using relative care decreases mother's hours of employment per week. Once age of the youngest child is introduced, nuclear care decreases mother's hours of employment per week. Surprisingly, mothers of infants and toddlers are predicted to work slightly more hours per week than mothers of preschoolers. Husband's hours of employment per week interacts with non-family care to decrease mother's hours of employment. The effect of the number of children in the household on mother's hours of employment is found to depend on the childcare utilized. Interestingly, mother's years of education and husband's annual income do not have statistically significant effects on mother's hours of employment in this analysis. Some possible reasons and implications of these findings are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Snider, Lisa D. Working Moms: A Study of the Factors That Affect the Hours of Employment Per Week of Married Mothers Whose Youngest Child Is Less Than Six. M.A. Thesis, North Carolina State University, 2003. MAI 42/04, p. 1172, Aug 2004. |
5788. |
Snipes, Jason Christopher |
Skill Mismatch, Turnover, and the Development of Young Workers' Careers: The Role of Information in the Labor Market Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Industrial Relations; Job Turnover; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Racial Differences; Skilled Workers; Skills; Wage Differentials This study explores the relationship between information about young workers' reading and math skills and the development of their careers. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, it exploits the availability of measures of cognitive skills that are not directly observed by employers in order to ascertain whether time spent in the labor market results in a stronger relationship between workers' skills and the skill requirements in their current occupations. The results indicate that the distance between an individual's reading and math skills and the average level of those skills among workers in his occupation captures an important dimension of skill mismatch, and that labor market experience is associated with reductions in skill mismatch. The analysis also reveals a positive association between match quality and years of schooling beyond high school. Importantly, while labor market experience is significantly associated with reductions in skill mismatch among white workers,this is not the case for their black counterparts. In particular, while "over-qualified" white workers move into "higher skill" occupations during their first few years in the labor market, "over-qualified" black workers with the same measured level of reading and math skills do not. The analysis also reveals a significant relationship between skill mismatch and probability of job turnover in any given month. In particular, the farther a worker is above the average level of unobserved reading and math skills in his current occupation, the more likely the worker is to leave his job. However, the farther below the average level of skill a worker is, the less likely he is to leave his current job. Surprisingly, while the analysis reveals only weak support for the hypothesis that the relationship between skills and turnover differs by race among "over-qualified" workers, significant racial differences in the relationship between skill mismatch and turnover do seem to exist among "under-qualified" workers. Overall, the results reported here provide support for theories of statistical discrimination (such as that put forth by Oettinger, 1996) which argue that the black-white wage differential develops over time as a result of the difficulty black workers face moving into better jobs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Snipes, Jason Christopher. Skill Mismatch, Turnover, and the Development of Young Workers' Careers: The Role of Information in the Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1998. |
5789. |
Snipes, Michael |
Three Essays on Spousal Matching, Intra-Household Allocation, and Family Welfare Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2008 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Child Health, Limiting Condition(s); Children, Illness; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Divorce; Geocoded Data; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Parental Influences; Parental Investments; Parental Marital Status; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three essays which develop both theoretical and empirical models that explore the relationships between spousal matching, intra-household allocation, and family welfare. Chapter One develops a household allocation framework that analyzes how a child's health interacts with other important decisions, such as labor force participation, distribution of marital surplus, and divorce decisions. Chapter Two develops an empirical model that accounts for possible interaction effects in determining the decision to divorce; specifically, how the decision of both parents deciding to work full-time in the market, type of divorce legislation they are subject to, and the health of any children interact with each other and affect the decision to divorce. The main finding of this paper shows that there are not just direct effects but significant interaction effects. Chapter Three develops an empirical model that examines the role that birth order plays on the development of cognitive abilities in the presence of inputs provided by the mother and the father. |
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Bibliography Citation
Snipes, Michael. Three Essays on Spousal Matching, Intra-Household Allocation, and Family Welfare. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2008. |
5790. |
Snyder, Anastasia R. |
Residential Differences in Non-marital Conception and Conception and Childbearing Outcomes in the U.S. Presented: Dublin, Ireland, Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (SLLS) International Conference, October 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Formation; Residence; Rural/Urban Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The rise in nonmarital childbearing is one of the most important changes in the family formation process in recent decades in the United States. Numerous studies have examined this trend and found significant patterns by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and education level. Few have studied geographic differences in nonmarital childbearing outcomes in the U.S., but those that do find that women from nonmetro counties have distinct behavioral outcomes related to nonmarital conceptions and childbearing. Nonmetro women have more conceptions occur within a marriage, more nonmarital conceptions that end in a live birth, and more nonmarital conceptions born in marital unions compared to either cohabiting unions or no union (Albretch & Albretch, 2004; Snyder, 2006). Unfortunately, the retrospective structure of the data and the measure of nonmetro residence in these studies are methodological problems that leave some uncertainty about these findings. This study proposes to re-examine residential differences in nonmarital conception and childbearing outcomes in the U.S. using prospective panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 and 1997 cohorts. Using both NLSY data sets will allow me to examine these outcomes across women's entire childbearing years (NLSY79) and also in a contemporary sample of young adults (NLSY97). |
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Bibliography Citation
Snyder, Anastasia R. "Residential Differences in Non-marital Conception and Conception and Childbearing Outcomes in the U.S." Presented: Dublin, Ireland, Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (SLLS) International Conference, October 2015. |
5791. |
Snyder, Anastasia R. Jang, Bohyun |
Failure to Launch? Exits from and Returns to the Parental Home among Emerging Adults in the U.S. Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Coresidence; Gender Differences; Household Composition; Life Course; Racial Differences; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines exits from and returns to the parental home across two cohorts using data from the NLSY79 and NLSY97. Recent reports find that about 30% of young adults aged 25–34 lived with their parents at some point during the Great Recession, and 24% of 18–34 year olds returned to their parental home. The findings contribute to the existing literature because most recent studies documenting an alarming rise in coresidence with parents use cross sectional data and fail to take a dynamic view of home leaving and returning across the emerging adult life course. Our findings suggest that large differences in home leaving and returning do not exist between the NLSY79 and NLSY97 cohorts. Within cohort variability does however find significant variability in home leaving and returning by sex, race/ethnicity and reason for first exit. |
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Bibliography Citation
Snyder, Anastasia R. and Bohyun Jang. "Failure to Launch? Exits from and Returns to the Parental Home among Emerging Adults in the U.S." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
5792. |
Snyder, Anastasia R. Kotila, Letitia Jang, Bohyun |
The Significance of Marriage in Rural America Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Life Course; Marital History/Transitions; Rural/Urban Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines how marital experiences in the United States differ by residential location: nonmetro, suburban and central city residences. Previous studies find that significant differences in marital behavior can be observed by residence in the U.S. Specifically, nonmetro residents show a distinct affinity for marriage that is evidenced by earlier marriage, lower rates of divorce, shorter duration between divorce and remarriage, higher rates of remarriage. Overall, nonmetro women have been found to spend a larger share of their lives married compared to other women. The findings from these prior studies need to be more closely examined, however, because significant data limitations could have biased those findings. This study uses data from the NLSY79 to examine marital experiences across the life course and carefully measure is residential differences exist in marital behavior, and explanations for those differences, between nonmetro and other populations in the U.S. |
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Bibliography Citation
Snyder, Anastasia R., Letitia Kotila and Bohyun Jang. "The Significance of Marriage in Rural America." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
5793. |
Sobal, Jeffery Rauschenbach, Barbara S. Frongillo, Edward A. |
Body Weight and Relationship Quality Among Women: Associations of Obesity and Underweight with Relationship Communication, Conflict, and Happiness International Journal of Sociology of the Family 35,1 (Spring 2009): 25-44 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lucknow Publishing House Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Marital Conflict; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marriage; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Link to project information and description (prior to publication:) http://www.reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/203846.html |
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Bibliography Citation
Sobal, Jeffery, Barbara S. Rauschenbach and Edward A. Frongillo. "Body Weight and Relationship Quality Among Women: Associations of Obesity and Underweight with Relationship Communication, Conflict, and Happiness." International Journal of Sociology of the Family 35,1 (Spring 2009): 25-44.
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5794. |
Social Security Administration |
Security for American's Children: a Report from the Annual Conference of the National Academy of Social Insurance; Part 2 Social Security Bulletin 55,2 (22 June 1992): 69-75 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Security Administration Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Child Health; Child Support; Children; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Health Care; Social Security; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The health and economic security of children and their families were discussed by an array of experts at a January meeting of the National Academy of Social Insurance. This issure of the Social Security Bulletin contains summaries of the conference's five major presentations. Some of the topics include: how family income affects outcomes for children; whether the source of the family income matters; the effect family income on children's educational attainment; the dynamics of child support and its consequences on children; public and private programs that help to meet the Nation's economic and health care needs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Social Security Administration. "Security for American's Children: a Report from the Annual Conference of the National Academy of Social Insurance; Part 2." Social Security Bulletin 55,2 (22 June 1992): 69-75.
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5795. |
Soh, Hoon Sahib |
The Rate of Return of the General Equivalency Diploma Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Abortion; Continuing Education; Education, Adult; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Heterogeneity; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Simultaneity; Wage Effects This dissertation evaluates the impact of receiving a General Equivalency Diploma (GED) on subsequent wages, and whether the impact depends on the age at which individuals received their degree. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data's survey on individual males from years 1979 to 1990, it estimates the rate of return to a GED at ages 25 and 28. The empirical analysis broadly follows two methodologies: one, a range of regression models differentiated by sample, regressor composition, weighting scheme, and variance-covariance estimation technique; two, simultaneous equations models and fixed effects models which control for individual heterogeneity with respect to labor supply and degree certification. The empirical results give mixed results at age 25, but they show that at age 28 a GED without further years of schooling significantly increases wages from 15.3 to 20.5 percent, and a GED regardless of further years of schooling increases wages from 16.3 to 19.0 percent. Individuals who earned their GED at relatively younger ages receive significantly higher wages than individuals who earned their GED at relatively older ages. Sample data composition and weighting scheme have a large impact on the magnitude and significance of the estimates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Soh, Hoon Sahib. The Rate of Return of the General Equivalency Diploma. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1996. |
5796. |
Sohn, Jooyoung |
Reaching Self-sufficiency: A Life-course Perspective Ph.D. Disseration, Iowa State University, 2006. DAI-A 67/08, Feb 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Income; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The main purpose of this study is to synthesize evidence concerning welfare participation behavior and the consequences of the behavior, both for participants and non-participants. Following the life-course theory view of family life, this study incorporates a dynamic model of family process and elaborates historical events into this model. Analyzing data from the NLSY79 (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth), which provides a history of labor force participation and information related to job and family relationships, this study finds that low-income families reach self-sufficiency mostly through marriage, getting a higher wage job, and working longer hours. In terms of determinants of self-sufficiency, the results of logistics regression analyses suggest that having a higher paying job and working more hours will move low-income families into an economically better situation, and that an increase in the hourly wage and hours worked will improve self-sufficiency for low-income families. In addition, the respondent's intelligence level and educational attainment have positive relationships with self-sufficiency and changes in it; being single or with more children makes it more difficult economically compared to being married or having fewer children after controlling for other factors. Based on Chow's F-test, there was a significant change in the behaviors of low-income families during welfare reform, from 1996 to 1998. The average hourly wage is a more important factor than hours worked for attaining higher self-sufficiency over time from 1996 to 2000. Educational attainment and the number of children have important different effects on self-sufficiency and changes in it between 1996 and 1998, while the importance of the respondent's intelligence level and job experience remain relatively the same. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sohn, Jooyoung. Reaching Self-sufficiency: A Life-course Perspective. Ph.D. Disseration, Iowa State University, 2006. DAI-A 67/08, Feb 2007. |
5797. |
Sokol, Natasha A. Okechukwu, Cassandra A. Chen, Jarvis T. Subramanian, S.V. Rees, Vaughan W. |
Maternal Cannabis Use During a Child's Lifetime Associated With Earlier Initiation American Journal of Preventive Medicine 55,5 (November 2018): 592-602. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379718320920 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Drug Use; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Mothers, Behavior; Parental Influences Introduction: Earlier cannabis initiation is associated with more severe neuropsychiatric and social consequences. The authors investigated whether mothers' cannabis use is associated with earlier cannabis initiation by their children. Methods: Mother and child data were from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (1980–1998 waves) and Child and Young Adults (1988–2014 waves) cohorts, respectively. Cox proportional hazard models assessed the effect of maternal cannabis use prior to a child's adolescence on the child's risk of subsequent cannabis initiation. Models were stratified by race and child's age category (6–16, 17–24, ≥25 years). Adjusted analyses controlled for sociodemographic variables. Analyses were conducted in 2017. Results: Median age of cannabis initiation for children of maternal ever users was age 16 years compared with age 18 years among children of maternal never users. Children of 1-year and multiple-year users were at increased risk of cannabis initiation between ages 6 and 16 years (hazard ratio=1.38, p<0.001, and hazard ratio = 1.45, p<0.001, respectively). Effects were slightly stronger among non-Hispanic non-black children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sokol, Natasha A., Cassandra A. Okechukwu, Jarvis T. Chen, S.V. Subramanian and Vaughan W. Rees. "Maternal Cannabis Use During a Child's Lifetime Associated With Earlier Initiation." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 55,5 (November 2018): 592-602.
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5798. |
Sokolowsky, Jan |
Three Essays in Financial Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In chapter 3 (Obesity, Health Costs, and Credit Risk), we explore the relationship between obesity and household credit risk. Obesity is a known health risk factor and carries a social stigma. Its presence provides a potentially informative signal about individuals' choices and preferences. Using NLSY survey data, we estimate that the loan delinquency rate among the obese is 20% higher than among the non-obese after controlling for numerous observable, prohibited, and -- to lenders -- unobservable credit risk factors. The economic significance of obesity for delinquencies is comparable to that of job displacements. Obesity is particularly informative about future delinquencies among those with low credit risk. In terms of channels, we find that the obesity effect is at least partially mediated through poor health, but is not attributable to individuals' time preferences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sokolowsky, Jan. Three Essays in Financial Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 2011. |
5799. |
Solberg, Eric J. |
The Gender Pay Gap by Occupation: A Test of the Crowding Hypothesis Contemporary Economic Policy 23,1 (January 2005): 129-148. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1093/cep/byi011/pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Occupations; Wages Identified, structural wage equations for seven occupations are estimated to test the crowding hypothesis—that the gender pay gap is due to females being crowded into low-paying occupations—using data drawn from the 1996 wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79). Occupational preferences are used to estimate a logit probability model of occupational assignment to create instruments to control for self-selection. Wage equations are estimated for all workers and for full-time, year-round workers. Identical specifications are estimated for private-sector workers. The results are not consistent with a crowding explanation as the sole source of the gender pay gap unless crowding occurs at less aggregated levels of occupations than those used for this study. |
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Bibliography Citation
Solberg, Eric J. "The Gender Pay Gap by Occupation: A Test of the Crowding Hypothesis." Contemporary Economic Policy 23,1 (January 2005): 129-148.
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5800. |
Solberg, Eric J. |
Using Occupational Preference in Estimating Market Wage Discrimination: The Case of the Gender Pay Gap The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58,1 (January 1999): 85-113. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1999.tb03287.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Inc. Keyword(s): Discrimination; Gender; Occupational Choice; Wage Gap Past occupational preference is used to estimate the gender pay gap. The use of predetermined variables in a reduced-form wage equation avoids the bias caused by using variables that are correlated with the random error. Using a gender coefficient, the potential discriminatory gap is about 11.5 percent when past occupational preference is included. Decomposition yields an estimate of 10.5 percent when past occupational preference is included. In both cases, the discriminatory gap is close to that obtained when actual occupation is included. This suggests public policy directed toward reducing hiring discrimination by gender might be misdirected. (ABI/Inform) |
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Bibliography Citation
Solberg, Eric J. "Using Occupational Preference in Estimating Market Wage Discrimination: The Case of the Gender Pay Gap." The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58,1 (January 1999): 85-113.
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5801. |
Solberg, Eric J. Laughlin, Teresa Laine Clarke |
The Gender Pay Gap, Fringe Benefits, and Occupational Crowding Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48,4 (July 1995): 692-708. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2524351 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Demography; Economics of Gender; Human Capital; Labor Market Demographics; Schooling; Skills; Training; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels Using data from the 1991 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the authors estimate earnings equations for each of seven occupational categories and the aggregate sample. When fringe benefits are excluded from the compensation measure, a gender coefficient is statistically significant (that is, women are found to have received significantly lower compensation than men) within six of the seven occupational categories, the exception being the most female-dominated category. When an index of compensation that includes fringe benefits is used, however, a gender coefficient is significant in only one category, which contains relatively heterogeneous jobs. Gender-specific regressions are used to estimate what part of the earnings gap between men and women is due to differences in traits. The results indicate that occupational assignment is the primary determinant of the pay gap, a result that is consistent with a 'crowding' explanation of that gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Solberg, Eric J. and Teresa Laine Clarke Laughlin. "The Gender Pay Gap, Fringe Benefits, and Occupational Crowding." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48,4 (July 1995): 692-708.
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5802. |
Solomon, Keisha T. |
Three Essays on Health Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Temple University, 2019 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Achievement; Child Health; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Children, Academic Development; College Dropouts; Educational Outcomes; Family Size; Geocoded Data; Health, Mental/Psychological; Siblings; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My dissertation covers three loosely related topics in health and education economics that focus on examining factors that may affect children's and young adults' health capital and human capital accumulation. The first essay examines the effect of state-level full parity mental illness law implementation on mental illness among college-aged individuals and human capital accumulation in college. It is important to consider spill-overs to these educational outcomes, as previous research shows that mental illness impedes college performance. I utilize administrative data on completed suicides and grade point average, and survey data on reported mental illness days and decision to drop-out of college between 1998 and 2008 in differences-in-differences (DD) analysis to uncover causal effects of state-level parity laws. Following the passage of a state-level full parity law, I find that the suicide rate reduces, the propensity to report any poor mental health day reduces, college GPA increases, and the propensity to drop out of college does not change. The second essay investigates the effects of family size on child health. This essay is a joint study with Kabir Dasgupta. In this study, we use matched mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Surveys to study the effects of family size on child health. Focusing on excess body weight indicators as children's health outcome of interest, we examine the effects of exogenous variations in family size generated by twin births and parental preference for mixed sex composition of their children. We find no significant empirical support in favor of the quantity-quality trade-off theory in instrumental variable regression analysis. This result is further substantiated when we make use of the panel aspects of the data to study child health outcomes of arrival of younger siblings at later parities. The third essay estimates the causal effect of being born out of wedlock on a child's health outcome and early academic achievements. Specifically, the study uses rich panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the Children of the NLSY79 (NLSY79-child), coupled with a sibling fixed-effects model to address omitted variable bias attributable to unobserved family characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Solomon, Keisha T. Three Essays on Health Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Temple University, 2019. |
5803. |
Song, Jung "Anna" Park, Heejung Park, Narang Heo, Wookjae |
The Effect of Experiencing a Death on Life Insurance Ownership Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance 22 (June 2019): 170-176. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214635018302314 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Insurance; Trauma/Death in family Though there is a huge literature on the demand for life insurance, it heavily focuses on demographic and economic factors. This study fills the gap in the current literature by incorporating psychological factor such as an experiencing a death in family members. The goal of this paper is to investigate the effect of death experience on life insurance ownership. Using a data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find evidence that there is positive association between a death experience and life insurance demand. Also, the model is better explained when both situational and dispositional factors are jointly examined. |
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Bibliography Citation
Song, Jung "Anna", Heejung Park, Narang Park and Wookjae Heo. "The Effect of Experiencing a Death on Life Insurance Ownership." Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance 22 (June 2019): 170-176.
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5804. |
Song, Suyong Schennach, Susanne M. White, Halbert |
Estimating Nonseparable Models With Mismeasured Endogenous Variables Quantitative Economics 6,3 (November 2015): DOI: 749-794. Also: https://qeconomics.org/ojs/index.php/qe/article/view/299 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Econometric Society Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Family Income; Monte Carlo; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Statistical Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We study the identification and estimation of covariate‐conditioned average marginal effects of endogenous regressors in nonseparable structural systems when the regressors are mismeasured. We control for the endogeneity by making use of covariates as control variables; this ensures conditional independence between the endogenous causes of interest and other unobservable drivers of the dependent variable. Moreover, we recover distributions of the underlying true causes from their error‐laden measurements to deliver consistent estimators. We obtain uniform convergence rates and asymptotic normality for estimators of covariate‐conditioned average marginal effects, faster convergence rates for estimators of their weighted averages over instruments, and root‐n consistency and asymptotic normality for estimators of their weighted averages over control variables and regressors. We investigate their finite‐sample behavior using Monte Carlo simulation and apply new methods to study the impact of family income on child achievement measured by math and reading scores, using a matched mother-child subsample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Our findings suggest that these effects are considerably larger than previously recognized, and depend on parental abilities and family income. This underscores the importance of measurement errors, endogeneity of family income, nonlinearity of income effects, and interactions between causes of child achievement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Song, Suyong, Susanne M. Schennach and Halbert White. "Estimating Nonseparable Models With Mismeasured Endogenous Variables." Quantitative Economics 6,3 (November 2015): DOI: 749-794.
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5805. |
Song, Wei Patterson, Margaret Becker |
Young GED Credential Recipients in the 21st Century: A Snapshot from NLSY97 Working Paper, American Council on Education, Washington, DC: GED Testing Service, January 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: GED Institute Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Labor Market Outcomes; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Ever since achieving a high school credential by passing the GED Tests became widely institutionalized through the adult education programs in the United States, the outcomes for GED credential recipients have continued to be of great interest to the adult education community and the general public. Does earning a GED credential bring positive life changes to the adults who did not complete a high school education? Does obtaining a GED credential help the recipients find better employment opportunities and earn higher wages? Among the studies on labor market outcomes of GED credential recipients, the most influential was the 1993 study by Cameron and Heckman, which was based on the NLSY79 data and argued that GED credential recipients are “nonequivalence of high school equivalents,” and that they are “indistinguishable in many relevant labor market dimensions” from uncredentialed high school dropouts. Now, almost two decades after the Cameron and Heckman study, has anything changed with a new generation of American youth? Based on a new wave of NLSY data (NLSY97), this paper aims to examine how GED credential recipients compare with other young adults who had not completed a high school education and with traditional high school graduates on their labor market performance. The study found that GED credential recipients’ hourly compensation on their most recent job is much higher than that of the high school dropouts and is closer to that of the high school graduates, both of which are in the $14 range. For GED credential recipients and high school graduates at five years or more after obtaining their credential or diploma, the hourly wages are about the same, around $15. In terms of work hours, wage income, family income, and poverty ratio, GED credential recipients seem to fall between high school dropouts and high school graduates. The study also looked into job satisfaction, employer size, fringe benefits, industry, and occupation. The study then uses multiple regressions to assess the impact of educational status on hourly compensation and hours of work for the NLSY97 members who did not pursue postsecondary education. After controlling for individual demographic, ability, work experience, and employer industry, GED credential recipients’ hourly wages on average could be 6.7 to 9.3 percent higher than those of high school dropouts, while the high school graduates’ hourly wages could be 6.2 to 6.7 percent higher than those of GED credential recipients. GED credential recipients’ annual hours could also be 120 hours (approximately 11 percent) longer than those of high school dropouts, while high school graduates’ work hours could be 120 to180 hours (approximately 10 to 15 percent) longer than those of GED credential recipients. Finally, this paper discusses the findings from earlier sections and suggests policy implications and future research studies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Song, Wei and Margaret Becker Patterson. "Young GED Credential Recipients in the 21st Century: A Snapshot from NLSY97." Working Paper, American Council on Education, Washington, DC: GED Testing Service, January 2011. |
5806. |
Song, Xueda |
Essays on Technological Change and Labor Markets Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Albany, 2004. DAI-A 65/11, p. 4297, May 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Industrial Sector; Modeling; Schooling; Technology/Technological Changes This dissertation is organized into three essays on technological change and labor markets. I specifically focus on the effects of technological change on human capital and its investment. In the first essay, I examined how technological change affects experience-earning profiles through a simultaneous estimation of industry choice and wage determination with correction for self-selection on industry. Using data from Current Population Survey, I found positive truncation effects and nonhierarchical sorting into industries. Experience-earning profiles turned out to be higher and flatter in low-tech industries than in high-tech industries. Earnings peaks occurred at similar experience levels for the two types of industries. Differences in the curvature of experience-earning profiles between high-tech and low-tech industries were substantially reduced after correcting for selection bias. In the second essay, I made a distinction between human capital obtained from schooling and human capital obtained from training based on their different responses to technological change, and assessed how technological change affects these two types of human capital. Relying on National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 data, I estimated the parameters of a dynamic structural human capital investment model in an environment of rapid technological change using nonlinear least squares method. I found that the productivity of schooling human capital increased under rapid technological change in spite of the obsolescence while the net effect of technological change on training human capital was fast obsolescence. These findings suggest that individuals with more schooling enjoy an advantage in dealing with technological change over those with less schooling. In the third essay, I analyzed empirically how technological change affects life-cycle human capital investment, in particular, schooling and training choices. Using the parameter estimates for the human capital investment model constructed in the second essay, I solved the value function and optimal decision rules for the dynamic programming problem numerically. I further simulated the life-cycle profiles of schooling and training under different rates of technological change for two ability groups respectively. I found that technological change tended to result in more schooling and training for the high-ability group while exerting little impact on human capital investment for the low-ability group. |
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Bibliography Citation
Song, Xueda. Essays on Technological Change and Labor Markets. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Albany, 2004. DAI-A 65/11, p. 4297, May 2005. |
5807. |
Song, Xueda |
The Effects of Technological Change on Schooling and Training Human Capital Working Paper, Department of Economics, York University, February 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, York University Keyword(s): Human Capital; Schooling; Technology/Technological Changes; Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates the differential effects of technological change on general human capital acquired through schooling and technology-specific human capital acquired through training based on a life-cycle human capital investment model. Using data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (1987-2003), I find that training human capital is more vulnerable to obsolescence due to technological change than is schooling human capital for both high-ability and low-ability individuals. This suggests that individuals with more schooling enjoy an advantage in dealing with technological change over those with less schooling. |
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Bibliography Citation
Song, Xueda. "The Effects of Technological Change on Schooling and Training Human Capital." Working Paper, Department of Economics, York University, February 2011. |
5808. |
Song, Xueda |
The Effects of Technological Change on Schooling and Training Human Capital Economics of Innovation and New Technology 22,1 (2013): 23-45. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599.2012.698844 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Human Capital; Schooling; Skills; Technology/Technological Changes; Training This study investigates the differential effects of technological change on general human capital acquired through schooling and technology-specific human capital acquired through training based on a life-cycle human capital investment model. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (1987–2003), I find that for both high-ability and low-ability individuals, the net effect of technological change on training human capital is obsolescence, whereas that on schooling human capital is an increase in productivity in spite of the obsolescence. This finding is consistent with the view that individuals with more schooling may enjoy an advantage under rapid technological change over those with less schooling. I also find that technological change exerts differential impacts on individuals with different ability levels, which provides support for the skill-biased technical change theory. |
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Bibliography Citation
Song, Xueda. "The Effects of Technological Change on Schooling and Training Human Capital." Economics of Innovation and New Technology 22,1 (2013): 23-45.
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5809. |
Song, Yan |
Essays in Health Economics of Cigarette Consumption Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, City University of New York, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Pre/post Natal Behavior; State-Level Data/Policy; Time Preference Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 1, the primary focus of this essay is to use a long time series of state cross sections for the 1955-2009 time period in the United States in order to predict cigarette consumption. This essay updates estimates of the rational addiction model of cigarette consumption obtained by Gary Becker, Michael Grossman, and Kevin Murphy in their seminal 1994 American Economic Review paper. By using two types of prices, the cigarette price and the cigarette tax, and employing a cigarette demand function, I verify that smoking is a rationally addictive form of behavior. This is based on the theory that current smoking behavior is affected by both past and future smoking behaviors. Furthermore, I estimate long-run and short-run elasticities and find that the long-run elasticity is larger than that in the short run. Chapter 2, the primary focus of this essay is to obtain new estimates of the price sensitivity of cigarette consumption and related outcomes using the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). This work expands on the existing literature on the topic by taking into account measures of time preference in the NLSY79 to examine interactions between these measures and price in the demand function for cigarettes. My specific hypothesis is that those who discount the future consequences of their current actions heavily are likely to be more sensitive to price than those who do not. I find that the people who discount the future heavily are more sensitive to price change. Chapter 3, in this essay I explore the smoking behavior of pregnant women using the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). A key aspect of this research is the availability of smoking participation data before and during pregnancy. Thus, I consider the probabilities of quitting while pregnant as outcomes. I find that pregnant women who are cigarette consumers are less responsive to price changes because they are a future oriented group. Individuals who are more present-oriented are more likely to smoke and to consume more cigarettes given that they do smoke than those who are more future-oriented. Moreover, those who discount the future more heavily will be more sensitive to the money price of cigarettes than those who are more future-oriented. I find that a one percent change in the money price of cigarettes represents a larger percentage change in the full price for the former group. I focus on the role of time preference and the interaction between time preference and price in determining these outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Song, Yan. Essays in Health Economics of Cigarette Consumption. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, City University of New York, 2015. |
5810. |
Sorensen, Elaine |
Exploring the Reasons Behind the Narrowing Gender Gap in Earnings Report 91-2, Washington DC: Urban Institute Press, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Urban Institute Keyword(s): Attitudes; Bureau of Labor Statistics; Census of Population; Earnings; Labor Force Participation; Occupational Choice; Occupations; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Women This report: (1) examines some of the reasons behind the recent decline in the male-female pay differential; (2) identifies those occupations which offer women above-average earnings and growth rates over the next decade; and (3) analyzes whether the intermittent labor force participation of women continues to be a contributing factor in women's lower pay. Data from the NLS of Young Women and NLSY are used to compare the demographic, educational, attitudinal and labor market characteristics of (1) women ages 35-41 in 1985 who were in higher- paying/growth versus other types of occupations or not in the labor market, (2) women ages 23-29 in 1973 versus those of the same age in 1987 and (3) women ages 23-29 in 1973 who worked in higher pay/growth rate jobs in 1985. Other data sources utilized in this comprehensive analysis are the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the 1980 Census. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sorensen, Elaine. "Exploring the Reasons Behind the Narrowing Gender Gap in Earnings." Report 91-2, Washington DC: Urban Institute Press, 1991. |
5811. |
Sorensen, Elaine |
Noncustodial Fathers: Can They Afford to Pay More Child Support? Working Paper, The Urban Institute, Washington DC, February 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Urban Institute Keyword(s): Child Support; Childbearing; Fathers; Fathers, Absence; Fertility; Financial Assistance; Poverty |
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Bibliography Citation
Sorensen, Elaine. "Noncustodial Fathers: Can They Afford to Pay More Child Support?" Working Paper, The Urban Institute, Washington DC, February 1995. |
5812. |
Sorensen, Elaine |
Women's Relative Pay: The Factors that Shape Current and Future Trends Final Report, Office of Strategic Planning and Policy Development, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Census of Population; Earnings; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wages, Women The purpose of the study was to understand the major factors that may influence future trends in women's relative pay. This was accomplished by analyzing various data sets, such as census data, national longitudinal survey data (NLS of Young Women and NLSY), Bureau of Labor Statistics, University of Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics, etc., to identify and determine the relative influence of the many factors that influence career and employment choices that lead to high level job choices and careers, and influence relative employment earnings. [NTIS PB90-218710-XAB] |
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Bibliography Citation
Sorensen, Elaine. "Women's Relative Pay: The Factors that Shape Current and Future Trends." Final Report, Office of Strategic Planning and Policy Development, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1989. |
5813. |
Sorjonen, Kimmo Nilsonne, Gustav Ingre, Michael Melin, Bo |
Regression to the Mean in Latent Change Score Models: An Example Involving Breastfeeding and Intelligence BMC Pediatrics 22 (May 2022): 283. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12887-022-03349-4 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Breastfeeding; Intelligence; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Method: In the present study, we investigate regression to the mean in the case of breastfeeding and intelligence of children. We used latent change score modeling to analyze intergenerational change in intelligence, both from mothers to children and backward from children to mothers, in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) dataset (N = 6283). Results: When analyzing change from mothers to children, breastfeeding was found to have a positive association with intergenerational change in intelligence, whereas when analyzing backward change from children to mothers, a negative association was found. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sorjonen, Kimmo, Gustav Nilsonne, Michael Ingre and Bo Melin. "Regression to the Mean in Latent Change Score Models: An Example Involving Breastfeeding and Intelligence." BMC Pediatrics 22 (May 2022): 283.
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5814. |
Sorohan, Erica Gordon |
Training Young People Training and Development 48,1 (January 1994): 12-13 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society for Training and Development Keyword(s): Apprenticeships; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. According to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, some 38% of the young adults received some form of training between 1986 and 1991; 24% of respondents received company training, the largest percentage of all sources of training. More young men than young women received company-sponsored training. A higher percentage of whites received company-sponsored training than of blacks or Hispanics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sorohan, Erica Gordon. "Training Young People." Training and Development 48,1 (January 1994): 12-13.
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5815. |
Sorokina, Olga V. |
Constraints in the Demand for Education: What Can we Learn from Subjective Assessments? B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 12,1 (2012): 43. Also: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/1935-1682.2138/html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Keyword(s): Credit/Credit Constraint; Educational Attainment; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While the large disparities in educational attainment by socioeconomic status in the United States point towards the importance of credit constraints, there is no consensus in the economic literature regarding their pervasiveness. To evaluate how subjective information can enhance our understanding of the role of credit constraints in education, I focus on NLSY79 respondents' assessments of financial obstacles to schooling. About 12 percent of young adults in the data expect to underinvest in education because of financial reasons or the need to work. Using this information in a regression model of educational attainment shows that it provides valuable behavioral insights, above and beyond standard measures of income and family background. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sorokina, Olga V. "Constraints in the Demand for Education: What Can we Learn from Subjective Assessments?" B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 12,1 (2012): 43.
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5816. |
Sorokina, Olga V. |
Essays on Credit Constraints and Education Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston College, 2009 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Education; College Enrollment; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Household Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. What fraction of college-age youths in the United States comes from credit-constrained families? Can subjective assessments of financial difficulties inform the debate about pervasiveness of credit constraints in the demand for college education? My dissertation contains two essays addressing these questions. Credit constraints in education may lead to inefficient skill allocations and perpetuate imbalances in the distribution of economic well-being. Unfortunately, empirical evidence regarding their pervasiveness in the United States has not been consistent, in part because constraints tend to be inferred indirectly. The first essay evaluates how a potentially more direct measure can be used to enhance our understanding of the issue. I focus on subjective assessments of financial limitations available in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and find that about 12 percent of college-age individuals expect to underinvest in education because of financial reasons or the need to work. While the measure developed in this paper is noisy and not a precise indicator of credit constraints, it appears to capture important variations in educational choices, beyond these captured by the standard controls, such as parental income. The contribution of the second essay is the use of parents' reports of borrowing limitations in the NLSY79 Young Adult Supplement to evaluate the proportion of constrained college-age youths in the early 2000s. The focus on the 2000s is critical because the sharp increase in tuition costs and gradual erosion of real student borrowing limits over the past two decades have potentially made credit constraints in education more widespread. My analysis sample is limited to children of young mothers who are more likely to be disadvantaged economically and hence are of specific interest to policy-makers. Over one-fifth of youths in the sample come from families where mothers report borrowing limitations. Conditional on scholastic ability, family income, and family background characteristics, parental constraints have a strong negative correlation with children's college attendance. Although my results do not distinguish between alternative explanations for borrowing limitations, they do suggest that researchers interested in the connection between liquidity constraints and education might benefit from paying more attention to direct measures. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sorokina, Olga V. Essays on Credit Constraints and Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston College, 2009. |
5817. |
Sorrel, Charlie |
Working From Home Usually Means Longer Hours For Less Money Fast Company, January 25, 2017. Also: https://www.fastcompany.com/3067389/working-from-home-usually-means-longer-hours-for-less-money Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Mansueto Ventures Keyword(s): Earnings; Telecommuting; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The capacity to work from home mostly extends the workday and encroaches into what was formerly home and family time. [News media article based on Glass, Jennifer L. and Mary Christine Noonan. "Telecommuting and Earnings Trajectories Among American Women and Men 1989-2008." Social Forces 95, 1 (1 September 2016): 217-250] |
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Bibliography Citation
Sorrel, Charlie. "Working From Home Usually Means Longer Hours For Less Money." Fast Company, January 25, 2017. |
5818. |
South, Scott J. |
Do You Need to Shop Around? Age at Marriage, Spousal Alternatives, and Marital Dissolution Journal of Family Issues 16,4 (July 1995): 432-449. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/16/4/432.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Attitudes; Behavior; Demography; Divorce; Educational Attainment; Marital Dissolution; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Hypothesized that, relative to people who marry later in life, persons who marry at comparatively young ages will be especially susceptible to divorce when confronted with abundant alternatives to their current spouse. Data on 2,586 Ss, first interviewed in 1979 between the ages of 14-22 years, were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth and the Public Use Microdata Samples; 22% of Ss had experienced a marital dissolution. A discrete-time event-history analysis approach was used. Results show that local marriage markets containing favorable remarriage prospects for wives should increase the risk of divorce, as should a marriage market containing relatively favorable remarriage prospects for husbands and thus unfavorable prospects for wives. Some of the effect of age at marriage on marital dissolution is attributable to the detrimental impact of early marriage on educational attainment. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1996 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
South, Scott J. "Do You Need to Shop Around? Age at Marriage, Spousal Alternatives, and Marital Dissolution." Journal of Family Issues 16,4 (July 1995): 432-449.
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5819. |
South, Scott J. Lloyd, Kim Marie |
Spousal Alternatives and Marital Dissolution American Sociological Review 60,1 (February 1995): 21-35. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096343 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Census of Population; Divorce; Family Structure; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Labor Force Participation; Marital Disruption; Marital Dissolution; Mobility; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH); Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Survey of Families and Households demonstrate that a substantial percentage of recently divorced men and women had been romantically involved with someone other than their spouse before divorce. Merging microlevel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth with aggregated Public Use Microdata from the 1980 US Census, the authors examine the impact of marriage market characteristics and other variables on the non-Hispanic Whites, the risk is highest where there is an abundance of spousal alternatives, increased labor force participation among unmarried women, and high geographic mobility rates in the local area. Results suggest that many persons remain open to alternative relationships even while married. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1995 American Psychological Association, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
South, Scott J. and Kim Marie Lloyd. "Spousal Alternatives and Marital Dissolution." American Sociological Review 60,1 (February 1995): 21-35.
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5820. |
Spanjer, Anne van Witteloostuijn, Arjen |
The Entrepreneur's Experiential Diversity and Entrepreneurial Performance Small Business Economics 49,1 (June 2017): 141-161. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-016-9811-0 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Entrepreneurship; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Skills; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the relationship between the entrepreneur's experiential diversity and entrepreneurial performance. First, we argue that entrepreneurial and industry experiences are positively associated with performance. Second, by combining Lazear's jacks-of-all-trades theory with the cognition and learning literatures, an inverted U-shaped experience diversity-performance relationship is predicted. The hypotheses are tested using data from the US National Labor Survey Youth 1979 and O*NET. We find that industry experience is positively associated with performance, but entrepreneurial experience is negatively related. Moreover, experience diversity measured in terms of skills is found to be positively associated with performance up to a certain threshold. After this threshold, an increase in an entrepreneur's experiential diversity lowers performance. Entrepreneurs with 23 different skills have the highest performance. Furthermore, when depreciating for experience, experience diversity measured in terms of both skills and knowledge is found to be positively related to performance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Spanjer, Anne and Arjen van Witteloostuijn. "The Entrepreneur's Experiential Diversity and Entrepreneurial Performance." Small Business Economics 49,1 (June 2017): 141-161.
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5821. |
Spear, Nicole K. |
Adopted Children's Outcome as Young Adults in Regards to Educational Attainment and Income Honors Project Paper 102, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 2009. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/102 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University Keyword(s): Adoption; Family Income; Family Size; Mothers, Education; Poverty; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study explains the differences between the outcomes for children adopted by the age of two in comparison to biologically raised children using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. It analyzes the educational attainment and income earned through a competing effects framework. The Family Background Effect measures the positive effects caused by higher than average socioeconomic status of the average family with adopted children. The Family Background Effect contrasted with the negative Adoption Effect caused by a number of different factors that could work against an adopted child. Using linear regression analysis, the study finds that the Family Background Effect prevails over the Adoption Effect. Then the Oaxaca Decomposition technique breaks down the effects of each family background variable on educational attainment for the adopted young adult. It is determined that the differences in the average level of education of the respondents' mother explains over 50% of the' difference in educational attainment between adopted and biologically raised young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Spear, Nicole K. "Adopted Children's Outcome as Young Adults in Regards to Educational Attainment and Income." Honors Project Paper 102, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 2009. |
5822. |
Spear, Nicole K. |
Adopted Children's Outcomes as Young Adults in Regards to Educational Attainment and Income The Park Place Economist 17,1, Article 16 (2009):68-75. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol17/iss1/16/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU) Keyword(s): Adoption; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Family Size; I.Q.; Income; Intelligence; Mothers, Education; Poverty; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My study examines the outcomes of young-adults who were adopted versus those who were not. By measuring educational attainment and income, I believe that this is a better study as it measures an application of intelligence. It looks at the true circumstances of the young adult's life, especially since society tends to evaluate people not on their IQ but instead considers their educational attainment and income. My study will be similar to one conducted by Andres Bjorklund and Katarina Richardson (2000), except I use data from the United States rather than Sweden. |
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Bibliography Citation
Spear, Nicole K. "Adopted Children's Outcomes as Young Adults in Regards to Educational Attainment and Income ." The Park Place Economist 17,1, Article 16 (2009):68-75.
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5823. |
Spearin, Carrie E. |
Children and the Union Formation Process: Using the NLSY79 to Examine Relationship Status for Men and Women over the Life Course Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=70680 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Family Formation; Family History; Fertility; Gender; Male Sample; Marriage; Modeling, Logit; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marriage and parenthood in the U.S. have become increasingly decoupled during the 20th century, making children an active part of adult lives not only after marriage but also throughout the union formation process. However, the effect of children may differ significantly for men and women, largely due to the residential status of children. This paper investigates the role of children in union formation processes, focusing on the gender differences associated with the effect of children on the types of unions formed over the life course. Data from NLSY 1979 (1979-2004) are used to estimate a series of multinomial logit approximations of event history models to determine the odds of entering a specific relationship type for each year of a respondent's life. Results show the effect of children is similar in direction for both men and women, but is stronger for men even when child's residential status is taken into account. |
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Bibliography Citation
Spearin, Carrie E. "Children and the Union Formation Process: Using the NLSY79 to Examine Relationship Status for Men and Women over the Life Course." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
5824. |
Spearin, Carrie E. |
Parents and Partners: The Effect of Children on Men's and Women's Family Formation Processes Over the Life Course in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Brown University, 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Childbearing; Cohabitation; Family Formation; Marriage; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Given the rise in nonmarital childbearing, coupled with a retreat from marriage and increasing rates of cohabitation in the U.S. during the second half of the 20th century, it is increasingly important to include the effect of children (both own and partner's) when studying family formation. While prior research has examined the influence of children on women's family formation, few have examined this from a male perspective. This dissertation considers children's impact on both men's and women's choices regarding family living, presenting a dynamic picture of how men and women in different parenting situations form unions as they move from late adolescence to middle adulthood. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 are used to estimate a series of multinomial logit approximations determining the odds of entering a specific relationship type. Results show that biological children have a positive effect for men and women on forming marital and cohabiting unions. However, this effect is greater for men than women, especially when biological children are coresident. Coresidential fathers are significantly more likely to form a marriage, especially if the union being formed is his first, and are less likely to enter into stepparenthood. Coresidential mothers have an increased likelihood of union formation, but there is no difference in union type formed or entering into stepparenthood. Having only nonresident children increases the likelihood of union formation for both men and women, but these results are weaker compared to those for coresident children. There continues to be controversy in the literature regarding the importance of children in marriage and family formation. Some emphasize the potential economic returns of marriage, via specialization, as a leading determinant of union formation choices. Others argue demographic changes have altered the ways individuals select romantic partners. This dissertation finds support fo r the latter. Children no longer deter union formation for parents, and often enhance it, especially among fathers. Overall, men's and women's union formation strategies differ largely because of children, and if the cohort studied proves representative of subsequent cohorts, it is likely that such complex partnering and parenting situations will continue into the future. |
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Bibliography Citation
Spearin, Carrie E. Parents and Partners: The Effect of Children on Men's and Women's Family Formation Processes Over the Life Course in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Brown University, 2007. |
5825. |
Speer, Jamin D. |
Essays on Occupational Choice, College Major, and Career Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Career Patterns; High School; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Job Characteristics; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Skills; Transition, School to Work; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's 1979 and 1997 cohorts, which are nationally representative panel surveys following workers from their teenage years well into their careers. The key advantage of the NLSYs for my purposes is that they also include a variety of cognitive and noncognitive pre-market skill measures, which I can then link to career outcomes. I combine these data with O*Net, which contains data on the task requirements of each occupation. I find that pre-market skills are strong predictors of the corresponding task content of the workers' occupations, both initially and much later in their careers. Career trajectories are similar across worker skill types, implying that initial differences in occupation persist over the course of a career. The third chapter uses the weekly work history data from the NLSY's 1979 cohort to analyze the effect of leaving high school during a recession. These data allow me to precisely measure labor market outcomes and the school-to-work transition. I document severe but short-lived effects of leaving school in a recession on wages, job quality, and the transition time from school to work for men with 9 to 12 years of education. In contrast to published evidence on more educated workers, I find large effects on work hours on both the extensive and intensive margins. When workers leave high school in a recession, they work fewer total weeks and more part-time weeks in their first year in the labor market. They also take substantially longer to find a job, have less access to on-the-job training, and report lower promotion possibilities. Effects of the entry unemployment rate on wages are also large. A 4-point rise in the initial unemployment rate leads to a 21% decline in year-one average wage, a 32% fall in hours worked in the first year, and a 54% decline in first-year earnings. However, the effects of economic conditions are not persistent; by year four, there is no effect on wages, hours, or earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Speer, Jamin D. Essays on Occupational Choice, College Major, and Career Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2014. |
5826. |
Speer, Jamin D. |
How Bad is Occupational Coding Error? A Task-based Approach Economics Letters 141 (April 2016): 166-168. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176516300544 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Choice; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Research Methodology Studies of occupational choice and mobility are often plagued by rampant occupational coding error. Use of task-based occupation measures, such as O*Net, may mitigate the bias caused by coding error if the occupation is misclassified as an occupation similar to the true occupation. Measuring occupational changes in "task space," I find that task-based measures reduce the problems of coding error, but only slightly. If one does not correct for coding error, one overestimates traditional occupational mobility rates by about 90%; using task-based measures, the overestimate of mobility is still 75%. I also show that when tasks are used as regressors and coding error is not corrected, estimates will be attenuated by 15-20%. Task-based measures are a slight improvement over census occupation codes but are no panacea for dealing with coding error. |
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Bibliography Citation
Speer, Jamin D. "How Bad is Occupational Coding Error? A Task-based Approach." Economics Letters 141 (April 2016): 166-168.
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5827. |
Speer, Jamin D. |
Pre-Market Skills, Occupational Choice, and Career Progression Journal of Human Resources 52,1 (Winter 2017): 187-246. Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/52/1/187 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Career Patterns; Gender Differences; Layoffs; Occupational Choice; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Skills This paper develops a new empirical framework for analyzing occupational choice and career progression. I merge the NLSYs with O*Net and find that pre-market skills (primarily ASVAB test scores) predict the task content of the workers' occupations. These measures account for 71 percent of the gender gap in science and engineering occupations. Career trajectories are similar across workers, so that initial differences in occupation persist over time. I then quantify the effect of layoffs on career trajectory and find that a layoff erases one-fourth of a worker's total career increase in task content but this effect only lasts two years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Speer, Jamin D. "Pre-Market Skills, Occupational Choice, and Career Progression." Journal of Human Resources 52,1 (Winter 2017): 187-246.
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5828. |
Speer, Jamin D. |
The Gender Gap in College Major: Revisiting the Role of Pre-College Factors Presented: Seattle WA, Annual Meetings of the Society of Labor Economists (SOLE), May 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Society of Labor Economists (SOLE) Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Gender Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a broader array of pre-college test scores (the ASVAB), I show that differences in college preparation can actually account for a large portion of most gender gaps in college major content, including two-thirds of the gap in science, half of the gap in humanities, and almost half of the gap in engineering. By contrast, business and education retain large gender gaps even when controlling for abilities. A smaller portion (at most 22%) of women's higher likelihood of switching out of a science or engineering major is explained by the ASVAB scores, suggesting that most ability sorting into majors occurs at the beginning of college. I show that gender gaps in test scores, particularly in science and mechanical fields, exist by the mid-teenage years and typically grow with age. While there are gender differences in middle and high school course-taking, they do not explain the increasing gender gaps in test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Speer, Jamin D. "The Gender Gap in College Major: Revisiting the Role of Pre-College Factors." Presented: Seattle WA, Annual Meetings of the Society of Labor Economists (SOLE), May 2016. |
5829. |
Speer, Jamin D. |
The Gender Gap in College Major: Revisiting the Role of Pre-college Factors Labour Economics 44 (January 2017): 69-88. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537116304110 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Gender Differences; Noncognitive Skills; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT This paper considers the importance of pre-college test scores in accounting for gender gaps in college major. Large gaps in major content exist: men are more likely to study math-, science-, and business-intensive fields, while women are more likely to study humanities-, social science-, and education-intensive fields. Previous research has found that gender differences in college preparation, typically measured by SAT scores, can account for only a small portion of these differences. Using a broader array of pre-college test scores (the ASVAB), I show that differences in college preparation can actually account for a large portion of most gender gaps in college major content, including 62% of the gap in science, 66% of the gap in humanities, and 47% of the gap in engineering. SAT scores explain less than half as much as the ASVAB scores, while noncognitive skill measures appear to explain none of the gaps in major. The gender gaps in test scores, particularly in science and mechanical fields, exist by the mid-teenage years and grow with age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Speer, Jamin D. "The Gender Gap in College Major: Revisiting the Role of Pre-college Factors." Labour Economics 44 (January 2017): 69-88.
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5830. |
Speer, Jamin D. |
Wages, Hours, and the School-to-Work Transition: The Consequences of Leaving School in a Recession for Less-Educated Men B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 16,1 (January 2016): 97-124. Also: https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bejeap.2016.16.issue-1/bejeap-2015-0054/bejeap-2015-0054.xml Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Educational Attainment; Labor Market Outcomes; Transition, School to Work; Wages; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the NLSY's weekly work history data to precisely measure labor market outcomes and the school-to-work transition, I document severe but short-lived effects of leaving school in a recession for men with 9-12 years of education. I find significant effects of entry labor market conditions on wages, job quality, and the transition time from school to work. In contrast to published evidence on more educated workers, I also find large effects on work hours on both the extensive and the intensive margins. When workers leave high school in a recession, they take substantially longer to find a job, earn lower wages, and work fewer full-time weeks and more part-time weeks. A 4-point rise in the initial unemployment rate leads to an increase in the school-to-work transition time of 9 weeks, a 16% decline in year-one average wage, a 28% fall in hours worked in the first year, and a 45% decline in first-year earnings. However, effects of entry conditions are not persistent and are largely gone after the first year. |
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Bibliography Citation
Speer, Jamin D. "Wages, Hours, and the School-to-Work Transition: The Consequences of Leaving School in a Recession for Less-Educated Men." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 16,1 (January 2016): 97-124.
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5831. |
Speizer, Howard Dougherty, Doug |
Automating Data Transmission and Case Management Functions for a Nationwide CAPI Study In: Proceedings, 1991 Annual Research Conference. Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991: pp. 375-388 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Commerce Keyword(s): Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI); Data Quality/Consistency; Interviewing Method; NLS Description The application of telecommunication technology to support data transmission and case management in nationwide computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) could have a broad impact in the survey research industry. Significant potential exists for timely data capture, tight centralized controls, operation efficiencies and cost savings afforded by such an application. However, all national CAPI field efforts to date have used the U.S. Postal Service for data transmission and case management. This is due in part to researcher concerns about such issues as telecommunication reliability, data quality, data security, cost, and system support capability. The National Opinion Research Center (NORC) implemented an automated data transmission and case management system for the 1990 round of the NLSY. The system was used to support automated telecommunications from a nationally distributed field staff responsible for interviewing approximately 2,700 respondents using CAPI over a five-month field period. This paper presents the NORC automated CAPI support system capabilities, design, and implementation techniques. Strategies for addressing specific problems such as case management, case assignment changes, questionnaire modifications, system security and support are also described. The discussion culminates in a critical evaluation of NORC's project experience with emphasis on the feasibility of future CAPI telecommunication applications and suggestions for system improvements and enhancements. |
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Bibliography Citation
Speizer, Howard and Doug Dougherty. "Automating Data Transmission and Case Management Functions for a Nationwide CAPI Study" In: Proceedings, 1991 Annual Research Conference. Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991: pp. 375-388
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5832. |
Spencer, Nicholas James Ludvigsson, Johnny You, Yueyue Francis, Kate Awad, Yara Abu Markham, Wolfgang Faresjö, Tomas Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy White, Pär Andersson Raat, Hein Mensah, Fiona Gauvin, Lise McGrath, Jennifer J. |
Household Income and Maternal Education in Early Childhood and Activity-limiting Chronic Health Conditions in Late Childhood: Findings from Birth Cohort Studies from Six Countries Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health published online (July 2022): DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-219228. Also: https://jech.bmj.com/content/early/2022/07/21/jech-2022-219228 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Australia, Australian; Britain, British; Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY); Health, Chronic Conditions; Household Income; Mothers, Education; Sweden, Swedish Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: We examined absolute and relative relationships between household income and maternal education during early childhood (<5 years) with activity-limiting chronic health conditions (ALCHC) during later childhood in six longitudinal, prospective cohorts from high-income countries (UK, Australia, Canada, Sweden, Netherlands, USA). Methods: Relative inequality (risk ratios, RR) and absolute inequality (Slope Index of Inequality) were estimated for ALCHC during later childhood by maternal education categories and household income quintiles in early childhood. Estimates were adjusted for mother ethnicity, maternal age at birth, child sex and multiple births, and were pooled using meta-regression. Results: Pooled estimates, with over 42 000 children, demonstrated social gradients in ALCHC for high maternal education versus low (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.85) and middle education (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.38); as well as for high household income versus lowest (RR 1.90, 95% CI 1.66 to 2.18) and middle quintiles (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.54). Absolute inequality showed decreasing ALCHC in all cohorts from low to high education (range: −2.85% Sweden, −13.36% Canada) and income (range: −1.8% Sweden, −19.35% Netherlands). |
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Bibliography Citation
Spencer, Nicholas James, Johnny Ludvigsson, Yueyue You, Kate Francis, Yara Abu Awad, Wolfgang Markham, Tomas Faresjö, Jeremy Goldhaber-Fiebert, Pär Andersson White, Hein Raat, Fiona Mensah, Lise Gauvin and Jennifer J. McGrath. "Household Income and Maternal Education in Early Childhood and Activity-limiting Chronic Health Conditions in Late Childhood: Findings from Birth Cohort Studies from Six Countries." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health published online (July 2022): DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-219228.
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5833. |
Spiller, MIchael W. |
The Family Demography of Higher Education Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Income; Family Size; Family Structure; Higher Education; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Patterns of educational attainment in the United States have changed over the 20th century, with a significant increase in the value of and demand for college education since the 1980s. Simultaneously, the size of families shrank and the proportion of youth living in two-parent "traditional" households decreased, leading to a proliferation of new family forms. Social scientists have long investigated the relationship between family structure and educational attainment. This dissertation contributes to prior research on families and education by examining the relationship between family structure and enrollment in and completion of 4-year college. The first chapter of the dissertation analyzes two panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to determine whether the relationship between family size and higher educational attainment changed between the birth cohort completing high school in the early 1980s and the one completing high school in the late 1990s. It also examines whether family income plays a role in determining whether family size impacts higher educational attainment. The second chapter analyzes the later panel of the NLSY to evaluate competing explanations for the negative relationship between family size and educational attainment. Additionally, it examines whether the relationship varies by youths' race/ethnicity. The final chapter presents a measure of family structure that combines the number of family transitions a youth has experienced and a qualitative measure of family type. It then uses propensity score models to examine whether the negative relationship between non-traditional family structures and higher educational attainment is causal in the later panel of the NLSY. The first chapter finds that there is a negative relationship between family size and higher educational attainment among both birth cohorts. However, it finds that the relationship is concentrated among higher income families in the early panel and lower income families in the later panel. This shift over time is likely due to large changes in higher education aid policies such as the introduction of unsubsidized Stafford loans in 1993. The second chapter finds little support for three explanations claiming that the relationship between family size and higher education is not causal or for the claim that the relationship operates via decreased intellectual ability. It also finds that there is variation in the relationship between family size and higher education by race/ethnicity, with no detectable relationship for Hispanic youth. The final chapter finds that there is a significant causal relationship between being raised in a non-traditional family structure and higher education. Additionally, it finds that the strength of the relationship varies by the likelihood of having a non-traditional family, with the effects concentrated among those who are least likely to have one. This may indicate that communities in which non-traditional families are common provide resources that moderate the impact of non-traditional family structures on educational attainment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Spiller, MIchael W. The Family Demography of Higher Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2014. |
5834. |
Spitze, Scott |
Three Essays on Macroeconomics with Search Frictions Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Georgia, 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Outsourcing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapters 1 and 2 study the effects of domestic outsourcing on workers and labor markets. In Chapter 1, I use self-reported outsourcing status from the NLSY 1979. Outsourced workers earn 7.1% less in total compensation, mainly because they have lower access to health insurance and retirement plans. These effects are heterogeneous by education: workers without a bachelor's degree earn 8.8% less, while workers with a bachelor's degree earn insignificantly more. Within occupations, outsourcing is positively correlated with employment. Outsourcing leads to a trade-off for workers without a bachelor's degree: jobs are lower quality but more plentiful. In Chapter 2, I examine this trade-off by developing a DMP-style model, in which firms endogenously choose to either hire workers from a frictional labor market or rent labor from outsourcers. High-productivity firms chose to outsource and expand: workers lose access to the highest-paying jobs but are more likely to be employed. Calibrations reveal outsourcing makes workers without a bachelor’s degree worse off but workers with one better off. |
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Bibliography Citation
Spitze, Scott. Three Essays on Macroeconomics with Search Frictions. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Georgia, 2022. |
5835. |
Spivey, Christy |
Desperation or Desire? The Role of Risk Aversion in Marriage Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionid=71472 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Family Income; Gender Differences; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Risk-Taking; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The effect of an individual's risk aversion on time to marriage is examined using survival analysis. The financial risk aversion measure is based on a series of hypothetical gambles over family income that were offered to respondents of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. A search model predicts that the more risk averse the individual, the shorter the time to first marriage. The estimates support the theory, indicating that risk aversion significantly affects time to marriage, with more risk averse respondents marrying sooner than their more risk loving counterparts. Within-family analyses using sibling data reveal a similar pattern. In addition, the effect of risk aversion on time to marriage is larger in magnitude and more statistically significant for men. One possible explanation for the different results between the sexes is that women value risk aversion as a desirable trait in potential mates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Spivey, Christy. "Desperation or Desire? The Role of Risk Aversion in Marriage." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
5836. |
Spivey, Christy |
Desperation or Desire? The Role of Risk Aversion in Marriage Economic Inquiry 48,2 (April 2010): 499-516. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00181.x/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Family Income; Gender Differences; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Risk-Taking; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Because of the uncertainty inherent in searching for a spouse and the uncertainty of the future quality and state of the marriage itself, risk attitudes likely directly impact the timing of marriage. The effect of an individual’s risk aversion, measured via a series of hypothetical gambles over income on time to marriage, is examined using survival analysis. I find risk aversion significantly affects time to marriage, with more risk averse respondents marrying sooner than their more risk-loving counterparts. Within-family analyses using sibling data reveal a similar pattern. In addition, the effect of risk aversion on time to marriage is larger in magnitude and more statistically significant for men. One possible explanation for the different results between the sexes is that women value risk aversion as a desirable trait in potential mates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Spivey, Christy. "Desperation or Desire? The Role of Risk Aversion in Marriage." Economic Inquiry 48,2 (April 2010): 499-516.
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5837. |
Spivey, Christy |
Marriage, Career, and the City: Three Essays in Applied Microeconomics Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 2006. DAI-A 67/12, p. 4646, Jun 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Family Income; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Marriage; Unemployment Duration; Wage Gap; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation is comprised if three essays in Applied Microeconomics. The first essay examines the effect of an individual's risk aversion on time to marriage. The financial risk aversion measure is based on a series of hypothetical gambles over family income that were offered to respondents of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The estimates support a theoretic model of search, indicating that more risk averse respondents marry sooner than their more risk loving counterparts. In addition, the effect of risk aversion on time to marriage is larger in magnitude and more statistically significant for men. One possible explanation for the different results between the sexes is that women value risk aversion as a desirable trait in potential mates. The second essay explores how nonemployment spells and career expectations affect wages. Wages are affected by total nonemployment time, by recent work interruptions, and by some past interruptions. Interruptions affect women's wages further into the future compared to men, but the wage loss associated with any given interruption is less severe for women. One potential reason for the gender differences is that men are more likely to take time off from working for reasons that are negatively related to their productivity. Future career interruptions, which workers presumably anticipate in many cases, affect current investment in human capital to some degree for both sexes. A very small fraction of the gender wage gap is attributable solely to timing of experience. The third essay examines the current viability of the basic predictions of the Mills-Muth monocentric model of city structure. One previous study uses a cross-section of cities to test the comparative statics predictions, namely that city area is increasing in population and income but decreasing in agricultural land value and commuting costs. While it finds support for the predictions, the data used are from 1970, and there has been a growing consensus that the monocentric model is no longer useful. Despite the increasing polycentricity of cities, there is evidence that the Mills-Muth comparative statics predictions hold for modern cities. Also, densely populated cities are more likely to have subcenters. |
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Bibliography Citation
Spivey, Christy. Marriage, Career, and the City: Three Essays in Applied Microeconomics. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 2006. DAI-A 67/12, p. 4646, Jun 2007. |
5838. |
Spivey, Christy |
Time Off at What Price? The Effects of Career Interruptions on Earnings Industrial and Labor Relations Review 59,1 (October 2005): 119-140. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25063018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Human Capital; Labor Economics; Unemployment Duration; Wage Effects; Wages Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the author explores how nonemployment spells and career expectations affected men's and women's wages. Wage profiles were affected by total nonemployment time, by recent work interruptions, and by some past interruptions. Statistically significant interruptions were more numerous for women than men, but the wage loss associated with any given interruption was less severe for women. Future career interruptions, which workers presumably anticipate in many cases, affected current investment in human capital to some degree for both sexes. The wage effects of the timing of experience (defined by the fraction of weeks worked, by specific years) correspond closely to the wage effects of interruptions (calendar years without work): when the analysis accounts for the former, little additional penalty is found to have been associated with the latter. A very small fraction of the gender wage gap was attributable solely to timing of experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Spivey, Christy. "Time Off at What Price? The Effects of Career Interruptions on Earnings." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 59,1 (October 2005): 119-140.
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5839. |
Sproat, Kezia |
Using National Longitudinal Surveys to Track Young Workers Monthly Labor Review 102,10 (October 1979): 28-33 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Employment; Unemployment, Youth How can young people's employment difficulties be resolved, or better still, prevented? Data from the NLS of Young Men, Young Women, and NLSY hold rich potential for answering questions about labor force dynamics as they affect youth employment and unemployment. This article summarizes recent findings and ongoing research based on the three NLS youth cohorts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sproat, Kezia. "Using National Longitudinal Surveys to Track Young Workers." Monthly Labor Review 102,10 (October 1979): 28-33.
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5840. |
Squires, Sally |
Price for Early School Washington Post, May 13, 1997, Health; Pg. Z07 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, School-Age; Education; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on Michael Weitzman's study of the effects of enrolling children younger than 5 in kindergarten. Utilizing NLSY79 and Children of the NLSY79 data, the study finds that children who entered kindergarten younger than their peers were twice as likely to have behavior problems and more than four times as likely to have academic problems as the children who were the average age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Squires, Sally. "Price for Early School." Washington Post, May 13, 1997, Health; Pg. Z07. |
5841. |
Srinivas, Sumati |
Social Attitudes and the Gender Pay Gap in the USA in Recent Years International Journal of Social Economics 34,4 (April 2007): 268-275. Also: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0306-8293&volume=34&issue=4&articleid=1595283&show=abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Income; Labor Force Participation; Wage Gap; Women; Women's Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose -- Although the labor force participation rates for women in the USA have steadily risen during the last three decades, the gender pay gap has not decreased significantly since 1992. In fact, there is evidence that it actually widened during the 1990s. This paper seeks to present a social economics explanation of this phenomenon. Mainstream economic explanations for the anomalous behavior of the gender pay gap in the USA in recent years usually involve increasing numbers of women opting for part-time jobs. Recognizing the importance of social change in explaining certain features of the labor market, this paper aims to explore whether a broad change in social attitudes towards women's roles may form the basis for such phenomena. Design/methodology/approach -- A unique set of questions from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth which asks the same respondents about their attitudes towards "traditional" roles for women in 1987 and again in 2004 allows measurement of the change in attitudes in individual respondents. The survey population is then partitioned into those whose attitudes towards women's roles became "more traditional" and "less traditional," and the gender pay gap, as well as other characteristics, of each sub-population is analyzed. Findings -- Of respondents who reported a significant change in their attitude towards women's roles between 1987 and 2004, a larger number of respondents became more traditional in their views, agreeing with statements such as "a woman's place is in the home." A majority of those with college or professional degrees became more traditional in their attitudes, whereas a majority of those with a high school education became less traditional. Being a woman was significant and negatively correlated with an increase in pay among respondents who became more traditional, whereas no significant correlation was observed among those who became less traditional in their social attitudes. Originality/value -- The results indicate that social attitudes towards women's roles in the USA may have become more traditional during the 1990s, which is a new finding. The correlation found between social attitudes and women's pay provides an insight into why the gender pay gap persists despite the greatly increased labor force participation rates of women.... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Social Economics is the property of Emerald and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Srinivas, Sumati. "Social Attitudes and the Gender Pay Gap in the USA in Recent Years." International Journal of Social Economics 34,4 (April 2007): 268-275.
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5842. |
Srinivas, Sumati |
The Impact of Technological Mobility on Workers' Careers Career Development International 14,2 (2009): 133-147. Also: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1789608 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Education; Gender; Industrial Sector; Local Labor Market; Mobility, Labor Market; Technology/Technological Changes; Transition, Job to Job Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose – The aim of this article is to define a new kind of labor mobility called technological mobility, defined here as the different levels of technological change experienced by workers as they change jobs over the course of their career. Technological mobility is viewed as a form of career mobility, and it is hypothesized that moving to jobs in higher-tech industries might prove beneficial to workers' careers irrespective of the level of education or other measures of ability. Factors that determine upward or downward technological mobility are also investigated. Design/methodology/approach – This hypothesis is tested using data from the NLSY79, a nationally representative survey of the United States, between the years 1988 and 2000. Determinants of upward and downward technological mobility are modeled using industry-level data on technological mobility. Technological mobility is also regressed against wages to measure its impact on careers. Findings – Gender, education and local economic conditions are found to have a significant effect on technological mobility, but the effect varies depending on the way technological intensity is measured. The results also demonstrate that workers who move to high-tech industries are indeed rewarded with higher wages, even after controlling for education levels and other known factors. Originality/value – Technological mobility as defined here is an original concept. It is shown to be an important component of overall career mobility. The article also provides an analysis of workers who are able to make the transition into higher-tech jobs, which is a valuable addition to the research on technological change. |
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Bibliography Citation
Srinivas, Sumati. "The Impact of Technological Mobility on Workers' Careers." Career Development International 14,2 (2009): 133-147.
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5843. |
Srinivas, Sumati |
Upgrading Employee Computer Skills: Methods and Outcomes B>Quest (Business Quest), 2006. Also: http://www.westga.edu/~bquest/2006/upgrading06.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: B>Quest (Business Quest) Keyword(s): Computer Use/Internet Access; Job Satisfaction; Technology/Technological Changes; Training, Employee; Training, On-the-Job Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Businesses are being constantly faced with the necessity of upgrading their employees' computer skills in order to stay competitive. This need applies across industries and across most occupations within an industry. In this context, designing an optimal computer training method becomes key to a successful transformation of the workplace. This study uses survey data for the years 1993-94 and 2004 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), to analyze the training methods commonly used to upgrade employee computer skills, with a focus on informal training. Formal classroom training has been better researched because it is more easily measured. However, there is increasing evidence that much of employee skill upgrading actually occurs through informal, on-the-job training. This study provides a comparison of how computer training has changed between 1993-94 and 2004, as well as an analysis of current trends in the nature of both formal and informal training, and post-training job outcomes. Employees who undergo computer training are found to have on average better paid, more stable jobs than those who do not. Moreover, a large segment of the survey respondents used informal training methods such as peer group training and structured self-study to upgrade computer skills. Employees using informal training methods are found to have higher levels of job satisfaction, promotions, wage increases and job stability post-training. Among informal training methods, self-study methods yielded the greatest post-training benefits in 2004. |
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Bibliography Citation
Srinivas, Sumati. "Upgrading Employee Computer Skills: Methods and Outcomes." B>Quest (Business Quest), 2006.
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5844. |
Staiger, Douglas Wilwerding, Jonathan |
An Economic Model of Teen Motherhood: Opportunity Costs, Biological Constraints and the Timing of First Birth Working Paper April 2001, Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Revised, April 2002. Also: http://economics.uchicago.edu/download/staiger.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Chicago Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Self-Reporting Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to evaluate an economic model of the timing of first birth. We estimate a Tobit-type model, in which a woman chooses her age of first birth based on economic factors subject to the biological constraint that the birth must occur after physical maturity. This model fits the empirical distribution of first birth across a wide range of women. Biological constraints are important, with late maturity associated with low birth rates by age 17 and high birth rates in the later teen years. School achievement, as measured by the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), accounts for all of the racial differences in timing of first birth and predicts a 10-fold difference in teen-motherhood between top and bottom deciles of achievement. Finally, we find that the model is consistent with self-reports about expected age of first birth and whether a pregnancy was wanted. In this paper, we use data on births between the ages of 14 and 37 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to directly investigate the role of economic and other factors in determining the timing of first births. We develop, estimate and evaluate a reduced form economic model in which a woman chooses a target age for first birth based on economic factors (such as benefits of having a child, and opportunity costs in terms of foregone labor market opportunities), and then gives birth at that age subject to biological constraints (e.g., physical maturity). This simple structure implies that the age of first birth can be estimated with a Tobit-type model (with random and unobserved truncation), where both the target age and the truncation point depend on observable variables and unobserved error terms. In our estimation, we allow unobserved heterogeneity in the error terms using a discrete factor approximation (Heckman and Singer, 1984; Goldman, Leibowitz and Buchanan, 1998; Mroz, 1999). |
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Bibliography Citation
Staiger, Douglas and Jonathan Wilwerding. "An Economic Model of Teen Motherhood: Opportunity Costs, Biological Constraints and the Timing of First Birth." Working Paper April 2001, Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Revised, April 2002. |
5845. |
Stanfield, Rochelle L. |
Valuing the Family National Journal, 24,27, (July 4, 1992): 1562-1566 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Government Research Corporation Keyword(s): Divorce; Fathers, Absence; Household Structure; Maternal Employment; Parents, Single; Poverty; Remarriage; Transfers, Financial Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Working mothers and absent fathers, have altered the traditional portrait of the American family. Increasing concern for children is driving a search for policies to confront the new realities of the family. Remarriage has been touted as a good solution to the divorce problem, particularly for the poor. "Marriage is the single greatest escape route from poverty for welfare recipients -- more than work, more than transfer payments," the Family Research Council's Mattox said. But remarriage often isn't the best solution for the children involved. McLanahan has been investigating the effects of remarriage on children, "and I have been quite surprised to find that there are very consistent negative effects that really show up for kids in remarried households," she said. That is also one of several counterintuitive findings reported by Ohio State University research scientist Frank L. Mott, who has analyzed results of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a massive survey of youngsters from all types of family situations that has followed the same respondents since 1979. Mott has found, for example, that young black fathers -- who in most cases were never married to their children's mothers -- frequently live within a mile of their children and visit them frequently. Young white fathers, who are more likely to have been divorced, are less likely to visit. However, young white mothers are more likely to have acquired a new husband or live-in boyfriend. Mott is not convinced that the conventional assumptions about the negative impact on children of divorce or being reared in single-parent households will be upheld by his analysis. "More often than not, I don't find effects," Mott said. Acknowledging that his findings "would be quite controversial," he said, "I'm still working on it slowly and have not tried to publish yet." |
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Bibliography Citation
Stanfield, Rochelle L. "Valuing the Family." National Journal, 24,27, (July 4, 1992): 1562-1566. |
5846. |
Starfield, Barbara Shapiro, Sam Weiss, Judith Liang, Kung-Yee Knut, Ra Paige, David Wang, Xiaobin |
Race, Family Income, and Low Birth Weight American Journal of Epidemiology 134,10 (November 1991): 1167-1174. Also: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/134/10/1167.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Education; Family Income; Fertility; Marital Status; Mothers, Education; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Women The relations among race, family income, and low birth weight were examined using information obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which conducted yearly interviews with a nationally representative sample of young women identified in the late 1970s. Data were available for these women and their offspring from 1979 through 1988. Maternal education, maternal age, age/parity risk, marital status, and smoking during pregnancy served as covariates in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. The risk of low birth weight among births to black women and white women who were poor was at similarly high levels regardless of whether poverty was determined prior to study entrance or during the study period. Longitudinal analyses showed an exceptionally large increase in risk of low birth weight among children born to women whose prior pregnancy ended in a low-birth-weight infant. These two findings emphasize the importance of factors antecedent to the pregnancy in the genesis of low birth weight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Starfield, Barbara, Sam Shapiro, Judith Weiss, Kung-Yee Liang, Ra Knut, David Paige and Xiaobin Wang. "Race, Family Income, and Low Birth Weight." American Journal of Epidemiology 134,10 (November 1991): 1167-1174.
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5847. |
Staub, Kalina |
Marriage Formation and Dissolution in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Black Studies; Dropouts; Educational Attainment; Marital Status; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter highlights the roles that both the availability of men and competition from women within a marriage market play in the low marriage rates of uneducated black women. Black women who drop out of high school are far less likely to marry than those who do not; however, they also, counterintuitively, face much more favorable marriage markets than more educated women if we define marriage markets as independent by education level, as is standard. Using a simple model of the marriage market with men and women of different quality levels that allows for marriage market integration across education levels, I show that the marriage prospects of any woman should depend not only on the availability of men, but also the competition from more educated women. Additionally, this model predicts that any gender imbalance should disproportionately affect the marriage prospects for the least educated. Using data from the 1979-2004 waves of the NLSY79, I estimate discrete-time hazard models of first marriages for black women, capturing a woman's marriage prospects in four ways: (i) using a flexible specification that includes five ratios for the relative availability of men as well as the prevalence of competing women at each education level, (ii) using the ratios for the availability of men and women at adjacent education levels, (iii) using an education-specific simple sex ratio from the educationally segmented marriage markets that dominate the literature, and (iv) using a "cascading'' sex ratio implied by the simple model. The results emphasize the importance not only of the supply of men, but also of the competition from other women for the least educated women. Thus, marriage market measures that do not account for this cross-education competition greatly overstate the favorability of the marriage markets for uneducated black women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Staub, Kalina. Marriage Formation and Dissolution in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2013. |
5848. |
Staub, Kalina |
Marriage Patterns of Black Women: Education, Competition and the Shortage of Available Men Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Black Studies; Educational Attainment; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Black women who drop out of high school are marrying at much lower rates than more educated black women. Previous studies have assumed independent marriage markets by education level. However, when we characterize marriage markets in this way, they seem to be the most favorable for the least educated women. Using a simple model of the marriage market from Becker (1981) that allows for integration in marriage markets across education levels, I show that any imbalance in sex ratios, especially at the top of the educational distribution, should cascade down to disproportionately impact the least educated women. Using data from the 1979-2004 waves of the NLSY79 and a discrete-time hazard framework, I include a sex ratio based on Becker's model that accounts for both the supply of men and the competition from more educated women. This "cascading" sex ratio is more effective in accounting for the educational differences in marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Staub, Kalina. "Marriage Patterns of Black Women: Education, Competition and the Shortage of Available Men." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
5849. |
Stavrunova, Olena |
Labor Market Policies in an Equilibrium Matching Model with Heterogenous (sic) Agents and On-The-Job Search Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Iowa, 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Endogeneity; Heterogeneity; Job Search; Job Skills; Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation quantitatively evaluates selected labor market policies in a search-matching model with skill heterogeneity where high-skilled workers can take temporary jobs with skill requirements below their skill levels. The joint posterior distribution of structural parameters of the theoretical model is obtained conditional on the data on labor markets histories of the NLSY79 respondents. The information on AFQT scores of individuals and the skill requirements of occupations is utilized to identify the skill levels of workers and complexity levels of jobs in the job-worker matches realized in the data. The model and the data are used to simulate the posterior distributions of impacts of labor market policies on the endogenous variables of interest to a policy-maker, including unemployment rates, durations and wages of low- and high-skilled workers. In particular, the effects of the following policies are analyzed: increase in proportion of high-skilled workers, subsidies for employing or hiring high- and low-skilled workers and increase in unemployment income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stavrunova, Olena. Labor Market Policies in an Equilibrium Matching Model with Heterogenous (sic) Agents and On-The-Job Search. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Iowa, 2007. |
5850. |
Steel, Brent S. |
Job Satisfaction Bureaucrat 20,3 (Fall 1991): 57-59 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Bureaucrat, Inc. Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Private Sector; Public Sector Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over the past decade, a number of observers have claimed that public sector employees manifest low levels of job satisfaction and thus experience workplace alienation. Some have argued that red tape and the lack of management flexibility have led to unmotivated and dissatisfied employees. Data from the NLSY were used to investigate the level of job satisfaction evident among young public and private sector employees. Employees in the public sector were found to have higher levels of job satisfaction when compared with their private sector counterparts. In addition, it is evident that the public sector has been successful in attracting and keeping qualified and highly motivated young employees when compared with the private sector. The public sector employees in this study had higher levels of education, higher work aspirations, and longer terms of employment than a comparable sample of private sector employees. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Steel, Brent S. "Job Satisfaction." Bureaucrat 20,3 (Fall 1991): 57-59.
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5851. |
Steel, Brent S. Warner, Rebecca L. |
Job Satisfaction Among Early Labor Force Participants: Unexpected Outcomes in Public and Private Sector Comparisons Review of Public Personnel Administration 10,3 (Summer 1990): 4-22 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Public Affairs, University of South Carolina Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Private Sector; Public Sector A systematic investigation is presented of the level of job satisfaction among a national cross-section of early labor force participants in the public and private employment sectors in the late 1980s. The NLSY was the source of the data. Although conventional wisdom has suggested that there is a crisis in the level of job satisfaction among public sector employees due to extensive bureaucrat bashing and working in overly rigid organizations, the findings suggest that public sector employees manifest significantly higher levels of job satisfaction than their private sector counterparts. After controlling for a number of background, personal, and situational factors, the higher level of public sector job satisfaction remains. It is evident from the analyses that the public sector has been successful in attracting and keeping qualified and highly motivated young employees. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Steel, Brent S. and Rebecca L. Warner. "Job Satisfaction Among Early Labor Force Participants: Unexpected Outcomes in Public and Private Sector Comparisons." Review of Public Personnel Administration 10,3 (Summer 1990): 4-22.
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5852. |
Steel, Lauri |
Early Work Experience among White and Non-White Youths: Implications for Subsequent Enrollment and Employment Youth and Society 22,4 (June 1991): 419-447. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/22/4/419 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Employment; Employment, In-School; Gender Differences; High School Dropouts; Hispanics; Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences; Schooling; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research investigated whether the previously observed negative associations between early work experience and schooling would be mitigated in a cohort for whom such work experience was more typical. Subjects were 1,346 males and 1,379 females (aged 17-18 yrs) from the NLSY. There were 1,578 whites, 410 Hispanics, and 737 blacks. Early employment (EE) was associated with higher subsequent enrollment for white youths, with the exception of white males working full time or nearly full time. Among white males and among blacks, however, working longer hours in 1979 was associated with lower subsequent enrollment. EE appeared to be compatible with continued enrollment for white women and for white men working low to moderate amounts. However, among non-whites and white men working close to full time, EE appeared to represent a competing alternative to schooling. [PsycINFO] |
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Bibliography Citation
Steel, Lauri. "Early Work Experience among White and Non-White Youths: Implications for Subsequent Enrollment and Employment." Youth and Society 22,4 (June 1991): 419-447.
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5853. |
Steen, Todd P. |
An Analysis of Secondary Child Care Arrangements American Economist 38,1 (Spring 1994): 82-91. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/25603995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Omicron Delta Phi Keyword(s): Child Care; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Modeling, Logit; Mothers; Mothers, Education; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A study suggests that the use of secondary child care reflects parents' efforts to enhance the quality of care. Data were drawn from the 1986 and 1988 National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort, the June 1982 Current Population Survey, and the 1984-85 Survey of Income and Program Participation. Logit estimates show that mothers with older children and mothers with higher wages are more likely to use a secondary care arrangement. Results also indicate that secondary care is used more often by whites and by more educated mothers. The findings suggest that the use of secondary child care does not stem from a lack of adequate and flexible primary sources of care. Instead, secondary care may be used to better suit the needs of both parents and child. |
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Bibliography Citation
Steen, Todd P. "An Analysis of Secondary Child Care Arrangements." American Economist 38,1 (Spring 1994): 82-91.
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5854. |
Steen, Todd P. |
Religion and Earnings: Evidence from the NLS Youth Cohort International Journal of Social Economics 23,1 (1996): 47-58. Also: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1502468&show=pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Earnings; Male Sample; Religion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper estimates human capital earnings functions to examine earnings differentials and rates of return to human capital for men from different religious backgrounds. The data for this analysis are taken from the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) Youth Cohort (1979-1991). |
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Bibliography Citation
Steen, Todd P. "Religion and Earnings: Evidence from the NLS Youth Cohort." International Journal of Social Economics 23,1 (1996): 47-58.
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5855. |
Steen, Todd P. |
The Relationship Between Religion and Earnings: Recent Evidence from the NLS Youth Cohort International Journal of Social Economics 31,5/6 (2004): 572-582. Also: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=847867&show=abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Earnings; Ethnic Studies; Family Background and Culture; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Racial Studies; Religion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Does religious and denominational background affect earnings and human capital investment? This paper examines religious background and human capital formation for a sample of males from the year 2000 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey Youth 1979 Cohort. This survey provides information that makes it possible to control better for many components of family background in order to isolate the impact of religion and denomination. The paper contains results from analyses of men within broad religious categories as well as within various Protestant denominations, and reports results for different racial and ethnic groups. The method used for the analysis is the estimation of human capital earnings functions. The paper finds evidence that both men raised as Catholics and men raised as Jews have higher earnings, holding other characteristics constant. |
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Bibliography Citation
Steen, Todd P. "The Relationship Between Religion and Earnings: Recent Evidence from the NLS Youth Cohort." International Journal of Social Economics 31,5/6 (2004): 572-582.
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5856. |
Steffick, Diane Elizabeth |
Mental Health and Labor Market Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 2002. DAI-A 63/10, p. 3663, April 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Gerontology; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Modeling, Probit; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Welfare This dissertation consists of three essays on the relationship between mental health (the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) and labor market behaviors--employment, hours worked, wages, welfare program participation, and retirement. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (individuals in their thirties), I find that high levels of psychological distress are associated with a lower probability of employment for men and women, fewer hours worked among men that work, and lower wages among women that work. Women with high levels of psychological distress were more likely to use welfare and had longer spells of recipiency. Using panel data techniques, these effects are examined across time and remain significant as far as five years in the future. The third chapter uses the Health and Retirement Survey to examine the relationship between psychological distress and early retirement. Among men and women aged 50 to 61 at baseline, those with above-average levels of psychological distress were more likely to not be working at baseline and, if working, to leave the labor force during the following six years. The analysis uses the Stock and Wise option value of work theoretical framework, and the retirement decision is modeled as a sequential probit, with decisions across years correlated through an individual random effect. Comparisons are made to the effect of physical health (a scale of self-reported functioning limitations), which has a larger impact on labor force withdrawal than psychological distress. The time series properties of physical and mental health are estimated by a model with a persistent component (following an autoregressive process of order one) and a transitory component. Physical and mental health have similar persistent components but mental health has a more variable transitory component. Physical and mental health have similar indirect effects on retirement, except for earnings where physical health has a larger effect. These differences are not large enough to explain the larger impact of physical health on retirement timing. The theoretical model leaves one explanation--that physical limitations have a larger negative impact on the non-pecuniary utility from work relative to retirement than psychological distress. |
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Bibliography Citation
Steffick, Diane Elizabeth. Mental Health and Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 2002. DAI-A 63/10, p. 3663, April 2003. |
5857. |
Stegmueller, Daniel Becher, Michael |
Do Voters Join Unions or Do Unions Encourage Voting? Presented: Chicago IL, Midwest Political Science Association Meeting, April 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Midwest Political Science Association Keyword(s): Bayesian; Unions; Voting Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. What is the causal effect of group membership on voter turnout? Extensive research on voting has documented a positive association between membership in groups like unions and participation in elections. But it is widely recognized that existing studies provide limited evidence on whether this reflects a causal relationship or is due to self-selection into union membership. We address this question using panel data from the US, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which allows us to exploit credible strategies to deal with unobserved confounders. Building on recent advances in econometrics, we use a Bayesian potential outcomes model with matching on both observable and unobservable individual characteristics. Unobservable characteristics are captured using a latent factor structure, which allows for proxies measured with error. We find a clear average treatment effect of union membership. All else equal, union members are 10 percentage points more likely to turn out on election day |
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Bibliography Citation
Stegmueller, Daniel and Michael Becher. "Do Voters Join Unions or Do Unions Encourage Voting?" Presented: Chicago IL, Midwest Political Science Association Meeting, April 2014. |
5858. |
Stehr, Mark |
The Effect of Education and Parental Education on Obesity Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) Inaugural Conference, "Economics of Population Research", June 2006 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); College Education; Educational Returns; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Higher Education; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Economists have expended a great deal of effort to determine the effect of education on wages and productivity. Recent research has broadened the scope of this investigation to include the non-pecuniary benefits that education may provide such as improvements in health. Lleras Muney (2002) finds that high school education decreases mortality, but is silent on the exact mechanisms through which education operates. DeWalque (2003) shows that college education has a causal role in lowering smoking rates, but more research is needed to understand the other channels through which education exerts its positive influence on health. At the same time, economists are actively investigating the relationship between markers of socioeconomic status, such as income and education, and child health (see Currie and Stabile, 2003). This paper tests the hypothesis that more schooling at the college level leads to (a) lower levels of obesity and (b) lower levels of obesity among one's children. Obesity is a particularly important health outcome because it is rapidly approaching smoking as a cause of premature morbidity and mortality. This hypothesis cannot be tested by examining a simple association between education and body mass index (BMI) because both of these outcomes may be influenced by unobservable characteristics of the individual. For example, the relative value individuals place on current and future consumption may vary. Those who place a high value on future consumption may make large investments in education and health while they are young that involve sacrifices in the form of foregone wages and leisure time. Those who place a high value on current consumption may not be willing to make these sacrifices when they are young, and as a consequence may enjoy lower earnings and health when they are older. Thus, to infer from the simple association between education and BMI that education reduces obesity risk is invalid. Ideally, to isolate the effect of education on obesity, one would randomly assign individuals to different education levels and then follow the evolution of their BMI over time. Because this is clearly infeasible, I instead use a quasi-experimental design that attempts to mimic this random assignment. Use of this quasi-experiment requires that the experiment predict education, but have no direct effect on BMI. My quasi-experiment is the number of colleges and universities in an individual's county of residence at age 17. Previous researchers have relied on this quasi-experiment to study the effect of education on wages (Card, 1995) and civic participation (Dee, 2004). To acquire data on schools, I use the Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), which provides data on the number of 2-year and 4-year colleges in each county in the United States. Then, I match this measure of college availability by county with respondents from the NLSY79 and their children from the NLSY79 Child/Young Adult Survey. Preliminary OLS results indicate a strong negative association between education and obesity, but it is too early to report results from the quasi-experimental research design outlined above. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stehr, Mark. "The Effect of Education and Parental Education on Obesity." Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) Inaugural Conference, "Economics of Population Research", June 2006. |
5859. |
Steinberg, Jecca Rhea Sanders, Lee M. Cousens, Simon |
Small-for-Gestational-Age Births are Associated with Maternal Relationship Status: A Population-Wide Analysis Maternal and Child Health Journal 20,8 (August 2016): 1651-1661. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10995-016-1964-6 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Birthweight; Infants; Marital Stability; Marital Status; Mothers; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: To examine the association between maternal relationship status during pregnancy and infant birth outcomes. Methods: Observational study of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a nationally representative sample of 12,686 men and women between the ages of 14 and 21. We used data from surveys of women reporting childbirth between 1979 and 2004. Relationship status was defined as relationship with an opposite-sex partner in the child's birth year. Relationship stability was defined as the consistency in relationship status in the 1 year before, of, and after the child's birth. Childbirth outcome included small-for-gestational age (SGA) infant. We applied random effects logistic regression models to assess the association between relationship status and stability and childbirth outcome—adjusting for maternal race, infant sex, history of miscarriage, employment, maternal age, multiparity, cohort-entry year, household poverty status, and tobacco use. Results: The study included 4439 women with 8348 live births. In fully adjusted models, term SGA infants were more commonly born to partnered women (AOR 1.81; 95 % CI 1.20–2.73) and unmarried women (AOR 1.82; CI 1.34–2.47; LRT p value 0.0001), compared to married women. SGA infants were also more commonly born in unstable relationships (AOR 1.72; 95 % CI 1.14–2.63; LRT p value 0.01) compared to stable relationships. Conclusions for Practice: Maternal relationship status and stability during pregnancy is independently associated with risk of SGA infant birth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Steinberg, Jecca Rhea, Lee M. Sanders and Simon Cousens. "Small-for-Gestational-Age Births are Associated with Maternal Relationship Status: A Population-Wide Analysis." Maternal and Child Health Journal 20,8 (August 2016): 1651-1661.
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5860. |
Steingrimsdottir, Herdis |
Essays on Gender Differences in Educational and Labor Market Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Discrimination; Education; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The third chapter focuses on the role of discrimination and the possibility that education as a tool to reveal ability is more important among women than men. As social networks tend to run along gender lines and managers in the labor market are predominantly male, it may be more difficult for women to signal their ability without college credentials. Moreover, women may use education to signal their labor market attachment. A game theoretical model of racial discrimination and educational sorting, introduced by Lang and Manove (2011) is applied to examine the gender gap in schooling attainment. As the gender gap differs between demography groups, being more prominent for blacks and Hispanics, the model is estimated separately for each race or ethnicity group. Using data from the NLSY79, the results in the paper are consistent with a model where education is more valuable to women, due to signaling. As predicted by the model, education as a function of ability (measured with AFQT scores) is more concave for women than for men. For over 88 % of the whites in the sample women choose higher level of education given their ability, than do men. On the other hand, the model fits the data better for whites than for blacks and Hispanics, and therefore fails to explain the observed differences across race and ethnicity groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Steingrimsdottir, Herdis. Essays on Gender Differences in Educational and Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2012. |
5861. |
Sten, Caroline |
Three Essays on Racial-Ethnic Variation in Fertility in the United States, with a Focus on Hispanics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Fertility; Hispanics; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation examines three factors that potentially contribute to racial-ethnic differences in fertility levels: the evolution of intended and achieved parity, the social value of children, and unintended pregnancy In the first essay I examine differences between Whites and Hispanics in the process of meeting intentions over the life course using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. I find that although Hispanics come closer to achieving early-life parity intentions in the aggregate, they are slightly less likely to meet their intentions at the individual level. Hispanics have higher parity than Whites because they are more likely to overshoot desired parity, less likely to undershoot desired parity, and their desired parity is slightly higher. In the second essay, I analyze how attitudes towards childbearing differ between native born Hispanics, foreign born Hispanics, and Whites. This paper contributes to the discussion of the role of familism in explaining Hispanic family patterns using data from the 2002 and 2006-08 NSFG. I find little support for the idea that familism undergirds ethnic differentials in fertility between native Hispanics and Whites. However, there are some differences in the perceived value of children between foreign born Hispanics and Whites, particularly among men, and these differences could contribute to fertility differentials between the two groups. In the third essay I find that Hispanic women--particularly immigrants--report being happier about unintended pregnancies compared with White and Black women and examine possible explanations for this difference. I find that stronger social support among Hispanics--particularly the interaction between being a Hispanic immigrant and being very religious--explains the difference in happiness between Hispanics and Whites. Greater preconception ambivalence about becoming pregnant also partially explains why Hispanic women are happier about unintended pregna ncies, while lower opportunity costs to not explain differences in happiness. In addition, I demonstrate that for Hispanic immigrant women in particular, pregnancy happiness plays an important role in mediating the relationship between unintended pregnancy and low birth weight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sten, Caroline. Three Essays on Racial-Ethnic Variation in Fertility in the United States, with a Focus on Hispanics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 2011. |
5862. |
Stern, David Nakata, Yoshi-Fumi |
Characteristics of High School Students' Paid Jobs, and Employment Experience After Graduation In: Adolescence and Work: Influences of Social Structure, Labor Markets, and Culture. D. Stern and D. Eichorn, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Inc., 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Employment; Gender Differences; Job Rewards; Racial Differences; Skills; Teenagers; Transition, School to Work; Wages; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stern, David and Yoshi-Fumi Nakata. "Characteristics of High School Students' Paid Jobs, and Employment Experience After Graduation" In: Adolescence and Work: Influences of Social Structure, Labor Markets, and Culture. D. Stern and D. Eichorn, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Inc., 1989
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5863. |
Stern, David Nakata, Yoshi-Fumi |
Paid Employment Among U.S. College Students: Trends, Effects, and Possible Causes Journal of Higher Education 62,1 (January-February 1991): 25-44. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1982099 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Ohio State University Press Keyword(s): College Education; Employment, In-School; Gender Differences; School Progress Discusses trends in paid employment among college students. Increases in percentage of college students who work for pay during the academic year; Affect on student performance in school; Differences in paid employment between males and females;The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Labor Market Experience (NLSY); Decreased availability of public subsidies for college students; Rising college costs relative to family income; Work-based financial aid; More. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stern, David and Yoshi-Fumi Nakata. "Paid Employment Among U.S. College Students: Trends, Effects, and Possible Causes." Journal of Higher Education 62,1 (January-February 1991): 25-44.
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5864. |
Stern, David Paik, Il-Woo Catterall, James S. Nakata, Yoshi-Fumi |
Labor Market Experience of Teenagers With and Without High School Diplomas Economics of Education Review 8,3 (Summer 1989): 233-245. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0272775782900036 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Dropouts; Educational Attainment; Employment; High School Dropouts; Unemployment Rate; Wages Using data from the NLSY and the High School and Beyond Survey, this paper estimates the effect of a high school diploma on success in the labor market over and above the effects of such prior characteristics as race, family background, IQ, school performance, and other unmeasured characteristics. Analyses of both data sets reveal that most or all of the differences in unemployment and wages between graduates and dropouts is attributable to a "coefficient effect" i.e., to differences in how measured characteristics are translated into labor market success rather than to differences in the measured characteristics themselves. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stern, David, Il-Woo Paik, James S. Catterall and Yoshi-Fumi Nakata. "Labor Market Experience of Teenagers With and Without High School Diplomas." Economics of Education Review 8,3 (Summer 1989): 233-245.
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5865. |
Stern, David Song, Yingquan O'Brien, Bridget |
Company Training in the United States 1970-2000: What Have Been the Trends over Time? International Journal of Training and Development 8,3 (2004): 191-209. Also: http://ssrn.com/abstract=591463 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Job Training; Literacy; Training, On-the-Job; Unemployment Rate, Regional This study uses data from surveys of U.S. employees to determine whether any trends are apparent in the proportion who say they receive some form of training at work. Discussions of economic change in the U.S. and elsewhere have frequently asserted that work has become more intellectually demanding. This implies that training in workplaces should have become more prevalent. However, the survey data do not reveal any overall trend in the prevalence of workplace training between 1970 and 2000. There did appear to be a rising trend for women, evidently reflecting women's increased representation in professional and managerial occupations. Throughout this period, more highly educated workers are more likely to say they receive training at work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stern, David, Yingquan Song and Bridget O'Brien. "Company Training in the United States 1970-2000: What Have Been the Trends over Time?" International Journal of Training and Development 8,3 (2004): 191-209.
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5866. |
Stern, Steven |
Estimating a Simultaneous Search Model Journal of Labor Economics 7,3 (July 1989): 348-369. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2535293 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Job Search; Research Methodology; Simultaneity; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration; Wages; Wages, Reservation The primary goal of this work is to specify and estimate a structural simultaneous job search model and then determine the empirical importance of simultaneous search. The results indicate that new labor force entrants search simultaneously. A secondary goal is to identify and estimate job offer arrival rates and wage offer rejection probabilities separately. The results indicate that a significant portion of unemployment spells is caused by slow arrival rates, but policies intended to speed arrival rates would increase the average length of unemployment spells. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stern, Steven. "Estimating a Simultaneous Search Model." Journal of Labor Economics 7,3 (July 1989): 348-369.
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5867. |
Stevans, Lonnie K. |
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Non-Marital Births in the USA: An Examination of Causality Applied Economics 28,4 (April 1996): 417-427. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/000368496328542 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Chapman & Hall Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Endogeneity; Family Characteristics; Fertility; Marital Status; Marriage; Program Participation/Evaluation; Simultaneity; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Utilizing a sample of 2,964 unmarried women over the period 1979-1988 from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a test was performed to determine the causal direction of relationship between receipt of aid to families with dependent children (AFDC) and the decision to have a non-marital birth. The existence of causality is defined as the lack of a simultaneous relationship or joint dependency between these variables. One of the most interesting findings was a failure to reject the hypothesis that these choices are jointly determined. Both were found to depend upon variables that are demographic, economic, personal, and family-related. The profiles derived from the specification and estimation of a simultaneous equation system with discrete endogenous variables depict a woman whose fertility and economic decisions were predominately based on economic deprivation, demographic situation, and family instability. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stevans, Lonnie K. "Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Non-Marital Births in the USA: An Examination of Causality." Applied Economics 28,4 (April 1996): 417-427.
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5868. |
Stevans, Lonnie K. |
Assessing the Effect of the Occupational Crowding of Immigrants on the Real Wages of African American Workers Review of Black Political Economy 26,2 (Fall 1998): 37-46. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/abgmj8etxw8ht896/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Economic Association Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Immigrants; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupations; Skills; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Do immigrant workers cause the reduction of wages and the displacement of domestic workers? One response to this question holds that immigrants are in competition and are able to displace indigenous workers by working for lower wages--particularly in low-wage, less-skilled, labor markets. The opposing view, as noted by Simcox, posits the argument that non-U.S. citizen workers take employment that domestic workers would not accept and thus serve to preserve jobs and increase consumption levels. The recurring importance of the immigration issue has spurred renewed research interests to determine what impact, if any, immigration has on domestic labor markets--particularly the labor markets of unskilled workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stevans, Lonnie K. "Assessing the Effect of the Occupational Crowding of Immigrants on the Real Wages of African American Workers." Review of Black Political Economy 26,2 (Fall 1998): 37-46.
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5869. |
Stevans, Lonnie K. |
Immigration and Occupational Crowding in the United States Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 10,2 (Summer 1996): 357-374. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9914.1996.tb00089.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Human Capital; Immigrants; Mobility; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Choice; Occupations; Racial Differences; Skilled Workers; Skills; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Effects The 1990 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is utilized to explore the effects that the occupational crowding of immigrants has on the real wage of indigenous and non-U.S. citizen workers already in the United States. Findings include adverse wage effects as a result of the crowding of immigrants on the following worker categories: (1) indigenous, unskilled, white or black workers and (2) non-U.S. citizen, skilled or unskilled black workers. Foreign-born, skilled, and white workers already in the U.S. realize a positive effect on their real wages as a result of having a large relative number of non-U.S. citizens in their occupations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stevans, Lonnie K. "Immigration and Occupational Crowding in the United States." Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 10,2 (Summer 1996): 357-374.
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5870. |
Stevans, Lonnie K. Register, Charles A. Sessions, David N. |
Simulating Bias in the Estimator of Labor Market Discrimination Social Indicators Research 27,2 (September 1992): 157-168. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/t4tlk48l58k3/?p=4052785af0a24384a3b88b761f222aed&pi=183 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Job; Earnings; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The statistical bias in the wage gap method of estimating labor market discrimination is investigated. An algebraic expression for the bias is derived & then simulated for a selected set of explanatory variables & model parameters. When applied to data from the 1988 National Longitudinal Survey (N = 6,403 males & 6,283 females ages 23-32), results indicate that when the variables years of schooling & labor market experience are used in earnings functions, the estimator tends to underestimate the actual or "true" amount of labor market discrimination. 2 Tables, 18 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1993, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Stevans, Lonnie K., Charles A. Register and David N. Sessions. "Simulating Bias in the Estimator of Labor Market Discrimination." Social Indicators Research 27,2 (September 1992): 157-168.
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5871. |
Stevans, Lonnie K. Register, Charles A. Sessions, David N. |
The Abortion Decision: A Qualitative Choice Approach Social Indicators Research 27,4 (December 1992): 327-344. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/gw45l50100h28v6w/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Demography; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Income; Local Area Unemployment; Medicaid/Medicare; Regions; Religious Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Used data from the National Longitudinal Survey, Youth Cohort to show the impact of various sociodemographic and economic factors on the abortion decision for 1,867 pregnancies occurring between 1983 and 1985 in 12,868 female adolescents (aged 14-21 yrs). The results suggest a profile of an adolescent choosing the abortion decision as being White, unmarried, residing in the Northeast or West, relatively well-educated, and either in school or working. Additionally, the woman is likely to have a relatively high personal income, and, if present, a relatively low spousal income. Being Baptist or Catholic appears to have no significant influence on the abortion decision, and the same is true for Baptists and Catholics who are religious (attend church more than 2 times per month). For low income women, access to Medicaid funding does significantly increase the probability of choosing abortion. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Stevans, Lonnie K., Charles A. Register and David N. Sessions. "The Abortion Decision: A Qualitative Choice Approach." Social Indicators Research 27,4 (December 1992): 327-344.
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5872. |
Stevens, Tia Morash, Merry |
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Boys' Probability of Arrest and Court Actions in 1980 and 2000: The Disproportionate Impact of "Getting Tough" on Crime Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 13,1 (January 2015): 77-95. Also: http://yvj.sagepub.com/content/13/1/77.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Criminal Justice System; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Ethnic Differences; Male Sample; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study was designed to examine whether the shift in juvenile justice policy toward punitive sanctioning disproportionately impacted racial and ethnic minority boys. Using a nationally representative sample derived from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997 (NLSY79, NLSY97), this study examines 1980-2000 differences in contact with the justice system, controlling for self-reported delinquency. Results confirmed that boys in 2000 were significantly more likely than those in 1980 to report being charged with a crime. Once charged, they were less likely to be diverted and more likely to be convicted and placed in a correctional institution. Consideration of interaction effects revealed these effects were magnified for Black and Hispanic males. These findings provide evidence of a general trend toward more punitive treatment of boys in the juvenile justice system, especially racial and ethnic minority boys. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stevens, Tia and Merry Morash. "Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Boys' Probability of Arrest and Court Actions in 1980 and 2000: The Disproportionate Impact of "Getting Tough" on Crime." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 13,1 (January 2015): 77-95.
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5873. |
Stevens, Tia Morash, Merry Chesney-Lind, Meda |
Are Girls Getting Tougher, or Are We Tougher on Girls? Probability of Arrest and Juvenile Court Oversight in 1980 and 2000 Justice Quarterly 28,5 (2011): 719-744. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07418825.2010.532146 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Criminal Justice System; Gender Differences; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Girls suspected or convicted of assaults make up an increasing proportion of juvenile arrests and court caseloads. There is indication that changes in domestic violence arrest policies, school handling of student rules infractions, and practices of charging youth for assaults rather than status offenses account for these trends. To determine whether girls were treated more harshly for assaults after these policies changed, the present study compared the probabilities of conviction and institutionalization, net of the effect of self-reported attacks on persons, for 1980 and 2000. Data were from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts. Girls experienced a unique increase in the probabilities of justice system involvement that was replicated only for Black males. The increase was magnified for Black girls. Additional research is needed to better connect specific policies to drawing selected subgroups more deeply into the justice system and on the consequences for affected youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stevens, Tia, Merry Morash and Meda Chesney-Lind. "Are Girls Getting Tougher, or Are We Tougher on Girls? Probability of Arrest and Juvenile Court Oversight in 1980 and 2000." Justice Quarterly 28,5 (2011): 719-744.
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5874. |
Stevenson, Amanda |
The Effect of First Interbirth Interval on Women’s Poverty at Midlife Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Childbearing; First Birth; Poverty; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Understanding the relationship between childbearing and socioeconomic status could help explain one mechanism by which the United States’ gender disparity in poverty comes to exist. However, measuring the relationship between childbearing and socioeconomic status is complicated by the very high prevalence of childbearing among women and multiple sources of endogeneity in the characteristics of childbearing that do vary. Focusing on the timing of childbearing, I use miscarriage as an instrument for delivery to build a counterfactual condition for having a short temporal space between births. Using this approach with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I estimate the effect on midlife poverty of having first and second births within 24 months of each other. My results indicate that these short interbirth intervals are causally related to increased midlife poverty. The results are robust to a variety of alternate specifications of counterfactual conditions and estimation methods. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stevenson, Amanda. "The Effect of First Interbirth Interval on Women’s Poverty at Midlife." Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012. |
5875. |
Stevenson, Amanda |
The Effect of First Interbirth Interval on Women’s Poverty at Midlife Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Childbearing; First Birth; Marital Status; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Poverty; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The relationship between childbearing and socioeconomic status is complicated by multiple sources of endogeneity. Cross sectional and logintudinal designs cannot account for selection into childbearing patterns and thus cannot assess causal relationships between fertility and later life outcomes. Focusing on the timing of childbearing and union status through early and mid-adulthood, I use miscarriage to construct an instrument for delivery and build a counterfactual condition for having a short temporal space between births. Using this approach with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I estimate the effect on midlife poverty of having first and second births within 24 months of each other. My results indicate that these short interbirth intervals are causally related to increased midlife poverty. Extension of the work to illustrate the role of union status (continuous marriage since first birth versus all other union status histories) and midlife health as pathways is underway. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stevenson, Amanda. "The Effect of First Interbirth Interval on Women’s Poverty at Midlife." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
5876. |
Stevenson, Betsey |
Beyond the Classroom: Using Title IX to Measure the Return to High School Sports NBER Working Paper No. 15728, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2010. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Athletics (see SPORTS); Extracurricular Activities/Sports; Gender Attitudes/Roles; High School; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupations; Racial Differences; Rural/Urban Differences; Sports (also see ATHLETICS); State-Level Data/Policy Between 1972 and 1978 U.S. high schools rapidly increased their female athletic participation rates—to approximately the same level as their male athletic participation rates—in order to comply with Title IX, a policy change that provides a unique quasi-experiment in female athletic participation. This paper examines the causal implications of this expansion in female sports participation by using variation in the level of boys' athletic participation across states before Title IX to instrument for the change in girls' athletic participation. Analysis of differences in outcomes across states in changes between pre- and post-cohorts reveals that a 10-percentage point rise in state-level female sports participation generates a 1 percentage point increase in female college attendance and a 1 to 2 percentage point rise in female labor force participation. Furthermore, greater opportunities to play sports leads to greater female participation in previously male-dominated occupations, particularly in high-skill occupations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stevenson, Betsey. "Beyond the Classroom: Using Title IX to Measure the Return to High School Sports." NBER Working Paper No. 15728, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2010.. |
5877. |
Stevenson, Betsey |
Beyond the Classroom: Using Title IX to Measure the Return to High School Sports Review of Economics and Statistics 92,2 (May 2010): 284-301. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27867537 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Athletics (see SPORTS); College Enrollment; Extracurricular Activities/Sports; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; High School; Labor Market Outcomes; Sports (also see ATHLETICS); State-Level Data/Policy Between 1972 and 1978 U.S. high schools rapidly increased their female athletic participation rates in order to comply with Title IX. This paper examines the causal implications of this expansion by using variation in the level of boys' athletic participation across states before Title IX to instrument for change in girls' athletic participation. Analysis of differences in outcomes across states in changes between pre- and postcohorts reveals that a 10 percentage point rise in state-level female sports participation generates a 1 percentage point increase in female college attendance and a 1 to 2 percentage point rise in female labor force participation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stevenson, Betsey. "Beyond the Classroom: Using Title IX to Measure the Return to High School Sports." Review of Economics and Statistics 92,2 (May 2010): 284-301.
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5878. |
Stewart, Holly Modrek, Sepideh Harrati, Amal |
Work-Life Trajectories in Young Adulthood: Insights Across Generations of American Women Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Force Participation; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the United States, generations of women differ substantially in their labor market and socialization experiences when young, and a rich social sciences literature registers salient changes in labor market participation, cohabitation, marriage, and parenthood over the past half-century. A more concerted study of patterning of sociodemographic variables in time may provide key insights regarding patterns of social stratification across generations as well as long-run outcomes including lifetime earnings, risk of poverty in old age, life-expectancy, and overall health. In the present study, we explore work-life trajectories in young adulthood across two generations of American women using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997 and identify sociologically meaningful, parsimonious set of work-life trajectories within each generation using sequence analysis. The present study adds to previous efforts to characterize work-life trajectories through inclusion of "disemployment" and "cohabitation" in our definitions of employment status and marital status, respectively. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stewart, Holly, Sepideh Modrek and Amal Harrati. "Work-Life Trajectories in Young Adulthood: Insights Across Generations of American Women." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
5879. |
Stewart, Jay |
Male Nonworkers: Who Are They and Who Supports Them? Demography 43,3 (August 2006): 537-552. Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/demography/v043/43.3stewart.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Income; Male Sample; Support Networks; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although male nonworkers have become a larger fraction of the population since the late 1960s, very little is known about who they are or who supports them. Using data from the March Current Population Survey and the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this article fills that void. The picture that emerges is that there is a small cadre of marginal workers who often do not work for periods of a year or more. The vast majority of nonworking men (men who do not work at all during the year) receive unearned income from at least one source, and the amount of unearned income they receive varies significantly by their reason for not working. Family members provide an important alternative source of support for nonworking men who have little or no unearned income of their own. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stewart, Jay. "Male Nonworkers: Who Are They and Who Supports Them?" Demography 43,3 (August 2006): 537-552.
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5880. |
Stewart, Jennifer |
The Mommy Track: The Consequences of Gender Ideology and Aspirations on Age at First Motherhood Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 30,2 (June 2003): 3-30. Also: http://www.wmich.edu/hhs/newsletters_journals/jssw/30-2.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Michigan University School of Social Work Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Disadvantaged, Economically; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; Gender Differences; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While there is extensive and compelling evidence that growing up in an impoverished background leads to early fertility, few studies explain why early socioeconomic disadvantage leads to early childbearing. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I test whether gender ideology, as well as educational and occupational aspirations, mediates the connection between poverty and teen fertility patterns. Traditional gender ideology depresses age at first motherhood. Adolescent aspirations appear to act as protective factors in the production of early pregnancy.[ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Stewart, Jennifer. "The Mommy Track: The Consequences of Gender Ideology and Aspirations on Age at First Motherhood." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 30,2 (June 2003): 3-30.
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5881. |
Stewart, Susan D. |
Race Differences in Nonresident Father Involvement: New Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Involvement; Male Sample; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although the vast majority of African American children will live apart from their biological father, we currently have very limited information on nonresident father involvement among African Americans. This study investigates race differences in patterns of paternal involvement, focusing specifically on African American nonresident fathers. The analysis is based on nonresident fathers from the 1998 and 2000 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). These data provide important new information on African American and White nonresident fathers' perceptions of the father role as well as the quantity and quality of contact with absent children. Additionally, we exploit the longitudinal nature of this data set and examine race differences in paternal involvement over time. Continued lack of attention to African American nonresident fathers is problematic given that nonresident fatherhood is such a prominent feature of African American family life. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stewart, Susan D. "Race Differences in Nonresident Father Involvement: New Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2002. |
5882. |
Stewart, Susan D. |
Sociology of African American Nonresident Fatherhood Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Fathers and Children; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Involvement; Male Sample; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Researchers commonly compare the parental involvement of black and white nonresident fathers without considering the unique life circumstances of African American men. Using a sample of men drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), this study examines the characteristics of African American and white nonresident fathers. Unlike previous research, nonresident fathers are separated into men who were married, cohabiting, and not in a union at the time of their child's birth. Given dramatic race differences in family formation patterns, this may be a potentially important distinction. Moreover, this study examines a wider array of men's characteristics than have prior studies, such as the planning status of the child, time spent working nonstandard hours, church attendance, and support from extended family members. The results of this study will provide insight into African American nonresident fathers' lives and will have important implications for social policy aimed at increasing African American men's involvement with their children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stewart, Susan D. "Sociology of African American Nonresident Fatherhood." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. |
5883. |
Stillo, Marco Rosenbaum, Janet E. |
Sexual Double Standard and Men's Depression: Assessing the Association between Late Sexual Debut during Adolescence and Subsequent Depression in Two Nationally Representative Cohorts Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Public Health Association (APHA) Annual Meeting and Exposition, November 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Depression (see also CESD); Gender Differences; Sexual Experiences/Virginity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Introduction: Past research shows that adolescents who initiate sexual activity at a later age have lower risk of subsequent depression. However, this association is likely highly confounded. Our study evaluates whether male and female adolescents who have later sexual debut are less likely to become depressed, as well as whether this association varies by age cohort. Methods: We used nearest neighbor matching on the NLSY79 and NLSY97 surveys, to evaluate the association between age of sexual debut and positive depression screening. We stratified by gender and matched on 11 baseline demographic, family, and sociocultural covariates. We then conducted logistic regressions to predict depression 8-10 years after first coitus was surveyed, based on whose sexual debut came before vs. after the age of eighteen. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stillo, Marco and Janet E. Rosenbaum. "Sexual Double Standard and Men's Depression: Assessing the Association between Late Sexual Debut during Adolescence and Subsequent Depression in Two Nationally Representative Cohorts." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Public Health Association (APHA) Annual Meeting and Exposition, November 2019. |
5884. |
Stinner, William F. Toney, Michael B. Cheong, Keywon |
Direction of Migration and Occupational Mobility Among Young Adult White Males During the 1970s Nonmetropolitan Turnaround In: Community, Society and Migration: Noneconomic Migration in America. P. Jobes, W. Stinner, and J. Wardwell, eds., Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1992: 47-84 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University Press of America Keyword(s): Migration; Migration Patterns; Mobility, Occupational; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stinner, William F., Michael B. Toney and Keywon Cheong. "Direction of Migration and Occupational Mobility Among Young Adult White Males During the 1970s Nonmetropolitan Turnaround" In: Community, Society and Migration: Noneconomic Migration in America. P. Jobes, W. Stinner, and J. Wardwell, eds., Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1992: 47-84
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5885. |
Stock, Wendy |
Gender Disparities in STEM Majors and Occupations: The Role of Early Skill Profiles Presented: New Orleans LA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2023 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Occupational Segregation; Skills; STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics); Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper aims to analyze the factors underlying underrepresentation of women in certain STEM fields. Although there has been substantial male-female wage convergence over time, there remains a persistent gap among college graduates that has been shown to be attributable, in part, to males and females choosing different college majors and occupations. Majors in applied STEM fields, such as computer science and engineering, are among the highest paid and are also those in which the representation of women is 20% or lower. Occupation and industry segregation was recently found by Cortes and Pan (2018) to constitute the largest portion of the explained component of the gender wage gap in 2010. Using the NLSY79 and NLSY97 longitudinal datasets, this paper documents the adolescent skill (di)convergence by gender over the last four decades in terms of math, verbal, science, mechanical, and social skills and estimate machine learning models to identify the skills, high school course-taking and family background characteristics that are most predictive of one's educational attainment, choice of college major and occupation. I distinguish among non-STEM, pure-STEM and applied-STEM majors, as the pattern of female entry into pure-STEM and applied-STEM categories has been quite different. A nonparametric decomposition to empirically assess the relative importance of different factors is also performed. The results show that with men and women converging on math, administrative, science, and mechanical skills among the lower quintiles, the younger cohort displays less effect of skill gaps on major and occupation segregation. Although mechanical skills are found by the literature to constitute mainly the low-skilled workers' human capital, this study finds that conditional on having a four-year college degree, the level of one's mechanical skills is the most predictive factor of whether one chooses the applied-STEM fields, the most lucrative of all fields within this non/pure/applied-STEM taxonomy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stock, Wendy. "Gender Disparities in STEM Majors and Occupations: The Role of Early Skill Profiles." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2023. |
5886. |
Stoddard-Dare, Patricia DeRigne, LeaAnne Collins, Cyleste Quinn, Linda |
Retirement Savings among U.S. Older Adult Male Workers by Paid Sick Leave, Flexible Work, and Vacation Benefit Status Community, Work and Family published online (21 October 2019): DOI: 10.1080/13668803.2019.1677557. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13668803.2019.1677557 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Carfax Publishing Company ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Male Sample; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Savings; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a nationally representative sample from the 2012 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study evaluates the retirement savings of 994 older male US workers (ages 47-55) by their access to flextime, paid sick leave and vacation time. After controlling for 12 demographic, education, household, and work-related variables, when measured dichotomously, multiple regression findings indicated workers with flexible work time enjoyed a 24.8% increase in retirement savings compared to those who did not have flexible work time, and workers with paid sick leave had retirement savings 29.6% higher than those workers who lacked paid sick leave benefits. Further, when paid sick leave and vacation time were measured ordinally, workers with six to 10 paid sick leave days and workers with more than 10 paid sick days annually had a statistically significantly higher (30.1% and 40.7%, respectively) amount in their retirement savings. Statistically significant decreases in retirement savings were observed for workers with 1-5 vacation days annually. These robust findings suggest the provision of flextime and paid sick leave benefits may affect retirement savings among older adult male workers. Implications for policy are set forth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stoddard-Dare, Patricia, LeaAnne DeRigne, Cyleste Collins and Linda Quinn. "Retirement Savings among U.S. Older Adult Male Workers by Paid Sick Leave, Flexible Work, and Vacation Benefit Status." Community, Work and Family published online (21 October 2019): DOI: 10.1080/13668803.2019.1677557.
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5887. |
Stoecker, Charles |
Chill Out Mom: Extreme Cold Induced Maternal Stress in Utero and Later Outcomes Presented: San Diego CA, Western Economic Association International Annual Conference, June-July 2011 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Well-Being; Environment, Pollution/Urban Density; Mothers, Health; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes |
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Bibliography Citation
Stoecker, Charles. "Chill Out Mom: Extreme Cold Induced Maternal Stress in Utero and Later Outcomes." Presented: San Diego CA, Western Economic Association International Annual Conference, June-July 2011. |
5888. |
Stoecker, Charles |
Long Run Outcomes and Early Life Events Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California--Davis, 2011 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Well-Being; Environment, Pollution/Urban Density; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Health; Neighborhood Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In chapter one I find in utero exposure to extremely cold temperature shocks in the third trimester has persistent negative effects on later life test scores. I am the first to identify the precise timing of the long-run negative impacts of an in utero stressor. This paper contributes to a burgeoning literature that seeks to more fully map out the effect of environmental stressors on the early life health production function. To identify this impact, I exploit the plausibly exogenous variation in temperature shocks that remains after daily temperatures from National Climatic Data Global Summary of the Day have been detrended and demeaned. This variation is combined with data on exact date and state of birth and later life test scores from restricted use versions of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Children and Young Adults. These negative effects are concentrated among vulnerable populations and are similar across several different tests given at different ages. I estimate that one extra very cold day experienced during the third trimester leads to a later test score decrease of 0.04 standard deviations for children in low SES families. These results are consistent with previous literature that shows maternal stress during pregnancy can have long-term negative consequences for offspring. In chapter two, we introduce gender ratios as a relatively under-exploited metric of fetal health and use it to estimate the causal impact of ambient prenatal pollution exposure on fetal deaths. Since a complete census of true fetal deaths is impossible to obtain, we exploit the differential in fetal susceptibility to environmental stressors across genders to estimate this effect. Males are more vulnerable to maternal stress in utero, and thus are more likely to suffer fetal death due to pollution exposure. We apply this metric in the context of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 (CAAA) which provide a source of exogenous variation in county-level ambient total suspended particulate matter (TSPs). We find that a one standard deviation increase in TSPs decreases the percentage of live births that are male by 1.6 percentage points. We then use the observed differences in neonatal and one-year mortality rates across genders in response to pollution exposure to estimate total fetal losses in utero. Our preferred calculations suggest the pollution reductions from the CAAA prevented approximately 59,000 fetal deaths in 1972. In chapter three, we use draft lottery number assignment during the Vietnam Era as a natural experiment to examine the effects of military service on crime. Using exact dates of birth for inmates in state and federal prisons in 1979, 1986, and 1991, we find robust evidence of effects on violent crimes among whites. In particular, we find that draft eligibility increases incarceration rates for violent crimes by 14 to 19 percent. Correspondingly, two-sample instrumental variable estimates imply that military service increases the probability of incarceration for a violent crime by 0.27 percentage points. Results for nonwhites are not robust. We conduct two falsification tests, one that applies each of the three binding lotteries to unaffected cohorts and another that considers the effects of lotteries that were not used to draft servicemen. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stoecker, Charles. Long Run Outcomes and Early Life Events. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California--Davis, 2011. |
5889. |
Stolba, Christine |
A Manufactured Crisis: Women, Wage Gaps, and Equal Pay Ex Femina, (July 1, 2000): 5. Also: http://www.iwf.org/articles/article_detail.asp?ArticleID=508 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Independent Women's Forum Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Wage Gap; Wages, Women; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stolba, Christine. "A Manufactured Crisis: Women, Wage Gaps, and Equal Pay." Ex Femina, (July 1, 2000): 5. |
5890. |
Stoll, Michael A. |
When Jobs Move, Do Black and Latino Men Lose? The Effect of Growth in Job Decentralisation on Young Men's Jobless Incidence and Duration Urban Studies 35,12 (December 1998): 2221-2239 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Glasgow Keyword(s): Demography; Economics of Discrimination; Economics of Minorities; Economics, Regional; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Modeling; Quits; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Rural/Urban Migration; Unemployment; Urban and Regional Planning Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The spatial mismatch hypothesis suggests that the movement of jobs from central cities to suburbs negatively affects blacks' employment both absolutely and relative to whites. In this paper, data are used from the 1984 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1972 and 1982 US Census of Industries to examine the effect of growth in metropolitan job decentralisation on young males' jobless incidence and duration. Overall, growth in job decentralisation is found to affect negatively young black and Latino males' jobless incidence and duration. In addition, the metropolitan unemployment rate is found to affect negatively young black males' jobless incidence and durations only. Thus, the combination of full employment policies with policies to alter the distribution of jobs in metropolitan areas in favour of the central city will do more to improve young black and Latino males' labour market position than either approach by itself. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stoll, Michael A. "When Jobs Move, Do Black and Latino Men Lose? The Effect of Growth in Job Decentralisation on Young Men's Jobless Incidence and Duration." Urban Studies 35,12 (December 1998): 2221-2239.
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5891. |
Strain, Michael R. |
Do Volatile Firms Pay Volatile Earnings? Evidence Using Linked Worker-Firm Data AEI Economic Policy Working Paper 2013-01, American Enterprise Intstitute, March 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Keyword(s): Earnings; Firms; Heterogeneity; Skilled Workers; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The instability of labor earnings in the United States contributes to earnings inequality and may diminish household welfare. Despite the importance of earnings instability little is known about its correlates or causes. This paper seeks to better understand earnings instability by studying whether volatile firms pay volatile earnings. I am the first to directly test the relationship between earnings instability and firm employment instability using linked employer-employee data. I find a positive and statistically significant relationship between the two that remains when the effect is estimated using only within-firm variation. This suggests that the effect is a feature of the way workers are being paid by their employer. The size of the effect varies by a worker’s position in the earnings distribution: low-earning worker are passed a greater share of firm employment instability than higher-earning workers. Survey data from the NLSY79 confirm that lower-skill workers have relatively less stable earnings. I find significant heterogeneity in the magnitude and significance of the effect across industries and explore how the competitiveness of an industry relates to the size of the industry specific effect. |
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Bibliography Citation
Strain, Michael R. "Do Volatile Firms Pay Volatile Earnings? Evidence Using Linked Worker-Firm Data." AEI Economic Policy Working Paper 2013-01, American Enterprise Intstitute, March 2013. |
5892. |
Strauss, John Thomas, Duncan |
Health, Nutrition, and Economic Development Journal of Economic Literature 36,2 (June 1998): 766-817. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2565122 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Child Health; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Market Surveys; Wage Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over the past 20 years, investment in human resources has taken center stage in the study of developing economies. A voluminous set of wage function estimates provides the basis for calculating market returns to education for virtually every country in the world. Studies have also looked at the effects of schooling on nonmarket outcomes. Prominent among those outcomes is the health of children and adults. Since health, like schooling, is a form of human capital, one might expect it to also be related to labor market success. That link has received much less attention in the empirical literature, although in recent years there have been substantial advances in our understanding of the complex interrelationships between health, nutrition, and economic development. This paper reviews some of the evidence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Strauss, John and Duncan Thomas. "Health, Nutrition, and Economic Development." Journal of Economic Literature 36,2 (June 1998): 766-817.
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5893. |
Strauss, John Thomas, Duncan |
Measurement and Mismeasurement of Social Indicators Rand Reprints, Rand/RP-534, Reprinted by permission from the American Economic Review 86,2 (May 1996): 30-34 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Education; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Income; Social Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Copyright 1996 American Economic Association. Over the last few decades, there has been a spectacular increase in the availability of data on a broad array of social indicators including life expectancy, health, and education, and these data are routinely tabulated for many countries. In part, this reflects a recognition that the well-being of a population is not fully captured by measures of consumption or income. Measurement of social indicators is not without its pitfalls, however, and drawing conclusions based on comparisons of national aggregates is fraught with difficulties, especially when data sources are sketchy. This general point has been made forcefully in a recent issue of the Journal of Development Economics (see T. N. Srinivasan. 1944). The papers in that issue make a compelling argument for investing in improving the quality--and frequency--of data-collection efforts. However, even when "good" survey data do exist. serious and often quite subtle issues of comparability and measurement still abound. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Strauss, John and Duncan Thomas. "Measurement and Mismeasurement of Social Indicators." Rand Reprints, Rand/RP-534, Reprinted by permission from the American Economic Review 86,2 (May 1996): 30-34.
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5894. |
Strayer, Wayne Earle |
Returns to High School Quality: College Choice and Earnings Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Colleges; Earnings; Education, Secondary; High School; Higher Education; Human Capital; Modeling; School Quality; Schooling; Simultaneity; Wage Growth Despite thirty years of research on the subject, it remains unclear whether high school quality affects labor market earnings. Existing studies typically rely on reduced form wage equations with quality measures among the regressors to assess the impact of school quality on wages. School quality is assumed to represent a dimension of human capital and, therefore, to influence wages in the same manner as time spent in school (school quantity). My study extends the previous research on school quality by focusing on the structural effects of high school quality on labor market earnings. I specify a model of simultaneous college choice and earnings determination that captures two separate effects of school quality on earnings. First, measured high school quality affects a graduating high school student's choice of college. College choice, in turn, affects the individual's post school earnings. Second, the additional skills accumulated via a higher quality high school translate into higher future wages. Modelling the college choice jointly with the wage process identifies both of these important effects and eliminates selection bias inherent in studies that ignore the college choice. In the econometric specification of my model, the unobserved components associated with each college alternative as well as the wage process are permitted to covary, allowing for greater behavioral generality and avoiding the "independence of irrelevant alternatives" assumption commonly made in multinomial discrete choice models. The use of a recently developed simulation method allows me to estimate my model without calculating the prohibitive multidimensional integrals necessary for standard maximum likelihood analysis with non-independent error distributions. My study is one of the first applications of this simulation method in the literature on school choice. For estimation, I use a unique data set that combines the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Database. The data set includes extensive information on personal and family characteristics, schooling, and labor market experiences for a sample of approximately 5,000 high school graduates born in 1957-64. In addition, it has detailed information on the high schools and colleges attended by these individuals. |
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Bibliography Citation
Strayer, Wayne Earle. Returns to High School Quality: College Choice and Earnings. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1997. |
5895. |
Strayer, Wayne Earle |
The Returns to School Quality: College Choice and Earnings Journal of Labor Economics 20,3 (July 2002): 475-503. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/339674 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Colleges; Earnings; Education; Educational Returns; School Quality; Schooling This article extends the research on school quality by focusing on the structural effects of high school quality on earnings. I specify a model of college choice and earnings determination that captures two separate effects of school quality on earnings. First, school quality affects a high school student's choice of college. College choice, in turn, affects the individual's postschool earnings. Second, the additional skills accumulated via a higher quality high school directly influence wages. The results suggest that high school quality influences earnings by affecting college choice behavior, while the direct effect of school quality on earnings is less evident. |
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Bibliography Citation
Strayer, Wayne Earle. "The Returns to School Quality: College Choice and Earnings." Journal of Labor Economics 20,3 (July 2002): 475-503.
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5896. |
Streeter, Jialu Sims, Tamara Deevy, Martha |
Generational Shifts in Life Course Trajectories: Implications for Homeownership by Age 30 In: Sightlines Special Report: Seeing Our Way to Financial Security in the Age of Increased Longevity, Stanford Center on Longevity, October 2018. Also: http://longevity.stanford.edu/sightlines-financial-security-special-report/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Stanford Center on Longevity Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Marriage; Student Loans / Student Aid Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this report, we examine whether age trajectories of homeownership are changing in line with shifts observed in other significant decisions with financial implications (e.g., acquiring student debt, getting married, etc.). We also examine whether rates are likely to bounce back in line with real estate trends of the past. Two data sources were used: the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the Stanford Center on Longevity Milestones Survey from 2017. |
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Bibliography Citation
Streeter, Jialu, Tamara Sims and Martha Deevy. "Generational Shifts in Life Course Trajectories: Implications for Homeownership by Age 30." In: Sightlines Special Report: Seeing Our Way to Financial Security in the Age of Increased Longevity, Stanford Center on Longevity, October 2018. |
5897. |
Strenze, Tarmo |
Who Gets Ahead in Estonia and America? A Comparative Analysis of Mental Ability and Social Origin as Determinants of Success Trames 10,3 (2006): 232-254. Also: http://www.kirj.ee/trames/trames-2006-3-3.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus (Estonian Academy Publishers) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Career Patterns; Estonia, Estonian Labour Force Survey; I.Q.; Intelligence; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Status attainment research has shown that people's mental ability (intelligence) is an important determinant of their career success in western societies. But so far, no study has investigated the impact of mental ability on career success in Estonia. The present paper analyzes a longitudinal data-set from Estonia to fill this gap and compares the results with a similar data-set from the United States. The impact of mental ability is compared to the impact of social origin. Success is conceptualized as education, occupation and income of an individual. The analyses demonstrate that both mental ability and social origin have a positive effect on success in Estonia and the United States. However, the impact of mental ability is stronger in the United States and the impact of social origin is, to a lesser extent, stronger in Estonia. It can be concluded that Estonian society is less open and meritocratic than American society. Also: http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=645e48cf-526a-43e1-ab15-7abb23817795&articleId=a947760e-6419-4e4f-a3da-d1ce1aae3e58#search=%22longitudinal%20data-set%20from%20Estonia%22 |
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Bibliography Citation
Strenze, Tarmo. "Who Gets Ahead in Estonia and America? A Comparative Analysis of Mental Ability and Social Origin as Determinants of Success." Trames 10,3 (2006): 232-254.
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5898. |
Stritzel, Haley |
Grandparent Coresidence and Foster Care Entry Over Time: Evidence From the NLSY79 and NLSY97 Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Coresidence; Foster Care; Grandparents; Mothers, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over the past few decades, an increasing proportion of children live with their grandparents, either with their parents in multigenerational households or with no parents present. At the same time, more children are entering the foster care system. Although research has considered the implications of foster care and grandparent coresidence for child well-being separately, fewer studies have considered links between these two trends. This study uses data on children born to teenage mothers in the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997 and multinomial discrete-time hazard models to investigate the predictors of entering foster or kinship care. Results indicated that grandparent coresidence reduced the risk of foster care entrance among children born to adolescent mothers in the 1979, but not 1997, cohort. These results support the hypothesis that the additional requirements and limitations imposed by the 1996 welfare reform weakened the role grandparents previously played in maintaining family preservation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stritzel, Haley. "Grandparent Coresidence and Foster Care Entry Over Time: Evidence From the NLSY79 and NLSY97." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
5899. |
Stritzel, Haley Crosnoe, Robert |
Unpacking the Linkages between Single Parent Households and Early Adolescent Adjustment Social Science Research 110 (February 2023): 102841. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X22001569 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Children, Mental Health; Depression (see also CESD); Family Structure; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Single Living with an unmarried mother is consistently associated with adjustment issues in adolescence, but these associations can vary by both time and place. Following life course theory, this study applied inverse probability of treatment weighting techniques to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) Children and Young Adults study (n = 5,597) to estimate various treatment effects of family structures through childhood and early adolescence on internalizing and externalizing dimensions of adjustment at age 14. Young people who lived with an unmarried (single or cohabiting) mother during early childhood and adolescence were more likely to drink and reported more depressive symptoms by age 14 than those with a married mother, with particularly strong associations between living with an unmarried mother during early adolescence and drinking. These associations, however, varied according to sociodemographic selection into family structures. They were strongest for youth who more closely resembled the average adolescent living with a married mother. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stritzel, Haley and Robert Crosnoe. "Unpacking the Linkages between Single Parent Households and Early Adolescent Adjustment." Social Science Research 110 (February 2023): 102841.
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5900. |
Strobino, Donna M. Ensminger, Margaret E. Kim, Young J. Nanda, Joy |
Mechanisms for Maternal Age Differences in Birth Weight American Journal of Epidemiology 142,5 (September 1995): 504-514. Also: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/142/5/504 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Birthweight; Child Health; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Family Characteristics; Fertility; First Birth; Household Composition; Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Education; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care The authors studied three hypothesized explanations for reduced birth weights of infants born to US adolescent mothers—social disadvantage, biologic immaturity, and unhealthy behaviors during pregnancy. A hierarchical regression analysis was pursued to evaluate these explanations using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth on 1,754 first births between 1979 and 1983 to women aged 14–25 years at the time of birth. The birth weights of infants of mothers aged 14–17, 18–19, and 20–23 years were 133, 54, and 88 g less than for infants of mothers aged 23–25. The regression results indicate that the reduced birth weights of infants born to young mothers, particularly women aged 14–17, were related to their disadvantaged social environment. When adjustment was made for poverty and minority status, there were no maternal age differences in birth weight. The reduced birth weights were not related to the young woman's health behaviors during pregnancy or her biologic characteristics. Ethnicity, poverty status, age at menarche, maternal height, net maternal weight gain, and smoking during pregnancy had an independent effect on birth weight in this sample of young women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Strobino, Donna M., Margaret E. Ensminger, Young J. Kim and Joy Nanda. "Mechanisms for Maternal Age Differences in Birth Weight." American Journal of Epidemiology 142,5 (September 1995): 504-514.
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5901. |
Strobino, Donna M. Ensminger, Margaret E. Nanda, Joy Kim, Young J. |
Young Motherhood and Infant Hospitalization During the First Year of Life Journal of Adolescent Health 13,7 (November 1992): 553-560. Also: http://www.jahonline.org/article/1054-139X%2892%2990368-L/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Birth Order; Birthweight; Child Health; Children, Well-Being; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Family Characteristics; Fertility; First Birth; Household Composition; Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Education; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care We studied the relationship of young maternal age with infant hospitalization using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 3,130 infants born between 1979 and 1983 to mothers aged 14-25 years. Data on the mothers were first collected in 1979 and yearly thereafter. Data on their children were collected starting in 1982. Logistic regressions of infant hospitalization rates were estimated for first and second and higher births. The odds of infant hospitalization during the first year of life increased with decreasing maternal age, even with adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, preventive health-care practices, and newborn health status, factors hypothesized to explain the maternal age effect. The maternal age relationship with hospitalization differed by birth order; among second and higher births, the odds of hospitalization was increased only for infants of mothers aged 20-22 years. Male infants, infants with a first wellbaby visit after the first month of life, with birth weights between 1501 and 2500 g, and with nursery stays longer than one week also had increased odds of hospitalization. Ethnicity, grandmother's education, poverty status, mother's school enrollment, and family composition were not related to the odds of hospitalization, nor was smoking during pregnancy when adjustment was made for birth weight and length of nursery stay. |
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Bibliography Citation
Strobino, Donna M., Margaret E. Ensminger, Joy Nanda and Young J. Kim. "Young Motherhood and Infant Hospitalization During the First Year of Life." Journal of Adolescent Health 13,7 (November 1992): 553-560.
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5902. |
Strocchia-Rivera, Lenore |
Self-Esteem and Educational Aspirations as Antecedents of Adolescent Unmarried Motherhood Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Fertility; Mothers, Adolescent; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Teenagers Unlike previous research which relies upon data collected during or after an unmarried teen's pregnancy to inappropriately draw conclusions about antecedent conditions of the pregnancy, this study utilized prospective, longitudinal data from an existing database to determine the roles of self-esteem and educational aspirations in the onset of unmarried teen motherhood, abortion, and pregnancy prevention. Subjects included 390 females from the NLSY who were between the ages of 14 and 19 in 1979, 180 of whom carried their first pregnancy to term and kept the baby, 180 of whom did not incur a first pregnancy either before or during the study, and 30 of whom aborted their first pregnancy. During the 1979 survey, subjects were asked about their educational aspirations, and in the 1980 survey, were assessed using the Rosenberg Scale of Self-Esteem. Extensive fertility information obtained in 1982 allowed for childbearing classification. Stepwise the hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted for the entire sample and for three racial-ethnic groups: Blacks, Non-Latino Whites, and Mexican-Americans. Results yielded important implications for improving social policy and pregnancy prevention programs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Strocchia-Rivera, Lenore. Self-Esteem and Educational Aspirations as Antecedents of Adolescent Unmarried Motherhood. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1988. |
5903. |
Stromsdorfer, Ernst W. Wang, Boqing Cao, Jian |
Maternal Labor Supply and Children's Cognitive and Affective Development Presented: San Francisco, CA, Western Economic Association Meetings, July 10, 1992. (Second Draft) Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Grandmothers; Maternal Employment; Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Methods/Methodology; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale); Wages; Welfare; Work Hours/Schedule This paper addresses the general problem of the effect of mother's labor supply on her child or children's cognitive and affective development. This issue is of considerable policy significance in view of the recent refocus of welfare policy toward requiring single mothers who are welfare dependent to work or attend some form of schooling or training. Clearly, as this new policy focus is pursued, a child receives less nurturing from his or her natural mother. There is either less care provided overall or care is provided by a surrogate. The potential social and private costs of such a policy that may reduce direct nurturing of a child by its biological mother therefore ought to be investigated. Previous studies of this social issue have typically concentrated on a particular measure of a child's cognitive or affective development and have also tended to focus on children in a narrow age range in an effort to get more precise results and screen out the effects of such factors as schooling. Our study deals with children who have been administered the various objective cognitive (and one of the affective) measures of child development and their mothers in the NLSY Mother/Child database for 1986. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stromsdorfer, Ernst W., Boqing Wang and Jian Cao. "Maternal Labor Supply and Children's Cognitive and Affective Development." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Western Economic Association Meetings, July 10, 1992. (Second Draft). |
5904. |
Strong, Larkin L. Zimmerman, Frederick J. |
Occupational Injury and Absence From Work Among African American, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic White Workers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth American Journal of Public Health 95,7 (July 2005): 1226-1232. Also: http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/abstract/95/7/1226 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Absenteeism; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Injuries; Occupational Status; Occupations; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives. We examined how race and ethnicity influence injury and illness risk and number of days of work missed as a result of injury or illness. Methods. We fit logistic regression and negative binomial regression models using generalized estimating equations with data from 1988 to 2000 on currently employed African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results. Occupational factors—having a blue-collar occupation, working full-time, having longer tenure, working 1 job versus 2, and working the late shift—were associated with increased odds of an occupational injury or illness. Although racial/ethnic minority workers were no more likely than Whites to report an occupational injury or illness, they reported missing more days of work. African American and Hispanic men missed significantly more days of work than non-Hispanic White men, and African American women missed significantly more days of work than non-Hispanic White women. Conclusions. Factors associated with occupational health are multifaceted and complex. Our findings suggest that race/ethnicity influences the duration of work absence owing to injury or illness both indirectly (by influencing workers' occupational characteristics) and directly (by acting independently of occupational factors). |
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Bibliography Citation
Strong, Larkin L. and Frederick J. Zimmerman. "Occupational Injury and Absence From Work Among African American, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic White Workers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." American Journal of Public Health 95,7 (July 2005): 1226-1232.
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5905. |
Stroope, Samuel Rackin, Heather M. Stroope, Jessica L. Uecker, Jeremy E. |
Breastfeeding and the Role of Maternal Religion: Results From a National Prospective Cohort Study Annals of Behavioral Medicine 52,4 (15 March 2018): 319-330. Also: https://academic.oup.com/abm/article/52/4/319/4837292 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; First Birth; Religion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (n = 3,719), we regressed breastfeeding initiation and breastfeeding duration for first births on religious affiliation and religious attendance, comparing conservative Protestants with other religious groups. Sociodemographic characteristics were explored as potential mediators or moderators of relationships. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stroope, Samuel, Heather M. Rackin, Jessica L. Stroope and Jeremy E. Uecker. "Breastfeeding and the Role of Maternal Religion: Results From a National Prospective Cohort Study." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 52,4 (15 March 2018): 319-330.
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5906. |
Strow, Claudia W. Brasfield, Chris |
Divorce Probability and the "Preference" for Sons Journal of Applied Economics and Policy 25,1 (2006): 42-55. Also: http://www.economics.eku.edu/JAEP/jaep25(1)2006res.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kentucky Economic Association Keyword(s): Children; Divorce; Gender; Parenthood; Parents, Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The introduction of new and relatively inexpensive technology for determining and controlling the gender of future children has prompted researchers to examine if a preference for male children exists in the United States. Several studies have found evidence that such a preference could in fact exist and might lead couples with daughters to experience a higher divorce rate than those with only sons. If such a preference does in fact exist, then gender balance consequences could be substantial. Much of the prior research in this area has neglected to control for documented correlates of divorce. While controlling for these correlates of divorce, this paper uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine if divorce likelihood differs for couples with no male children versus those with only male children or those with both sons and daughters. Our study reveals that while generally couples with a higher percentage of male children have lower divorce probabilities, those with a firstborn daughter experience lower divorce rates than those with a firstborn son. The marginal effect of a second child is a lower divorce rate, while the marginal effect of a third child is a higher rate of divorce. Fourth and subsequent children do not significantly affect the divorce likelihood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Strow, Claudia W. and Chris Brasfield. "Divorce Probability and the "Preference" for Sons." Journal of Applied Economics and Policy 25,1 (2006): 42-55.
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5907. |
Strow, Claudia W. Strow, Brian K. |
Seasonal Differences in Breastfeeding in the United States: A Secondary Analysis of Longitudinal Survey Data International Breastfeeding Journal 17 (July 2022): 51. Also: https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13006-022-00479-4 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Nature Group Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Gender Differences; Seasonality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: Both the consumption of breastmilk in infancy and a person's season of birth influences his or her health, educational, professional, and behavioral outcomes. Further, season of birth effects differ by sex. However, current research, for the most part, neglects to examine if season of birth and breastfeeding are related. This paper examines the impact of sex-based variations in season of birth on breastfeeding likelihood and duration in the U.S. Methods: Using data from children born to female respondents of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (born between 1970 and 2012), this study examines with Probit, Negative Binomial, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions if a child's season of birth and sex are correlated with breastfeeding incidence and duration. The breastfeeding incidence and duration data are self-reported by the mother. Results: Season of birth has a small but statistically significant impact on the incidence and duration of breastfeeding, which varies depending on the sex of the infant. Mothers giving birth to sons in the spring are 13.5% less likely to breastfeed than those giving birth to sons in the winter (with a p - value of 0.0269). Mothers with daughters born in the summer or fall (autumn) breastfeed slightly longer than mothers with daughters born in the spring. On average, mothers of summer-born daughters breastfeed 4.1% longer (with a 95% confidence interval of 0.3 - 7.8) and those with fall-born daughters 3.8% longer (with a 95% confidence interval of 0 - 7.5). Mothers giving birth to daughters in the spring are also significantly less likely to reach the breastfeeding six-week duration target (compared to fall and winter births) and the one-year duration target (compared to fall births). |
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Bibliography Citation
Strow, Claudia W. and Brian K. Strow. "Seasonal Differences in Breastfeeding in the United States: A Secondary Analysis of Longitudinal Survey Data." International Breastfeeding Journal 17 (July 2022): 51.
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5908. |
Studer, Marlena M. |
Effects of Parental Resources and Child Care Arrangements on Preschoolers' Cognitive Skills Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1989 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Children; Family Income; General Assessment; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Tests and Testing This study investigates the role of parental resources, maternal work patterns, and the type and quality of child care arrangements in accounting for variation in preschoolers' cognitive abilities. A subset of children from the 1986 Maternal-Child Supplement to the NLSY are used for this research specifically including those three- to four-year-old children whose mothers were married and reported to use non-parental child care arrangements (n = 274). The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised served as the indicator of receptive language skills. After holding parental resources and maternal work patterns constant, family home care was found to be related to more favorable cognitive outcomes while in-home care was associated with less favorable cognitive outcomes as compared to center care. Of the parental resources and patterns of maternal work examined, present and past family income and 1 to 39 hours of maternal work (as compared to no work or 40 to 60 hours/week), were posi tively associated with preschoolers' language skills, above and beyond the other variables in the model. Continuity of type of care since the age of two was also associated with more favorable cognitive outcomes for all but those in center care. Minority status was negatively associated with cognitive skills, and no interaction was found between type of care and race. Among children in center care, cognitive skills did not vary by quality even after holding parental resources and maternal work constant. Though a small number of cases limits the generalization of these findings, there was a suggestion of differences by family income groups in the relationship between quality and cognitive skills. Children from families earning less than $18,000 annually have cognitive outcomes which are positively associated with quality of care, as compared to non-linear patterns of association among those in higher income groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Studer, Marlena M. Effects of Parental Resources and Child Care Arrangements on Preschoolers' Cognitive Skills. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1989. |
5909. |
Stulp, Gert Sear, Rebecca Schaffnit, Susan B. Mills, Melinda C. Barrett, Louise |
The Reproductive Ecology of Industrial Societies, Part II: The Association between Wealth and Fertility Human Nature 27,4 (December 2016): 445-470. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12110-016-9272-9 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Fertility; Gender Differences; Net Worth; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Studies of the association between wealth and fertility in industrial populations have a rich history in the evolutionary literature, and they have been used to argue both for and against a behavioral ecological approach to explaining human variability. We consider that there are strong arguments in favor of measuring fertility (and proxies thereof) in industrial populations, not least because of the wide availability of large-scale secondary databases. Such data sources bring challenges as well as advantages, however. The purpose of this article is to illustrate these by examining the association between wealth and reproductive success in the United States, using the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979. We conduct a broad-based exploratory analysis of the relationship between wealth and fertility, employing both cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches, and multiple measures of both wealth (income and net worth) and fertility (lifetime reproductive success and transitions to first, second and third births). We highlight the kinds of decisions that have to be made regarding sample selection, along with the selection and construction of explanatory variables and control measures. Based on our analyses, we find a positive effect of both income and net worth on fertility for men, which is more pronounced for white men and for transitions to first and second births. Income tends to have a negative effect on fertility for women, while net worth is more likely to positively predict fertility. Different reproductive strategies among different groups within the same population highlight the complexity of the reproductive ecology of industrial societies. These results differ in a number of respects from other analyses using the same database. We suggest this reflects the impossibility of producing a definitive analysis, rather than a failure to identify the "correct" analytical strategy. Finally, we discuss how these findings inform us about (mal)adaptive decision-m aking. |
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Bibliography Citation
Stulp, Gert, Rebecca Sear, Susan B. Schaffnit, Melinda C. Mills and Louise Barrett. "The Reproductive Ecology of Industrial Societies, Part II: The Association between Wealth and Fertility." Human Nature 27,4 (December 2016): 445-470.
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5910. |
Sturgeon, Samuel Woolley |
The Relationship Between Family Structure and Adolescent Sexual Activity Special Report No 1, FamilyFacts.org, The Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC, November 2008. Also: http://www.familyfacts.org/featuredfinding/ff_01.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Women Publisher: The Heritage Foundation Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Adolescent Sexual Activity; Age at First Birth; Contraception; Family Structure; Household Structure; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper provides a systematic review of the research literature examining the relationship between family structure and adolescent sexual activity. Adolescents from intact family structures tend to delay sexual initiation until a significantly older age than their peers from non-intact family backgrounds. Adolescents from intact families are less likely to have ever had sexual intercourse, have had on average fewer sexual partners, are less likely to report a sexually transmitted disease, and are less likely to have ever experienced a pregnancy or live birth when compared to their peers from non-intact families. However, the effects of family structure on all adolescent sexual outcomes other than sexual debut tend to operate primarily through the delay in sexual debut experienced by adolescents from intact families. Age, race, and gender differences are discussed, as well as methodological challenges associated with the study of family structure and adolescent sexual outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sturgeon, Samuel Woolley. "The Relationship Between Family Structure and Adolescent Sexual Activity." Special Report No 1, FamilyFacts.org, The Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC, November 2008. |
5911. |
Su, Jessica Houston |
Better for Baby? Premarital Conceptions, Shotgun Marriage, and Child Well-Being among Children Born to Young Mothers Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Children, Well-Being; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marriage; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The retreat from post-conception marriage has contributed to increasing rates of nonmarital birth in recent decades (England, Wu, and Shafer 2012). Concern about single-parent families has motivated marriage promotion policies, yet research has not examined whether post-conception, pre-birth marriages are associated with better child well-being. Drawing on a sample of black and white mothers with premarital conceptions from the NLSY79, our study fills this gap. Using propensity score techniques, we find that post-conception marriages are not associated with children's behavior problems or math scores, but are associated with higher reading comprehension scores among white children. They are also associated with improved parenting quality among white and black mothers. We find that, among white children, the benefits are strongest for those whose mothers are the least likely to enter into post-conception marriages. Among black children, the benefits are concentrated among those who are the most likely to enter such an arrangement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Su, Jessica Houston. "Better for Baby? Premarital Conceptions, Shotgun Marriage, and Child Well-Being among Children Born to Young Mothers." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
5912. |
Su, Jessica Houston |
Unexpectedly Expecting: Unintended Fertility, Nonmarital Conceptions, and Well-being among Parents and Children Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Children, Well-Being; Depression (see also CESD); Home Environment; Life Course; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The second paper examines the relationship between pregnancy intentions and several metrics of child well-being over the life course (ages 0-30). This study uses longitudinal data from the NLSY79 (n = 22,247 person-year observations) and propensity score techniques to address limitations of prior research. Results indicate that children resulting from unintended pregnancies had a less emotionally supportive home environment compared to children resulting from intended pregnancies, even after accounting for the mother's marital status at birth and other characteristics associated with selection into unintended childbearing. Children resulting from unintended pregnancies also experienced more depressive symptoms as adults, which suggests that unintended birth may have long term consequences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Su, Jessica Houston. Unexpectedly Expecting: Unintended Fertility, Nonmarital Conceptions, and Well-being among Parents and Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2014. |
5913. |
Su, Jessica Houston |
Unintended Birth and Children's Long-term Mental Health Journal of Health and Social Behavior 58,3 (September 2017): 357-370. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022146517717037 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Birth Preferences/Birth Expectations; Child Health; Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Parental Influences; Wantedness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research has examined the proximate effects of unintended birth on infants and young children, but we know relatively little about the longer-term effects. Given that unintended birth is associated with several childhood risk factors, it might set the stage for poor mental health in adulthood. Drawing on rich intergenerational survey data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (N = 3,742), this study used a variety of statistical techniques to examine whether maternal pregnancy intentions are associated with children's depressive symptoms during early adulthood. Results from ordinary least squares regression suggest that children resulting from unintended pregnancies experienced more depressive symptoms in their 20s than children resulting from intended pregnancies, controlling for a host of characteristics. Results from propensity-weighted and sibling fixed-effects models suggest that there is little to no causal relationship, however. Much of the initial association between maternal fertility intentions and children's depressive symptoms is attributed to the mother's sociodemographic characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Su, Jessica Houston. "Unintended Birth and Children's Long-term Mental Health." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 58,3 (September 2017): 357-370.
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5914. |
Su, Jessica Houston Addo, Fenaba |
Born Without a Silver Spoon: Race, Wealth, and Unintended Childbearing Journal of Family and Economic Issues 39,4 (December 2018): 600-615. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10834-018-9577-4 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The United States has a surprisingly high rate of unintended fertility, particularly among women of color. Although studies have examined socioeconomic correlates of unintended fertility, the role of economic resources remains unclear. Wealth may provide an important context for whether a birth was intended or unintended. Moreover, staggering racial wealth disparities may contribute to racial/ethnic patterns of unintended childbearing. This study examines the linkages between wealth and unintended first births, drawing on data from the NLSY79 (N = 1508). Results suggest that net wealth is negatively related to the probability of having an unintended first birth, controlling for a host of sociodemographic characteristics. We also use decomposition analysis to quantify wealth's contribution to racial/ethnic disparities in unintended childbearing. Second only to marital status, differences in net wealth account for 9-17% of racial/ethnic disparities in unintended childbearing. Our results suggest that wealth is a significant and heretofore overlooked correlate of unintended childbearing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Su, Jessica Houston and Fenaba Addo. "Born Without a Silver Spoon: Race, Wealth, and Unintended Childbearing." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 39,4 (December 2018): 600-615.
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5915. |
Su, Jessica Houston Addo, Fenaba |
Born Without a Silver Spoon: Wealth and Unintended Childbearing Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Childbearing; First Birth; Socioeconomic Factors; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Theoretical and empirical research suggests that wealth is a critical precursor to marriage, but not childbearing. Although wealth may be unrelated to fertility in general, it is unclear whether it is related to unintended childbearing specifically. Unintended births are more common among relatively disadvantaged groups, such as people of color, unmarried adults, and those with low levels of education, and it is possible that wealth accounts for these patterns. In this paper, we examine the linkages between wealth and unintended first births, drawing on data from the NLSY79. Results suggest that wealth is negatively related to the probability of having an unintended first birth, even after controlling for a host of sociodemographic characteristics such as race, marital status, education, and income. Although wealth does not account for racial and marital status disparities in unintended birth, our results suggest that it is a significant and heretofore overlooked correlate of unintended childbearing. Also presented at Chicago IL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2017. |
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Bibliography Citation
Su, Jessica Houston and Fenaba Addo. "Born Without a Silver Spoon: Wealth and Unintended Childbearing." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
5916. |
Su, Jessica Houston Addo, Fenaba |
Wealth and the Transition to Motherhood Social Problems published online (22 July 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spad037 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Assets; Birth Preferences/Birth Expectations; Debt/Borrowing; Family Formation; Motherhood; Net Worth; Social Stratification; Wealth Wealth, a significant dimension of inequality that captures both financial security and social position, shapes patterns of family formation. This study evaluates the role of wealth in the transition to motherhood. We argue that wealth is particularly relevant to when women become mothers, and whether their first birth is desired or undesired. Leveraging longitudinal panel data from the NLSY79 (n=2,382), we find that net worth is linked with a higher risk of a desired first birth and lower risk of an undesired first birth in the subsequent year. These countervailing effects are obscured when desired and undesired births are combined. Our study adds another important dimension to existing research by highlighting the distinct effects of both assets and debts, components of net worth that are typically obscured in aggregate measures. This analysis reveals that having financial assets, such as a savings account, are associated with a lower risk of undesired first birth in the next year, while unsecured consumer debts, such as credit cards, are associated with a lower risk of desired first births in the subsequent year. Our findings have important implications for social stratification in family formation given rising wealth inequality among families with children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Su, Jessica Houston and Fenaba Addo. "Wealth and the Transition to Motherhood." Social Problems published online (22 July 2023).
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5917. |
Su, Jessica Houston Addo, Fenaba |
Wealth and Unintended First Births Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Fertility; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Unintended fertility is concentrated among relatively disadvantaged groups, such as racial minorities, unmarried adults, and those with low levels of education, but the factors that underlie these disparities are unclear. In this paper, we examine whether differences in wealth contribute to or explain patterns of unintended fertility, drawing on data from the NLSY79. Preliminary results suggest that wealth is negatively related to the probability of having an unintended first birth; each decile increase in the wealth distribution is associated with a 10% decrease in the odds of having an unintended first birth, even after controlling for a host of sociodemographic characteristics such as race, marital status, education, and wages. Although wealth does not account for racial and marital status disparities in unintended birth, our preliminary results provide evidence that it is an independent, significant, and heretofore overlooked correlate of pregnancy intentions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Su, Jessica Houston and Fenaba Addo. "Wealth and Unintended First Births." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
5918. |
Su, Jessica Houston Dunifon, Rachel Sassler, Sharon |
Better for Baby? The Retreat From Mid-Pregnancy Marriage and Implications for Parenting and Child Well-being Demography, 52, 4 (August 2015): 1167-1194. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-015-0410-5 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Children, Well-Being; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marriage; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent decades have seen a significant decline in mid-pregnancy ("shotgun") marriage, particularly among disadvantaged groups, which has contributed to increasing nonmarital birth rates. Despite public and political concern about this shift, the implications for parenting and child well-being are not known. Drawing on a sample of U.S. black and white mothers with nonmarital conceptions from the NLSY79, our study fills this gap. Using propensity score techniques to address concerns about selection bias, we found that mid-pregnancy marriages were associated with slightly better parenting quality relative to remaining single, although effect sizes were small and limited to marriages that remained intact at the time of child assessment. Mid-pregnancy marriages were not associated with improved children's behavior or cognitive ability. These findings suggest that the retreat from mid-pregnancy marriage may contribute to increasing inequality in parenting resources for children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Su, Jessica Houston, Rachel Dunifon and Sharon Sassler. "Better for Baby? The Retreat From Mid-Pregnancy Marriage and Implications for Parenting and Child Well-being ." Demography, 52, 4 (August 2015): 1167-1194.
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5919. |
Su, Liangjun Ura, Takuya Zhang, Yichong |
Non-separable Models with High-dimensional Data Journal of Econometrics 212,2 (October 2019): 646-677. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407619301447 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Fathers and Sons; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling; Statistical Analysis This paper studies non-separable models with a continuous treatment when the dimension of the control variables is high and potentially larger than the effective sample size. We propose a three-step estimation procedure to estimate the average, quantile, and marginal treatment effects. Using simulated and real datasets, we demonstrate that the proposed estimators perform well in finite samples. |
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Bibliography Citation
Su, Liangjun, Takuya Ura and Yichong Zhang. "Non-separable Models with High-dimensional Data." Journal of Econometrics 212,2 (October 2019): 646-677.
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5920. |
Su, Zhi |
Three Essays in Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Northeastern University, 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Cognitive Development; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), the third chapter examines impacts of maternal employment on the development of children in families led by working single mothers. A contemporaneous specification and a value-added specification are implemented for modeling the production functions for cognitive and non-cognitive development of children. In the estimation models based on the contemporaneous specification, instrumental variables and fixed-effects models are used to identify the effects of mother's recent work hours and work weeks. No significant effects of contemporaneous maternal employment are found. The value-added specification includes a lagged outcome that represents all past inputs to the production of outcomes of children. There is little evidence of significant effects of maternal employment in any of the models estimated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Su, Zhi. Three Essays in Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Northeastern University, 2012. |
5921. |
Sugland, Barbara W. |
Disparity Between Educational Aspirations and Expectations and the Impact on Adolescent Childbearing Sc.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Fertility; Teenagers This dissertation is a prospective panel design that investigates: (1) the disparity between educational aspirations and expectations of a recent cohort of American Youth; and (2) the impact of that disparity on the likelihood of an early first birth. Data are drawn from the first five waves of the NLSY (1979-1983). A cohort of 3,635 males and females, 14 to 16 years of age at first interview, who have not experienced a birth or fatherhood prior to first interview or within 7 months of first interview comprise the study sample. Respondents are followed until first birth/fatherhood, or until the end of the period of observation. It is hypothesized that the disparity between educational aspirations and expectations reflects the difference between an adolescent's educational desires and perceptions of life options. The wider the disparity the more limited life options relative to educational desires, and the greater the likelihood of an early first birth. Statistical models controlling for background characteristics and educational progress are developed using logistic regression and proportional hazard techniques. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sugland, Barbara W. Disparity Between Educational Aspirations and Expectations and the Impact on Adolescent Childbearing. Sc.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1991. |
5922. |
Sugland, Barbara W. |
Perceptions of Educational Opportunity and Early Childbearing: An Empirical Assessment of the Opportunity Cost Hypothesis Working Paper, Child Trends, Inc., Washington DC, May 1996. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED416004.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Child Trends, Inc. Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Fertility; First Birth; Racial Differences ED416004 This study explored the relationship between perceived educational opportunities and the likelihood of first birth among young women. Data came from the first five waves (1979-1983) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. A cohort of 1,747 females, 14 to 16 years of age at the first interview, who had not experienced a birth prior to the first interview or within 7 months of first interview, and who had complete fertility histories at the 1983 panel, comprised the study sample. The discrepancy between young women's educational aspirations and expected educational achievements (expectations) was used to operationalize perceptions of opportunity and to predict the probability of a first birth among race/ethnicity subgroups of young women. Findings showed that all women expressed high educational ambitions, although non-whites perceived greater barriers to educational achievement than whites. Perceptions of opportunity, apart from background characteristics, were associated with the likelihood of a first birth among young white women, but had no substantial impact on the likelihood of a first birth among either young black or Hispanic women. White women who perceived barriers to educational attainment demonstrated twice the risk of first birth as whites who perceived few or no barriers to completing their desired education. These data suggest that perceptions of opportunity affect the risk of first birth for white women, but the data do not support the "nothing to lose" hypothesis of early childbearing applied to non-whites. [Author] |
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Bibliography Citation
Sugland, Barbara W. "Perceptions of Educational Opportunity and Early Childbearing: An Empirical Assessment of the Opportunity Cost Hypothesis." Working Paper, Child Trends, Inc., Washington DC, May 1996. |
5923. |
Suh, Jingyo |
Trends Over Time in the High School Dropouts Proceedings of American Society of Business and Behavioral Sciences (ASBBS) 18,1 (February, 2011): 928-944. Also: http://asbbs.org/files/2011/ASBBS2011v1/PDF/S/SuhJ.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Business and Behavioral Sciences Keyword(s): High School Dropouts; Higher Education; Regions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over the last three decades, the high school dropout rate declined and the high school completion rate increased. This study identifies causes for the decline in the dropout rate over the periods using decomposition analysis. Traditional cross-section analysis was inadequate to perform this task. Using the two cohort surveys of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in the 1980s and 2000s, we separated changes in characteristics into two parts: explained change and unexplained change. Results of the research suggest that the common explanations for the characteristic of school dropout account for little of the decline of the rate. Relatively unnoticeable factors such as location and regions contributed to the decline of the dropout rate while socioeconomic, personal, familial factors contributed to increase the dropout rate. |
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Bibliography Citation
Suh, Jingyo. "Trends Over Time in the High School Dropouts." Proceedings of American Society of Business and Behavioral Sciences (ASBBS) 18,1 (February, 2011): 928-944.
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5924. |
Suh, Suhyun Suh, Jingyo |
Changing Pattern and Process of High School Dropouts between 1980s and 2000s Educational Research Quarterly 34,4 (June 2011): 3-13 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: School of Education, University of Southern California - Los Angeles Keyword(s): Family Influences; High School Dropouts; Methods/Methodology; Regions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There has been a general decline in the dropout rate and an increase in the high school completion rate over the last three decades. This research investigates causes for the decline in the dropout rate over the periods using decomposition analysis. Traditional cross-section analysis was inadequate to perform this task. Using the two cohort surveys of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in the 1980s and 2000s, we separated changes in characteristics into two parts: explained change and unexplained change. Results of the research suggest that the common explanations for the characteristic of school dropout account for little of the decline of the rate. Relatively unnoticeable factors such as location and regions contributed to the decline of the dropout rate while socioeconomic, personal, familial factors contributed to increase the dropout rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Educational Research Quarterly is the property of Educational Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Suh, Suhyun and Jingyo Suh. "Changing Pattern and Process of High School Dropouts between 1980s and 2000s." Educational Research Quarterly 34,4 (June 2011): 3-13.
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5925. |
Sujan, Ayesha C. Class, Quetzal Rickert, Martin E. Van Hulle, Carol A. D'Onofrio, Brian M. |
Risk Factors and Child Outcomes Associated with Short and Long Interpregnancy Intervals Early Child Development and Care published online (14 December 2019): DOI: 10.1080/03004430.2019.1703111. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03004430.2019.1703111 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birth Order; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Child Development; Cognitive Ability; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Siblings; Temperament Previous research assessing consequences of interpregnancy intervals (IPIs) on child development is mixed. Utilizing a population-based US sample (n = 5339), we first estimate the associations between background characteristics (e.g. sociodemographic and maternal characteristics) and short (≤1 year) and long (>3 years) IPI. Then, we estimate associations between IPI and birth outcomes, infant temperament, cognitive ability, and externalizing symptoms. Several background characteristics, such as maternal age at childbearing and previous pregnancy loss, were associated with IPI, indicating research on the putative effects of IPI must account for background characteristics. After covariate adjustment, short IPI was associated with poorer foetal growth and long IPI was associated with lower infant activity level; however, associations between short and long IPI and the other outcomes were neither large nor statistically significant. These findings indicate that rather than intervening to modify IPI, at-risk families may benefit from interventions aimed at other modifiable risk factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sujan, Ayesha C., Quetzal Class, Martin E. Rickert, Carol A. Van Hulle and Brian M. D'Onofrio. "Risk Factors and Child Outcomes Associated with Short and Long Interpregnancy Intervals." Early Child Development and Care published online (14 December 2019): DOI: 10.1080/03004430.2019.1703111.
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5926. |
Sujan, Ayesha C. Rickert, Martin E. Class, Quetzal Coyne, Claire A. Lichtenstein, Paul Almqvist, Catarina Larsson, Henrik Sjölander, Arvid Lahey, Benjamin B. Van Hulle, Carol A. Waldman, Irwin D. Öberg, A. Sara D'Onofrio, Brian M. |
A Genetically Informed Study of the Associations Between Maternal Age at Childbearing and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes Behavior Genetics 46,3 (May 2016): 431-456. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10519-015-9748-0/fulltext.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birth Order; Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Cross-national Analysis; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Depression (see also CESD); Genetics; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Kinship; Mothers, Health; Siblings; Substance Use; Sweden, Swedish Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examined associations of maternal age at childbearing (MAC) with gestational age and fetal growth (i.e., birth weight adjusting for gestational age), using two genetically informed designs (cousin and sibling comparisons) and data from two cohorts, a population-based Swedish sample and a nationally representative United States sample. We also conducted sensitivity analyses to test limitations of the designs. The findings were consistent across samples and suggested that, associations observed in the population between younger MAC and shorter gestational age were confounded by shared familial factors; however, associations of advanced MAC with shorter gestational age remained robust after accounting for shared familial factors. In contrast to the gestational age findings, neither early nor advanced MAC was associated with lower fetal growth after accounting for shared familial factors. Given certain assumptions, these findings provide support for a causal association between advanced MAC and shorter gestational age. The results also suggest that there are not causal associations between early MAC and shorter gestational age, between early MAC and lower fetal growth, and between advanced MAC and lower fetal growth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sujan, Ayesha C., Martin E. Rickert, Quetzal Class, Claire A. Coyne, Paul Lichtenstein, Catarina Almqvist, Henrik Larsson, Arvid Sjölander, Benjamin B. Lahey, Carol A. Van Hulle, Irwin D. Waldman, A. Sara Öberg and Brian M. D'Onofrio. "A Genetically Informed Study of the Associations Between Maternal Age at Childbearing and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes." Behavior Genetics 46,3 (May 2016): 431-456.
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5927. |
Sullivan, Paul Joseph |
A Dynamic Analysis of Educational Attainment, Occupational Choices, and Job Search International Economic Review 51,1 (February 2010): 289-317. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2009.00580.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Job Search; Occupational Choice; Wage Growth This article examines career choices using a dynamic structural model that nests a job search model within a human capital model of occupational and educational choices. Wage growth occurs in the model because workers move between firms and occupations as they search for suitable job matches and because workers endogenously accumulate firm and occupation specific human capital. Simulations performed using the estimated model reveal that both self-selection in occupational choices and mobility between firms account for a much larger share of total earnings and utility than the combined effects of firm and occupation specific human capital. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sullivan, Paul Joseph. "A Dynamic Analysis of Educational Attainment, Occupational Choices, and Job Search." International Economic Review 51,1 (February 2010): 289-317.
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5928. |
Sullivan, Paul Joseph |
A Dynamic Analysis of Educational, Occupational, and Inter-Firm Mobility Decisions Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 2005. DAI-A 66/01, p. 287, Jul 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Mobility, Occupational; Modeling; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research examines educational attainment and mobility between firms and occupations using a dynamic structural model of career choices. The model expands on previous work by jointly modeling transitions between firms and occupations within a model of career choice. Incorporating mobility between firms and occupations within a unified model provides structural parameter estimates that indicate the relative importance of firm and occupation-specific factors in determining career choices. The estimates suggest that employment choices are driven jointly by firm-specific factors such as matching in wages and occupation-specific factors such as heterogeneity in skills and preferences for different types of work. The estimates also indicate that both firm and occupation-specific human capital play a role in determining wages. Individuals in the model choose when to attend school and when to move between firms and occupations. Transitions between firms and occupations are produced by the interaction of firm-specific match values, occupation-specific skill heterogeneity, human capital, and randomness in job offers and utility shocks. The parameters of the dynamic structural model are estimated with simulated maximum likelihood using data on individuals' educational and employment choices from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Estimation is computationally expensive because of the size of the state space and the inclusion of wage and non-pecuniary job matching in the model. These complications are addressed by using simulation and interpolation methods to solve the dynamic programming problem and by modeling human capital in a novel way that reduces the size of the state space. The structural parameter estimates confirm the significance of including firm-specific matching and human capital within a model of occupational choice. Differences in occupation-specific abilities across people are also shown to be a key determinant of occupational choices and wages. The estimates also indicate that preferences for the type of work done in each occupation play a large role in determining people's career choices. Counterfactual simulations show that the effect of preferences on occupational choices is large relative to the effect of variation in skills or schooling ability. Overall, the results suggest that educational and occupational choices are shaped by a complex pattern of comparative advantages in skills and preferences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sullivan, Paul Joseph. A Dynamic Analysis of Educational, Occupational, and Inter-Firm Mobility Decisions. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 2005. DAI-A 66/01, p. 287, Jul 2005. |
5929. |
Sullivan, Paul Joseph |
Empirical Evidence on Occupation and Industry Specific Human Capital Labour Economics 17,3 (June 2010): 567-580. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537109001286 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Firms; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Skilled Workers; Training, Occupational; Variables, Instrumental; Work Experience This paper presents instrumental variables estimates of the effects of firm tenure, occupation specific work experience, industry specific work experience, and general work experience on wages using data from the 1979 Cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The estimates indicate that both occupation and industry specific human capital are key determinants of wages, and the importance of various types of human capital varies widely across one-digit occupations. Human capital is primarily occupation specific in occupations such as craftsmen, where workers realize a 14% increase in wages after five years of occupation specific experience but do not realize wage gains from industry specific experience. In contrast, human capital is primarily industry specific in other occupations such as managerial employment where workers realize a 23% wage increase after five years of industry specific work experience. In other occupations, such as professional employment, both occupation and industry specific human capital are key determinants of wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sullivan, Paul Joseph. "Empirical Evidence on Occupation and Industry Specific Human Capital." Labour Economics 17,3 (June 2010): 567-580.
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5930. |
Sullivan, Paul Joseph |
Estimation of an Occupational Choice Model When Occupations Are Misclassified Journal of Human Resources 44,2 (Spring 2009): 495-535. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/jhr/2009ab/sullivan2.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Census of Population; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Misclassification, Mismeasurement; Modeling; Occupational Choice; Occupations; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) This paper develops an empirical occupational choice model that corrects for misclassification in occupational choices and measurement error in occupation-specific work experience. The model is used to estimate the extent of measurement error in occupation data and quantify the bias that results from ignoring measurement error in occupation codes when studying the determinants of occupational choices and estimating the effects of occupation-specific human capital on wages. The parameter estimates reveal that 9 percent of occupational choices in the 1979 cohort of the NLSY are misclassified. Ignoring misclassification leads to biases that affect the conclusions drawn from empirical occupational choice models. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sullivan, Paul Joseph. "Estimation of an Occupational Choice Model When Occupations Are Misclassified." Journal of Human Resources 44,2 (Spring 2009): 495-535.
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5931. |
Sullivan, Timothy Sean |
Ex Ante Divorce Probability and Marital-Specific Investment: Three Applications Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland College Park, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Demography; Divorce; Economics of Gender; Family Studies; Home Ownership; Household Models; Household Structure; Migration Patterns; Mobility; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) The recent increase in the United States divorce rate has coincided with many other fundamental changes in the behavior of married households, including decreases in home ownership and geographic mobility and changes in the labor market decisions made by spouses. This study uses the theory of match-specific investment to argue that the increasing divorce rate may be partly responsible for these changes. A theoretical model is developed which illustrates the role divorce probability plays in the marital-specific investment decision. Couples with higher divorce probabilities are predicted to make fewer specific investments. Empirical tests of this hypothesis, using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics in a simultaneous equations framework, find that couples with higher divorce probabilities are less likely to own and purchase homes, and are less likely to migrate. No significant relationship is found, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, between divorce probability and market- training decisions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sullivan, Timothy Sean. Ex Ante Divorce Probability and Marital-Specific Investment: Three Applications. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland College Park, 1995. |
5932. |
Sullivan, Timothy Sean |
Teenage, Out-of-Wedlock, Childbearing and Marriage: The Experience of the NLSY Cohort American Enterprise Institute Conference, May 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Marriage; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sullivan, Timothy Sean. "Teenage, Out-of-Wedlock, Childbearing and Marriage: The Experience of the NLSY Cohort." American Enterprise Institute Conference, May 1996. |
5933. |
Summerfield, Fraser |
Help or Hindrance: Temporary Help Agencies and the United States Transitory Workforce Working Paper No. 911, Department of Economics, University of Guelph, January 2010. Also: http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/gueguelph/2009-11.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Guelph Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Employment; Gender Differences; Job Tenure; Labor Market Outcomes; Part-Time Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The impact of a Temporary Help Agency (THA) job placement on an employee's future employment status and labor market income is examined using NLSY79 data for the late 1990s. Several matching estimators provide gender-specific estimates of the effects of temporary agency employment on future employment outcomes. Compared to direct hire temps, women's earnings increase two years after THA employment, while men's do not. Four years after THA employment, women continue to benefit from THA jobs, while men experience lower earnings and probability of employment. We find THA work does not help men with future income or employability, however, policy encouraging women to use THA firms for labor market re-entry would be beneficial in these two areas. |
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Bibliography Citation
Summerfield, Fraser. "Help or Hindrance: Temporary Help Agencies and the United States Transitory Workforce." Working Paper No. 911, Department of Economics, University of Guelph, January 2010. |
5934. |
Sun, Amy Ruining Houle, Jason N. |
Trajectories of Unsecured Debt across the Life Course and Mental Health at Midlife Society and Mental Health 10,1 (March 2020): 61-79. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2156869318816742 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Health, Mental/Psychological; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we contribute to a growing literature on debt and mental health and ask whether patterns of unsecured debt accumulation and repayment over two decades are associated with depressive symptoms at age 50. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 Cohort and group trajectory models, we have three key findings. First, we find substantial heterogeneity in debt trajectories across the life course. Second, respondents who report consistently high debt levels across the life course or who cycle in and out of high debt report significantly more depressive symptoms than respondents who hold consistently low levels of debt. These findings hold for both absolute and relative (debt-to-income) debt. Third, we find that the association between debt and depressive symptoms is strongest among respondents with less than a college degree, but we find less evidence for heterogeneity by race in this cohort. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sun, Amy Ruining and Jason N. Houle. "Trajectories of Unsecured Debt across the Life Course and Mental Health at Midlife ." Society and Mental Health 10,1 (March 2020): 61-79.
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5935. |
Sun, Kang Zhan, Min |
Cardiovascular Disease and Preventive Care Service Utilization Among Midlife Adults: The Roles of Diagnosis and Depression American Journal of Preventive Cardiology 18 (June 2024) 100662. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666667724000308?via%3Dihub Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cardiovascular/Heart Disease (CVD); Depression (see also CESD); Electrocardiography (EKG); Midlife Health; Midlife/Middle Aged; Preventive Care of Disease Objectives Secondary preventive care is important for monitoring the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the factors that promote secondary prevention were not well understood. This study addressed this gap by investigating the impact of CVD diagnosis on preventive care utilization among midlife adults. Given the high prevalence of depression among this population, it further examined whether depression interacted with CVD diagnosis to affect preventive care utilization. Methods The study sample included 6,222 midlife adults from six waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) collected between 2006 and 2016. Multiple logistic regressions were conducted to examine the relationship between a CVD diagnosis and each of the five types of preventive care utilization: influenza vaccinations, electrocardiography (EKG) and screening for high blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar. Depression was then added to examine its possible moderation effect. Results The results showed that midlife adults with a CVD diagnosis were more likely to utilize all five types of preventive care services. EKG, the most relevant preventive care type with CVD diagnosis, had the largest strength of likelihood. Depression strengthened the relationship between a CVD diagnosis and the utilization of blood pressure tests, but it showed no associations with other four types of preventive care utilization. Conclusions The study findings indicate that a CVD diagnosis could serve as an opportunity for promoting secondary preventive care utilization. Future research needs to explore how a CVD diagnosis affects different population groups, and further explore the roles of depression. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sun, Kang and Min Zhan. "Cardiovascular Disease and Preventive Care Service Utilization Among Midlife Adults: The Roles of Diagnosis and Depression." American Journal of Preventive Cardiology 18 (June 2024) 100662.
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5936. |
Sun, Ruirui |
College Decisions and Earnings over the Life Cycle: The Effects of Timing Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Education, Department of Education Policy and Leadership, University at Albany, State University of New York, 2023. Also: http://proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/college-decisions-earnings-over-life-cycle/docview/2846748030/se-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Degree; College Education; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Community College; Earnings; Education; Education, Postsecondary; Educational Outcomes; Income; Schooling, Post-secondary Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a rich and unique nationally representative sample of a cohort of young adults selected in the late 1970s and surveyed routinely through the 2010s, this study characterizes patterns in college enrollment with respect to the timing of initial enrollment, enrollment interruptions, and graduation (or non-completion) and investigates the relationship between such timing decisions and earnings trajectories from high school graduation to more than 30 years later. The study relies on information collected through the U.S. Department of Labor’s National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) with details on college attendance, work and earnings at each follow-up, background characteristics on each cohort member, and attributes of the college attended linked from the U.S. Department of Education’s Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. Descriptive analyses reveal that among the population represented by NLSY79, about one-third of the college attenders delayed initial college entry, with more than one-quarter of college delayers entering 10 years or more after high school graduation. Delayers are more likely to have commenced studies at two-year colleges and to have chosen a major field of study in STEM than non-delayers, a tendency that appears to become more pronounced for those who delay entry the longest. Of those who enrolled (with or without delay), about two-thirds ended a first enrollment spell without earning a degree and, of those, seventy-five percent returned later re-enrolled at the same or a different college to continue their studies. Generally, non-delayers were more likely than delayers to complete a degree by the end of the first enrollment spell, to return for a second enrollment spell if they had not earned a degree, and to complete a degree eventually. However, periods of enrollment following interruptions do appear to enable completion of degrees. Interestingly, among delayers who also interrupted college enrollment, those w ho started at two-year colleges and later went on to four-year colleges ended up with a bachelor’s degree at a higher rate than those who started at four-year colleges. Through a novel application of multilevel growth curve modeling, associations between college timing decisions and the level and rate of growth of earnings trajectories were explored by gender, college type, and degree completion. The results point to several important and, in some respects, counterintuitive findings. First, the relationship between initial college enrollment delay and changes in earnings at, during, and after initial college enrollment differed between women and men. Second, among those who delay initial college enrollment, those attending a four-year college without earning a bachelor’s degree fared worst in terms of lifetime earnings. Third, men who delayed entry and earned an associate degree at the end of the first college enrollment spell manifested lower earnings trajectories than men who did not receive the degree. Men who stayed longer in college or earned the associate degree following at least two interruptions appeared to fare somewhat better. Fourth, short-term interruptions appear to have been more favorable to earnings trajectories than short-term delays in college entry. Fifth, for those who leave the first college enrollment without earning a degree, returning to college appears to result in higher earnings than if they had not re-enrolled provided that the interruption was short or a degree is earned at the end of the second enrollment spell. Taken together, the findings suggest the relevance of college timing decisions in accounting for differences in earnings trajectories. While explanations likely reside in labor market conditions, college practices and access to finance (subsidies in particular) at each age and stage as the cohort passed through the young adult years into middle age, specific implications for college practices and higher edu cation policy follow. Colleges, whether four- or two-year, might draw on both the magnitudes of the patterns and then pursue inquiries to gauge the extent to which existing practices enable and support choices that can be best aligned to learning goals. Further, a particular need is for more complete information on the consequences of timing choices. Policies establishing eligibility for student financial aid subsidies and loans can be evaluated, in the light of financing constraints that might oblige delays, interruptions, barriers to re-enroll, or shorter enrollment spells that are less favorable in terms of eventual earnings trajectories. Further, accreditation might allow for more nuanced appraisal of campus effectiveness with respect to conventional measures of retention and completion. Future research to extend and apply the results of this study might consist of replication that tracks a more recent youth cohort, to gauge the extent to which the patterns of college timing decisions and their associations with earnings trajectories persist, under different college practices, financing arrangements, and labor market opportunities and constraints. In addition, future research might undertake more detailed, complete cost-benefit calculations evaluated at each age/stage of college timing decisions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sun, Ruirui. College Decisions and Earnings over the Life Cycle: The Effects of Timing. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Education, Department of Education Policy and Leadership, University at Albany, State University of New York, 2023.. |
5937. |
Sun, Shengwei |
Changing Patterns, Persisting Logic: Racial Inequality in Young Men's Transition to Paid Care Work Jobs Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Occupations, Male; Occupations, Non-Traditional; Racial Equality/Inequality; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Men have slowly increased their presence in paid care work jobs that have long been considered as "women’s jobs" in the United States. This trend has taken place in the context of economic restructuring since the 1970s, with the U.S. job structure becoming polarized between "good" jobs and "bad" jobs in terms of pay and job security. The growth of paid care work jobs is characterized by racial disparity, but the mechanisms behind the racialized patterns remain unclear. Using individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 and 97, this study examines the determinants of entering low-paying versus well-paying care work jobs among two cohorts of young men who joined the workforce under different labor market conditions. Findings suggest changing patterns of racial inequality corresponding to larger job growth patterns since the 1980s. I argue that a persisting logic of a racialized "labor queue" underlies these changing patterns. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sun, Shengwei. "Changing Patterns, Persisting Logic: Racial Inequality in Young Men's Transition to Paid Care Work Jobs." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
5938. |
Sun, Shengwei |
Intersecting Inequalities in the Paid Care Work Sector Under Changing Social and Economic Contexts Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park, 2018. Also: https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/21305 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Maryland Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Occupations, Male; Occupations, Non-Traditional; Racial Equality/Inequality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation focuses on the expanding paid care work sector as a key terrain for examining labor market inequalities in the United States and China, with three papers attending to different aspects of social stratification. In the U.S., men's presence in care work jobs remains rare despite the fast job growth in education and health care and the decline in traditionally male-dominated manufacturing sectors. Despite growing public interest, little is known about the reasons and pathways of men's transition into care work jobs. The popular discourse attributes men's reluctance to a matter of gender identity, whereas scholars adopting a structural approach argue that men have little incentive to enter care work jobs mainly because those jobs are underpaid. The first paper examines how well the structural and cultural approaches, respectively, explain why men enter care work jobs or not. Moreover, care work jobs have been increasingly polarized in terms of pay and job security since the 1970s, and the polarizing pattern of care work job growth is characterized by racial disparity. Is such pattern driven by racial disparity in education and labor market experience, and/or by racial discrimination? The second paper addresses this question by examining the changing determinants of entering into low-paying versus middle-to-high-paying care work jobs between two cohorts of young men who joined the workforce under different labor market conditions. Findings suggest a persisting logic of a racialized "labor queue" underlying the changing patterns of racial inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sun, Shengwei. Intersecting Inequalities in the Paid Care Work Sector Under Changing Social and Economic Contexts. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park, 2018.. |
5939. |
Sun, Shengwei |
Who Can Access the "Good" Jobs? Racial Disparities in Employment among Young Men Who Work in Paid Care The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 688,1 (March 2020): 55-76 Article first published online: April 20, 2020; Issue published: March 1, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Male Sample; Occupational Status; Occupations, Non-Traditional; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Men have slowly increased their presence in paid care jobs that have long been considered as "women's jobs.” But job growth in the paid care sector is polarized between "good” jobs"and "bad” jobs in terms of pay and job security, and racial minority men are more likely to enter low-paying care-work jobs. Using work history data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997, this study examines the patterns and mechanisms of racial disparity in young men’s access to jobs of varying pay levels in the care-work sector and how such patterns have changed as the labor market has become more precarious and unequal. Findings suggest that young black men--especially those without a college education--have been increasingly excluded from accessing “good” jobs in the paid care sector. Moreover, this black-white disparity cannot be fully explained by racial differences in individual-level characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sun, Shengwei. "Who Can Access the "Good" Jobs? Racial Disparities in Employment among Young Men Who Work in Paid Care." The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 688,1 (March 2020): 55-76 Article first published online: April 20, 2020; Issue published: March 1, 2020.
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5940. |
Sundstrom, William A. |
Review of: On the Job: Is Long-Term Employment a Thing of the Past? Journal of Economic Literature 41,1 (March 2003): 237-238. Also: http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/002205103321544747 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Job Tenure; Labor Turnover; Part-Time Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This collection of papers is motivated by recent concerns about corporate downsizing and a perceived weakening of the attachment between U.S. employers and their employees. The emphasis is on the accurate measurement of recent trends in job stability and job security. The five chapters in the first section of the vilume report on alternative measures of job stability. The second section of the book examines changes in job security. The chapters of the third and final section focus on trends in temporary, contract and part-time employment arrangements and their implications for job stability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sundstrom, William A. "Review of: On the Job: Is Long-Term Employment a Thing of the Past?" Journal of Economic Literature 41,1 (March 2003): 237-238.
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5941. |
Surette, Brian J. |
College Attendance, Vocational Training, Labor Supply and Wages: A Dynamic Empirical Model of Endogenous Human Capital Accumulation Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Education; Colleges; Endogeneity; Human Capital; Labor Supply; Modeling; Schooling, Post-secondary; Tuition; Vocational Training; Wages This dissertation estimates the overall effects of post-secondary education using a unified, dynamic empirical model of two- and four-year college choice, training participation, labor supply, and wages. Applying this model to a panel of data drawn from the NLSY reveals that: (1) Wage benefits from two-year college attendance accrue only to students who complete an Associates Degree, (2) Both four-year credits and Bachelors Degree completion raise wages, (3) One hour of vocational training and one hour of labor market experience provide similar, positive wage benefits, (4) Two-year college attendance helps students transfer to and succeed in four-year college, (5) Four-year college students are more likely to obtain subsequent on-the job training, (6) Completing a Bachelors Degree raises the probability of employment, and (7) Both two- and four-year college decisions are sensitive to tuition changes. To illustrate the sensitivity of college attendance behavior this study simulates the effects of 50 percent reductions in two- and four-year tuition. This provides one method of inducing exogenous changes in college attendance rates and evaluating each schools' impacts on subsequent labor market and college attendance outcomes. The simulations show that while the two-year tuition reduction would raise two-year college attendance and the number of Associates Degrees completed, it would reduce completed four-year credits and the number of Bachelors Degrees earned. In other words, the tuition reduction causes individuals to substitute away from the most profitable types of human capital. By contrast, the four-year tuition reduction would cause an increase in four-year attendance, completed four-year credits, Bachelors Degree completion, and would raise wages and employment rates. The empirical model incorporates lagged dependent variables asregressors. Semiparametric, discrete factor random effects estimators are used to control for the influence of unobserved variables that give rise to the potential endogeneity of these previous outcomes. A comparison of results from models estimated with and without these controls demonstrates the importance of controlling for unobserved heterogeneity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Surette, Brian J. College Attendance, Vocational Training, Labor Supply and Wages: A Dynamic Empirical Model of Endogenous Human Capital Accumulation. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1995. |
5942. |
Surette, Brian J. |
The Effects of Two-Year College on the Labor Market and Schooling Experiences of Young Men Finance and Economics Discussion Series No 1997-44. Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US), September 1997. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/p/fip/fedgfe/1997-44.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Board Keyword(s): College Education; Colleges; Education; Educational Returns; Income; Labor Force Participation; Schooling; Tuition This paper uses the NLSY to examine (1) the returns to two-year college, (2) whether attendance at a two-year college helps students to transfer to four-year college, and (3) whether reducing tuition would alter attendance enough to affect labor outcomes. I find that the returns to a year of two-year college are large (7 to 10 percent). Completing an associate's degree raises wages further. One year of two-year credits has the same effect on subsequent four-year attendance as one year of four-year credits. Finally, simulations show that reducing tuition could raise income modestly by increasing college attendance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Surette, Brian J. The Effects of Two-Year College on the Labor Market and Schooling Experiences of Young Men. Finance and Economics Discussion Series No 1997-44. Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US), September 1997.. |
5943. |
Surfield, Christopher James |
The Use and Prevalence of Contingent Work Arrangements in the United States Ph.D. Dissertatiod, Department of Economics, University of South Carolina, 2003. DAI-A 64/07, p. 2603, Jan 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earnings; Employment, Part-Time; Health Care; Labor Economics; Modeling; Part-Time Work; Wage Effects; Wage Models This dissertation explores the earnings and employment experiences of American workers engaged in contingent work arrangements. Employment as a contract, consulting, or temporary worker has long been criticized as unstable and poorly-compensated when compared with open-ended employment. Using data from the Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangement Supplement to the Current Population Survey and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort (NLSY79), I find little evidence to support these criticisms. The first contribution of this dissertation is to provide a profile of those engaged in contingent work. Next, I examine how current employment status affects the likelihood of being unemployed in the future. These results suggest that contingent workers are able to avoid future unemployment compared to those who are currently jobless. Furthermore, contingent work appears to lengthen spells of employment in the future. The empirical results are consistent with a theoretical model in which contingent arrangements serve as a possible matchmaker between firms and workers. Regressions using cross-sectional data suggest a significant and substantially negative impact of contingent employment status on worker compensation, both in terms of wages and access to employer-related health insurance. However, in the presence of omitted variables likely to appear in compensation models, such as a worker-specific ability component to the error term, this estimate may be biased and inconsistent. Using data from the NLSY79, panel-data techniques are used to control for ability. The results indicate that the usual cross-sectional results provide a substantial overstatement of the negative effect of contingent employment on compensation. In particular, the entire cross-sectional wage effect appears to be a reflection of lower ability levels among contingent workers relative to regular workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Surfield, Christopher James. The Use and Prevalence of Contingent Work Arrangements in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertatiod, Department of Economics, University of South Carolina, 2003. DAI-A 64/07, p. 2603, Jan 2004. |
5944. |
Swanson, Ana |
Small Families Are Better for Kids, New Research Says Washington Post, January 1, 2016, Wonkblog. Also: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/01/small-families-are-better-for-kids-according-to-new-research/?utm_term=.6d92540e0816 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Cognitive Ability; Family Size; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Noncognitive Skills; Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A paper from three economists that looks at 26 years of data on parents and children suggests that with every additional kid born, the other siblings are more likely to suffer from lower cognitive abilities and more behavioral issues, and have worse outcomes later in life. [News media article based on Juhn, Chinhui, Yona Rubinstein and Charles Andrew Zuppann. "The Quantity-Quality Trade-off and the Formation of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills." NBER Working Paper No. 21824, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2015] |
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Bibliography Citation
Swanson, Ana. "Small Families Are Better for Kids, New Research Says." Washington Post, January 1, 2016, Wonkblog. |
5945. |
Sweeney, Megan Mcdonnell |
Gender, Race, and Changing Families: the Shifting Economic Foundations of Marriage Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1998. DAI-A 59/09, p. 3663, Mar 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Older Men, Young Men Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Economics of Gender; Gender Differences; Marriage; Occupational Attainment; Racial Differences; Women's Roles; Women's Studies Given dramatic changes in the labor market positions of women and men, gender role attitudes, and consumption patterns that have occurred during the past thirty years, it is expected that the relationship between economic prospects and entry into first marriage will have shifted both for women and for men. In general, we would expect some increase over time in the importance of female economic prospects for marriage and some decline in the importance of male economic prospects resulting from these trends. Yet many important theories of marriage in the social sciences--particularly the work of Gary Becker--assume marriage is based on the economic specialization of spouses and suggest that women's improving economic prospects will make marriage less desirable. This perspective on marriage has influenced a large and diverse group of social scientists who attribute recent declines in marriage to improvements in women's labor market position. This dissertation questions the appropriateness of the assumptions underlying this view for contemporary patterns of marriage. Through an investigation of the changing relationship between economic prospects and entry into first marriage for two recent cohorts of young adults in the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience, this research investigates the possibility that the influence of economic factors on marriage has shifted in recent decades. This project further improves upon the conceptualizations of economic prospects used in previous studies of marriage by investigating the impact of future earnings expectations and uncertainty on the marriage process. Because the effects of economic prospects on marriage may change with age, special attention is also focused on how the effects of economic prospects on marriage change both over historical time and over the life course of individuals. Racial and gender differences in the association between economic prospects and marriage are also investigated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sweeney, Megan Mcdonnell. Gender, Race, and Changing Families: the Shifting Economic Foundations of Marriage. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1998. DAI-A 59/09, p. 3663, Mar 1999. |
5946. |
Sweeney, Megan Mcdonnell |
Two Decades of Family Change: The Shifting Economic Foundations of Marriage American Sociological Review 67,1 (February 2002): 132-147. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3088937 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Economic Changes/Recession; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Marriage; Oppenheimer's Model; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Has the relationship between economic prospects and marriage formation in the United States changed in recent decades? To answer this question, a discrete-time event-history analysis was conducted using data from multiple cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience. Among women, results indicate growth in the importance of earnings for marriage formation between the early baby-boom cohort (born between 1950 and 1954) and late baby-boom cohort (born between 1961 and 1965). Evidence of cohort change in the relationship between men's economic prospects and marriage, however, is limited. Despite important racial differences in the economic and attitudinal context of marriage, key results are generally similar for whites and for African Americans. Taken together, these findings imply that men and women are growing to resemble one another with respect to the relationship between economic prospects and marriage, although this convergence is driven primarily by changing patterns of marriage among women. These results are largely supportive of Oppenheimer's career-entry theory of marriage and suggest that Becker's specialization and trading model of marriage may be outdated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sweeney, Megan Mcdonnell. "Two Decades of Family Change: The Shifting Economic Foundations of Marriage." American Sociological Review 67,1 (February 2002): 132-147.
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5947. |
Sweeney, Megan Mcdonnell |
Women, Men, and Changing Families: The Shifting Economic Foundations of Marriage Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Economics of Gender; Employment; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Models; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this paper is to understand how the relationship between economic prospects and marriage may have changed over the last few decades, with an emphasis on exploring the potential differences between men and women. Given great change in the economic context in which men and women make decisions about relationships since the late 1960s, it is expected that the correlates of marriage may have shifted. This paper uses discrete-time hazard models to analyze data from multiple cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys (young women, young men, and youth samples). The effects of economic and employment characteristics on entry into first marriage are compared for 'early' and 'late' baby boom cohorts of men and women. Particular attention is paid to how these effects may have changed differently for blacks and whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sweeney, Megan Mcdonnell. "Women, Men, and Changing Families: The Shifting Economic Foundations of Marriage." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997. |
5948. |
Sweeney, Megan Mcdonnell |
Women, Men, and Changing Families: The Shifting Economic Foundations of Marriage CDE Working Paper No. 97-14, Center for Demography and Ecology, Madison WI, November 1997. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu:80/cde/cdewp/97-14ab.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Center for Demography and Ecology Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Economics, Demographic; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Gender Differences; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Based on data from multiple cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience (NLS), this study uses continuous-time proportional hazard models to investigate whether the relationship between economic prospects and entry into first marriage has changed in recent decades. Results indicate substantial change in marriage patterns between the early and late baby-boom cohorts. While women's economic prospects have become more important for marriage formation over time, men's economic prospects have generally become less important. In contrast to theories linking women's economic independence to declines in marriage, economic prospects are positively related to marriage of both men and women in the later cohort. These findings imply, with respect to the relationship between economic prospects and marriage, that men and women are increasingly coming to resemble one another. Results are somewhat less conclusive for blacks than for whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sweeney, Megan Mcdonnell. "Women, Men, and Changing Families: The Shifting Economic Foundations of Marriage." CDE Working Paper No. 97-14, Center for Demography and Ecology, Madison WI, November 1997. |
5949. |
Sweeney, Megan Mcdonnell Cancian, Maria |
The Changing Importance of White Women's Economic Prospects for Assortative Mating Journal of Marriage and Family 66,4 (November 2004): 1015-1029. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00073.x/pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Economics of Gender; Labor Force Participation; Marriage; Socioeconomic Factors; Wages, Women Given recent changes in the labor force participation and economic standing of women, we ask whether a woman's position in the labor market has become a more important determinant of her position in the marriage market. Unlike much prior research on trends over time in assortative mating, we take an individual-level approach to the analysis and rely on improved measures of labor market position, such as measuring wives' wages before marriage and considering multiple indicators of husbands' longer term economic standing. Our analysis relies on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (N= 759) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N= 767). Our results are consistent with growth over time in the importance of women's earnings potential in determining their marriage prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Sweeney, Megan Mcdonnell and Maria Cancian. "The Changing Importance of White Women's Economic Prospects for Assortative Mating." Journal of Marriage and Family 66,4 (November 2004): 1015-1029.
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5950. |
Sweeten, Gary |
Scaling Criminal Offending Journal of Quantitative Criminology 28,3 (September 2012): 533-557. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/vv66480p60522707/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Crime; Methods/Methodology; Scale Construction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This paper reviews a century of research on creating theoretically meaningful and empirically useful scales of criminal offending and illustrates their strengths and weaknesses. Methods: The history of scaling criminal offending is traced in a detailed literature review focusing on the issues of seriousness, unidimensionality, frequency, and additivity of offending. Modern practice in scaling criminal offending is measured using a survey of 130 articles published in five leading criminology journals over a two-year period that included a scale of individual offending as either an independent or dependent variable. Six scaling methods commonly used in contemporary criminological research are demonstrated and assessed using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979: dichotomous, frequency, weighted frequency, variety, summed category, and item response theory ‘theta’. Results: The discipline of criminology has seen numerous scaling techniques introduced and forgotten. While no clearly superior method dominates the field today, the most commonly used scaling techniques are dichotomous and frequency scales, both of which are fraught with methodological pitfalls including sensitivity to the least serious offenses. Conclusions: Variety scales are the preferred criminal offending scale because they are relatively easy to construct, possess high reliability and validity, and are not compromised by high frequency non-serious crime types. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sweeten, Gary. "Scaling Criminal Offending ." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 28,3 (September 2012): 533-557.
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5951. |
Sykes, Bryan L. Pettit, Becky |
Choice or Constraint? Mass Incarceration and Fertility Outcomes among American Men Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009. Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=91004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Demography; Fertility; Incarceration/Jail; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The rapid growth of the prison system over the last three decades represents a critical institutional intervention in the lives of U.S. families, which may have far-reaching and unintended consequences for demographic processes. In this paper, we investigate how exposure to the criminal justice system affects micro fertility decisions and aggregate fertility patterns. We propose to examine fertility choice and constraint within a counterfactual framework to assess whether and to what extent institutionalization has restricted and lowered the parity of men, and we theorize about how exogenous institutional factors (the penal system) have altered partnership selection in such a way that accounts for observed changes in non-marital, multi-partnered and teenage fertility. Our findings may help to explain growing disparities in fertility patterns by race and class. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sykes, Bryan L. and Becky Pettit. "Choice or Constraint? Mass Incarceration and Fertility Outcomes among American Men." Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009. |
5952. |
Sylvester, Michelle Sheran |
Career and Family Choices of Women: A Dynamic Analysis of Labor Force Participation, Schooling, Marriage,and Fertility Decisions Working Paper, Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina - Greensboro, April 2003. Also: http://www.uncg.edu/bae/people/sheran/sylvester.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina - Greensboro Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Career Patterns; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Marital Status; Marriage; Modeling; Religion; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, I develop and estimate a dynamic, structural model of women's labor market participation, schooling, marriage, and fertility decisions. This work provides a framework in which to analyze the career and family decisions women make over their lifetimes. Estimates of the model indicate that the career and family decisions of women vary significantly over their observable characteristics including race, religion, age, and AFQT score, and strongly depend on the presence of children. For example, results indicate that while very young children have a bonding influence on marriage, older children strain marriage. Furthermore, mothers get more utility from using birth control than women without children. This work also identifies several important sources of duration and state dependence in women's choices over time. For instance, while increases in age, reflecting maturation, increase the utility flows from marriage, increases in marriage duration decrease the utility flows. Moreover, the non pecuniary benefits to entering the work force or reentering school after a period of absence outweigh the non pecuniary costs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sylvester, Michelle Sheran. "Career and Family Choices of Women: A Dynamic Analysis of Labor Force Participation, Schooling, Marriage,and Fertility Decisions." Working Paper, Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina - Greensboro, April 2003. |
5953. |
Szabó-Morvai, Ágnes Kiss, Hubert J. |
Locus of Control, Educational Attainment, and College Aspirations: the Relative Role of Effort and Expectations Education Economics published online (12 October 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2023.2273220 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Adolescence; Cognitive Skills; College Aspirations; College Education; Educational Attainment; High School; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Diploma; Higher Education; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Schooling, Post-secondary Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We study the relationship between locus of control and both educational attainment and college aspirations in adolescence, focusing on the potential channels through which locus of control may influence these outcomes. Even after controlling for a comprehensive set of socio-demographic factors and cognitive skills, there remains a strong correlation between locus of control, college aspirations, and attendance. We show that effort is an essential channel through which locus of control operates. Mediation analysis further reveals that this mechanism is more influential than future expectations in determining high-school graduation, college aspirations, and attendance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Szabó-Morvai, Ágnes and Hubert J. Kiss. "Locus of Control, Educational Attainment, and College Aspirations: the Relative Role of Effort and Expectations." Education Economics published online (12 October 2023).
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5954. |
Tabasso, Domenico |
With or Without You: Divorce Rates and Intra-Household Allocation of Time IZA Discussion Paper No. 5292, Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA), October, 2010. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1704265 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Divorce; Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Gender Differences; Household Demand; Leisure; Marriage; Time Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the relationship between the probability of divorce and marriage specific investments. As these investments in terms of childcare and household activities are likely to increase the marital surplus, they are consequently likely to decrease the risk of divorce. All such activities, however, are characterized by gender role bias through, for example, social norms. In periods in which married women enjoy greater outside options (e.g., by increasing their labor force participation), it is expected that ouseholds in which the husband takes on typically female chores are less likely to dissolve, while couples in which the wife takes on typically male chores are more likely to divorce. The paper tests this hypothesis using data from the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Mature Women, the NLS Young Women, and the NLSY79. The prediction is strongly supported by the data with respect to older cohorts while it loses empirical relevance when tested on younger individuals. Furthermore, asymmetric effects between genders gain importance over time. Finally, an explanation for the relationship between divorce and marital investments is offered in terms of increasing intra-household time consumption complementarities. To this end, data from the American Time Use Surveys from 1965 to 2005 are studied to illustrate how time spent together by partners in the same household has become increasingly crucial in the American family. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tabasso, Domenico. "With or Without You: Divorce Rates and Intra-Household Allocation of Time." IZA Discussion Paper No. 5292, Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA), October, 2010. |
5955. |
Tabasso, Domenico |
With or Without You: Hazard of Divorce and Intra-Household Allocation of Time Working Paper No. 7/11, Melbourne Institute Working Paper, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, March 31, 2011. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1802171 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Melbourne Institute, Faculty of Business and Economics Keyword(s): Child Care; Divorce; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Household Demand; Labor Force Participation; Leisure; Marriage; Time Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the relationship between the probability of divorce and marriage specific investments. As these investments in terms of childcare and household activities are likely to increase the marital surplus, they are consequently likely to decrease the risk of divorce. All such activities, however, are characterized by gender role bias through, for example, social norms. In periods in which married women enjoy greater outside options (e.g., by increasing their labor force participation), it is expected that households in which the husband takes on typically female chores are less likely to dissolve, while couples in which the wife takes on typically male chores are more likely to divorce. The paper tests this hypothesis using data from the National Longitudinal Survey NLS) of Mature Women, the NLS Young Women, and the NLSY79. The prediction is strongly supported by the data with respect to older cohorts while it loses empirical relevance when tested on younger individuals. Furthermore, asymmetric effects between genders gain importance over time. Finally, an explanation for the relationship between divorce and marital investments is offered in terms of increasing intra-household time consumption complementarities. To this end, data from the American Time Use Surveys from 1965 to 2005 are studied to illustrate how time spent together by partners in the same household has become increasingly crucial in the American family. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tabasso, Domenico. "With or Without You: Hazard of Divorce and Intra-Household Allocation of Time." Working Paper No. 7/11, Melbourne Institute Working Paper, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, March 31, 2011. |
5956. |
Taber, Christopher Robert |
Three Essays on Semiparametric Models of Dynamic Discrete Choice, Program Evaluation, and the College Premium in the Eighties Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Education; Earnings; Endogeneity; Heterogeneity; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Modeling; Schooling; Skills; Wage Gap The first chapter takes the first step towards semiparametric estimation of discrete choice dynamic programming models by establishing sufficient conditions for their identification. I develop a specification in which the distribution of the error terms is unrestricted. In addition I allow the agents' information sets to be heterogeneous where this private information may covary with the error terms in a very general way. I treat both a discrete choice version of the model and a semiparametric tobit version in which there exist endogenous random variables which are only observed conditional on the choices made. I show that the parameters in my model are identified with essentially no restrictions on the distribution of the error terms and on the information structure except that they are independent of the regressors. I also show that additional restrictions are necessary to assure identification of the full model and I provide two sets of conditions that suffice. The second chapter applies this model to schooling decision. Its goal is to distinguish whether the rising wage gap between college educated workers and other high school graduates during the nineteen eighties results primarily from an increase in the value of skills learned in college or from an increase in the value of skills typically possessed by college students prior to entering college (i.e. ability). I attempt to make this distinction in two ways. As a preliminary exercise, I use Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT) scores in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to proxy for ability and examine how controlling for observed ability influences the trend in the college premium. Secondly, I control for unobserved ability by specifying a structural discrete choice dynamic programming model in which a student who is deciding whether to drop out of high school takes into account both the direct value of graduating high school and the value of the option to att end college. I estimate the model both fully parametrically and semiparametrically using nonparametric maximum likelihood. The econometric specification provides an interpretable framework for distinguishing between the two alternative hypotheses. The methodology uses only one step which improves efficiency by incorporating all of the information available from the longitudinal data. I summarize these results by documenting the change in the expected gain in earnings from attending college for those individuals who are indifferent about attending college. I find that including AFQT scores in the regressions has no influence on the rise in the college premium. However, controlling for unobserved ability eliminates it. The third chapter is written jointly with James Heckman and Jeffery Smith. It considers the evaluation of social programs using experimental data in the presence of dropouts. We begin with a popular estimator that produces estimates of the mean impact of treatment on the treated in experiments with dropouts. In experiments in which the dropouts receive none of the treatment prior to dropping out, this estimator should work very well. However, in cases where the dropouts may have received some of the treatment prior to leaving the experiment, the estimator may not work well. This paper addresses this concern and the issues it raises. We motivate the discussion with the recent experimental evaluation of the JTPA program which used this estimator even though most of the dropouts received some training prior to dropping out. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Taber, Christopher Robert. Three Essays on Semiparametric Models of Dynamic Discrete Choice, Program Evaluation, and the College Premium in the Eighties. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 1995. |
5957. |
Taber, Christopher Robert Roys, Nicolas A. |
Skill Prices, Occupations, and Changes in the Wage Structure for Low Skilled Men NBER Working Paper No. 26453, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2019. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w26453 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Male Sample; Occupational Choice; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Skills; Wage Levels This paper studies the effect of the change in occupational structure on wages for low skilled men. We develop a model of occupational choice in which workers have multi-dimensional skills that are exploited differently across different occupations. We allow for a rich specification of technological change which has heterogenous effects on different occupations and different parts of the skill distribution. We estimate the model combining four datasets: (1) O*NET, to measure skill intensity across occupations, (2) NLSY79, to identify life-cycle supply effects, (3) CPS (ORG), to estimate the evolution of skill prices and occupations over time, and (4) NLSY97 to see how the gain to specific skills has changed. We find that while changes in the occupational structure have affected wages of low skilled workers, the effect is not dramatic. First, the wages in traditional blue collar occupations have not fallen substantially relative to other occupations--a fact that we can not reconcile with a competitive model. Second, our decompositions show that changes in occupations explain only a small part of the patterns in wage levels over our time period. Price changes within occupation are far more important. Third, while we see an increase in the payoff to interpersonal skills, manual skills still remain the most important skill type for low educated males. |
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Bibliography Citation
Taber, Christopher Robert and Nicolas A. Roys. "Skill Prices, Occupations, and Changes in the Wage Structure for Low Skilled Men." NBER Working Paper No. 26453, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2019. |
5958. |
Tabet, Maya Xaverius, Pamela K. |
Parental Emotional Support Trajectories and the Risk of Adolescent Overweight or Obesity Infant and Child Development published online (10 July 2022): 10.1002/icd.2358. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/icd.2358 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Obesity; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 6108; 50.9% males; 16.7% Black, 8.1% Hispanic, 75.2% Non-Black, Non-Hispanic) to examine associations between parental emotional support trajectories at 0-15 years and overweight or obesity at 15-19 years and explore the effects of timing and cumulative exposure to low parental emotional support on overweight or obesity. Parental emotional support was assessed using the Home Observation Measurement of the Environment and adolescent overweight or obesity was defined using the International Obesity Task Force cut-offs. Latent Class Analysis was used to identify parental emotional support trajectories and Poisson regression was used to examine associations under study. Low parental emotional support in childhood increased the risk of adolescent overweight or obesity, with gender-based differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tabet, Maya and Pamela K. Xaverius. "Parental Emotional Support Trajectories and the Risk of Adolescent Overweight or Obesity." Infant and Child Development published online (10 July 2022): 10.1002/icd.2358.
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5959. |
Tach, Laura Amorim, Mariana |
Multiple-partner Fertility and the Growth in Sibling Complexity Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Fertility, Multiple Partners; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The transformation of the American family, fueled by cohabitation, divorce, and nonmarital childbearing, has created opportunities for parents to have children with more than one partner. Family scholars have documented the extent of maternal and paternal multiple-partner fertility in the US population, but we know less about these processes from the perspective of children, for whom parental multiple-partner fertility manifests as the presence of half-siblings. This paper uses the 1979 and 1997 Cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth to examine cohort change in children’s exposure to sibling complexity. We find that the probability of having a half-sibling increased by 30 percent between the two cohorts, with over one in four children now having at least one half-sibling by their 18th birthday. A strong educational gradient in sibling complexity persists across both cohorts, but large racial-ethnic disparities in sibling complexity have narrowed over time. Using demographic decomposition techniques, we find that the shifting racial-ethnic and socioeconomic composition of the U.S. population cannot explain the growth in sibling complexity. We conclude by discussing the shifting relationship contexts that have fueled sibling complexity and considering the implications for child development and social stratification. [Note: Also presented at Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018] |
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Bibliography Citation
Tach, Laura and Mariana Amorim. "Multiple-partner Fertility and the Growth in Sibling Complexity." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
5960. |
Tach, Laura Halpern-Meekin, Sarah |
How Does Premarital Cohabitation Affect Trajectories of Marital Quality? Journal of Marriage and Family 71,2 (May 2009): 298-317. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.2009.71.issue-2/issuetoc Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cohabitation; Ethnic Differences; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Racial Differences We investigate the link between premarital cohabitation and trajectories of subsequent marital quality using random effects growth curve models and repeated measures of marital quality from married women in the NLSY-79 (N = 3,598). We find that premarital cohabitors experience lower quality marital relationships on average, but this is driven by cohabitors with nonmarital births. Premarital cohabitors without nonmarital births report the same marital quality as women who did not cohabit before marriage. Nonmarital childbearing is more strongly associated with lower subsequent marital quality for White women than for Black or Hispanic women. Marital quality declines at similar rates for all couples regardless of cohabitation or nonmarital childbearing status. These findings are robust to numerous alternative model specifications. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tach, Laura and Sarah Halpern-Meekin. "How Does Premarital Cohabitation Affect Trajectories of Marital Quality? ." Journal of Marriage and Family 71,2 (May 2009): 298-317.
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5961. |
Tach, Laura Halpern-Meekin, Sarah |
Marital Quality and Divorce Decisions: How Do Premarital Cohabitation and Nonmarital Childbearing Matter? Family Relations 61,4 (October 2012): 571-585. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00724.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cohabitation; Divorce; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Modeling, Fixed Effects This study used the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 3,481) to test whether the association between marital quality and divorce is moderated by premarital cohabitation or nonmarital childbearing status. Prior research identified lower marital quality as a key explanation for why couples who cohabit or have children before marrying are more likely to divorce than other couples. Using event history and fixed-effects models, we found that the effect of marital quality on divorce is similar for cohabitors and noncohabitors, with cohabitors more likely to end both high- and low-quality marriages. In contrast, the relationship between marital quality and divorce is weaker for women with nonmarital births; they are less likely than others to dissolve low-quality marriages. We discuss how commitment norms and self-efficacy might explain these differences in the association between marital quality and divorce. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tach, Laura and Sarah Halpern-Meekin. "Marital Quality and Divorce Decisions: How Do Premarital Cohabitation and Nonmarital Childbearing Matter?" Family Relations 61,4 (October 2012): 571-585.
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5962. |
Taggart, Robert Sum, Andrew Berlin, Gordon L. |
Basic Skills: The Sine Qua Non Youth and Society 19,1 (September 1987): 3-21. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/19/1/3 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Childbearing; College Enrollment; Education; Educational Attainment; Fertility; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Dropouts; Poverty; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the NLSY and the 1980 Armed Service Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) administration, this paper examines the devastating impact that lack of basic skills and competencies has on the ability of America's young people to compete in school and in the workplace. |
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Bibliography Citation
Taggart, Robert, Andrew Sum and Gordon L. Berlin. "Basic Skills: The Sine Qua Non." Youth and Society 19,1 (September 1987): 3-21.
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5963. |
Tan, Eleonora |
Understanding the Effect of Obesity on Male and Female Labor Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, George Washington University, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Discrimination, Body weight; Earnings; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Obesity; Occupations; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. When it comes to understanding the obesity effect on male and female labor outcomes existing studies largely focused on earnings. This study provides a broader analysis of the obesity impact on labor outcomes, including labor force participation, employment status, occupation type, hours worked, full-time employment, consecutive employment, and hourly earnings. This dissertation has three objectives: First, estimate the effect of being overweight, moderately obese and severely obese on male and female labor outcomes. Second, determine to what extent weight related labor inequalities are the result of individual, household, and local labor characteristics and whether discrimination plays a role. Finally, discuss a role for government interventions to reduce weight-related labor inequalities. This study used sixteen years of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data. Both pooled OLS and pooled logit regression in combination with individual FE methods were used to measure gaps in labor outcomes. In addition, to address bias arising from endogenous relationship between obesity and labor outcomes I estimate the weight effect using instrumental variables approach with county obesity prevalence as instrument for obesity. Finally, I apply Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method to examine the factors that contribute to the observed gap in hourly earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tan, Eleonora. Understanding the Effect of Obesity on Male and Female Labor Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, George Washington University, 2014. |
5964. |
Tan, Ruoding Bennett, Neil G. |
Spouse Selection the Second Time Around Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Homogamy; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Based on a nationally representative sample drawn from the 1979-2008 waves of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we examine the changes in spousal choice that occur between women’s first and second unions in the context of a changing pool of available potential spouses on various dimensions, including age, educational level at marriage, and race. Specifically, we test two hypotheses: (1) The supply of marriageable men is associated with women’s spousal choice in first and in second marriages, and (2) If the number of available single men as potential husbands is limited, women are forced to “cast a wider net” and marry men very different from themselves. We find empirical evidence that lends support to these hypotheses. Our results show that a more diverse and smaller pool of marriageable men will limit women’s ability to realize their changing preferences and lower the likelihood of a homogamous match in second marriages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tan, Ruoding and Neil G. Bennett. "Spouse Selection the Second Time Around." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
5965. |
Tanda, Rika |
Early Life Environments and Cognitive-Behavioral Outcomes of Children: A Life Course Approach Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 2013. Also: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:2765 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: OhioLINK Keyword(s): Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Ability; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter introduces a life course model used throughout this dissertation study. This is followed by a review in chapter 2 of risk factors that are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes during childhood. This chapter ascertains the fact that risk factors for shaping one's health are present throughout one's life course and that early life adverse environment may play an important role setting up one's health trajectory. In the subsequent two chapters, the association between maternal prepregnancy obesity and the offspring's cognitive and behavioral outcomes are examined using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tanda, Rika. Early Life Environments and Cognitive-Behavioral Outcomes of Children: A Life Course Approach. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 2013.. |
5966. |
Tanda, Rika Salsberry, Pamela J. |
Racial Differences in the Association between Maternal Prepregnancy Obesity and Children's Behavior Problems Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 35,2 (February-March 2014): 118-127. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24509056 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Body Mass Index (BMI); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Income; Obesity; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. OBJECTIVE: Evidence for the adverse effects of prepregnancy obesity on offspring's neurodevelopmental outcomes has begun to emerge. The authors examined the association between prepregnancy obesity and children's behavioral problems and if the association would differ by race. METHODS: This observational study used a total of 3395 white (n = 2127) and African-American (n = 1268) children aged 96 to 119 months from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Behavior Problem Index (BPI) total and subscale scores were used to measure children's behavioral problems. The association between maternal prepregnancy obesity and the BPI scores for each racial group was examined using multivariate linear and logistic regressions, controlling for prenatal, child, maternal, and family background factors. RESULTS: Maternal prepregnancy obesity was independently associated with an increase in the BPI total scores among the white sample only. Among the African-Americans, prepregnancy obesity was not associated with the BPI scores. Subsample analyses using externalizing and internalizing subscales also revealed similar trends. Among the white sample, children born to obese women were more socially disadvantaged than those born to nonobese women, whereas no such trend was observed in children of African-American obese and nonobese women. CONCLUSION: The impact of maternal prepregnancy obesity on children's behavioral problems differed by racial groups. Obesity-related metabolic dysregulations during the intrauterine period may not contribute to later children's behavioral problems. Social and psychological factors seem to play key roles in the association between prepregnancy obesity and childhood behavioral problems among whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tanda, Rika and Pamela J. Salsberry. "Racial Differences in the Association between Maternal Prepregnancy Obesity and Children's Behavior Problems." Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 35,2 (February-March 2014): 118-127.
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5967. |
Tanda, Rika Salsberry, Pamela J. Reagan, Patricia Benton Fang, Muriel Z. |
The Impact of Prepregnancy Obesity on Children’s Cognitive Test Scores Maternal and Child Health Journal 17,2 (February 2013): 222-229. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/800p605l320n7861/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Obesity; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. To examine the association between maternal prepregnancy obesity and cognitive test scores of children at early primary school age. A descriptive observational design was used. Study subjects consist of 3,412 US children aged 60–83 months from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Mother and Child Survey. Cognitive test scores using the Peabody Individual Achievement Test reading recognition and mathematics tests were used as the outcomes of interest. Association with maternal prepregnancy obesity was examined using the ordinary least square regression controlling for intrauterine, family background, maternal and child factors. Children of obese women had 3 points (0.23 SD units) lower peabody individual achievement test (PIAT) reading recognition score (p = 0.007), and 2 points (0.16 SD units) lower PIAT mathematics scores (p < 0.0001), holding all other factors constant. As expected, cognitive test score was associated with stimulating home environment (reading: β = 0.15, p < 0.0001, and math: β = 0.15, p < 0.0001), household income (reading: β = 0.03, p = 0.02 and math: β = 0.04, p = 0.004), maternal education (reading: β = 0.42, p = 0.0005, and math: β = 0.32, p = 0.008), and maternal cognitive skills (reading: β = 0.11, p < 0.0001, and math: β = 0.09, p < 0.0001). There was a significant association between maternal prepregnancy obesity and child cognitive test scores that could not be explained by other intrauterine, family background, maternal, and child factors. Children who live in disadvantaged postnatal environments may be most affected by the effects of maternal prepregnancy obesity. Replications of the current study using different cohorts are warranted to confirm the association between maternal prepregnancy obesity and child cognitive test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tanda, Rika, Pamela J. Salsberry, Patricia Benton Reagan and Muriel Z. Fang. "The Impact of Prepregnancy Obesity on Children’s Cognitive Test Scores ." Maternal and Child Health Journal 17,2 (February 2013): 222-229.
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5968. |
Tanfer, Koray Huang, Penelope Maria |
Male Fertility and the Intendedness Status of Births 1982-1998 Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; CESD (Depression Scale); Fatherhood; Fathers; Fathers and Children; Fertility; Male Sample; Substance Use; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we document the extent and patterns of unintended fertility among adult men and examine the effects of having an unintended birth on the well-being of the father. The specific well-being outcomes considered are alcohol and drug use and depressive symptoms. The consequences of an unintended birth are assessed relative to the consequences of having a birth that was neither intended nor unintended, a birth that was intended, and having no birth during the observation period. We use data from the 1982-1998 rounds of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) and the 1994-2000 rounds of the NLSY Young Adult surveys. The NLSY sample we use consists of men who were 14-21 years of age when they were first surveyed in 1979, and NLSY mothers' male children who were 14-23 years of age in 1994, when they were designated as the "Young Adult" sample. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tanfer, Koray and Penelope Maria Huang. "Male Fertility and the Intendedness Status of Births 1982-1998." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002. |
5969. |
Tang, Ning |
Like Father Like Son: How Does Parents' Financial Behavior Affect Their Children's Financial Behavior? Journal of Consumer Affairs 51,2 (Summer 2017): 284-311. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joca.12122/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Council on Consumer Interests (ACCI) Keyword(s): Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Self-Control/Self-Regulation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the intergenerational influence on financial behavior. Using two national longitudinal studies: the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey Children and Young Adults (NLSCYA) and the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey (NLSY79), we link the financial behavior of 2,520 young adults back to their general self-control skill and their parents' financial behavior conducted during children's adolescence. We find evidence of intergenerational consistency in financial behavior between parents and their children. Results from the generalized structural equation model indicate that parents' financial behavior affects that of their children both directly and indirectly through general self-control skill development. Furthermore, the influence of parents is moderated by parent–child relationship. These findings highlight the importance of parental financial socialization. Its implications are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tang, Ning. "Like Father Like Son: How Does Parents' Financial Behavior Affect Their Children's Financial Behavior?" Journal of Consumer Affairs 51,2 (Summer 2017): 284-311.
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5970. |
Tang, Ning Baker, Andrew |
Self-Esteem, Financial Knowledge and Financial Behavior Journal of Economic Psychology 54 (June 2016): 164-176. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167487016301817 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Financial Literacy; Self-Esteem Financial knowledge is an important but insufficient driver of responsible financial behavior. Having a positive evaluation of oneself may also be essential for individuals to initiate and persist with the daunting process of financial management. In this study, we distinguish subjective financial knowledge from objective financial knowledge, and we propose that self-esteem relates to financial behavior both directly as well as indirectly through subjective financial knowledge. Results based on a nationally representative dataset of U.S. adults suggest that self-esteem significantly relates to individual financial behavior after controlling for financial knowledge and other socioeconomic factors. The association between self-esteem and financial behavior could be both direct and indirect through subjective financial knowledge. These findings highlight the importance of psychological traits such as self-esteem in explaining financial behavior difference. Its implications are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tang, Ning and Andrew Baker. "Self-Esteem, Financial Knowledge and Financial Behavior." Journal of Economic Psychology 54 (June 2016): 164-176.
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5971. |
Tangsangwornthamma, Chaturon |
Association of Injuries in Truck and Bus Drivers with Alcohol and Drug Misuse M.P.H. Thesis, Department of Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Injuries; Job Hazards; Occupations; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. BACKGROUND: Truck and bus drivers face the possibility of serious injury and death from highway traffic incidents, particularly caused by alcohol and drug use. Previous studies have not yet demonstrated whether truck and bus drivers who have drinking patterns consistent with heavy drinking, alcohol dependence and prescription or recreational drug use have an increased injury experience. METHODS: Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), we performed a retrospective, longitudinal cohort study to quantify risk and patterns of injury in participants with a job that included truck and bus driver during 1992 to 2000. Proportional hazard regression was used to evaluate the risk of injury by alcohol and drug misuse status. RESULTS: Study included 150 subjects, 18.7% reported an injury as a driver in the study period. Unadjusted Cox proportional regression analysis revealed that heavy drinkers were at slightly increased risk of injury (HR [95%CI] = 1.04 [0.46, 2.36]), but did not reach significance in unadjusted and adjusted analysis. For survival analysis, similar pattern of injuries were found among alcohol, prescribed painkillers and sedatives users compared to non-user subjects. Heroin use was the only variable strongly associated with injury (HR = 3.59 [1.07, 12.03]). CONCLUSION: Heavy drinking, alcohol dependence, and prescription or recreational drug use were not significantly associated with injury among truck and bus drivers in a U.S. labor force sample, while heroin use appeared to increase the risk. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to support these results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tangsangwornthamma, Chaturon. Association of Injuries in Truck and Bus Drivers with Alcohol and Drug Misuse. M.P.H. Thesis, Department of Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 2017. |
5972. |
Taniguchi, Hiromi |
Determinants of Women's Entry into Self-Employment Social Science Quarterly 83,3 (September 2002): 875-894. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1540-6237.00119/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Mothers; Racial Differences; Self-Employed Workers; Transition, Job to Job Objective. Building on recent studies that have shown how employment- and family-related characteristics are uniquely intertwined in facilitating women's decisions to work for themselves, I examine the process of transitions into self-employment among white, African-American, and Hispanic women. Methods. This study analyzes data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a national probability sample of those born between 1957 and 1964, which allows me to apply a dynamic model for studying women's employment transitions. Results. Regardless of race or ethnicity, factors such as work experience and the presence of a spouse encourage women to become self-employed. At the same time, the distributions of these characteristics for African-American women, and to a lesser extent Latinas as well, significantly account for their slower entry into self-employment. The effect of children on women's entry into self-employment, which earlier studies often found to be positive, especially among whites, is mixed. Conclusions. These findings reveal significant racial/ethnic differences in the process of female self-employment and also call into question the view that self-employment allows working mothers to better combine their careers with family responsibilities than does wage/salary sector employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Taniguchi, Hiromi. "Determinants of Women's Entry into Self-Employment." Social Science Quarterly 83,3 (September 2002): 875-894.
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5973. |
Taniguchi, Hiromi |
The Influence of Age at Degree Completion on College Wage Premiums Research in Higher Education 46,8 (December 2005): 861-881. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/y655468834k51j08/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): College Education; College Graduates; Education, Adult; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wage Growth; Wage Models Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although studies have shown a significant wage gain associated with the possession of a college degree, few have considered at what age the degree was received to estimate this college wage premium. Given the recent increase in the enrollment of older students, this study examines how the size of the premium is affected by college timing while focusing on a possible gender difference. Results from fixed-effects models show that those who complete their degree at 25 or older receive a significantly lower premium than those who graduate at a younger age, while the penalty for late graduation is much smaller for women than men. A further analysis suggests that the late college penalty is partly due to the delayed onset of the cumulative benefits higher education provides, and that women are penalized less for late degree completion because they gain less from college education over the course of time to begin with. |
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Bibliography Citation
Taniguchi, Hiromi. "The Influence of Age at Degree Completion on College Wage Premiums." Research in Higher Education 46,8 (December 2005): 861-881.
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5974. |
Taniguchi, Hiromi Kaufman, Gayle |
Belated Entry: Gender Differences and Similarities in the Pattern of Nontraditional College Enrollment Social Science Research 36,2 (June 2007): 550-568. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X06000160 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Divorce; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Schooling, Post-secondary; Women's Education Building on research showing that the incidence of late or nontraditional entry into higher education is influenced by both individuals' needs and resources, we examine possible gender differences in its pattern. Our event history analysis using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data shows the importance of employment-and family-related factors in illuminating gender differences and similarities in the correlates of nontraditional college enrollment. Specifically, work experience is significantly and negatively associated with men's nontraditional college entry, while no comparable effect of experience exists for women. Divorce promotes only women's nontraditional enrollment, and the gender difference in this effect is significant in case of entry into four-year institutions. The presence of preschoolers adversely affects women's attendance at two-and four-year institutions and men's attendance at four-year institutions. However, mothers of older children, unlike fathers, are more likely to experience nontraditional entry, while their educational destinations are limited to two-year institutions. [Copyright 2007 Elsevier] Copyright of Social Science Research is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Taniguchi, Hiromi and Gayle Kaufman. "Belated Entry: Gender Differences and Similarities in the Pattern of Nontraditional College Enrollment." Social Science Research 36,2 (June 2007): 550-568.
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5975. |
Taniguchi, Hiromi Kaufman, Gayle |
Degree Completion Among Nontraditional College Students Social Science Quarterly 86, 4 (December 2005): 912-927. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00363.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Academic Development; Cognitive Ability; College Dropouts; College Enrollment; Divorce; Education; Education, Adult; Event History; Fatherhood; Gender Differences; Motherhood; Occupational Status; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Objective. With the growing number of older students attending college, one major issue concerning these nontraditional students is their overall low completion rates. We examine factors affecting nontraditional students' degree completion. Methods. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we examine the effects of student characteristics on the probability of finishing college with event history models. Results. Part-time enrollment significantly deters college completion, whereas the number of prior enrollments facilitates it. Being relatively young, having high cognitive ability, and a high-status occupational background also increase the chance of completion, but these effects partly differ by gender. On the other hand, being divorced and having young children, the factors often negatively associated with women's socioeconomic status, suppress degree completion for both genders. Conclusions. Based on these results, we discuss how higher educational institutions and employers might be able to help increase the rate of completion among nontraditional students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Taniguchi, Hiromi and Gayle Kaufman. "Degree Completion Among Nontraditional College Students." Social Science Quarterly 86, 4 (December 2005): 912-927.
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5976. |
Taniguchi, Hiromi Kennelly, Ivy Rosenfeld, Rachel A. |
The Effect of Occupational Male Dominance on Women's Employment Exits: Differences among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics Presented: Atlanta, GA, Southern Sociological Society (SSS) Conference, April 4-7, 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Sociological Society Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Exits; Hispanics; Industrial Sector; Labor Force Participation; Mobility, Occupational; Occupations, Non-Traditional; Racial Differences; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A recent study showed that, net of other major characteristics, the % of women in one's occupation significantly reduces the chance of entering managerial positions for women while raising it for men (Maume 1999a). Further, among women, employment in male-dominated occupations diminishes the chance of wage promotion (Maume 1999b), increases joblessness (Maume 1999b), and extends time to find another job after displacement (Spalter-Roth and Deitch 1999). Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we explore the adverse effects of employment in male-dominated occupations on women's employment exits. We focus on racial/ethnic minorities who have been largely ignored in studies of occupational sex segregation. Our preliminary results suggest that occupational male dominance more adversely affects black women's employment, and to a lesser extent, Latinas, than white women. Considering these women's industrial locations mitigates this intergroup variation. We discuss how industry mediates the career depressing effect of occupational male dominance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Taniguchi, Hiromi, Ivy Kennelly and Rachel A. Rosenfeld. "The Effect of Occupational Male Dominance on Women's Employment Exits: Differences among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Southern Sociological Society (SSS) Conference, April 4-7, 2001. |
5977. |
Taniguchi, Hiromi Rosenfeld, Rachel A. |
Family, Labor Market, and Race/Ethnic Differences in Women's Employment Histories Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Education; Employment; Ethnic Differences; Exits; Family Characteristics; Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Job Turnover; Racial Differences; Unions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We investigate the determinants of employment transitions with samples from White, Black, and Hispanic women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Both family- and job-related characteristics significantly affect the patterns of employment exit and return, though with some notable race/ethnic differences. Pregnancy status increases the rate of employment exits for White and Hispanic women to a greater extent than for Black women. While wage level significantly reduces the rate of employment exits, regardless of race/ethnicity, the magnitude of this effect is significantly larger among non-White women, suggesting their vulnerability to the fluctuation of wages in times of economic recession. In terms of women's power in the labor market, we see the positive effects of high-level occupations and union affiliation on employment duration, effects that tend to favor Whites over minority women. Both pregnancy status and young children reduce the rate of employment returns for all race/ethnic groups, but this tendency is weaker among Blacks. Hispanic women are also faced with a labor market disadvantage through education, both in employment exit and reentrance, compared not only with Whites but with Blacks as well. |
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Bibliography Citation
Taniguchi, Hiromi and Rachel A. Rosenfeld. "Family, Labor Market, and Race/Ethnic Differences in Women's Employment Histories." Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2000. |
5978. |
Taniguchi, Hiromi Rosenfeld, Rachel A. |
Women's Employment Exit and Reentry: Differences Among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics Social Science Research 31,3 (September 2002): 432-471. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X02000091 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Employment; Ethnic Differences; Exits; Family Characteristics; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Re-employment; Work Reentry This study investigates the determinants of employment transition with samples from White, Black, and Hispanic women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The authors argue that one needs to take into consideration both family- and job-related factors to explain women's work patterns, and that the ways employment and home context combine to influence transitions may vary by race and ethnicity. It is found that African-American women, followed by Latinas, leave the work force more quickly than White women. These differences are due more to levels of job-related variables than to distributions of family characteristics across race/ethnic groups. On the other hand, only when they control for job-related variables do the researchers see that African Americans, followed by Hispanic women, return to paid work faster than Whites, suggesting that these women reenter employment faster than would be expected given their lower levels of previous job rewards and resources. Separate models of exits and returns by race and ethnicity show somewhat different patterns of family effects across groups, while varying effects of wages and occupational variables indicate different degrees and types of labor market disadvantage for Blacks and Latinas. (PsycINFO Database Record 2003 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Taniguchi, Hiromi and Rachel A. Rosenfeld. "Women's Employment Exit and Reentry: Differences Among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics." Social Science Research 31,3 (September 2002): 432-471.
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5979. |
Tanner, Julian Davies, Scott O'Grady, Bill |
Whatever Happened to Yesterday's Rebels? Longitudinal Effects of Youth Delinquency on Education and Employment Social Problems 46,2 (May 1999): 250-274. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3097255 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Behavior, Violent; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Incarceration/Jail; Occupations; Teenagers This paper examines whether and how teen delinquency is consequential for a variety of educational and employment outcomes. From the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth we measure five forms of delinquency from 1979 when respondents were 14-17 years old, and investigate whether they predict five different outcomes when those individuals were aged twenty-five to thirty. We measure delinquency as the prevalence of skipping school, drug use, violent behavior, engaging in property crime, and contact with the criminal justice system. Using a variety of regression models, we explore whether delinquency has negative zero-order effects, and negative partial effects net of standard status attainment variables. We find that all types of delinquency have consistently significant and negative impacts on educational attainment among both males and females, net of status attainment variables. Delinquency also has a fairly consistent impact on male occupational outcomes, but has weaker effects on female occupational outcomes. Overall, the data suggest that delinquency has autonomous and negative effects on later life chances. We discuss these findings in light of links between status attainment models and theories of crime and delinquency. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tanner, Julian, Scott Davies and Bill O'Grady. "Whatever Happened to Yesterday's Rebels? Longitudinal Effects of Youth Delinquency on Education and Employment." Social Problems 46,2 (May 1999): 250-274.
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5980. |
Tartari, Melissa |
Divorce and the Cognitive Achievement of Children International Economic Review 56,2 (May 2015): 597-645. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/iere.12116/full Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Child Support; Children, Academic Development; Divorce; Marital Conflict; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Simulation; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Propensity Scores; Relationship Conflict Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Children of divorced parents exhibit lower test scores and educational attainment. Have these correlations a causal interpretation? Parents who divorce may be less likely to invest in their children while together or they may divorce to shield their children from the effects of marital conflict. I study the relationship between children's achievement and the marital status of their parents within a dynamic framework in which partners decide on whether to remain married, how to interact (with or without conflict), and child investments. I then assess whether a child whose parents divorced would have been better off had divorce not occurred. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tartari, Melissa. "Divorce and the Cognitive Achievement of Children." International Economic Review 56,2 (May 2015): 597-645.
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5981. |
Tasci, Murat Kleinhenz, Laura |
The Youngest Baby Boomers' Experience in the Labor Market Economic Trends, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, June 25, 2007. Also: http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/trends/2007/0607/02ecoact_052407.cfm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Job Patterns; Job Tenure; Job Turnover Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Having just one job in a lifetime seems to be a thing of the past. The youngest of the baby boomers, those born between 1957 and 1964, have held an average of 10.5 jobs between the ages of 18 and 40, according to the latest data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The survey participants, who represent the youngest cohort of U.S. baby boomers (those born between 1946 and 1964), were first interviewed in 1979 when they were between the ages of 14 and 22. As these younger boomers have aged, they have changed jobs less frequently: Between the ages of 18 and 21, they held 3.8 jobs on average, but between 36 and 40, the average fell to 2. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tasci, Murat and Laura Kleinhenz. "The Youngest Baby Boomers' Experience in the Labor Market." Economic Trends, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, June 25, 2007. |
5982. |
Taska, Bledi |
The Structure of Early and Higher Education, Dynamic Interactions and Persistent Inequality Working Paper, Department of Economics, New York University, November 2011 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Department of Economics, New York University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Census of Population; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Intergenerational earnings mobility is a key determinant of the degree of cross-sectional inequality that will be transmitted to future generations. Low intergenerational mobility implies that inequality will be persistent. With income inequality increasing rapidly over the recent years, it is important to understand the underlying sources and mechanisms of intergenerational earnings persistence. This paper examines the mechanisms through which early and higher education (individually and jointly) impact intergenerational earnings mobility. More specifically, I explore the effects that the structure of the education system and existing methods of financing education can have on earnings persistence. In order to quantify these effects, I develop a life-cycle model of incomplete markets where agents differ in wealth, ability, and education. Intergenerational persistence of earnings is generated endogenously as richer parents invest more in the early and higher education of their children. Early education investments affect the cognitive ability of children. Higher ability children earn higher wages, but also have a lower cost of enrolling in college. Higher education investments, through parental transfers, affect college enrollment, college quality and college graduation rates. I use PSID, NLSY, NPSAS, and Census micro data to estimate the parameters of the model. I find that differences in higher education account for a higher percentage of the intergenerational correlation in earnings than do differences in early education. Liquidity constraints do not seem to be important for early or higher education. I also show that there exist complementarities between the two periods of investment in education. Finally, I find that early education is more important for the upward mobility of low income families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Taska, Bledi. "The Structure of Early and Higher Education, Dynamic Interactions and Persistent Inequality." Working Paper, Department of Economics, New York University, November 2011. |
5983. |
Teachman, Jay D. |
Are Veterans Healthier? Military Service and Health at Age 40 in the All-Volunteer Era Social Science Research 40,1 (January 2011): 326-335. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X10000803 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Health Factors; Military Service; Veterans I explore the relationship between active-duty military service and self-reported health measured at age 40. Based on selectivity, veterans of active-duty service might be expected to have better health than civilians. Using data taken from the NLSY-79, I show that this is not the case. Although veterans of reserve-duty service, and nonveterans who passed the military’s physical exam for entrance into the military report better physical health, active-duty veterans do not. The lower than expected self-reported health of active-duty veterans cannot be explained by differences on confounding variables such as income, education, and marital status. In addition, the lower physical health of these veterans cannot be explained by differences in health-related behaviors such as excessive alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and body mass index. |
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Bibliography Citation
Teachman, Jay D. "Are Veterans Healthier? Military Service and Health at Age 40 in the All-Volunteer Era." Social Science Research 40,1 (January 2011): 326-335.
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5984. |
Teachman, Jay D. |
Body Weight, Marital Status, and Changes in Marital Status Journal of Family Issues 37,1 (January 2016): 74-96. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/37/1/74.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Cohabitation; Divorce; Marital Status; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this article, I use 20 years of data taken from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth to examine the relationship between body weight and both marital status and changes in marital status. I use a latent growth curve model that allows both fixed and random effects. The results show that living without a partner, either being divorced or never married, is associated with lower body weight. Cohabitors and married respondents tend to weigh more. Marital transitions also matter but only for divorce. Gender does not appear to moderate these results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Teachman, Jay D. "Body Weight, Marital Status, and Changes in Marital Status." Journal of Family Issues 37,1 (January 2016): 74-96.
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5985. |
Teachman, Jay D. |
Family Life Course Statuses and Transitions: Relationships with Health Limitations Sociological Perspectives 53,2 (Summer 2010): 201–219. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Divorce; Family Structure; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Marital Status; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parenthood; Turbulence In this study, the author uses 25 years of data taken from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth to examine the relationship between family life course statuses and transitions and work-related health limitations. The author uses a detailed set of statuses and transitions that include marriage, divorce, cohabitation, and parenthood. The measures of health used tap health limitations in the kind and amount of work that can be performed. Using a fixed-effects estimator for dichotomous outcomes, the author finds that marriage is positively related to the health of men but negatively related to the health of women. The author also finds that parenthood is not related to the health of men but is positively related to the health of women. The results also indicate that statuses are more important for determining health limitations than are transitions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Teachman, Jay D. "Family Life Course Statuses and Transitions: Relationships with Health Limitations." Sociological Perspectives 53,2 (Summer 2010): 201–219.
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5986. |
Teachman, Jay D. |
Health Limitations and Post-Secondary School Enrollment Population Research and Policy Review 31,1 (February 2012): 85-96. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/n3338l7l632657ux/fulltext.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using 25 years of data taken from the NLSY-79, I investigate the relationship between two measures of health-related work limitations and the likelihood of post-secondary school enrollment. I measure health-related work limitations both in terms of limitations in the kind of work that can be performed and in the amount of work that can be performed. I argue that limitations in kind of work will spur school enrollment, while limitations in amount of work will suppress school enrollment. Results support these arguments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Teachman, Jay D. "Health Limitations and Post-Secondary School Enrollment." Population Research and Policy Review 31,1 (February 2012): 85-96.
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5987. |
Teachman, Jay D. |
Latent Growth Curve Models with Random and Fixed Effects In: Emerging Methods in Family Research. S. McHale, P. Amato, and A. Booth, eds., Springer, National Symposium on Family Issues 4, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Modeling, Random Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research using latent growth curve models has been within the framework of random effects. Using longitudinal data on men’s BMI taken from the National Longitudinal Study of 1979, I show that traditional latent growth curve models estimated in a random-effects framework can be extended to a fixed-effects framework. I also show that latent growth curve models can be estimated when time-constant covariates are modeled on the inter-subject level. Finally, using data taken from the Early Years of Marriage Project, I demonstrate that latent growth curve models can be used for analyzing paired data. Specifically, the latent intercept and slope terms of husbands and wives can be allowed to co-vary. (Chapter 1) |
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Bibliography Citation
Teachman, Jay D. "Latent Growth Curve Models with Random and Fixed Effects" In: Emerging Methods in Family Research. S. McHale, P. Amato, and A. Booth, eds., Springer, National Symposium on Family Issues 4, 2014
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5988. |
Teachman, Jay D. |
Military Service and Educational Attainment in the All-Volunteer Era Sociology of Education 80,4 (October 2007): 359-374. Also: http://soe.sagepub.com/content/80/4/359.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; Military Recruitment; Military Service; Racial Studies; Veterans Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the relationship between service in the All Volunteer Force (AVF) military and educational attainment. Through the use of fixed-effects estimators, the author generated estimates of the effect of military service on the highest grade of school completed by men that are purged of the confounding effects of constant unmeasured household-specific and person-specific variables. He also implemented another series of controls for selectivity involving potential time-varying factors by comparing active-duty veterans to reserve-duty veterans and nonveterans who at some time indicated their intentions to enter the military. The results indicate that there is considerable diversity in the effect of military service among veterans according to such variables as education prior to service, score on the Armed Forces Qualification Test, branch of service, length of service, age at entry into the military, and race. Overall, however, veterans of the AVF receive less education than their civilian counterparts, and this educational gap tends to grow over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Sociology of Education is the property of American Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Teachman, Jay D. "Military Service and Educational Attainment in the All-Volunteer Era." Sociology of Education 80,4 (October 2007): 359-374.
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5989. |
Teachman, Jay D. |
Military Service, Race, and the Transition to Marriage and Cohabitation Journal of Family Issues 30,10 (October 2009): 1433-1454. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/30/10/1433.short Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Marriage; Military Personnel; Military Service; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth, the author investigates the relationship between military service and the transition to the first intimate union. The author argues that active-duty military service promotes marriage over cohabitation. The results are consistent with this argument, showing that active-duty members of the military are much more likely to choose marriage over cohabitation compared to reserve-duty service members, veterans, and comparable civilians. These results are particularly strong for Black men, indicating a possible relationship between working in a largely race-neutral environment and the choice of first intimate union. |
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Bibliography Citation
Teachman, Jay D. "Military Service, Race, and the Transition to Marriage and Cohabitation." Journal of Family Issues 30,10 (October 2009): 1433-1454.
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5990. |
Teachman, Jay D. |
Race, Military Service, and Marital Timing: Evidence from the NLSY-79 Demography 44,2 (May 2007): 389-404. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/f2825282g00n1041/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Income; Marriage; Military Service; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I use data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth to examine the relationship between military service and marital timing for white men and black men during the 1980s. I use information about active-duty and reserve-duty service as well as veteran status to implement strong controls for selectivity. I find that active-duty military service increases the probability of first marriage for both whites and blacks. In part, this relationship is due to positive selectivity into the military and, for whites, to greater income and economic stability. Above and beyond the effects of selectivity, income, and economic stability, the effect of active-duty military service is particularly strong for black men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Teachman, Jay D. "Race, Military Service, and Marital Timing: Evidence from the NLSY-79." Demography 44,2 (May 2007): 389-404.
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5991. |
Teachman, Jay D. |
Wives’ Economic Resources and Risk of Divorce Journal of Family Issues 31,10 (October 2010): 1305-1323. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/31/10/1305 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Divorce; Economic Well-Being; Income; Labor Force Participation; Marriage; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using longitudinal data covering 25 years from 1979 to 2004, the author examines the relationship between wives’ economic resources and the risk of marital dissolution. The author considers the effects of labor force participation, income, and relative income while accounting for potential endogeneity of wives’ economic resources. The extent to which wives’ economic resources are differentially related to marital disruption for Whites and Blacks is also ascertained. The author finds that the economic resources of women are tightly linked to the risk of divorce, both negatively and positively, for Whites but not for Blacks. |
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Bibliography Citation
Teachman, Jay D. "Wives’ Economic Resources and Risk of Divorce." Journal of Family Issues 31,10 (October 2010): 1305-1323.
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5992. |
Teachman, Jay D. |
Work-Related Health Limitations, Education, and the Risk of Marital Disruption Journal of Marriage and Family 72,4 (August 2010): 919-932. Also: http://www.wwu.edu/soc/bios/documents/Teachman2010JMFv72.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Divorce; Educational Attainment; Health Factors; Marital Dissolution; Racial Differences; Variables, Independent - Covariate Despite progress in identifying the covariates of divorce, there remain substantial gaps in the knowledge. One of these gaps is the relationship between health and risk of marital dissolution. I extend prior research by examining the linkages between work-related health limitations and divorce using 25 years of data (N = 7919) taken from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY-79). I found that work-related health limitations among husbands, but not wives, were linked to an increased risk of divorce. In addition, I found that this relationship was moderated by education in a fashion that varies according to race. For White men, education exacerbated the effect of health limitations, but for Black men, education attenuated the effects of work-related health limitations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Teachman, Jay D. "Work-Related Health Limitations, Education, and the Risk of Marital Disruption." Journal of Marriage and Family 72,4 (August 2010): 919-932.
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5993. |
Teachman, Jay D. Tedrow, Lucky M. |
Divorce, Race, and Military Service: More Than Equal Pay and Equal Opportunity Journal of Marriage and Family 70,4 (November 2008): 1030-1044. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00544.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Divorce; Military Enlistment; Military Service; Racial Differences Several researchers have suggested that the persistently higher rate of divorce among Blacks may be due to hard-to-measure concepts such as culture or norms. To attack this problem, we use data from the NLSY-79 to examine the risk of divorce among enlisted active-duty military servicemen where economic differences and the negative effects of discrimination are minimized. Our results indicate that military service reduces the likelihood of marital dissolution among Blacks serving in the Army and that this finding is not likely the result of unobserved selectivity. We attribute the latter finding to the fact that the Army has a well-defined career ladder for Blacks that fully integrates them into leadership positions providing role models and positive work environments that reduce stress associated with discrimination and promote stable marriages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Teachman, Jay D. and Lucky M. Tedrow. "Divorce, Race, and Military Service: More Than Equal Pay and Equal Opportunity." Journal of Marriage and Family 70,4 (November 2008): 1030-1044.
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5994. |
Teachman, Jay D. Tedrow, Lucky M. |
Joining Up: Did Military Service in the Early All Volunteer Era Affect Subsequent Civilian Income? Social Science Research 36,4 (December 2007): 1447-1474. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X07000178 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Education; Income; Military Service; Racial Differences Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, we examine the long-term implications of military service for men’s income. We show strong variations in the effect of military service according to race and education. We do so while considering the effect of military service on the income trajectories of men and including a series of controls for selectivity. We find that while serving in the military, young men from disadvantaged backgrounds earn more than their civilian counterparts. Upon discharge, however, the income premium associated with military service tends to dissipate, and for White veterans with at least a high school degree, an income deficit results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Teachman, Jay D. and Lucky M. Tedrow. "Joining Up: Did Military Service in the Early All Volunteer Era Affect Subsequent Civilian Income?" Social Science Research 36,4 (December 2007): 1447-1474.
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5995. |
Teachman, Jay D. Tedrow, Lucky M. |
Veteran Status and Body Weight: A Longitudinal Fixed-Effects Approach Population Research and Policy Review 32, 2 (April 2013): 199-220. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-012-9262-5 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Life Course; Military Service; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; Veterans; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. About 10–12 % of young men (and increasingly, women) have served a term in the military. Yet, we know relatively little about the consequences of military service for the lives of those who serve. In this article, we provide estimates of the relationship between men’s peacetime military service during the all-volunteer era (AVE) and body weight using longitudinal data on 6,304 men taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of 1979 (NLSY-79). Using fixed-effects estimators on up to 13 years of data and numerous controls for time-varying life-course characteristics linked to body weight, we find that veterans of active-duty military service have higher levels of BMI and obesity. We argue that eating habits learned during service, coupled with patterns of physical activity, lead to a situation whereby veterans making the transition to less active civilian lifestyles gain weight that is not lost over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Teachman, Jay D. and Lucky M. Tedrow. "Veteran Status and Body Weight: A Longitudinal Fixed-Effects Approach." Population Research and Policy Review 32, 2 (April 2013): 199-220.
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5996. |
Teahan, Brittany A. |
Essays on Unemployment Insurance Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Purdue University, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Geocoded Data; Underemployment; Unemployment Insurance Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the third chapter, joint work with Robert Lantis, we investigate potential unintended consequences of unemployment insurance (UI) policy on alcohol use and abuse. Using NLSY data supplemented with Geocode data, we estimate the effect of benefit replacement rates on changes in individual alcohol consumption following job loss. Identification relies on variation in replacement rates across states and over time. Benefits provide income to the unemployed which enables individuals to smooth consumption and also may reduce the stress and anxiety of job loss. Results indicate higher levels of benefits increase the amount of alcohol unemployed individuals consume. Moreover, a higher level of benefits increases the likelihood an individual abuses alcohol following job loss. Individuals' responsiveness to changes in replacement rates varies based on drinking history with moderate drinkers the most responsive to changes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Teahan, Brittany A. Essays on Unemployment Insurance. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Purdue University, 2014. |
5997. |
Tedrow, Lucky M. Pendergast, Philip |
The Relationship Between Veteran Status and Smoking Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. Also: http://paa2011.princeton.edu/mobile/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=112314 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Veterans Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. About 10-12% of young men have served a term in the military. However, we know rather little about the consequences of military service for the lives of those who serve. In this paper, we provide estimates of the relationship between peacetime military service during the All-volunteer Era (AVE) and smoking behaviors using data taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of 1979 (NLSY-79). Ever smoking and continued smoking by veterans are strongly related to multiple dimensions of poor health (Bondurant and Wedge 2009; Cornfield, Haenszel, Hammond, Lilienfeld, Shimkin and Wynder 2009; Wynder 1988). Using multivariate logistic regression with numerous controls for selectivity into the military, we find that veterans of active-duty military service are similar to veterans of reserve duty on ever having smoked and that veterans of active duty military service are less likely to stop smoking. Both social and institutional influences are offered as potential reasons for the differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tedrow, Lucky M. and Philip Pendergast. "The Relationship Between Veteran Status and Smoking." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
5998. |
Teegardin, Carrie |
Single With Children Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 7, 1995, National News; Pg. 6G Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Atlanta Journal-Constitution Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Child Development; Family Studies; High School Dropouts; Parents, Single; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article on the effects and difficulties of growing up in a single parent home. It cites NLSY79 data showing that children from a single parent home are twice as likely to drop out of high school and twice as likely to become teenage mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Teegardin, Carrie. "Single With Children." Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 7, 1995, National News; Pg. 6G. |
5999. |
Tello-Trillo, Daniel Sebastian |
Essays on Health Economics and Health Behaviors Ph.D. Dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Obesity; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Racial Differences; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the third chapter, co-authored with Andrea Moro and Tommaso Tempesti, we study how a health behavior can affect economic outcomes. We estimate the effects of being obese on wages accounting for the level of personal interactions required by the job and accounting for job selection. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (1982 -2006) combined with detailed information about jobs from O*Net, our results show that the obesity penalty occurs mostly on white women and that this penalty is higher in jobs that require a higher level of social interaction. In addition, we find that accounting for selection increases the estimates of the wage-penalty by 50% compared to estimates that ignore job selection. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tello-Trillo, Daniel Sebastian. Essays on Health Economics and Health Behaviors. Ph.D. Dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 2016. |
6000. |
Tempesti, Tommaso |
Fringe Benefits and Chinese Import Competition Southern Economic Journal 86,4 (April 2020): 1307-1337. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/soej.12426 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Import Competition; Wages While many studies have quantified the impact of Chinese import competition on U.S. wages, to my knowledge this is the first study to also estimate the effect on fringe benefits. This is important because in the United States, fringe benefits are now more than 30% of compensation. I first argue that if trade affects the share of benefits in compensation, focusing on wages and ignoring fringe benefits may give us misleading estimates of the effect of trade on workers' total compensation. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I track the subsequent outcomes of workers who were working in manufacturing in 1996. Similar to Autor et al. (2014), I find that exposure to Chinese competition negatively affects wage income. As to fringe benefits, the effect on participation in a defined benefit retirement plan and the availability of vacation days is negative and significant. The effects on other benefits are usually negative but imprecisely estimated. The effect on the overall dollar value of benefits is negative and significant. However, in percentage terms, the effect on benefits is smaller than the effect on wages. This suggests that, in percentage terms, the impact of Chinese import competition on overall compensation is less severe than the one found in Autor et al. (2014) for wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tempesti, Tommaso. "Fringe Benefits and Chinese Import Competition." Southern Economic Journal 86,4 (April 2020): 1307-1337.
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