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Author: Sykes, Bryan L.

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1.	Bailey, Amy Kate Sykes, Bryan L.
1.	Veteran Status, Income, and Intergenerational Mobility Across Three Cohorts of American Men Population Research and Policy Review 37,4 (August 2018): 539-568. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-018-9477-1 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Older Men, Young Men Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Military Enlistment; Mobility, Social; Veterans Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Existing research linking prior military employment with labor market outcomes has focused on comparing the relative income of veterans and nonveterans. However, people who join the armed forces are uniquely selected from the broader population, and the form and direction of selectivity has shifted over time, with differential enlistment rates by race, region, and socioeconomic status. Understanding changes in the demographic composition of enlistees and veterans has significant import for the study of social mobility, particularly given changes in the occupational structure since the mid-twentieth century and wage stagnation well into the new millennium. Furthermore, labor market polarization and increases in educational attainment since WWII raise additional concerns about the social origins of military personnel and their occupational trajectories after discharge. Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys, we investigate how social background is linked to both income and occupational mobility among veterans from three cohorts of American men: World War II, Vietnam, and the All-Volunteer Force. We find few benefits for veterans, for either income or intergenerational occupational mobility, once social background is controlled, suggesting that selection into the armed forces largely governs outcomes in the civilian labor market. Our findings have significant importance for understanding civilian labor market outcomes and trajectories of social mobility during distinct phases of military staffing.
	Bibliography Citation Bailey, Amy Kate and Bryan L. Sykes. "Veteran Status, Income, and Intergenerational Mobility Across Three Cohorts of American Men." Population Research and Policy Review 37,4 (August 2018): 539-568.

2.	Maroto, Michelle Lee Sykes, Bryan L.
2.	The Varying Effects of Incarceration, Conviction, and Arrest on Wealth Outcomes Among Young Adults Presented: New Orleans LA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Arrests; Assets; Criminal Justice System; Debt/Borrowing; Home Ownership; Incarceration/Jail; Net Worth; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. How do interactions with the criminal justice system influence wealth accumulation among young adults? Previous research using NLSY79 data indicates that incarceration leads to declines in rates of homeownership and net worth among baby boomers, but questions remain as to how other interactions with the criminal justice system affect wealth outcomes. Using data from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we expand on previous work and study how arrests, convictions, and incarceration periods influence a variety of wealth outcomes among younger adults. In particular, we investigate how wealth accumulation between the ages of 25 and 30 varies across individuals with a previous incarceration, conviction, or arrest. We emphasize a broad conception of wealth and include six outcome variables as measures of wealth accumulation: home ownership, total net worth, any financial assets, logged total financial assets, any debt, and logged total debt. Although most interactions with the criminal justice system were negatively associated with future wealth in our preliminary analyses, incarceration presented some of the strongest effects. Our findings lend further support showing that incarceration, along with other interactions with the criminal justice system, can act as absorbing statuses, potentially leading to the accumulation of disadvantage. [Also presented at Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017]
	Bibliography Citation Maroto, Michelle Lee and Bryan L. Sykes. "The Varying Effects of Incarceration, Conviction, and Arrest on Wealth Outcomes Among Young Adults." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2016.

3.	Maroto, Michelle Lee Sykes, Bryan L.
3.	The Varying Effects of Incarceration, Conviction, and Arrest on Wealth Outcomes among Young Adults Social Problems 67,4 (November 2020): 698-718. Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spz023 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Arrests; Criminal Justice System; Debt/Borrowing; Home Ownership; Incarceration/Jail; Net Worth; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research indicates that incarceration leads to declines in rates of homeownership and net worth, especially among baby boomers, but questions remain as to how other types of criminal justice system contact affect wealth outcomes during the transition to adulthood. Using data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we investigate how arrests, convictions, and incarceration influence net worth, financial assets, and debt among young adults. We find that most contact with the criminal justice system limited the ability of young adults to accumulate wealth between the ages of 25 and 30, an especially important time for building life-cycle wealth. Arrests were associated with asset and debt declines of 52–53 percent, and incarceration led to net worth and asset declines of 34 and 76 percent, respectively. These direct effects were also bolstered by the indirect effects of these variables through their relationship with marriage and earnings, especially in the case of incarceration. This study draws attention to how criminal justice system contact affects early adult wealth, thereby setting the stage to influence a host of life course dynamics for individuals and their families.
	Bibliography Citation Maroto, Michelle Lee and Bryan L. Sykes. "The Varying Effects of Incarceration, Conviction, and Arrest on Wealth Outcomes among Young Adults." Social Problems 67,4 (November 2020): 698-718.

4.	Sykes, Bryan L. Pettit, Becky
4.	Choice or Constraint? Mass Incarceration and Fertility Outcomes among American Men Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009. Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=91004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Demography; Fertility; Incarceration/Jail; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The rapid growth of the prison system over the last three decades represents a critical institutional intervention in the lives of U.S. families, which may have far-reaching and unintended consequences for demographic processes. In this paper, we investigate how exposure to the criminal justice system affects micro fertility decisions and aggregate fertility patterns. We propose to examine fertility choice and constraint within a counterfactual framework to assess whether and to what extent institutionalization has restricted and lowered the parity of men, and we theorize about how exogenous institutional factors (the penal system) have altered partnership selection in such a way that accounts for observed changes in non-marital, multi-partnered and teenage fertility. Our findings may help to explain growing disparities in fertility patterns by race and class.
	Bibliography Citation Sykes, Bryan L. and Becky Pettit. "Choice or Constraint? Mass Incarceration and Fertility Outcomes among American Men." Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009.

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