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Author: Huang, Penelope Maria
Resulting in 5 citations.
1. Huang, Penelope Maria
Father as Breadwinner: Gendered Wage Penalties for Job Interruptions
Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Fatherhood; Gender Differences; Job Patterns; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Parenthood; Wage Effects

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The wage penalty associated with motherhood and women's greater job discontinuity is well-established. Wage outcomes associated with men's family status and job discontinuity is less well-understood. Using a partial-adjustment model on fixed effects estimates, data from the NLSY(1979-1998) are used to estimate both immediate wage outcomes and longer-term wage trajectories as a function of family status and job interruptions for men and women. The possibility that men incur a "parenthood penalty" through penalties associated with family-related job absence is considered by disaggregating absences into reasons for them. Results indicate that women receive immediate wage penalties for family-related absences that do not persist over time, although a negative effect of children does. Men get a "pass" for family absences, but incur wage penalties for non-family job interruptions that do persist over time. Results implicate the reinforcement of traditional gender roles as a primary obstacle to gender equity in the labor market.
Bibliography Citation
Huang, Penelope Maria. "Father as Breadwinner: Gendered Wage Penalties for Job Interruptions." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004.
2. Huang, Penelope Maria
Negotiating Gender, Work, and Family: Examining Gendered Consequences of Leave-taking over Time
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2003
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Life Course; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Parenthood; Wage Gap; Wages

This dissertation examines the interdependent and reciprocal relationship between gender inequalities in the family and gender inequalities in the workplace that each reproduce the other. The empirical regularity of the gender gap and family gap in wages has spurred several attempts to explain the relationship between parenthood and wages that contribute to the gender wage gap. Chief among these are explanations derived from neoclassical economic theories of human capital, which suggest that women's lower relative wages are a result of higher incidents of job interruptions and an inconsistent work history relative to men. Other explanations suggest that gender differences in wages are a result of institutionalized inequalities that have arisen from a "separate spheres" model of the traditional division of labor. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY 1979-1998), data are arranged into a pooled cross-section time series and a partial-adjustment model with fixed effects is employed in the examination of both immediate short-term, as well as long-term effects of job leaves, work history, marital status, and family status on men's and women's wages over time. Lifetime expected wages are estimated and a wage trajectory is projected to characterize a path of wage growth over the working life course as a function of work history, human capital, job leaves, marital status, and family status. Results support a gendered interpretation, such that the negative effect of children on women's wages persists net of work history, job interruptions, and a host of human capital controls. The long-term effect of children on women's wages results in a $0.98 hourly wage penalty to women's equilibrium wage. Further, results reveal that taking leave exacts a greater penalty to men's wages than to women's. Moreover, this effect is entirely conditional on men's employment in male-dominated occupations. That is, wage penalties for leave-taking are found only for men in male-dominated occupations, which points to the gendered nature of norms and expectations associated with work.
Bibliography Citation
Huang, Penelope Maria. Negotiating Gender, Work, and Family: Examining Gendered Consequences of Leave-taking over Time. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2003.
3. Huang, Penelope Maria
Negotiating Gender, Work, and Family: Gendered Consequences of Family Leave Taking
Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002.
Also: http://www.soc.washington.edu/users/brines/phuangfip.doc
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Employment; Family Characteristics; Gender; Gender Differences; Human Capital Theory; Labor Force Participation; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Wage Effects; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study examines the gendered effects of leave-taking on wages over time. Classical human capital theory suggests and research indicates that wages decrease as time spent out of the labor market increases. While it is normative for women to take time off from work to care for family needs, men's leave-taking may be more scrutinized by employers, and they may suffer larger wage penalties as a result. On the other hand, if women continue to disproportionately take family leave, wage inequalities will persist as a consequence of normative gendered expectations in the family and in the workplace. This study employs longitudinal data from the NLSY (1982-1998), organized into a pooled cross-section time series. Using a partial-adjustment differential equation model, changes in wage trajectories over time may be estimated as a function of human capital, marital and family status, and tenure on the job. Gender differences are examined, and policy implications discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Huang, Penelope Maria. "Negotiating Gender, Work, and Family: Gendered Consequences of Family Leave Taking." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002.
4. Huang, Penelope Maria
Tanfer, Koray
Young Adult Fertility and the Intendedness of Births
CSDE Working Paper No. 02-04, University of Washington, Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, 2002
Cohort(s): NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington
Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Wantedness

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Context: Unintended births have adverse social psychological consequences for the well-being of the mother and the father, and these consequences may differ by gender. Methods: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth -- Young Adult sample (children of the NLSY mothers) are used to profile the fertility patterns of a sample of young men and women. Logistic regression analyses examine the correlates of unintended fertility and whether unintended fertility is predictive of subsequent adverse consequences and whether there are differences in these consequences associated with gender. Results: We find that factors associated with unintended family is similar for men and women. Unintended fertility is strongly associated with age, race, education, labor force status and parity. We also find that having an unintended birth has deleterious effects on self-efficacy and self-esteem, such that both are reduced following an unintended birth. Conclusions: Focus on women in fertility research may hamper our understanding of the dynamics of fertility decisions, including partners' conflicting desires and intentions, and negotiation and resolution of these conflicts. Unresolved conflict between partners may be a major cause underlying unintended pregnancies.
Bibliography Citation
Huang, Penelope Maria and Koray Tanfer. "Young Adult Fertility and the Intendedness of Births." CSDE Working Paper No. 02-04, University of Washington, Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, 2002.
5. Tanfer, Koray
Huang, Penelope Maria
Male Fertility and the Intendedness Status of Births 1982-1998
Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; CESD (Depression Scale); Fatherhood; Fathers; Fathers and Children; Fertility; Male Sample; Substance Use; Well-Being

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this paper we document the extent and patterns of unintended fertility among adult men and examine the effects of having an unintended birth on the well-being of the father. The specific well-being outcomes considered are alcohol and drug use and depressive symptoms. The consequences of an unintended birth are assessed relative to the consequences of having a birth that was neither intended nor unintended, a birth that was intended, and having no birth during the observation period. We use data from the 1982-1998 rounds of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) and the 1994-2000 rounds of the NLSY Young Adult surveys. The NLSY sample we use consists of men who were 14-21 years of age when they were first surveyed in 1979, and NLSY mothers' male children who were 14-23 years of age in 1994, when they were designated as the "Young Adult" sample.
Bibliography Citation
Tanfer, Koray and Penelope Maria Huang. "Male Fertility and the Intendedness Status of Births 1982-1998." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002.