Search Results

Author: Toney, Michael B.
Resulting in 29 citations.
1. Berry, Eddy Helen
Lee, Sang Lim
Ortiz, Eduardo
Toney, Michael B.
Do They Just Keep on Moving or Do They Go Home? Internal Migration of Mexican-Origin, Non-Mexican Hispanics, Non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks in the U.S.
Presented: Barcelona, Spain, International Population Association Meeting (a.k.a. European Population Conference), July 2008.
Also: http://epc2008.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=80473
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: European Association for Population Studies (EAPS)
Keyword(s): Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Immigrants; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Supply; Rural/Urban Migration; Socioeconomic Factors

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Over the past twenty years, since the United States' immigration reforms of the mid-1980s, the emphasis of academic research has been on the immigration of Latinos into the U.S. Analysis of Latino internal migration has tended to focus on whether their place in the U.S. labor markets and cultural milieu is one of spatial, segmented, or classical assimilation. There has been a growing body of literature on new destinations for Hispanic immigrants and on their spatial impacts on rural and urban communities but few analyses have disaggregated Hispanics into any of their distinctive ethnic backgrounds, e.g. Mexican (the largest group) or Puerto Rican, the second largest group. This analysis utilizes the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, 1979, to follow the migration experiences of Mexican-origin, Puerto Rican, and non-Mexican origin Latinos. Examination of each group's migration propensities for primary, return or onward migrations are examined as these are related to the socioeconomic characteristics of each group and whether or not they tend to move toward or away from places with greater involvement in metro or nonmetro economies. All groups are more likely to move toward metropolitan places and onward migration is more likely than return migration for Hispanics.
Bibliography Citation
Berry, Eddy Helen, Sang Lim Lee, Eduardo Ortiz and Michael B. Toney. "Do They Just Keep on Moving or Do They Go Home? Internal Migration of Mexican-Origin, Non-Mexican Hispanics, Non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks in the U.S." Presented: Barcelona, Spain, International Population Association Meeting (a.k.a. European Population Conference), July 2008.
2. Berry, Eddy Helen
Lee, Sang Lim
Ortiz, Eduardo
Toney, Michael B.
Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Other Latino Origin Internal Migration in the U.S. A Panel Study of Migration Utilizing the NLSY79
Presented: Boston, MA, Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, April 2008.
Also: http://communicate.aag.org/eseries/aag_org/program/AbstractDetail.cfm?AbstractID=16545
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Association of American Geographers
Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Studies; Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Immigrants; Labor Market Segmentation; Migration Patterns; Mobility

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Due to changes in immigration laws in the 1980s, much research on immigration to the U.S. has focused on Hispanic immigration. This has been heavily influenced by labor market interests, and interest in the segmentation or assimilation of this rapidly growing group. Yet, generally, Hispanics are lumped into a single group and not disaggregated as Mexican-origin in comparison to Hispanics of other origins. The growing literature on the spatial distribution of Hispanics, particularly by demographers, has not disaggregated the group to understand how there may be differences between each ethnicity's migration patterns or the impetus for making internal migrations that have resulted in the spatial changes in residence of the group as a whole. In this paper we examine the internal migration of Mexican Latinos and non-Mexican Latinos, utilizing the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, 1979. The panel study will allow us to compare and contrast each group's propensity for internal migration, their likelihood for repeat migration, and their likelihood of return or onward migrations. Preliminary results indicate that non-Mexican Latinos are more mobile than Mexican Latinos as a whole. All groups are more likely to move toward metropolitan places. Onward migration is more likely to occur for Latinos in general than is return migration.
Bibliography Citation
Berry, Eddy Helen, Sang Lim Lee, Eduardo Ortiz and Michael B. Toney. "Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Other Latino Origin Internal Migration in the U.S. A Panel Study of Migration Utilizing the NLSY79." Presented: Boston, MA, Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, April 2008.
3. Berry, Eddy Helen
Toney, Michael B.
Cromartie, John B.
Migration During the Relatively Stationary Mid-Life Years: Migration Among Mid-Lifers By County Context
Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003.
Also: http://paa2003.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.asp?submissionId=61893
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Life Cycle Research; Migration; Migration Patterns; Rural Areas; Rural/Urban Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Initial migration among 18-25 year olds, when overall mobility levels are highest, is largely driven by widely shared life-cycle activities such as seeking education or exploring employment. Less is known about forces shaping (a) the migration decision or (b) the destination choices of 25-34 year old migrants, an age when income increases and family-building proliferates. For example, in rural areas the immigration of 25-34 year olds is more geographically concentrated than the outmigration of younger adults. As a result, many counties gain population among 25-34 year olds while areas with high net migration losses are distinguished more by low immigration than high outmigration. To examine this process, migration is examined, using the NLSY79 geocode data, to identify factors that trigger migration during the relatively stationary age 25-34 life phase. Individual variables include presence of children; marriage/divorce; employment; and migration history. Contextual variables including metro-nonmetro; retirement; or amenity county-types are examined.
Bibliography Citation
Berry, Eddy Helen, Michael B. Toney and John B. Cromartie. "Migration During the Relatively Stationary Mid-Life Years: Migration Among Mid-Lifers By County Context." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003.
4. Bohm, Maggie Y.
Lee, Sang Lim
Toney, Michael B.
Inter-Religious Marriage and Migration
Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Meetings, April-May 2009.
Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=90184
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Marriage; Migration; Religion

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study analyzes the influences of inter-religious marriage and the different levels of church attendance within couples on migration. We hypothesize that the propensity for migration is higher for inter-religious couples than for intra-religious couples and for couples who attend church at different frequencies. To examine the hypotheses, we used age, education, and length of residence as controls in logistic models. Theories that have been utilized in examining the effects of inter-group marriages, especially inter-racial marriages, on the behavior of couples provide theoretical guidance for the analysis. Largely, this research, as well as research on other differences between husbands and wives, indicates that inter-group couples have higher migration rates than intra-groups couples. The NLSY79 was used to analyze the relationships between these aspects of religious identities and migration and between church attendance and migration. The result showed slightly lower migration odds for inter-group couples than for intra-group couples.
Bibliography Citation
Bohm, Maggie Y., Sang Lim Lee and Michael B. Toney. "Inter-Religious Marriage and Migration." Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Meetings, April-May 2009.
5. Brooks, W. Trevor
Lee, Sang Lim
Toney, Michael B.
Berry, Eddy Helen
The Effects of Occupational Aspirations and Other Factors on the Out-Migration of Rural Youth
Journal of Rural and Community Development 5,3 (2010): 19-36.
Also: http://www.jrcd.ca/viewarticle.php?id=498
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Open Journal Systems
Keyword(s): Migration; Occupational Aspirations; Rural Areas; Rural Sociology

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Out-migration of youth from rural areas persists as one of the most serious threats to the sustainability of rural communities. This study provides a more rigorous examination than has been previously possible of whether occupational aspirations held by youth affect their long-term out-migration. The analysis is accomplished by examining the effects of occupational aspirations and known predictors of migration with five logistic regression models. We utilize data on rural youth in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) which include a measure of occupational aspirations at a youthful age and allow for a long-term measure of subsequent migration. Results show that rural youth aspiring to professional and managerial occupations are more likely to be rural out-migrants at age 35 than are youth aspiring to blue collar occupations. This greater likelihood is true even with other recognized influences on migration being controlled. Other variables introduced in our logistic models are gender, race/ethnicity, mother’s education, length of residence, change in educational status, change in marital status, and actual occupation at age 35. We find that the effects of these variables on migration out of rural places largely persist when occupational aspirations are controlled. Our findings further substantiate the need for rural communities to increase career opportunities in professional and managerial occupations in order to reduce the out-migration of a large and vital segment of rural youth. Better knowledge about the odds of out-migration for other important determinants of migration should also be helpful in efforts to lessen the loss of rural youth.
Bibliography Citation
Brooks, W. Trevor, Sang Lim Lee, Michael B. Toney and Eddy Helen Berry. "The Effects of Occupational Aspirations and Other Factors on the Out-Migration of Rural Youth ." Journal of Rural and Community Development 5,3 (2010): 19-36.
6. Cheong, Keywon
Toney, Michael B.
Stinner, William F.
Racial Differences among Young Men in the Selection of Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Destinations
Rural Sociology 51,2 (Summer 1986): 222-228
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: Rural Sociological Society
Keyword(s): Migration; Mobility, Job; Racial Differences; Rural Sociology; Rural/Urban Migration

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study is an empirical examination of the extent to which racial differences exist in young men's selection of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan destinations, after adjusting for compositional differences. The tendency of previous studies to focus on the migration of a single racial group left a gap in systematic comparisons across race. Results here, based on the Young Men cohort of the NLS, indicate that young black males are much less likely than young white males to select nonmetropolitan destinations. Migration thus increases racial segregation. The findings are discussed in both demographic and socioeconomic contexts.
Bibliography Citation
Cheong, Keywon, Michael B. Toney and William F. Stinner. "Racial Differences among Young Men in the Selection of Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Destinations." Rural Sociology 51,2 (Summer 1986): 222-228.
7. Larson, Donald
Toney, Michael B.
Direction of White/Nonwhite Migration and Occupational Mobility
Presented: San Diego, CA, Meetings of the Western Social Science Association, April 1984
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: Western Social Science Association
Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Migration; Mobility; Mobility, Occupational; Racial Differences; Rural/Urban Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

To explore the relationship between migration (measured in terms of metropolitan/nonmetropolitan origin and destination) and occupational mobility of young white and nonwhite U.S. labor force participants, data from the 1966-1976 NLS Young Men cohort were examined. The analytical procedure used treats each yearly interval as a separate unit of analysis for each individual, meaning that each respondent could contribute six distinct yearly units, called "person-years." The procedure identifies a unit of time for measuring whether an event occurs, while allowing the accumulation of information from previous units or times for analysis in relationship to the outcomes in the respective person-years. Analyses, both descriptive and multivariate, were done separately for whites and nonwhites and tended to support the notion that, for nonwhites especially, migration facilitates occupational mobility by circumventing structural discrimination at migration origin. Of the control variables (education, migration reversal years, age, and initial occupation), the mobility potential of the initial occupational status seemed to be a telling factor in the relationship for both whites and nonwhites.
Bibliography Citation
Larson, Donald and Michael B. Toney. "Direction of White/Nonwhite Migration and Occupational Mobility." Presented: San Diego, CA, Meetings of the Western Social Science Association, April 1984.
8. Lee, Chung-Won
Toney, Michael B.
Berry, Eddy Helen
Non-clinical Risk Factors for Hysterectomy
Presented: Philadelphia, PA, American Public Health Association (APHA) 130th Annual Meeting, November 2002.
Also: http://apha.confex.com/apha/130am/techprogram/paper_47155.htm
Cohort(s): Mature Women
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Keyword(s): Behavioral Differences; Educational Costs; Employment; Marital Status; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the United States, hysterectomy is one of the most commonly performed operations for women that is not related with pregnancy. However, not enough attention has been paid to how women's exposure to the surgery differs according to their social characteristics as well attitudinal/behavioral factors. Using cohort data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Mature Women, this study investigated two aspects: (1) the association between socioeconomic status and hysterectomy and (2) the impact of women's attitudinal/behavioral characteristics on hysterectomy. With Cox proportional hazards analyses, this study found that women's exposure to hysterectomy significantly differs according to their social and attitudinal standings. Social characteristics that were found to be statistically significant risk factors of hysterectomy include women's education, employment status, and marital status. Among attitudinal and behavioral factors, women's locus of control and number of children were identified as statistically significant risk factors. These findings may be used to enhance consumer awareness of hysterectomy and aid in policy reconstruction.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Chung-Won, Michael B. Toney and Eddy Helen Berry. "Non-clinical Risk Factors for Hysterectomy." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, American Public Health Association (APHA) 130th Annual Meeting, November 2002.
9. Lee, Ji-Youn
Berry, Eddy Helen
Toney, Michael B.
The Effects of Status Inconsistency between Spouses on Migration in the United States: Propensities and Rural-Urban Destination Selections
Korea Journal of Population Studies 26,2 (2003): 197-219
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Han'guk In'guhak
Keyword(s): Education; Educational Status; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Migration Patterns; Rural/Urban Migration; Wives

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using the panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79, we test the effects of relative status inconsistency within American young couples on the direction of migration as well as on migration propensities. Key findings in this study indicate that only couples in which the wife's education is greater than the husband's education are less likely to migrate than couples for which the wife's status is as lower than the husband's. There are no differences in the propensity for rural couples to migrate to urban counties or for urban couples to migrate to rural counties based on status inconsistency between spouses. However, we find that there is the gendered difference in the effect of status inconsistency on the probability of family migration. A spouse's higher status has an impact on a wife's probability of migration but does not affect a husband's migration propensity in a comparable situation. These findings are most consistent with a gender role perspective on migration since increases in the wife's status have little effect on family migration, once the presence and age of children is controlled.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Ji-Youn, Eddy Helen Berry and Michael B. Toney. "The Effects of Status Inconsistency between Spouses on Migration in the United States: Propensities and Rural-Urban Destination Selections." Korea Journal of Population Studies 26,2 (2003): 197-219.
10. Lee, Ji-Youn
Berry, Eddy Helen
Toney, Michael B.
The Effects of Status Inconsistency between Spouses on Migration: Analysis of NLSY79 Couples
Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003.
Also: http://paa2003.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.asp?submissionId=62819
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Education; Educational Status; Family Resources; Migration

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using the concept of status inconsistency and family resources theory as the base, we test influences of relative educational and income status between spouses on family migration. Panel data from the NLSY79 indicates that only one form of status inconsistency within the couple do affect the probability of migration. The greater educational status of wives decreases the probability of migration, while the wife's relative economic position does not depress the likelihood of migration. However, we find that there is the gendered difference in the effect of status inconsistency on the probability of migration. A spouse's higher status has an impact on a wife's probability of migration but does not affect a husband's migration propensity in a comparable situation. It cannot be accounted by both the human capital and the family resource theory, since the asymmetrical power relation between husbands and wives seems to be imposed outside the family.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Ji-Youn, Eddy Helen Berry and Michael B. Toney. "The Effects of Status Inconsistency between Spouses on Migration: Analysis of NLSY79 Couples." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003.
11. Lee, Ji-Youn
Toney, Michael B.
Berry, Eddy Helen
Social Status Inconsistency and Migration
Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 27,1 (March 2009): 35-49.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562408000322
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Educational Status; Migration Patterns; Rural/Urban Migration; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

We use NLSY79 panel data to extend the line of sociological research encouraged in the early work of Lenski by analyzing the effects of social status inconsistencies on the likelihood and direction of migration. Given that migration is often viewed as a way for individuals to locate prospective returns fitting for their qualifications, analysis of migration behavior offers an opportunity to examine the impact of status inconsistency. Key findings indicate that under-rewarded individuals, specifically relatively highly educated individuals in low status and low paying occupations, are more likely to migrate than are status consistent individuals. Over-rewarded individuals are less likely to migrate. These findings vary across metropolitan and nonmetropolitan places: individuals in nonmetropolitan areas who are under-rewarded or have mixed statuses have higher odds of migration than status consistent respondents. Individuals in metropolitan areas with inconsistent statuses are not more likely to migrate than status consistent respondents once other determinants of migration are entered in the analysis. Exploratory analysis shows migration increases the likelihood of achieving status consistency. Further examination of the interrelationship between migration and status inconsistency is recommended.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Ji-Youn, Michael B. Toney and Eddy Helen Berry. "Social Status Inconsistency and Migration." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 27,1 (March 2009): 35-49.
12. Ortiz, Eduardo
Berry, Eddy Helen
Lee, Sang Lim
Toney, Michael B.
Internal Migration of Mexican and Other Hispanics: Comparisons of Primary and Repeat Migration in the United States
Presented: Portland, OR, Pacific Sociological Association Meeting, April 2008.
Also: http://www.pacificsoc.org/2006/03/2008-annual-mee.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Pacific Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups; Hispanics; Migration

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
Ortiz, Eduardo, Eddy Helen Berry, Sang Lim Lee and Michael B. Toney. "Internal Migration of Mexican and Other Hispanics: Comparisons of Primary and Repeat Migration in the United States." Presented: Portland, OR, Pacific Sociological Association Meeting, April 2008.
13. Ortiz, Eduardo
Berry, Eddy Helen
Toney, Michael B.
Lee, Sang Lim
Effects of Socioeconomic Factors on the Migration of Mexicans and Other Hispanics within the United States: A Comparison across Primary and Repeat Migration Types
Presented: Seattle WA, Pacific Sociological Association Annual Meeting, March 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Pacific Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Migration

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study uses multinomial logistic regression to compare the primary and repeat migration of Mexicans with Hispanics of other national origins. Repeat migration is broken into three categories for the multinomial analysis. In our basic model Mexicans are much more likely to make return migrations than are other Hispanics but these differences are reduced to non-significance when socioeconomic factors and duration of residence are included in Model 4. Mexicans and other Hispanics who have never migrated are equally likely to make a primary migration.
Bibliography Citation
Ortiz, Eduardo, Eddy Helen Berry, Michael B. Toney and Sang Lim Lee. "Effects of Socioeconomic Factors on the Migration of Mexicans and Other Hispanics within the United States: A Comparison across Primary and Repeat Migration Types." Presented: Seattle WA, Pacific Sociological Association Annual Meeting, March 2011.
14. Ortiz, Eduardo
Lee, Sang Lim
Berry, Eddy Helen
Toney, Michael B.
Descriptive Comparisons of the Internal Migration of Mexican Heritage vs. Other Heritage Hispanics in the United States
Population and Society 6,1 (May 2010): 31-62.
Also: http://www.ipar.re.kr/journal/pdf/ps6-1-2.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Institute of Population and Aging Research
Keyword(s): Geographical Variation; Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Migration; Socioeconomic Factors

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

[Editor's note: This article may never have been published. It is listed in only one of the authors CV's as "In Preparation for Population and Society." The on-line journal "Population and Society cannot currently be found.
The Population Research Laboratory (PRL) at Utah State University lists a similar title:
Ortiz, Eduardo, Sang Lim Lee, E. H. Berry, and M. B. Toney. 2010. "Comparative Longitudinal Internal Migration of U.S. Mexican, Puerto Rican and Other Hispanics.” Population and Society (in press).]

Hispanics are the most rapidly growing ethnic group in the United States. Past research has shown socioeconomic differences between Hispanics from different national origins and suggests that various aspects of Hispanic migration within the U.S. might differ depending on that national origin. Utilizing the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) permits the first descriptive comparison of rates of primary and repeat migration of Mexican heritage Hispanics with other Hispanic groups. Analysis of repeat migration focuses on comparisons of return and onward migration. The comparisons of Mexican Hispanics with other Hispanics reveal little differences between these national origin groupings in rates of primary, return and onward migration. Rates of primary migration for Mexicans and other Hispanics are low and vary little from the overall rates of 3.6 percent to 4.3 percent across thirty subgroups identified by sociodemographic characteristics. Although the rates of return and onward migration are higher than primary migration rates, differences between Mexican and other Hispanic groups are not very large. Reporting the lack of differences is important since prior research suggested major differences were likely. What appear to be different between Mexican heritage and other Hispanic heritage groups are the geographic origins from which each group emigrates and to which each group immigrates. Because migration de stinati on is closely associated with location of jobs but also with the location of co-nationals, future research should include multivariate analysis and incorporate theoretical perspectives that help understand this migration of Hispanic groups in the U.S..

Bibliography Citation
Ortiz, Eduardo, Sang Lim Lee, Eddy Helen Berry and Michael B. Toney. "Descriptive Comparisons of the Internal Migration of Mexican Heritage vs. Other Heritage Hispanics in the United States." Population and Society 6,1 (May 2010): 31-62.
15. Pitcher, Brian L.
Stinner, William F.
Toney, Michael B.
Patterns of Migration Propensity for Black and White American Men: Evidence from a Cohort Analysis
Research on Aging 7,1 (March 1985): 94-120.
Also: http://roa.sagepub.com/content/7/1/94.abstract
Cohort(s): Older Men, Young Men
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Migration; Racial Differences; Simultaneity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study investigates age, period, and cohort patterns of migration for blacks and whites by applying cohort analysis models to panel data from the Young Men and Older Men samples of the National Longitudinal Surveys. The simultaneous inclusion of these four variables represents an important refinement of previous studies that have considered only one or two of them at a time. Principal findings are that age, period, and cohort have independent effects on migration and that the effects differ markedly by race. These findings have significant implications for the development of causal models of migration.
Bibliography Citation
Pitcher, Brian L., William F. Stinner and Michael B. Toney. "Patterns of Migration Propensity for Black and White American Men: Evidence from a Cohort Analysis." Research on Aging 7,1 (March 1985): 94-120.
16. Rhea, Victoria A.
Stinner, William F.
Toney, Michael B.
Poverty and Migration Among Metropolitan Young Adults: Race and Gender
Sine Loco, SL, Rural Sociological Society, 1988
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Rural Sociological Society
Keyword(s): Behavior; Gender Differences; Migration; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Poverty; Racial Differences; Rural Sociology; Rural Youth; Rural/Urban Migration

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The relationship between migration behavior and economic mobility of poor and nonpoor nonmetropolitan youth is examined using data from the NLSY. The empirical analysis centers on respondents aged 18+ who are in the adult labor force. Within the poor and nonpoor groupings, gender and racial/ethnic differences are examined. While migration seems to have no effect on change in poverty status, it does have an effect for whites and for females. Although the effect for whites is positive, the effect for females can be either positive or negative. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.]
Bibliography Citation
Rhea, Victoria A., William F. Stinner and Michael B. Toney. "Poverty and Migration Among Metropolitan Young Adults: Race and Gender." Sine Loco, SL, Rural Sociological Society, 1988.
17. Stinner, William F.
Pitcher, Brian L.
Toney, Michael B.
Discriminators of Migration Propensity Among Black and White Men in the Middle and Later Years
Research on Aging 7,4 (December 1985): 535-562.
Also: http://roa.sagepub.com/content/7/4/535.abstract
Cohort(s): Older Men
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Migration

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The objective of this research is to increase our understanding of racial variations in the correlates of migration propensity among men passing through their middle and later years. An analytical model is developed around environmental disamenities, socioeconomic bonds, personal resources, and age. The results suggest the importance of determining the extent to which selected variables differentially discriminate migrants from nonmigrants dependent on race.
Bibliography Citation
Stinner, William F., Brian L. Pitcher and Michael B. Toney. "Discriminators of Migration Propensity Among Black and White Men in the Middle and Later Years." Research on Aging 7,4 (December 1985): 535-562.
18. Stinner, William F.
Toney, Michael B.
Cheong, Keywon
Direction of Migration and Occupational Mobility Among Young Adult White Males During the 1970s Nonmetropolitan Turnaround
In: Community, Society and Migration: Noneconomic Migration in America. P. Jobes, W. Stinner, and J. Wardwell, eds., Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1992: 47-84
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University Press of America
Keyword(s): Migration; Migration Patterns; Mobility, Occupational; Socioeconomic Factors

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
Stinner, William F., Michael B. Toney and Keywon Cheong. "Direction of Migration and Occupational Mobility Among Young Adult White Males During the 1970s Nonmetropolitan Turnaround" In: Community, Society and Migration: Noneconomic Migration in America. P. Jobes, W. Stinner, and J. Wardwell, eds., Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1992: 47-84
19. Toney, Michael B.
Berry, Eddy Helen
Cromartie, John B.
Primary and Repeat Migration: Comparisons of Hispanics, Black and non-Hispanic White Migration in the United States
Presented: Salt Lake City, UT, Western Social Science Association Annual Meeting, April 2004.
Also: http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ir-main&CISOPTR=1009
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Western Social Science Association
Keyword(s): Behavioral Differences; Demography; Ethnic Differences; Migration Patterns; Racial Differences; Residence; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Repetitive behavior is widespread in human life. This applies in areas of behaviors that are typically infrequent as well as normative daily routines. Yet, some individual never engage in some behaviors and individuals who initiate particular behaviors differ in the extent to which the behavior is repeated. In demography, one of the areas in which this general principle applies is between prior migration and subsequent migration with prior migrants being much more likely to migrate again than individual who have never migrated are to make a first migration. A major classification that emerged from this research was between primary migration and repeat migration with length of residence as a key consideration for prior migrants. Although a rich body of research emerged on this relationship (Goldstein 1954; DaVanzo and Morrison 1981) little recent research has built on this important area of migration research. Also, while there is an extensive body of research on Hispanic immigrants in the United States there is little research that compares the internal migration of Hispanics with non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks. A common note in the early research on primary and repeat migration was the need to examine the extent to which the relationship held across socioeconomic groups and settings. The main purpose of this research is to examine the extent to which Hispanic, Black and White primary and repeat migration rates differ once other migration related variables are controlled. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth that began in 1979 are used in the analysis. During the study period the respondents transit the ages during which families and careers are typically launched and when migration rates are high.
Bibliography Citation
Toney, Michael B., Eddy Helen Berry and John B. Cromartie. "Primary and Repeat Migration: Comparisons of Hispanics, Black and non-Hispanic White Migration in the United States." Presented: Salt Lake City, UT, Western Social Science Association Annual Meeting, April 2004.
20. Toney, Michael B.
Golesorkhi, Banu
Stinner, William F.
Residence Exposure and Fertility Expectations of Young Mormon and Non-Mormon Women in Utah
Journal of Marriage and Family 47,2 (May 1985): 459-465.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352144
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Family Size; Fertility; Religious Influences; Residence; Women; Women's Roles; Women's Studies

Utah's fertility rate is about double the nation's, and it increased during the 1970s as the nation's fertility declined. The fertility expectations of young non-Mormon females living in this setting (2.4 children) resemble those of young females in the nation as a whole, rather than the expectations of the young Mormon females in Utah (4.4 children). Significant differences between Utah's young Mormon and non-Mormon females remain after adjusting for other variables. These findings suggest: (1) that residence in a high fertility area per se does not affect fertility; and (2) that Mormon/non-Mormon fertility differences are likely to persist into the foreseeable future. The principal data for this study comes from a Utah survey. Secondary data from the 1979 NLSY are added for comparative reasons.
Bibliography Citation
Toney, Michael B., Banu Golesorkhi and William F. Stinner. "Residence Exposure and Fertility Expectations of Young Mormon and Non-Mormon Women in Utah." Journal of Marriage and Family 47,2 (May 1985): 459-465.
21. Toney, Michael B.
Pitcher, Brian L.
Stinner, William F.
Geographic Mobility and Locus of Control
Journal of Psychology 119,4 (1986): 361-368
Cohort(s): Older Men
Publisher: Heldref Publications
Keyword(s): Demography; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Migration; Mobility; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Perception

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Migrants and nonmigrants are often alleged to differ on numerous psychological traits; little empirical analysis, however, has examined this possibility. This study examined the hypothesis that geographic mobility is associated with locus of control, a key dimension of the self-concept. No relationships between these variables were uncovered for a national sample of older white men.
Bibliography Citation
Toney, Michael B., Brian L. Pitcher and William F. Stinner. "Geographic Mobility and Locus of Control." Journal of Psychology 119,4 (1986): 361-368.
22. Toney, Michael B.
Stinner, William F.
Pitcher, Brian L.
A Test of the Axiom of Cumulative Inertia across Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Settings
Presented: San Francisco, CA, Meetings of the Rural Sociological Society, 1982
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: Rural Sociological Society
Keyword(s): Life Cycle Research; Migration; Residence; Rural Sociology; Rural/Urban Differences; Rural/Urban Migration

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Little research has included place attributes as a factor in analysis of the relationship between duration of residence and migration. Yet most migration theories portray migration as largely a response to place attributes. This paper examines one of the most important place attributes: metropolitan/nonmetropolitan classification. Life cycle status, education, employment status, occupational status, parents' socioeconomic status, and size of place of residence at age 14 are also considered. Using data from the NLS of Young Men, the results yield further evidence in support of the "axiom of cumulative inertia." Within both settings, migration propensities decline as duration of residence increases. However, comparison of duration of residence-specific propensities of SMSA and non-SMSA residents reveals similar propensities at all durations except the shortest. This finding is somewhat surprising since much literature suggests that integrating into nonmetropolitan communities should occur more readily.
Bibliography Citation
Toney, Michael B., William F. Stinner and Brian L. Pitcher. "A Test of the Axiom of Cumulative Inertia across Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Settings." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Meetings of the Rural Sociological Society, 1982.
23. Toney, Michael B.
Swearengen, Roger
Migration Data: Prospects for Research Based on the Youth Cohort of the NLS
Review of Public Data Use 12,3 (October 1984): 211-219
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Commerce
Keyword(s): Migration; NLS Description; Research Methodology

Very few data sets with information appropriate for migration research exist, and the prospect for specially designed surveys focusing on migration is remote. In the absence of appropriate data, migration researchers will have to continue to apply rigor in secondary types of analyses. This paper assesses the adequacy of panel data from the NLSY for migration research. Key information relevant to eight of the nine criteria developed by Bilborrow and Akin (1982) for evaluating survey data is contained in this data set, including extensive migration- defining information, personal and household variables, and environment variables.
Bibliography Citation
Toney, Michael B. and Roger Swearengen. "Migration Data: Prospects for Research Based on the Youth Cohort of the NLS." Review of Public Data Use 12,3 (October 1984): 211-219.
24. Wilson-Figueroa, Maria E.
Berry, Eddy Helen
Toney, Michael B.
Migration of Hispanic Youth and Poverty Status: A Logit Analysis
Rural Sociology 56,2 (June 1991): 189-203.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1991.tb00431.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Rural Sociological Society
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Migration; Mobility; Occupational Status; Poverty; Unemployment Rate; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The research investigated whether poor Hispanic youth exhibited less migration than nonpoor Hispanic youth. The hypothesis was that migration is a means to escape poverty, although poverty acts as an inhibitor to migration. The data for the study were derived from NLSY and the 1988 County and City Data Book (U. S. Census Bureau). Individual migration between 1984 and 1986 for 1,466 Hispanic respondents who were ages 14-21 in 1979 was the dependent variable. Log linear modeling was used to analyze the data. Microlevel variables (characteristics of respondents) were: sex, occupation status, educational attainment, public assistance, and poverty status. Macrolevel variables (characteristics of counties) were: unemployment rate and percentage of families poor (i.e. below the poverty level). Results showed partial support for the hypothesis, depending on how poverty was defined. Poverty status places limitations on the geographical mobility of Hispanics and may limit their ability to upgrade their socioeconomic status; therefore, policy makers need to concentrate on providing education and training to Hispanic youth. The educational attainment of Hispanics remains below the level of their non-Hispanic counterparts and Hispanics tend to have higher rates of unemployment than whites. Policies should target employment opportunities for Hispanics. [ERIC ED329397]
Bibliography Citation
Wilson-Figueroa, Maria E., Eddy Helen Berry and Michael B. Toney. "Migration of Hispanic Youth and Poverty Status: A Logit Analysis." Rural Sociology 56,2 (June 1991): 189-203.
25. Wilson-Figueroa, Maria E.
Berry, Eddy Helen
Toney, Michael B.
Migration of Hispanic Youth and Poverty Status: A Logit Analysis
Presented: Louisville, KY, Southern Demographic Association 21st Annual Meeting, October 1990.
Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED329397&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED329397
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Southern Demographic Association (SDA)
Keyword(s): Hispanic Youth; Migration; Minorities, Youth; Modeling, Logit; Poverty; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

An Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) document, ED329397 is also available at: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED329397&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED329397

The research investigated whether poor Hispanic youth exhibited less migration than nonpoor Hispanic youth. The hypothesis was that migration is a means to escape poverty, although poverty acts as an inhibitor to migration. The data for the study were derived from The Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS/Y) and the 1988 County and City Data Book (U.S. Census Bureau). Individual migration between 1984 and 1986 for 1,466 Hispanic respondents who were ages 14-21 in 1979 was the dependent variable. Log linear modeling was used to analyze the data. Microlevel variables (characteristics of respondents) were: sex, occupation status, educational attainment, public assistance, and poverty status. Macrolevel variables (characteristics of counties) were: unemployment rate and percentage of families poor (i.e., below the poverty level). Results showed partial support for the hypothesis, depending on how poverty was defined. Poverty status places limitations on the geographical mobility of Hispanics and may limit their ability to upgrade their socioeconomic status; therefore, policymakers need to concentrate on providing education and training to Hispanic youth. The educational attainment of Hispanics remains below the level of their non-Hispanic counterparts and Hispanics tend to have higher rates of unemployment than Whites. Policies should target employment opportunities for Hispanics. (KS)

Bibliography Citation
Wilson-Figueroa, Maria E., Eddy Helen Berry and Michael B. Toney. "Migration of Hispanic Youth and Poverty Status: A Logit Analysis." Presented: Louisville, KY, Southern Demographic Association 21st Annual Meeting, October 1990.
26. Wilson, Beth A.
Berry, Eddy Helen
Toney, Michael B.
Breaking New Ground: A Longitudinal Comparison of Onward Migration by Hispanics, Blacks and Whites in the US
Population and Society 4,2 (2008):1-27.
Also: http://www.ipar.re.kr/journal/pdf/ps4-2-1.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Institute of Population and Aging Research
Keyword(s): Ethnic Studies; Migration; Minority Groups

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Although movement to new and unfamiliar places, referred to as onward migration, is prominent in the conceptualization of migration, this form of migration has seldom been the focus of empirical research. This lack of intense analysis of onward migration is largely a result of the past data limitations. The foremost purpose of the research presented here is to lessen this gap by comparing the odds of onward migration of Hispanics, blacks, and whites in the United States. Goldscheider and Uhlenberg's basic minority group status hypothesis is used to guide the investigation. The minority status hypothesis posits that even when groups that have been assimilated into a society with respect to social and economic characteristics, differences in some social behaviors might persist. Utilizing a panel survey of young adults that is nationally representative of the U.S., NLSY79, this study finds significantly higher odds of onward migration for whites than for Hispanics and blacks, two major minority groups in American society. A secondary purpose of the study is to report the observed relationships between onward migration and thirteen control variables that are introduced to provide a rigorous test of the minority group status hypothesis.
Bibliography Citation
Wilson, Beth A., Eddy Helen Berry and Michael B. Toney. "Breaking New Ground: A Longitudinal Comparison of Onward Migration by Hispanics, Blacks and Whites in the US ." Population and Society 4,2 (2008):1-27.
27. Wilson, Beth A.
Berry, Eddy Helen
Toney, Michael B.
Kim, Young-Taek
Cromartie, John B.
A Panel Based Analysis of the Effects of Race/Ethnicity and Other Individual Level Characteristics at Leaving on Returning
Population Research and Policy Review 28,4 (August 2009): 405-428.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/8r38phn7g765jj0q/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Keyword(s): Education; Employment; Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Studies; Gender Differences; Migration; Migration Patterns

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Individual level differentials between migrants and nonmigrants are examined to ascertain the likelihood of return migration to a prior residence based on characteristics at the time of departure from place of origin. Analysis focuses on comparisons of Hispanics, blacks and whites, examining the odds of return migration by education, employment status, marital status, home ownership, length of residence, gender, age, and migration interval. The 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) is utilized to identify 13,798 preliminary migrations that may be followed by at least one return migration. Findings indicate a sharp decline in propensity to return migrate as length of absence from origin increases. Regardless of length of time since the preliminary migration, both blacks and Hispanics are more likely to return migrate than are whites. Individuals who resided at place of origin for longer periods before leaving had strikingly higher odds for return migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Wilson, Beth A., Eddy Helen Berry, Michael B. Toney, Young-Taek Kim and John B. Cromartie. "A Panel Based Analysis of the Effects of Race/Ethnicity and Other Individual Level Characteristics at Leaving on Returning." Population Research and Policy Review 28,4 (August 2009): 405-428.
28. Wilson, Beth A.
Toney, Michael B.
Berry, Eddy Helen
Onward Migration Differentials among Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites
Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2006.
Also: http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=60651
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Human Capital; Migration; Migration Patterns; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Although movement to new and unfamiliar places is prominent in the conceptualization of migration, few studies have detailed differentials specific to onward migration. A larger body of research is focused on return migration, or the movement back to familiar places. This study utilizes the NLSY79 to build on the earlier panel based investigation of repeat migration by DaVanzo and Morrison, whose data did not allow for analysis of possible racial/ethnic differences in forms of repeat migration. Multivariable logistic regression is utilized to examine the characteristics of onward migrants compared across Hispanics, non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites, as well as a variety of human capital variables in the NLSY79. The most important finding of this study is significantly lower rates of onward migration for blacks and Hispanics than for whites.
Bibliography Citation
Wilson, Beth A., Michael B. Toney and Eddy Helen Berry. "Onward Migration Differentials among Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2006.
29. Wilson, Beth A.
Toney, Michael B.
Berry, Eddy Helen
Onward Migration Differentials among Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites in the U.S. 1979-2002
Presented: Oakland, CA, Pacific Sociological Association Meeting, March 2007
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Pacific Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Human Capital; Migration; Migration Patterns; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

See also, in this bibliography:
WILSON, BETH A.
TONEY, MICHAEL B.
BERRY, E. HELEN
Onward Migration Differentials among Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites
Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2006. Also: http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=60651
Cohort(s): NLSY79
ID Number: 6331
Publisher: Population Association of America
Bibliography Citation
Wilson, Beth A., Michael B. Toney and Eddy Helen Berry. "Onward Migration Differentials among Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites in the U.S. 1979-2002." Presented: Oakland, CA, Pacific Sociological Association Meeting, March 2007.