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Author: Simon Thomas, Juli

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1.	Brand, Jennie E. Simon Thomas, Juli
1.	Causal Effect Heterogeneity In: Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research. S. Morgan, ed., New York: Springer, 2013: 189-213 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): College Education; Education; Heterogeneity; Propensity Scores; Volunteer Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Individuals differ not only in background characteristics, often called “pretreatment heterogeneity,” but also in how they respond to a particular treatment, event, or intervention. A principal interaction of interest for questions of selection into treatment and causal inference in the social sciences is between the treatment and the propensity of treatment. Although the importance of “treatment-effect heterogeneity,” so defined, has been widely recognized in the causal inference literature, empirical quantitative social science research has not fully absorbed these lessons. In this chapter, we describe key estimation strategies for the study of heterogeneous treatment effects; we discuss recent research that attends to causal effect heterogeneity, with a focus on the study of effects of education, and what we gain from such attention; and we demonstrate the methods with an example of the effects of college on civic participation. The primary goal of this chapter is to encourage researchers to routinely examine treatment-effect heterogeneity with the same rigor they devote to pretreatment heterogeneity. [Chapter 11]
	Bibliography Citation Brand, Jennie E. and Juli Simon Thomas. "Causal Effect Heterogeneity" In: Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research. S. Morgan, ed., New York: Springer, 2013: 189-213

2.	Brand, Jennie E. Simon Thomas, Juli
2.	Job Displacement among Single Mothers: Effects on Children’s Outcomes in Young Adulthood American Journal of Sociology 119,4 (January 2014): 955-1001. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/675409 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Job Patterns; Job Turnover; Layoffs; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences; Parents, Single; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Unemployment; Well-Being Given the recent era of economic upheaval, studying the effects of job displacement has seldom been so timely and consequential. Despite a large literature associating displacement with worker well-being, relatively few studies focus on the effects of parental displacement on child well-being, and fewer still focus on implications for children of single-parent households. Moreover, notwithstanding a large literature on the relationship between single motherhood and children’s outcomes, research on intergenerational effects of involuntary employment separations among single mothers is limited. Using 30 years of nationally representative panel data and propensity score matching methods, the authors find significant negative effects of job displacement among single mothers on children’s educational attainment and social-psychological well-being in young adulthood. Effects are concentrated among older children and children whose mothers had a low likelihood of displacement, suggesting an important role for social stigma and relative deprivation in the effects of socioeconomic shocks on child well-being.
	Bibliography Citation Brand, Jennie E. and Juli Simon Thomas. "Job Displacement among Single Mothers: Effects on Children’s Outcomes in Young Adulthood." American Journal of Sociology 119,4 (January 2014): 955-1001.

3.	Brand, Jennie E. Simon Thomas, Juli
3.	Premarital Cohabitation and Marital Quality: A Reassessment Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Family Structure; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marital Status; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research has established a relationship between premarital cohabitation and subsequent marital outcomes, with cohabitors generally reporting lower marital quality. Using preliminary data from the NLSY97 and borrowing heavily from the strengths of propensity scores, we employ a novel method for concurrently examining the impact of two perspectives (social selection and experience of cohabitation) commonly used to explain the negative relationship outcomes cohabitors experience. Results reveal that the experience of cohabitation is negatively related to marital quality but only when selection factors are not included in the model. We find (preliminary) support for the social selection perspective, thereby supporting prior work. Procedures for estimating the full model are then articulated. This paper, then, makes several contributions, the primary being the ability to model selection into the experience of cohabitation in the same model. These results serve to underscore the complex pathways between union formation, family structure, and marital outcomes.
	Bibliography Citation Brand, Jennie E. and Juli Simon Thomas. "Premarital Cohabitation and Marital Quality: A Reassessment." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011.

4.	Brand, Jennie E. Simon Thomas, Juli
4.	The Effects of Parental Job Displacement on Children's Socioeconomic and Social-Psychological Outcomes Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Children, Home Environment; Displaced Workers; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; Marital Disruption; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The effects of parental job displacement on the lives of American children have seldom been more relevant than in the current era of massive economic upheaval. Despite a large body of research associating job displacement with subsequent non-employment, earnings losses, job quality declines, poor physical and mental health, family disruption, and social withdrawal, the effects of parental job displacement on children's well-being is scarce. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY), we examine the effects of parental job displacement on children's subsequent socioeconomic and social-psychological outcomes.
	Bibliography Citation Brand, Jennie E. and Juli Simon Thomas. "The Effects of Parental Job Displacement on Children's Socioeconomic and Social-Psychological Outcomes." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011.

5.	Simon Thomas, Juli
5.	Health Effects of Work and Family Transitions Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 9,4 (2018): 412-432. Also: http://www.llcsjournal.org/index.php/llcs/article/view/507 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Divorce; Employment History; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Disruptive life events, including transitions in work or family structure, affect health. Research often focuses on one transition rather than thinking of an event framework in which respondents experience multiple transitions across qualitatively distinct domains. This paper contributes original evidence on the effects of event interaction, transition timing, and multiple occurrences of events on health outcomes. I look at employment loss, employment gain, marriage, and divorce as instances of disruptive transitions or instability in the life course; I analyse these events' effects on self-rated health and depression at ages 40 and 50. I show that employment losses and divorces have significant negative effects on health, and employment gains and marriages show smaller positive effects or null effects. Higher counts of transitions lead to stronger effects on health. Respondents who are older at event occurrence show larger negative effects, suggesting that work and family instability at early ages is not as detrimental to health as such instability at later ages. These results show that there are similarities across work and family domains in effects on health outcomes; moreover, experiencing several transitions can lead to overlaps in effects that might lessen or worsen health outcomes overall.
	Bibliography Citation Simon Thomas, Juli. "Health Effects of Work and Family Transitions." Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 9,4 (2018): 412-432.

6.	Simon Thomas, Juli
6.	Variations in the Experience of Job Displacement for Single Mothers and the Effects on Their Children’s Educational Outcomes Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Children, Home Environment; College Enrollment; Depression (see also CESD); Displaced Workers; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; High School Completion/Graduates; Layoffs; Marital Disruption; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Multilevel; Parents, Single; Propensity Scores; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Parental job displacement can lead to unemployment, but the length of unemployment following a displacement varies substantially, in some cases not occurring at all; additionally, job displacements can occur more than once during a parent’s career, and they can occur at a time of many or few other layoffs. Brand and Simon Thomas (2012) find significant decreases in high school completion and college attendance as well as increases in depression among children whose single mothers were displaced. This study examines variations in single mothers’ job displacement experiences and the effects on children’s educational outcomes, including high school completion, college attendance, public versus private school attendance, two-year versus four-year college attendance, and full- or part-time college attendance. The National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, the Child-Mother File, and Mass Layoff Statistics are used to move toward a more nuanced understanding of the effects of parental job displacement on children’s educational outcomes.
	Bibliography Citation Simon Thomas, Juli. "Variations in the Experience of Job Displacement for Single Mothers and the Effects on Their Children’s Educational Outcomes." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013.

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