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Author: Sloan, Frank A.
Resulting in 5 citations.
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Sloan, Frank A. |
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Information, Risk Perceptions, and Smoking Choices of Youth Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 42,2 (April 2011): 161-193. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/2683q8p634841468/ Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Violent; Behavioral Problems; Mortality; Risk Perception; Risk-Taking; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Conventional wisdom maintains that youths take risks because they underestimate probabilities of harm. Presumably if they knew the true probabilities, they would behave differently. We used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to assess whether differences between subjective and objective probabilities that an adverse outcome to self will occur are systematically related to a harmful behavior, initiating smoking. We find that youths are generally pessimistic about probabilities of their own deaths and being violent crime victims. After smoking initiation, youths increase subjective probabilities of death by more than the objective increase in mortality risk, implying recognition of potential harms. Virtually all 12-14 year-olds know that smoking causes heart disease. The minority who believe that smoking causes AIDS are less likely to become smokers; i.e., risk misperceptions deter rather than cause smoking initiation. Messages designed to deter smoking initiation should stress other disadvantages of smoking than just probabilities of harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Sloan, Frank A. "Information, Risk Perceptions, and Smoking Choices of Youth." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 42,2 (April 2011): 161-193.
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Sloan, Frank A. Chepke, Lindsey |
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Litigation, Settlement, And the Public Welfare: Lessons from the Master Settlement Agreement Widener Law Review 17,1 (2011): 159-226. Also: http://widenerlawreview.org/files/2011/03/Sloan.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: Widner Law Keyword(s): Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Health Factors; State-Level Data/Policy; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) reached between forty-six State Attorneys General and the four major cigarette manufacturers in November 1998 represents a milestone in tobacco control policy in terms of its potential impact on public health and is also perhaps the most far-reaching example of regulation by litigation in U.S. history. In return for the states dropping their suits against the four companies, the companies agreed to pay the states $206 billion over twenty-five years. Given that the MSA has been implemented for over a decade, there is a substantial amount of qualitative and quantitative evidence available for an evaluation of this landmark settlement. The MSA raised several constitutional issues which have, a decade later, largely been resolved. The MSA contains several troublesome features, however. The MSA puts the states’ Attorneys General in the role of protecting the dominant cigarette manufacturers’ market share from potential entry of competitors. These are the same public officials who are charged with enforcing state antitrust laws. Other deficiencies include the privacy of negotiations, continued costs of enforcing settlement terms, lack of empirical evidence supporting the claim of increased medical cost to the state attributable to smoking, and the appreciably higher cost of raising the price of cigarettes than would be achievable by a cigarette excise tax increase. It is for such reasons that this article concludes that the MSA is a bad precedent as a corrective public policy. "To ascertain whether or not there was a statistically significant decline in cigarette consumption among youths and adults after the MSA was implemented, we analyzed data from three surveys: (1) the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97); (2) the Young Adult Sample, a survey of children of women who responded to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979; and (3) the Behavioral Risk Factor Survey Surveillance System (BRFSS) from 199 0 to 2007. The MSA effect was assessed using variables for before and after it was implemented. We determined whether the MSA affected smoking with or without inclusion of an explanatory variable for cigarette prices. With price included, the MSA variables measured effects of MSA non-price policies such as those affective advertising practices. Without price, the MSA variables measured the total effect of the MSA on smoking." |
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Bibliography Citation
Sloan, Frank A. and Lindsey Chepke. "Litigation, Settlement, And the Public Welfare: Lessons from the Master Settlement Agreement." Widener Law Review 17,1 (2011): 159-226.
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Sloan, Frank A. Grossman, Daniel S. |
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Alcohol Consumption in Early Adulthood and Schooling Completed and Labor Market Outcomes at Midlife by Race and Gender American Journal of Public Health 101,11 (November 2011): 2093-2101. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21330591 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Educational Attainment; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Attainment; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives. We assessed the relation of alcohol consumption in young adulthood to problem alcohol consumption 10 years later and to educational attainment and labor market outcomes at midlife. We considered whether these relations differ between Blacks and Whites. Methods. We classified individuals on the basis of their drinking frequency patterns with data from the 1982 to 1984 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (respondents aged 19–27 years). We assessed alcohol consumption from the 1991 reinterview (respondents aged 26–34 years) and midlife outcomes from the 2006 reinterview (respondents aged 41–49 years). Results. Black men who consumed 12 or more drinks per week at baseline had lower earnings at midlife, but no corresponding relation for Black women or Whites was found. Black men and Black women who consumed 12 or more drinks per week at baseline had lower occupational attainment than did White male non-drinkers and White female non-drinkers, respectively, but this result was not statistically significant. Conclusions. The relation between alcohol consumption in young adulthood and important outcomes at midlife differed between Blacks and Whites and between Black men and Black women, although Blacks’ alcohol consumption at baseline was lower on average than was that of Whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Sloan, Frank A. and Daniel S. Grossman. "Alcohol Consumption in Early Adulthood and Schooling Completed and Labor Market Outcomes at Midlife by Race and Gender ." American Journal of Public Health 101,11 (November 2011): 2093-2101.
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Sloan, Frank A. Grossman, Daniel S. Platt, Alyssa |
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Heavy Episodic Drinking in Early Adulthood and Outcomes in Midlife Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 72,3 (May 2011): 459-470. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Heavy_Episodic_Drinking_in_Early_Adulthood_and_Outcomes_in_Midlife/4578.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Educational Attainment; Health Factors; Labor Market Outcomes; Propensity Scores; Youth Problems Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This study assessed to what extent drinking patterns of young adults persist into midlife and whether frequent heavy episodic drinking as a young adult is associated with educational attainment, labor market, and health outcomes at midlife. Method: Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we grouped individuals into three baseline drinking categories using data on the number of occasions they consumed six or more drinks on one occasion from the 1982-1984 surveys. Categories were frequent heavy episodic drinker, occasional heavy episodic drinker, and other drinker/abstainer. We used propensity score matching to compare baseline drinking groups on midlife alcohol consumption, educational attainment, and labor market and health outcomes. Results: Frequent heavy episodic drinkers substantially reduced alcohol consumption between baseline and follow-up 25 years later. However, they were much more likely to abuse alcohol and be alcohol dependent in 1994 and be heavy episodic drinkers at the 25-year follow-up compared with the other drinking groups. After matching, there was little indication that being in a higher consumption baseline alcohol group was adversely associated with years of schooling completed by middle age, the probability of being employed, earnings conditional on being employed in midlife, and health problems in midlife. Results on the probability of surviving to follow-up were mixed. Conclusions: Frequent heavy episodic drinking at ages 17-25 years was associated with higher rates of alcohol dependence and abuse at a 10-year follow-up and alcohol consumption 25 years following baseline but not with other study outcomes at midlife. Lack of differences in outcomes at midlife may be because of decreased heavy episodic drinking among the heaviest baseline drinkers. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 72, 459–470, 2011) |
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Bibliography Citation
Sloan, Frank A., Daniel S. Grossman and Alyssa Platt. "Heavy Episodic Drinking in Early Adulthood and Outcomes in Midlife." Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 72,3 (May 2011): 459-470.
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Sloan, Frank A. Platt, Alyssa |
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Information, Risk Perceptions, And Smoking Choices Of Youth Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 42,2 (April 2011): 161-193. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/2683q8p634841468/ Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior; Behavior, Violent; Behavioral Problems; Crime; Mortality; Risk Perception; Risk-Taking; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Conventional wisdom maintains that youths take risks because they underestimate probabilities of harm. Presumably if they knew the true probabilities, they would behave differently. We used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to assess whether differences between subjective and objective probabilities that an adverse outcome to self will occur are systematically related to a harmful behavior, initiating smoking. We find that youths are generally pessimistic about probabilities of their own deaths and being violent crime victims. After smoking initiation, youths increase subjective probabilities of death by more than the objective increase in mortality risk, implying recognition of potential harms. Virtually all 12-14 year-olds know that smoking causes heart disease. The minority who believe that smoking causes AIDS are less likely to become smokers; i.e., risk misperceptions deter rather than cause smoking initiation. Messages designed to deter smoking initiation should stress other disadvantages of smoking than just probabilities of harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Risk & Uncertainty is the property of Springer Science & Business Media B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Sloan, Frank A. and Alyssa Platt. "Information, Risk Perceptions, And Smoking Choices Of Youth." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 42,2 (April 2011): 161-193.
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