Search Results
ignoring parameter: Working Paper, University of Washington, 1990
ignoring parameter: client.norc.org
ignoring parameter: jole
ignoring parameter: soleweb
ignoring parameter: 9238.pdf
ignoring parameter: www.jstor.org
ignoring parameter: stable
ignoring parameter: 3270652
ignoring parameter: www.nber.org
ignoring parameter: papers
ignoring parameter: w16619.pdf
ignoring parameter: econ.ucdenver.edu
ignoring parameter: mansour
ignoring parameter: BC09.pdf
ignoring parameter: www.econ.yale.edu
ignoring parameter: growth_pdf
ignoring parameter: cdp841.pdf
ignoring parameter: Working Paper 20 (December 2009), China Center for Human Capital and Labor Market Research, Central University of Finance and Economics.
ignoring parameter: Final Report, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1990.
ignoring parameter: Final Report, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989.
5001. |
Penner, Andrew M. Saperstein, Aliya |
Engendering Racial Perceptions: An Intersectional Analysis of How Social Status Shapes Race Gender and Society 27,3 (June 2013): 319-344. Also: http://gas.sagepub.com/content/27/3/319.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Stratification Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Intersectionality emphasizes that race, class, and gender distinctions are inextricably intertwined, but fully interrogating the co-constitution of these axes of stratification has proven difficult to implement in large-scale quantitative analyses. We address this gap by exploring gender differences in how social status shapes race in the United States. Building on previous research showing that changes in the racial classifications of others are influenced by social status, we use longitudinal data to examine how differences in social class position might affect racial classification differently for women and men. In doing so, we provide further support for the claim that race, class, and gender are not independent axes of stratification; rather they intersect, creating dynamic feedback loops that maintain the complex structure of social inequality in the United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Penner, Andrew M. and Aliya Saperstein. "Engendering Racial Perceptions: An Intersectional Analysis of How Social Status Shapes Race." Gender and Society 27,3 (June 2013): 319-344.
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5002. |
Penner, Andrew M. Saperstein, Aliya |
How Social Status Shapes Race Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105,50 (December 16, 2008): 19628-19630. Also: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2604956 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy of Sciences (NAS), United States Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We show that racial perceptions are fluid; how individuals perceive their own race and how they are perceived by others depends in part on their social position. Using longitudinal data from a representative sample of Americans, we find that individuals who are unemployed, incarcerated, or impoverished are more likely to be seen and identify as black and less likely to be seen and identify as white, regardless of how they were classified or identified previously. This is consistent with the view that race is not a fixed individual attribute, but rather a changeable marker of status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Penner, Andrew M. and Aliya Saperstein. "How Social Status Shapes Race." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105,50 (December 16, 2008): 19628-19630.
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5003. |
Pennington, Alexandra D. |
Do Parents' Attitudes Toward Risk Influence Juvenile Violence? M.P.P. Thesis, Georgetown University, April 2010 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Georgetown Public Policy Institute Keyword(s): Attitudes; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Behavioral Development; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Depression (see also CESD); Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parent-Child Interaction; Risk-Taking; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Given that there are several risk factors associated with violent behavior among youth, many of these factors can be linked back to their home life experiences, including: aggression, attitudes/beliefs, family factors (family management practices, family members’ crime history, family conflict, marital status, etc.), and even academic performance. As such, it would be helpful to understand which aspects of home life have more prominent correlations with violent behavior, starting with the parents, who are largely responsible for setting the stage for a child’s development. Children can often find reassurance in their activities simply by paying attention to what their parents do and say, but what is it about the messages their parents send that help children to decide which trajectory to take, particularly when at least one of those options involve violence? This question is examined using a set of family fixed effects regression models to analyze data on mothers and their children who participated in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979. The results of this analysis show that there is a notable relationship between a mother’s risk-taking behavior, as expressed through drug use and unprotected sex, and her child’s external behavior, particularly as it is expressed through the child’s self-reported risk-taking attitude. This relationship is most evident when considering the mother’s marital status, employment, educational attainment, number of children, and the child’s age. After examining this relationship further by studying female and male children behaviors separately, it appears that there are important differences for male and female children in terms of the effect of mothers’ risk-taking activities on their external and internal behavior. For male children, the mother’s risk-taking activities had a negative impact on the change in their depression status and a positive impact on their participation in illicit activity, both results of which were marginally significant. For female children, there appears to be no reliable relationship between their internal or external behavior and the mother’s risk-taking behavior, which may be because female children are less likely to commit criminal acts (relative to males). |
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Bibliography Citation
Pennington, Alexandra D. Do Parents' Attitudes Toward Risk Influence Juvenile Violence? M.P.P. Thesis, Georgetown University, April 2010. |
5004. |
Pension Reporter |
Child Care Problems Cut Workforce Ties of 1.1 Million Mothers in 1986, BLS Finds Pension Reporter, 18,45, (November 1991): pg. 2040 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. Keyword(s): Child Care; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Some 1.1 million young mothers did not seek or hold a job in 1986 because they could not find affordable, quality child care, according to an article in the Bureau of Labor Statistics' October Monthly Labor Review. The group of mothers who could not find child care represented almost 14 percent of the total population of mothers aged 21 to 29 years old in 1986, according to author Peter Cattan. They also accounted for 23 percent of those who were out of the labor force for that year, said Cattan, who is an economist in BLS' Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics. The data were taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, an ongoing sample of U.S. residents who were 21 to 29 years old in 1986. Cattan studied a subsample of respondents consisting of mothers who neither worked nor looked for work for at least part of 1986. A second article in the Bulletin focusing on child care arrangements and costs found that the most prevalent type of care is that provided by relatives. More than 40 percent of 23- to 39-year-old mothers relied on a relative to take care of their child while they work, according to authors Jonathan R. Veum and Philip M. Gleason. Veum and Gleason based their analysis on data from the 1988 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a sample of 10,466 respondents, as well as the 1983 National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women, which includes informationfrom regular interviews of women who were 14 to 24 years old in 1968. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pension Reporter. "Child Care Problems Cut Workforce Ties of 1.1 Million Mothers in 1986, BLS Finds." Pension Reporter, 18,45, (November 1991): pg. 2040. |
5005. |
Pepin, Gabrielle VanderBerg, Bryce |
Occupational Sorting, Multidimensional Skill Mismatch, and the Child Penalty among Working Mothers Presented: New Orleans LA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2023 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Labor Market Outcomes; Maternal Employment; Occupational Choice; Skills; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We study the extent to which occupational sorting explains child penalties (gender gaps in labor market outcomes due to children) among working parents. Using an event-study approach and data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) 1979 and 1997, we estimate that children generate long-run earnings gaps of over $200 per week among working parents. In the NLSY79, we find that children lead mothers to sort into lower-paying occupations in which employees tend to work fewer hours. We estimate that children increase multidimensional occupation-skill mismatch among working mothers by 0.3 standard deviations, relative both to their own levels of mismatch from before birth and to those of fathers. In the NLSY97, results suggest that improvements in labor market outcomes among fathers in response to children, rather than a worsening of labor market outcomes among mothers, seem to drive child penalties. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pepin, Gabrielle and Bryce VanderBerg. "Occupational Sorting, Multidimensional Skill Mismatch, and the Child Penalty among Working Mothers." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2023. |
5006. |
Percheski, Christine Jao, Yu-Han |
Cohort Change in Family Formation Patterns in the United States: Evidence from NLSY79 and NLSY97 Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Formation; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. McLanahan (2004) and others have argued that the diffusion of family formation behaviors associated with the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) has been patterned by social inequality, creating divergent family trajectories for women of different social class backgrounds. In this paper, we investigate whether there have been cohort changes in how predictive natal family and personal characteristics are of family formation pathways among two recent birth cohorts of women, 1957-64 and 1980-84. Using longitudinal data from NLSY79 and NSLY97, we find substantial declines across cohorts in the share of the population following the "traditional" pathway of early marriage and marital parenthood and increases in the share following single parenthood and delayed parenthood pathways. We find that the natal family and personal characteristics that predict each pathway did not change much across cohorts for non-Hispanic whites but that there were notable changes for Hispanic and non-Hispanic black women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Percheski, Christine and Yu-Han Jao. "Cohort Change in Family Formation Patterns in the United States: Evidence from NLSY79 and NLSY97." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
5007. |
Perelli-Harris, Brienna Hoherz, Stefanie Addo, Fenaba Lappegard, Trude Evans, Ann Sassler, Sharon Styrc, Marta |
Do Marriage and Cohabitation Provide Benefits to Health in Mid-Life? The Role of Childhood Selection Mechanisms and Partnership Characteristics Across Countries Population Research and Policy Review 37,5 (October 2018): 703-728. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11113-018-9467-3 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Australia, Australian; Britain, British; Cohabitation; Cross-national Analysis; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Marriage; Norway, Norwegian Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Extensive research has found that marriage provides health benefits to individuals, particularly in the U.S. The rise of cohabitation, however, raises questions about whether simply being in an intimate co-residential partnership conveys the same health benefits as marriage. Here, we use OLS regression to compare differences between partnered and unpartnered, and cohabiting and married individuals with respect to self-rated health in mid-life, an understudied part of the lifecourse. We pay particular attention to selection mechanisms arising in childhood and characteristics of the partnership. We compare results in five countries with different social, economic, and policy contexts: the U.S. (NLSY), U.K. (UKHLS), Australia (HILDA), Germany (SOEP), and Norway (GGS). Results show that living with a partner is positively associated with self-rated health in mid-life in all countries, but that controlling for children, prior separation, and current socio-economic status eliminates differences in Germany and Norway. Significant differences between cohabitation and marriage are only evident in the U.S. and the U.K., but controlling for childhood background, union duration, and prior union dissolution eliminates partnership differentials. The findings suggest that cohabitation in the U.S. and U.K., both liberal welfare regimes, seems to be very different than in the other countries. The results challenge the assumption that only marriage is beneficial for health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Perelli-Harris, Brienna, Stefanie Hoherz, Fenaba Addo, Trude Lappegard, Ann Evans, Sharon Sassler and Marta Styrc. "Do Marriage and Cohabitation Provide Benefits to Health in Mid-Life? The Role of Childhood Selection Mechanisms and Partnership Characteristics Across Countries." Population Research and Policy Review 37,5 (October 2018): 703-728.
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5008. |
Perelli-Harris, Brienna Styrc, Marta Addo, Fenaba Lappegard, Trude Sassler, Sharon Evans, Ann |
Comparing the Benefits of Cohabitation and Marriage for Health and Happiness in Mid-Life: Is the Relationship Similar Across Countries? Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Australia, Australian; British Cohort Study (BCS); Cohabitation; Cross-national Analysis; Happiness (see Positive Affect/Optimism); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Satisfaction; Marriage; Norway, Norwegian Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research has found that marriage conveys benefits to individuals, but with recent increases in cohabitation, it is no longer clear that marriage per se matters, compared to living in a co-residential partnership. This association is especially unclear in countries where cohabitation is becoming widespread, such as Australia, the UK, the US, and Norway. Here we compare differences between married and cohabiting people with respect to self-rated health and life satisfaction in mid-life. Our surveys - the Australian HILDA, Norwegian GGS, UK BCS70 and US NLSY - include a mix of longitudinal and retrospective questions, allowing us to match individuals on socio-economic background and childhood family structure. Using Propensity Score Matching, we examine current partnership type and long-term cohabiting unions vs. long-term marriages. Preliminary results show that marriage is positively associated with health and happiness in countries where cohabitation is less regulated and more selective of childhood disadvantage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Perelli-Harris, Brienna, Marta Styrc, Fenaba Addo, Trude Lappegard, Sharon Sassler and Ann Evans. "Comparing the Benefits of Cohabitation and Marriage for Health and Happiness in Mid-Life: Is the Relationship Similar Across Countries?" Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
5009. |
Perelli-Harris, Brienna Styrc, Marta Addo, Fenaba Lappegard, Trude Sassler, Sharon Evans, Ann |
Comparing the Benefits of Cohabitation and Marriage for Health and Happiness in Mid-Life: Is the Relationship Similar Across Countries? Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Australia, Australian; British Cohort Study (BCS); Cohabitation; Cross-national Analysis; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Satisfaction; Marriage; Norway, Norwegian; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research has found that marriage conveys benefits to individuals, but with recent increases in cohabitation, it is no longer clear that marriage per se matters, compared to living in a co-residential partnership. This association is especially unclear in countries where cohabitation is becoming widespread, such as Australia, the UK, the US, and Norway. Here we compare differences between married and cohabiting people with respect to self-rated health and life satisfaction in mid-life. Our surveys - the Australian HILDA, Norwegian GGS, UK BCS70 and US NLSY - include a mix of longitudinal and retrospective questions, allowing us to match individuals on socio-economic background and childhood family structure. Using Propensity Score Matching, we examine current partnership type and long-term cohabiting unions vs. long-term marriages. Preliminary results show that marriage is positively associated with health and happiness in countries where cohabitation is less regulated and more selective of childhood disadvantage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Perelli-Harris, Brienna, Marta Styrc, Fenaba Addo, Trude Lappegard, Sharon Sassler and Ann Evans. "Comparing the Benefits of Cohabitation and Marriage for Health and Happiness in Mid-Life: Is the Relationship Similar Across Countries?" Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
5010. |
Pergamit, Michael R. |
Assessing School to Work Transitions in the United States NLS Discussion Paper No. 96-32, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1995. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl950050.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Educational Status; Family Background and Culture; I.Q.; Schooling; Transition, School to Work The transition from school to work is very smooth for some youth and less smooth for others. Many factors influence the transition such as the level of education, the quality of schooling, intelligence, opportunities, and family background. This paper addresses several measurement issues related to the assessment of the school-to-work transition. To illustrate these issues, several existing findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are discussed. Each finding relates to alternative measures or methods employed to assess the school-to-work transition in the U. S. Conclusions are drawn regarding the data necessary to support the assessment of the school-to-work transition, including a new survey beginning in the United States which attempts to meet these requirements. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pergamit, Michael R. "Assessing School to Work Transitions in the United States." NLS Discussion Paper No. 96-32, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1995. |
5011. |
Pergamit, Michael R. Huang, Lynn Lane, Julia |
The Long Term Impact of Adolescent Risky Behaviors and Family Environment U.S. Report, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services, August 2001. Also: http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/riskybehav01 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Family Influences; Risk-Taking; Sexual Activity Due to bad data, insufficient attention has been paid to the relationship between early life behaviors, the context in which they occur, and outcomes in later adulthood. This report seeks to establish whether there is a relationship between engaging in risky behaviors as an adolescent and negative consequences later in life. It explores adulthood along several domains: health, economic success, family formation, and incarceration. It also seeks to examine the relationship between family environmental factors and these adult outcomes in the presence of risk taking behavior. Specifically, we examine the roles of family structure, family socioeconomic status (as measured by parents' education), and the presence of an alcoholic parent. Five adolescent risky behaviors are examined: alcohol usage, marijuana usage, cocaine usage, sexual activity, and delinquency. The study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth--1979 cohort (NLSY79). |
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Bibliography Citation
Pergamit, Michael R., Lynn Huang and Julia Lane. "The Long Term Impact of Adolescent Risky Behaviors and Family Environment." U.S. Report, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services, August 2001. |
5012. |
Pergamit, Michael R. Krishnamurty, Parvati |
Multiyear Nonfatal Work Injury Rates Monthly Labor Review 129,5 (May 2006): 35-38. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2006/05/art5full.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Education; Injuries, Workplace Longitudinal data (editor: NLSY79) indicate a higher rate of nonfatal workplace injuries than might be expected from annual statistics; less educated workers, whose jobs often involve considerable physical activity, have a substantial risk of on-the-job injury. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pergamit, Michael R. and Parvati Krishnamurty. "Multiyear Nonfatal Work Injury Rates." Monthly Labor Review 129,5 (May 2006): 35-38.
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5013. |
Pergamit, Michael R. Pierret, Charles R. Rothstein, Donna S. Veum, Jonathan R. |
Data Watch: The National Longitudinal Surveys Journal of Economic Perspectives 15,2 (Spring 2001): 239-253. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/jep.15.2.239 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Employment; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; NLS Description Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) are perhaps the oldest and longest running panel surveys of individuals in the United States. These surveys were originally started at the U.S. Department of Labor in the mid-1960s to examine employment issues faced by different segments of the U.S. population. The four "original cohorts" were Young Men, Young Women, Mature Women (women who had finished their childbearing and were returning to the labor force), and Older Men (men approaching retirement). Since that time, the NLS program has expanded to include two new cohorts of youth. Table 1 provides an overview of the NLS cohorts over time. The NLS surveys have been widely used for over a quarter of a century and across a large number of academic disciplines including economics, sociology, psychology, education, medicine, and public policy. Hundreds of Ph.D. dissertations and thousands of journal articles rely on NLS data. The success of the NLS program is in part attributable to three aspects of the surveys: high retention rates, careful design features, and the broad range of subject areas studied. Over the past decade, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 has been the most widely used and most important of the NLS data sets. Thus, rather than attempting to describe each of the longitudinal surveys in detail, this paper will convey the approach and scope of the NLS program by focusing primarily on NLSY79. The new youth cohort begun in 1997, the NLSY97, will be discussed further below. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pergamit, Michael R., Charles R. Pierret, Donna S. Rothstein and Jonathan R. Veum. "Data Watch: The National Longitudinal Surveys." Journal of Economic Perspectives 15,2 (Spring 2001): 239-253.
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5014. |
Pergamit, Michael R. Veum, Jonathan R. |
What is a Promotion? Industrial and Labor Relations Review 52,4 (July 1999): 581-601. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2525065 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Hispanics; Job Promotion; Job Satisfaction; Racial Differences; Training, Employee; Wages, Youth; Work Attachment Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, the authors analyze the determinants and consequences of a promotion among young workers. Most events that workers called "promotions" involved no change in position or duties, but were simply an upgrade of the current position. Typically, only one person was considered for the promotion. Men were more likely to be promoted than women, and whites more likely than blacks or Hispanics. The acquisition of company training and the receipt of a prior promotion were two of the most important predictors of promotion. Consequences of promotion included increased wages, training receipt, supervisory responsibilities, and increased job satisfaction. There is little evidence that promotion had a direct impact on job attachment. Copyright: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations 1999. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pergamit, Michael R. and Jonathan R. Veum. "What is a Promotion?" Industrial and Labor Relations Review 52,4 (July 1999): 581-601.
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5015. |
Persico, Claudia |
Can Pollution Cause Poverty? The Effects of Pollution on Educational, Health and Economic Outcomes IZA Discussion Paper No. 12965, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), February 2020. Also: https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/12965/can-pollution-cause-poverty-the-effects-of-pollution-on-educational-health-and-economic-outcomes Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Child Development; Disability; Educational Attainment; Environment, Pollution/Urban Density; Geocoded Data; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Siblings; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although industrial plants, known as Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) sites, exist in every major city of the United States releasing billions of pounds of toxic substances annually, there is little evidence about how these pollutants might harm child development and children's long run outcomes. Using the detailed geocoded data that follows national representative cohorts of children born to the NLSY respondents over time with detailed information on families, locations, health, disability and labor market outcomes, I compare siblings who were gestating before versus after a TRI site opened or closed within one mile of their home. In other words, I compare siblings in the same family whose family does not move between births where one or more child was exposed to TRI pollution during gestation and other siblings were not exposed because the plant opened or closed in between the conceptions of different children in the same family. I find that children who were exposed prenatally to TRI pollution have lower wages, are more likely to be in poverty as adults, have fewer years of completed education, are less likely to graduate high school, and are more likely to have a disability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Persico, Claudia. "Can Pollution Cause Poverty? The Effects of Pollution on Educational, Health and Economic Outcomes." IZA Discussion Paper No. 12965, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), February 2020. |
5016. |
Persico, Nicola Postlewaite, Andrew Silverman, Daniel Susman |
The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height PIER Working Papers 01-050, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Philadelphia PA, November 2001. Also: http://www.econ.upenn.edu/system/files/01-050.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Penn Institute for Economic Research (PIER) Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Gender Differences; Height; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wage Determination; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Taller workers receive a wage premium, and the disparity in wages is similar in magnitude to the race and gender gaps. We exploit the variation in an individual's height over time to explore the way in which height affects wages. Specifically we show that for white males, the effect of adult height is essentially eliminated when adolescent height is taken into account. We take this as evidence that adolescent height has important economic implication long after the time that it is obserservable to others, and we explore the channels through which the effects might be manifested. |
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Bibliography Citation
Persico, Nicola, Andrew Postlewaite and Daniel Susman Silverman. "The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height." PIER Working Papers 01-050, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Philadelphia PA, November 2001. |
5017. |
Persico, Nicola Postlewaite, Andrew Silverman, Daniel Susman |
The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height Journal of Political Economy 112,5 (October 2004): 1019-1053. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/full/10.1086/422566 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Athletics (see SPORTS); Height; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Sports (also see ATHLETICS); Wage Levels; Wages Taller workers receive a wage premium. Net of differences in family background, the disparity is similar in magnitude to the race and gender gaps. We exploit variation in an individual's height over time to explore how height affects wages. Controlling for teen height exxentially eliminates the effect of adult height on wages for white men. The teen height premium is not explained by differences is resources or endowments. The teen height premium is partially mediated through participation in high school sports and clubs. We estimate the monetary benefits of a medical treatment for children that increases height. |
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Bibliography Citation
Persico, Nicola, Andrew Postlewaite and Daniel Susman Silverman. "The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height." Journal of Political Economy 112,5 (October 2004): 1019-1053.
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5018. |
Perticara, Marcela Cecilia |
Wage Mobility Through Job Mobility Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, 2002. DAI-A 63/08, p. 2966, February 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Job Patterns; Job Turnover; Labor Economics; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Wage Determination; Wage Growth; Wage Rates; Wage Theory The purpose of my dissertation is to study the relationship between job mobility and wage mobility. One of the main points of this dissertation is that job mobility is not necessarily bad. Job mobility might be the quickest way in which workers can advance in their careers and move up in the wage structure. Specifically I am going to distinguish between voluntary and involuntary job changes in both the modeling of job mobility behavior and the determination of the wage gains associated with job changing activities. The distinction should prove to be relevant. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, I find that workers voluntarily leave their jobs whenever they find themselves being paid below the customary wage rate. In particular, a worker that earns 30% less than the average wage for a worker with his characteristics and labor market experience is more than one and a half times as likely to initiate a separation than a worker just earning the average wage rate. Conversely, a worker earning 30% more than the average wage for a worker with his qualifications and labor market experience faces almost a 50% higher risk of being laid-off. This result is consistent across models. Workers' post-separation wage gains also depend on this distinction. Voluntary job changes lead, on average, to gains on the order of 7% while layoffs imply losses of 5%. That is, voluntary separations on average allow workers to improve their relative position in the wage structure. Laid-off workers, however, tend to perform poorly after experiencing a separation. Fifty-percent of the laid-off workers experience wage losses, while 70% of the voluntary job changes end in wage gains. While at early stages of the career workers experience large wage gains from quitting, these gains seem to disappear as their careers extend. Laid-off losses increase as the career extends, particularly for high-skilled workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Perticara, Marcela Cecilia. Wage Mobility Through Job Mobility. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, 2002. DAI-A 63/08, p. 2966, February 2003. |
5019. |
Pessin, Lea Damaske, Sarah Frech, Adrianne |
How Education Shapes Women’s Work and Family Lives Across Race and Ethnicity Demography 60,4 (August 2023): 1207-1233. Also: https://www.jstor.org/stable/48737349 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Education; Education; Education, Higher; Education, Postsecondary; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Life Course; Part-Time Work; Racial Studies; Women; Women, Black; Women, Latina; Women, White Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Drawing on life course and intersectional approaches, this study examines how education shapes the intertwined domains of work and family across race and ethnicity. By applying multichannel sequence analysis and cluster analysis to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we identify a typology of life course trajectories of work and family and test for the interactive associations of race and ethnicity with college education for different trajectory types. While our results show statistically significant and often sizable education effects across racial and ethnic groups for most of the work–family clusters, they also suggest that the size and direction of the education effect vary widely across groups. Educational attainment plays an outsize role in shaping Black women’s work−family lives, increasing their access to steady work and partnerships, while educational attainment primarily works to increase White women’s participation in part-time work. In contrast, Latina women’s work−family trajectories are less responsive to their educational attainment. In combination, the racialized role of education and persistent racial and ethnic gaps across the education distribution yield unequal patterns in work−family strategies among Black, Latina, and White women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pessin, Lea, Sarah Damaske and Adrianne Frech. "How Education Shapes Women’s Work and Family Lives Across Race and Ethnicity." Demography 60,4 (August 2023): 1207-1233.
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5020. |
Pessin, Lee Damaske, Sarah Frech, Adrianne |
How Race and Class Shape Women's Work and Family Lives From Early Adulthood to Midlife Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Influences; Family Size; Labor Force Participation; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Cumulative individual patterns of employment and family transitions have long lasting consequences for women's later-life financial security and health. Yet, despite an established consensus that race and class predict different patterns of either work or family, little is known about how these predictors jointly intersect in influencing women's work-family trajectories. In this article, we study how race and class shape the interrelationship between labor force attachment and family events -- number of children and partnership status -- during women's life courses, from early adulthood to midlife. We apply multichannel sequence analysis to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to examine longitudinal work-family trajectories for Black, Hispanic, and white women between the ages of 18 to 45. By revealing distinctive features of the work-family interplay, our analysis highlights the joint roles of race and class in shaping women's work and family decisions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pessin, Lee, Sarah Damaske and Adrianne Frech. "How Race and Class Shape Women's Work and Family Lives From Early Adulthood to Midlife." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
5021. |
Peters, Bethany Lynn |
Alcohol Consumption and Productivity Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke University, 2002. DAI-A 63/09, p. 3293, Mar 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Earnings; Endogeneity; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Social Roles; Wage Models Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My research documents the relationship between drinking and earnings with two different data sets and populations, and then investigates the possibility that the association is due to a direct causal connection through the mechanism of social capital. I document the positive relationship of drinking and earnings for a population of military personnel by use of the Worldwide Survey of Alcohol and Non-Medical Drug Use. I consistently find that abstainers earn less than drinkers, even when controlling for the endogeneity of the drinking decision. I then turn to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which has had drinking items for eight waves between 1982 and 1994. The NLSY data are very rich, providing data necessary to control for religion, ethnicity; family background, personality type, aptitude, local labor market conditions, a cumulative measure of work experience, and much else. I find that the wage premium for drinkers is quite robust for both male and female full-time workers. Further evidence about the nature of this relationship is obtained from estimates that take advantage of the panel structure and include individual fixed effects. In those estimates the estimated effect of drinking on earnings disappears, suggesting that the year-to-year variations in drinking status (for those individuals who do vary) are not associated with earnings. But those who self-report drinking in every wave of the survey earn substantially more than those who always report abstaining or who vary over time. These results suggest that if there is an effect of drinking on earnings, it is cumulative rather than contemporaneous. One interesting possibility is that the cumulative effect occurs through social capital accumulation. Personal connections and reputation are important in the labor market. Individuals who conform to the social environment will have better job opportunities because they will have more of those connections. Since drinking is the social lubricant, abstainers may lose out, especially in wet environments. I test this hypothesis by interacting individual drinking with measures of drinking in the relevant environment. I find that drinking is beneficial to wages for men only in states with a relatively high drinking prevalence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Peters, Bethany Lynn. Alcohol Consumption and Productivity. Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke University, 2002. DAI-A 63/09, p. 3293, Mar 2003. |
5022. |
Peters, H. Elizabeth Day, Randal D. |
Fatherhood: Research, Interventions and Policies New York, NY: Haworth Press, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Child Care; Divorce; Ethnic Studies; Family Studies; Fatherhood; Fathers and Children; Fathers and Sons; Fathers, Influence; Fathers, Involvement; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Parents, Single Co-published simultaneously as Marriage & Family Review 29,2/3 & 4 (2000). Bringing together papers presented at the Conference on Father Involvement, this volume includes contributions by leading scholars in anthropology, demography, economics, family science, psychology, and sociology. Many of the contributors also address the implications of father involvement for family policy issues, including family leave, child care, and child support. Furthermore, the discussion of fatherhood ranges well beyond the case of intact, middle-class, white families to include fathers from various ethnic groups and socioeconomic classes and of varied marital status, including fathers of nonmarital children, single-father families, and nonresident fathers. Co-published simultaneously as Marriage & Family Review 29,2/3 & 4 (2000). Contents: I. The History of Fatherhood Research and Perspectives on Father Involvement. II. Fathers in Intact Families. III. Single Fathers and Fathers with Nonmarital Children. IV. Marital Disruption and Parent-Child Relationships: Interventions and Policies on Fatherhood. V. General Editors' Epilogue: The Diversity of Fatherhood: Change, Constancy, and Contradiction. REVIEW: How much power does a father have to influence his children's development? A lively and often heated public debate on the role and value of the father in a family has been underway in the US for the past decade. Nevertheless, we are far from understanding the complex ways in which fathers make contributions to their families and children. This book addresses the central questions of the role of fathers: What is the impact of father involvement on child outcomes? What factors predict increased involvement of fathers? It addresses both practical and theoretical concerns including the redefinition of fatherhood, changes over time in research on fatherhood, the predictive power of fathers' activities on their children's adult outcomes, the correlation between fathers' income and their involvement with their nonmarital children, the influence of fathers o n their sons' probability of growing up to become responsible fathers, the effects of divorce on father-son and father-daughter relationshps, and interventions that help to keep divorced fathers in touch with their children. This comprehensive, powerful book combines pioneering empirical research with thoughtful considerations of the social and psychological implications of fatherhood. It is essential reading for researchers, policymakers, psychologists, and students of family studies, human development, gender studies, social policy, sociology and human ecology |
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Bibliography Citation
Peters, H. Elizabeth and Randal D. Day. Fatherhood: Research, Interventions and Policies. New York, NY: Haworth Press, 2000. |
5023. |
Peters, H. Elizabeth Mullis, Natalie C. |
The Role of Family Income and Sources of Income in Adolescent Achievement In: Consequences of Growing Up Poor. G. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, May 1997: 340-381 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birth Order; Child Support; Family Income; Immigrants; Siblings; Wage Rates; Welfare Children who benefit from child support payments seem to fare better than those who obtain the same amount of money from welfare, according to a Cornell University study. And when child support stems from an agreement between parents rather than a court-ordered one, the children do even better. "We now have evidence that money from child support may have a direct positive effect on children's cognitive development and educational attainment," said Elizabeth Peters, Cornell professor of consumer economics and housing. How far children go in school also is influenced by other factors, such as family income, education of parents, family structure and composition and residential location, according to an earlier study by Peters. "Some of these findings have important implications for policy," said Peters, an expert on the economic dimensions of marriage, divorce, child custody and child support who makes a concerted effort to bridge the gap between research and family policy. "Since we now know, for example, that fathers' child support payments have benefits beyond their economic value, we should consider this when developing policy." Cornell University, RELEASE: Jan. 24, 1997. |
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Bibliography Citation
Peters, H. Elizabeth and Natalie C. Mullis. "The Role of Family Income and Sources of Income in Adolescent Achievement" In: Consequences of Growing Up Poor. G. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, May 1997: 340-381
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5024. |
Peters, H. Elizabeth Sabia, Joseph J. Price, Joseph P. Covington, Reginald |
The Effects of Teen and Early Fatherhood on Educational Attainment and Labor Market Outcomes Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Fatherhood; Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Pregnancy, Adolescent; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A report from the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy concluded that the public cost of teen births reached $9.1 billion in 2004. Much of the literature on the consequences of teen childbearing has focused on women, although the size of the effects varies widely depending on the techniques used to control for endogeneity. Despite the fact that men's role in fertility is receiving increasing attention, very little work estimates the consequences of early fatherhood. In this paper, we estimate the schooling and labor market consequences for men, using many of the same empirical techniques that have been used for women. We compare the consequences for men and women across three different data sets, the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1988 National Educational Longitudinal Survey, which enable us to analyze changes in the effect of teen parenthood over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Peters, H. Elizabeth, Joseph J. Sabia, Joseph P. Price and Reginald Covington. "The Effects of Teen and Early Fatherhood on Educational Attainment and Labor Market Outcomes." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
5025. |
Peterson, Christine E. Davanzo, Julie |
Why are Teenagers in the United States Less Likely to Breast-Feed than Older Women? Demography 29,3 (August 1992): 431-450. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/37623p1657412185/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Breastfeeding; Motherhood; Mothers, Adolescent; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Teenage mothers are much less likely than older mothers to breastfeed their infants. The lower breastfeeding rate among teenagers aged 16-19, compared with women aged 20-29, is due almost entirely to the fact that teenage mothers tend to have characteristics associated with a lower likelihood of breastfeeding among all women, such as lower educational level, lower income, and being unmarried. Even so, nearly 40% of the difference between teenage mothers aged 15 or less and mothers aged 20-29 remains unexplained by these factors and may be due to developmental aspects of adolescence, such as greater egocentricity and greater concern about body image. |
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Bibliography Citation
Peterson, Christine E. and Julie Davanzo. "Why are Teenagers in the United States Less Likely to Breast-Feed than Older Women?" Demography 29,3 (August 1992): 431-450.
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5026. |
Peterson, George E. Vroman, Wayne |
Urban Labor Markets and Job Opportunity Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, January 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Urban Institute Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Inner-City; Job Skills; Labor Economics; Labor Market Demographics; Risk-Taking; Schooling; Skilled Workers; Small Business (Owner/Employer); Transfers, Skill; Unemployment, Youth Three fundamental mismatches in labor markets are being played out in the cities: the skills mismatch between the young people emerging from urban school systems and high-paying jobs in the growth sectors of the economy; the spatial mismatch between unemployed workers in the inner cities and the new jobs being generated in the suburbs; and the social mismatch between employers unwilling to take risks in hiring and city youth who from a young age have been part of the high-risk worlds of drugs and crime. This volume investigates the structural changes that have produced these mismatches and how various vehicles for job mobility are now functioning. Table of Contents Urban labor markets and economic opportunity / George E. Peterson, Wayne Vroman -- Changing skills in the U.S. workforce : trends of supply and demand / Arnold H. Packer, John G. Wirt -- Comment : skill requirements and the work force / Lawrence Mishel -- Comment : restructuring work and learning / Richard J. Murnane -- Mismatches and the urban labor market / Harry J. Holzer, Wayne Vroman -- Structural changes in the U.S. economy and black male joblessness : a reassessment / James H. Johnson, Jr., Melvin L. Oliver -- Comment : structural change and black unemployment / Keith R. Ihlanfeldt -- Comment : demand-side and supply-side explanations of black male joblessness / Roberto M. Fernandez -- Urban schooling and the perpetuation of job inequality in metropolitan Chicago / Gary Orfield -- Crime and the employment of disadvantaged youths / Richard B. Freeman -- Facilitating upward mobility through small business ownership / Timothy Bates, Constance R. Dunham -- Immigrants, cities, and equal opportunity / Michael J. White -- Comment : social structure and business development / Richard Waldinger. |
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Bibliography Citation
Peterson, George E. and Wayne Vroman. Urban Labor Markets and Job Opportunity. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, January 1992. |
5027. |
Peterson, Iver |
As More Earn Equivalency Diploma, Its Value Is Debated New York Times, October 21, 1992, Section B; Page 10 Column 1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York Times Keyword(s): Dropouts; Education; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Completion/Graduates; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A study, by a University of Chicago economics professor, shows scant difference between the incomes of G.E.D. holders and of high school dropouts with no certificates. And the Army, which pioneered the forerunner of the G.E.D. for World War II veterans 50 years ago, last year quietly stopped accepting the certificate holders into the service on the same basis as high school graduates. The reason: G.E.D. earners flunk basic training at twice the rate of high school graduates. The G.E.D. Testing Service, which administers the G.E.D. nationwide, has been stunned by the sudden swell of bad news about a program that has long been regarded as a kind of saving second chance for millions of high school dropouts. The study on earnings, by James J. Heckman of the University of Chicago, is misleading, the service says. Using figures from the Census Bureau's National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Dr. Heckman compared the earnings of male G.E.D. holders at age 25 and at age 28 with those of other dropouts and those of high school graduates. While the G.E.D. holders earned somewhat more than other dropouts, Dr. Heckman ascribed the difference to G.E.D. holders' having, on average, attended one more year of high school than the other dropouts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Peterson, Iver. "As More Earn Equivalency Diploma, Its Value Is Debated." New York Times, October 21, 1992, Section B; Page 10 Column 1. |
5028. |
Peterson, J. M. |
AFQT Score Forecasting Models for Regional Estimation of Qualified Military Available M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Income; Labor Force Participation; Manpower Research; Military Recruitment; Military Service; Modeling; Program Participation/Evaluation; Tests and Testing Estimation of regional distributions of qualified military available (QMA) population is essential for determining an efficient allocation of recruiting resources. Estimates of regional mental ability distribution are required in order to estimate QMA. Using data from the Youth National Longitudinal Survey (NLSY), logit regression equations are used to estimate the probability that a 17 to 21 year old high school graduate will score above the 50th percentile on the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT). This probability is modeled as a function of sociodemographic variables including gender, race/ethnicity, parent's education, poverty status, income, residence in an urban area and receipt of welfare payments. Best fit equations are developed in order to facilitate calculation of nationwide county level AFQT distributions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Peterson, J. M. AFQT Score Forecasting Models for Regional Estimation of Qualified Military Available. M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1990. |
5029. |
Petito, Lucia C. Leonard, Stephanie Rehkopf, David Ritchie, Lorrene Abrams, Barbara |
Maternal Physical Abuse in Childhood is Associated with Offspring Overweight and Obesity in Early Childhood Presented: Miami FL, Society for Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiologic Research Annual Meeting, June 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Society for Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiologic Research Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Health; Obesity; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) have recently been associated with high gestational weight gain (GWG), and high GWG has been associated with child obesity. We hypothesized that maternal ACE exposures are associated with offspring obesity, partially mediated by high GWG. Our study included 4,771 mother-child pairs from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2012). We used log-linear regression models that accounted for the complex survey design to estimate the associations of three maternal ACE measures (physical abuse, mental illness in the household, and alcohol abuse in the household) with the outcomes: ever obese or ever overweight/ obese at ages 2-5 years, 6-11 years, or 12-19 years old. For significant associations, we then estimated the total direct effect by adding GWG (measured with z-scores standardized for gestational duration) to the adjusted regression model. Next, we estimated the natural direct effect by allowing GWG in the model to vary as it would in the absence of the exposure. |
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Bibliography Citation
Petito, Lucia C., Stephanie Leonard, David Rehkopf, Lorrene Ritchie and Barbara Abrams. "Maternal Physical Abuse in Childhood is Associated with Offspring Overweight and Obesity in Early Childhood." Presented: Miami FL, Society for Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiologic Research Annual Meeting, June 2016. |
5030. |
Petracchi, Helen E. |
Educational Implications of Adolescent Fathering Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Education Indicators; Educational Attainment; Nestleaving; Socioeconomic Status (SES) This study addresses the question, "What is the impact of the age at which a male first becomes a father on his subsequent educational attainment?" Data were drawn from the 1979 and 1985 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The NLSY provides information on childbearing, household composition, schooling, employment, and family background. The male youth sample (N = 6402) have been re-interviewed annually since 1979 with approximately 84 percent completing surveys in 1985. Hence, this sample of fathers are representative of all United States men (aged 20 to 27 in 1985) who reported becoming first-time fathers between 1979 and 1985. Theoretically based on the larger status attainment tradition, the study examines the relationship between educational attainment and socioeconomic background variables, academic ability, aspirations for education and work and age at first fatherhood. Educational attainment was variously measured as "years of completed schoo ling" or "high school completion by 1985." Accordingly, multivariate analyses utilized both OLS and logistic regression techniques. |
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Bibliography Citation
Petracchi, Helen E. Educational Implications of Adolescent Fathering. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1992. |
5031. |
Petre, Melinda |
Are Employers Omniscient? Employer Learning About Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 57,3 (July 2018): 323-360. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/irel.12210 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Learning Hypothesis; Noncognitive Skills; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Do employers recognize noncognitive skills at the beginning of a career or is there a learning process? Does learning transfer perfectly across employers or is there a degree to which learning resets as employees change jobs throughout their careers? This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 to incorporate measures of noncognitive skills into a model of symmetric employer learning described originally by Altonji and Pierret (2001) and nested in a model of asymmetric employer learning as in Schonberg (2007). I find evidence that employers reward self‐esteem, internal control, and schooling initially, while rewarding cognitive skills and motivation over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Petre, Melinda. "Are Employers Omniscient? Employer Learning About Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 57,3 (July 2018): 323-360.
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5032. |
Petre, Melinda |
Contributions of Skills to the Racial Wage Gap Journal of Human Capital 13,3 (Fall 2019): 479-518. Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/704322 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Ethnic Differences; Male Sample; Noncognitive Skills; Racial Differences; Skills; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap Analyzing the distributions of wages, cognitive, and noncognitive skills for white, black, and Hispanic men reveals differences throughout these distributions. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and unconditional quantile Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions to decompose observed wage gaps throughout the distribution into portions explained by cognitive and noncognitive skills. Noncognitive skills explain 2-4 percent of the wage gap between blacks and whites and 9-25 percent of the wage gap throughout the distribution between Hispanics and whites, whereas cognitive skills explain 8-70 and 24-90 percent, respectively. Between blacks and Hispanics, noncognitive skills explain 5-10 percent and cognitive skills 9-24 percent. |
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Bibliography Citation
Petre, Melinda. "Contributions of Skills to the Racial Wage Gap." Journal of Human Capital 13,3 (Fall 2019): 479-518.
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5033. |
Petre, Melinda C. A. |
Essays on the Impact of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills on Labor Market Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Texas, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); CESD (Depression Scale); Employment History; Labor Market Outcomes; Motivation; Noncognitive Skills; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Analyzing the distributions of wages for whites, blacks and Hispanics reveals the existence of a wage gap throughout the distribution. There are also clear cognitive and noncognitive skill differences across groups. Do differences in the distributions of these skills explain differences in the distributions of wages? Do predicted distributions of wages resulting from rewarding blacks and Hispanics as if they were white help explain the observed wage gap? Using data from the NLSY79, I look at the impacts of noncognitive skills on wages for blacks, Hispanics and whites. I estimate the entire distribution of wages conditional on skills for blacks and Hispanics to see if there is a difference in wages individuals with the same level of cognitive and noncognitive skills. I find that all cognitive and noncognitive measures examined are important in explaining the wage penalty paid by blacks and Hispanics and that, for blacks, predicting their wages conditional on skills approximates the distribution of actual wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Petre, Melinda C. A. Essays on the Impact of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills on Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Texas, 2014. |
5034. |
Petre, Melinda Bond, Timothy N. |
Power in Numbers? A Dynamic Model of Wages and Gender Sorting in the Face of Time-Varying Prejudice Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Gender Differences; Occupational Choice; Occupational Segregation; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Does having more women in an occupation matter for women selecting into occupations over the course of their careers? Do women in male dominated occupations earn more than women in female dominated occupations? We develop and test a dynamic model of gender sorting into occupations in the face of time-varying prejudice using data from the NLSY, DOT and CPS. Specifically, we investigate how the within occupation wage gap changes as the within occupation gender composition changes over time. Preliminary analysis suggests that women who enter highly segregated occupations earn more than women who enter those same occupations when they are less segregated and changes in the wage gap lead changes in gender segregation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Petre, Melinda and Timothy N. Bond. "Power in Numbers? A Dynamic Model of Wages and Gender Sorting in the Face of Time-Varying Prejudice." Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015. |
5035. |
Petterson, Stephen Mark |
Are Young Black Men Really Less Willing to Work? American Sociological Review 62,4 (August 1997): 605-613. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657429 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Racial Differences; Unemployment; Wages, Reservation; Work Attachment; Work Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I argue against the popular view that young Black men experience more joblessness than their White counterparts because they have priced themselves out of the labor market. The seemingly excessive reservation wages of jobless young Black men, what they report as the lowest acceptable wage offer, are best understood as measures of self-worth, not of willingness (or lack of willingness) to work. Using self-reported reservation wages available in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find no race difference in the wages sought by young jobless men. Moreover, these statements of reservation wages are not binding: Job-seekers of either race who report higher reservation wages are no more likely to experience long spells of joblessness than are job-seekers who report lower reservation wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Petterson, Stephen Mark. "Are Young Black Men Really Less Willing to Work?" American Sociological Review 62,4 (August 1997): 605-613.
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5036. |
Petterson, Stephen Mark |
Black-White Differences in Joblessness Among Young Men: The Limits of Cultural Explanations Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Demography; Discrimination, Job; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Employment, Youth; Ethnic Studies; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Studies; Wages, Reservation; Work Attitudes This dissertation considers the merits and limits of the claim that "attitudes contrary to work" account for the employment difficulties of young black men. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the determinants of race differences in measures of several work related attitudes, including fatalism, self- reliance, and willingness to work are examined. The effects of these measures on subsequent joblessness experienced by white and black men throughout their twenties is then assessed. The evidence and arguments advanced in this dissertation offer little support for the claim that high rates of joblessness among young black men are due to attitudinal differences across race. In addition, there are no meaningful disparities in self- reported reservation wages. Joblessness among young black men is mainly involuntary. The results of this dissertation support the counter argument that labor market discrimination remains crucial for understanding the employment gap. White and black men with similar attitudes and similar work histories experience different labor market outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Petterson, Stephen Mark. Black-White Differences in Joblessness Among Young Men: The Limits of Cultural Explanations. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1994. |
5037. |
Petterson, Stephen Mark |
Black-White Differences in Reservation Wages and Joblessness A Replication Journal of Human Resources 33,3 (Summer 1998): 758-770. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146341 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Black Studies; Racial Differences; Unemployment; Wage Gap; Wages, Reservation Examining self-reported reservation wages from the 1979-80 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), Holzer concludes that 26 to 42 percent of the race difference in the length of jobless spells is due to the higher wages sought by young Black men. This replication uses NLSY reservation wage data from 1979 through 1986. Although I find a Black-White difference in reservation wages, I fail to find a positive effect of these measures on the duration of jobless spells. Thus, evidence from the NLSY does not support the claim that reservation wage differences explain the race employment gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Petterson, Stephen Mark. "Black-White Differences in Reservation Wages and Joblessness A Replication." Journal of Human Resources 33,3 (Summer 1998): 758-770.
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5038. |
Petterson, Stephen Mark |
Enemy Within: Black-White Differences in Fatalism and Joblessness Journal of Poverty 3,3 (Fall 1999): 1-32 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Attitudes; Black Youth; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Education; Family Background and Culture; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences; Unemployment There is an emergent consensus that the disposition of Black young men is an important determinant of their labor market troubles. The problem we are told is not labor market discrimination but the fatalistic attitudes (the "enemy within") held by many Black youth. This article uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine race differences in fatalism and joblessness. I find that the greater fatalism of Blacks is explained by their more disadvantaged background and subsequent problems in schools and the labor market, not to their distinctive cultural orientations. I also find a modest effect of measures of fatalism on subsequent joblessness and a more pronounced effect for more disadvantaged White and Black young men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Petterson, Stephen Mark. "Enemy Within: Black-White Differences in Fatalism and Joblessness." Journal of Poverty 3,3 (Fall 1999): 1-32.
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5039. |
Petterson, Stephen Mark Friel, Lisa V. |
Psychological Distress, Hopelessness and Welfare Women and Health 32,1-2 (2001): 79-99. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J013v32n01_04 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); CESD (Depression Scale); Mothers; Parents, Single; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Welfare This article assesses the validity of the claim that welfare in itself has deleterious psychological consequences for single mothers. The analysis compares single mothers who are recipients of AFDC with single mothers who are not recipients in terms of their depressive symptoms (as measured by the CES-D) and hopelessness (as measured by Pearlin Mastery Scale). The analysis uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the National Survey of Families and Households. The authors find that higher levels of both depression and hopelessness among welfare recipients can be explained by their material hardship rather than the stigma attached to welfare. They show that AFDC recipients report similar levels of depression and hopelessness as jobless non-recipients as well as low-wage non-recipients. An additional finding is that long-term welfare recipients do not experience greater emotional problems than short-term welfare recipients. Finally, the paper shows that feelings of hopelessness mediate the relationship between material deprivation and psychological distress for both recipients and non-recipients. |
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Bibliography Citation
Petterson, Stephen Mark and Lisa V. Friel. "Psychological Distress, Hopelessness and Welfare." Women and Health 32,1-2 (2001): 79-99.
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5040. |
Pettit, Becky Western, Bruce |
Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration American Sociological Review 69 (2004):151-69. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3593082 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Census of Population; Earnings; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; Incarceration/Jail; Life Course; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although growth in the U.S. prison population over the past twenty-five years has been widely discussed, few studies examine changes in inequality in imprisonment. We study penal inequality by estimating lifetime risks of imprisonment for black and white men at different levels of education. Combining administrative, survey, and census data, we estimate that among men born between 1965 and 1969, 3 percent of whites and 20 percent of blacks had served time in prison by their early thirties. The risks of incarceration are highly stratified by education. Among black men born during this period, 30 percent of those without college education and nearly 60 percent of high school dropouts went to prison by 1999. The novel pervasiveness of imprisonment indicates the emergence of incarceration as a new stage in the life course of young low-skill black men. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) was used to estimate the proportion of inmates who go on [to] graduate from high school or attend college in each subsequent age interval. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pettit, Becky and Bruce Western. "Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration." American Sociological Review 69 (2004):151-69.
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5041. |
Pew Charitable Trust |
Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility Pew Center on the States, Economic Mobility Project Report. Washington, DC: The Pew Charitable Trusts, 2010. Also: http://www.economicmobility.org/assets/pdfs/EMP_Incarceration.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pew Charitable Trust Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Economics of Discrimination; Economics of Minorities; Economics, Demographic; Educational Attainment; Incarceration/Jail; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Racial Differences; Social Environment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Policy Report. This report is based on research by Bruce Western and Becky Pettit. The report is jointly authored by the Economic Mobility Project and the Public Safety Performance Project of The Pew Charitable Trusts. With this report, our inquiry focuses on the intersection of incarceration and mobility, fields that might at first seem unrelated. We ask two questions: To what extent does incarceration create lasting barriers to economic progress for formerly incarcerated people, their families and their children? What do these barriers mean for the American Dream, given the explosive growth of the prison population? The findings in this report should give policy makers reason to reflect. The price of prisons in state and federal budgets represents just a fraction of the overall cost of incarcerating such a large segment of our society. The collateral consequences are tremendous and far-reaching, and as this report illuminates with fresh data and analysis, they include substantial and lifelong damage to the ability of former inmates, their families and their children to earn a living wage, move up the income ladder and pursue the American Dream. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pew Charitable Trust. "Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility." Pew Center on the States, Economic Mobility Project Report. Washington, DC: The Pew Charitable Trusts, 2010. |
5042. |
Pewewardy, Garner |
Relationships Among Labor Force Status, Wages, and Participation in Vocational Education Among Young American Indians D.Ed. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 1992. DAI-A 53/05, p. 1496, Nov 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education, Secondary; Ethnic Groups; Labor Force Participation; Racial Studies; Vocational Education There is no evidence that participation in vocational education improves the employment or earnings of American Indians. To help fill this information gap, this study examines relationships between participation in vocational education during secondary school and the labor force status and wages during 1987 of young American Indians. Data to examine these relationships are drawn from the Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience (NLS-Y). The degree of participation in vocational education during secondary school was calculated from the high school transcripts of NLS-Y cohort members. Almost 4 of every 10 young American Indian respondents to the NLS-Y concentrated in vocational education during secondary school. Almost 8 of every 10 young American Indians completed at least one course in vocational education. These vocational education participation rates are similar to those observed for non-Indians. This study, using commonly accepted labor force and income definitions, reveals much more positive economic and employment circumstances for young American Indians than previously shown. The employment-population ratio and labor force participation rate for young American Indians were slightly lower, and the unemployment rate was slightly higher, than for non-Indians. However, the labor force attachment of young American Indians examined in this study was remarkably strong: Between 8 and 9 of every young American Indian surveyed in 1987 through the NLS-Y were working or looking for work. Median hours worked during 1987 were the same for Indians and non-Indians. On the other hand, the average hourly wages of young American Indians were lower than for other young people. A full-time, full-year young American Indian made about $1,500 less than a non-Indian counterpart. Participation in vocational education was not related to the employment-population ratio, labor force participation rate, unemployment rate, annual hours worked, or hourly wages of either American Indians or non-Indians who responded to the NLS-Y. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pewewardy, Garner. Relationships Among Labor Force Status, Wages, and Participation in Vocational Education Among Young American Indians. D.Ed. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 1992. DAI-A 53/05, p. 1496, Nov 1992. |
5043. |
Pezzin, Liliana E. |
Earnings Prospects, Matching Effects, and the Decision to Terminate a Criminal Career Journal of Quantitative Criminology 11,1 (March 1995): 29-50. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/k245pv441u576522/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Earnings; Economic Changes/Recession; Income; Modeling; Punishment, Criminal; Welfare; Youth Problems Data from the 1979 Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey (N = 12,686 respondents ages 14-22) are used to investigate the age pattern of criminal involvement from an economist's perspective. A dynamic stochastic model of sequential search and match evaluation is used to explain the reasons for, and the timing of, the decision to terminate a criminal career. Estimation results strongly support the prediction of a negative relation between the option value of retaining a criminal career and desistance decisions. More specifically, the effects of current and future expected criminal earnings are shown to be negative, substantial, and statistically significant in determining desistance probabilities. Retiring behavior is also significantly related to variables measuring personal costs of punishment and the availability and attractiveness of a legal income-generating activity in ways consistent with theoretical expectations. 4 Tables, 37 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Pezzin, Liliana E. "Earnings Prospects, Matching Effects, and the Decision to Terminate a Criminal Career." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 11,1 (March 1995): 29-50.
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5044. |
Pezzin, Liliana E. |
Incentivos de Mercado e Comportamento Criminoso: Uma Analise Economica Dinamica (with English summary) Estudos Económicos 24,3 (September-December 1994): 373-404 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (FIPE), Universidade de São Paulo Keyword(s): Illegal Activities; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Market Surveys; Life Cycle Research; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper presents and estimates a dynamic economic model of criminal involvement. The paper's main goal is to determine the extent to which market incentives, as distinct from background and other constraints, influence the dynamics of criminal careers. It is argued that career profile choices and desistance decisions depend critically upon general and math-specific factors affecting the life-cycle pattern of net legal and illegal rewards. An analysis of individual data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth supports that expectation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pezzin, Liliana E. "Incentivos de Mercado e Comportamento Criminoso: Uma Analise Economica Dinamica (with English summary)." Estudos Económicos 24,3 (September-December 1994): 373-404.
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5045. |
Pezzin, Liliana E. |
When Crime No Longer Pays: A Dynamic Economic Analysis of Crime Desistance Decisions Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Crime; Illegal Activities; Income; Life Cycle Research; Modeling, Logit; Modeling, Probit; Punishment, Criminal This paper presents a dynamic stochastic model of sequential search and match evaluation used to explain the reasons for and timing of the decision to terminate a criminal career. It emphasizes that the life-cycle of criminal involvement is generated in an uncertain environment and departs from the existing literature by positing that career profile choices and desistance decisions depend critically on general and match-specific factors affecting the life-cycle pattern of net legal and illegal rewards. The study conceptually solves the implied optimal desistance strategy problem for the individual criminal, derives the behavioral implications of this solution for the empirical work and estimates the parameters of the model using individual National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data. To consistently implement the model, selectivity-corrected imputations of criminal and legal market earnings are first obtained, via a multinomial logit-OLS and a probit-OLS two-stage estimation method, respectively, and then substituted in the structural desistance probability logit equation. Estimation results strongly support the theoretical prediction of a negative relation between the option value of retaining a criminal career and desistance decisions. More specifically, the effects of current and future expected criminal earnings are shown to be negative, substantial and statistically significant in determining desistance probabilities. Retiring behavior is also significantly responsive to variables measuring personal costs of punishment and the availability and attractiveness of a legal income-generating activity in ways consistent with theoretical expectations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pezzin, Liliana E. When Crime No Longer Pays: A Dynamic Economic Analysis of Crime Desistance Decisions. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 1992. |
5046. |
Pfeffer, Fabian T. |
Intergenerational Wealth Effects in the United States and Germany Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, June 2010 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Germany, German; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Social; Neighborhood Effects; Social Capital; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Studies of intergenerational social mobility investigate which socio-economic characteristics of families impact the life chances of children and how they do so. Typically, research in this area conceptualizes and measures family background as some combination of parental education, parental occupation, and family income -- the holy trinity of stratification research. One important feature of economic circumstances that is often overlooked in these studies is family wealth, or net worth. Wealth is a dimension of economic well-being that suffers particularly stark inequalities and thus its neglect is troubling. This dissertation investigates how and why inequalities in wealth translate into inequalities in opportunities for the next generation. Using nationally representative longitudinal data from the United States and Germany, I provide a detailed description and explanation of intergenerational wealth effects across two very different institutional contexts. In both countries, I find a strong relationship between parental wealth and children's attainment outcomes. In the United States, parents' net worth, financial wealth, and home wealth exert positive effects on the opportunities of children, both across the entire educational career and beyond that for early occupational attainment. In Germany, wealth inequalities in opportunities occur chiefly in the attainment of the selective secondary school degree that confers access to a college career. I draw on an econometric modeling approach, labeled future treatment strategy, to increase the confidence in the causal relationship between wealth and educational outcomes. This is the foundation for the direct empirical assessment of the causal mechanisms underlying the observed wealth effects. I show that, in the United States, some but not a large part of the link between wealth and educational outcomes accrues from the advantageous neighborhood conditions to which wealthy families have access. I also propose and add empirical support to another mechanism, namely the insurance or safety net function of wealth, according to which parental wealth reduces the potential consequences of failure in the attainment process and thereby changes some fundamental parameters of the educational decision-making process. The insurance function of wealth also helps explain the finding of substantial wealth effects in both institutional contexts. It appears that it would require a much more extensive system of "social wealth" than that found in either the United States or Germany to reduce the importance of private wealth as a safety net for children. A range of promising policy alternatives that directly target the distribution of wealth is shown to be also largely absent in both nations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pfeffer, Fabian T. Intergenerational Wealth Effects in the United States and Germany. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, June 2010. |
5047. |
Pfeffer, Fabian T. |
Status Attainment and Wealth in the United States and Germany In: Persistence, Privilege, and Parenting: The Comparative Study of Intergenerational Mobility. R. Erikson, M. Jäntti and T. Smeeding, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011: 109-137. Also: https://www.russellsage.org/publications/persistence-privilege-and-parenting Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Assets; Cross-national Analysis; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Germany, German; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Social; Neighborhood Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Social Capital; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wealth Research on intergenerational mobility typically conceptualizes and measures family background as any combination of parental education, parental occupation, and family income. One important feature of economic circumstances that is often overlooked in these studies is family wealth, or net worth. Wealth is a dimension of economic well-being that suffers particularly stark inequalities, and thus its neglect is troubling. Severe inequalities in familial wealth may well create unequal opportunities for children over and above those created by other socio-economic characteristics of families. Recent research has begun to document strong and independent effects of parental wealth on children's educational opportunities for the United States. This paper extends this research by documenting the role of wealth for the entire status attainment process, that is, not only educational but also occupational attainment. In addition, it assesses the degree to which the association between parental wealth and attainment differs by national context. Drawing on national panel datasets – the NLSY-79, the PSID and the GSOEP – this paper investigates how the link between wealth inequality and inequality in opportunities differs between the United States and Germany. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pfeffer, Fabian T. "Status Attainment and Wealth in the United States and Germany" In: Persistence, Privilege, and Parenting: The Comparative Study of Intergenerational Mobility. R. Erikson, M. Jäntti and T. Smeeding, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011: 109-137.
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5048. |
Pham-Kanter, Genevieve |
Sons, Daughters, and Maternal Weight Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Children; Mothers; Mothers and Daughters; Sons; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although the effect of parents on children has been the focus of much research on health and families, the influence of children on their parents has been far less studied. In this paper, I examine the effect of the sex composition of children on the weight trajectory of mothers. I find that women who have teenage daughters weigh (on average) 5-7 lbs less than women with teenage sons, and that the presence of an additional daughter in the family depresses mothers' weights even further. I evaluate several hypotheses that might be generating this weight difference, including the possibility that women who have sons may have increased bargaining power, giving them leverage to gain weight; that women who have daughters may intensify their appearance-oriented behaviors; and that women who have sons may be exposed to more high-calorie eating environments. I also evaluate the possibility that biological mechanisms might be generating this weight gap. I find evidence in support of the bargaining power and appearance-oriented behavior hypotheses, and less evidence in support of the social eating and biological hypotheses. These results shed light on mechanisms of social inequality that may be occurring on a day-to-day basis within families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pham-Kanter, Genevieve. "Sons, Daughters, and Maternal Weight." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010. |
5049. |
Phang, Hanam S. |
A Dynamic Study of Young Women's Labor Market Transitions over the Early Life Course: Cohort Trends, Racial Differentials, and Determinants Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Employment; Family Characteristics; Family Constraints; Family Models; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Life Cycle Research; Racial Differences; Transition, Job to Job; Unions; Work Experience; Work History Using detailed panel data (NLSY and NLSYW) on school, work, and family formation history, this study examines the longitudinal patterns of labor market transitions for young women in their 20's and 30's. The primary focus in this study is on transitions between employment and nonemployment status over the early life course after completion of school. Through the dynamic analyses of young women's labor market transitions this study (1) examines cohort changes in labor market participation and attachment over the last two decades; (2) examines the age pattern life-stage variation, and racial differences in labor market transitions; and (3) identifies the individual and structural determinants of the rate of transitions between employment and nonemployment among individuals. Multistate life tables are used to estimate cohort changes and racial differentials in women's labor market transitions at the population level; event history models are used to estimate the effects of individual and structural factors on the rate of transitions. This study shows, through cohort analyses, that there has been little change over cohorts in the depressing effect of women's family obligations on their employment stability and documents the "continuing interaction between women's family and work careers." With regard to racial differences in labor market transitions, this study shows that the racial differentials largely depend on women's family status and educational level and that the major component of the racial differential in employment chances is in the process of entering employment rather than in the process of leaving employment. Through multivariate analyses, this study documents that not only individual characteristics but also the structural factors of the labor market (i.e., the occupational category, sector, and union status of the job) significantly affect the rate and pattern of young women's transitions into and out of employment over the e arly life course. This study also finds that the rates of transitions between employment and nonemployment are significantly affected by individual's past work history and experiences. The hazard rate of transition is dependent not only on the duration of the current spell but also on the number and the duration of past spells of employment or nonemployment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Phang, Hanam S. A Dynamic Study of Young Women's Labor Market Transitions over the Early Life Course: Cohort Trends, Racial Differentials, and Determinants. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1995. |
5050. |
Phang, Hanam S. |
An Event History Analysis of Young Women's Labor Market Transitions: NLSY 1979-1991 (Transliterated title not available.) Han'guk Sahoehak/Korean Journal of Sociology 30,1 (Spring 1996): 125-149 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Han'guk Sahoehak Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Employment; Job Patterns; Job Turnover; Unemployment; Unions; Wage Effects; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Investigates individual & structural determinants of the transition between employment & nonemployment among young women. Examination of detailed work history data from the female youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1991, shows that work-related individual characteristics (education, ability, & experience) are positively related to duration of employment & negatively related to duration of nonemployment. The data also demonstrate that market wage is positively related to exit from nonemployment & negatively related to exit from employment, & past work history & experience independently affect employment transitions. Structural variables (occupation, labor market sector, & union status) also play a significant role in determining an individual's rate of entry & exit from employment. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Phang, Hanam S. "An Event History Analysis of Young Women's Labor Market Transitions: NLSY 1979-1991 (Transliterated title not available.)." Han'guk Sahoehak/Korean Journal of Sociology 30,1 (Spring 1996): 125-149.
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5051. |
Phang, Hanam S. |
Labor Market Transitions of Young Women Over the Early Life Course: Age Pattern, Life Cycle Variation, and Racial Differences Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Education, Secondary; Employment History; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics; Life Course; Life Cycle Research; Racial Differences; Simultaneity; Transitional Programs; Women's Education; Women's Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using detailed panel data (i.e., NLSY 1979-1991), we examine the dynamic process of labor market transitions for young women during their young adulthood. Transitions between the states of the labor force are analyzed using multistate life tables, in which labor market and family transitions are estimated simultaneously. We find that black women in the aggregate are less likely to be employed (or in the A labor force) and more likely to be nonemployed than white women during early adulthood (i.e., at ages 16-34). With first childbirth controlled, black women, as expected from past observations, are in the labor force in a slightly higher proportion than white women during the same age period. But, we find that the proportion employed is actually lower among blacks than among whites due to blacks' higher proportion unemployed. Even though, the racial differential in employment decreases with age among women with more than high school education, it persists among women with high school or less education. By estimating the conditional probabilities of transition between the states of the labor force, this study shows that the major component of the racial differential in employment (or in nonemployment) is in the process of entering rather than exiting employment: black women, even if in 1? the labor force, are less likely employed and, if unemployed, more likely to withdraw from the labor force than their white counterparts. As a result, black women spend considerably more time nonemployed and less time employed than white women over the early life course. |
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Bibliography Citation
Phang, Hanam S. "Labor Market Transitions of Young Women Over the Early Life Course: Age Pattern, Life Cycle Variation, and Racial Differences." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995. |
5052. |
Phelan, Brian J. |
Essays on Worker Displacement and the Minimum Wage Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Displaced Workers; Heterogeneity; Industrial Classification; Minimum Wage; Mobility; Occupations; Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation is composed of three essays. In the first essay of this dissertation, I reexamine the effect of industrial mobility on the cost of worker displacement. While the human capital implications of this regularity are well understood, no current model can explain why a displaced worker would ever choose to "switch." I develop a match-based model of wages and endogenous mobility and show that switching industries may, indeed, be optimal for some "mismatched" workers. I then use data on displaced workers to re-estimate the cost of switching industries that controls for the endogeneity of industrial mobility. I find that switching industries is an optimal decision from the point of view of individual displaced workers -- i.e. that losses would have been even larger had they "stayed." The results suggest that skill mismatch and the resulting inability of some workers to re-match their task-specific skills via reemployment is an important determinant of the observed costs of worker displacement. In the second essay, I estimate the degree of heterogeneity in the outcomes of displaced workers and analyze the extent to which these heterogeneous experiences can be explained by observable (or "systematic") factors as opposed to unobserved (or "idiosyncratic") factors. To this end, I use data on displaced workers to estimate the standard deviation of earnings losses following displacement. I find statistically significant heterogeneity at the lower bound, which is equal to about half of the mean effect each year following displacement. Once I control for systematic differences in observable characteristics, the remaining idiosyncratic variation is estimated to be about 20%-40% less than the total variation in the first few years following displacement and 50%-80% less than the total variation six to eight years after displacement. Systematic variation, however, remains fairly large and constant over time. These results suggest that idiosyncratic factors, such as luck or unobserved quality, have largely transitory effects on the outcomes of displaced workers while systematic factors, such as industrial mobility and unemployment duration, disproportionately explain the persistent heterogeneity in the costs of worker displacement. The third essay explores the potential causes of spillovers in the wage distribution that occur when the minimum wage increases. This empirical phenomenon, known as the "ripple effect" of minimum wage laws, is typically explained in terms of demand substitution: where the rising minimum increases the demand for more-skilled workers who become relatively inexpensive compared to less-skilled workers. I show that workers will also respond to changes in the minimum wage by re-optimizing their labor supply since an increase in the minimum wage leads to lower compensating wage differentials. The resulting decline in labor supply at hedonically less desirable (and hence, higher paying) jobs could also cause the ripple effect. I combine labor market data on individuals with occupation-level hedonic data and provide evidence that the ripple effect is largely caused by labor supply substitution and not labor demand substitution as previously believed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Phelan, Brian J. Essays on Worker Displacement and the Minimum Wage. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2013. |
5053. |
Phelan, Kieran J. Khoury, Jane C. Atherton, Harry Kahn, Robert S. |
Maternal Depression, Child Behavior, and Injury Injury Prevention 13,6 (December 2007): 403-408. Also: http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/13/6/403.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Accidents; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Children, Well-Being; Depression (see also CESD); Injuries; Mothers, Health Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: Few data exist on the effect of maternal depression on child injury outcomes and mediators of this relationship. Objective: To examine the relationship between mothers' depressive symptoms and medically attended injuries in their children and the potential mediating role of child behavior. Design/Methods: A cohort of mother–child dyads from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth followed from 1992 to1994. The primary exposure variable was maternal depressive symptoms as measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in 1992. Child behavior was assessed by the Behavior Problems Index externalizing subscale. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between depressive symptoms, child behavior, and injury reported in the prior year in 1994. Results: 94 medically attended injuries were reported in the 1106 children (8.5%); two-thirds were sustained in the home environment. Maternal depressive symptoms significantly increased the risk of child injury; injury risk increased 4% for every 1-point increase in depressive symptoms (adjusted OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.08, p = 0.02). Increasing maternal depressive symptoms also increased the risk of externalizing behavior problems (adjusted OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.09), but externalizing behavior problems did not significantly mediate the relationship between maternal symptoms and child injury. Conclusions: Increasing depressive symptoms in mothers was associated with an increased risk of child injury. Child behavior did not significantly mediate the association between maternal depressive symptoms and child injury in this cohort. Greater recognition, referral, and treatment of depressive symptoms in mothers may have effects on child behavior and injury risk. |
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Bibliography Citation
Phelan, Kieran J., Jane C. Khoury, Harry Atherton and Robert S. Kahn. "Maternal Depression, Child Behavior, and Injury." Injury Prevention 13,6 (December 2007): 403-408.
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5054. |
Phelps, Erin Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. Colby, Anne |
Looking at Lives: American Longitudinal Studies of the 20th Century New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, May 2002. Also: http://www.russellsage.org/publications/titles/lookingatlives.htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Behavior; Behavior, Antisocial; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Inner-City; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Longitudinal Surveys; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Poverty The impact of long-term longitudinal studies on the landscape of 20th century social and behavioral science cannot be overstated. The field of life course studies has grown exponentially since its inception in the 1950s, and now influences methodologies as well as expectations for all academic research. Looking at Lives offers an unprecedented "insider's view" into the intentions, methods, and findings of researchers engaged in some of the 20th century's landmark studies. In this volume, eminent American scholars -- many of them pioneers in longitudinal studies -- provide frank and illuminating insights into the difficulties and the unique scientific benefits of mounting studies that track people's lives over a long period of time. Looking at Lives includes studies from a range of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, and education, which together cover a span of more than fifty years. The contributors pay particular attention to the changing historical, cultural, and scientific context of their work, as well as the theoretical and methodological changes that have occurred in their fields over decades. What emerges is a clear indication of the often unexpected effects these studies have had on public policies and public opinion - especially as they relate to such issues as the connection between poverty and criminal behavior, or the consequences of teen-age pregnancy and drug use for inner-city youth. For example, David Weikart reveals how his long-term research on preschool intervention projects, begun in 1959, permitted him to show how surprisingly effective preschool education can be in improving the lives of disadvantaged children. In another study, John Laub and Robert Sampson build on findings from a groundbreaking study begun by Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck in the 1950s to reveal the myriad ways in which juvenile delinquency can predict criminal behavior in adults. And Arland Thornton, Ronald Freedman, and William Axinn employ an intergenerational study of women and their children begun in 1962 to examine the substantial relaxation of social mores for family and individual behavior in the latter decades of the 20th century. Looking at Lives is full of striking testimony to the importance of long-term, longitudinal studies. As a unique chronicle of the origins and development of longitudinal studies in America, this collection will be an invaluable aid to 21st century investigators who seek to build on the successes and the experiences of the pioneers in life-course studies. Copyright Russell Sage Foundation, 2002. |
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Bibliography Citation
Phelps, Erin, Frank F. Jr. Furstenberg and Anne Colby. Looking at Lives: American Longitudinal Studies of the 20th Century. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, May 2002.. |
5055. |
Phillips, Deborah A. Bridgman, Anne |
New Findings on Children, Families, and Economic Self-Sufficiency Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1995. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Family Studies; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Poverty; Welfare Presents the full text of "New Findings on Children, Families, and Economic Self-Sufficiency: Summary of a Research Briefing," a publication from the Board on Children and Families, edited by Deborah A. Phillips and Anne Bridgman. Examines issues such as ensuring self-sufficient, and whether child care subsidies help or hinder low income families' efforts to work. Contains references, a bibliography, and a list of participants. Offers access to other reports from the Board and the Board's home page. Notes that the project was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Links to the home pages of the NAS and the NAP. Excerpt from Ch.2: How Do Transitions Into and Out of Welfare Affect Children's Development? The major goal of welfare reform is to move families off of welfare and into jobs. This goal is driven by a belief in the value of financial self-sufficiency, but also by concerns about the detrimental effects of life on welfare, particularly for children. Research presented at the briefing confirms the importance of efforts to move families out of poverty, and also underscores the negative role of both poverty and welfare in the lives of children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Deborah A. and Anne Bridgman. New Findings on Children, Families, and Economic Self-Sufficiency. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1995.. |
5056. |
Phillips, Deborah A. Hofferth, Sandra L. Rosenthal, Saul |
Children of the NLSY Go to Child Care Working Paper, Charlottesville NC: Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Psychology , University of Virginia Keyword(s): Child Care; Infants; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As non-maternal child care has become an increasingly normative experience for American children, empirical questions about child care have expanded to encompass a broad of array of outcomes, moderating variables, populations, and patterns of reliance on care. The Children of the National Longitudinal Study database offers the opportunity to examine many of these contemporary questions that are not easily addressed in the single-site, small scale, nonrepresentative samples to which developmentalists are typically restricted. This article reviews a range of child care issues that are amenable to analysis with the Children of the NLSY dataset. Several strengths and limitations of the dataset are discussed. Descriptive data concerning families' child care use in 1986, patterns of reliance on infant day care, and expenditures on child care are presented. Additional methodological, policy, and theoretical issues that can be addressed with the Children of the NLSY dataset are a lso described. |
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Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Deborah A., Sandra L. Hofferth and Saul Rosenthal. "Children of the NLSY Go to Child Care." Working Paper, Charlottesville NC: Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 1990. |
5057. |
Phillips, Llad Votey, Harold L. |
Black Women, Economic Disadvantage, and Incentives to Crime American Economic Review 74,2 (May 1984): 293-297. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816372 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Employment; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Self-Reporting Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A model of labor market behavior is used to investigate the relationship between the supply of hours to legitimate work and the decision to participate in grand theft. Attention is focused on those women who have chosen to participate in legal work but are constrained, possibly by the 40-hour week. Some will be overemployed and seeking part-time work; others will be underemployed and seeking additional work. Data on individual observations were obtained from the NLSY, with information classified by race, sex, hours worked, and self-report of the number of thefts over $50 in the past year. The pattern of the percentage of white men, white women, and black men reporting grand theft is U-shaped as hours worked increases. For all categories of hours worked, a slightly higher percentage of black women reported grand thefts than white women, with no black women working 49 hours or more reporting grand theft. |
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Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Llad and Harold L. Votey. "Black Women, Economic Disadvantage, and Incentives to Crime." American Economic Review 74,2 (May 1984): 293-297.
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5058. |
Phillips, Llad Votey, Harold L. |
Crimes by Youth: Deterrence and Moral Compliance with the Law Contemporary Policy Issues 5,4 (October 1987): 73-90. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1987.tb00273.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Earnings; Family Influences; Income A decision theory framework is employed to assess the extent to which crimes by youth are explained by the "economic model of crime." This model is expanded from the usual formulation including deterrence effects to investigate the impact of earned income and income supplements on individuals' crime participation. Variables representing the forces of moral compliance and family attitudes also are evaluated. Data are from the NLSY consisting of 12,686 individuals' responses over a 3-year period. The sample is divided into 4 subsets: (1) innocents who have never committed a crime; (2) experimenters who admitted to some crime but had not been caught; (3) desisters who reported no 1979 offenses but had had past contact with the police; and (4) persisters who had crime involvement in 1979 and had had prior contacts with police. Moral compliance is found to have a moderating effect on the decision to commit crimes, even by persistently criminal individuals. Moreover, the expected cost of sanctions has more impact than does the lack of realized economic opportunities. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Llad and Harold L. Votey. "Crimes by Youth: Deterrence and Moral Compliance with the Law." Contemporary Policy Issues 5,4 (October 1987): 73-90.
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5059. |
Phillips, Llad Votey, Harold L. |
The Choice Between Legitimate and Illegitimate Work: Micro Study of Individual Behavior Contemporary Policy Issues 5,4 (October 1987): 59-72. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1987.tb00272.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Employment; Schooling An investigation is conducted of the effect of 1979 labor force experience on the probability of employment in 1980, controlling for the fraction of support obtained through illegal activities in 1979. The sample, derived from the NLSY, is made up of 2,779 individuals aged 16 or 17 years old who provided information about labor force experience in 1979. The sample is divided into 3 subgroups: (1) those who were not enrolled in school in 1979; (2) those who were enrolled in 1979, but who had dropped out by 1980; and (3) those who were enrolled in 1980. Influences on the probability of 1980 employment included: (1) the fraction of weeks worked between 1979 and 1980 interviews; (2) earning 1/4 or more of support from illegal activities during the year before the 1980 interview; and (3) employment status in 1979. Involvement in illegal activities was found to decrease the probability of future employment most for dropouts and least for those staying in school. In addition, it appeared that most minors obtaining support from crime are not pursuing criminal activities as an exclusive career. [Copyright: ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Llad and Harold L. Votey. "The Choice Between Legitimate and Illegitimate Work: Micro Study of Individual Behavior." Contemporary Policy Issues 5,4 (October 1987): 59-72.
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5060. |
Phillips, Llad Votey, Harold L. |
The Influence of Police Interventions and Alternative Income Sources on the Dynamic Process of Choosing Crime as a Career Journal of Quantitative Criminology 3,3 (September 1987): 251-273. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/w06t5j70247513n6/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Differences; Behavioral Problems; Crime; Data Analysis; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Illegal Activities; Income; Markov chain / Markov model; Statistical Analysis An attempt is made to demonstrate that a rational process of choices, influenced by both deterrence efforts and economic factors, underlies the self-sorting process by youth into three subpopulations: (1) those who never experiment with crime, (2) those who experiment and thereafter desist from criminal behavior, and (3) those who persist in criminal lifestyles. A simple Markov model is used to illustrate the probabilities of transition between the groups, and to describe the effects of perceived probability of apprehension/punishment and the availability or lack of income opportunities on the self-sorting process. Application of the model to data on 12,686 United States youth aged 14-24 who were part of the 1982 NLSY supports the existence of a learning effect from police contact that tends to reduce future criminal behavior when alternative, legitimate sources of income are available. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.] |
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Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Llad and Harold L. Votey. "The Influence of Police Interventions and Alternative Income Sources on the Dynamic Process of Choosing Crime as a Career." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 3,3 (September 1987): 251-273.
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5061. |
Phillips, Meredith |
Understanding Ethnic Differences in Academic Achievement: Empirical Lessons from National Data In: Analytic Issues in the Assessment of Student Achievement. D. Grissmer and M. Ross eds. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Education Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Economics of Discrimination; Genetics; High School and Beyond (HSB); Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY); National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP); National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing In 1966, James Coleman published results from the first national study to describe ethnic differences in academic achievement among children of various ages. Since that time, we have made considerable progress in survey design, cognitive assessment, and data analysis. Yet we have not made much progress in understanding when ethnic differences in academic achievement arise, how these differences change with age, or why such changes occur. The purpose of this paper is to highlight several reasons why we have learned so little about these important issues over the past few decades. I begin by reviewing recent research on how the test score gap between African Americans and European Americans changes as children age. I then discuss several conceptual and methodological issues that have hindered our understanding of ethnic differences in academic achievement. ...For both the CNLSY and Prospects, I estimated growth models in which I predicted ethnic differences in students' initial test scores and learning rates.(A response to Phillips follows, starting on pg. 157: "Response: Two Studies of Academic Achievement," by Robert M. Hauser) |
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Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Meredith. "Understanding Ethnic Differences in Academic Achievement: Empirical Lessons from National Data" In: Analytic Issues in the Assessment of Student Achievement. D. Grissmer and M. Ross eds. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2000
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5062. |
Phillips, Meredith Crouse, James Ralph, John |
Does the Black-White Test Score Gap Widen After Children Enter School? In: The Black-White Test Score Gap. C. Jencks and M. Phillips eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998: pp. 229-272 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Economics of Discrimination; Genetics; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing Since 1965 eight national surveys have tested black and white students at different ages. This chapter uses these eight surveys to examine how the black-white math, reading, and vocabulary test score gaps change as children grow older. |
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Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Meredith, James Crouse and John Ralph. "Does the Black-White Test Score Gap Widen After Children Enter School?" In: The Black-White Test Score Gap. C. Jencks and M. Phillips eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998: pp. 229-272
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5063. |
Phillips, Robert L. Andrisani, Paul J. Daymont, Thomas N. |
Military Service Effects for Minority Youth Presented: Boston, MA, Eastern Economic Association Meetings, March 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Eastern Economic Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Military Service; Minorities; Minorities, Youth; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Since the advent fifteen years ago of the all volunteer force, there has been various levels of concern about the increasing minority composition of the armed forces. The purpose of this paper is to turn around the focus of concern, examine the reasons that minority youth are attracted to the service as well as assess the impact of service on the youth. Both in-service and post-service aspects are examined. The latter is primarily based upon a pooled cross-section time-series data file from the NLSY. The analysis shows that minority youth have equal opportunity in the armed forces with respect to accession opportunity, pay, promotion, career opportunity, and job-satisfaction. Further, when compared to their non-veteran counterparts, veteran minority youth have greater success in the labor market, both with respect to wages and unemployment experience. The key deficiency was in job assignment within the armed forces; minority youth were overrepresented in the less technical, non-combat skills. Military personnel policy is analyzed and recommendations are suggested with respect to minority assistance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Robert L., Paul J. Andrisani and Thomas N. Daymont. "Military Service Effects for Minority Youth." Presented: Boston, MA, Eastern Economic Association Meetings, March 1988. |
5064. |
Phillips, Robert L. Andrisani, Paul J. Daymont, Thomas N. Duran, Catherine A. |
Analysis of Armed Forces Personnel Policy on Minority Youth Presented: Southern Management Association Annual Meeting, 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Management Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Military Service; Minorities; Minorities, Youth; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As the largest employer of youth, the personnel policies of the Department of Defense were analyzed with respect to their impact on minorities. The complete cycle was examined; that is, accessions, in-service results, and post-service experience in the labor market. The latter is based upon a pooled cross-section time-series data file from the NLSY. The overall analysis concludes that minority youth: (1) have equal opportunity for accession in the armed forces; (2) do not have an equal chance at technical training; (3) fare just as well as their majority counterparts with respect to pay and promotion; and (4) compare favorably with their nonserving minority counterparts both on in-service pay and benefits as well as post-service earnings and spells of unemployment. Recommendations are made concerning possible policy changes affecting minority job assignment and training. |
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Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Robert L., Paul J. Andrisani, Thomas N. Daymont and Catherine A. Duran. "Analysis of Armed Forces Personnel Policy on Minority Youth." Presented: Southern Management Association Annual Meeting, 1988. |
5065. |
Phipps, Shelley Curtis, Lori |
Social Exclusion of Children in North America Working Paper, Dalhousie University, August 2000. Also: http://www.econ.nyu.edu/iariw/papers/SOCEX1.PDF Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Dalhousie University Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Income Level; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenting Skills/Styles; Social Emotional Development; Social Environment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Much of the social exclusion literature takes an adult-focused rather than a child-focused perspective (see Phipps, 1999). Of course, some dimensions of exclusion seem relevant in either case (e.g., low-income or social isolation). However, being excluded from productive employment or from political participation is something which an adult rather than a child might experience, though the parent's experience may of course affect the child. More relevant from a child's perspective might be feeling socially isolated at school or being excluded from 'extracurricular' activities such as clubs or sports teams. In the first major section of our paper, we build upon Phipps, 1999a and b to provide a conceptual discussion of what it means for a child to be 'socially excluded' and how we might measure this. In the second major section of the paper, we make use of 1996 data from the Statistics Canada Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) and the US National Survey of Youth -- Mother Child Survey to provide an exploratory empirical investigation of the extent of social exclusion among young children (age 6 to 13) in North America, where the concept has not yet gained the same prevalence as in Europe (though see, for example, Hatfield, 2000). We want to assess, first, the extent of correlation across various aspects of the social exclusion of a child. How strong are the correlations? How many children experience exclusion in multiple dimensions? How does this compare across Canada and the US? We are also particularly interested in the link between parental social exclusion and childhood social exclusion. That is, if the parent is socially excluded, is her child likely also to be excluded? To examine such associations, we estimate tobit models of the number of exclusions experienced by the child as functions of measures of various measures of adult exclusion, controlling for other relevant sociodemographic characteristics. The final section of the paper offers some conclusions as well as suggestions for further research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Phipps, Shelley and Lori Curtis. "Social Exclusion of Children in North America." Working Paper, Dalhousie University, August 2000. |
5066. |
Physorg.Com |
Early Academic Skills, not Behavior, Best Predict School Success Physorg.com, November 13, 2007, General Science, Other; on-line. Also: http://www.physorg.com/news114165068.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Omicron Technology Limited Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); British Cohort Study (BCS); Children, Academic Development; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Entry/Readiness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Source: NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY. "An educational study unprecedented in scope finds that children who enter kindergarten with elementary mathematics and reading skills are the most likely to experience later academic success -- whether or not they have social or emotional problems." |
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Bibliography Citation
Physorg.Com. "Early Academic Skills, not Behavior, Best Predict School Success." Physorg.com, November 13, 2007, General Science, Other; on-line. |
5067. |
Piehl, Anne Morrison |
Economic Issues in Crime Policy Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Demography; Economics, Demographic; Incarceration/Jail; Labor Economics; Residence; Simultaneity From 1980 to 1993, the number of inmates in state and federal prisons rose 200%. Throughout this expansion, the poorly-educated continued to be overrepresented among the nation's prisoners. At the same time, public concern about crime has also increased. Perhaps because immigrants share many demographic characteristics with criminals, public concern about immigration is often coupled with concern about crime. This dissertation empirically examines these issues central to sensible policy debate. Chapter one uses a unique micro-level data set of Wisconsin inmates to show that the completion of adult basic and high school education programs while in prison is significantly associated with lower recidivism. To correct for possible positive selection bias in these estimates, a variety of specifications are proposed and estimated. The results give no indication of significant selection bias. Chapter two looks directly at schooling and criminal justice outcomes by decomposing the relationship between education and incarceration into two subsidiary relationships: education and committing crime and education and conviction (conditional upon committing crime). Using Boston Youth Survey data on young males from low income neighborhoods, I find that additional years of schooling are associated with lower probabilities of both committing crime and of conviction. In a simultaneous model, the negative relationship between education and criminality remains statistically significant. Chapter three, written jointly with Kristin Butcher, investigates the relationship between immigration into a metropolitan area and that area's crime rate over the 1980's. Using data from the Uniform Crime Reports and the Current Population Surveys, we find, in the cross-section, that cities with high crime rates tend to have large numbers of immigrants. However, controlling for the demographic characteristics of the cities, recent immigrants appear to have no effect on crime rates. When we try to explain changes in the crime rate in a city over time, recent immigration again has no effect. In a secondary analysis of individual data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find that youth born abroad are statistically significantly less likely to be criminally active, based on a variety of measures. Implications of the empirical results for public policy are discussed throughout the dissertation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Piehl, Anne Morrison. Economic Issues in Crime Policy. Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1994. |
5068. |
Pierret, Charles R. |
Event History Data and Survey Recall: An Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Recall Experiment Journal of Human Resources 36,3 (Summer 2001): 439-466. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3069626 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Data Quality/Consistency; Employment History; Event History; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) Prior to its switch from an annual interviewing format to a biennial one, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) conducted an experiment to see how less frequent interviews would affect data quality. This paper analyzes this experiment with respect to data collected using event history techniques, namely AFDC and food stamp recipiency and employment history. Respondents faced with the longer recall period failed to report short spells of recipiency, employment, and nonemployment. The pattern of the coefficients in econometric models of the type often used to study event history did not change greatly, though tests reject the equality of the coefficients between the recall sample and the control group in half of the models estimated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pierret, Charles R. "Event History Data and Survey Recall: An Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Recall Experiment." Journal of Human Resources 36,3 (Summer 2001): 439-466.
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5069. |
Pierret, Charles R. |
The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: 1979 Cohort at 25 Monthly Labor Review 128,2 (February 2005): 3-7. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/02/art1exc.htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Bureau of Labor Statistics; Longitudinal Surveys; NLS Description The 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth has been a font of information for researchers of all stripes; the Monthly Labor Review brings together the results of research on topics ranging from employment, to attrition in the survey, to data on education, to the children of survey respondents. This issue of the Monthly Labor Review celebrates the 25th anniversary of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort (NLSY79). The National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) program, of which the NLSY79 is the flagship survey, is a bit of an anomaly among the Bureau of Labor Statistics many data collection efforts. None of the Bureau's key economic indicators relies on NLS data. Only a couple of the more than one hundred press releases the Bureau publishes each year involve data collected by the NLS program. It is doubtful that financial markets ever will react strongly to the release of NLS data. And unlike the current employment statistics, the inflation statistics, or the unemployment rate, measures from the NLSY79 are not likely to be discussed in everyday conversation or even in the business news. Yet, the NLSY79 has been extremely influential. Over the last 25 years, it has provided the data for thousands of Ph.D. dissertations, working papers, journal articles, and books that have shaped theory and knowledge in disciplines such as economics, sociology, education, psychology, and health sciences. The survey's primary constituency includes hundreds of researchers within universities, think tanks, and government agencies both in the United States and abroad. Because of its quality, breadth, and thoroughness, the NLSY79 has become probably the most analyzed longitudinal data set in the social sciences. Almost every issue of leading labor economics and demography journals contain at least one article that uses NLSY79 data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pierret, Charles R. "The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: 1979 Cohort at 25." Monthly Labor Review 128,2 (February 2005): 3-7.
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5070. |
Pierret, Charles R. |
The National Longitudinal Surveys Program Presented: Budapest, Hungary, 10th Sienna Group Meeting, November 2003 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLS General, NLSY79, NLSY97, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Hispanics; Home Environment; Longitudinal Surveys; NLS Description; Sample Selection Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS), sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), are a set of surveys designed to gather information at multiple points in time on the lives and experiences of six groups of men and women. Each of the six cohorts has been selected to represent all people living in the United States at the initial interview date and born during a given period. This selection allows weighted conclusions to be drawn about the sample group that can be generalized to represent the experiences of the larger population of U.S. residents born during the same period. Sample design procedures ensure that the labor market experiences of blacks, Hispanics, youths, women, and the economically disadvantaged can be examined. The NLS also include surveys of the children born to women who participate in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Detailed information is gathered biennially on the child's home environment and cognitive, socio-emotional, and physiological development; as they get older, these young adults report on their education, workforce participation, and fertility. This unique set of national surveys offers researchers the opportunity to study large panels of men, women, and children over significant segments of their lives. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pierret, Charles R. "The National Longitudinal Surveys Program." Presented: Budapest, Hungary, 10th Sienna Group Meeting, November 2003. |
5071. |
Pierret, Charles R. Datta, Atreyee Rupa |
50 Years of American Indebtedness and Policies That Have Shaped It Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, NLSY97, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Financial Assistance; Legislation; Life Course; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using all six surveys in the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) program, this paper documents patterns of household debt since the late 1960s across several generations born throughout the 20th century. The paper indicates the extent to which demographic disparities in debt (for example, across age, educational attainment and race/ethnicity) have varied over time or across the life course. In tandem, the paper identifies key policy or market changes that have affected household indebtedness over the same 50 year period. Relevant areas include federal income tax treatment of mortgage debt, regulation of housing finance more generally, the rise of unsecured credit through credit cards, available methods of college finance, divorce laws, and federal and state tax incentives for retirement savings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pierret, Charles R. and Atreyee Rupa Datta. "50 Years of American Indebtedness and Policies That Have Shaped It." Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015. |
5072. |
Pina, Gabriel Pirog, Maureen |
The Impact of Foreclosure Prevention Policies on Preventive Care and Health Behaviors Presented: Chicago IL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS); Foreclosure; Geocoded Data; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Home Ownership; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A relative large body of literature shows how mortgage delinquency and foreclosure can negatively impact the well-being of individuals. Foreclosure and mortgage delinquency can have adverse effects on health, mental health, and risky health behaviors. During the financial crisis, several new public and private mortgage assistance programs were implemented in an attempt to prevent the large increase in foreclosures across the nation. Recent research finds that these programs are associated with lower rate of foreclosures and delinquencies, but no research has examined the impact of these policies on health outcomes. This study attempts to fill this gap by studying the impact the Hardest Hit Fund, a 2010 program that provided $7.6 billion of funding to 18 states that were most severely affected by the foreclosure crisis. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we estimate a difference-in-differences model that compares states that did and did not receive HHF funds for a subset of potentially eligible low income homeowners. We examine the impact of the program on preventive care (e.g., routine checkup), risky health behaviors (e.g., smoking, heavy drinking), and self-assessed health. Preliminary results show that the program increased the use of certain forms of preventive care and improved self-assessed health, but there is no evidence of an impact on risky health behaviors, neither on any mental health outcome. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pina, Gabriel and Maureen Pirog. "The Impact of Foreclosure Prevention Policies on Preventive Care and Health Behaviors." Presented: Chicago IL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2017. |
5073. |
Ping, Jing |
Is Negative Selection True for College Major? Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Propensity Scores; STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research finds that college education brings much less difference in returns for individuals from high social origins than for individuals of low socioeconomic status. But without considering qualitative factors of college, it likely omits true underlying mechanism. In this paper, I address this gap by zooming into the qualitative dimension of college and discussing the heterogeneous effect of STEM major on future wages across people of different social origins. This study focuses on individuals who were between 14 and 17 years old in 1979 in NLSY79 dataset. I construct propensity scores indicating the likelihood of selecting STEM major and utilize hierarchical linear model to check the existence of heterogeneous effect on STEM major on wages in 1998, 2002 and 2006. The results show that although there is indeed a trend that people who come from disadvantaged status are more likely to choose STEM major, no statistically significant evidence supports either the positive selection hypothesis or negative selection hypothesis. In other words, the higher probability of selecting STEM major does not necessarily indicate either more difference or less difference in the returning benefits between STEM graduates and Non-STEM graduates, but in general, people who select STEM major can earn more than those who do not. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ping, Jing. "Is Negative Selection True for College Major?" Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018. |
5074. |
Pinkston, Joshua C. |
A Test of Screening Discrimination with Employer Learning Industrial and Labor Relations Review 59,2 (January 2006): 267-284. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25067520 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Black Studies; Discrimination; Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Job; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Minorities; Minority Groups This paper tests for the presence of screening discrimination, a type of statistical discrimination that occurs when employers are less able to evaluate the ability of workers from one group than from another. Using data from the 2000 release of the NLSY79, the author examines wage equations in a framework of employer learning to test the hypothesis that the market receives less reliable productivity signals at labor market entry from black men than from white men. The estimation results support this hypothesis. Variables that are difficult for employers to observe, such as the AFQT score, had less influence on the wages of black men (and easily observed variables had more influence) than on the wages of white men. The influence of hard-to-observe variables on wages, however, increased faster with experience for black men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pinkston, Joshua C. "A Test of Screening Discrimination with Employer Learning." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 59,2 (January 2006): 267-284.
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5075. |
Pinkston, Joshua C. |
Model of Asymmetric Employer Learning with Testable Implications BLS Working Paper 365, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor, January, 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Mobility, Labor Market; Wage Growth; Wage Models; Wages, Men This paper develops and tests a unique model asymmetric employer learning. The previous literature on asymmetric learning assumes that a worker's employer is perfectly informed while outside firms possess only public information. This paper relaxes that assumption, allowing firms to profitably bid for employed workers under conditions that were not profitable in previous models. The model in this paper is the first in the literature to predict either wage growth without promotions or mobility between firms without firm- or match-specific productivity. The bidding through which firms compete for a worker produces a sequence of wages that converges to the current employer's conditional expectation of the worker's productivity. This convergence of wages allows the model to be tested using an extension of existing work on employer learning. Wage regressions estimated on a sample of men from the NLSY produce strong evidence of asymmetric learning. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pinkston, Joshua C. "Model of Asymmetric Employer Learning with Testable Implications." BLS Working Paper 365, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor, January, 2003. |
5076. |
Pirog-Good, Maureen A. |
Teen Fathers and the Child Support Enforcement System In: Paternity Establishment: A Public Policy Conference, Volume 2: Studies of the Circumstances of Mothers and Fathers. Madison WI: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Child Support; Childbearing, Adolescent; Data Quality/Consistency; Fathers, Absence; Poverty; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: Special Report #56B (August 1992), Madison WI: Institute for Research on Poverty, 1992 Institute for Research on Poverty Conference report. Enormous attention has been paid to adolescent mothers and their children. The United States has a higher rate of teen pregnancy than any other industrialized country. In 1988 alone, there were 488,941 births to women under the age of 20. If there were no adverse effects of adolescent parenting, the high incidence of teenage childbearing in the U.S. would not surface as a policy issue. Because of the high personal and social costs of teen parenting, the antecedents, consequences, and factors associated with adolescent motherhood have been widely researched. In contrast, young fathers are infrequently the focus of researchers. Knowledge of this population contains neither the breath nor depth of knowledge concerning young mothers. Currently, there are only six published studies of young fathers which use nationally representative data. Of the six, one focuses on absent fathers many of whom are in their early to mid twenties. The remaining five use outdated data, are narrowly focused, or use biased subsamples of nationally representative data. Consequently, public policies directed towards this population are made in a virtual vacuum of knowledge. However, few public policies are specifically targeted at teen fathers. To partially fill the void of knowledge concerning teen fathers, this article provides a general overview of this population. The data for the ensuing analyses are derived from two different sources. The description of the teen father population is based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experiences-Youth Cohort (NLSY). NLSY is a balanced panel which includes information on 6,403 males ages 14-21 in 1979. The second source of data is a survey mailed to the directors of Child Support Enforcement (CSE) programs and State Court administrators in eve ry state and the District of Columbia in January, 1993. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pirog-Good, Maureen A. "Teen Fathers and the Child Support Enforcement System" In: Paternity Establishment: A Public Policy Conference, Volume 2: Studies of the Circumstances of Mothers and Fathers. Madison WI: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), 1992
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5077. |
Pirog-Good, Maureen A. |
The Family Background and Attitudes of Teen Fathers Youth and Society 26,3 (March 1995): 351-376. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/26/3/351.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Attitudes; Family Background and Culture; Fathers, Influence; Household Composition; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Male Sample; Poverty; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Sex Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examines the family background and attitudes of adolescent fathers. A greater percentage of teen fathers than of teenagers who are not fathers come from poor and unstable households whose members are less educated. Generally speaking, for Whites, being a teenage father is associated with having a low self-esteem, an external locus of control, and conservative sex-role attitudes, whereas for Blacks, it is not. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohort. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pirog-Good, Maureen A. "The Family Background and Attitudes of Teen Fathers." Youth and Society 26,3 (March 1995): 351-376.
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5078. |
Pirog-Good, Maureen A. Amerson, Lydia |
The Long Arm of Justice: The Potential for Seizing the Assets of Child Support Obligors Family Relations 46,1 (January 1997): 47-55. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/585606 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Child Support; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Welfare Discusses the potential for the Child Support Enforcement program in the United States to expand its asset seizure activities by documenting the size and composition of asset portfolios of fathers who live apart from their children. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experiences-Youth Cohort; Work in return for public assistance to families. Full text available online: EBSCO. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pirog-Good, Maureen A. and Lydia Amerson. "The Long Arm of Justice: The Potential for Seizing the Assets of Child Support Obligors." Family Relations 46,1 (January 1997): 47-55.
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5079. |
Pirog-Good, Maureen A. Good, David H. |
Child Support Enforcement for Teenage Fathers: Problems and Prospects Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 14,1 (Winter 1995): 25-43. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/3325431/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Child Support; Fatherhood; Fathers; Fathers and Children Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the NLSY (National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experiences-Youth Cohort) indicate that about 7.3 percent of teenage males become fathers and that very few of these fathers live with their children. Father absence and the concurrent increase in female-headed households are closely associated with the impoverishment of children. Most absent teen fathers never come into contact with the child support enforcement (CSE) program, and the extent to which they financially support their children informally is not well understood. While the income of absent teen fathers is low in the teen years, it increases over time, as does the potential for collecting child support. Nevertheless, men who were absent teen fathers earn less in early adulthood than men who deferred parenting until age 20 or later and teen fathers who lived with their children. Early establishment of paternity and greater standardization in the treatment of adolescent fathers by the child support enforcement program are recommended. Further, the substantial and persistent income deficit experienced by adolescent fathers who live apart from their children raises an interesting dilemma. While children may benefit financially and psychosocially from living with two parents, the lower income of men who were absent teenage fathers may make them poor marital prospects. This raises doubts about the recent recommendations of some scholars that we should bring back the shotgun wedding. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pirog-Good, Maureen A. and David H. Good. "Child Support Enforcement for Teenage Fathers: Problems and Prospects." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 14,1 (Winter 1995): 25-43.
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5080. |
Pirog, Maureen Jung, Haeil |
The Changing Composition of Young Fathers and the Effects of Early Fathering on Education and Labor Market Outcomes Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Education; Fatherhood; Labor Market Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examines differences in the composition of teen (up to age 19) and young (ages 20-24) fathers using the 1979 and 1997 panels of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY). To make a valid comparison between two generations, we compare three cohorts (born between 1962 and 1964) from the 1979 NLSY with three cohorts (born between 1980 and 1982) from the 1997 panel of NLSY. Respondents were 15 to 17 years of age when they responded to the first survey in both panels. Initial estimates indicate that reports by teen males of fathering children are more common in the 1997 panel than in the 1979 panel, and that early fathering has likely moved from seriously disadvantaged backgrounds into the social mainstream. Using regression models, we also examine the changing impacts of teen fatherhood on education and labor market outcomes at age 25. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pirog, Maureen and Haeil Jung. "The Changing Composition of Young Fathers and the Effects of Early Fathering on Education and Labor Market Outcomes." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
5081. |
Pirog, Maureen Jung, Haeil Lee, Daewoo |
The Changing Face of Teenage Parenthood in the United States: Evidence from NLSY79 and NLSY97 Child and Youth Care Forum 47,3 (June 2018): 317-342. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10566-017-9417-y Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Fatherhood; Parenthood; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: In this study, we provide an updated report on differences in adult cohabitation rates during past decades, examine the risk factors associated with becoming a teen parent, and track teen parents' educational and labor market outcomes until the age of 29 to examine whether the outcomes associated with become teen parents have changed in recent decades. Methods: We select two nationally representative birth cohorts in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 and 1997 (N = 9821). We use the difference-in-difference approach to examine whether the positions of teen parents have progressed or worsened across the two cohorts. Conclusion: The birth rates to teenage girls remained unchanged across the two cohorts, but the reported rates of teenage fatherhood increased. The proportions of both unmarried teenage fathers and mothers increased between the two cohorts. Teen fathers and mothers came increasingly from single-mother families with disadvantaged backgrounds. The proportion of teen mothers or fathers living with partners has not changed, but there has been a major shift from marriage to non-marital cohabitation. The education and earnings of the 1997 cohort of teen parents showed some progress relative to the earlier teen parent cohort, but no progress relative to peers who were not teen parents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pirog, Maureen, Haeil Jung and Daewoo Lee. "The Changing Face of Teenage Parenthood in the United States: Evidence from NLSY79 and NLSY97." Child and Youth Care Forum 47,3 (June 2018): 317-342.
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5082. |
Pitt, Mark |
A Simple Correction for Fertility Selection Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2003 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Data Analysis; Fertility; Modeling, Logit; Modeling, Probit; Monte Carlo; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Statistical Analysis; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper sets out some methods for controlling and testing for fertility selection that are extremely easy to use and can be simply implemented without any knowledge of programming using only a half-dozen lines of code in standard software packages such as Stata or SPSS. These methods require that a random effects structure for regression errors as in Pitt (1997). One method is essentially a two-step estimator of Pitt's 1997 random effects selection model.. In the first step of this procedure a selection correction term (as in Heckman's two-step method) is calculated that does not rely on a distributional assumption to achieve parameter identification in the second stage. In particular, this paper demonstrates that successive Taylor series approximations of the woman-specific random effect can be easily calculated based simply on the parameters of a simple binary probit (or logit) model of fertility, and the actual fertility outcomes observed for each woman. As the number of potential births (time periods) gets large, this estimator converges to the true random effect. In practice, simulation experiments demonstrate the efficacy of this approach even for samples of women still early in the reproductive lives, and the substantially higher precision obtained as compared to the application of Heckman's two-step (or maximum likelihood) inverse Mill's ratio approach that does not make use of the panel nature of reproductive histories. Adding these estimated random effects as an independent variable in subsequent regressions of the determinants of child health (or schooling or other behaviors), controls for fertility selection. The paper provides simulation (Monte Carlo) results demonstrating the efficacy of this two-step method, compares it to Heckman's method, extends it to models with nonnormal errors and state dependence (lagged dependent variables), and presents results of its application to the determination of various measures of child health and cognitive achievement using the NLSY data set. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pitt, Mark. "A Simple Correction for Fertility Selection." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2003. |
5083. |
Pitt, Richard N. Borland, Elizabeth |
Bachelorhood and Men's Attitudes about Gender Roles Journal of Men's Studies 16,2 (Spring 2008): 140-159 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Men's Studies Press Keyword(s): Gender; Marriage; Men's Studies; Women's Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the gendered domestic division of labor and men's attitudes regarding gender roles. It focuses on a potential catalyst for changing gender attitudes: bachelorhood. Because social conditions increasingly delay heterosexual men's movement toward marriage, it is important to consider the significance of the period between childhood and marriage. Using the NLSY, we find that the longer a man lives independently—outside his parents' home and institutional settings (e.g., college dorms), and not married or cohabiting—the less traditional his attitudes about gender. Specifically, we find that the longer a man lives independently, the more likely he is to agree that men should share housework, and the less likely he is to think that a woman's place is in the home. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pitt, Richard N. and Elizabeth Borland. "Bachelorhood and Men's Attitudes about Gender Roles." Journal of Men's Studies 16,2 (Spring 2008): 140-159.
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5084. |
Pitts, Joshua D. Kroncke, Charles |
Educational Attainment and the Gender Wage Gap: A Comparison of Young Men and Women in 1984 and 2007 Forum for Social Economics 43,2 (May 2014): 123-155. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07360932.2012.736077#.U6l-YhDCpEM Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): College Education; Discrimination; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Wage Gap This study pools data from two sources to investigate the role of educational attainment in determining the gender wage gap. The empirical analysis reveals that the returns to education remained largely unchanged for young men but declined significantly for young women over the period 1984–2007. We find significant evidence of a decline in the returns to a Bachelor's degree for young women as well as evidence of increasing wage inequality over time among young men and women with a Bachelor's degree. Also, in 2007, the gender wage gap between young men and women was largest for those with a Bachelor's degree. Further, our analysis suggests that young women with a college education may confront more discrimination in the labor market than young women without a college education. We conclude that promoting educational attainment among young women may be a necessary but not sufficient condition for addressing the gender wage gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pitts, Joshua D. and Charles Kroncke. "Educational Attainment and the Gender Wage Gap: A Comparison of Young Men and Women in 1984 and 2007." Forum for Social Economics 43,2 (May 2014): 123-155.
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5085. |
Plantinga, Andrew J. Bernell, Stephanie |
Can Urban Planning Reduce Obesity? The Role of Self-Selection in Explaining the Link between Weight and Urban Sprawl Review of Agricultural Economics 29,3 (Fall 2007): 557-563. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4624865 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Obesity; Residence; Rural/Urban Differences; Weight Research by Plantinga and Bernell suggests that an individual's body weight is a factor determining the desirability of a residential location. They found the relationship between obesity and urban sprawl can be explained by the way people sort themselves by personal preference. < p/> In a follow-up study, Plantinga and Bernell used a national data set to test whether body mass index influences the decisions of adults to locate in counties with a high or low degree of sprawl. To measure body weight, the researchers used data from the U.S. Department of Labor's National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which has tracked statistics on thousands of individuals since their youth in 1979. The researchers examined many factors, among them ethnicity, gender, age, income, education, marital status and body weight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Plantinga, Andrew J. and Stephanie Bernell. "Can Urban Planning Reduce Obesity? The Role of Self-Selection in Explaining the Link between Weight and Urban Sprawl." Review of Agricultural Economics 29,3 (Fall 2007): 557-563.
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5086. |
Plantinga, Andrew J. Bernell, Stephanie |
The Association Between Urban Sprawl And Obesity: Is It A Two-Way Street? Journal of Regional Science 47,5 (December 2007): 857-879. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2007.00533.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Demography; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Marital Status; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Neighborhood Effects; Obesity; Urban and Regional Planning; Urbanization/Urban Living; Weight Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1017961 or DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9787.2007.00533.x We empirically examine the relationship between obesity and urban development patterns where individuals reside. Previous analyses treat urban form as exogenous to weight, and find higher body mass indices (BMI) among residents of areas with sprawl patterns of development. Using samples of recent movers, we find that the causality runs in both directions. Individuals who move to denser locations lose weight. As well, BMI is a determinant of the choice of a dense or sprawling location. In sum, while moving to a dense area results in weight loss, such locations are unlikely to be selected by individuals with high BMI. |
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Bibliography Citation
Plantinga, Andrew J. and Stephanie Bernell. "The Association Between Urban Sprawl And Obesity: Is It A Two-Way Street?" Journal of Regional Science 47,5 (December 2007): 857-879.
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5087. |
Platt, Jonathan M. |
Changes in Gendered Social Position and the Depression Gap over Time in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation applied social stress theory to better understand the social causes of the depression gap with three related aims. Aim 1 summarized the evidence for variation or stability in the depression gap in recent decades, through a systematic review and meta-regression of depression gap studies over time and by age. Aim 2 examined the evidence for a changing depression gap across birth cohorts, and tested the extent to which any changes over time were mediated by changing gender differences in education, employment, and housework rates, three indicators of broader trends in gendered social position through the 21st Century. Aim 3 examined whether women in the workforce with competing domestic labor roles were at increased risk of depression, and whether pro-family workplace benefits buffered the effects of competing roles. |
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Bibliography Citation
Platt, Jonathan M. Changes in Gendered Social Position and the Depression Gap over Time in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, 2020. |
5088. |
Platt, Jonathan M. Bates, Lisa Jager, Justin McLaughlin, Katie A. Keyes, Katherine M. |
Changes in the Depression Gender Gap from 1992-2014: Cohort Effects and Mediation by Gendered Social Position Social Science and Medicine 258 (August 2020): 113088. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953620303075 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Degree; Depression (see also CESD); Employment; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Housework/Housewives; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission The present study examined the evidence for a changing depression gap across birth cohorts and tested the extent to which any changes over time were mediated by changes in relative social position between women and men. Data were from the National Longitudinal Surveys. The depression gap was defined as differences in mean CESD scores for women vs. men. The analytic sample included 13,666 respondents interviewed from 1992-2014. Hierarchical mixed models estimated the magnitude of the gender depression gap over time, its association with 10-year birth cohort (range: 1957-1994), and whether any variation was mediated by ratios among women relative to men of obtaining a college degree, being employed full-time, and the average number of hours spent doing housework per week, three indicators of gendered social position. There was a linear decrease in the depression gap by 0.18 points across birth cohort (95% CI= -0.26, -0.10). The results of the mediation analysis estimated that an increasing ratio of college degree attainment mediated 39% of the gender depression gap across cohorts (95% CI= 0.18, 0.78). There was no evidence of mediation due to changing employment or housework ratios. These findings partially support the hypothesis that the depression gap is changing over time and is meaningfully related to the social environment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Platt, Jonathan M., Lisa Bates, Justin Jager, Katie A. McLaughlin and Katherine M. Keyes. "Changes in the Depression Gender Gap from 1992-2014: Cohort Effects and Mediation by Gendered Social Position." Social Science and Medicine 258 (August 2020): 113088.
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5089. |
Plotnick, Robert D. |
Determinants of Teenage Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Family Planning; Fathers, Absence; Fertility; Household Composition; Marital Status; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study provides new evidence on the causes of teenage out-of-wedlock childbearing. It uses the NLSY to follow the fertility and marital history of young teenage girls. Personal and family background characteristics in this data set are merged with state data on welfare policy, on abortion and family planning policies and service availability, and on the socio-economic environment. Discrete time hazard models and cross-section logit models are used to assess the effects of a wide set of explanatory variables on the probability that a girl will have an out-of-wedlock birth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Plotnick, Robert D. "Determinants of Teenage Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1988. |
5090. |
Plotnick, Robert D. |
The Effect of Attitudes on Teenage Premarital Pregnancy and its Resolution Discussion Paper No. 965-92, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, February 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Background and Culture; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Internal-External Attitude; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem; Teenagers; Women's Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the influence of self-esteem, locus of control, and attitudes toward women's family roles and school on the probability of teenage premarital pregnancy and, given a pregnancy, whether it is resolved by abortion, having the birth premaritally, or marrying before the birth. The data are drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and analyzed using the nested logit method. The evidence suggests that for both whites and blacks the four attitude variables are associated with premarital pregnancy and its resolution in the directions predicted by theory. |
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Bibliography Citation
Plotnick, Robert D. "The Effect of Attitudes on Teenage Premarital Pregnancy and its Resolution." Discussion Paper No. 965-92, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, February 1992. |
5091. |
Plotnick, Robert D. |
The Effects of Attitudes on Teenage Pregnancy and its Resolution American Sociological Review 57,6 (December 1992): 800-811. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096124 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Behavioral Problems; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Background and Culture; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Internal-External Attitude; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem; Teenagers; Women's Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Drawing on problem behavior theory and complementary models of behavior, I examine the influence of attitudes and related personality variables on the probability of teenage premarital pregnancy and, when a pregnancy occurs, whether it is resolved by abortion, having an out-of-wedlock birth, or marrying before the birth. A sample of non-Hispanic white adolescents is drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and analyzed using the nested logit method. The estimates show that self-esteem, locus of control, attitudes toward women's family roles, attitudes toward school, educational aspirations, and religiosity are associated with premarital pregnancy and its resolution in directions predicted by theory. The effects of self-esteem, attitudes toward school, attitudes toward women's family roles, and educational expectations are substantively important. Attitudes and related personality variables are important paths through which family background characteristics influence adolescent sexual and marriage behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Plotnick, Robert D. "The Effects of Attitudes on Teenage Pregnancy and its Resolution ." American Sociological Review 57,6 (December 1992): 800-811.
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5092. |
Plotnick, Robert D. |
Welfare and Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing: Evidence from the 1980s Journal of Marriage and Family 52,3 (August 1990): 735-746. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352938 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Background and Culture; Fathers, Absence; Government Regulation; Hispanics; Household Composition; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Teenagers; Welfare This paper used data from the NLSY to examine the relationship between welfare and teenage out-of-wedlock childbearing in the 1979-84 period. The results indicated a relationship between welfare policy and out-of- wedlock childbearing for white and black, but not for Hispanic adolescents, although the evidence was not strong enough to make this conclusion fully compelling. [ERIC EJ419730] |
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Bibliography Citation
Plotnick, Robert D. "Welfare and Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing: Evidence from the 1980s." Journal of Marriage and Family 52,3 (August 1990): 735-746.
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5093. |
Plotnick, Robert D. Butler, Sandra S. |
Attitudes and Adolescent Nonmarital Childbearing: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Journal of Adolescent Research 6,4 (October 1991): 470-492. Also: http://jar.sagepub.com/content/6/4/470.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Attitudes; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Influences; Internal-External Attitude; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem; Teenagers; Work Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research studied the relationship between adolescent nonmarital childbearing and self-esteem, locus of control, and attitudes toward women's family roles, school, and work. 1,184 girls were drawn from the NLSY, a nationally representative data base containing information on attitudes obtained before nonmarital childbearing occurred. Subjects were surveyed at age 14-15 years in 1979; by age 19 years, 16.9% of the subjects had a nonmarital child. The evidence shows that higher self-esteem and more positive attitudes toward school have been associated with a lower probability of nonmarital childbearing. Subjects with nontraditional views on family and gender roles, higher educational expectations, and strong locus of control were less likely to have become unwed mothers. [PsycINFO] |
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Bibliography Citation
Plotnick, Robert D. and Sandra S. Butler. "Attitudes and Adolescent Nonmarital Childbearing: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Journal of Adolescent Research 6,4 (October 1991): 470-492.
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5094. |
Plotnick, Robert D. Garfinkel, Irwin Gaylin, Daniel S. McLanahan, Sara S. Ku, Inhoe |
Better Child Support Enforcement: Can it Reduce Teenage Premarital Childbearing? Working Paper #99-01, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, 1999. Also: http://crcw.princeton.edu/workingpapers/WP99-01-Plotnick.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Office of Population Research, Princeton University Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Child Support; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Stricter child support enforcement may reduce unwed childbearing by raising the costs of fatherhood. We investigate this hypothesis using a sample of young women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, to which we add information on state child support enforcement. Models of the probability of a teenage premarital birth and of teenage premarital pregnancy and pregnancy resolution provide tentative evidence that, during the early 1980s, teens living in states with higher rates of paternity establishment were less likely to become unwed mothers. This relationship is stronger for non-Hispanic whites than for non-Hispanic blacks. The findings suggest that policies that shift more costs of premarital childbearing to men may reduce this behavior, at least among non-Hispanic whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Plotnick, Robert D., Irwin Garfinkel, Daniel S. Gaylin, Sara S. McLanahan and Inhoe Ku. "Better Child Support Enforcement: Can it Reduce Teenage Premarital Childbearing?" Working Paper #99-01, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, 1999. |
5095. |
Plotnick, Robert D. Garfinkel, Irwin McLanahan, Sara S. Ku, Inhoe |
Better Child Support Enforcement: Can It Reduce Teenage Premarital Childbearing? Journal of Family Issues 25,5 (July 2004): 634-658. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=13470389&db=aph Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Child Support; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Ethnic Differences; Fatherhood; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Sexual Behavior; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Stricter child support enforcement may reduce unwed childbearing by raising the costs of fatherhood. The authors investigate this hypothesis using a sample of young women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, to which they add information on state child support enforcement. Models of the probability of a teenage premarital birth and of teenage premarital pregnancy and pregnancy resolution provide tentative evidence that during the early 1980s, teens living in states with higher rates of paternity establishment were less likely to become unwed mothers. This relationship is stronger for non-Hispanic Whites than for non-Hispanic Blacks. The findings suggest that policies that shift more costs of premarital childbearing to men may reduce this behavior, at least among non-Hispanic Whites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Plotnick, Robert D., Irwin Garfinkel, Sara S. McLanahan and Inhoe Ku. "Better Child Support Enforcement: Can It Reduce Teenage Premarital Childbearing?" Journal of Family Issues 25,5 (July 2004): 634-658.
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5096. |
Plotnick, Robert D. Klawitter, Marieka Marjorie Edwards, Mark Evan |
Do Attitudes and Personal Characteristics Affect Socioeconomic Outcomes? The Case of Welfare Use by Young Women Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Attitudes; Family Background and Culture; Family Influences; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Modeling, Logit; Self-Esteem; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Develops & estimates a structural model of social-psychological determinants of entry to the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, which holds that attitudes & personality characteristics influence a woman's likelihood of becoming demographically & financially eligible for welfare & her willingness to bear the stigma of receiving benefits. These factors, in turn, affect the likelihood of going on welfare. Data from the youngest cohorts of women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are drawn on to estimate logit models of the probability of ever participating in AFDC up to age 25 & hazard models of the timing until first use of AFDC. The attitudes & personality characteristics investigated are self-esteem, locus of control, attitudes toward school, attitudes toward women's work & family roles, commitment to work, & aversion to accepting public assistance. Strong associations are found between welfare use & several attitudes & personality characteristics, but most of the associations are not robust to the inclusion of exogenous personal & family background characteristics. There is consistent, strong evidence that more positive attitudes toward school lower the likelihood of using welfare & increasing duration until first receipt. |
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Bibliography Citation
Plotnick, Robert D., Marieka Marjorie Klawitter and Mark Evan Edwards. "Do Attitudes and Personal Characteristics Affect Socioeconomic Outcomes? The Case of Welfare Use by Young Women." Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1998. |
5097. |
Plotnick, Robert D. Klawitter, Marieka Marjorie Edwards, Mark Evan |
Do Attitudes and Personality Characteristics Affect Socioeconomic Outcomes? The Case of Welfare Use by Young Women Discussion Paper No. 1161-98, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1998. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp116198.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Attitudes; Family Background and Culture; Family Influences; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Modeling, Logit; Self-Esteem; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We develop and estimate a model of social-psychological determinants of entry to the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, the primary cash welfare program in the United States for 60 years until replaced in 1996. The structural model holds that attitudes and personality characteristics influence a woman's likelihood of becoming demographically and financially eligible for welfare and her willingness to bear the stigma of receiving benefits. These factors, in turn, affect the likelihood of actually going on welfare. We test for a relationship between social-psychological variables and welfare participation using data from the youngest cohorts of women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We estimate logit models of the probability of ever participating in AFDC up to age 25 and hazard models of the timing until first use of AFDC. The attitudes and personality characteristics in the empirical model are self-esteem, locus of control, attitudes toward school, att itudes toward women's work and family roles, commitment to work, and aversion to accepting public assistance. We find strong associations between welfare use and several attitudes and personality characteristics, but most of the associations are not robust to the inclusion of exogenous personal and family background characteristics. Consistent, strong evidence suggests that more positive attitudes toward school lower the likelihood of using welfare and increase duration until first receipt. |
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Bibliography Citation
Plotnick, Robert D., Marieka Marjorie Klawitter and Mark Evan Edwards. "Do Attitudes and Personality Characteristics Affect Socioeconomic Outcomes? The Case of Welfare Use by Young Women." Discussion Paper No. 1161-98, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1998. |
5098. |
Polachek, Solomon W. |
Heterogeneity in the Labor Market: Ability and Information Acquisition Eastern Economic Journal 43,3 (June 2017): 377-390. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41302-017-0096-z Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Bargaining Model; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Life Cycle Research; Skill Depreciation; Skills; Wage Theory Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper relates five previously unobserved individual attributes (namely, three measures of ability based on the lifecycle human capital model, a rate of time preference, and a skill depreciation rate) to estimates of worker and firm incomplete labor market information for 1539 NLS-Y respondents. First, it finds more able employees obtain more information (or bargain better) about wages than their less able counterparts, whereas firms obtain relatively more information (or bargain better) when dealing with low ability workers. Second, it finds that workers whose skills depreciate more quickly possess less wage information (or bargain more poorly) than workers whose skills depreciate less quickly. Similarly, it finds employees with a greater time discount rates have less wage information (or bargain more poorly) than those employees with lower discount rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Polachek, Solomon W. "Heterogeneity in the Labor Market: Ability and Information Acquisition." Eastern Economic Journal 43,3 (June 2017): 377-390.
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5099. |
Polachek, Solomon W. |
Why the Gender Gap in Wages Narrowed in the 1980s Journal of Labor Economics 11,1 (January 1993): 205-228. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2535190 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Labor Market Surveys; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Schooling; Wage Differentials; Wages, Men; Wages, Women; Work Experience Since 1976, the gender gap in wages on average declined about one percent per year. This article focuses on identifying the factors underlying this trend. Three data sets are analyzed--the Current Population Survey, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, and the National Longitudinal Survey. The authors find that convergence in measurable work-related characteristics (schooling and work experience) explains one-third to one-half the narrowing. The remainder is attributable to a relative increase in women's returns to experience as well as to declining wages in blue-collar work and other factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
and Solomon W. Polachek. "Why the Gender Gap in Wages Narrowed in the 1980s." Journal of Labor Economics 11,1 (January 1993): 205-228.
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5100. |
Polachek, Solomon W. Das, Tirthatanmoy Thamma-Apiroam, Rewat |
Heterogeneity in the Production of Human Capital IZA Discussion Paper No. 7335, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2013. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp7335.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Earnings; Human Capital; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Skill Depreciation; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We derive a tractable nonlinear earnings function which we estimate separately for each individual in the NLSY79 data. These estimates yield five important parameters for each individual: three ability measures (two representing the ability to learn and one the ability to earn), a rate of skill depreciation, and a time discount rate. In addition, we obtain a population wide estimate of the rental rate of human capital. To illustrate heterogeneity in the production of human capital, we plot the distribution of these parameters along with NLSY79 reported AFQT scores. By utilizing these parameters, we are able to verify a number of heretofore untested theorems based on the life-cycle human capital model. In addition, we are able to show how these human capital production function parameters relate to cognitive ability, personality traits, and family background. Among our results, we find: Black-white differences in ability are smaller than those exhibited in standardized tests. Blacks have higher time discount and skill depreciation rates than whites. Individuals with higher time discount rates and greater rates of skill depreciation have fewer years of school. Individuals with both a high internal locus of control and self-esteem exhibit greater ability, lower skill depreciation, and smaller time discount rates. Individuals inclined towards depression have higher time discount rates. Agreeable, open, conscientious and extrovert individuals have a greater ability to learn but not necessarily a greater ability to earn. Neurotic individuals have a lower ability to learn. Higher parental education is associated with a greater ability to learn, lower skill depreciation, and a smaller time discount rate. Educational stimuli, such as growing up in a household that subscribed to magazines, are associated with higher ability. Conversely, growing up poor is associated with lower ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Polachek, Solomon W., Tirthatanmoy Das and Rewat Thamma-Apiroam. "Heterogeneity in the Production of Human Capital." IZA Discussion Paper No. 7335, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2013. |
5101. |
Polachek, Solomon W. Das, Tirthatanmoy Thamma-Apiroam, Rewat |
Micro- and Macroeconomic Implications of Heterogeneity in the Production of Human Capital Journal of Political Economy 123,6 (December 2015): 1410-1455. Also: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/683989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Family Background and Culture; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Skill Depreciation We derive a tractable nonlinear earnings function that we estimate separately individual by individual using NLSY79 data. We obtain three ability measures, a rate of skill depreciation, a time discount rate, and a population-wide estimate of the human capital rental rate. We utilize these parameters to verify a number of heretofore untested theorems based on the life cycle model. We show how these human capital production function parameters relate to cognitive ability, personality traits, and family background. Finally, we show that accounting for individual-specific heterogeneity dramatically reduces estimates of population-wide persistence of permanent and transitory shocks by over 50 percent. |
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Bibliography Citation
Polachek, Solomon W., Tirthatanmoy Das and Rewat Thamma-Apiroam. "Micro- and Macroeconomic Implications of Heterogeneity in the Production of Human Capital." Journal of Political Economy 123,6 (December 2015): 1410-1455.
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5102. |
Polivka, Anne E. |
Contingent and Alternative Work Arrangements, Defined Monthly Labor Review 119,10 (October 1996): 3-9. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1996/10/art2abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Absenteeism; Benefits, Fringe; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Labor Economics; Labor Supply; Part-Time Work; Time Use; Work Attitudes There is a growing sense that employers, in their attempts to reduce costs, have increased their use of employment intermediaries and are relying more on alternative staffing arrangements. This article discusses the definitions of contingent workers and alternative work arrangements used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to analyze data from a special supplement to the Current Population Survey, and presents aggregate estimates of workers in each group thus identified. Data from the 1994 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth also are used. The conclusion discusses the overlap between contingent workers and workers in alternative arrangements. |
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Bibliography Citation
Polivka, Anne E. "Contingent and Alternative Work Arrangements, Defined." Monthly Labor Review 119,10 (October 1996): 3-9.
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5103. |
Pollack, Harold |
Where Should Teen Mothers Live? What Should We Do About It? In: Race, Poverty and Domestic Policy. C. Michael Henry, ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004: pp. 509-564 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Yale University Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Childhood Residence; Children, Academic Development; Children, Adjustment Problems; Cohabitation; Mothers, Education; Residence; School Progress; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Blurb Review What explains the continuing hardship of so many black Americans? A distinguished group of scholars analyzes the long, complex structural and environmental causes of discrimination and their effects on African-Americans. The authors examine the impact of poverty, poor health, poor schools, poor housing, poor neighborhoods, and few job opportunities—and demonstrate how multiple causes reinforce each other and condemn African-Americans to positions of inferiority and poverty. Some of the contributors examine policies designed to correct problems, while others look at the changing racial and ethnic composition in America and its implications for African-Americans, as other minorities surpass them in numbers and claim political, economic, and social attention. The late James Tobin has contributed a foreword to this important collection. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pollack, Harold. "Where Should Teen Mothers Live? What Should We Do About It?" In: Race, Poverty and Domestic Policy. C. Michael Henry, ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004: pp. 509-564
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5104. |
Pollak, Robert A. Ginther, Donna K. |
Does Family Structure Affect Children's Educational Outcomes? NBER Working Paper No. 9628, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2003. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/9628 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Education; Endogeneity; Family Structure; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Siblings; Taxes This paper makes two contributions. First, it adds to the growing literature describing correlations between children's educational outcomes and family structure. Although popular discussions focus on the distinction between two-parent families and single-parent families, McLanahan and Sandefur [1994] show that outcomes for stepchildren are similar to outcomes for children in single-parent families. McLanahan and Sandefur describe their results as showing that the crucial distinction is between children who were reared by both biological parents and children who were not. This description is misleading. This paper shows that educational outcomes for both types of children in blended families -- stepchildren and their half-siblings who are the joint biological children of both parents -- are similar to each other and substantially worse than outcomes for children reared in traditional nuclear families. We conclude that, as a description of the data, the crucial distinction is between children reared in traditional nuclear families (i.e., families in which all children are the joint biological children of both parents) and children reared in other family structure (e.g., single-parent families or blended families). The paper's second contribution is to clarify the question, "What is the effect of family structure on outcomes for children?" Interpreted literally, the question asks about the effect of one endogenous variable on another. We argue for reformulating the family structure question by specifying some explicit counterfactual, and express a preference for a policy-relevant counterfactual. As an example, we suggest considering the effect of reducing the "marriage penalty" in the earned-income tax credit (EITC) that makes the credit essentially unavailable to two-earner couples. The EITC marriage penalty counterfactual, like any policy-relevant counterfactual, focuses attention on outcomes for those children whose parent's behavior is affected by the incentives created by the policy change. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pollak, Robert A. and Donna K. Ginther. "Does Family Structure Affect Children's Educational Outcomes?" NBER Working Paper No. 9628, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2003. |
5105. |
Pollock, Elizabeth Davenport |
Relationship Between Mental Health, Physical Health, Physical Appearance and Marital Dissatisfaction M.S. Thesis, University of Maryland - College Park, December 2006. MAI 44/06, p. 2649, Dec 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the relationship between mental health, physical health and physical appearance and marital dissatisfaction for women interviewed in the 1992 and 2002 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Ordered logistic regression analysis was applied to data from NLSY79's 1992 and 2002 rounds and the change from 1992 to 2002. This study found that health is an important factor in marital dissatisfaction. The results indicated that high levels of depression were related to high marital dissatisfaction, while high body weight and changes in physical health were related to low marital dissatisfaction. Social norms theory was found to be a consistent predictor of the relationship between poor mental health and marital dissatisfaction. Marital exchange theory's predictions were also supported by the data for the physical appearance and the physical health variables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pollock, Elizabeth Davenport. Relationship Between Mental Health, Physical Health, Physical Appearance and Marital Dissatisfaction. M.S. Thesis, University of Maryland - College Park, December 2006. MAI 44/06, p. 2649, Dec 2006. |
5106. |
Pope, Bryson Price, Joseph P. Lillard, Dean R. |
The Impact of Religion on Youth Outcomes Journal of Business Inquiry 13,1 (2014): 48-60. Also: http://www.uvu.edu/woodbury/docs/jbivol13_a4.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Utah Valley University Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Crime; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Monitoring the Future (MTF); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Propensity Scores; Religion; Risk-Taking; Siblings; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use data from several nationally representative datasets to estimate the relationship between church attendance and risky behaviors and whether these associations vary when one accounts for selective participation. We use various empirical methods including propensity score matching, sibling and family fixed-effects models, and instrumental variables models that exploit cross-state variation in blue laws. Our results across the different approaches converge into a general pattern that youth with higher church attendance are less likely to commit property or violent crimes, smoke, drink, use drugs, or receive a traffic ticket. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pope, Bryson, Joseph P. Price and Dean R. Lillard. "The Impact of Religion on Youth Outcomes." Journal of Business Inquiry 13,1 (2014): 48-60.
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5107. |
Porter, Sarah Glass, Jennifer L. |
Using O*NET Occupational Characteristics with Longitudinal Panel Data Presented: San Diego CA, Western Economic Association Conference, July 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Wage Growth; Work Hours/Schedule; Work, Atypical Our research project at the University of Iowa traces the effects of flexible work practices on individual’s wage growth over time, which we believe will be moderated based on organizational and occupational characteristics of the respondent’s primary job. For example, we believe that jobs involving a high level of customer/client service or team coordination of work tasks may penalize employees more strongly for utilizing a flexible schedule or working from home. The O*NET data base contains measures such as these for detailed job classifications using the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. In order to investigate this hypothesis, we needed to attach occupational characteristics from the O*NET data base to each person/job in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY) sample beginning with the 1989 wave through the 2002 wave when respondents were in their peak years of career building and family formation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Porter, Sarah and Jennifer L. Glass. "Using O*NET Occupational Characteristics with Longitudinal Panel Data." Presented: San Diego CA, Western Economic Association Conference, July 2006. |
5108. |
Porterfield, Shirley Kwon, Eunsun |
Caregiving and Preparation for Retirement Innovation in Aging 3,S1 (November 2019): S382. Also: https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/3/Supplement_1/S382/5615080 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Caregivers, Adult Children; Expectations/Intentions; Gender Differences; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Savings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Saving for retirement should begin with the first job, but preparation with respect to determining a specific retirement age and plans for post-retirement life, generally occurs closer to the retirement date. However, among those who provide care for family or close friends who are elderly and/or have disabilities, retirement preparation may take a back seat to more pressing current concerns. While we know quite a lot about patterns of saving for retirement and the factors that influence those patterns, we know little about retirement expectations and patterns of thinking about and planning for the broader retirement experience, particularly among caregivers. This paper uses data from the 2008-2016 rounds of the nationally-representative 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine retirement expectations and five areas of retirement preparation (reading, using a computer app, consulting a financial planner, calculating income, or attending meetings) among employed adults (ages 51-59 in 2016) who are or are not providing care for someone in or out of their household. Longitudinal analysis finds significantly lower retirement preparation among adults caring for someone inside versus outside the household, as well as significantly lower preparation activities among female versus male caregivers. Caregiving influences employment and, in turn, the types of retirement accounts held by men and women. Although caregiving is associated with decreased retirement savings among both men and women who have pension accounts, retirement preparation activities in 2008 and 2012 are associated with higher retirement savings in 2016. |
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Bibliography Citation
Porterfield, Shirley and Eunsun Kwon. "Caregiving and Preparation for Retirement." Innovation in Aging 3,S1 (November 2019): S382.
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5109. |
Porterfield, Shirley Kwon, Eunsun |
Caring for Children with Disabilities, Working, and Saving for Retirement over the Life Course Innovation in Aging 6, S_1 (November 2022): 806. Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2907 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Children; Disability; Labor Force Participation; Mothers; Pensions; Retirement/Retirement Planning Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper draws longitudinal data from the nationally-representative 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for the years 1987 through 2018, using a life-course perspective and sequence analysis to identify long-term work patterns among women with children who do and do not have disabilities with an explicit focus on variations in occupational class and employment status. We found a distinctive pattern of long-term work history with five types: Full-time semi-professional to not working, Constantly not working, Semi-professional full time, Professional full time, and Not working to full time work. Results from regression analyses revealed variation in mothers' household financial preparation for retirement at late mid-adulthood. Compared with mothers who held professional full-time jobs throughout their adulthood, mothers who started full time jobs in middle age and have children with disabilities were less likely to have pension plans. Mothers of children with disabilities who left the labor force in early middle age tended to have lower retirement savings. Policy interventions to address these mothers' caregiving ability to stay engaged in the workforce and prepare for their retirement need to be explored. |
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Bibliography Citation
Porterfield, Shirley and Eunsun Kwon. "Caring for Children with Disabilities, Working, and Saving for Retirement over the Life Course." Innovation in Aging 6, S_1 (November 2022): 806.
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5110. |
Porterfield, Shirley Tracey, Colleen |
Disentangling Dynamics of Family Poverty and Child Disability: What if Disability Comes First? Presented: San Diego, CA, Society for Social Work and Research Meetings, January 2003. Also: http://csd.wustl.edu/Publications/Documents/WP03-01.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for the Study of Social Problems Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Health; Children, Poverty; Disability; Divorce; Poverty; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Point-in-time research indicates that children with disabilities are significantly more likely to live in families in poverty than are children without disabilities. However it does not follow that children with disabilities or chronic illness are more likely to be born into families in poverty than children who are not diagnosed with anything. Thus, poverty may result from the birth of the disabled child rather than be a causal factor in the disability. To date, no other research has discussed this issue of chronology between poverty and disability. This paper examines this proposition using the linked 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79 - data on mothers) and NLSY79 Child and Youth Supplement data. All families are followed backward in time in order to examine their characteristics before the birth of their first child (for families without a child with disabilities) or before the birth of their first child with disabilities (for families with a disabled child). We estimate the impact the birth of a child with disabilities has on the likelihood that their family will fall into poverty or use AFDC/TANF, controlling for pre- and post-birth characteristics of parents and other family members. The results of this estimation suggest that causality is mixed. Descriptive statistics show that children with disabilities are more likely to be born to families in poverty (12.1 percent are in poverty the year before the child is born versus 8.9 percent of families who never have a disabled child in the year before their oldest child is born). This suggests that an enhanced focus on prenatal care for low-income families may be appropriate. However, the birth of a disabled child also significantly increases the risk of entering poverty for families (17.9 percent have family incomes below the poverty line one year after the birth of the oldest disabled child). Families who never have a disabled child have no significant change in their risk of poverty between the year prior to their oldest child's birth and the year after the birth of that child. This indicates that enhanced support services for these families may significantly improve the welfare of not only disabled children, but their family members and the communities in which they live as well. To the extent that other social risks also follow from the increased risk of poverty in families with disabled children (such as divorce and involvement with the child welfare system), policy intervention may lead to other social improvements. Also: Center for Social Development Working Paper No. 03-01, March 25, 2003. |
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Bibliography Citation
Porterfield, Shirley and Colleen Tracey. "Disentangling Dynamics of Family Poverty and Child Disability: What if Disability Comes First?" Presented: San Diego, CA, Society for Social Work and Research Meetings, January 2003. |
5111. |
Porterfield, Shirley Tracey, Colleen |
Disentangling the Dynamics of Family Poverty and Child Disability: Does Disability Come First? CSD Working Paper No. 03-01, Center for Social Development, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University - St. Louis, March 2003. Also: http://csd.wustl.edu/Publications/Documents/WP03-01.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Social Development, George Warren Brown School of Social Work Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Health; Children, Poverty; Disability; Divorce; Family Income; Poverty; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The passage of welfare reform in 1996 inexorably altered the relationship between the U.S. government and what are arguably its least able citizens. Not only were adults in families receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) now required to begin working a stipulated number of hours per week, but the federal legislation made no accommodations for families whose children, due either to chronic illness or disability, required additional parental time and resources. The impact of federal welfare reform legislation on these families has been the subject of ongoing examination. This paper provides background for the analysis of such policy implications by analyzing the causal relationship between poverty and child disability. Despite a plethora of research on the general association between poverty and child disability, the direction of causation between these two factors remains unclear. We don't know whether children with disabilities are more likely to be born into families in poverty than children without disabilities. For many families, poverty may result from the birth of the disabled child rather than be a causal factor in the disability. In this paper we explore this proposition by following families backward in time in order to examine their characteristics before and after the birth of their children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Porterfield, Shirley and Colleen Tracey. "Disentangling the Dynamics of Family Poverty and Child Disability: Does Disability Come First?" CSD Working Paper No. 03-01, Center for Social Development, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University - St. Louis, March 2003. |
5112. |
Ports, Katie A. Tang, Shichao Treves-Kagan, Sarah Rostad, Whitney L. |
Breaking the Cycle of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): Economic Position Moderates the Relationship Between Mother and Child ACE Scores among Black and Hispanic Families Children and Youth Services Review published online (19 May 2021): 106067. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740921001468 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Ethnic Differences; Family Income; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wealth Objective: To determine whether economic position moderates the association between mother's ACE score and child's ACE score and whether these pathways differ by race and ethnicity. Design: Conducted regression and moderation analysis using mother-child dyadic data from panel surveys, stratified by race. The simple slopes for the interactions were probed to determine the magnitude and significance of the interaction. Setting: Secondary data analysis utilizing data from two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys: 1) National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979; and 2) National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adults. Participants: The sample included 6,261 children and 2,967 matched mothers. Results: Mother's ACE score was positively associated with her child's ACE score. Economic position was a significant moderator for Black families. Higher wages and net family wealth during children's first five years were associated with weakened associations between mother and child ACEs for Black families. For Hispanic families, higher wages and salary were significantly associated with weakened associations. Among White families, higher net family wealth was associated with stronger ACEs transmission. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ports, Katie A., Shichao Tang, Sarah Treves-Kagan and Whitney L. Rostad. "Breaking the Cycle of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): Economic Position Moderates the Relationship Between Mother and Child ACE Scores among Black and Hispanic Families." Children and Youth Services Review published online (19 May 2021): 106067.
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5113. |
Posadas, Josefina Vidal-Fernández, Marian |
Grandparents' Childcare and Female Labor Force Participation IZA Journal of Labor Policy 2 (2013): 14. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/2193-9004-2-14 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Child Care; Grandparents; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Modeling, OLS Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the United States, approximately 20% of employed mothers with children under 5 use grandparents as their primary source of childcare. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), we investigate whether the availability of this source of childcare has a causal effect on mother's labor force participation. We compare Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), women's Fixed Effects (FE) and Instrumental Variables (IV) estimates. We find that OLS estimates overestimate the effect of grandparental childcare on young mothers' labor force participation and are not significantly different from IV estimates. In our preferred specification, FE, we find that the availability of grandparental childcare significantly increases mothers' labor force participation by 9 percentage points and that this effect is largely driven by minority, single or never married mothers. Our findings suggest that policies that raise retirement ages might increase older cohorts' labor participation rates at the expense of young women's through childcare availability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Posadas, Josefina and Marian Vidal-Fernández. "Grandparents' Childcare and Female Labor Force Participation." IZA Journal of Labor Policy 2 (2013): 14.
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5114. |
Posadas, Josefina Vidal-Fernández, Marian |
Grandparents’ Childcare and Female Labor Force Participation IZA Discussion Paper No. 6398, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), February 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Child Care; Grandmothers; Grandparents; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the U.S., grandparents look after one in five preschool children of employed women. Does this source of informal childcare increase female labor force participation and if so, up to what extent? The main challenge to answer this question is that a positive relationship between grandparents’ childcare and female labor force participation might not be causal. We use the maternal grandmother’s death as an instrument of grandparents’ childcare to measure the effect of grandparents’ childcare on maternal labor force participation (MLFP). We compare OLS and IV estimates and find that grandparents’ childcare increases MLFP by 15 percentage points on average. We argue that most of the effect is driven by families from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds. A more recent version of this article appears in IZA Journal of Labor Policy 2013, 2:14 at http://www.izajolp.com/content/2/1/14. |
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Bibliography Citation
Posadas, Josefina and Marian Vidal-Fernández. "Grandparents’ Childcare and Female Labor Force Participation." IZA Discussion Paper No. 6398, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), February 2012. |
5115. |
Poschke, Markus |
Who Becomes an Entrepreneur? Labor Market Prospects and Occupational Choice Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 37,3 (March 2013): 693-710. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165188912002175 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Entrepreneurship; Modeling; Occupational Choice; Wages This paper provides new theory and evidence on the relationship between ability and entrepreneurship. I show that there is a U-shaped relationship between the probability of entrepreneurship and both a person's schooling and wage when employed. This pattern can be explained in a model of occupational choice between wage work and entrepreneurship where a firm's productivity is uncertain before entry, potential wages are heterogeneous, and expected productivity is positively related to an entrepreneur's potential wage. Search, or the ability to keep good projects and reject bad ones, attracts low-ability agents into entrepreneurship. The model also explains why low-profit firms do not always exit. |
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Bibliography Citation
Poschke, Markus. "Who Becomes an Entrepreneur? Labor Market Prospects and Occupational Choice." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 37,3 (March 2013): 693-710.
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5116. |
Post, Katherine Lynch, Michael |
Free Markets, Free Choices: Women in the Workforce Working Paper, Pacific Research Institute, December 1995. Also: http://www.pacificresearch.org/docLib/20070724_FreeMarketsFreeChoices.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pacific Research Institute Keyword(s): Earnings; Economics of Gender; Employment; Gender; Gender Differences; Job Promotion; Wage Gap; Wage Levels; Wages; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. American women now find themselves at the center of the debate over race- and gender-based preference policies. Advocates of preferences rely on two tactics to align women with their cause. The first is the tactic of fear-mongering -- its machinations are the wage gap and the glass ceiling. In 1959, activists asserted that for every dollar a man earned, a woman earned a mere 59 cents. They maintained this was eo ipso proof of gender discrimination. By 1995, that gap has narrowed, but the average American woman still only takes home about 72 cents for every dollar the average man puts in his wallet. The pay gap's legacy is the "glass ceiling," a conveniently less concrete complaint about the barriers to success facing women at the highest echelons of corporate America. This briefing exposes the first proposition -- that wage and attainment differentials between the sexes are due to discrimination -- for the red herring it is. Analyzing census data and summarizing economic labor studies, this briefing shows that the gaps reflect not discrimination but different levels and fields of education, different career choices and marriage. When women and men with the same levels of education, field of education, and workforce experience are compared, the gap virtually disappears. The second contention, that women owe their professional success over the last thirty years to preference programs stewarded by feminist advocates, can't be proven one way or the other. Two facts are beyond dispute. First, over the last 30 years, women increased their representation both at the upper levels of corporate America and in this country's professional schools. Second, to varying degrees over the same period, programs that accord preference to women have been in place in America's institutions. But a correlation does not prove cause. Chronicling the proliferation of women-owned businesses and the marked increase of women enrolled in professional schools, this briefing argues that the necessary condition for much of women's success is affirmative action in its original sense -- equality of opportunity. Furthermore, there is scant reason to believe that women will not continue to succeed in an environment in which they are simply accorded the same rights and opportunities as men, without special preferences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Post, Katherine and Michael Lynch. "Free Markets, Free Choices: Women in the Workforce." Working Paper, Pacific Research Institute, December 1995. |
5117. |
Postlewaite, Andrew Silverman, Daniel Susman |
Social Isolation and Inequality Working Paper, Penn Institute for Economic Research, University of Pennsylvania, April 2004. Also: http://ssrn.com/abstract=536184 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Penn Institute for Economic Research (PIER) Keyword(s): Athletics (see SPORTS); Bayesian; High School; Sports (also see ATHLETICS); Wages, Adult Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is an increasing interest in the concept of social exclusion and the related concept of social isolation and their potential role in understanding inequality. We examine the degree to which voluntary separation from social activities during adolescence affects adult wages. It is well-known that participation in high school athletic programs leads to higher adult wages. We present empirical evidence that this premium is not primarily due to selection on predetermined characteristics valued in the labor market.... Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 1979 cohort we show first that there is a substantial wage premium associated with having been a high school athlete. ... In 1984, retrospective questions about participation in high school athletics were asked only of those who had finished or were expected to finish high school. |
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Bibliography Citation
Postlewaite, Andrew and Daniel Susman Silverman. "Social Isolation and Inequality." Working Paper, Penn Institute for Economic Research, University of Pennsylvania, April 2004. |
5118. |
Postlewaite, Andrew Silverman, Daniel Susman |
Social Isolation and Inequality, Second Version PIER Working Paper No. 05-001, Penn Institute for Economic Research (PIER), December 21, 2004. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=643543 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Penn Institute for Economic Research (PIER) Keyword(s): Athletics (see SPORTS); Bayesian; High School; Sports (also see ATHLETICS); Wages, Adult Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is an increasing interest in the concept of social exclusion and the related concept of social isolation and their potential role in understanding inequality. We examine the degree to which voluntary separation from social activities during adolescence affects adult wages. It is well-known that participation in high school athletic programs leads to higher adult wages. We present empirical evidence that this premium is not primarily due to selection on predetermined characteristics valued in the labor market. Note: A previous version of this abstract can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=536184 |
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Bibliography Citation
Postlewaite, Andrew and Daniel Susman Silverman. "Social Isolation and Inequality, Second Version." PIER Working Paper No. 05-001, Penn Institute for Economic Research (PIER), December 21, 2004. |
5119. |
Pouncy, Hillard |
Toward a Fruitful Policy Discourse about Less Educated Young Men Policy Brief, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, March 2006. Also: http://wws.princeton.edu/research/faculty_briefs/March_2006.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Illegal Activities; Incarceration/Jail; Labor Market, Secondary; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The study’s author analyzes data from the 1979 Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). The NLSY79, conducted by the U.S. Department of Labor, surveys 12,686 young men and women nationwide between the ages 14-22 years old. Individuals were interviewed annually through 1994 and have since been interviewed on a biennial basis. The survey tracks individuals’ labor force activities and includes data on start and stop dates for each job held since the last interview, periods in which individuals are still looking for work, or are out of the labor force. Data allows for measures of actual labor market experience, tenure with a specific employer, and employer mobility. Pouncy uses the data to look at education levels and rates of incarceration among young white, Hispanic and black males, and the extent to which this population earned money from secondary markets such as illegal activities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pouncy, Hillard. "Toward a Fruitful Policy Discourse about Less Educated Young Men." Policy Brief, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, March 2006. |
5120. |
Powell, Lisa M. Han, Euna Chaloupka, Frank J. |
Economic Contextual Factors, Food Consumption, and Obesity among U.S. Adolescents The Journal of Nutrition 140,6 (June 2010): 1175-1180. Also: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/140/6/1175.full?sid=460e971c-932f-4e86-87d2-2cb4ea418844 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Society for Nutritional Sciences Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Body Mass Index (BMI); Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Taxes; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Adolescents have poor dietary behaviors and high overweight prevalence. Economic contextual factors such as food prices and food store and restaurant availability are hypothesized and increasingly being explored empirically as contributors to the obesity epidemic. Evidence showed that healthful compared with less healthful foods increasingly cost more and that fast food restaurants are increasingly available. In addition, racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities have been documented in access to food outlets, particularly chain supermarkets, and such disparities have been shown to be increasing recently. Empirical evidence based on nationally representative U.S. adolescent data revealed that lower fruit and vegetable prices, higher fast food prices, and greater supermarket availability were related to higher fruit and vegetable consumption and lower BMI, in particular for BMI among teens who are overweight or at risk for overweight and who are low- to middle-socioeconomic status. The availability of fast food restaurants was not associated with youth BMI. Overall, this research implies that pricing interventions of taxes on energy-dense foods such as fast food and/or subsidies to healthful foods such as fruits and vegetables and policy efforts to improve access to supermarkets may help to improve adolescent weight outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Powell, Lisa M., Euna Han and Frank J. Chaloupka. "Economic Contextual Factors, Food Consumption, and Obesity among U.S. Adolescents." The Journal of Nutrition 140,6 (June 2010): 1175-1180.
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5121. |
Powers, Daniel A. |
A Simple Approach to Assess Group Differences in Estimated Baseline Survivor Functions from Cox Proportional Hazards Models Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Event History; Methods/Methodology; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Statistical Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We develop a heuristic approach to generate the expected events that would occur under a Cox proportional hazards model and illustrate how the results can be used to test for group differences in the resulting risk-adjusted survivor distributions. The estimated baseline survivor functions from a Cox proportional hazards models fit separately for two groups are used to construct the expected number of events occurring at each event time, the expected number of interval-censored observations, and the adjusted risk set corresponding to the expected decrements due to events and censoring for each group. Differences in the resulting expected survival distributions can be tested using log-rank and generalized Wilcoxon tests. This method should also prove useful for making other kinds of comparisons of adjusted life tables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Powers, Daniel A. "A Simple Approach to Assess Group Differences in Estimated Baseline Survivor Functions from Cox Proportional Hazards Models." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
5122. |
Powers, Daniel A. |
Alternative Models of the Effects of Family Structure on Early Family Formation Social Science Research 22,3 (September 1993): 283-299. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X83710148 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Endogeneity; Family Background and Culture; Family Formation; Family Structure; Fertility; Household Composition; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Regions Data from the 1979-1985 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to examine the effect of residing in a nonintact family during adolescence on the probability of experiencing a teen birth and on the timing of first premarital births. Models are developed to account for possible unmeasured common factors that jointly affect family structure and early family formation. The results confirm previous research findings that, after controlling for various socio-demographic factors, living in a nonintact family at age 14 increases the likelihood of becoming a teen parent and lowers the expected age of experiencing an out-of-wedlock birth. Using differing assumptions about the process-generating nonintact family structure and early family-formation outcomes, we find no evidence of the endogeneity of family structure. However, in the absence of prior information, the effect of family structure on early adult outcomes cannot be identified. As such, estimates of family-structure effects depend on the assumptions researchers make about the processes affecting family structure and early family formation. 01993 |
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Bibliography Citation
Powers, Daniel A. "Alternative Models of the Effects of Family Structure on Early Family Formation." Social Science Research 22,3 (September 1993): 283-299.
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5123. |
Powers, Daniel A. |
Assessing Group Differences in Estimated Baseline Survivor Functions From Cox Proportional Hazards Models Sociological Methods and Research 39,2 (November 2010): 157-187. Also: http://smr.sagepub.com/content/39/2/157.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Religion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The author discusses the general problem of evaluating differences in adjusted survivor functions and develops a heuristic approach to generate the expected events that would occur under a Cox proportional hazards model. Differences in the resulting expected survivor distributions can be tested using generalized log rank tests. This method should prove useful for making other kinds of comparisons and generating adjusted life tables. The author also discusses alternative specifications of the classical Cox model that allow time-varying effects and thus permit a more direct assessment of group differences at various points in time. He implements recently developed semiparametric approaches for estimating time-varying effects, which permit statistical tests of group difference in effects as well as tests of time-invariant effects. He shows that these approaches can provide insight into the nature of time-varying effects and can help reveal the temporal dynamic of group differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Powers, Daniel A. "Assessing Group Differences in Estimated Baseline Survivor Functions From Cox Proportional Hazards Models." Sociological Methods and Research 39,2 (November 2010): 157-187.
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5124. |
Powers, Daniel A. |
Effects of Family Structure on the Risk of First Premarital Birth in the Presence of Correlated Unmeasured Family Effects Working Paper, Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, April 2004. Also: http://www.prc.utexas.edu/working_papers/wp_pdf/03-04-04.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Birth Outcomes; Family Structure; Siblings; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper assesses the effects of family structure on the risk of a first premarital birth for a sample of women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The sample reflects the family structure and family formation experiences of a cohort of women who were at risk of out of wedlock childbearing during the 1980's and early 1990's. We focus on assessing the effects of family structure in the presence of correlated unmeasured family effects, which are identified through the use of sibling data. The availability of multiple sibling respondents per family permits identification of family-level unobserved heterogeneity in a multi-level context of individuals nested within families. Our models account for family-specific sources of unobserved heterogeneity in the processes generating family structure and nonmarital hildbearing, and provide estimates of the association between these sources of unobserved heterogeneity along with the effects of family structure and other covariates. We find that accounting for the correlation between unobserved family-level effects in processes generating family structure and first premarital birth leads to attenuated estimates of the effects family structure on the risk of first premarital birth. This suggests that other family-level factors may play a mediating role in generating both family structure and nonmarital childbearing....Data from the 1993 wave of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are used to model premarital birth outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Powers, Daniel A. "Effects of Family Structure on the Risk of First Premarital Birth in the Presence of Correlated Unmeasured Family Effects." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, April 2004. |
5125. |
Powers, Daniel A. |
Effects of Family Structure on the Risk of First Premarital Birth in the Presence of Correlated Unmeasured Family Effects Social Science Research 34,3 (September 2005): 511-537. Als: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X04000420 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Formation; Family Structure; Heterogeneity; Modeling; Siblings; Variables, Independent - Covariate This paper assesses the effects of family structure on the risk of a first premarital birth for a sample of women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The sample reflects the family structure and family formation experiences of a cohort of women who were at risk of out-of-wedlock childbearing during the 1980s and early 1990s. We focus on assessing the effects of family structure in the presence of correlated unmeasured family effects, which are identified through the use of sibling data. The availability of multiple sibling respondents per family permits identification of family-level unobserved heterogeneity in a multi-level context of individuals nested within families. Our models account for family-specific sources of unobserved heterogeneity in the processes generating family structure and nonmarital childbearing, and provide estimates of the association between these sources of unobserved heterogeneity along with the effects of family structure and other covariates. We find that accounting for the correlation between unobserved family-level effects in processes generating family structure and first premarital birth leads to attenuated estimates of the effects family structure on the risk of first premarital birth. This suggests that other family-level factors may play a mediating role in generating both family structure and nonmarital childbearing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Powers, Daniel A. "Effects of Family Structure on the Risk of First Premarital Birth in the Presence of Correlated Unmeasured Family Effects." Social Science Research 34,3 (September 2005): 511-537. Als: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X04000420.
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5126. |
Powers, Daniel A. |
Inactivity: Transitions into and out of Idleness Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education; Endogeneity; Exits; Geographical Variation; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences; Poverty; Schooling; Unemployment, Youth This dissertation argues that traditional approaches to youth joblessness are less appropriate for younger age groups whose normative activity is attending school. The usual approach of examining joblessness among out-of-school youth is also problematic since enrollment decisions depend to some extent on labor market conditions. This dissertation treats enrollment and employment as endogenous by examining the determinants of inactivity defined as not-working, not-enrolled, and not serving in the armed forces. This concept of inactivity is linked with status attainment, human capital theory, and recent research on poverty. Using data from the NLSY, the determinants of persistent idleness, of entry into first and second episodes of idleness, and of exits from first episodes of idleness for 1,731 initially active young men, aged 14-17, and living at home in 1979 are examined. Measurable ability and adjusted family income in 1978 are the strongest determinants of all the outcomes--lending support for the human capital perspective. From status attainment and poverty research perspectives, the most important background factors are parent's employment status in 1978, whether or not a family received public assistance in the previous year, living in a step-parent family in 1979, and experiencing a change in family structure between the ages of 14-18. The results suggest several possible ag |
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Bibliography Citation
Powers, Daniel A. Inactivity: Transitions into and out of Idleness. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1991. |
5127. |
Powers, Daniel A. |
Social Background and Social Context Effects on Young Men's Idleness Transitions Social Science Research 25,1 (March 1996): 50-72. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X96900034 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Human Capital; Racial Differences; Social Influences; Unemployment Uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to assess racial and ethnic differences in the determinants of entering inactivity for 1,731 initially active young men. Findings indicate that social context variables play a moderate role in explaining weak labor force attachment among nonwhite youth, but are relatively less important for White youth. On the other hand, the effects of social background characteristics are significant determinants of White youth idleness and less important for nonwhite youth, especially for Black youth. Moreover, Black-White differences in the effects of social background and social context are large and statistically significant. Local opportunity structure and individual human capital characteristics have large effects on the inactivity of youth as a whole. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1997 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Powers, Daniel A. "Social Background and Social Context Effects on Young Men's Idleness Transitions." Social Science Research 25,1 (March 1996): 50-72.
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5128. |
Powers, Daniel A. |
Transitions into Idleness Among White, Black, and Hispanic Youth: Some Determinants and Policy Implications of Weak Labor Force Attachment Sociological Perspectives 37,2 (Summer 1994): 183-201. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1389319 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Hispanics; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Social Environment; Social Influences; Training; Transitional Programs Explores determinants of entering labor market inactivity for 1,731 initially active young men, ages 14-17, drawing on data from 7 waves (1979-1985) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results indicate that social context variables play a key role in explaining weak labor force attachment among young nonwhite men, but are relatively less important for white youth. Local opportunity structure & individual human capital characteristics are the most important determinants of inactivity for youth as a whole. These findings encourage a social policy solution centered around job creation & training programs that smooth the transition between school & work. 5 Tables, 2 Figures, 26 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Powers, Daniel A. "Transitions into Idleness Among White, Black, and Hispanic Youth: Some Determinants and Policy Implications of Weak Labor Force Attachment." Sociological Perspectives 37,2 (Summer 1994): 183-201.
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5129. |
Powers, Daniel A. |
Unobserved Family Effects on the Risk of a First Premarital Birth Social Science Research 30,1 (March 2001): 1-24. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X00906823 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Ethnic Differences; Fertility; First Birth; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Racial Differences; Siblings Using data from the National Survey of Youth, proportional hazards models for clustered data are used to account for shared unobserved family-level traits (or frailty) associated with non-marital childbearing. The variance in frailty can be used to evaluate a woman's conditional hazard of a first premarital birth if one or more of her sisters were to experience a premarital birth relative to her risk if none of her sisters experience a premarital birth. I find that among non-Hispanic White women, a first premarital birth by one sister doubles our estimate of another sister's risk of a first premarital birth after controlling for observed family-level & individual-level characteristics. Significant associations exist between several socioeconomic measures & the estimated frailty among White families. For a Black woman in the NLSY, the estimate of the risk of a first premarital birth would increase by only 14% if one of her sisters were to experience a first premarital birth. Low variance in frailty among Black families may be a result of the high prevalence of non-marital births in Black communities. Whether unobserved neighborhood, community, or peer-group traits contribute more to a Black woman's risk than unobserved family-level traits remains an important question for further research. 10 Tables, 1 Appendix, 41 References. [Copyright 2001 Academic Press.] |
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Bibliography Citation
Powers, Daniel A. "Unobserved Family Effects on the Risk of a First Premarital Birth." Social Science Research 30,1 (March 2001): 1-24.
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5130. |
Powers, Daniel A. Ellison, Christopher G. |
Conservative Protestantism and Church Attendance Effects on Teen Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Modeling, Multilevel; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Religious Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the effect of conservative protestant upbringing and church attendance on teen pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes for a cohort of non-Hispanic White women who were at risk for teen pregnancy during the early 1980s. Multivariate models show that lower teen pregnancy rates are associated with frequent church attendance for all religious groups (including non-religious) and that conservative protestants generally have higher rates of teen pregnancy than other groups. However, devout conservative Protestants showed the lowest rates of teen pregnancy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Powers, Daniel A. and Christopher G. Ellison. "Conservative Protestantism and Church Attendance Effects on Teen Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. |
5131. |
Powers, Daniel A. Hsueh, James Cherng-Tay |
Sibling Models of Socioeconomic Effects on the Timing of First Premarital Birth Demography 34,4 (November 1997): 493-511. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/7445273624p02117/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Characteristics; Family Studies; Marital Status; Marriage; Modeling; Pairs (also see Siblings); Parents, Single; Shift Workers; Siblings; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data on 1,090 pairs of sisters from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to estimate the effects of observed individual-level factors, common family-level variables, and shared unobserved family-level traits on the timing of premarital births. Results show a moderate correlated risk of premarital childbearing among siblings after controlling for the effects of measured covariates. The effect of older sisters' out-of-wedlock childbearing on the timing of younger sisters 'premarital birth is overestimated when shared unmeasured family-level traits are ignored. Public policy measures designed to reduce premarital births have a smaller multiplier effect via reduced younger sisters 'premarital births because unmeasured family-level factors are less amenable to policy measures. However, because the older-sibling effect is large when other sources of variability in premarital birth timing are controlled, interventions may be effective in reducing premarital births among young women in high-risk families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Powers, Daniel A. and James Cherng-Tay Hsueh. "Sibling Models of Socioeconomic Effects on the Timing of First Premarital Birth." Demography 34,4 (November 1997): 493-511.
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5132. |
Powers, Elizabeth T. |
Fertility and Welfare Participation Working Paper No. 9516, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, December 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Family Size; Fertility; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the attention that the fertility of welfare recipients has received recently, surprisingly little is known about it. This paper answers some basic questions about the phenomenon of welfare births. Among the findings from the March 1987 Current Population Survey are that 13.4 percent of all births are into the 7.3 percent of families receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and that (unadjusted) fertility rates of welfare recipients exceed those of other groups. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that nearly 60 percent of women who use AFDC in one or more years of the sample period have at least one "AFDC birth." I do not find prima facie evidence supporting the notions that women use AFDC to begin families earlier and that mothers use AFDC to realize their desires for large families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Powers, Elizabeth T. "Fertility and Welfare Participation." Working Paper No. 9516, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, December 1995. |
5133. |
Powers, Rebecca S. Wojtkiewicz, Roger A. |
Occupational Aspirations, Gender, and Educational Attainment Sociological Spectrum 24,5 (September/October 2004): 601-623. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02732170490448784 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): College Graduates; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Occupational Aspirations While in the past women had lower educational attainment than men, women in recent years have caught up to and passed men in educational attainment. Lower occupational aspirations for women compared to men contributed to lower educational attainment in the past. In this article, we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to consider whether occupational aspirations still act to lower educational attainment for women compared to men or whether occupational aspirations are currently an advantage for young women. We find that occupational aspirations are an advantage for women for high school graduation but not for college graduation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Sociological Spectrum is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Powers, Rebecca S. and Roger A. Wojtkiewicz. "Occupational Aspirations, Gender, and Educational Attainment." Sociological Spectrum 24,5 (September/October 2004): 601-623.
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5134. |
Poylio, Heta Van Winkle, Zachary |
Do Parental Resources Moderate the Relationship Between Women's Income and First Birth? Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Family Income; Finland, Finnish; First Birth; Income; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research suggests that women's delayed entry into parenthood is attributable to higher educational attainment and labor market status. We examine the extent that parental resources moderate the relationship between women's income and the timing of first birth in a liberal and social democratic welfare state. Results from Cox regressions using the 1979 US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Finnish Census Panel data show that parental resources and women's income are associated with delayed entry into parenthood. Further, in both countries parental resources are associated with delayed parenthood among low-income women, but with earlier parenthood among high-income women. However, the parental resource that moderates this relationship differs by the level of public family support. In the US, material resources, i.e. parental income, are associated with delayed first birth among low-income women. In contrast, immaterial resources, i.e. parental education, are associated with postponed parenthood among low-income women in Finland. |
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Bibliography Citation
Poylio, Heta and Zachary Van Winkle. "Do Parental Resources Moderate the Relationship Between Women's Income and First Birth?" Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
5135. |
Poylio, Heta Van Winkle, Zachary |
Do Parental Resources Moderate the Relationship Between Women's Income and Timing of Parenthood? Advances in Life Course Research 39 (March 2019): 1-12. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040260818301047 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Cross-national Analysis; Finland, Finnish; Income; Motherhood; Parental Influences; Parenthood Previous research has concentrated on the associations between higher incomes and delayed entry into parenthood, disadvantaged family background and early childbirth, and the availability of public childcare and fertility. This paper examines the extent to which parental resources moderate the relationship between women's income and entry into parenthood, comparing two countries with very different levels of public family support: Finland and the United States. We use Cox regressions with data from the 1979 US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Finnish Census Panel data to demonstrate both striking similarities and differences between the two countries. First, high-income women from disadvantaged backgrounds postpone entry into parenthood in both countries. Second, high parental resources are associated with postponed entry into parenthood among low-income women. However, we find differences between the two countries regarding which parental resource is most influential. While parental income is important in the US, parental education matters most in Finland. |
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Bibliography Citation
Poylio, Heta and Zachary Van Winkle. "Do Parental Resources Moderate the Relationship Between Women's Income and Timing of Parenthood?" Advances in Life Course Research 39 (March 2019): 1-12.
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5136. |
Prada, Maria F. |
Essays on the Economics of Ability, Education, and Labor Market Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); College Enrollment; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupations; Wages; Workers Ability Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation, composed by four chapters, shows that mechanical ability, jointly with cognitive and socio-emotional dimensions, affects schooling decisions and labor market outcomes. Moreover, it demonstrates that this facet of ability has a positive economic return and affects schooling decisions and occupational choices differently than other measures of ability. Chapter 2 introduces the concept of mechanical ability, describes the tests used to measure it, and briefly compares this dimension with conventional measures of ability. Chapter 3 presents a general framework to understand the effects of multiple dimensions of ability on outcomes with special emphasis in the selection into occupations and tasks where workers are more productive. This framework is used to decompose the overall effect of unobserved abilities into the components explained by schooling decision, occupational choice, and direct on-the-job productivity. I show that all three dimensions of ability have multiple, heterogeneous, and independent roles. They influence the sorting of workers into schooling and occupations, and also have a direct effect on wages. This implies that a policy that increases ability at advanced ages, when schooling and occupational decisions cannot be altered, may still have a direct impact on wages. Chapter 4, written in collaboration with Sergio Urzúa, analyzes the implications of considering the three dimensions of ability on the decision of attending four-year college. We find that, despite the high return associated with college attendance, individuals with low levels of cognitive and socio-emotional ability but high mechanical ability could expect higher wages by choosing not to attend a four-year college. These results highlight the importance of exploring alternative pathways to successful careers for individuals with a different profile of skills. |
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Bibliography Citation
Prada, Maria F. Essays on the Economics of Ability, Education, and Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, 2014. |
5137. |
Prada, Maria F. Urzua, Sergio |
One Size does not Fit All: Multiple Dimensions of Ability, College Attendance and Wages NBER Working Paper No. 20752, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2014. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w20752 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; College Education; Labor Market Outcomes; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Wages We investigate the role of mechanical ability as another dimension that, jointly with cognitive and socio-emotional, affects schooling decisions and labor market outcomes. Using a Roy model with a factor structure and data from the NLSY79, we show that the labor market positively rewards mechanical ability. However, in contrast to the other dimensions, mechanical ability reduces the likelihood of attending four-year college. We find that, on average, for individuals with high levels of mechanical and low levels of cognitive and socio-emotional ability, not attending four-year college is the alternative associated with the highest hourly wage (ages 25-30). |
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Bibliography Citation
Prada, Maria F. and Sergio Urzua. "One Size does not Fit All: Multiple Dimensions of Ability, College Attendance and Wages." NBER Working Paper No. 20752, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2014. |
5138. |
Prakash, Shivaani Gyan |
The Relationship between Mental Health Capital and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from the U.S. and Chile Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University, 2014. Also: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:386213/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Brown University Keyword(s): Children, Health Care; Health Reform; Health, Mental/Psychological; Insurance, Health; Legislation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The prevalence of mental illness has been rising rapidly in the United States and abroad in the last two decades. Common mental disorders take a heavy toll on sufferers both directly, in terms of high medical costs; and indirectly, in terms of reduced labor supply and decreased mental health status. In addition, there is a high rate of unmet need for mental health services among sufferers of mental disorders. To address these issues, policymakers require a strong understanding of: 1) the scope of the societal costs attributable to mental disorders, and 2) the expected benefits of expanding access to mental health services through health policy. In the first two chapters, I use a quasi-experimental design and nationally representative data to examine the impact of U.S. state mental health parity laws on labor outcomes in the adult population and mental health service utilization outcomes in the child population from 1988 and 2008. Our findings suggest that among privately insured adults, labor outcomes were largely unaffected by the passage of strong parity laws, but adults who suffered from likely depression saw a significant increase in their odds of being employed. Within the population of privately insured children, the passage of mental health parity laws led to a significant increase in the odds of children seeing a mental health provider and receiving insurance coverage for the visit. Strikingly, there was also a dramatic increase in the odds that children took a prescription medication for a behavioral or mental problem when a strong parity law was passed. Taken together, these findings suggest that employers did not pass the costs of complying with mental health parity laws onto their employees and these laws were specifically active in increasing access to certain services. |
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Bibliography Citation
Prakash, Shivaani Gyan. The Relationship between Mental Health Capital and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from the U.S. and Chile. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University, 2014.. |
5139. |
Pratt, Joanne H. |
Counting the New Mobile Workforce Report BTS97-A-01, U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, April 1997. Also: http://www.bts.gov/statpol/wrkforce.pdf Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Surveys; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; Mobility, Labor Market; Self-Employed Workers; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The existing federal surveys that provide policy makers with the data needed to inform their decision-making were designed to monitor the employment and travel patterns of the Industrial Age. They were not designed to monitor the more fluid patterns of work times and locations that are characteristic of the information age. The thrust of the study is to examine existing federal surveys in order to identify those to which work-at-home questions have been, or can be added in order to generate more reliable information about an increasingly mobile workforce. By this strategy, at little or no cost, new or revised questions can be added while maintaining the continuity of past years' data sets. In adapting these surveys, the problem is to define "work," "home," and similar words that are commonly used in our language but which have acquired a plethora of associated meanings. The difficulty has not been resolved by the many new terms coined to describe non-traditional ways to work. The problem with words such as "telecommuting," "hoteling," "homebased business," and "mobile workers," is that they are not defined by objective criteria such as the hours worked and locations. To bypass this situation, we recommend phrasing questions in terms of measurable variables such as the place of work and the time in days and hours spent at each location. That approach leaves researchers the option of applying their own definitions that fit the context of their analyses. About 20 questionnaires were examined to identify those to which work-at-home questions were relevant. During the period of the study, questions were added to the American Housing Survey, Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, and to the Survey of Income and Program Participation. We propose new questions or rephrasing for the Current Population Survey, the 2000 Census, the Health and Retirement Survey, National Educational Longitudinal Study, National Household Education Survey, and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Further, we recommend continuing the topic of work at home in those surveys to which questions had previously been added such as the Characteristics of Business Owners, the National Longitudinal Surveys, and the National Survey of Families and Households. In addition, a set of core questions with four levels of priority is recommended for consideration in designing future surveys. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pratt, Joanne H. "Counting the New Mobile Workforce." Report BTS97-A-01, U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, April 1997. |
5140. |
Pratt, Joanne H. |
Myths and Realities of Working at Home: Characteristics of Homebased Business Owners and Telecommuters Small Business Research Summary 134, Joanne H. Pratt Associates, Dallas TX, March 1993. Also: http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/rs134.html Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Joanne H. Pratt Associates Keyword(s): Earnings; Occupations; Private Sector; Self-Employed Workers; Small Business (Owner/Employer) This project was carried our for the Office of Advocacy, United States Small Business Administration under contract SBA-6647-OA-91. Home was always a place to work until the industrial age. When manufacturing tools became too big and expensive to use at home, people moved off farms to work in factories. In today's information age, technology is providing people with a "virtual office" -- which permits them to work wherever they are. This study shows that one of the places that people work is in the home. The goal of this study is to describe quantitatively, the reality of work at home. Earnings, age, time spent, and satisfaction of young men and women who operate a homebased business are compared. The findings also dispel the fears of employers that employees cannot be trusted to work at home and the concerns that homebased work exploits employees. Telecommuters closely resemble non-telecommuters in their work habits. Three NLS cohorts are analyzed for this study: 1988 surveys of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) (men and women ages 23 to 30) and Young Women (women ages 34 to 44), and the 1989 survey of Mature Women (women ages 52 to 66). Four labor market categories of each cohort are examined: self-employed 1) homebased business owners and 2) non-homebased business owners; and wage and salary 3) telecommuters and 4) non-telecommuters. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pratt, Joanne H. "Myths and Realities of Working at Home: Characteristics of Homebased Business Owners and Telecommuters." Small Business Research Summary 134, Joanne H. Pratt Associates, Dallas TX, March 1993. |
5141. |
Prause, JoAnn |
Underemployment: A SociaL Ecological Perspective Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Irvine, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education, Guidance and Counseling; Hispanics; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Racial Differences; Schooling; Self-Esteem; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Underemployment; Unemployment This research examines whether early measures of educational, occupational, and psychological factors are determinants of economic underemployment as defined by unemployment, involuntary part-time work, intermittent unemployment, and low income. Individuals were termed "chronically underemployed" if they experienced one of these forms of economic underemployment for two or three of the years 1985-87. The data source was the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, restricted to respondents with high school attitude data acquired in 1979. Logistic regression was utilized to model the risk of chronic underemployment as a function of educational, occupational, psychological and control variables. The results demonstrated that high school occupational attitudes did not increase the odds of persistent underemployment five to seven years later. What did increase the odds of persisitent and chronic underemployment was: low self-esteem, more so for males than for females; rural residences, younger ages, and living in areas with higher local unemployment rates; negative perceptions toward high school peer relations and job counseling; less than 12 years of education, more so for females than for males; no spouse present relative to those with a spouse present; and a history of underemployment, more so for blacks/hispanics than for non-blacks/non-hispanics. Regional variations in chronic underemployment were evident by race and sex where blacks/hispanics were more likely to be underemployed relative to non-blacks/non-hispanics, more so in the Northcentral and Southern regions as compared to the Northeastern and Western regions. Females relative to males had a greater risk of underemployment in the South followed by the West. In the Northeastern and Northcentral regions, females and males were equally likely to be chronically underemployed. These results suggest that there is a pool of relatively young adults who are persistently underemployed. The extent to which this "early career" underemployment will affect their future labor market participation and employment quality remains to be seen. |
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Bibliography Citation
Prause, JoAnn. Underemployment: A SociaL Ecological Perspective. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Irvine, 1991. |
5142. |
Prause, JoAnn Dooley, David |
Effect of Underemployment on School-Leavers' Self-Esteem Journal of Adolescence 20,3 (June 1997): 243-260. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014019719790083X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Aptitude; Employment; Employment, Part-Time; Ethnic Groups; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Poverty; School Dropouts; Self-Esteem; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Underemployment; Unemployment Explores whether self esteem (SE) is adversely affected by economic underemployment as defined by unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, intermittent unemployment, and poverty income in a group of 3066 recent school leavers. Ss were part of the ongoing 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, designed to represent the population of individuals born between 1957 and 1964 in the US. Ss were interviewed in 1980, were in high school during that year, and were, at that time, less than 20 yrs. of age. All were reinterviewed in 1987. Results indicate that SE was significantly lower in each of the economically underemployed groups relative to the adequately employed after controlling for early SE, SES, gender, ethnicity, aptitude, age, and education. There were no differences in SE among the economically underemployed groups after adjusting for the control variables. Economic underemployment proved to be a distinct concept relative to self reported job satisfaction. Underemployment was negatively related to SE after controlling for perceived job satisfaction and the other control variables. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1998 American Psychological Assn., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Prause, JoAnn and David Dooley. "Effect of Underemployment on School-Leavers' Self-Esteem." Journal of Adolescence 20,3 (June 1997): 243-260.
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5143. |
Prause, JoAnn Dooley, David |
Favourable Employment Status Change and Psychological Depression: A Two-Year Follow-Up Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Applied Psychology: An International Review 50,2 (April 2001): 282-304. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1464-0597.00059/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Employment; Gender; Gender Differences; Psychological Effects; Underemployment; Unemployment; Well-Being This study examines the relationship between favourable employment change and well-being. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, respondents who were inadequately employed (i.e. unemployed or underemployed, N = 1,160) in 1992 were followed up in 1994. Results suggest that among the unemployed in 1992 (time-1), higher depression at time-1 was significantly associated with decreased odds of both adequate employment and underemployment relative to unemployment at time-2 (1994). Among the underemployed at time-1, gender moderated the relationship between time-1 depression and employment at time-2. The odds of employment (both adequate and underemployment) were higher for males than females at lower levels of depression, but this gender advantage fell as depression increased. Additional analyses revealed that any employment at time-2 relative to unemployment was significantly associated with lower depression in 1994 when controlling for time-1 depression and other important background variables. Neither time-1 status (unemployment versus underemployment) nor type of time-2 employment (adequate versus underemployment) were significantly associated with later depression. |
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Bibliography Citation
Prause, JoAnn and David Dooley. "Favourable Employment Status Change and Psychological Depression: A Two-Year Follow-Up Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Applied Psychology: An International Review 50,2 (April 2001): 282-304.
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5144. |
Prause, JoAnn Dooley, David Ham-Rowbottom, Kathleen A. Emptage, Nicholas P. |
Alcohol Drinking Onset: A Reliability Study Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse 16,4 (Summer 2007): 79-90. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J029v16n04_05 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavioral Differences; Children; Family Influences; Self-Reporting; Substance Use Early alcohol drinking onset (ADO) is associated with adult alcohol misuse, but the accuracy of ADO is unclear. Reliability of self-reported ADO was studied in two panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. For the Adult sample (n = 6,215), the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was .36. Older respondents had higher reliabilities and reported later ADO than younger ones. In the Child/ Young Adult sample, reliability varied from .19 for children 11 and 13 years old to .29 for children 12 and 14 years old. These low reliabilities and the age effect in reported ADO may affect epidemiologic research and interventions using this variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse is the property of Haworth and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Prause, JoAnn, David Dooley, Kathleen A. Ham-Rowbottom and Nicholas P. Emptage. "Alcohol Drinking Onset: A Reliability Study." Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse 16,4 (Summer 2007): 79-90.
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5145. |
Prause, JoAnn Dooley, David Huh, Jimi |
Income Volatility and Psychological Depression American Journal of Community Psychology 43,1-2 (March 2009): 57-70. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/nn2257155p2002p0/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Benefits; CESD (Depression Scale); Income; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Income Risk; Job Turnover; Underemployment; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Income volatility appears to be increasing especially among lower income workers. Such volatility may reflect the ongoing shift of economic risk from employers to employees as marked by decreasing job security and employer-provided benefits. This study tests whether absolute volatility or downward volatility in income predict depression controlling for prior depression. A sample (n = 4,493) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) with depression (CESD) measured at age 40 and prior depression measured eight to 10 years earlier was utilized. Downward volatility (frequency of income loss) was positively associated with depression; adjusting for downward volatility and other covariates, absolute volatility was negatively associated with depression. An interaction indicated a positive association between downward volatility and depression only when absolute volatility was high. These findings apply to respondents in a narrow age range (30 s) and the results warrant replication to identify the mediators linking absolute volatility and income loss to depression. |
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Bibliography Citation
Prause, JoAnn, David Dooley and Jimi Huh. "Income Volatility and Psychological Depression." American Journal of Community Psychology 43,1-2 (March 2009): 57-70.
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5146. |
Presser, Harriet B. |
Shift Work and Child Care Among Young Dual-Earner American Parents Journal of Marriage and Family 50,1 (February 1988): 133-148. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352434 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Child Care; Gender Differences; Part-Time Work This study uncovers a high rate of non-day employment among young dual-earner American parents and examines the relationship between shift status (fixed day, fixed nonday, and rotating) and child care. Special attention is given to parental child care when the spouse is employed. The study is based on the 1984 wave of the NLSY, a cohort of 19 to 26 year olds in 1984. A subset of married parents with employed spouses and with children under five years old was selected for analysis. Reliance on spouses for child care when dual-earner couples are employed is much higher when respondents work non-days rather than days. This is particularly evident when both primary and secondary child care arrangements are considered and when the extent of non-overlapping hours is taken into account. Although mothers participate more in child care when fathers are employed than vice versa, father care is substantial. Gender differences in the determinants of parental care and the issue of whether shift work is a solution to the child care problem are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Presser, Harriet B. "Shift Work and Child Care Among Young Dual-Earner American Parents." Journal of Marriage and Family 50,1 (February 1988): 133-148.
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5147. |
Presser, Harriet B. |
Some Economic Complexities of Child Care Provided by Grandmothers Journal of Marriage and Family 51,3 (August 1989): 581-591. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352158 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Child Care; Employment; Grandparents; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Mothers This study focuses on grandmothers as providers of child care, exploring some of the economic complexities involved. The sample is comprised of employed mothers age 19 to 26 with children under age 5, drawn from the 1984 NLSY. It was found that the care of these young children when their mothers are employed is mostly by relatives, and that grandmothers are the primary relative; this is most evident for children of unmarried mothers. Analysis of the grandmothers who provide child care reveals that about one-third are otherwise employed. The work schedules of these grandmothers are compared to the hours of child care they provide and the mother's work schedule; this comparison suggests a more complex negotiation of work and family roles between grandmothers and mothers (as well as between mothers and fathers) than is generally acknowledged. Moreover, it was found that one- third of grandmothers are paid in cash for the care of their grandchild, and that whether cash payment is made varies significantly by the number of hours grandmother care is provided as well as by the mother's hourly wage. Payment in cash or services (combined) is affected by the grandmother's employment status; when otherwise employed, such payment is less likely. It is noted that the demand for infant and toddler care is increasing while the availability of grandmother care seems to be on the decline. Further research is needed that will more fully document the adaptations made and their consequences for both children and parents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Presser, Harriet B. "Some Economic Complexities of Child Care Provided by Grandmothers." Journal of Marriage and Family 51,3 (August 1989): 581-591.
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5148. |
Presser, Harriet B. |
Young American Parents as Shiftworkers: Their Distinctive Socio-Demographic Characteristics In: Comtemporary Advances in Shiftwork Research: Theoretical and Practical Aspects in the Late 80s. A. Oginski, et al., eds. Poland: Medical Academy, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Poland Medical Academy Keyword(s): Fathers; Gender Differences; Geographical Variation; Industrial Sector; Mothers; Occupational Segregation; Occupations; Shift Workers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines various socio-demographic characteristics of young American parents who work as shift workers, using data from the NLSY. It was found that 27% of the mothers and 32% of the fathers in this sample worked either fixed or rotating non-day schedules. Gender differences were found with full-time employed fathers who worked as fixed non-day workers more likely to reside in large metropolitan areas, least likely to live in the south, more likely to be enrolled in school, and to have two or more children. On the other hand, full time employed fixed non-day working mothers were likely to not live in an SMSA, to not have been employed during the previous year, to not be a high school graduate and, if married, to have a nonemployed spouse. Gender-related occupational and industrial differences were found with young married full-time employed fathers working in blue- collar occupations while comparable mothers worked primarily in administrative support and service occupations. More detailed analyses of shift work patterns and their relationship to childcare and fertility are planned. |
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Bibliography Citation
Presser, Harriet B. "Young American Parents as Shiftworkers: Their Distinctive Socio-Demographic Characteristics" In: Comtemporary Advances in Shiftwork Research: Theoretical and Practical Aspects in the Late 80s. A. Oginski, et al., eds. Poland: Medical Academy, 1987
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5149. |
Presser, Harriet B. Ward, Brian W. |
Nonstandard Work Schedules over the Life Course: A First Look Monthly Labor Review 134,7 (July 2011): 3-16. Also: http://bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/07/art1exc.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Maternal Employment; Racial Differences; Shift Workers; Work Experience; Work Histories; Work History; Work Hours/Schedule; Work, Atypical High percentages of Americans work nonstandard schedules over the course of their worklife; almost 90 percent of those ages 14 to 18 in 1979 had at least one such experience by age 39, with some marked differences by gender, race or ethnicity, and education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Presser, Harriet B. and Brian W. Ward. "Nonstandard Work Schedules over the Life Course: A First Look." Monthly Labor Review 134,7 (July 2011): 3-16.
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5150. |
Pressler, Emily |
Cumulative Family-Level Stress and Adolescent Weight Status: Gender Disparities Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Health; Body Mass Index (BMI); Family Influences; Gender Differences; Obesity; Stress; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research focused on the family environment has suggested that cumulative family-level stress places adolescents at risk for obesity. Yet, it is unclear whether gender differences in adolescent weight status are dependent on childhood exposure to particular cumulative family-level stressors. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the Young Adults files (n = 5,085), the proposed paper investigates how three cumulative family stress indices measured from birth to age 15 are related to adolescent weight status at age 18. The findings suggest that stress has different effects on female and male adolescent weight status. Greater childhood exposure to financial strain placed adolescent males at lower risk of being overweight/obese, while greater childhood exposure to financial strain and family disruption placed adolescent females at greater risk of being overweight/obese. Implications will be discussed in terms of improving adolescent health by reducing economic hardship and improving family relations during childhood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pressler, Emily. "Cumulative Family-Level Stress and Adolescent Weight Status: Gender Disparities." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
5151. |
Price, Curtis R. |
Changing Promotion Standards - Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, October 2008. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2261203 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Job Promotion; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Few studies of promotion have focused on large panel data sets. Notable exceptions have focused on the popular data set from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY). Data from the NLSY have been utilized in at least four studies of promotion standards, with the finding that women are held to higher promotion standards than otherwise equally qualified men. All of these studies have utilized older data from the 1984-1990 survey years of the NLSY. During these years the subjects in the survey were between the ages of 19-33 years old. I explore the differences in promotion with data from the most recent survey years from 1996-2006, where subjects are now between the ages of 31 and 46. The findings indicate that although there was strong evidence of promotion disparity in the early years of subject’s working careers; these effects have lessened as they have entered the prime working years. Additionally, we explore the wage gains attached to promotions. While the data from the subject’s early working career show wage gains attached to promotion that favor women, the more recent data shows no discernable difference in wage gains attached to promotion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Price, Curtis R. "Changing Promotion Standards - Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, October 2008. |
5152. |
Price, Curtis R. |
Essays on Gender in Labor Markets Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Purdue University, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Purdue University Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Economics of Gender; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Wage Growth; Wages, Women; Women's Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Women entered the labor force in unprecedented quantities starting in the 1970's. Nonetheless, women are still underrepresented in upper level management jobs. This dissertation is a compilation of three essays that discuss and analyze facets of women's labor supply, demand, and household decisions. As such, it contributes to the understanding of how women choose to work and the influences and market attributes that women face in the labor force. The first essay uses experimental techniques to replicate the results of recent research pertaining to gender in preferences for competition in the labor market. Previous research has found a drastic difference in the choices of men and women when given the choice of compensation between the piece rate and the tournament compensation schemes. This note describes additional data collected at a Purdue University that fails to replicate these results. In particular, in the data collected at Purdue there appears to be no gender differences in the compensation choices between men and women with both men and women, slightly favoring the tournament compensation. Even after controlling for a number of factors such as performance and confidence across the original experiment and this experiment, there remains a dramatic difference in the choices of women in the data collected for the replication compared to the original study. The second essay furthers the study of competition and gender in the laboratory by studying how gender may affect the use of competitive compensation. To do so, I develop a new laboratory methodology where one group of subjects (managers) selects a payment type for another group of subjects (workers). The results suggest that female workers are less likely to be placed into a tournament. This has direct implications for the demand of female executives where compensation is typically designed with a tournament structure. Second, I document a significant change in the propensity of women to choose the tournament compensation scheme compared to other similar experiments. This increase is consistent with the first essay of this thesis. The third essay uses field data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY) to analyze how promotion and wage gains attached to promotions for women vary over the life-cycle of full time workers in the United States. Few studies of promotion have focused on large panel data sets. Notable exceptions have focused on the popular data set from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NSLY). Data from the NSLY have been utilized in at least four studies of promotion standards, with the finding that women are held to higher promotion standards than otherwise equally qualified men. All of these studies have utilized older data from the 1984 - 1990 survey years of the NLSY. During these years the subjects in the survey were between the ages of 19-33 years old. I explore the differences in promotion with data from the most recent survey years from 1996 - 2006, where subjects are now between the ages of 31 and 46. The findings indicate that although there was strong evidence of promotion disparity in the early years of subject's working careers; these effects have lessened as they have entered the prime working years. Additionally, I explore the wage gains attached to promotions. While the data from the subject's early working career show wage gains that favor women, the more recent data shows no discernable difference in wage gains attached to promotion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Price, Curtis R. Essays on Gender in Labor Markets. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Purdue University, 2008. |
5153. |
Price, John Michael |
Risk Assessment in the Work Environment of Adolescents and Their Attainment of Occupational Injury or Illness as Young Adult Workers Ph. D. Dissertation, Law, Policy, and Society Program, Northeastern University, 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Census of Population; Injuries, Workplace; Job Characteristics; Job Hazards; State-Level Data/Policy; Transition, School to Work; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Vocational Education; Vocational Training; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Work-related injury experienced by young workers has drawn much attention in our society where studies show that such injuries are often under-reported. Adolescent and young adult workers are more vulnerable to injury due to inexperience as workers; lack of job safety awareness; or even employer exploitation. Prevalence of work related injury is influenced by a number of sociodemographic factors that in turn influence how adolescent and young workers, as well as society as a whole, perceive their risk for injury in the work place. Vocational and technical training obtained outside of regular schoolwork and state level enforcement of labor safety laws are two key predictors of risk for work related injury. Neither of these factors has been thoroughly investigated to determine any effect on the outcome of work-related injury for young workers. This study addresses this gap by utilizing a population based survey, National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79), to explore a wide range of sociodemographic attributes experienced by a cohort of working teenagers and young adults as they transitioned over a ten year period (1979 to 1989) towards being adult workers. Multivariate analyses were done to calculate odds ratios indicating the likelihood for specific individual attributes and job characteristics to be associated with the reporting of a work related injury in 1989 by survey respondents (age 24 to 32) while controlling for relevant covariates. A separate measurement was done to correlate the state level strictness of enforcement of labor safety laws as derived from BLS data on regulatory agency inspections and Census Bureau data for work place establishments in individual states. For this study, no effect was found for vocational or technical training on work injury risk where the analysis indicated no significant difference between young adult workers who obtained training from those reporting no training. However, the level of state enfor cement compliance of labor safety laws, measured as the time safety inspectors would need to inspect all work establishments in a state, did have a significant effect on the risk of work related injury. In states that took the longest time to inspect (least strict) young adult workers had almost 1.4 times the risk of injury as those working in states reporting shorter times to inspect (more strict). The results of this study suggest that additional research should be done to differentiate safety awareness training for young workers from all other vocational and technical training to determine if there is an effect on injury prevention. More importantly, public policy at the national level on work injury prevention needs to recognize that state level implementation of occupational safety compliance programs varies widely and those states conducting less frequent work place inspections have higher risk for injury than those states conducting more frequent inspections. |
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Bibliography Citation
Price, John Michael. Risk Assessment in the Work Environment of Adolescents and Their Attainment of Occupational Injury or Illness as Young Adult Workers. Ph. D. Dissertation, Law, Policy, and Society Program, Northeastern University, 2010. |
5154. |
Price, Joseph P. |
The Effect of Parental Time Investments: Evidence from Natural Within-Family Variation Working Paper, Department of Economics, Brigham Young University, 2010 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Brigham Young University Keyword(s): American Time Use Survey (ATUS); Birth Order; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Family Income; Family Resources; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parent-Child Interaction; Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Time Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Firstborn children receive more parental time investments, and this difference is larger when children are spaced further apart in age. I use this natural within-family variation to estimate the effect of parental time investments on children’s reading test scores. Having an instrumental variable for parent–child reading is crucial since parents invest more time with the lower-performing child, leading to downward bias of the effects of parental time investments. I find that an extra day per week of parent–child reading during the first ten years of life raises a child’s performance on standardized reading tests by about half of a standard deviation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Price, Joseph P. "The Effect of Parental Time Investments: Evidence from Natural Within-Family Variation." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Brigham Young University, 2010. |
5155. |
Price, Joseph P. Kalil, Ariel |
The Effect of Mother-Child Reading Time on Children's Reading Skills: Evidence From Natural Within‐Family Variation Child Development 90,6 (November/December 2019): e688-e702. Also: https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdev.13137 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Achievement; Parent-Child Interaction; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Children's exposure to book reading is thought to be an influential input into positive cognitive development. Yet there is little empirical research identifying whether it is reading time per se, or other factors associated with families who read, such as parental education or children's reading skill, that improves children's achievement. Using data on 4,239 children ages 0-13 of the female respondents of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study applies two different methodologies to identify the causal impact of mother-child reading time on children's achievement scores by controlling for several confounding child and family characteristics. The results show that a 1 SD increase in mother-child reading time increases children's reading achievement by 0.80 SDs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Price, Joseph P. and Ariel Kalil. "The Effect of Mother-Child Reading Time on Children's Reading Skills: Evidence From Natural Within‐Family Variation." Child Development 90,6 (November/December 2019): e688-e702.
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5156. |
Prisinzano, Richard Paul |
Employment Relationships over Time: Retention and Promotion Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, 2004. Also: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/3523 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas at Austin Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Job Promotion; Job Tenure; Job Turnover Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this dissertation, I examine how available information affects promotion and turnover decisions in internal labor markets. In the second essay, I use the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to explore the factors that are important determinants of an individual's promotion. One issue that arises in estimating the probability of promotion from longitudinal work history data is that researchers only observe promotion for individuals who remain at a job between interviews. I improve upon earlier studies by using a bivariate probit analysis to correct the bias from partial observability and provide more informative estimates of the promotion process. These new estimates allow differences in promotion rates across demographic groups to be decomposed into differences in the probability of promotion conditional on staying and differences in the probability of staying. In the third essay, we explore the differential patterns of job attachment between men and women by examining how men and women respond to promotion expectations. Using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find that early in their career women with low promotion expectations are more likely to stay on a job than corresponding men. We also find that this difference diminishes with experience. |
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Bibliography Citation
Prisinzano, Richard Paul. Employment Relationships over Time: Retention and Promotion. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, 2004.. |
5157. |
Probst, Janice C. Wang, Jong-Yi Moore, Charity G. Powell, M. Paige Brock Martin, Amy |
Continuity of Health Insurance Coverage and Perceived Health at Age 40 Medical Care Research and Review 65,4 (August 2008): 450-477 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Insurance, Health; Minorities; Minority Groups Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While a lack of health insurance or interrupted coverage has been shown to lead to poorer health status among preretirement populations, this phenomenon has not been examined among a large population of younger, working-age adults. We analyzed a nationally representative data set of persons born between 1957 and 1961, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979, to examine the links between insurance continuity and self-assessed physical and mental health at age 40. Among respondents turning 40 in 1998 or 2000, 59.8% had been continuously insured during the decade before they reached age 40. In unadjusted analysis, persons who were continuously covered had the highest scores for both physical and mental health. After controlling for respondent characteristics, insurance coverage was not significantly associated with perceived physical or mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Medical Care Research & Review is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Probst, Janice C., Jong-Yi Wang, Charity G. Moore, M. Paige Powell and Amy Brock Martin. "Continuity of Health Insurance Coverage and Perceived Health at Age 40." Medical Care Research and Review 65,4 (August 2008): 450-477.
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5158. |
Prosser, William R. |
Family Structure, Substitute Care, and Educational Achievement Discussion Paper No. 1140-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, August 1997. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp114097.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): College Graduates; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Foster Care; High School Completion/Graduates; Home Environment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to explore the educational achievement of youths who lived away from both biological parents for at least four months during childhood. The study focuses on those who spent some time in substitute care (in foster family care, living with relatives, or in institutions), those who left home to be on their own before age 17, and children who were adopted by a couple before age 2. Educational achievement is measured by high school completion, college completion, and highest grade completed by age 25. The 5 to 10 percent of youths in this study who experience surrogate forms of family care on average have lower educational achievement than those who grew up with both biological parents. The educational level of the parents appears to play an important role, and may explain a significant portion of this discrepancy. This study cannot sort out whether the differences in educational achievement reflect the types of youths who enter surrogate forms of care, the reasons for transitions, or the actual substitute care experiences. Its contribution is that it adds analysis of a nationally representative sample of youth to a very thin body of literature on substitute care. |
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Bibliography Citation
Prosser, William R. "Family Structure, Substitute Care, and Educational Achievement." Discussion Paper No. 1140-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, August 1997. |
5159. |
Pylypchuk, Yuriy Kirby, James B. |
The Role of Marriage in Explaining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Health Care for Men in the US Review of Economics of the Household 15,3 (September 2017): 807-832. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11150-015-9300-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Health Care; Marriage; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Reducing disparities in access to health care is a long-standing objective of the federal government. Building on research showing that marriage can provide important resources for obtaining needed health care, we suggest that racial and ethnic differences in marriage could explain persistent disparities in access. Using data from MEPS and NLSY we investigate the association between marriage and access to health care among men, and estimate the extent to which racial and ethnic differences in both the returns to marriage and marital rates explain differences in access and preventive service use. We find that marriage accounts for up to 24% of racial and ethnic differences in access and preventive use. The returns to marriage for whites and blacks, however, are greater than that for Hispanics. We suggest that differences in spousal characteristics such as education and income could explain why whites and blacks benefit from marriage more than Hispanics. We find support for this hypothesis: differences in spousal characteristics account for up to 37% of the gap in access and preventive use among married adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pylypchuk, Yuriy and James B. Kirby. "The Role of Marriage in Explaining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Health Care for Men in the US ." Review of Economics of the Household 15,3 (September 2017): 807-832.
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5160. |
Qian, Xuechao |
Essays on Impacts of Childhood Experiences Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Body Mass Index (BMI); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Geocoded Data; Health Care; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Chapter 2, I examine the long-term impacts of the Area Health Education Centers (AHEC) program that promotes medical education and training to local communities. Using an event study strategy, I find the AHEC program increases local healthcare workforce. I show cohorts with childhood exposure to the AHEC program are less likely to be overweight and develop health limitations, report better subjective health, are less depressed, and consume fewer alcohol drinks and cigarettes than those without any childhood exposure to a local AHEC. Furthermore, these cohorts are more likely to remain enrolled in school after 16 and pursue a higher education degree. |
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Bibliography Citation
Qian, Xuechao. Essays on Impacts of Childhood Experiences. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2022. |
5161. |
Qian, Yue |
Educational Assortative Mating and Income Dynamics in Couples: A Longitudinal and Dyadic Perspective Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Husbands, Income; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Marriage; Wives, Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The reversal of the gender gap in education could have far-reaching consequences for marriage and family lives. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and longitudinal multilevel dyad models to investigate how the educational pairing of spouses at the time of marriage shapes income dynamics in couples over the marital life course. Husbands' income earned at the start of marriage varies by the educational pairing of spouses, but change in husbands' income with marital duration is very comparable across three types of educational pairings of spouses. For wives, both their initial income at marriage and change in income after marriage vary by the educational pairing of spouses, with wives who marry a less-educated husband than themselves having more positive change in income over the marital life course. These results suggest that it remains important for husbands to bring income into the family no matter what educational levels they have relative to their wives, whereas the rise of women's education and the increasing prevalence of women marrying down in education likely protect women from earning less after marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Qian, Yue. "Educational Assortative Mating and Income Dynamics in Couples: A Longitudinal and Dyadic Perspective." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
5162. |
Qian, Yue |
Educational Assortative Mating and Income Dynamics in Couples: A Longitudinal Dyadic Perspective Journal of Marriage and Family 80,3 (June 2018): 607-621. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jomf.12470 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Husbands, Income; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Marriage; Wives, Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The question of how educational assortative mating may transform couples' lives and within-family gender inequality has gained increasing attention. Using 25 waves (1979–2012) of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and longitudinal multilevel dyad models, this study investigated how educational assortative mating shapes income dynamics in couples during the marital life course. Couples were grouped into three categories--educational hypergamy (wives less educated than their husbands), homogamy, and hypogamy (wives more educated than their husbands). Results show that change in husbands' income with marital duration is similar across couples, whereas change in wives' income varies by educational assortative mating, with wives in educational hypogamy exhibiting more positive change in income during the marital life course. The finding that husbands' long-term economic advancement is less affected than that of wives by educational assortative mating underscores the gender-asymmetric nature of spousal influence in heterosexual marriages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Qian, Yue. "Educational Assortative Mating and Income Dynamics in Couples: A Longitudinal Dyadic Perspective." Journal of Marriage and Family 80,3 (June 2018): 607-621.
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5163. |
Qian, Yue |
Mate Selection in America: Do Spouses' Incomes Converge When the Wife Has More Education? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Husbands, Income; Marriage; Wives, Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The reversal of the gender gap in education has reshaped the U.S. marriage market and could have far-reaching consequences for marriage and family lives. As women increasingly marry men with less education than themselves, does this imply greater economic gender equality in marriage? My dissertation takes a life course approach to answer this question. First, I examine gender asymmetry in educational and income assortative mating patterns among newlyweds. I use log-linear models to analyze data from the 1980 U.S. Census and the 2008–2012 American Community Surveys. Second, I investigate how educational assortative mating shapes husbands and wives income trajectories over the course of marriage. I use multilevel dyad models to analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Educational assortative mating is captured by three types of educational pairings of spouses: educational hypergamy in which the wife is less educated than the husband, educational homogamy in which both spouses have same levels of education, and educational hypogamy in which the wife is more educated than the husband. I find that change in husbands income with marital duration was similar regardless of educational pairings of spouses, whereas change in wives income varied by educational pairings of spouses such that wives in educational hypogamy exhibited more positive change in income over the marital life course. The findings suggest that it remains important for husbands to bring income into the family no matter what educational levels they have relative to their wives, whereas the rise in women's education and in prevalence of educational hypogamy likely protects women from earning less after marriage. Lastly, I examine how educational assortative mating shapes patterns of female breadwinning status over the course of marriage. I use group-based trajectory models to analyze data from the NLSY79. I find substantial movement in and out of the primary breadwinner role by wives across marital years and great heterogeneity in trajectories of female breadwinning status across couples. In addition, educational assortative mating plays a role in shaping patterns of female breadwinning status: educationally hypogamous couples are less likely than educationally homogamous or hypergamous couples to follow the traditional trajectory characterized by virtually no chance of achieving a female breadwinning arrangement over the first twenty years of marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Qian, Yue. Mate Selection in America: Do Spouses' Incomes Converge When the Wife Has More Education? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 2016. |
5164. |
Qian, Yue Yavorsky, Jill E. |
The Under-Utilization of Women's Talent: Academic Achievement and Future Leadership Positions Social Forces published online (18 January 2021): DOI: 10.1093/sf/soaa126. Also: https://academic.oup.com/sf/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/sf/soaa126/6103179 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Achievement; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Grade Point Average (GPA)/Grades; Job Promotion; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite high labor force participation, women remain underrepresented in leadership at every level. In this study, we examine whether women and men who show early academic achievement during their adolescence--and arguably signs of future leadership potential--have similar or different pathways to later leadership positions in the workplace. We also examine how leadership patterns by gender and early academic achievement differ according to parenthood status. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we find that overall, men supervise more people than women at work during their early-to-mid careers, regardless of their grade point averages (GPAs) in high school. In addition, among men and women who are parents, early academic achievement is much more strongly associated with future leadership roles for fathers than it is for mothers. Such patterns exacerbate gender gaps in leadership among parents who were top achievers in high school. Indeed, among those who had earned a 4.0 GPA in high school, fathers manage over four times the number of supervisees as mothers do (nineteen vs. four supervisees). Additional analyses focusing on parents suggest that gender leadership gaps by GPA are not attributable to different propensities for taking on leadership roles between the genders but are in part explained by unequal returns to educational attainment and differences in employment-related characteristics by gender. Overall, our results reveal that suppressed leadership prospects apply to even women who show the most promise early-on and highlight the vast under-utilization of women's (in particular mothers') talent for organizational leadership. |
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Bibliography Citation
Qian, Yue and Jill E. Yavorsky. "The Under-Utilization of Women's Talent: Academic Achievement and Future Leadership Positions." Social Forces published online (18 January 2021): DOI: 10.1093/sf/soaa126.
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5165. |
Quadlin, Natasha Y. Conwell, Jordan A. Rouhani, Shiva |
The Economic Context of Higher Education Expansion: Race, Gender, and Household Finances Across Cohorts and Generations Journal of Family and Economic Issues published online (01 July 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-023-09918-8 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Economics of Minorities; Education; Education, Adult; Education, Postsecondary; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Finances, Household; Higher Education; Income; Racial Equality/Inequality; Student Loans / Student Aid; Wealth; Women, Black Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article assesses how the economic context of higher education expansion since the mid-20th century has shaped families’ financial lives—in terms of income and wealth/debt—as well as how these trends have differed for Black and White women and men. We use data from the NLSY-79 (comprising trailing-edge Baby Boomers) and NLSY-97 (comprising early Millennials) to show how academically similar students in these two cohorts fared in terms of educational attainment, household income, household wealth, and total student debt accrued by age 35. While we discuss findings across race-gender groups, our results call attention to the education-related economic disadvantages faced by Black women that have accelerated across cohorts. Over time, Black women’s educational attainment has increased substantially, and high-achieving Black women, in particular, have become uniquely likely to progress beyond the BA. But while high-achieving Black women have made many advances in higher education, they also have become more likely than similarly high-achieving White men, White women, and Black men to have zero or negative wealth at the household level, and to accrue student debt for themselves and for their children. Our findings demonstrate that the costs of expanded access to credit for higher education have not been borne equally across race, gender, and achievement, and that these patterns have multigenerational financial consequences for college attendees and their families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quadlin, Natasha Y., Jordan A. Conwell and Shiva Rouhani. "The Economic Context of Higher Education Expansion: Race, Gender, and Household Finances Across Cohorts and Generations." Journal of Family and Economic Issues published online (01 July 2023).
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5166. |
Quadlin, Natasha Y. Conwell, Jordan A. Rouhani, Shiva |
The Economic Context of Higher Education Expansion: Race, Gender, and Household Finances Across Cohorts and Generations Journal of Family and Economic Issues 45,2 (June 2024): 430-443. Also: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38855611/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Black Studies; Debt, Student; Debt/Borrowing; Economics of Gender; Economics of Minorities; Education; Education, Adult; Education, Higher; Education, Postsecondary; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Educational Outcomes; Finances, Household; Gender; Higher Education; Income; Race/Ethnicity; Racial Equality/Inequality; Student Loans / Student Aid; Wealth; Wealth Gap; Women; Women, Black Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article assesses how the economic context of higher education expansion since the mid-20th century has shaped families' financial lives—in terms of income and wealth/debt—as well as how these trends have differed for Black and White women and men. We use data from the NLSY-79 (comprising trailing-edge Baby Boomers) and NLSY-97 (comprising early Millennials) to show how academically similar students in these two cohorts fared in terms of educational attainment, household income, household wealth, and total student debt accrued by age 35. While we discuss findings across race-gender groups, our results call attention to the education-related economic disadvantages faced by Black women that have accelerated across cohorts. Over time, Black women's educational attainment has increased substantially, and high-achieving Black women, in particular, have become uniquely likely to progress beyond the BA. But while high-achieving Black women have made many advances in higher education, they also have become more likely than similarly high-achieving White men, White women, and Black men to have zero or negative wealth at the household level, and to accrue student debt for themselves and for their children. Our findings demonstrate that the costs of expanded access to credit for higher education have not been borne equally across race, gender, and achievement, and that these patterns have multigenerational financial consequences for college attendees and their families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quadlin, Natasha Y., Jordan A. Conwell and Shiva Rouhani. "The Economic Context of Higher Education Expansion: Race, Gender, and Household Finances Across Cohorts and Generations." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 45,2 (June 2024): 430-443.
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5167. |
Quane, James Michael |
Self-Efficacy and Welfare: an Evaluation of Causal Effects Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Akron, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Attainment; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception; Socioeconomic Background; Welfare Liberals and conservatives strongly disagree on the effects of welfare experiences on the lives of the poor. The experiences obtained while involved in the welfare system they argue may lead to a significant decrease in feelings of self-efficacy. Conservatives on the other hand would contend that the welfare system is in no way responsible for a decrease in feelings of self-efficacy among the group. The welfare poor they argue for the most part have no desire to work and the existence of welfare benefits simply encourages this anti-social behavior. Guided by self-efficacy theory this research seeks to determine the extent to which the welfare experience contributes to a decline in self-efficacy specifically occupational self-efficacy. The theory suggests that while people's feelings of occupational self-efficacy are affected by how society views them other factors namely vicarious experiences emotional arousal and performance attainment also play a significant role. In order to test the associations of these variables with occupational self-efficacy a sample of poor youth aged 18 years or older in 1980 was extracted from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Occupational self-efficacy measured in 1983 served as the outcome variable. No support was found for the hypothesis that welfare experience significantly affects self-efficacy. The measure of performance attainment in addition to race and educational attainment of the respondent had the only significant direct effects on the dependent variable. Indirect effects of vicarious experiences race educational attainment and performance attainment on self-efficacy were also uncovered. The dissertation concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for the liberal and conservative debate and identifies areas for further research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quane, James Michael. Self-Efficacy and Welfare: an Evaluation of Causal Effects. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Akron, 1992. |
5168. |
Quella-Isla, Núria Rendon, Silvio Roberto |
Interactions Between Job Search and Housing Decisions: A Structural Estimation Southern Economic Journal 90,2 (10 August 2023): 414–443. Also: https://doi.org/10.1002/soej.12650 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Allen Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Financial Investments; Financial Market Participation; Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types; Job Search; Labor Economics; Labor Market Outcomes; Savings; Structural Estimation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Abstract Housing and financial market shocks affect frictional labor markets. We structurally estimate a model of job search with accumulation of liquid and residential wealth and randomly persistent house prices. Using NLSY data from 1978 to 2000, we show that reservation wages and nonemployment increase in total wealth and respond to the composition of wealth, home prices and financial markets' tightness. We cluster counties of residence by HPI growth and find a residential wealth effect on labor markets that erodes with fast home price growth. When we counterfactually fix downpayment rates above observed trajectories, nonemployment becomes one percentage point higher in counties of average or fast home price growth and 1.2 percentage points lower where home prices are stagnant. Fixing interest rates at 2% generates a 0.5 percentage point decline in nonemployment in counties with no home price growth, but no changes where price growth is average or fast. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quella-Isla, Núria and Silvio Roberto Rendon. "Interactions Between Job Search and Housing Decisions: A Structural Estimation." Southern Economic Journal 90,2 (10 August 2023): 414–443. A.
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5169. |
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie |
Does Health Insurance Coverage Mitigate or Exacerbate Socioeconomic Inequities in Health in the U.S.? Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Health Factors; Insurance, Health; Modeling; Siblings; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the institutional impact of health insurance coverage on the pathways leading from status attainment to adult health. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the analyzes consist of structural equation models of sibling resemblance (Hauser 1988). Results suggest that the cumulative effects of income are partially mediated by the effects of health insurance. More specifically, these analyzes indicate that health insurance and the source of coverage contribute to social inequities in health through very different pathways: first, the number of years privately insured was found to compound the positive sibling-specific effects of status attainment on health when contrasted with the lack of insurance; second, public insurance was not found to differ in its effects on health from private insurance; and third, public insurance may have the potential to reduce socioeconomic inequities from the family of origin when lack of insurance is the alternative. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie. "Does Health Insurance Coverage Mitigate or Exacerbate Socioeconomic Inequities in Health in the U.S.?" Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. |
5170. |
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie |
Early Socioeconomic Disadvantage and the Cumulative Impact of Socioeconomic Status over the Life Course on Adult Health Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. Also: http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/0/9/4/0/pages109409/p109409-1.php Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Resources; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Mobility; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While much research has confirmed the association between adult SES and adult health, still little is known about the impact of SES trajectories on adult health. SES is hypothesized to affect health over the life course primarily through its cumulative effects on health, regardless of when adversity is experienced in the life course. In addition to those cumulative effects, it has been argued that the experience of adverse socioeconomic conditions in critical periods, such as early in the life course, may be even more detrimental to adult health than later disadvantage. In addition, there has also been recent speculation as to the effect of intragenerational mobility trajectories on health. Using data from the NLSY79, this study will examine (1) the cumulative impact of financial resources, (2) the differential impact of those resources at different periods in the respondents' life courses, and (3), the impact of intragenerational mobility trajectories in early and mid-adulthood. In addition, the main and moderating effects of early disadvantage on these relationships will be assessed. Findings suggest that financial resources do have cumulative effects on health through early and mid-adulthood. In addition, while there appeared to be critical period effects when respondents were in their late twenties, there were no critical period effects of poverty in the early twenties, nor were there discernable mobility effects. SES is hypothesized to affect health over the life course in two ways. First, SES is thought to have cumulative effects on health, regardless of when adversity is experienced in the life course. In addition to those cumulative effects, it is argued that the experience of adverse socioeconomic conditions early in the life course is more detrimental to adult health than later disadvantage, since it is reflected in lower education opportunities, which in turn restrict achieved status and health in adulthood. Using data from the NLSY79, this study will therefore examine both the cumulative impact of life course socioeconomic status to health as well as the moderating contribution of early socioeconomic status at different life stages to this relationship. Findings suggest that SES does have cumulative effects on health through the life course and that individuals who experienced poverty in late adolescence have a higher return to employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie. "Early Socioeconomic Disadvantage and the Cumulative Impact of Socioeconomic Status over the Life Course on Adult Health." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. |
5171. |
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie |
Is it Really Worse to Have Public Health Insurance Than to Have No Insurance at All? Health Insurance and Adult Health in the United States Journal of Health and Social Behavior 45,4 (December 2004): 376-392. Also: http://hsb.sagepub.com/content/45/4/376.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Health Care; Health Reform; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Medicaid/Medicare; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using prospective cohort data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study examines the extent to which health insurance coverage and the source of that coverage affect adult health. While previous research has shown that privately insure nonelderly individuals enjoy better health outcomes than their uninsured counterparts, the same relationship does not hold for those publicly insured through programs such as Medicaid. Because it is unclear whether this finding reflects a true causal relationship or is in fact due to selection bias by using fixed effects models with sibling clusters to corroborate--or contradict--the results of a conventional OLS regression. By controlling for unobserved factors shared by siblings, such as parental genetic influences, sibling models estimate health insurance effects that are less affected by selection bias. Findings suggest that, among the US birth cohorts of 1957 to 1961, the negative relationship between public health insurance and health is not causal, but rather due to prior health and socioeconomic status. Conversely, the lack of health insurance coverage has a strong cumulative negative impact on adult health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie. "Is it Really Worse to Have Public Health Insurance Than to Have No Insurance at All? Health Insurance and Adult Health in the United States." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 45,4 (December 2004): 376-392.
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5172. |
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie |
Life Course Stratification and Adult Health in the U.S.: The Contribution of Health Insurance to Socioeconomic Inequities in Health Presented: New York, NY, Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility of the International Sociological Association Meeting, August 2003. Also: http://education.nyu.edu/humsocsci/rc28/Quesnel-Vallee.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: International Sociological Association Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Medicaid/Medicare; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using prospective cohort data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and relying on a life course stratification framework, this study will determine the extent to which health insurance coverage contributes to socioeconomic differentials in adult health. While previous research has shown that nonelderly privately insured individuals enjoy better health outcomes than their uninsured counterparts, the same relationship does not hold for those publicly insured through programs such as Medicaid. Because it is unclear whether this finding reflects a true causal relationship or is in fact due to selection bias on socioeconomic status (SES) and health, previous estimates of the contribution of health insurance to inequities in health may have been biased. This study attempts to disentangle these competing hypotheses by using fixed effects models with sibling clusters to corroborate -- or refute -- the results of a conventional OLS regression. By controlling for unobserved factors shared by siblings such as parental genetic influences, sibling models estimate health insurance effects that are less affected by selection bias. Findings suggest that the negative relationship between public health insurance and health is not causal, but rather due to prior health and SES. Conversely, health insurance coverage per se (though not the source of coverage) contributes to socioeconomic differentials in health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie. "Life Course Stratification and Adult Health in the U.S.: The Contribution of Health Insurance to Socioeconomic Inequities in Health." Presented: New York, NY, Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility of the International Sociological Association Meeting, August 2003. |
5173. |
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie Dehaney, Suzanne Ciampi, Antonio |
Contingent Work and Depressive Symptoms: Contribution of Health Selection and Moderating Effects of Employment Status Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association's 104th Annual Meeting, August 9, 2009. Also: http://www.soc.cas.cz/download/476/Am%E9lie%20Quesnel-Vall%E9e_Contingent_work_and_depressive_symptoms.ppt Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Employment, Part-Time; Health, Mental/Psychological; Labor Supply; Work, Atypical; Work, Contingent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. For a complete resume of the paper, see, COOPER, JACKIE: Employee Mental Health Strained By Temp Work Medical New Today 12 Aug 2009. Also: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160396.php |
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Bibliography Citation
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie, Suzanne Dehaney and Antonio Ciampi. "Contingent Work and Depressive Symptoms: Contribution of Health Selection and Moderating Effects of Employment Status." Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association's 104th Annual Meeting, August 9, 2009. |
5174. |
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie Dehaney, Suzanne Ciampi, Antonio |
Temporary Work and Depressive Symptoms: A Propensity Score Analysis Social Science and Medicine 70,12 (June 2010):1982-1987. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/socmed/v70y2010i12p1982-1987.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Job Characteristics; Modeling; Part-Time Work; Propensity Scores; Shift Workers; Work Hours/Schedule; Work, Atypical Recent decades have seen a tremendous increase in the complexity of work arrangements, through job sharing, flexible hours, career breaks, compressed work weeks, shift work, reduced job security, and part-time, contract and temporary work. In this study, we focus on one specific group of workers that arguably most embodies non-standard employment, namely temporary workers, and estimate the effect of this type of employment on depressive symptom severity. Accounting for the possibility of mental health selection into temporary work through propensity score analysis, we isolate the direct effects of temporary work on depressive symptoms with varying lags of time since exposure. We use prospective data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), which has followed, longitudinally, from 1979 to the present, a nationally representative cohort of American men and women between 14 and 22 years of age in 1979. Three propensity score models were estimated, to capture the effect of different time lags (immediately following exposure, and 2 and 4 years post exposure) between the period of exposure to the outcome. The only significant effects were found among those who had been exposed to temporary work in the two years preceding the outcome measurement. These workers report 1.803 additional depressive symptoms from having experienced this work status (than if they had not been exposed). Moreover, this difference is both statistically and substantively significant, as it represents a 50% increase from the average level of depressive symptoms in this population. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie, Suzanne Dehaney and Antonio Ciampi. "Temporary Work and Depressive Symptoms: A Propensity Score Analysis." Social Science and Medicine 70,12 (June 2010):1982-1987.
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5175. |
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie Morgan, S. Philip |
Missing the Target? Correspondence of Fertility Intentions and Behavior in the U.S. Population Research and Policy Review 22,5-6 (December 2003): 497-525. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/q45281251445l40g/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Birth Rate; Expectations/Intentions; Family Size; Fertility; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Building on a framework suggested by Bongaarts (2001) and using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we describe the correspondence between intended family size and observed fertility for the 1957 to 1961 birth cohorts of U.S. women and men. Over an 18-year period (1982-2000), we show that while aggregate intentions are quite stable, discrepancies are very common at the individual level. Women and men were more likely to err in predicting number of additional births in the period 1982-2000 than to hit their target number. A very strong predictor of over- and underachieving fertility is initial intended parity. Those who intended more than two children tended to have fewer children than intended, while those who intended fewer than two children tended to have more children than intended. In addition and consistent with life course arguments, those unmarried in 1982, childless in 1982, and (for women) still in school in 1982 were most likely to underachieve their 2000 intended parity (i.e., have fewer children than intended). We conclude by reflecting on how the circumstances that allow discrepancies between intentions and behavior to almost "balance" in the U.S. may cumulate differently elsewhere to produce much lower fertility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie and S. Philip Morgan. "Missing the Target? Correspondence of Fertility Intentions and Behavior in the U.S." Population Research and Policy Review 22,5-6 (December 2003): 497-525.
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5176. |
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie Renahy, Emilie |
Pregnancy: A Risk Factor for Social Inequalities in Overweight and Obesity? Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Obesity; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We aimed to: 1. Estimate the average time to return to pre-pregnancy and “healthy” BMI (18.5-24.9) post-pregnancy. 2. Identify socioeconomic and ethnic characteristics placing women at risk of not returning to a healthy and/or their pre-pregnancy BMI. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 for 1890 parous women, we find that 68.6% of women returned to their pre-pregnancy BMI after 1.9 years on average. Similarly, 81.2% reached a healthy BMI after 1.7 years on average. However, given that 18.8% of women who returned to their pre-pregnancy BMI were overweight or obese, this suggests that the high proportion of women reaching a “healthy” BMI post-partum is due in part to underweight women transitioning into this “healthy” category. Moreover, higher proportions of women returned to their pre-pregnancy BMI among Whites (70.0%) than Blacks (62.1%) or Hispanics (57.4%) and among those whose mothers' had higher education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie and Emilie Renahy. "Pregnancy: A Risk Factor for Social Inequalities in Overweight and Obesity?" Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
5177. |
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie Taylor, Miles G. |
Socioeconomic Pathways to Depressive Symptoms in Adulthood: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Social Science and Medicine 74,5 (March 2012): 734-743. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300713 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Education; Family Income; Health, Mental/Psychological; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) The existence of a direct effect of early socioeconomic position (SEP) on adult mental health outcomes net of adult SEP is still debated. This question demands the explicit modeling of pathways linking early SEP to adult SEP and mental health. In light of this background, we pursue two objectives in this study. First, we examine whether depressive symptoms in adulthood can be fit in a trajectory featuring both an intercept, or baseline range of depressive symptoms that varied between individuals, and a slope describing the average evolution of depressive symptoms over the years. Second, we estimate the direct and indirect pathways linking early SEP, respondents’ education and adult household income, with a particular focus on whether early SEP retains a significant direct effect on the trajectory of depressive symptoms once adult SEP is entered into the pathway model. Drawing from 29 years of cohort data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a survey that has been following a national probability sample of American civilian and military youth (Zagorsky and White, 1999), we used structural equation models to estimate the pathways between parents’ education, respondent’s education, and latent growth curves of household income and depressive symptoms. We found that the effect of parents’ education was entirely mediated by respondent’s education. In turn, the effect of respondent’s education was largely mediated by household income. In conclusion, our findings showed that the socioeconomic attainment process that is rooted in parents’ education and leads to respondent’s education and then to household income is a crucial pathway for adult mental health. These results suggest that increasing educational opportunities may be an effective policy to break the intergenerational transmission of low socioeconomic status and poor mental health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie and Miles G. Taylor. "Socioeconomic Pathways to Depressive Symptoms in Adulthood: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979." Social Science and Medicine 74,5 (March 2012): 734-743.
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5178. |
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie Taylor, Miles G. Park, Alison |
Pathways from Parental Education to Adult Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Education; Fathers, Influence; Growth Curves; Health, Mental/Psychological; Income; Mothers, Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using latent growth curves, we decompose the effects of parental education on trajectories of depressive symptoms (DS) in adulthood into direct and indirect effects mediated by respondents' education and trajectories of income in adulthood. Data come from the NLSY79 (N=5,247). Mother's, but not father's, education had a direct effect on the intercept of DS, as each year of maternal education decreased the intercept of DS by 0.10 points (p<0.001). This direct effect declined in both significance (p<0.05) and by 50% in magnitude with the indirect effect through respondents' own education. Finally, the totality of the effect appeared to be indirect when trajectories of income were included. Thus, childhood appears to be a period sensitive to the effects of parents' education, but this effect wanes as individuals progress through the life course and more proximate effects of achieved status (education and income) take precedence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie, Miles G. Taylor and Alison Park. "Pathways from Parental Education to Adult Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
5179. |
Quinn, Patrick D. Harden, K. Paige |
Differential Changes in Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking and the Escalation of Substance Use from Adolescence to Early Adulthood Development and Psychopathology 25, Special Issue 01 (February 2013): 223-239. Also: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8833710 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Depression (see also CESD); Drug Use; Family Income; Genetics; Kinship; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Mothers, Behavior; Risk-Taking; Siblings; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent evidence suggests that impulsivity and sensation seeking are not stable risk factors for substance use among adolescents and early adults but rather that they undergo significant developmental maturation and change. Further, developmental trends of both personality facets may vary across individuals. In the current investigation, we used longitudinal data from ages 15 to 26 on 5,632 individuals drawn from the offspring generation of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine whether interindividual differences in intraindividual change in impulsivity and sensation seeking predicted the escalation of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use in adolescence and early adulthood. Latent growth curve models revealed significant individual differences in rates of change in both personality and substance use. Age-related changes in personality were positively associated with individual differences in substance-use change. Individuals who declined more slowly in impulsivity increased in alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette more rapidly, whereas individuals who declined more slowly in sensation seeking increased more rapidly in alcohol use only. Although risk for substance use across the population may peak during adolescence and early adulthood, this risk may be highest among those who decline more gradually in impulsivity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quinn, Patrick D. and K. Paige Harden. "Differential Changes in Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking and the Escalation of Substance Use from Adolescence to Early Adulthood." Development and Psychopathology 25, Special Issue 01 (February 2013): 223-239.
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5180. |
Quintana, Fernando A. Newton, Michael A. |
Assessing the Order of Dependence for Partially Exchangeable Binary Data Journal of the American Statistical Association 93,441 (March 1998): 194-202. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2669616 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Data Quality/Consistency; Employment, Youth; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Markov chain / Markov model; Monte Carlo; Statistical Analysis The problem we consider is how to assess the order of serial dependence within partially exchangeable binary sequences. We obtain exact conditional tests comparing any two orders by finding the conditional distribution of data given certain transition counts. These tests are facilitated with a new Monte Carlo scheme. Asymptotic tests are also discussed. In particular, we show that the likelihood ratio tests have an asymptotic chi-square distribution, thus generalizing the results of Billingsley (1961) for the particular case of Markov chains. We apply these methods to several data sets, and perform a simulation to study their properties. This article is concerned with the nonparametric statistical analysis of multiple binary sequences, a commonly occurring data structure. One example that we consider comes from dairy science, where each of a number of cows is tested for the presence of a pathogen infection throughout the lactation cycle. Sports statistics provide our second example, in which each of many baseball players produces a sequence of hits/no hits over the course of a season (Albright 1993). A third example comes from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), in which the employment and health status of a group of young people are monitored yearly by questionnaire (see Borus 1984). It is natural to allow correlation within each binary sequence when formulating models for such data. Among the various approaches, a particularly simple model says that each binary sequence is the realization of a Markov chain having some order of serial dependence. Zeroth-order chains correspond to independence, first-order chains exhibit serial dependence on the most recent binary variable, second-order chains depend on the most recent pair of variables, and so on. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quintana, Fernando A. and Michael A. Newton. "Assessing the Order of Dependence for Partially Exchangeable Binary Data." Journal of the American Statistical Association 93,441 (March 1998): 194-202.
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5181. |
Quintini, Glenda Manfredi, Thomas |
Going Separate Ways? School-To-Work Transitions in the United States and Europe OECD Social. Employment and Migration Working Papers No: 90, Paris, France: OECD, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, 20 August 2009. Also: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/fulltext/5kscgm205q9q.pdf?expires=1287583717&id=0000&accname=guest&checksum=B5CFB88628594EE118959CDE26BA7533 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (Paris, France) Keyword(s): Apprenticeships; Cross-national Analysis; Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Employment, Youth; European Community Household Panel (ECHP); Job Patterns; Methods/Methodology; Transition, Adulthood; Transition, School to Work; Transitional Programs; Vocational Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper derives school-to-work transition pathways in the United States and Europe between the late 1990s and the early 2000s. To do so, it uses Optimal Matching, a technique developed to sequence DNA. The key advantage of using this technique is that, rather than focusing on a specific point in time or a single destination, such as employment, inactivity or unemployment, they convey information on all activities undertaken by youth over the transition period, their sequence and their persistence. Strong similarities are found between the United States and Europe. However, pathways in the United States are characterised by significantly more dynamism than in Europe: youth in employment tend to change jobs more frequently while inactive or unemployed youth are more likely to experience several short spells rather than a single long one. School-to-work transition pathways in the United States also involve less time spent in unemployment than in Europe. The share of school-leavers involved in pathways dominated by employment is larger in the United States than in Europe and non-employment traps are less frequent in the United States. The most successful European countries in terms of school-to-work transitions are those where apprenticeships are widespread. On the other hand, European countries with a high incidence of temporary work among youth have a significantly smaller share of youth belonging to pathways dominated by employment and a larger share of youth in pathways characterised by frequent job changes separated by long unemployment spells. At the individual level, qualifications, gender, ethnicity and motherhood are found to influence the probability of disconnecting from the labour market and education for a prolonged period of time. Overall, the analysis shows the potential of Optimal Matching as a descriptive tool for the study of school-to-work transitions. It also tentatively explores how pathways obtained through Optimal Matching could be used for fur ther analysis to draw policy-relevant conclusions. At present, data availability appears to be the main barrier to fully exploiting this novel technique. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quintini, Glenda and Thomas Manfredi. "Going Separate Ways? School-To-Work Transitions in the United States and Europe." OECD Social. Employment and Migration Working Papers No: 90, Paris, France: OECD, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, 20 August 2009. |
5182. |
Quiroz, Christopher McClintock, Elizabeth |
Bringing Work Home: How Occupational Sex Composition Influences Traditional Gender Roles Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Occupational Attainment; Occupations, Non-Traditional Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We explore the relationship between occupational sex composition and traditional gender ideology by using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth. Previous studies indicate two possible theories to describe how occupational context would affect gender opinions. First, gender deviance neutralization theory suggests that men and women in gender-atypical occupations would hold more traditional gender beliefs as a form of gender compensation. Second, gender conventionality theory suggests individuals in gender-atypical occupations would be more likely to break from tradition gender opinions and have greater egalitarian perceptions. We find that men and women do not compensate for gender-atypical career settings by adopting traditional gender opinions. The results indicate that men with egalitarian opinions are more likely to select into gender-atypical occupations, thus confirming the salience of gender conventionality theory for men. Occupational context has no effect for women respondents which supports previous findings that gender norms for women are more robust to external influences than for men. The implications for the findings are also addressed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Quiroz, Christopher and Elizabeth McClintock. "Bringing Work Home: How Occupational Sex Composition Influences Traditional Gender Roles." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
5183. |
Rabbani, Abed G. Yao, Zheying Wang, Christina |
Does Personality Predict Financial Risk Tolerance of Pre-Retiree Baby Boomers? Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance 23 (September 2019): 124-132. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214635019300358 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Risk-Taking Financial risk tolerance is an important concept that helps financial planners recommend financial products to their clients. As the baby boomer generation approaches retirement, research to determine how these individuals perceive financial risk tolerance has grown exponentially. The present study examines the relationship between financial risk tolerance and the Big Five personality traits (also known as the Five-Factor Model), which include extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience, in the baby boomer generation. We argue that the influences of Big-five personality traits are consistent in baby-boomer generation. We find that baby boomers with a higher degree of extraversion, emotional stability, and openness to experience are more risk tolerant, while those with a higher degree of agreeableness and conscientiousness have lower risk tolerance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rabbani, Abed G., Zheying Yao and Christina Wang. "Does Personality Predict Financial Risk Tolerance of Pre-Retiree Baby Boomers?" Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance 23 (September 2019): 124-132.
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5184. |
Rabbani, Abed G. Yao, Zheying Wang, Christina Grable, John E. |
Financial Risk Tolerance, Sensation Seeking, and Locus of Control Among Pre-Retiree Baby Boomers Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning published online (2020): DOI: 10.1891/JFCP-18-00072. Also: https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrjfcp/early/2020/12/22/jfcp-18-00072 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Financial Counseling and Planning Education (U.S.) (AFCPE) Keyword(s): Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Modeling, OLS; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Financial risk tolerance is an important personal characteristic that is widely used by financial professionals to guide the development and presentation of client-centered recommendations. As more baby boomers enter retirement, research on how these individuals perceive their willingness to take financial risks has gained importance, particularly as the focus of investment portfolios changes from capital accumulation to capital preservation in retirement. This study examined the role of sensation seeking and locus of control on financial risk tolerance for a pre-retiree baby boomer sample using the 2014 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Findings from three ordinary least square (OLS) regression models showed that baby boomers who were not sensation seekers, and those who displayed an external locus of control orientation were more likely to exhibit a low tolerance for financial risk. Furthermore, those who engaged in sensation-seeking behavior were more likely to have an internal locus of control orientation and a high tolerance for risk. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rabbani, Abed G., Zheying Yao, Christina Wang and John E. Grable. "Financial Risk Tolerance, Sensation Seeking, and Locus of Control Among Pre-Retiree Baby Boomers." Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning published online (2020): DOI: 10.1891/JFCP-18-00072.
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5185. |
Rabin, Roni Caryn |
Disparities: Health Risks Seen for Single Mothers New York Times, June 14, 2011. Also: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/14/health/research/14disparities.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York Times Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Fertility; Health Factors; Marital Status; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Middle-aged women who were single when they had their first child are in worse health than similar women who were married when first giving birth, suggesting that the stress of being a single parent has long-term health consequences, a new study has found. The report, published June 2 in American Sociological Review, is one of the first to assess the health of single mothers. Researchers analyzed data on 3,400 women taken from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which tracks the health of a nationally representative sample of people who were ages 14 to 22 when the survey started. The mothers were asked at age 40 to rate their health with a type of self-assessment considered a highly accurate indicator of health and future mortality. Both black and white women who had children outside of marriage ranked their health as worse than women who had their first children while married. That was not the case, however, for Hispanic single mothers, who are more likely to have children in long relationships that closely resemble marriage, the authors said. The findings are of concern because unmarried women account for almost 40 percent of births in the United States, up from 10 percent in 1960, said Kristi Williams, an associate professor of sociology at the Ohio State University and the paper’s lead author. A version of this article appeared in print on June 14, 2011, on page D6 of the New York edition with the headline: DISPARITIES: Health Risks Seen for Single Mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rabin, Roni Caryn. "Disparities: Health Risks Seen for Single Mothers." New York Times, June 14, 2011. |
5186. |
Rabon, John Stuart |
Fertility, Maternal Employment, and the Effect on a Child's Cognitive Achievement Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina, March 2011 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Keyword(s): Achievement; Cognitive Development; Fertility; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Here I present a model of the female life-cycle decision making process, focusing on fertility and maternal employment, and the pathways through which she affects her children's cognitive outcomes. Previous analyses which model cognitive achievement are more limited in scope through modeling fewer endogenous decisions and/or use a limited sample to discover the effect of specific government policies. Here, I explicitly account for the relationship between a woman's family-size and career preferences and how those preferences affect her child's cognitive outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rabon, John Stuart. "Fertility, Maternal Employment, and the Effect on a Child's Cognitive Achievement." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina, March 2011. |
5187. |
Rackin, Heather M. |
Comparing Veteran and Non-veteran Racial Disparities in Mid-life Health and Well-being Population Research and Policy Review 36,3 (June 2017): 331-356. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-016-9419-8 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Racial Differences; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Veterans; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data on mid-life physical health, mental health, and self-esteem, I examine inter- and intra-racial disparities in health and well-being among veteran and non-veteran men (N = 2440). After controlling for selectivity into the military via propensity weighting, I find that black veterans have higher self-esteem than white veterans and comparable black non-veterans, but white veterans have similar mid-life self-esteem as their non-veteran counterparts. I find no evidence of disparities in health for depressive symptoms and self-rated health after taking selection into military service into account. The results suggest that aspects of military service may increase blacks' self-esteem, possibly due to less discrimination and more opportunity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rackin, Heather M. "Comparing Veteran and Non-veteran Racial Disparities in Mid-life Health and Well-being." Population Research and Policy Review 36,3 (June 2017): 331-356.
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5188. |
Rackin, Heather M. |
Where Should Babies Come From? Measuring Schemas of Fertility and Family Formation Using Novel Theory and Methods Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Duke University, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Attitudes; Family Formation; Fertility; Wantedness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this dissertation, I explore how and why pre- and post-reports of intentions may be different using insights from the Theory of Conjunctural Action. In the second chapter, using data from the NLSY79 and log-linear models, I show that there are considerable inconsistencies between prospective and retrospective reports of fertility intentions. Specifically, nearly 6% of births (346 out of 6022) are retrospectively reported as unwanted at the time of conception by women who prospectively reported they wanted more children one or two years prior to the birth. Similarly, over 400 births are retrospectively reported as wanted by women who intended to have no more births one or two years prior (i.e., in the prior survey wave). The innovation here is to see this inconsistency, not as an error in reporting, but as different construals of a seemingly similar question. In other words, women may not be consciously intending births and then enacting these intentions; rather women may have different schemas (or meanings) of prospective and retrospective measures of fertility intentions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rackin, Heather M. Where Should Babies Come From? Measuring Schemas of Fertility and Family Formation Using Novel Theory and Methods. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Duke University, 2013. |
5189. |
Rackin, Heather M. Bachrach, Christine A. |
Assessing the Predictive Value of Fertility Expectations Through a Cognitive–Social Model Population Research and Policy Review 35,4 (August 2016): 527-551. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-016-9395-z Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. his paper grounds its analysis in a novel model (Bachrach and Morgan in Popul Dev Rev, 39:459–485, 2013) that suggests that responses to questions about fertility intentions may reflect distinct phenomena at distinct points in the life course. The model suggests that women form "true" intentions when their circumstances make the issue of childbearing salient and urgent enough to draw the cognitive resources needed to make a conscious plan; before this, women report intentions based on cognitive images of family and self. We test the implications of this model for reported fertility expectations using NLSY79 data that measure expectations throughout the life course. We find that early in the life course, before marriage and parenthood, women's fertility expectations are associated with family background and cognitive images of family and future self. Later in the life course, as women experience life course transitions that confer statuses normatively associated with childbearing—such as marriage—and parenthood itself, their reported expectations are better predictors of their fertility than before they passed these life course milestones. Our empirical results provide support for a model which has important implications for both the measurement and conceptualization of women's intended and expected fertility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rackin, Heather M. and Christine A. Bachrach. "Assessing the Predictive Value of Fertility Expectations Through a Cognitive–Social Model." Population Research and Policy Review 35,4 (August 2016): 527-551.
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5190. |
Rackin, Heather M. Bachrach, Christine A. Morgan, S. Philip |
When Do Fertility Expectations Predict Fertility? Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper grounds its analysis in novel theory (Bachrach and Morgan 2013) that suggests that responses to questions about fertility intentions and expectations may reflect distinct phenomena at distinct points in the life course. The theory suggests that women form ‘true’ intentions when their circumstances make the issue of childbearing salient and urgent enough to draw the cognitive resources needed to make a conscious plan. We use data from the NLSY79 that measures expectations throughout the life course to measure when fertility expectations are most predictive of final parity. We find that as women experience life course transitions that confer statuses normatively associated with childbearing – such as marriage, completion of education, and parenthood– their reported intentions are much better predictors of their fertility than women who have not passed through these life course milestones. We believe this has important implications for both the measurement and conceptualization of fertility intentions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rackin, Heather M., Christine A. Bachrach and S. Philip Morgan. "When Do Fertility Expectations Predict Fertility?" Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
5191. |
Rackin, Heather M. Morgan, S. Philip |
Prospective versus Retrospective Measurement of Unwanted Fertility: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Inconsistencies Assessed for a Cohort of US Women Demographic Research 39 (6 July 2018): 61-94. Also: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26585324 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Keyword(s): Fertility; Motherhood; Mothers; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Wantedness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. METHODS: Using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we compare retrospective and prospective reports [of fertility wantedness] for 6,495 births from 3,578 women. RESULTS: The prospective strategy produces a higher percentage of unwanted births than the retrospective strategy. But the two reports of wantedness are strongly associated – especially for the second birth (vs. other births) and for women with stable (vs. unstable) expectation patterns. Nevertheless, discordant reports are common and are predicted by women's characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rackin, Heather M. and S. Philip Morgan. "Prospective versus Retrospective Measurement of Unwanted Fertility: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Inconsistencies Assessed for a Cohort of US Women." Demographic Research 39 (6 July 2018): 61-94.
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5192. |
Rackin, Heather M. Sereny Brasher, Melanie |
Is Baby a Blessing? Wantedness, Age at First Birth, and Later-Life Depression Journal of Marriage and Family 78,5 (October 2016): 1269-1284. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12357/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Birth Preferences/Birth Expectations; Depression (see also CESD); Motherhood Research has found that both unintended and nonnormatively timed births have negative consequences, yet little is known about how birth timing and intention jointly influence mothers' mental health. This study explored how the interaction between intention and age at first birth influenced depression 5 to 13 years later by analyzing the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 2,573). We found that mistimed births, when compared with wanted births, were associated with depression, but only for normatively timed transitions to motherhood. Surprisingly, teen mothers who had unwanted births had better later-life mental health than teens who had wanted or mistimed births. Among women with wanted or mistimed first births, increasing age at birth was associated with lower probabilities of depression. Most, but not all, of these effects were explained by selection factors and life circumstances. Results show the importance of examining joint effects of first birth wantedness and timing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rackin, Heather M. and Melanie Sereny Brasher. "Is Baby a Blessing? Wantedness, Age at First Birth, and Later-Life Depression." Journal of Marriage and Family 78,5 (October 2016): 1269-1284.
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5193. |
Rackin, Heather M. Sereny, Melanie |
A Baby Is Always a Blessing? The Effects of Unintended Childbearing on Health Throughout the Life Course Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Family Formation; Fertility; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Motherhood; Parenthood; Propensity Scores; Wantedness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Very limited research examines the longer-term impacts of unintended childbearing on women's physical and mental health. Our project will utilize the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the relationship between unintended childbirth (either unwanted or mistimed) at various ages and mental and physical health outcomes in later life (near age 40). We are particularly interested in how the effects of unintended childbirth may differ by the age at which the event occurred. Our preliminary results show that younger (unintended) mothers are more likely to experience depressive symptoms at age 40 than women who never experienced an unintended birth. Similar results are found for self-rated health in older adulthood. Education may play a pivotal role in mediating the impact of an unintended birth on subsequent health. In our ongoing analysis we hope to disentangle the relationship between selection and causation for these respondents through propensity score matching. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rackin, Heather M. and Melanie Sereny. "A Baby Is Always a Blessing? The Effects of Unintended Childbearing on Health Throughout the Life Course." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
5194. |
Rademakers, Robbert van Hoorn, Andre |
Physical Appearance and Ancestry as Predictors of Racial Passing: A Research Note on Racial (Non-)Fluidity in the U.S. Working Paper, SSRN, November 2021. Also: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3964577 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Physical Characteristics; Racial Differences; Racial Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although the idea that individuals' race is fluid and can change over time is increasingly accepted, racial identities have a structural component involving the presence of immutable and typically easily observable individual traits. This research note considers physical appearance (hair and eye color) and ancestry as stable and innate personal traits that may hinder or foster changes in individuals' ascribed or externally-assigned race. Focusing on the likelihood of non-Whites in the U.S. to pass as White, empirical results for the period 1980-1998 indicate that such racial lightening mostly occurred among individuals with European ancestry. Hair and eye color are far less important predictors of intra-individual racial identity change, but still more important than time-varying and likely endogenous factors such as personal income are. We obtain similar longitudinal evidence when considering physical appearance and ancestry as predictors of racial darkening instead of racial lightening. We conclude that between 1980 and 1998 for most Americans racial boundaries remained largely impermeable, although the constraining influence of ancestry on racial lightening seems to have declined in the second half of this period. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rademakers, Robbert and Andre van Hoorn. "Physical Appearance and Ancestry as Predictors of Racial Passing: A Research Note on Racial (Non-)Fluidity in the U.S." Working Paper, SSRN, November 2021. |
5195. |
Raderman, Will Darling, Matt |
You Will Likely Be Unemployed before the Next Crisis Blog / Poverty, Niskanen Center, January 26, 2022. Also: https://www.niskanencenter.org/you-will-likely-be-unemployed-before-the-next-crisis/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Niskanen Center Keyword(s): Employment; Job Separation/Loss; Labor Turnover; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We are accustomed to headlines about the labor market that look like this: "The unemployment rate has dropped from 4.2 percent to 3.9 percent", "200,000 jobs were added." But these topline statistics tell only a part of the story. Even when the total number of unemployed individuals remains the same month to month, precisely who is unemployed can change. Millions of workers start new jobs every month, and millions leave their old ones. In a dynamic labor market like the U.S., workers continuously cycle between employed, unemployed, and "not in the labor force." |
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Bibliography Citation
Raderman, Will and Matt Darling. "You Will Likely Be Unemployed before the Next Crisis." Blog / Poverty, Niskanen Center, January 26, 2022. |
5196. |
Rafei, Ali Elliott, Michael R. Jones, Rebecca E. Riosmena, Fernando Cunningham, Solveig A. Mehta, Neil K. |
Obesity Incidence in U.S Children and Young Adults: A Pooled Analysis American Journal of Preventive Medicine published online (4 March 2022): DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.12.021. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379722000666 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Childhood; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Obesity; Transition, Adulthood Introduction: Obesity prevalence among children and adolescents has risen sharply, yet there is a limited understanding of the age-specific dynamics of obesity as there is no single nationally representative cohort following children into young adulthood. Investigators constructed a pooled data set of 5 nationally representative panels and modeled age-specific obesity incidence from childhood into young adulthood. Methods: This longitudinal prospective follow-up used 718,560 person-years of observation in a pooled data set of 5 high-quality nationally representative panels--National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997, National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, and Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten cohorts of 1998 and 2011--constructed by the authors, covering 1980-2016. Differences in obesity incidence across birth cohorts and disparities in obesity incidence by sex and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White) were tested in multivariate models. Data were analyzed from September 2018 to October 2021. Results: Obesity incidence increased by approximately 6% for each 1 year of age (hazard ratio=1.06, 95% CI=1.05, 1.07); however, incidence was nonlinear, exhibiting an inverted "U"-shaped pattern before 15 years of age and then rising from adolescence through 30 years. Obesity incidence more than doubled between the cohorts born in 1957-1965 and those born in 1974-1985 during adolescence. There was no significant change among those born in 1991-1994 and 2003-2006 up to age 15 years. Compared with non-Hispanic White children, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic children had higher obesity incidence in all study cohorts. The magnitude of these disparities on the relative scale remained stable throughout the study period. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rafei, Ali, Michael R. Elliott, Rebecca E. Jones, Fernando Riosmena, Solveig A. Cunningham and Neil K. Mehta. "Obesity Incidence in U.S Children and Young Adults: A Pooled Analysis." American Journal of Preventive Medicine published online (4 March 2022): DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.12.021.
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5197. |
Raffiee, Joseph |
Three Essays on Employee Mobility Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Business, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Firms; Human Capital; Job Skills; Job Tenure; Korea, Korean; Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this dissertation, I examine the strategic implications of employee mobility through the development of three inter-related empirical essays...In essay 3, I examine ways in which firms can constrain employee mobility by investigating the micro-foundations of firm-specific human capital – skills which are less valued by external firms. I highlight that the efficacy of firm-specific human capital to function as a mobility constraint requires strong assumptions of informational efficiency and develop theory to explain why perceptions of firm-specific human capital may differ from theoretical predictions in extant strategy theory. |
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Bibliography Citation
Raffiee, Joseph. Three Essays on Employee Mobility. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Business, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2016. |
5198. |
Raffiee, Joseph Feng, Jie |
Should I Quit My Day Job?: A Hybrid Path to Entrepreneurship Academic of Management Journal 57,4 (1 August 2014): 936-963. Also: http://amj.aom.org/content/57/4/936.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academy of Management Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Entrepreneurship; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Risk-Taking; Self-Employed Workers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research suggests that the risk and uncertainty associated with entrepreneurial activity deters entry and contributes to the high rates of new business failure. In this study, we examine how the ability to reduce these factors by means of hybrid entrepreneurship--the process of starting a business while retaining a "day job" in an existing organization--influences entrepreneurial entry and survival. Integrating insights from real options theory with logic from the individual differences literature, we hypothesize and find that individuals who are risk averse and have low core self-evaluation are more likely to enter hybrid entrepreneurship relative to full-time self-employment. In turn, we argue and find that hybrid entrepreneurs who subsequently enter full-time self-employment (i.e., quit their day job) have much higher rates of survival relative to individuals who enter full-time self-employment directly from paid employment. Adding support to our theory that the survival advantage is driven by a learning effect that takes place during hybrid entrepreneurship, we find that the decrease in exit hazard is stronger for individuals with prior entrepreneurial experience. Taken together, our findings suggest that individual characteristics may play a greater role in determining the process of how (rather than if) entrepreneurial entry occurs, and that the process of how entrepreneurial entry transpires has important implications for new business survival. |
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Bibliography Citation
Raffiee, Joseph and Jie Feng. "Should I Quit My Day Job?: A Hybrid Path to Entrepreneurship." Academic of Management Journal 57,4 (1 August 2014): 936-963.
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5199. |
Ragan, James F. Jr. Bratsberg, Bernt |
Earnings Inequality Narrows for Young Workers Despite a Widening Wage Structure The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 35,4 (Winter 1995): 387-395. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1062976995900446 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Wage Equations; Wage Rates; Wages, Youth; Work Hours/Schedule Inequality of wage rates has widened in the United States. But in equality of earnings also depends on the distribution of hours worked. If the distribution of hours contracts sufficiently, earnings inequality may narrow despite a widening wage structure. The present study examines recent trends in inequality for young workers and. consistent with the preceding scenario, finds that rising inequality of wage rates has been overwhelmed by declining inequality of hours worked. As a consequence, earnings inequality of young workers declined during the 1980s. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ragan, James F. Jr. and Bernt Bratsberg. "Earnings Inequality Narrows for Young Workers Despite a Widening Wage Structure." The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 35,4 (Winter 1995): 387-395.
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5200. |
Ragan, James F. Jr. Tremblay, Carol Horton |
Testing for Employee Discrimination by Race and Sex Journal of Human Resources 23,1 (Winter 1988): 123-137. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145848 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Occupations, Female; Wages According to the theory of employee discrimination, if members of one group have a taste for discrimination against another group, they will demand a compensating wage premium for working with members of the other group. This study is the first to directly test this theory at the micro level. In an analysis of data from the NLSY, evidence was found that both white and nonwhite youths practice employee discrimination, although the form of this discrimination differs by race. Results hold for both the South and non-South, as well as for the country as a whole. The hypothesis of employee discrimination by sex was also examined but rejected. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ragan, James F. Jr. and Carol Horton Tremblay. "Testing for Employee Discrimination by Race and Sex." Journal of Human Resources 23,1 (Winter 1988): 123-137.
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5201. |
Ragin, Charles C. Fiss, Peer C. |
A Set-Analytic Approach to Intersectionality Social Science Research 120 (May 2024): 103002. Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Analysis, Qualitative Comparative; Analysis, Truth Table; Intersectionality; Set-Analytic Approach In this paper, we propose a set-analytic approach to the study of intersectionality. Our approach builds on the intersectional view that combinations of attributes, such as black females, should be understood as qualitatively distinct states, not reducible to their component attributes. We show that interaction-based, quantitative approaches are not only inconsistent with the core assumptions of intersectionality but also may underestimate the presence of penalties linked to multi-category memberships. In contrast, we show that truth table analysis, a core feature of Qualitative Comparative Analysis, directly implements several of the core methodological concerns of the intersectionality perspective. The truth table approach offers two important advantages. (1) It provides a foundation for the comparison of logically ‘adjacent’ configurations—combinations of case characteristics that differ by only a single attribute. (2) It can accommodate case attributes that vary by level or degree in a set-theoretic, intersectional framework. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ragin, Charles C. and Peer C. Fiss. "A Set-Analytic Approach to Intersectionality." Social Science Research 120 (May 2024): 103002.
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5202. |
Rahal, Ramy T. |
The Impact Of Divorce on the Likelihood of Graduating from High School by Age 20 Master's Thesis, Georgetown University, April 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Georgetown University Keyword(s): Divorce; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Family Income; Fathers, Involvement; High School Completion/Graduates; Marital Dissolution; Marital Instability; Mothers, Education; Parent-Child Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research has shown negative associations between marital instability and success metrics among children of such families. Among the negative academic outcomes is an increased rate of high school dropout among children of divorced and separated parents (Astone, McLanahan, 1991). This paper seeks to determine whether children who experience marital disruption are less likely to graduate from high school than their counterparts whose biological parents remain married. This study uses a prospective design, only including children whose parents were married at the time of the child’s birth and who remained married at the child’s outset of high school. Using data from the 1979 version of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Child and Young Adult Supplement, I ran a series of probit models to estimate the effects of parental divorce during a child’s high school years on the likelihood of that child graduating from high school by the age of 20. The age limit of 20, rather than within four years, diminishes the problem of right-censorship. Children whose parents divorce during the four years after the normal start of high school are over 9 percentage points less likely to graduate from high school by age 20 than their peers (p<0.05). These findings suggest that a reduction in the rate of divorce may lead to subsequent increase in the incidence of high school graduation. In turn, this ought to lead to improvements in adulthood outcomes for children, including increased earnings potential and improved overall health. The benefits to society may include increased tax revenue, decreased spending on social safety- net programs, and reduced crime rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rahal, Ramy T. The Impact Of Divorce on the Likelihood of Graduating from High School by Age 20. Master's Thesis, Georgetown University, April 2013. |
5203. |
Rahim, Fazeer |
Work-Family Attitudes and Career Interruptions Due to Childbirth Review of Economics of the Household 12,1 (March 2014): 177-205. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11150-013-9180-2/fulltext.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Attitudes; Career Patterns; Childbearing; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the impact of attitudes on gender roles, work and the family on the duration of career-interruptions due to childbirth. Using latent class analysis, three different classes of mothers are identified based on their attitudes: home-oriented, adaptive and career-oriented mothers. Controlling for observable individual and family characteristics as well as the institutional and economic environment, it is shown that home-oriented mothers have more children and take longer leaves for each child than adaptive mothers, who themselves take longer leaves than career-oriented mothers. The difference is more marked among mothers who have been working the last quarter before giving birth: while 80% of the career-oriented mothers return to work after 6 months, only 70% of home-oriented mothers do so. Pre-motherhood and pre-labor-market attitudes of mothers are used in the determination of classes to avoid reverse causation of motherhood and work experiences on attitudes. These results cast doubts on the effectiveness of one-size-fits-all-policies and make the case for flexible policies that allow for different combinations of wages and maternity-leaves. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rahim, Fazeer. "Work-Family Attitudes and Career Interruptions Due to Childbirth." Review of Economics of the Household 12,1 (March 2014): 177-205.
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5204. |
Raikes, Sally |
Here's A Very Tall Tale The Scotsman, April 29, 2002: Pg. 11 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Scotsman Keyword(s): Height; Labor Market Outcomes; Wage Determination Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on a Pennsylvania University study (The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height which utilizes NLSY data to analyze the correlation between a male's height at 16 and his future earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Raikes, Sally. "Here's A Very Tall Tale." The Scotsman, April 29, 2002: Pg. 11. |
5205. |
Raiser, M. Valora |
Effects of Parental Structure in the Family of Origin on Adult Children's Self-Esteem and Marital Relationship M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University, 1994. Also: http://books.google.com/books/about/Effects_of_parental_structure_in_the_fam.html?id=ViMSOAAACAAJ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Families, Two-Parent; Family Structure; Marital Status; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Non-Custodial; Parents, Single; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of parental structure within the family of origin on marital status, self-esteem and the quality of the marital relationship. Parental structure factors included (a) having lived with both biological parents or (b) with a single parent from birth through 16 years-of-age, (c) having experienced life with a separated/divorced parent or (d) a widowed parent, and (e) having lived at some time during childhood and adolescence with a biological parent and a step- or adoptive parent. In addition timing of having lived with a single parent was considered. Marital status was significantly influenced by parental structure. Self-esteem and the quality of the marital relationship (i.e. marital happiness and marital communication) were not significantly related to parental structure except for having lived with a widowed parent predicting lower marital happiness. When control variables were included in regression analyses, education was the strongest predictor of self-esteem and self-esteem was the strongest predictor of the quality of the marital relationship. |
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Bibliography Citation
Raiser, M. Valora. Effects of Parental Structure in the Family of Origin on Adult Children's Self-Esteem and Marital Relationship. M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University, 1994.. |
5206. |
Raley, R. Kelly Harris, Kathleen Mullan Rindfuss, Ronald R. |
The Quality and Comparability of Child Care Data in U.S. Surveys Social Science Research 29,3 (September 2000): 356-381. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X00906732 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Child Care; Data Quality/Consistency; National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH); Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) This paper examines the quality and comparability of child care data obtained from eight waves of data from four nationally representative data sources: the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1986 and 1988), the Survey of Income and Program Participation (1986, 1987, 1988, and 1990), the National Child Care Survey, and the National Survey of Families and Households. We examine whether different study designs and survey techniques for asking questions about child care produce similar results on both the levels and determinants of child care. We identified four main sources of difference in the data sets that could impact the quality and comparability of child care research: when the interview is conducted; screening questions used to determine who is asked about child care; the population of parents and children represented in the survey; and the way child care questions are asked. Our findings indicate that summer interviews and screening on mother's work status produce the largest differences in the levels and effects of child care across these studies. Even after removing the effects of summer interviews and screening questions, however, substantial differences exist across the studies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Raley, R. Kelly, Kathleen Mullan Harris and Ronald R. Rindfuss. "The Quality and Comparability of Child Care Data in U.S. Surveys." Social Science Research 29,3 (September 2000): 356-381.
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5207. |
Ram, Bali Hou, Feng |
Changes in Family Structure and Child Outcomes: Roles of Economic and Familial Resources Policy Studies Journal 31,3 (2003):309-331 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Cognitive Development; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Income; Family Structure; Family Studies; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Socioeconomic Background This article examines the effects of changes in family structure (from a family with two original parents to a lone-parent family or a stepfamily) on emotional-behavioral and cognitive outcomes of young children. We use data from three cycles of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Children and Youth, first conducted in 1994-95, and every 2 years since then. The present analysis is based on data for children, who were 4 to 7 years old at the first cycle. We find that compared with children in families with two original parents, those in lone-parent and stepparent families are at a disadvantage on every measure of child outcome, even when their initial disadvantages and socioeconomic background are taken into account. We also find that the deterioration in economic resources is more important in explaining the relationship between family structure and cognitive outcomes (such as math and reading scores) but not emotional-behavioral outcomes, whereas the deterioration in familial resources ? ineffective parenting and parental depression, in particular ? is more important in explaining the effects on emotional-behavioral outcomes. The scarcity of material resources mediates the relationship between family structure and cognitive outcomes, whereas the diminution of familial resources mediates the relationship between changes in family structure and emotional-behavioral outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Ram, Bali and Feng Hou. "Changes in Family Structure and Child Outcomes: Roles of Economic and Familial Resources." Policy Studies Journal 31,3 (2003):309-331.
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5208. |
Rama, Apoorva |
Essays on Higher Education and Job Matching Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Department of Economics, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Skills; STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics); Transition, School to Work; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation is comprised of three chapters on education economics, focusing on college graduates transitioning into the labor market. In the first chapter, "Multidimensional Skill Mismatch among College Graduates," I use college transcript data from a sample of college graduates in the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) and occupational descriptors from the Occupation Information Network (O*NET) database to develop a novel "skill mismatch" index. This index measures the distance between a vector of skills acquired in college and a vector of skills required in the post-college occupation. By assessing various skill groups (mathematics, language, etc.), the skill mismatch index treats both workers and occupations as multidimensional entities. I provide evidence that the skill mismatch index is a refinement over previously developed empirical mismatch measures that rely on degree or college major to define mismatch. In the second chapter, "Measuring the STEM Wage Premium Among College Graduates," I estimate the wage benefits associated with training in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), and assess the sensitivity of the STEM wage premium to changes in the way STEM is measured. Measuring STEM can differ in two ways: the definition of STEM (i.e., determining what fields are STEM) and incorporating STEM training into the empirical analysis with a dichotomous or continuous measure of STEM training. Using a sample of college graduates with college transcript data in the NLSY97, I compare a total of six measures STEM training: for three different definitions of STEM (based on lists published by three different U.S. government agencies), I construct a continuous measure of STEM training (based on the amount of STEM coursework completed in college) and a dichotomous measure (based on if the worker completed a STEM major). Although the results confirm the general finding that there is a STEM wage premium, they demonstrate tha t estimates of that premium are relatively insensitive to the definition of STEM training but highly sensitive to whether a dichotomous or continuous measure is used. In the third chapter, "Education and Job Matching: A Two Cohort Comparison," I compare the incidence and log-wage penalty of overeducation and undereducation among two generations of college graduates. Mismatch is defined based on degree, where a worker is classified as overeducated (undereducated) is he completes a degree that is greater (less) than what is required by his occupation. Data for the older cohort (born 1957-1964) is from the NLSY79 and the younger cohort (born 1980-1984) from the NLSY97. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rama, Apoorva. Essays on Higher Education and Job Matching. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2019. |
5209. |
Ramirez, Albert Chavez, Ruth |
Family- and Work-Related Attitudes and Aspirations of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Youth Research Reports on Hispanic Youth Employment Series, No. H10. Washington, DC: National Council of La Rasa (NCLR), 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Family Size; High School Dropouts; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Occupational Aspirations; Racial Differences; Work Attachment; World of Work Test This report was also presented at the Symposium on Hispanic Youth Employment: Research and Policy Issues in Washington DC, 1982. White non-Hispanic and Hispanic youth are compared in this study and found to have more similar than dissimilar work- and family-related attitudes as well as aspirations and expectations. Both groups indicate a high level of work commitment, particularly apparent among Hispanic males, and both want a fair wage for their work. Knowledge of world of work, however, is highest among non-Hispanic youth and among males. Differences regarding ideal, desired, and expected number of children are statistically significant between the two groups, but actual differences are rather small. A high congruence appears, for example, between Hispanic males and females in terms of their ideal, desired, and expected number of children--these attitudes tend toward the direction of non-traditional and thus do not support those studies characterizing the Hispanic family as male-dominated and non-egalitarian. Both groups aspire to education beyond high school and expect to achieve additional schooling. An important difference between these groups, nonetheless, is that Hispanic youth are more likely to drop out of school because of outside responsibilities such as family, financial, or work-related reasons than because of school-related reasons. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ramirez, Albert and Ruth Chavez. "Family- and Work-Related Attitudes and Aspirations of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Youth." Research Reports on Hispanic Youth Employment Series, No. H10. Washington, DC: National Council of La Rasa (NCLR), 1982. |
5210. |
Ramos Veloza, Mario |
Three Essays on Child Development Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Household Income; Income Distribution; Marital Conflict; Memory for Location; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Parental Influences; Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the second paper, we focus on the analysis of how cash transfers that affect the budget constraint may have a different effect on child outcomes over the income distribution. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we analyze the impact of support assistance on children from households with low to moderate income in the United States. The data is consistent with two specifications for the relationship between child outcomes and income: a linear and linear in the logarithm. This finding implies that public programs aiming to improve math and reading achievement tests may increase transfers to children from households at the low end of the income distribution. The final chapter includes the effect of parental conflict into skill development during childhood. Parental conflict is a non-tangible input related with psychological well-being of the parents. There is evidence that conflict adversely affects cognitive and non-cognitive skill development, but this is the first study that jointly analyzes the impact on both skills. Estimates suggest that reductions in conflict benefits skills and adult outcomes. Cognitive development is more affected during early childhood and non-cognitive development for later ages. The effect of reducing parental conflict on years of education completed is similar to the effect of increasing parental time but lower than the effect of increasing material investments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ramos Veloza, Mario. Three Essays on Child Development. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2016. |
5211. |
Ranchod, Yamini K. Headen, Irene Petito, Lucia C. Deardorff, Julianna Rehkopf, David Abrams, Barbara |
Maternal Childhood Adversity, Prepregnancy Obesity, and Gestational Weight Gain American Journal of Preventive Medicine 50, 4 (April 2016): 463-469. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379715005231 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Body Mass Index (BMI); Childhood; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Health, Mental/Psychological; Household Influences; Obesity; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Socioeconomic Factors Introduction: Growing evidence suggests that exposure to childhood adversity may influence obesity across the life course. High maternal weight complicates pregnancy and increases the risk of child obesity. This study examined the association between maternal childhood adversity and pregnancy-related weight in a large U.S. sample. Methods: Data on 6,199 pregnancies from 2,873 women followed from 1979 to 2012 by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 were analyzed in 2014. Associations between three adversity exposures before age 18 years (history of physical abuse, alcohol problems, or mental illness in the household) and two maternal weight outcomes (prepregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain) were modeled separately using survey-adjusted log-binomial models. Results: After adjusting for race/ethnicity and early-life socioeconomic factors, childhood physical abuse was associated with a 60% increase in the risk of prepregnancy obesity (adjusted risk ratio=1.6, 95% CI=1.1, 2.2). Household alcohol abuse was associated with a 30% increase in prepregnancy obesity (adjusted risk ratio=1.3, 95% CI=1.0, 1.7), as was household mental illness (adjusted risk ratio=1.3, 95% CI=0.8, 1.9), but the mental illness exposure was not significant. Physical abuse and household alcohol abuse were associated with a significant 20% increase in the risk of excessive gestational weight gain; mental illness was not. Conclusions: Adversity in early life may affect maternal weight before and during pregnancy. Screening and treating women of reproductive age for childhood adversity and its negative effects could significantly reduce obesity-related health outcomes for women and their children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ranchod, Yamini K., Irene Headen, Lucia C. Petito, Julianna Deardorff, David Rehkopf and Barbara Abrams. "Maternal Childhood Adversity, Prepregnancy Obesity, and Gestational Weight Gain." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 50, 4 (April 2016): 463-469.
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5212. |
Rand Corporation |
Labor and Population Program. Job Continuity Among New Mothers Research Brief RB-5032, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica CA, 2000. Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB5032/index1.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Benefits; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO); Job Patterns; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Legislation; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Gap; Women In the 1990s, the states and then the federal government enacted maternity-leave legislation. This legislation guaranteed to mothers the right, after a leave of limited duration, to return to their pre-leave employers at the same or equivalent positions. A recent presidential proposal even encourages states to use unemployment benefits to provide paid time off for new parents. Such initiatives were made in response to trends that showed the number of working mothers rising sharply in the past two decades. By protecting the right of new mothers to return to their previous jobs, maternity-leave statutes seek to help women benefit more from on-the-job training and to reduce the wage gap between mothers and women who have never had children. If maternity-leave initiatives are to fulfill their promise, it is important to understand the extent to which new mothers returned to their old jobs before the passage of such legislation. Jacob Alex Klerman and Arleen Leibowitz use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the Current Population Survey (CPS) to analyze job continuity among new mothers prior to the federal Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA). They find that most women working full-time before pregnancy returned to work for the same employer after giving birth. They argue it is unlikely that maternity-leave legislation will have a major effect on job continuity for working mothers, since the attractiveness of a given job may change after a woman gives birth (e.g., such women may want jobs with flexible hours or on-site day care). Such legislation, however, may have other effects on women's lifetime labor market choices. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rand Corporation. "Labor and Population Program. Job Continuity Among New Mothers." Research Brief RB-5032, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica CA, 2000. |
5213. |
Rangel-Gonzalez, Erick |
Do Mexican Americans Have a Relative Advantage in Health? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Hispanics; Morbidity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies found a health advantage of Mexican Americans over non-Hispanic whites after controlling for socioeconomic factors and other elements. This health advantage has been considered as a paradox because Mexican Americans live in more disadvantaged environments and present lower levels of income and human capital than non-Hispanic whites. In order to analyze this paradox I estimate a health production function using physical and mental morbidity as health outcomes to study how human capital, socioeconomic status, health risk behaviors, relative deprivation and social relations affect the health of Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. My results indicate that after controlling for individual health related behaviors, socioeconomic status, relative deprivation (regardless of the relevant reference group) and social relations; there is no difference in physical morbidity between Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. However, I find an advantage on mental health outcomes for Mexican Americans over non-Hispanic whites after controlling for all these factors. After controlling for endogeneity of health endowments, none of the three health related behaviors (smoking, obesity and performing physical activities) affected mental morbidity. However obesity had a huge negative impact on physical morbidity. I found no evidence of a direct impact of education on physical and mental morbidity. However, I found strong evidence of education affecting health related behaviors. I also found evidence suggesting a protective effect of marriage on mental morbidity. The effects of log per capita income on health disappear when introducing relative deprivation. I also found that relative deprivation has a negative direct impact on mental morbidity for Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. My results also show that relative deprivation affects directly the physical morbidity of Mexican Americans but it does not affect the health related behaviors of this population. In contrast, relative deprivation has no direct impact on physical morbidity of non-Hispanic whites but it has an indirect effect by modifying the health related behaviors of this population. I was not able to determine which is the relevant reference group for Mexican Americans. Finally, I found no evidence suggesting that social relations or social cohesion affect the health of Mexican Americans. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rangel-Gonzalez, Erick. Do Mexican Americans Have a Relative Advantage in Health? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2005. |
5214. |
Ransom, Michael R. Ransom, Tyler |
Do High School Sports Build or Reveal Character? IZA Discussion Paper No. 11110, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), October 2017. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp11110.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Activities, After School; Educational Attainment; Exercise; High School Curriculum; Labor Force Participation; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Obesity; Sports (also see ATHLETICS); Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine the extent to which participation in high school athletics has beneficial effects on future education, labor market, and health outcomes. Due to the absence of plausible instruments in observational data, we use recently developed methods that relate selection on observables with selection on unobservables to estimate bounds on the causal effect of athletics participation. We analyze these effects in the US separately for men and women using three different nationally representative longitudinal data sets that each link high school athletics participation with later-life outcomes. We do not find consistent evidence of individual benefits reported in many previous studies – once we have accounted for selection, high school athletes are no more likely to attend college, earn higher wages, or participate in the labor force. However, we do find that men (but not women) who participated in high school athletics are more likely to exercise regularly as adults. Nevertheless, athletes are no less likely to be obese. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ransom, Michael R. and Tyler Ransom. "Do High School Sports Build or Reveal Character?" IZA Discussion Paper No. 11110, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), October 2017. |
5215. |
Ransom, Michael R. Ransom, Tyler |
Do High School Sports Build or Reveal Character? Bounding Causal Estimates of Sports Participation Economics of Education Review 64 (June 2018): 75-89. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775718300347 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Activities, After School; Educational Attainment; Exercise; High School Curriculum; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Obesity; Sports (also see ATHLETICS) We examine the extent to which participation in high school athletics in the United States has beneficial effects on future education, labor market, and health outcomes. Due to the absence of plausible instruments in observational data, we use recently developed methods that relate selection on observables with selection on unobservables to estimate bounds on the causal effect of athletics participation. We do not find consistent evidence of individual education or labor market benefits. However, we do find that male (but not female) athletes are more likely to exercise regularly as adults, but are no less likely to be obese. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ransom, Michael R. and Tyler Ransom. "Do High School Sports Build or Reveal Character? Bounding Causal Estimates of Sports Participation." Economics of Education Review 64 (June 2018): 75-89.
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5216. |
Ransom, Tyler |
Dynamic Models of Human Capital Accumulation Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Employment, In-School; Wages; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the third essay, my coauthors and I investigate the evolution over the last two decades in the wage returns to schooling and early work experience. Using data from the 1979 and 1997 panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we isolate changes in skill prices from changes in composition by estimating a dynamic model of schooling and work decisions. Importantly, this allows us to account for the endogenous nature of the changes in educational and accumulated work experience over this time period. We find an increase over this period in the returns to working in high school, but a decrease in the returns to working while in college. We also find an increase in the incidence of working in college, but that any detrimental impact of in-college work experience is offset by changes in other observable characteristics. Overall, our decomposition of the evolution in skill premia suggests that both price and composition effects play an important role. The role of unobserved ability is also important. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ransom, Tyler. Dynamic Models of Human Capital Accumulation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2015. |
5217. |
Rao, Neel |
Essays in Labor Economics and Contract Theory Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Learning Hypothesis; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences; Siblings; State-Level Data/Policy; Unemployment Rate; Wage Determination Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three essays in labor economics and contract theory. The first essay examines whether one's wage is based on information about the performance of one's personal contacts. I study wage determination under two assumptions about belief formation: individual learning, under which employers observe only one's own characteristics, and social learning, under which employers also observe those of one's personal contacts. Using data on siblings in the NLSY79, I test whether a sibling's characteristics are priced into one's wage. If learning is social, then an older sibling's test score should typically have a larger adjusted impact on a younger sibling's log wage than vice versa. The empirical findings support this prediction. Furthermore, I perform several exercises to rule out other potential factors, such as asymmetric skill formation, human capital transfers, and role model effects. The second essay analyzes the influence of macroeconomic conditions during childhood on the labor market performance of adults. Based on Census data, I document the relationship of unemployment rates in childhood to schooling, employment, and income as an adult. In addition, a sample from the PSID is used to study how the background attributes of parents raising children vary over the business cycle. Finally, information from the NLSY79-CH is examined in order to characterize the impact of economic fluctuations on parental caregiving. Overall, the evidence is consistent with a negative effect of the average unemployment rate in childhood on parental investments in children and the stock of human capital in adulthood. The third essay studies the bilateral trade of divisible goods in the presence of stochastic transaction costs. The first-best solution requires each agent to transfer all of her good to the other agent when the transaction cost reaches a certain threshold value. However, in the absence of court-enforceable contracts, such a poli cy is not in centive compatible. We solve for the unique maximal symmetric subgame-perfect equilibrium, in which agents can realize some gains from trade by transferring their goods sequentially. Several comparative statics are derived. In some cases, the first-best outcome can be approximated as the agents become infinitely patient. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rao, Neel. Essays in Labor Economics and Contract Theory. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2012. |
5218. |
Rao, Neel |
Social Effects in Employer Learning: An Analysis of Siblings Labour Economics 38 (January 2016): 24-36. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537115001104 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Human Capital; Siblings; Wages This paper examines whether wages are based on information about personal contacts. I develop a theory of labor markets with imperfect information in which related workers have correlated abilities. I study wage setting under two alternative processes: individual learning, under which employers observe only a worker's own characteristics, and social learning, under which employers also observe those of a relative. Using sibling data from the NLSY79, I test for a form of statistical nepotism in which a sibling's performance is priced into a worker's wage. Empirically, an older sibling's test score has a larger impact on a younger sibling's log wage than a younger sibling's test score has on an older sibling's log wage. The estimates provide strong support for social effects in employer learning. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rao, Neel. "Social Effects in Employer Learning: An Analysis of Siblings." Labour Economics 38 (January 2016): 24-36.
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5219. |
Rao, Neel |
Social Learning in the Labor Market: An Analysis of Siblings Working Paper, Department of Economics, Harvard University, October 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Harvard University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Siblings; Wage Determination; Wage Models Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines whether a worker's wage is based in part on information about the performance of her personal contacts. Embedding a sibling model into an employer learning framework, I develop a theory of labor markets with symmetric but imperfect information among employers in which workers are organized into disjoint social groups and workers in the same reference group have correlated abilities. I study wage determination under two alternative belief formation processes: individual learning, under which employers observe only a worker's own schooling and performance, and social learning, under which employers also observe those of her personal contacts. Using data on the AFQT scores of siblings in the NLSY79, I test for a form of statistical nepotism in which a sibling's performance is priced into a worker's wage. If learning is social, then an older sibling's test score should typically have a larger adjusted impact on a younger sibling's log wage than vice versa. By contrast, if learning is individual, then no such asymmetry should be present. The empirical findings provide strong support for the central prediction of the social learning model. Furthermore, I perform several exercises to identify social learning as the leading explanation for the main results, largely ruling out other potential factors, such as asymmetric skill formation, human capital transfers, and role model effects. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rao, Neel. "Social Learning in the Labor Market: An Analysis of Siblings." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Harvard University, October 2011. |
5220. |
Rao, Neel |
The Impact of Macroeconomic Conditions in Childhood on Adult Labor Market Outcomes Economic Inquiry 54,3 (July 2016): 1425-1444. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecin.12327/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): American Community Survey; Economic Changes/Recession; Geocoded Data; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Labor Market Outcomes; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Unemployment Rate, Regional Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the influence of business cycles in childhood on economic performance later in life. I relate unemployment rates between the year before one's birth and the year of one's 15th birthday to schooling, employment, and income as an adult. The analysis exploits variation in macroeconomic conditions across states over time. I address a number of identification challenges related to cohort effects, linear trends, current events, and economic persistence. The caregiving behaviors and background characteristics of parents are also studied. The average unemployment rate in childhood normally has a negative effect on human capital in adulthood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rao, Neel. "The Impact of Macroeconomic Conditions in Childhood on Adult Labor Market Outcomes." Economic Inquiry 54,3 (July 2016): 1425-1444.
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5221. |
Rao, Neel Chatterjee, Twisha |
Sibling Gender and Wage Differences Applied Economics 50,15 (2018): 1725-1745. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00036846.2017.1374537 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Family Influences; Gender Differences; Job Search; Siblings; Wage Differentials; Wages Family influences on economic performance are investigated. In particular, sibship sex composition is related to hourly wages using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The wages of men are increasing in the proportion of siblings who are brothers, but the wages of women are insensitive to sibling gender. Nonwage outcomes are generally unaffected. Contrasts by age structure and demographic group are also presented. The analysis addresses econometric challenges like the endogeneity of fertility and selection into the workforce. In addition, mechanisms such as labour market interactions, human capital investment and role model effects are documented. A questionnaire on job search indicates a same-gender bias in the use of brothers and sisters in obtaining employment. Developmental and psychological assessments suggest that brothers may be associated with worse childhood home environments and more traditional family attitudes among women. The findings are policy relevant and contribute to an understanding of gender differences and earnings inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rao, Neel and Twisha Chatterjee. "Sibling Gender and Wage Differences." Applied Economics 50,15 (2018): 1725-1745.
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5222. |
Raphael, Steven |
Early Incarceration Spells and the Transition to Adulthood Presented: New York, NY, MacArthur Foundation, Research Network on Transitions to Adulthood, "Conference on the Economics of the Transition to Adulthood", January 2006. Also: http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~raphael/Raphael%20January%202006.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MacArthur Foundation Keyword(s): Crime; Incarceration/Jail; Marriage; Punishment, Criminal; Transition, Adulthood; Wages, Youth; Work Experience; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper assesses the effects of having served time on conventional measures of the transition to adulthood. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) covering the period from 1979 through 1996, I test for an empirical relationship between prior jail or prison time (measured as having been interviewed for the survey while incarcerated) and four conventional markers of adult transition: current residence with ones parents, never having been married, the proportion of the survey year employed, and hourly earnings. A simple comparison of the four measures of adulthood over time reveal large differences between youth that have ever served time and youth who have not, with those who have served time performing poorly on all measures. Moreover, in a series of panel regression models, I document strong within-person correlations between having prior prison time and each of these outcome measures. For example, a comparison of average annual weeks worked for someone that eventually goes to prison reveals a significant and sizable pre-post incarceration decline in weeks worked relative to the time path of weeks worked among those who never go. Similar patterns are observed for living with ones parents, never having been married, and hourly earnings. Restricting the sample to youth who eventually serve time (a la Western (2002)) attenuates many of these empirical estimates. Nonetheless, there are sizable estimated effects of prior incarceration on the likelihood that one has never been married and annual weeks worked, despite the stringency of the empirical test and the likely downward bias associated with measurement error. |
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Bibliography Citation
Raphael, Steven. "Early Incarceration Spells and the Transition to Adulthood." Presented: New York, NY, MacArthur Foundation, Research Network on Transitions to Adulthood, "Conference on the Economics of the Transition to Adulthood", January 2006. |
5223. |
Raphael, Steven |
Early Incarceration Spells and the Transition to Adulthood In: The Price of Independence: The Economics of Early Adulthood. S. Danziger, and C. Rouse, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Crime; Earnings; Incarceration/Jail; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Punishment, Criminal; Transition, Adulthood; Wages, Youth; Work Experience; Work Hours/Schedule In this chapter I explore the effect of having served time on conventional measures of the transition to adulthood. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) from 1979 through 1996, I test for a connection between prior jail or prison time (measured as having been interviewed for the survey while incarcerated) and four conventional markers of adult transition: current residence with ones parents, never having been married, the proportion of the survey year employed, and hourly earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Raphael, Steven. "Early Incarceration Spells and the Transition to Adulthood" In: The Price of Independence: The Economics of Early Adulthood. S. Danziger, and C. Rouse, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007
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5224. |
Rascoe, Alexander S. Peng, Eric J. Ferrell, Dre’Marcus Copp, Jonathan A. Liu, Raymond W. |
The Relationship Between Height and Income With Potential Application to Treatment of Limb Length Discrepancy Cureus published online (17 March 2024). Also: https://www.cureus.com/articles/238246-the-relationship-between-height-and-income-with-potential-application-to-treatment-of-limb-length-discrepancy#!/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Nature Group Keyword(s): College Education; Education, Higher; Education, Postsecondary; Financial Assistance; Financial Well-Being; Height; Income; Limb Length Discrepancy (LLD); Socioeconomic Factors; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: When treating limb length discrepancy (LLD), decisions regarding lengthening versus contralateral shortening require careful consideration of deformity and patient factors. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) database, and income as a quantitative representation of overall socioeconomic benefit, we sought to determine the height at which incremental gains in height have the greatest value. Methods: Using the NLSY79 database, we collected demographic data, height, yearly income from wages, college education (full- or part-time), and receipt of government financial aid. Multiple-linear regression and graphical analysis were performed. Results: The study population included 9,652 individuals, 4,775 (49.5%) males and 4,877 (50.5%) females. Mean heights were 70.0±3.0 inches and 64.3±2.6 inches for males and females, respectively. Multiple-linear regression analysis (adjusted-r²=0.33) demonstrated height had a standardized-ß=0.097 (p<0.001), even when accounting for confounding factors. Using graphical analysis, we estimated cut-offs of 74 inches for males and 69 inches for females, beyond which income decreased with incremental height. Conclusions: Using income as a quantitative representation of socioeconomic value, our analysis found income increased with incremental height in individuals with predicted heights up to 74 inches for males and 69 inches for females. Shortening procedures might receive more consideration at predicted heights greater than these cut-offs, while lengthening might be more strongly considered at the lower ranges of height. Additionally, our multiple-linear regression analysis confirms the correlation between height and income, when factoring in other predictors of income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rascoe, Alexander S., Eric J. Peng, Dre’Marcus Ferrell, Jonathan A. Copp and Raymond W. Liu. "The Relationship Between Height and Income With Potential Application to Treatment of Limb Length Discrepancy." Cureus published online (17 March 2024).
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5225. |
Rashad, Inas |
Assessing the Underlying Economic Causes and Consequences of Obesity Gender Issues 21,3 (Summer 2003): 17-29. Also: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rlh&an=15535368 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Periodicals Service Company and Schmidt Periodicals GmbH Keyword(s): Epidemiology; Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Obesity; Technology/Technological Changes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Obesity rates in the United States have doubled for adults and tripled for children since the 1980s. Finding causes for this drastic rise is key in finding possible solutions to reverse this trend. Technological advances and changes in societal norms are environmental shifts that have largely contributed to the epidemic. There are substantial medical consequences to being obese, and in addition, there are considerable social and labor market consequences, particularly for women. There is thus a pressing need for solutions, as costs of being obese arc likely societal and not limited to personal ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]. Before attempting to find solutions, [the author identifies] the causes for the extraordinary rise in obesity as of late. [The author addresses] these, and then look at some consequences. In an exercise using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 cohort). [The author assesses] the likelihood of a specific type of social consequence—marriage--using hazard models. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rashad, Inas. "Assessing the Underlying Economic Causes and Consequences of Obesity." Gender Issues 21,3 (Summer 2003): 17-29.
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5226. |
Rashad, Inas Kaestner, Robert |
Teenage Sex, Drugs and Alcohol Use: Problems Identifying the Cause of Risky Behaviors Journal of Health Economics 23,3 (May 2004): 493-504. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629604000244 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Risk-Taking; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Substance Use The relationship between substance use and adolescent sexual activity is an important one, and extensive literature has shown that substance use is positively associated with adolescent sexual behaviors. While this is true, causality from substance use to risky sexual behaviors is difficult to establish, as it is likely that an adolescent's sexual behavior and substance use depend on a set of personal and social behaviors, many of which are unmeasured. Researchers must thus devise a credible empirical strategy in order to overcome this omitted variable bias. Using the first waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health and the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we call into question recent methods used to determine causality. Despite attempts to determine the causal relationship between substance use and sexual behavior, the nature of the relationship remains unknown. [Copyright 2004 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Rashad, Inas and Robert Kaestner. "Teenage Sex, Drugs and Alcohol Use: Problems Identifying the Cause of Risky Behaviors." Journal of Health Economics 23,3 (May 2004): 493-504.
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5227. |
Rashid, S. Mitra, R. Steele, R. J. |
Using Mixtures of t Densities to Make Inferences in the Presence of Missing Data with a Small Number of Multiply Imputed Data Sets Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 92 (December 2015): 84-96. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016794731500136X Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Family Income; Missing Data/Imputation; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Statistical Analysis Strategies for making inference in the presence of missing data after conducting a Multiple Imputation (MI) procedure are considered. An approach which approximates the posterior distribution for parameters using a mixture of t-distributions is proposed. Simulated experiments show this approach improves inferences in some aspects, making them more stable over repeated analysis and creating narrower bounds for certain common statistics of interest. Extensions to the existing literature have been executed that provide further stability to inferences and also a strong potential to identify ways to make the analysis procedure more flexible. The competing methods have been first compared using simulated data sets and then a real data set concerning analysis of the effect of breastfeeding duration on children's cognitive ability. R code to implement the methods used is available as online supplementary material. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rashid, S., R. Mitra and R. J. Steele. "Using Mixtures of t Densities to Make Inferences in the Presence of Missing Data with a Small Number of Multiply Imputed Data Sets." Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 92 (December 2015): 84-96.
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5228. |
Raspberry, William |
Kids Whose Goals Are Too Modest Washington Post, August 15, 1998, Editorial; Page A13 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Dropouts; Learning Motivation; Pregnancy, Adolescent; School Dropouts; Schooling; Youth Problems Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on studies analyzing the poor performance of "at-risk" youth as a symptom of their failure to properly envision their role in adult society or their fulfillment of future roles that are "too modest." Sue Berryman's research, which utilizes NLSY79 data, is emphasized. |
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Bibliography Citation
Raspberry, William. "Kids Whose Goals Are Too Modest." Washington Post, August 15, 1998, Editorial; Page A13. |
5229. |
Raspberry, William |
The Best Preventive: Education Washington Post, September 22, 1986, Editorial; Page A17 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Education; Hispanics; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on a Children's Defense Fund study of the relationship between academic education and teenage pregnancy. Using NLSY data, the study finds that "young women with poor or fair basic skills are three to four times as likely as those with average skills to have more than one child while in their teens -- a pattern that remains consistent for black, white and Hispanic teen-agers." |
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Bibliography Citation
Raspberry, William. "The Best Preventive: Education." Washington Post, September 22, 1986, Editorial; Page A17. |
5230. |
Ratniece, Luize |
The Cohorts of Revolution and Stagnation: U.S. Women and the Changing Paradigm of Women's Labor Market Participation Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper will explore gender differences in labour market trajectories that are still present even in one of the pioneer countries of the gender revolution. I shall map out gender convergence in labour market attachment, beginning with the pioneering cohorts born in 1940s. Using comparable data of three National Longitudinal Surveys permits me to identify the gender gap for each cohort by tracing their education and work trajectories. This serves to map out path dependencies in the labour market which either hasten or stall full gender convergence in labour market and income trajectories. I will estimate the extent of gender convergence since 1970, focusing on the interplay between labour market trajectories and demographic events, such as partnership formation and dissolution, and childbearing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ratniece, Luize. "The Cohorts of Revolution and Stagnation: U.S. Women and the Changing Paradigm of Women's Labor Market Participation." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
5231. |
Rattray, Garth |
Presence of Father's Day The Weekly Gleaner, North American edition, Jamaica NY, vol. 1739, June 26, 2008: pg. 8. Also: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1508854961.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Gleener Company Keyword(s): Criminal Justice System; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Incarceration/Jail; Mothers, Education; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In 1998, the December 1 issue of The Wall Street Journal published Maggie Gallagher's article 'Fatherless Boys Grow Up Into Dangerous Men'. In it, she reported on a study by Cynthia Harper and Sara McLanahan (from the University of California and Princeton, respectively). Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth database with the records of over 6,400 boys over a 20-year period of their development, they discovered that, even after accounting for background variables (like mother's educational level, neighbourhood characteristics and income), boys raised by single mothers were (generally) more than twice as likely as boys raised by both parents to end up incarcerated. And, each fatherless year increased those odds by about five per cent. Other researchers agreed and found that boys of single fathers were not at increased risk of criminal behaviour. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rattray, Garth. "Presence of Father's Day." The Weekly Gleaner, North American edition, Jamaica NY, vol. 1739, June 26, 2008: pg. 8. |
5232. |
Rau, Barbara L. Arronte, Melissa |
Preemployment Consequences of Job Search and Likelihood of Offer Acceptance Presented: New Orleans, LA, Industrial Relations Research Association of the Forty-Ninth Annual Meeting, January 1997. IRRA Proceedings (1997): 379. Also: http://lera.press.illinois.edu/IRRA_Proceedings_1997.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Industrial Relations Research Association ==> LERA Keyword(s): Employment; Job Search; Occupational Choice; Occupational Investment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from 380 unemployed males participating in the 1986 National Longitudinal Youth Survey were used to examine preemployment consequences of job search and offer acceptances. Though informal methods are generally more likely to result in employment, these methods did not generate more offers or higher salary offers than formal methods, even controlling for individual, occupational, and labor market characteristics. The likelihood of accepting the only offer received was significantly greater for job seekers using prescreening methods, even controlling for the size of the job offer. This was not true, however, among job seekers receiving more than one offer. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rau, Barbara L. and Melissa Arronte. "Preemployment Consequences of Job Search and Likelihood of Offer Acceptance." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Industrial Relations Research Association of the Forty-Ninth Annual Meeting, January 1997. IRRA Proceedings (1997): 379. |
5233. |
Rauh, Christopher Valladares-Esteban, Arnau |
On the Black-White Gaps in Labor Supply and Earnings over the Lifecycle in the US Review of Economic Dynamics published online (24 April 2023): DOI: 10.1016/j.red.2023.04.001. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094202523000169 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Economic Dynamics Keyword(s): Human Capital; Labor Supply; Racial Equality/Inequality; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the US economy, Black men, on average, receive lower wages than White men, and the difference increases over the working life. The employment rate and the number of hours worked are also lower for Blacks, but the gap is nearly constant. Together these facts suggest that on-the-job human capital accumulation might explain the diverging wages. However, the wage gap and its evolution over the lifecycle cannot be explained by differences in accumulated experience or educational attainment for the cohort we analyze. Instead, the combination of experience and test scores measured at ages 17-22 accounts for the wage gap and its growth. We propose an on-the-job human capital accumulation model with heterogeneity in the initial human capital endowment and the lifelong ability to accumulate human capital, and endogenous labor supply at the extensive and intensive margins to explain the evolution of the Black-White wage gap over the lifecycle. We discipline the distribution of the ability to accumulate human capital using the power of test scores to predict earnings growth in the data. We find that if the pre-market distributions were the same for Blacks and Whites, the racial gap in hourly earnings would be closed by 84%, with the remaining gap opening throughout life due to higher labor supply amongst White men. That is, the unequal conditions with which men in the two groups enter the labor market are likely to be the key determinant of the differences over the lifecycle. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rauh, Christopher and Arnau Valladares-Esteban. "On the Black-White Gaps in Labor Supply and Earnings over the Lifecycle in the US." Review of Economic Dynamics published online (24 April 2023): DOI: 10.1016/j.red.2023.04.001.
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5234. |
Raut, Lakshmi K. |
Long Term Effects of Preschool Investment on School Performance and Labor Market Outcome Presented: Denver, CO, Western Economic Association Annual Meeting, July 2003. Also: http://econwpa.wustl.edu:8089/eps/lab/papers/0307/0307002.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; College Enrollment; Earnings; Head Start; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Preschool Children; Schooling; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Using the NLSY data set, this paper formulates and then empirically estimates the production processes for social, motivational and cognitive skills during early childhood development and the long-term effects of these skills on learning and life-time earnings of an individual. Using these estimated relationships, the paper provides a calibrated intergenerational altruistic model of parental investment in children's preschool. This dynamic model is then used to estimate the effects of publicly provided preschool to the children of poor socioeconomic status (SES) on college mobility and intergenerational social mobility and to estimate the tax burden of such a social contract. |
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Bibliography Citation
Raut, Lakshmi K. "Long Term Effects of Preschool Investment on School Performance and Labor Market Outcome." Presented: Denver, CO, Western Economic Association Annual Meeting, July 2003. |
5235. |
Raut, Lakshmi K. |
Long-term Effects of Preschool on School Performance, Earnings and Social Mobility Studies in Microeconomics 6,1-2 (2018): 24-49. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2321022218802023 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Earnings; Family Constraints; Mobility, Social; Parental Investments; Preschool Children; School Performance; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Children from disadvantaged families perform very poorly in school and labour market because they acquire low level of social, motivational and cognitive skills during their early childhood development. Using the NLSY data set, this paper formulates and then estimates the production processes for cognitive skills and non-cognitive skills such as social and motivational skills during early childhood development and the long-term effects of these skills on learning and lifetime earnings of an individual. Using these estimated relationships, the paper provides a calibrated intergenerational altruistic model of parental investment in children's preschool. This dynamic model is then used to estimate the effects of publicly provided preschool to the children of poor socioeconomic status (SES) as a social contract on lifetime earnings distribution, intergenerational college and social mobility, and to estimate the tax burden of such a social contract. |
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Bibliography Citation
Raut, Lakshmi K. "Long-term Effects of Preschool on School Performance, Earnings and Social Mobility." Studies in Microeconomics 6,1-2 (2018): 24-49.
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5236. |
Reading, Richard |
Effect of Breast Feeding on Intelligence in Children: Prospective Study, Sibling Pairs Analysis, and Meta-Analysis Child: Care, Health and Development 33,1 (January 2007): 110-111. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00723_5.x/full Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Breastfeeding; Cognitive Ability; I.Q.; Intelligence Tests; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Objective To assess the importance of maternal intelligence, and the effect of controlling for it and other important confounders, in the link between breastfeeding and children's intelligence. Design Examination of the effect of breastfeeding on cognitive ability and the impact of a range of potential confounders, in particular maternal IQ, within a national database. Additional analyses compared pairs of siblings from the sample who were and were not breastfed. The results are considered in the context of other studies that have also controlled for parental intelligence via meta-analysis. Setting 1979 US national longitudinal survey of youth. Subjects Data on 5475 children, the offspring of 3161 mothers in the longitudinal survey. Main outcome measure IQ in children measured by Peabody individual achievement test. Results The mother's IQ was more highly predictive of breastfeeding status than were her race, education, age, poverty status, smoking, the home environment, or the child's birthweight or birth order. One standard deviation advantage in maternal IQ more than doubled the odds of breastfeeding. Before adjustment, breastfeeding was associated with an increase of around 4 points in mental ability. Adjustment for maternal intelligence accounted for most of this effect. When fully adjusted for a range of relevant confounders, the effect was small (0.52) and non-significant (95% confidence interval −0.19 to 1.23). The results of the sibling comparisons and meta-analysis corroborated these findings. Conclusions Breastfeeding has little or no effect on intelligence in children. While breastfeeding has many advantages for the child and mother, enhancement of the child's intelligence is unlikely to be among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Child: Care, Health & Development is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's ex press written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Reading, Richard. "Effect of Breast Feeding on Intelligence in Children: Prospective Study, Sibling Pairs Analysis, and Meta-Analysis." Child: Care, Health and Development 33,1 (January 2007): 110-111.
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5237. |
Reagan, Patricia Benton Olsen, Randall J. |
You Can Go Home Again: Evidence from Longitudinal Data Demography 37,3 (August 2000): 339-350. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/b5j14454n6147r76/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Economics, Demographic; Immigrants; Migration; Migration Patterns; Residence; Skills; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we analyze the economic and demographic factors that influence return migration, focusing on generation 1.5 immigrants. Using longitudinal data from the 1979 youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLSY79), we track residential histories of young immigrants to the United States and analyze the covariates associated with return migration to their home country. Overall, return migration appears to respond to economic incentives, as well as to cultural and linguistic ties to the United States and the home country. We find no role for welfare magnets in the decision to return, but we learn that welfare participation leads to lower probability of return migration. Finally, we see no evidence of a skill bias in return migration, where skill is measured by performance on the Armed Forces Qualifying Test. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reagan, Patricia Benton and Randall J. Olsen. "You Can Go Home Again: Evidence from Longitudinal Data." Demography 37,3 (August 2000): 339-350.
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5238. |
Reagan, Patricia Benton Salsberry, Pamela J. |
Black/White Differences in Birthweight: Broadening the Social Context Working Paper, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Birthweight; Neighborhood Effects; Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Black/White difference in birthweight is no smaller today than it was one hundred years ago. Recent studies suggest a direct association between neighborhood poverty rates and birthweight, concluding that understanding these multilevel processes may hold a key to understanding this difference. Moreover, other research on cardiovascular disease suggests that the contextual influence may extend beyond the neighborhood to include both state and regional influences. In this paper we report on a study done to evaluate the quantitative importance of the broader social context in explaining Black/White difference in birthweight. We develop measures of social context, broadly defined to include neighborhood non-poverty rates, maximum potential state AFDC/TANF benefit level for a family of four, and regional income inequality. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 is used to implement these analyses, supplemented with Census data, state-level welfare benefits, and regional Gini coefficients. Two analytic approaches are used. We estimate a multi-level model of birthweight that includes individual demographic and biobehavioral variables as well as the social context measures using random effects estimation to control for the panel nature of the data. Second, we employ regression-based decomposition methods to evaluate what fraction of the percentage difference in mean birthweight is explained by differences in the means of observed characteristics. We find that neighborhood poverty rates and income inequality are negatively related to birthweight for both groups. Generosity of the state safety net was positive and significant only for Whites. An increase in income inequality reduces birthweight for both groups, but the magnitude of the effect is twice as large for Blacks. Maternal age effects become insignificant with the addition of the Gini coefficient. The decomposition analysis reveals that individual characteristics explain 28% of the percentage difference in mean birthweight and social contextual variables explain an additional 15% of the difference. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reagan, Patricia Benton and Pamela J. Salsberry. "Black/White Differences in Birthweight: Broadening the Social Context." Working Paper, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2003. |
5239. |
Reagan, Patricia Benton Salsberry, Pamela J. |
Cross Race Comparisons Between SES Health Gradients Among African-American and White Women at Mid-life Social Science and Medicine 108 (May 2014): 81-88. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953614001324 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Income; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) This study explored how multiple indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) inform understanding of race differences in the magnitude of health gains associated with higher SES. The study sample, 1268 African–American women and 2066 white women, was drawn from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979. The outcome was the Physical Components Summary from the SF-12 assessed at age 40. Ordinary least squares regressions using education, income and net worth fully interacted with race were conducted. Single measure gradients tended to be steeper for whites than African–Americans, partly because “sheepskin” effects of high school and college graduation were higher for whites and low income and low net worth whites had worse health than comparable African–Americans. Conditioning on multiple measures of SES eliminated race disparities in health benefits of education and net worth, but not income. A discussion of current public policies that affect race disparities in levels of education, income and net wealth is provided. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reagan, Patricia Benton and Pamela J. Salsberry. "Cross Race Comparisons Between SES Health Gradients Among African-American and White Women at Mid-life." Social Science and Medicine 108 (May 2014): 81-88.
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5240. |
Reagan, Patricia Benton Salsberry, Pamela J. |
Pathways to Adolescent Overweight: Body Mass Index and Height Percentile Change in Childhood International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 5,1 (January 2010): 80-87. Also: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17477160903055929 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Aikake Information Criterion (AIC); Body Mass Index (BMI); Gender Differences; Height; Life Course; Obesity; Weight Objective. To study the magnitude and timing of changes in body mass index (BMI) and height percentiles in four groups of children defined by overweight status in early childhood and adolescence: nonoverweight-nonoverweight (N-N), nonoverweight-overweight (N-O), overweight-nonoverweight (O-N), and overweight-overweight (O-O). The aim was to determine if monitoring percentile changes can provide early warnings about risk for adolescent overweight before a chronic pattern of overweight is established. Methods. Data on 3 408 children from the US based National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's Child-Mother file were used. Each child was interviewed on average 5.7 times, with a total of 19 470 person/year observations. BMI and height percentiles were estimated as polynomial functions of age in months for each of the four groups using fixed coefficients and random coefficients models. The models were compared using the Aikake information criterion. Results. There was significant transition between initial and final weight states. Children who transitioned to overweight experienced larger increases in BMI percentile points at 2-6 years than at 7-10 years of age. N-O girls, but not boys, had significantly larger increases in height percentile than N-N girls, with the largest increases occurring by age 7. The height percentiles curves for N-O and O-O girls converged by age 8 years. O-N children experienced steeper declines in BMI percentile over longer periods of time than O-O children. Conclusions. Monitoring changes in BMI and height percentiles can give early warnings about children at risk for adolescent overweight while there is ample time for intervention. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reagan, Patricia Benton and Pamela J. Salsberry. "Pathways to Adolescent Overweight: Body Mass Index and Height Percentile Change in Childhood." International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 5,1 (January 2010): 80-87.
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5241. |
Reagan, Patricia Benton Salsberry, Pamela J. |
Race and Ethnic Differences in Determinants of Preterm Birth in the USA: Broadening the Social Context Social Science and Medicine 60,10 (May 2005): 2217-2228. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953604005167 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Body Mass Index (BMI); Hispanics; Neighborhood Effects; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Welfare Preterm births occur in 9.7% of all US singleton births. The rate for blacks is double that of whites and the rate is 25% higher for Hispanics than for whites. While a number of individual correlates with preterm birth have been identified, race and ethnic differences have not been fully explained. Influenced by a growing body of literature documenting a relationship among health, individual income, and neighborhood disadvantage, researchers interested in explaining racial differences in preterm birth are designing studies that extend beyond the individual. No studies of adverse birth outcomes have considered contextual effects beyond the neighborhood level. Only a handful of studies, comparing blacks and whites, have evaluated the influence of neighborhood disadvantage on preterm birth. This study examines how preterm birth among blacks, whites and Hispanics is influenced by social context, broadly defined to include measures of neighborhood disadvantage and cumulative exposure to state-level income inequality, controlling for individual risk factors. Neighborhood disadvantage is determined by Census tract data. Cumulative exposure to income inequality is measured by the fraction of the mother's life since age 14 spent residing in states with a state-level Gini coefficient above the median. The results for neighborhood disadvantage are highly sensitive across race/ethnicities to the measure used. We find evidence that neighborhood poverty rates and housing vacancy rates increased the rate of very preterm birth and decreased the rate of moderately preterm birth for blacks. The rate of very preterm increased with the fraction of female-headed households for Hispanics and decreased with the fraction of people employed in professional occupations for whites. We find direct effects of cumulative exposure to income inequality only for Hispanics. However, we do find indirect effects of context broadly defined on behaviors that increased the risk of preterm birth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reagan, Patricia Benton and Pamela J. Salsberry. "Race and Ethnic Differences in Determinants of Preterm Birth in the USA: Broadening the Social Context." Social Science and Medicine 60,10 (May 2005): 2217-2228.
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5242. |
Reagan, Patricia Benton Salsberry, Pamela J. Fang, Muriel Z. Gardner, William P. Pajer, Kathleen |
African-American/White Differences in the Age of Menarche: Accounting for the Difference Social Science and Medicine 75,7 (October 2012): 1263-1270. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953612004327 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Menarche/First Menstruation; Poverty; Racial Differences; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Weight Lifetime health disparity between African-American and white females begins with lower birthweight and higher rates of childhood overweight. In adolescence, African-American girls experience earlier menarche. Understanding the origins of these health disparities is a national priority. There is growing literature suggesting that the life course health development model is a useful framework for studying disparities. The purpose of this study was to quantify the influence of explanatory factors from key developmental stages on the age of menarche and to determine how much of the overall race difference in age of menarche they could explain. The factors were maternal age of menarche, birthweight, poverty during early childhood (age 0 through 5 years), and child BMI z-scores at 6 years. The sample, drawn from the US National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Child–Mother file, consisted of 2337 girls born between 1978 and 1998. Mean age of menarche in months was 144 for African-American girls and 150 for whites. An instrumental variable approach was used to estimate a causal effect of child BMI z-score on age of menarche. The instrumental variables were pre-pregnancy BMI, high gestational weight gain and smoking during pregnancy. We found strong effects of maternal age of menarche, birthweight, and child BMI z-score (−5.23, 95% CI [−7.35,−3.12]) for both African-Americans and whites. Age of menarche declined with increases in exposure to poverty during early childhood for whites. There was no effect of poverty for African-Americans. We used Oaxaca decomposition techniques to determine how much of the overall race difference in age of menarche was attributable to race differences in observable factors and how much was due to race dependent responses. The African-American/white difference in childhood BMI explained about 18% of the overall difference in age of menarche and birthweight differences explained another 11%. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reagan, Patricia Benton, Pamela J. Salsberry, Muriel Z. Fang, William P. Gardner and Kathleen Pajer. "African-American/White Differences in the Age of Menarche: Accounting for the Difference." Social Science and Medicine 75,7 (October 2012): 1263-1270.
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5243. |
Reagan, Patricia Benton Salsberry, Pamela J. Olsen, Randall J. |
Cumulative Relative Deprivation, Race/Ethnicity and Birth Weight Working Paper, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University. Revised, February 2006. Also: http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/reagan/docs/submission_revised.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Family Income; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examined three broad theoretical relationships between absolute income, relative deprivation and income inequality and how they affect health. We demonstrated that if the income distribution is log normal, as has been shown to be approximately true in U.S. data, then the three effects cannot be separately identified. We focused on testing for associations between absolute income, cumulative relative deprivation and health, using state level fixed effects to control for time-invariant state differences income inequality. We provide empirical evidence that relative deprivation but not absolute income was associated with birth weight in full term infants, controlling for tract poverty rate, maternal education, marital status, urban residence and maternal age. The findings provided qualified support for acceptance of an independent association between cumulative relative deprivation and full term infant birth weight, when not controlling for race/ethnicity. Evaluated at mean birth weight, a one standard deviation increase in cumulative relative deprivation led to a decrease in birth weight of approximately 1.5 ounces. We also provided evidence that the association between cumulative relative deprivation and birth weight was confounded by race/ethnicity. The mechanisms emphasized in the literature for a plausible relationship between health and relative deprivation, such as psychosocial stress and diminished purchasing power of a given level of income, were equally plausible as mechanisms through which race effects individual health. We found evidence that two behaviors which reduced birth weight (decreased weight gain during pregnancy and increased smoking during pregnancy) were positively associated with cumulative relative deprivation. The negative impact of cumulative relative deprivation on birth weight operated directly, when not controlling for race/ethnicity, and indirectly through its effect on decreased weight gain during pregnancy and increased smoking during pregnancy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reagan, Patricia Benton, Pamela J. Salsberry and Randall J. Olsen. "Cumulative Relative Deprivation, Race/Ethnicity and Birth Weight." Working Paper, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University. Revised, February 2006. |
5244. |
Reagan, Patricia Benton Salsberry, Pamela J. Olsen, Randall J. |
Does the Measure of Economic Disadvantage Matter? Exploring the Effect of Individual and Relative Deprivation on Intrauterine Growth Restriction Social Science and Medicine 64,10 (May 2007): 2016-2029. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953607000548 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Child Health; Geographical Variation; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Income Distribution; Life Course; Mothers, Health; Poverty; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes This paper examines the relation between health, individual income, and relative deprivation. Three alternative measures of relative deprivation are described, Yitzhaik relative deprivation, Deaton relative deprivation, and log income difference relative deprivation, with attention to problems in measuring permanent disadvantage when the underlying income distribution is changing over time. We used data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, a US-based longitudinal survey, to examine the associations between disadvantage, measured cross-sectionally and aggregated over the life course, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). We reject the hypotheses that any of the economic measures, whether permanent/contemporaneous or individual/relative, have different associations with IUGR in terms of sign and significance. There was some evidence that permanent economic disadvantage was associated with greater risk of IUGR than those on the corresponding contemporaneous measures. The fitted values from logistic regressions on each measure of disadvantage were compared with the two-way plots of the observed IUGR-income pattern. Deaton relative deprivation and log income difference tracked the observed probability of IUGR as a function of income more closely than the other two measures of relative deprivation. Finally, we examined the determinants of each measure of disadvantage. Observed characteristics in childhood and adulthood explained more of the variance in log income difference and Deaton relative deprivation than in the other two measures of disadvantage. They also explained more of the variance in permanent disadvantage than in the contemporaneous counterpart. [Copyright 2007 Elsevier] Copyright of Social Science & Medicine is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Reagan, Patricia Benton, Pamela J. Salsberry and Randall J. Olsen. "Does the Measure of Economic Disadvantage Matter? Exploring the Effect of Individual and Relative Deprivation on Intrauterine Growth Restriction." Social Science and Medicine 64,10 (May 2007): 2016-2029.
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5245. |
Reardon, David C. Coleman, Priscilla K. Cougle, Jesse R. |
Substance Use Associated With Unintended Pregnancy Outcomes in the National Longitudinal Survey Of Youth American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 30,2 (2004): 369-383. Also: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/ADA-120037383 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Marcel Dekker Keyword(s): Abortion; Alcohol Use; Birth Outcomes; Childbearing; Depression (see also CESD); Drug Use; Income Level; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Marital Status; Modeling; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Self-Esteem; Self-Reporting; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Abortion is known to be associated with higher rates of substance abuse, but no studies have compared substance use rates associated with abortion compared to delivery of an unintended pregnancy. This study examines data for women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth whose first pregnancy was unintended. Women with no pregnancies were also used as a control group. Use of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and behaviors suggestive of alcohol abuse were examined an average of four years after the target pregnancy among women with prior histories of delivering an unintended pregnancy (n = 535), abortion (n = 213), or those who reported no pregnancies (n = 1144). Controls were instituted for age, race, marital status, income, education, and prepregnancy self-esteem and locus of control. Compared to women who carried an unintended first pregnancy to term, those who aborted were significantly more likely to report use of marijuana (odds ratio: 2.0), with the difference in these two groups approaching significance relative to the use of cocaine (odds ratio: 2.49). Women with a history of abortion also reported more frequent drinking than those with a history of unintended birth. With the exception of less frequent drinking, the unintended birth group was not significantly different from the no pregnancy group. Resolution of an unintended pregnancy by abortion was associated with significantly higher rates of subsequent substance use compared to delivering an unintended pregnancy. A history of abortion may be a useful marker for identifying women in need of counseling for substance use. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reardon, David C., Priscilla K. Coleman and Jesse R. Cougle. "Substance Use Associated With Unintended Pregnancy Outcomes in the National Longitudinal Survey Of Youth." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 30,2 (2004): 369-383.
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5246. |
Reardon, David C. Cougle, Jesse R. |
Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: A Cohort Study British Medical Journal 324,7330 (January 2002): 151-152. Also: http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7330/151 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Abortion; Depression (see also CESD); Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Psychological Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Psychological maladjustments after abortion are significantly associated with a history of depression. It has been suggested that prior psychological state is equally predictive of subsequent depression among women with unintended pregnancies regardless of whether they abort or carry to term. To examine this hypothesis we examined the National Longitudinal Study of Youth begun in 1979 with a nationwide cohort of 12,686 American youths aged 14-21. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reardon, David C. and Jesse R. Cougle. "Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: A Cohort Study." British Medical Journal 324,7330 (January 2002): 151-152.
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5247. |
Reardon, David C. Cougle, Jesse R. |
Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: A Cohort Study: Reply British Medical Journal 324,7345 (May 2002): 1097-1098. Also: http://www.bmj.com/content/324/7345/1097.full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Abortion; Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Responds to comments by R. S. Kahn (NLS bibliography entry #4104), S. Goddik (NLS bibliography entry #4102), and D. L. Billings (NLS bibliography entry #4103)on the D. C. Reardon and J. R. Cougle examination of depression and unintended pregnancy in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Reardon and Cougle state that their findings are at least sufficient to cast doubt on the prevailing hypotheses that unintended deliveries are more harmful to emotional health than abortion and that any subsequent differences associated with outcome of pregnancy can be explained entirely by prior mental state. (PsycINFO Database Record copyright: 2002 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Reardon, David C. and Jesse R. Cougle. "Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: A Cohort Study: Reply." British Medical Journal 324,7345 (May 2002): 1097-1098.
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5248. |
Reardon, Sean F. |
The Widening Academic Achievement Gap Between the Rich and the Poor: New Evidence and Possible Explanations In: Whither Opportunity: Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances. G. Duncan and R. Murnane, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Academic Development; Achievement; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Family Income; High School and Beyond (HSB); Income Distribution; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Socioeconomic Status (SES) In this chapter I examine whether and how the relationship between family socioeconomic characteristics and academic achievement has changed during the last fifty years. In particular, I investigate the extent to which the rising income inequality of the last four decades has been paralleled by a similar increase in the income achievement gradient. As the income gap between high- and low-income families has widened, has the achievement gap between children in high- and low-income families also widened? |
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Bibliography Citation
Reardon, Sean F. "The Widening Academic Achievement Gap Between the Rich and the Poor: New Evidence and Possible Explanations" In: Whither Opportunity: Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances. G. Duncan and R. Murnane, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011
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5249. |
Recer, Paul |
Job Does No Harm - Study The Gazette, March 1, 1999, News; Pg. A1 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: CanWest Interactive Inc. Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Employment; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: Ottawa Citizen, March 1, 1999, News; Pg. A1. This article reports on Elizabeth Harvey's study of the relationship between maternal employment and child development. The study, which utilizes NLSY79 and Children of the NLSY79 data, found that there was "no difference between children whose mothers were employed vs. children whose mothers were not employed during the first three years." |
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Bibliography Citation
Recer, Paul. "Job Does No Harm - Study." The Gazette, March 1, 1999, News; Pg. A1. |
5250. |
Rector, Robert |
Reforming Food Stamps to Promote Work and Reduce Poverty and Dependence Washington, DC, Testimony on Welfare and Welfare Spending and Poverty and Inequality, The Heritage Foundation, June 27, 2001. Also: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/Test062701.cfm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Heritage Foundation Keyword(s): Employment; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Welfare; Work Ethic Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This testimony argues against the validity of status quo Food Stamp programs. Rector uses NLSY79 data to show that such programs promote long-term dependence and negatively impact work ethic. Specifically, he finds that only 1.4 percent of Food Stamp spending went to households which received aid for 6 months or less, less than 10 percent of Food Stamp expenditures went to individuals who received aid for two years or less, and over 90 percent of Food Stamp aid went to households that received aid for more than two years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rector, Robert. "Reforming Food Stamps to Promote Work and Reduce Poverty and Dependence." Washington, DC, Testimony on Welfare and Welfare Spending and Poverty and Inequality, The Heritage Foundation, June 27, 2001. |
5251. |
Rector, Robert |
The Effects of Welfare Reform Washington, DC, Testimony: The Heritage Foundation, March 15, 2001. Also: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/Test031501b.cfm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Heritage Foundation Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Child Development; Children, Poverty; Marital Status; Motherhood; Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Summary The intention of Welfare programs is to benefit low income Americans, especially children. Yet the evidence indicates that children and parents are actively harmed rather than helped by welfare. Nearly all Welfare aid for children goes to single parent households. But current research indicates that both Welfare dependence and single parenthood have significant deleterious effects on children's development, impeding their ability to become successful members of mainstream society. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rector, Robert. "The Effects of Welfare Reform." Washington, DC, Testimony: The Heritage Foundation, March 15, 2001. |
5252. |
Rector, Robert |
Why Congress Must Reform Welfare Backgrounder #1063 Report, The Heritage Foundation, December 4, 1995. Also: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/BG1063.cfm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Heritage Foundation Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Crime; Parents, Single; Public Housing; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper argues against the status quo welfare system and advocates its reform. A Heritage Foundation analysis of NLSY79 data is cited as proof of welfare's detrimental impact on youth. Specifically, the Heritage Foundation study states that boys raised in single-parent households receiving public housing aid are five times more likely to engage in criminal activity and young girls raised in single-parent homes in public housing are five times more likely to bear children out of wedlock. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rector, Robert. "Why Congress Must Reform Welfare." Backgrounder #1063 Report, The Heritage Foundation, December 4, 1995. |
5253. |
Rector, Robert Fagan, Patrick F. |
How Welfare Harms Kids Backgrounder #1084 Report, The Heritage Foundation, June 5, 1996. Also: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/BG1084.cfm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Heritage Foundation Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Children; Crime; Marriage; Parents, Single; Sexual Activity; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Rector and Fagan argue that welfare policies, which were ostensibly implemented to help children, actually harm children more than poverty itself, resulting in increased welfare dependence and out of wedlock births. Studies of NLSY79 data are cited to evidence claims that black men born to single parent families are twice as likely to engage in criminal activity and that children born out of wedlock are twice as likely to be sexual active teenagers than "legitimate" children born to married couples. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rector, Robert and Patrick F. Fagan. "How Welfare Harms Kids." Backgrounder #1084 Report, The Heritage Foundation, June 5, 1996. |
5254. |
Rector, Robert Johnson, Kirk A. |
Effects of Marriage and Maternal Education in Reducing Child Poverty Center for Data Analysis Report #02-05, Heritage Foundation, August 2002. Also: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Family/cda02-05.cfm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Heritage Foundation Keyword(s): Children; Children, Poverty; Marital Status; Marriage; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Income; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Utilizing National Longitudinal Survey data, Rector and Johnson's study finds that marital status has a stronger impact on child poverty than maternal education. One of the four principal goals of the welfare reform of 1996 was to increase married two-parent families. The current welfare reform proposals advanced by President George W. Bush and recently enacted by the House of Representatives (H.R. 4737) include specific policies aimed at encouraging healthy marriages. Supporters of this approach contend that an increase in healthy marriages will improve child well-being and reduce child poverty. Opponents argue that there is little or no link between increasing marriage and reducing poverty. They argue that the government should ignore the issue of marriage and should focus instead on increasing maternal education as the primary means of combating child poverty. Given this policy context, this Heritage Foundation Center for Data Analysis Report examines two questions: Is marriage effective in reducing child poverty? What is the comparative effect of marriage and maternal education in combating child poverty? Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the CDA analysis produced the following findings:
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Bibliography Citation
Rector, Robert and Kirk A. Johnson. "Effects of Marriage and Maternal Education in Reducing Child Poverty." Center for Data Analysis Report #02-05, Heritage Foundation, August 2002. |
5255. |
Rector, Robert Johnson, Kirk A. Fagan, Patrick F. |
Understanding Differences in Black and White Child Poverty Rates Report #CDA01-04. Washington DC: The Heritage Foundation, May 2001. Also: http://www.heritage.org/library/cda/cda01-04.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Heritage Foundation Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Poverty; Regions; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. EXCERPT FROM INTRODUCTION: High rates of child poverty in the United States are a continuing concern. The fact that poverty is considerably more common among black children than it is among white children has intensified this concern. In 1999, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, 33.1 percent of black children lived in poverty compared with 13.5 percent of white children.1 This CDA Report attempts to identify the primary causes of child poverty in the United States, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a representative sample of Americans produced by the U.S. Department of Labor.2 We also examine the differences in black and white child poverty and seek to uncover the causes of those differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rector, Robert, Kirk A. Johnson and Patrick F. Fagan. Understanding Differences in Black and White Child Poverty Rates. Report #CDA01-04. Washington DC: The Heritage Foundation, May 2001.. |
5256. |
Rector, Robert Youssef, Sarah E. |
Determinants of Welfare Caseload Decline Report #99-04, Center for Data Analysis. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, May 11, 1999. Also: http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/1999/pdf/cda99-04.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: The Heritage Foundation Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Economic Changes/Recession; Employment; I.Q.; Parents, Single; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper argues that welfare reform, not strong economic growth, has produced declining welfare caseloads and that the more stringent the sanctioning practices, the greater the declines. Hill and O'Neil's studies of National Longitudinal Survey data are cited to buttress claims that welfare is more detrimental to children than poverty. The first study of NLSY79 data cited found that children of welfare recipients were 50% more likely to have a child out of wedlock. The second study of NLSY79 and Children of the NLSY79 data found that the longer a child spends in the welfare system, the lower his or her IQ compared with children who are identical in race, income, and other social and economic factors. Specifically, "O'Neill and Hill found that those who had spent at least two months of each year, since birth, on AFDC had cognitive abilities 20 percent below the cognitive abilities of those who had received no welfare--even after holding constant such variables as family income, race, and parental IQ." |
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Bibliography Citation
Rector, Robert and Sarah E. Youssef. Determinants of Welfare Caseload Decline. Report #99-04, Center for Data Analysis. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, May 11, 1999.. |
5257. |
Reczek, Rin Stacey, Lawrence Thomeer, Mieke Beth |
Parent-Adult Child Estrangement in the United States by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Sexuality Journal of Marriage and Family published online (1 December 2022): DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12898. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12898 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Gender; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Racial Differences; Sexual Identity Objective: To provide nationally representative estimates of parent-adult child estrangement. Background: Population-level research on parent-adult child estrangement is needed to understand the full range of family dynamics in the U.S. Methods: We estimate logistic regression models using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and accompanying Child and Young Adult supplement to determine estimates of estrangement (and subsequent unestrangement) from mothers (N = 8495) and fathers (N = 8119) by children's gender, race/ethnicity, and sexuality. We then estimate hazards of first estrangement from mothers (N = 7919) and fathers (N = 6410), adjusting for adult child's and parents' social and economic characteristics. Results: Six percent of respondents report a period of estrangement from mothers, with an average age of first maternal estrangement of 26 years old; 26% of respondents report estrangement from fathers, with an average age of first paternal estrangement of 23 years old. Results further show heterogeneity by gender, race/ethnicity, and sexuality; for example, daughters are less likely to be estranged from their mothers than are sons, Black adult children are less likely than White adult children to be estranged from their mothers but more likely to be estranged from fathers, and gay, lesbian, and bisexual adult children are more likely than heterosexuals to be estranged from fathers. The majority of estranged adult children become unestranged from mothers (81%) and fathers (69%) in subsequent waves. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reczek, Rin, Lawrence Stacey and Mieke Beth Thomeer. "Parent-Adult Child Estrangement in the United States by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Sexuality." Journal of Marriage and Family published online (1 December 2022): DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12898.
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5258. |
Reczek, Rin Thomeer, Mieke Beth Bijou, Christina |
How Intergenerational Estrangement Matters for Maternal and Adult Children's Health Journal of Marriage and Family published online (9 June 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Estrangement; Health, Impacts to; Mothers; Mothers & Their Adult Children; Mothers, Health; Relationships/Partnerships Objective: We compare maternal and adult child health outcomes across (1) estranged (i.e., no contact, or low contact and low quality), (2) socially positive (i.e., high quality, moderate to high contact), and (3) socially negative (i.e., high contact but low quality) maternal–adult child relationships. Background: We develop intergenerational resource, crisis, and strain theories to test the link between socially positive, socially negative, and estranged maternal–adult child dynamics and the health of both generations. Method: Regression models of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY79-CYA) data compare self-rated health and CES-D scores across maternal–adult child relationship types (N = 2609 mothers; 5590 children). Results: Mothers with estranged ties report poorer health relative to those with socially positive ties. Mothers with socially negative ties report statistically similar health relative to mothers with either socially positive or estranged ties. The health of adult children with estrangement exposure is similar to those in socially negative ties, while adult children with socially negative ties have worse health relative to those in socially positive ties. Estranged adult children report worse self-rated health than those in socially positive ties, but adult children's mental health is not statistically different than those in socially positive ties. Family-level analyses incorporating siblings suggest that for mothers, an estranged/socially negative tie with any child is associated with worse self-rated health; for adult children, one's own maternal relationship is more consequential than the sibling context. Conclusion: This study has implications for research and theory on the health cost of socially negative and estranged intergenerational ties. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reczek, Rin, Mieke Beth Thomeer and Christina Bijou. "How Intergenerational Estrangement Matters for Maternal and Adult Children's Health." Journal of Marriage and Family published online (9 June 2024).
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5259. |
Reed, W. Robert |
An Analysis of Nonpecuniary Job Attributes as Determinants of Workers' Quit Behavior Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Job Search; Job Turnover; Quits; Well-Being; Working Conditions Organizational and industrial psychologists stress the role of nonpecuniary job attributes as determinants of workers' well-being. This research examines this postulate in the context of workers' quit behavior. Recent job search theory is joined with survival analysis techniques to estimate determinants of workers' quit behavior. Two questions are addressed. Which job attributes appear to be most significant? How much income on average would workers be willing to forego in order to obtain marginal increases in selected nonpecuniary job attributes? A model of search on the job is developed which relates job attributes to voluntary job tenure. Cox's proportional hazards model is proposed as an appropriate estimation technique. Estimation is performed using data from the NLSY 1979-1982. A number of nonpecuniary job attributes are found to be statistically significant determinants of workers' quit behavior. Estimates of marginal rates of substitution of income for nonpecuniary job attributes are quite large for some of the variables. Using an alternative model of worker quit behavior, a worker acquires information about the job's attributes during the course of employment. The relationship between job attributes and voluntary job tenure is demonstrated for this case. This learning on the job model requires different estimation techniques and more detailed data than does the search on the job model. Data constraints are unfortunately binding and estimation of this structural model is not performed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reed, W. Robert. An Analysis of Nonpecuniary Job Attributes as Determinants of Workers' Quit Behavior. Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1985. |
5260. |
Reed, W. Robert |
Estimation of Hedonic Prices in the Case of a Pure Search Good Working Paper No. 87-01, Department of Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Texas A&M University Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Job Search; Quits; Simultaneity; Wages; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the estimation of marginal willingness to pay in the case of a pure search good. A model of search behavior is developed where consumers search over goods consisting of bundled attributes while simultaneously engaging in consumption. It is demonstrated that marginal willingness to pay can be derived from hazard equations. An empirical analysis is undertaken in order to compare the performance of this model with traditional models of estimating hedonic prices. Labor market data are obtained from the 1979-1982 NLSY. The hazard model is found to be distinctly superior. The approach here is easily generalized to other markets such as the housing and land markets. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reed, W. Robert. "Estimation of Hedonic Prices in the Case of a Pure Search Good." Working Paper No. 87-01, Department of Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, 1987. |
5261. |
Reed, W. Robert Dahlquist, Julie D. |
Do Women Prefer Women's Work? Applied Economics 26,12 (December 1994): 1133-1144. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036849400000111 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Chapman & Hall Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Labor Market Demographics; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Female; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A new methodology is implemented to determine whether job characteristics can explain why women are concentrated in low-paying, female-dominated occupations. Extensive information on jobs and labour market histories are collected from the 1982 National Longitudinal Survey, Youth Cohort, for women and men characterized by substantial labour market attachment. Significant differences in nonpecuniary job characteristics between the male and female samples are found to exist. Nevertheless, we find no evidence that women differentially favour those job characteristics commonly associated with 'women's work'. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reed, W. Robert and Julie D. Dahlquist. "Do Women Prefer Women's Work?" Applied Economics 26,12 (December 1994): 1133-1144.
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5262. |
Reed, W. Robert Harford, Kathleen |
The Marriage Premium and Compensating Wage Differentials Journal of Population Economics 2,4 (December 1989): 237-265. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/t281u0424405km32/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Marital Status; Marriage; Wages; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most studies indicate that male married workers earn ten to forty percent more than male single workers. Previous explanations of this earnings differential have hypothesized that this is due to a positive correlation between marital status and unobserved productivity. We propose and test an alternative explanation of the marriage premium that relies upon compensating wages and differences in workers' preferences. If male married workers are earning higher wages than single workers because they are substituting wages for nonpecuniary compensations, then it may be possible to observe the married workers receiving lesser nonpecuniary compensations. I.e., corresponding to a "marriage premium" in wages there may be a "marriage penalty" in nonpecuniary compensations. Using two samples of white, male workers drawn from the NLSY, 1979-1985, we find evidence that marital status is significantly associated with less attractive work dimensions. Previous research on this topic is reevaluated and found to be consistent with this compensating wages hypothesis of the marriage premium. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reed, W. Robert and Kathleen Harford. "The Marriage Premium and Compensating Wage Differentials." Journal of Population Economics 2,4 (December 1989): 237-265.
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5263. |
Reeves, Richard V. |
Class Gaps in Parenting and Children’s Later-Life Outcomes Presented: Philadelphia PA, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, March 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Family Income; Family Influences; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parenting Skills/Styles; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Paper draws on analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to describe the home environments of children from birth through adolescence and to document the significant links between parenting quality and income, race, education, and family type. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reeves, Richard V. "Class Gaps in Parenting and Children’s Later-Life Outcomes." Presented: Philadelphia PA, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, March 2015. |
5264. |
Reeves, Richard V. Howard, Kimberly |
The Glass Floor: Education, Downward Mobility, and Opportunity Hoarding Working Paper, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, November 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Employment, Youth; Family Income; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Social; Noncognitive Skills; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem From an intergenerational perspective, the U.S. income distribution is sticky at both ends. Affluence and poverty are both partially inherited. Policy and research has focused on upward mobility, especially from the bottom. But relative intergenerational upward mobility is only possible with equivalent rates of downward mobility, where much less attention has been directed. Those born into more affluent families may be protected from falling by a “glass floor,” even if they are only modestly skilled. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reeves, Richard V. and Kimberly Howard. "The Glass Floor: Education, Downward Mobility, and Opportunity Hoarding." Working Paper, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, November 2013. |
5265. |
Reeves, Richard V. Venator, Joanna |
Saving Horatio Alger: The Data Behind the Words (and the Lego Bricks) Social Mobility Memo, Brookings Institution, August 21, 2014. Also: http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/social-mobility-memos/posts/2014/08/21-data-behind-saving-horatio-alger-reeves Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Social In both the video and the essay, we've created a series of 'mobility matrices' showing how income status in one generation influences income status in the next. We used a dataset constructed from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' surveys, the 'National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979' (NLSY79) and the 'Children of the NLSY79' (C-NLSY). Mostly, we use the CNLSY, which provides rich data on children born mainly in the 1980s and 90s. But since they are not old enough for us to know their incomes at the age of 40, we impute adult values using the sample from the earlier generation, the NLSY79. (For more information on how we impute these values, see the Guide to the Brookings Social Genome Model by Scott Winship and Stephanie Owen.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Reeves, Richard V. and Joanna Venator. "Saving Horatio Alger: The Data Behind the Words (and the Lego Bricks)." Social Mobility Memo, Brookings Institution, August 21, 2014. |
5266. |
Regan, Tracy Lynn |
Microeconomic Essays on Market Entry, Optimal Education, and Measured Experience Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Arizona, 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Earnings; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Schooling; Skills; Wage Gap; Wage Levels; Wages; Work Experience; Work Histories This dissertation consists of three essays in applied microeconomics. The first essay investigates the effects of generic entry on post-patent price competition in the prescription drug market using NDC Health data on 18 oral solids that lost their patent sometime between February 1998 and 2002. I am able to characterize the impact of endogenous generic entry on branded and generic prices, conditional on payment type (i.e., cash, Medicaid, third party). Based on the findings in this paper, the overall, long-term impacts of the 1984 Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (Waxman-Hatch Act) are yet to be determined. The second essay develops a theoretical model of earnings where human capital is the central explanatory variable. The analysis and estimation strategy stems from the Mincerian simple schooling model. Human capital investments (i.e., schooling) are incorporated into a model based on individual wealth maximization. We utilize the conventional economic models of supply and demand to derive an optimal level of schooling function. Using the NLSY79, we stratify our sample into one-year work experience intervals for 1985 data from the NLSY79 and the PSID and extend our findings to a data set in which actual measures of work experience are not available |
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Bibliography Citation
Regan, Tracy Lynn. Microeconomic Essays on Market Entry, Optimal Education, and Measured Experience. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Arizona, 2003. |
5267. |
Regan, Tracy Lynn Oaxaca, Ronald L. |
Work Experience as a Source of Specification Error in Earnings Models: Implications for Gender Wage Decompositions Journal of Population Economics 22,2 (April 2009): 463-499. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/fl15x021552ku124/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wage Gap; Wages; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper models the bias from using potential vs actual experience in log wage models. The nature of the problem is best viewed as specification error as opposed to classical errors-in-variables. We correct for the discrepancy between potential and actual work experience and create a predicted measure of work experience. We use the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and extend our findings to the Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample. Our results suggest that potential experience biases the effects of schooling and the rates of return to labor market experience. Using such a measure in earnings models underestimates the explained portion of the male-female wage gap. We are able to separately identify the decomposition biases associated with incorrect experience measures and biased parameter estimates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Regan, Tracy Lynn and Ronald L. Oaxaca. "Work Experience as a Source of Specification Error in Earnings Models: Implications for Gender Wage Decompositions." Journal of Population Economics 22,2 (April 2009): 463-499.
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5268. |
Regan, Tracy Lynn Oaxaca, Ronald L. Burghardt, Galen |
A Human Capital Model of the Effects of Ability and Family Background on Optimal Schooling Levels Economic Inquiry 45,4 (October 2007): 721-738. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2007.00058.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Earnings; Education; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Human Capital; Modeling; Occupational Choice; Schooling; Skills; Wage Levels; Wealth; Work Experience This paper develops a theoretical model of optimal schooling levels where ability and family background are the central explanatory variables. We derive schooling demand and supply functions based on individual wealth maximization. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data, we stratify our sample into 1-year full-time equivalent (FTE) work experience cohorts for 1985-1989. The estimated Mincerian "overtaking" cohort (the years of work experience at which individuals' observed earnings approximately equal what they would have been based on schooling and ability alone) corresponds to 13 FTE years of experience, yielding on average a rate of return of 10.3% and an average (optimal) 11.4 yr of schooling. |
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Bibliography Citation
Regan, Tracy Lynn, Ronald L. Oaxaca and Galen Burghardt. "A Human Capital Model of the Effects of Ability and Family Background on Optimal Schooling Levels." Economic Inquiry 45,4 (October 2007): 721-738.
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5269. |
Register, Charles A. Stevans, Lonnie K. Sessions, David N. |
The Abortion Decision: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Working Paper, Department of Finance and Economics, University of Baltimore, Maryland, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Finance and Economics, University of Baltimore Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Family Income; Fertility; Income; Local Area Unemployment; Medicaid/Medicare; Racial Differences; Regions; Religious Influences; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the NLSY, logit models are estimated to show the impact of various sociodemographic and economic factors on the abortion decision for 1,867 pregnancies occurring between 1983-1985. The results suggest a profile of a woman choosing the abortion option as being white, unmarried, residing in the Northeast or West, relatively well-educated, and either in school or working. Additionally, the individual is likely to have a relatively high personal income and, if present, a relatively low spousal income. It makes little difference whether one is identified with a religious group which strongly opposes abortion, although the degree of religiosity does appear to reduce the likelihood of choosing to abort. Finally, it is found that for low income women, access to Medicaid funding does significantly increase the probability of choosing the abortion option. |
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Bibliography Citation
Register, Charles A., Lonnie K. Stevans and David N. Sessions. "The Abortion Decision: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Working Paper, Department of Finance and Economics, University of Baltimore, Maryland, 1990. |
5270. |
Register, Charles A. Williams, Donald R. |
Labor Market Effects of Marijuana and Cocaine Use Among Young Men Industrial and Labor Relations Review 45,3 (April 1992): 435-448. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2524270 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Religious Influences; Substance Use; Tests and Testing; Wages Employment related drug testing is becoming increasingly common in the U.S. Interestingly, relatively little empirical evidence exists to support the premise underlying such testing -- that drug use significantly reduces a worker's productivity. The authors test this proposition by using data from the 1984 NLSY to estimate standard log-wage equations which control for the probability of employment and include endogenous marijuana and cocaine use variables. The findings indicate that while long-term and on-the-job use of marijuana are negatively related to wages, general marijuana use has a positive impact. No significant cocaine use impacts are found. Consequently, while testing for on-the- job marijuana use seems defensible, no support is given to general marijuana testing or cocaine testing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Register, Charles A. and Donald R. Williams. "Labor Market Effects of Marijuana and Cocaine Use Among Young Men." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 45,3 (April 1992): 435-448.
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5271. |
Register, Charles A. Williams, Donald R. |
Wage Effects of Obesity among Young Workers Social Science Quarterly 71,1 (March 1990): 130-141 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas Press Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Obesity; Wage Effects; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Register, Charles A. and Donald R. Williams. "Wage Effects of Obesity among Young Workers." Social Science Quarterly 71,1 (March 1990): 130-141.
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5272. |
Register, Charles A. Williams, Donald R. Grimes, Paul W. |
Adolescent Drug Use and Educational Attainment Education Economics 9,1 (April 2001): 1-18. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09645290124529 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Carfax Publishing Company ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Higher Education; Human Capital; Racial Differences; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort, estimates probability of drug use (illicit drugs, hard drugs, and marijuana only) across racial groups in relation to formal educational attainment. Adolescent drug use (in all three categories) reduces their educational attainment by about 1 year. (Contains 21 references.) (MLH) |
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Bibliography Citation
Register, Charles A., Donald R. Williams and Paul W. Grimes. "Adolescent Drug Use and Educational Attainment." Education Economics 9,1 (April 2001): 1-18.
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5273. |
Regmi, Krishna |
The Effect of the Minimum Wage on Children's Cognitive Achievement Labour Economics published online (4 June 2020): 101844. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537120300488 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Minimum Wage; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Socioeconomic Status (SES); State-Level Data/Policy At the center of the minimum wage debate is its role in improving the welfare of low-income families. However, there is little empirical evidence of whether minimum wage changes actually affect those families' children. This paper examines the effect of the minimum wage on the math and reading achievement levels of children with low socioeconomic status whose parents are most likely to be affected by the minimum wage, comparing with children in households with high socioeconomic status. Estimates show that a $1 minimum wage increase reduces children's math and reading scores by approximately 0.10-0.19 standard deviations. Further, there is evidence that increases in the minimum wage lead to deterioration in the home environment, which may be one potential mechanism underlying my main findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Regmi, Krishna. "The Effect of the Minimum Wage on Children's Cognitive Achievement." Labour Economics published online (4 June 2020): 101844.
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5274. |
Regules, Ricardo Rivero, Estela |
From Juvenile Delinquency to Adult Employment: The Implications of Drug Dealing at Young Ages for Job Mobility in the U.S. Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Employment History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most interventions to decrease violence are based on the assumptions, mostly supply based, that 1) the youngsters who opt to engage in criminal activities live in environments where there are no other opportunities, 2) they are NEETs (Not in Education, Employment or Training), and 3) once they are offered other opportunities they will take them, if they are more profitable than a career in crime. Nevertheless, none of these assumptions has been tested over the long term. In this paper we use the National Longitudinal Youth Survey 1980 Special Supplement to analyze the long-term employment trajectories of individuals engaging on drug selling and compare them with those who have never engaged in a criminal activity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Regules, Ricardo and Estela Rivero. "From Juvenile Delinquency to Adult Employment: The Implications of Drug Dealing at Young Ages for Job Mobility in the U.S." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
5275. |
Rehkopf, David |
Using Machine Learning to Examine Heterogeneity of the Effects of Changes in the Earned Income Tax Credit on Child Health and Development Presented: Chicago IL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Child Development; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Heterogeneity; Legislation; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Traditionally, examination of the heterogeneity of treatment effects has proceeded by priors from the literature, and due to power issues generally has examined only a few potential factors leading to heterogeneous effects. At the same time, there have been considerable advances in machine learning algorithms that scan over a large number of covariates to establish models of covariates that best explain a specified outcome, penalizing for greater degrees of freedom that come from multiple comparisons. My analysis uses this approach to examine potential heterogeneity of treatment effects of the largest anti-poverty policy in the United States, the Earned Income Tax Credit. I examine the spatial and temporal changes in the generosity of the policy over time (1986 to 2012) as an exogenous exposure with effects on child development outcomes using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Rather than examining heterogeneity of treatment effects only by basic demographic factors, I using an ensemble machine learning approach (using multiple machine learning algorithms including random forest, Elastic-Net, Least Angle Regression, Support Vector Machine, Bayesian GLM) to examine whether treatment effects differ by several dozen potential demographic, socioeconomic, environmental and behavioral factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rehkopf, David. "Using Machine Learning to Examine Heterogeneity of the Effects of Changes in the Earned Income Tax Credit on Child Health and Development." Presented: Chicago IL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2017. |
5276. |
Rehkopf, David Headen, Irene Hubbard, Alan Deardorff, Julianna Kesavan, Yamini Cohen, Alison K. Patil, Divya Ritchie, Lorrene Abrams, Barbara |
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Later Life Adult Obesity and Smoking in the United States Annals of Epidemiology 26,7 (July 2016): 488-492.e5. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1047279716301600 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Childhood; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Household Influences; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Obesity; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Background: Prior work demonstrates associations between physical abuse, household alcohol abuse and household mental illness early in life with obesity and smoking. Studies, however, have not generally been in nationally representative samples and have not conducted analyses to account for bias in the exposure. Methods: We used data from the 1979 U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test associations between measures of adverse childhood experiences with obesity and smoking and used an instrumental variables approach to address potential measurement error of the exposure. Results: Models demonstrated associations between childhood physical abuse and obesity at age 40 years (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.00-1.52) and ever smoking (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.56-2.16), as well as associations between household alcohol abuse (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.31-1.79) and household mental illness (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.04-1.60) with ever smoking. We find no evidence of association modification by gender, socioeconomic position or race/ethnicity. Instrumental variables analysis using a sibling's report of adverse childhood experiences demonstrated a relationship between household alcohol abuse and smoking, with a population attributable fraction of 17% (95% CI 2.0% to 37%) for ever smoking and 6.7% (95% CI 1.6% to 12%) for currently smoking. Conclusions: Findings suggest long-term impacts of childhood exposure to physical abuse, household alcohol abuse and parental mental illness on obesity and smoking, and that the association between household alcohol abuse and smoking is not solely due to measurement error. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rehkopf, David, Irene Headen, Alan Hubbard, Julianna Deardorff, Yamini Kesavan, Alison K. Cohen, Divya Patil, Lorrene Ritchie and Barbara Abrams. "Adverse Childhood Experiences and Later Life Adult Obesity and Smoking in the United States." Annals of Epidemiology 26,7 (July 2016): 488-492.e5.
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5277. |
Reichman, Nancy Corman, Hope Dave, Dhaval Kalil, Ariel Schwartz-Soicher, Ofira |
Effects of Welfare Reform on Parenting NBER Working Paper No. 28077, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2020. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w28077 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; State-Level Data/Policy; Welfare This study investigated the effects of welfare reform in the 1990s, which represented a major policy shift that substantially and permanently retracted cash assistance to poor mothers in the U.S., on parenting. Using data on women from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth linked with information on their 10- to 14-year-old children from the Child Self-Administered and Self-Report surveys, we exploited variation in the implementation of welfare reform across states, over time, and across treatment and comparison groups to estimate the effects of welfare reform on parent-child activities and closeness of the mother-child relationship. We found that welfare reform had adverse effects on engagement in parent-child activities, children feeling close to their mothers, and mothers knowing their children's whereabouts, with the effects generally concentrated among boys. These findings have implications for children's development and contribute to a virtually non-existent literature on the effects of welfare reform on parenting and the small but growing economic literature on parenting. We found no evidence that the effects of welfare reform on parenting operated through the mother working more than full time, having multiple jobs, working in a service job, or having a non-standard work schedule. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reichman, Nancy, Hope Corman, Dhaval Dave, Ariel Kalil and Ofira Schwartz-Soicher. "Effects of Welfare Reform on Parenting." NBER Working Paper No. 28077, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2020. |
5278. |
Reid, Lori Lynn |
Devaluing Women and Minorities: The Effects of Race/Ethnic and Sex Composition of Occupations on Wage Levels Work and Occupations 25,4 (November 1998): 511-536. Also: http://wox.sagepub.com/content/25/4/511.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Comparable Worth; Ethnic Differences; Industrial Classification; Minorities; Occupations; Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Wage Levels; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Are comparable worth policies an appropriate remedy for both race/ethnic and sex discrimination? The author's findings question whether similar processes of devaluation arc driving the sex and race/ethnic pay gap. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is used to assess the effects of both the sex and race/ethnic composition of occupations (defined by cross-classification of occupation and industry) on wage levels. The results indicate that the percentage of White women in an occupation has a negative effect of the wage levels of most groups. The percentage of Black women, Latina women, Black men, and Latino men do not have consistently negative effects on wage levels, even when testing for more geographically localized effects. It is concluded that occupational devaluation does not contribute to the race/ethnic gap in pay in a manner analogous to that found from occupations dominated by females. Thus, comparable worth policies are not likely to help reduce the race/ethnic gap in pay. COPYRIGHT 1998 Sage Publications Inc. Full-text available though OCLC to institutional members of OCLC. Your library may be a member of OCLC: http://www.oclc.org/oclc/menu/eco.htm. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reid, Lori Lynn. "Devaluing Women and Minorities: The Effects of Race/Ethnic and Sex Composition of Occupations on Wage Levels." Work and Occupations 25,4 (November 1998): 511-536.
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5279. |
Reid, Lori Lynn |
Occupational Segregation, Human Capital, and Motherhood: Black Women's Higher Exit Rates from Full-time Employment Gender and Society 16,5 (October 2002): 728-747. Also: http://gas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/5/728 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Employment; Event History; Exits; Family Characteristics; Human Capital; Layoffs; Modeling; Motherhood; Occupational Segregation; Quits; Racial Differences; Racial Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examines the reasons that young Black and white women leave fulltime employment. I focus on full-time employment because I am interested in the reasons that young Black and white women have differential access to work as a labor market resource, and full-time employment typically offers greater payoffs in terms of income and benefits than part-time employment. I also focus on explaining young Black women's higher exit rates from full-time employment. As the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data indicate, young Black women are no less likely to enter full-time employment than young white women. However, they exit full-time employment at higher rates. Black women's rate of exiting full-time employment is 38 percent higher than that of white women (a risk ratio of 1.38, significant at a p value of less than .001). Based on data from the NLSY, I use event history analysis to estimate the rate at which young women exit full-time employment for seven reasons: layoffs, plant closings, temporary/seasonal work, firings, the completion of a job program, quitting for pregnancy/family reasons, and quitting for other reasons. My analyses indicate whether Black women are at a significantly higher risk of exiting full-time employment than are white women for each of these reasons. A variety of factors drawn from different theoretical models are tested to determine whether they explain racial differences in exit rates for each reason. Below, I review the literature on labor market inequalities to suggest factors that affect employment after individuals are hired. The literature suggests that structural features, discrimination, individual characteristics, and family characteristics are important factors that may affect employment exits. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reid, Lori Lynn. "Occupational Segregation, Human Capital, and Motherhood: Black Women's Higher Exit Rates from Full-time Employment." Gender and Society 16,5 (October 2002): 728-747.
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5280. |
Reid, Lori Lynn |
Race, Gender, and the Labor Market: Black and White Women's Employment Ph.D. Dissertation, The University Of Arizona, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Employment; Employment, Part-Time; Employment, Youth; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences; Welfare Historically, black women's employment levels have exceeded those for white women. However, looking only at young cohorts of women, the employment levels of black and white women were equal by 1969, and by 1991 white women's employment greatly exceeded black women's employment. If this continues to be true for successive new cohorts, it suggests that, overall, white women will soon be working at significantly higher rates than black women for the first time in history. Identifying the determinants of women's employment today becomes an important issue not only for explaining the factors that affect labor market outcomes but also for explaining the prospects for black and white women in the labor market. Utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I use event history methods to analyze the determinants of black and white women's employment in the contemporary U.S., and explain any race gaps in employment that emerge. My findings suggest that a race gap in the hazard of part-time employment exists among women in which the rate of part-time employment is lower for black than white women. This gap is explained by race differences in human capital and past welfare receipt. A race gap in the hazard of full-time employment exists among unmarried women in which the rate of full-time employment is lower for black than white women. This gap is explained by race differences in age, human capital, and past welfare receipt. I find that opportunities and constraints provided by the local economic environment, human capital, family structure, and past welfare receipt are an important influence on black and white women's employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reid, Lori Lynn. Race, Gender, and the Labor Market: Black and White Women's Employment. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University Of Arizona, 1997. |
5281. |
Reid, Lori Lynn Padavic, Irene |
Employment Exits and the Race Gap in Young Women's Employment Social Science Quarterly 86, Supplement s1 (December 2005): 1242-1260. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00344.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Employment; Event History; Exits; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Women Objective. A race gap in employment that disadvantages young African-American women has emerged for the first time in U.S. history. This article addresses the extent to which race differences in employment entry, exits, or both are responsible for the gap. Methods. The article relies on event-history analysis using NLSY data. Results. Analyses show that differences in rates of exit, not entry, explain the race gap. Factors encouraging higher exit rates among African-American than white women include lower AFQT scores and greater numbers of children. Conclusion. These findings raise questions about the utility of focusing on employment processes at the point of employment entry, at least for processes involving young women. The importance of exits in understanding race differences in women's employment calls attention to processes within firms that present barriers to African-American women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Reid, Lori Lynn and Irene Padavic. "Employment Exits and the Race Gap in Young Women's Employment." Social Science Quarterly 86, Supplement s1 (December 2005): 1242-1260.
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5282. |
Reilly, Patrick A. |
Credit towards Graduation: The Impact of US Bank Deregulation on Human Capital Accumulation North American Journal of Economics and Finance 51 (January 2020): 101085. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1062940819301524 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Government Regulation; High School Completion/Graduates; State-Level Data/Policy Credit markets affect the real economy. It is important to identify unintended consequences of financial policies. This paper studies the impact of bank branching deregulation on high school graduation. The use of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 geocoded data focuses the results on three deregulations: Ohio in 1979, Connecticut in 1980, and Alabama in 1981. Discontinuities in treatment assignment at borders between deregulated states and regulated states identify the effect of banking deregulation on high school graduation. Using a regression discontinuity type set up called differences-in-discontinuities, results indicate significant increases in the likelihood of high school graduation for treated individuals. Analysis provides evidence of heterogeneous effects of bank branching deregulation based on skill level and income level. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reilly, Patrick A. "Credit towards Graduation: The Impact of US Bank Deregulation on Human Capital Accumulation." North American Journal of Economics and Finance 51 (January 2020): 101085.
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5283. |
Reilly, Patrick A. |
Three Essays Using Natural Experiments to Measure Causal Effects on Education Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Government Regulation; High School Completion/Graduates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the second essay, I continue to investigate how bank branching deregulation affects high school graduation. In place of the CPS data, I use National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data to mitigate both measurement error introduced when identifying treatment and omitted variable bias. I also use the difference-in-discontinuities method, which should improve similarity of unobservable characteristics by finding the local average treatment effect. I again find positive and significant effects of bank branching deregulation on high school graduation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reilly, Patrick A. Three Essays Using Natural Experiments to Measure Causal Effects on Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, 2018. |
5284. |
Reilly, Susan Marie |
Essays on the Economics of Family Interactions Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, American University, 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Family Structure; Family, Extended; Grandparents; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Propensity Scores; Regions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of two papers that address issues of interactions within households. The first paper develops and tests a bargaining framework for explaining recidivism in domestic violence. The second paper uses propensity score matching to estimate the impact that living in a multigenerational household (including the child’s mother and at least one maternal grandparent) has on test scores for children of the NLSY79. If the addition of a grandparent adds more resources (for example: income and care) to the household than s/he uses, child test scores will increase. If grandparents use more resources than they add, household resources will be diluted and child test scores will decrease. After using propensity score matching and child-level fixed effects, I find evidence that children living in these households score lower on tests than those who do not. I control for the nonrandom decision of household type using a propensity score matching. I use kernel weighting to match children from multigenerational households with similar non-multigenerational households and fixed effects to control for unobserved heterogeneity. For robustness, I use cross sectional data to estimate the importance of matching method and time invariant independent variables that cannot be included in a fixed effects model. Even after propensity score matching, I find evidence that children living in these households score lower on tests than those who do not. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reilly, Susan Marie. Essays on the Economics of Family Interactions. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, American University, 2013. |
5285. |
Reisinger, James |
Subjective Well-being and Social Desirability Journal of Public Economics 214 (October 2022): 104745. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272722001475 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Research Methodology; Well-Being Survey measures of depression are increasingly used by economics researchers to provide a nuanced account of well-being. I show that levels of depression reported using such measures are significantly understated and levels of happiness significantly overstated in survey interviews conducted using a response mode that does not allow for anonymous reporting compared to a mode that does in three longitudinal surveys widely used in economics research. I exploit randomized assignment to survey mode, as well as panel methods, to show that this reflects the causal effect of survey mode, not selection. The difference in reported depression and happiness between modes is comparable to the difference between individuals in the 25th and 75th income percentiles. This finding suggests perceptions of social desirability may substantially bias measures of subjective well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reisinger, James. "Subjective Well-being and Social Desirability." Journal of Public Economics 214 (October 2022): 104745.
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5286. |
Remler, Dahlia Marcotte, Dave Cortez, Carmen |
Heterogeneity and Risk in the Return to Higher Education: Change over Time Presented: Albuquerque NM, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Returns; Heterogeneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The current policy debate largely focuses on mean earnings differences between educational groups. We enrich this debate by emphasizing the full distribution of earnings, particularly at the top and bottom. Our broad research questions are: How variable are returns to higher education? Can risk be substantially reduced through type of degree or institution? Is risk larger for students of some backgrounds? Have these returns, risks and their determinants changed between the 1980s-90s and the 2000s? (Without exogenous variation, we cannot estimate unbiased causal returns to education. However, the NLSY's rich controls remove much of the omitted variables bias. More importantly, our analysis directly addresses the current form of much policy debate, focused on crude comparisons of means, rather than true causal effects.) We use the NLSY79 and NLSY97 surveys and focus on earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Remler, Dahlia, Dave Marcotte and Carmen Cortez. "Heterogeneity and Risk in the Return to Higher Education: Change over Time." Presented: Albuquerque NM, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2014. |
5287. |
Remster, Brianna Hodges, Melissa J. |
Labor Market Double Jeopardy: The Gendered Effect of Incarceration on Wages Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Human Capital; Incarceration/Jail; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research finds that incarceration is associated with reduced wages for men, yet it is unknown whether this extends to formerly incarcerated women, despite evidence that women experience the consequences of incarceration differently than men. Analyzing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), this study investigates (1) the relative size of the incarceration wage penalty by gender and (2) whether the explanatory mechanisms for the penalty differ for women compared to men. Findings indicate that the net penalty for formerly incarcerated women is roughly double the size of the penalty for formerly incarcerated men. Moreover, there are gender differences in the mechanisms shaping the wage penalty. Although human capital explains the bulk of the penalty for both men and women, women's penalty is in part higher because of their role as primary caregivers. Further, the stigma of incarceration appears more consequential for women's wages than men's. These findings illustrate the need for more research that applies a gendered lens to the consequences of incarceration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Remster, Brianna and Melissa J. Hodges. "Labor Market Double Jeopardy: The Gendered Effect of Incarceration on Wages." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018. |
5288. |
Remster, Brianna Hodges, Melissa J. |
The Gendered Effect of Incarceration on Wages Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Incarceration/Jail; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite a growing body of research on the consequences of incarceration, most systematic studies are limited to men. This shortcoming persists notwithstanding several theoretical traditions suggesting that women may experience the consequences of incarceration differently than men. A primary example is research on the incarceration wage penalty; studies find that men who have been incarcerated earn less over time than never incarcerated men. Yet women have different amounts of human and social capital and work experience and may face greater stigma post release than men. This study addresses this gap in the literature by assessing (1) whether women experience an incarceration wage penalty and how it compares to men's and (2) whether wage penalty mechanisms differ for women compared to men. Using data uses from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we find that women experience a stronger wage penalty for incarceration than men. Moreover, the mechanisms work differently. Consistent with prior work, human capital explains the bulk of the penalty for men, while a larger residual penalty suggests that stigma is more important for women. These results illustrate the need for applying a gendered lens to consequences of incarceration research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Remster, Brianna and Melissa J. Hodges. "The Gendered Effect of Incarceration on Wages." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
5289. |
Rendall, Michael S. Ghosh-Dastidar, Bonnie Weden, Margaret M. Nazarov, Zafar |
Socio-Demographic Differentials in Experiencing a Major Occupational Injury in the Prime Working Ages: Estimation Using Within-Survey and Cross-Survey Multiple Imputation of Injury Histories Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Accidents; Injuries, Workplace; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Sociodemographic differentials in ever experiencing a major workplace injury in the prime working ages (25 to 44) are estimated from left- and right-censored injury histories in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Because the injury hazard is higher for individuals with previous injuries, the age-specific hazard for those with no previous injury since age 25 must first be estimated. Injury histories from age 25, however, are available for a fraction of the NLSY sample and for none in the SIPP sample (only the most recent injury is recorded). For unbiased incorporation of all NLSY and SIPP observations, injury histories are first multiply imputed within the NLSY from non-left-censored histories. Injury histories are then multiply imputed from this “completed” NLSY dataset to every SIPP individual. Efficiency and bias of NLSY-only and NLSY-SIPP estimation are compared to estimation that ignores injury history. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rendall, Michael S., Bonnie Ghosh-Dastidar, Margaret M. Weden and Zafar Nazarov. "Socio-Demographic Differentials in Experiencing a Major Occupational Injury in the Prime Working Ages: Estimation Using Within-Survey and Cross-Survey Multiple Imputation of Injury Histories." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
5290. |
Rendon, Silvio Roberto |
Does Wealth Explain Black-White Differences in Early Employment Careers? Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 25,4 (October 2007): 484-500. Also: http://pubs.amstat.org/doi/abs/10.1198/073500107000000124 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Discrimination; Economics of Minorities; Income; Job Search; Labor Market Demographics; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wealth In this article I inquire about the effects initial wealth has on black-white differences in early employment careers. I set up a dynamic model in which individuals simultaneously search for a job and accumulate wealth, and fit it to data from the National Longitudinal Survey (1979-cohort). Regime changes and decompositions of racial differences reveal that differences in the labor market environment and in preferences account fully for racial gaps in wealth and in wages persisting several years after high school graduation. Differences in initial wealth partially explain differences in early employment careers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rendon, Silvio Roberto. "Does Wealth Explain Black-White Differences in Early Employment Careers?" Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 25,4 (October 2007): 484-500.
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5291. |
Rendon, Silvio Roberto |
Job Search and Asset Accumulation Under Borrowing Constraints Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Assets; Job Search; Labor Economics; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Surveys; Transfers, Financial; Wage Effects In this thesis, I show how borrowing constraints and job search interact. Assets influence job search outcomes by allowing wealthier people to be more selective and obtain higher wages, so that initial wealth positively affects success in the labor market. On the other hand, employment transitions influence asset accumulation: unemployed individuals maintain their consumption by running down their assets, and employed agents save to buffer against future unemployment spells and future lower wages. I fit the model to data from the National Longitudinal Survey (1979-cohort) and I quantify the two main effects mentioned above. A permanent decrease of $100 in unemployment net transfers leads to a decrease in assets holdings of $17 for blacks and $183 for whites twenty quarters after high school graduation. I also show that most of the wage differences across people are accounted for by differences in their labor market environments, rather than by differences in their initial wealth. Twenty quarters after leaving high school, an individual who started off with $2,000 of initial assets can have quarterly wages $50 higher than an individual who started off with no assets. In particular, if blacks had the labor market environment of whites, their quarterly wages twenty quarters after graduation would be $3,974 and not $3,384. This would be still below the $4,048 quarterly wages of whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rendon, Silvio Roberto. Job Search and Asset Accumulation Under Borrowing Constraints. Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, 1997. |
5292. |
Rendon, Silvio Roberto |
Job Search and Asset Accumulation Under Borrowing Constraints International Economic Review 47,1 (February 2006): 233-263. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2006.00378.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. International Trade Commission Keyword(s): Assets; Job Search; Quits; Wealth This article examines the relationship between wealth accumulation and job search dynamics. It proposes a model in which risk-averse individuals search for jobs, save, and borrow to smooth their consumption. One motivation for accumulating wealth is to finance voluntary quits in order to search for better jobs. Using data on men from the National Longitudinal Survey (1979 cohort), I estimate the individual's dynamic decision problem. The results show that borrowing constraints are tight and reinforce the influence of wealth on job acceptance decisions, namely that more initial wealth and access to larger amounts of credit increase wages and unemployment duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Rendon, Silvio Roberto. "Job Search and Asset Accumulation Under Borrowing Constraints." International Economic Review 47,1 (February 2006): 233-263.
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5293. |
Rendon, Silvio Roberto Quella, Núria |
Behind the Great Recession: Job Search and Housing Decisions IZA Discussion Paper No. 7773 , Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), December 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Credit/Credit Constraint; Home Ownership; Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types; Job Search; Unemployment Rate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we analyze a mechanism that is particularly relevant to the workings of the Great Recession: we explain how easier home financing and higher homeownership rates increase unemployment rates. To this purpose we build a model of job search with liquid wealth accumulation and consumption of housing that can be rented, bought on credit, or sold. In our model, more relaxed house credit conditions increase workers' reservation wages, making them more selective in their job search. More selective job searches deteriorate employment transitions: job finding and job-to-job transitions rates decline while job loss rates increase, causing the overall unemployment rate to rise.We estimate this model structurally using NLSY data from 1978 until 2005. We find that more relaxed housing lending conditions, particularly lower downpayment requirements, increase unemployment rates by 6 percent points. We also find that declining labor demand decreases homeownership rates by 14 percent points. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rendon, Silvio Roberto and Núria Quella. "Behind the Great Recession: Job Search and Housing Decisions." IZA Discussion Paper No. 7773 , Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), December 2013. |
5294. |
Rendon, Silvio Roberto Quella, Núria |
Interactions between Job Search and Housing Decisions: A Structural Estimation Working Paper No. 15-27, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, July 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Keyword(s): Credit/Credit Constraint; Home Ownership; Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types; Job Search; Unemployment Rate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we investigate to what extent shocks in housing and financial markets account for wage and employment variations in a frictional labor market. To explain these interactions, we use a model of job search with accumulation of wealth as liquid funds and residential real estate, in which house prices are randomly persistent. First, we show that reservation wages and unemployment are increasing in total wealth. And, second, we show that reservation wages and unemployment are also responsive to the composition of wealth. Specifically, when house prices are expected to rise, holding a larger share of wealth as residential real estate tends to increase reservation wages, which deteriorates employment transitions and increases unemployment. We estimate our model structurally using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data from 1978 to 2005, and we find that more relaxed house Financing conditions, in particular lower down payment requirements, decrease employment rates by 5 percentage points in the short run and by 2 percentage points in the long run. We also find that worse labor market conditions immediately increase homeownership rates by up to 5 percent points, whereas in the long run homeownership decreases by 8 percentage points. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rendon, Silvio Roberto and Núria Quella. "Interactions between Job Search and Housing Decisions: A Structural Estimation." Working Paper No. 15-27, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, July 2015. |
5295. |
Renna, Francesco |
Alcohol Abuse, Alcoholism, and Labor Market Outcomes: Looking for the Missing Link Industrial and Labor Relations Review 62,1 (October 2008): 92-103. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25249186 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Earnings; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling; Wages; Work Hours/Schedule There is puzzling evidence that alcohol abuse and alcoholism reduce labor earnings but have no effect on either hours worked or the hourly wage. This study revisits the link between problem drinking and earnings using data from the 1989 and 1994 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Questions about problem drinking were keyed to a table of symptoms for alcohol abuse and alcoholism in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The author finds no effects associated with alcohol abuse. In OLS regressions, alcoholism appears to have had negative effects on both labor market outcomes. In the lag variable and in the first difference regressions, alcoholism's negative effect on wages disappears, but its negative effect on hours of work remains, suggesting that the negative effect of alcoholism on earnings operates through reduced work hours. These results of the two-stage least squares are inconclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Renna, Francesco. "Alcohol Abuse, Alcoholism, and Labor Market Outcomes: Looking for the Missing Link." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 62,1 (October 2008): 92-103.
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5296. |
Renna, Francesco |
Economic Cost of Teen Drinking Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Akron, 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Akron Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Endogeneity; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Diploma; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper analyzes the effect that heavy drinking has on the probability of graduating on-time from high school. This analysis was motivated by the empirical evidence that students who graduate on-time from high school earn more than students who graduate late. The analysis is conducted on students in their senior year of high school using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Importantly, this paper shows that the usual instruments used to correct for the endogeneity of the decision to drink are strong instrument only in the regression for women, but not for men. Finally this paper finds that heavy drinking decreases the probability of graduating on-time by 17.5 percent. Because graduating late decreases the hourly wage of women by $0.90, the annual cost of drinking computed for a full-time worker is about $315. |
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Bibliography Citation
Renna, Francesco. "Economic Cost of Teen Drinking." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Akron, 2005. |
5297. |
Renna, Francesco |
Obesity History and Male Employment Applied Economics Letters 22,2 (January 2015): 116-120. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13504851.2014.929617#.VIiOQWNkfsk Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Employment; Male Sample; Modeling, Probit; Obesity Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this article computes the stock of obesity as the number of obese years in the adult life of an individual. Then it estimates the effect of the stock of obesity on the probability of being employed. It is found that the accumulated years of morbid obesity (i.e. obesity associated with a body mass index above 40) has a large negative impact on employment status. This effect remains significant even after conditioning on time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity. The results of the IV probit analysis indicate that the stock of morbid obese years can be regarded as exogenous. Less severe levels of obesity do not seem to have an impact on employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Renna, Francesco. "Obesity History and Male Employment." Applied Economics Letters 22,2 (January 2015): 116-120.
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5298. |
Renna, Francesco |
Teens' Alcohol Consumption and Schooling Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Akron, 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Akron Keyword(s): Academic Development; Alcohol Use; Cognitive Development; Educational Attainment; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Diploma; High School Dropouts Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While research outside economics has found that drinking has a negative effect on cognitive skills, some economists have failed to find any negative relationship between drinking and academic performance. This paper argues that the reason for this discrepancy is due to the way education is measured in the economic literature. Usually, academic achievement is measured in terms of number of years of completed education at the age of 25. Hence, both a General Equivalency Diploma (GED) and a high school diploma are considered equivalent to 12 years of completed education, even if GED graduates have earnings more similar to high school dropouts. This study shows that binge drinking reduces the probability of receiving a high school diploma and increases the probability of graduating with a GED. Moreover, this study finds that alcohol policies do not affect the dropout rate measured at the age of 25, but they do affect the probability that a student will graduate on time. In conclusion, bingeing is found to be responsible for inducing individuals to temporarily drop out of school. Eventually, these individuals return to school to complete their education, most likely by obtaining a GED diploma. |
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Bibliography Citation
Renna, Francesco. "Teens' Alcohol Consumption and Schooling." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Akron, 2006. |
5299. |
Renna, Francesco |
Teens’ Alcohol Consumption and Schooling Economics of Education Review 27,1 (February 2008): 69-78. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775706001051 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Academic Development; Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Educational Attainment; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Self-Esteem; State-Level Data/Policy While research outside economics has found that drinking has a negative effect on cognitive skills, some economists have failed to find any negative relationship between drinking and academic performance. This paper argues that the reason for this discrepancy is due to the way education is measured in the economic literature. Herein, binge drinking in the senior year of high school is found to reduce the probability of receiving a high school diploma and to increase the probability of graduating with a General Education Development (GED). Moreover, this study finds that alcohol policies do not affect the dropout rate measured at the age of 25, but they do affect the probability that a student will graduate on time. In conclusion, bingeing is found to be responsible for inducing individuals to temporarily drop out of school. Eventually, these individuals return to school to complete their education, most likely by obtaining a GED diploma. |
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Bibliography Citation
Renna, Francesco. "Teens’ Alcohol Consumption and Schooling." Economics of Education Review 27,1 (February 2008): 69-78.
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5300. |
Renna, Francesco |
The Economic Cost of Teen Drinking: Late Graduation and Lowered Earnings Health Economics 16,4 (April 2007): 407-419. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.1178/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Earnings; Endogeneity; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Students; Occupational Choice Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper analyzes the effect that binge drinking has on the probability of graduating on time from high school and on future earnings. The analysis is conducted on students in their senior year of high school using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Importantly, the usual instruments used to correct for the endogeneity of the drinking variable are found to be robust only for women. This paper finds that heavy drinking decreases the probability of graduating on time. Binge drinking does not have a direct impact on adults' labor earnings, but graduating late results in lower labor income. Because of a late graduation, young men who binge in high school will face an earnings penalty of 1.5-1.84 percentage points. Women also face a penalty, but this seems mostly due to the fact that women who graduate late work in industries and occupations that pay less. (Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Renna, Francesco. "The Economic Cost of Teen Drinking: Late Graduation and Lowered Earnings." Health Economics 16,4 (April 2007): 407-419.
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5301. |
Renna, Francesco King, Randall H. |
The Impact of Racial Discrimination on the Early Career Outcomes of Young Men Atlantic Economic Journal 35,3 (September 2007): 269-278. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/0p171767pw146028/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: International Atlantic Economic Society Keyword(s): Discrimination; Economics of Discrimination; Economics of Minorities; Fertility; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wages, Young Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The NLSY dataset is utilized to measure the extent of employer wage discrimination between white and black males during their first 5 years of post-school employment. We look at the respondent's first job and the jobs 1 and 5 years after school completion. Oaxaca wage decompositions are employed to gauge the effect of discrimination. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that the discrimination component of the wage gap falls over time. For the first job out of school the unexplained wage gap between blacks and whites is 35%. By year 5, the unexplained component falls to about 13%. Thus, while discrimination continues to play a role in explaining the white-black wage gap over time, its impact decreases as time in the labor market increases. |
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Bibliography Citation
Renna, Francesco and Randall H. King. "The Impact of Racial Discrimination on the Early Career Outcomes of Young Men." Atlantic Economic Journal 35,3 (September 2007): 269-278.
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5302. |
Restrepo, Brandon J. |
Essays on Human Capital Investment Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Department of Economics, 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; CESD (Depression Scale); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Chores (see Housework); Digit Span (also see Memory for Digit Span - WISC); Discipline; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Human Capital; Mothers, Education; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Punishment, Corporal; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Siblings; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My dissertation consists of three essays concerning investment in human capital. In my first essay, "Who Compensates and Who Reinforces? Parental Investment Responses to Child Endowment Shocks," I examine whether parental investment in the human capital of low birth weight children differs by parental education and income. In my second essay, "Does Fetal Exposure to Tobacco Smoke Affect a Child's Adult Outcomes?," I examine whether fetal exposure to tobacco smoke affects long-run outcomes such as schooling attainment, employment, and labor market earnings. In my third essay, "A New Look at the Effect of Credit Constraints on College Attendance," I examine whether credit constraints affect college attendance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Restrepo, Brandon J. Essays on Human Capital Investment. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Department of Economics, 2012. |
5303. |
Restrepo, Brandon J. |
Parental Investment Responses to a Low Birth Weight Outcome: Who Compensates and Who Reinforces? Journal of Population Economics 29,4 (October 2016): 969-989. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00148-016-0590-3 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Birthweight; Educational Attainment; High School Dropouts; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Education; Parental Investments Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study analyzes how parental investment responds to a low birth weight (LBW) outcome and finds important differences in investment responses by maternal education. High school dropouts reinforce a LBW outcome by providing less investment in the human capital of their LBW children relative to their normal birth weight children whereas higher educated mothers compensate by investing more in their LBW children. In addition, an increase in the number of LBW siblings present in the home raises investment in a child, which is consistent with reinforcement, but this positive effect tends to be concentrated among high school dropouts. These results suggest that studies analyzing the effects of LBW on child outcomes that do not account for heterogeneity in investment responses to a LBW outcome by maternal education may overestimate effects of LBW on child outcomes for those born to low-educated mothers and underestimate such effects for those born to high-educated mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Restrepo, Brandon J. "Parental Investment Responses to a Low Birth Weight Outcome: Who Compensates and Who Reinforces?" Journal of Population Economics 29,4 (October 2016): 969-989.
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5304. |
Reville, Robert T. Bhattacharya, Jayanta Weinstein, Lauren R. Sager |
New Methods and Data Sources for Measuring Economic Consequences of Workplace Injuries American Journal of Industrial Medicine 40,4 (October 2001): 452-463. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajim.1115/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Health Factors; Injuries; Labor Economics; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. BACKGROUND: Evaluation of programs and policies to reduce the incidence of workplace injuries require that the consequences of injury are estimated correctly. Because workplace injuries are complex events, the availability of data that reflects this complexity is the largest obstacle to this estimation. METHODS: We review the literature on the consequences of workplace injuries for both workers and employers, focusing on data sources, particularly linked administrative data from different public agencies. We also review other approaches to obtaining data to examine workplace injuries, including public-use longitudinal survey data, primary data collection, and linked employee-employer databases. We make suggestions for future research. RESULTS: Recent advances in the literature on the economic consequences of workplace injuries for workers have been driven to a great extent by the availability of new data sources. Much remains unexplored. We find longitudinal survey databases including the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and the Health and Retirement Survey, to be very promising though largely untapped sources of data on workplace injuries. We also find that linked employee-employer databases are well suited for the study of consequences for employers. CONCLUSIONS: We expect that new data sources should lead to rapid advances in our understanding of the economic consequences of workplace injuries for both workers and employers. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reville, Robert T., Jayanta Bhattacharya and Lauren R. Sager Weinstein. "New Methods and Data Sources for Measuring Economic Consequences of Workplace Injuries." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 40,4 (October 2001): 452-463.
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5305. |
Reyes Hartley, Gonzalo Javier |
Essays on the Economics of the Family Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2004 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Welfare This thesis consists of three chapters that focus on the economic analysis of families and the effects of public policies. The first chapter presents an empirical analysis of the effects of unilateral divorce laws on measures of family structure and youth welfare. Exploiting interstate variation in the timing of implementation of these laws during the 1970s, I find that this legislation caused not only a rise in divorce rates, but also an increase in remarriages. I find a robust positive and significant effect on suicide rates in the 15-19 age group. I do not find a robust impact of the law on milder measures of youth well-being. Overall, these results suggest that although unilateral divorce laws allow adults to re-optimize more easily, they impose external costs on children. The second chapter analyzes the effects of welfare reform on maternal monitoring and children outcomes in households headed by low educated single mothers. Using data from NLSY79, I find that welfare waivers significantly increased the labor force participation of this group. However, this did not translate into decreased activities shared with children. Additionally, mothers whose employment decisions are affected by welfare reform are both more likely to use certain disciplinary measures and to praise their kids. There are no general harmful effects of welfare reform on children's cognitive ability, while there is a marked decrease in behavioral problems, especially for girls and children older than 6. The third chapter proposes that education acquired by children may augment the human capital of their parents, particularly for immigrants. I present a model where, upon migration, individuals lose part of their human capital and need to acquire country specific human capital. Children present a natural advantage in obtaining this kind of human capital and transmit it to their parents. Empirical evidence using the Latino sub-sample of the PSID shows that the years of education attained by children in the United States have a positive effect on their parents' wages. This effect is significant for kids living within the household and decreasing in the amount of education obtained by the child in her country of origin. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reyes Hartley, Gonzalo Javier. Essays on the Economics of the Family. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2004. |
5306. |
Reynolds, John R. |
Explaining the Gap in Girls' and Boys' Educational Successes: Emulating Role Models or Anticipating Economic Payoffs? Presented: Atlanta, GA, Southern Sociological Society (SSS), April 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Sociological Society Keyword(s): Children; Children, Academic Development; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Gender Differences; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Parental Influences; Role Models Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Between the 1970s and 1990s, girls and young women began to outshine boys and young men on a wide range of educational indicators. Girls now have higher aspirations, are more serious about education, and outnumber boys among college applicants and enrollees. This paper examines the source of the change in boys' and girls' educational experiences using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth and the National Education Longitudinal Survey. Pooling cross-sections from these surveys, I estimate the relative influences of family structure, parents' achievements, and local economic context on youths' educational outcomes and the growing gap between boys and girls. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reynolds, John R. "Explaining the Gap in Girls' and Boys' Educational Successes: Emulating Role Models or Anticipating Economic Payoffs?" Presented: Atlanta, GA, Southern Sociological Society (SSS), April 2001. |
5307. |
Reynolds, John R. |
The Gender Gap in College Expectations: Further Evidence of Boys Falling Behind Working Paper, Department of Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee FL, September 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Department of Sociology, Florida State University Keyword(s): College Degree; College Education; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Gender; Hispanics; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines changes in the college expectations of adolescent girls and boys from 1976 to 1999. During this time period, girls became more certain than boys that they would complete a college degree or attend professional/graduate school. The new gender gap in college expectations is most pronounced among Whites. For Hispanics and Blacks, girls' expectations have risen faster than boys' except in lower income families. One proximate cause of these trends is that girls who make good grades no longer hold themselves back from planning to pursue post-secondary education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reynolds, John R. "The Gender Gap in College Expectations: Further Evidence of Boys Falling Behind." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee FL, September 2001. |
5308. |
Reynolds, John R. Baird, Chardie L. |
Is There a Downside to Shooting for the Stars? Unrealized Educational Expectations and Symptoms of Depression American Sociological Review 75,1 (February 2010): 151–172. Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/75/1/151.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Health, Mental/Psychological; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite decades of research on the benefits of educational expectations, researchers have failed to show that unrealized plans are consequential for mental health, as self-discrepancy and other social psychological theories would predict. This article uses two national longitudinal studies of youth to test whether unrealized educational expectations are associated with depression in adulthood. Negative binomial regression analyses show that unmet expectations are associated with a greater risk of depression among young adults who share similar educational expectations. The apparent consequences of aiming high and falling short result, however, from lower attainment, not the gap between plans and attainment. Results indicate almost no long-term emotional costs of “shooting for the stars” rather than planning for the probable, once educational attainment is taken into account. This lack of association also holds after accounting for early mental health, the magnitude of the shortfall, the stability of expectations, and college-related resources, and it is robust across two distinct cohorts of high school students. We develop a theory of “adaptive resilience” to account for these findings and, because aiming high and failing are not consequential for mental health, conclude that society should not dissuade unpromising students from dreams of college. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reynolds, John R. and Chardie L. Baird. "Is There a Downside to Shooting for the Stars? Unrealized Educational Expectations and Symptoms of Depression." American Sociological Review 75,1 (February 2010): 151–172. A.
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5309. |
Reynolds, John R. Boyd, Emily Burge, Stephanie Harris, Brandy Robbins, Cheryl |
Does Being Planful Always Pay Off? Agency, Economics, and Achievements by Midlife Working Paper, Department of Sociology, Florida State University, May 2004. Also: http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~jreynold/nlsy.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, Florida State University Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Life Course; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Attainment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Drawing from life course research on agency and structural constraint in the transition to adulthood, this paper measures the influences of planful competence and labor market conditions on adolescents' educational and occupational plans, changes in their career plans over three years, and their achievements at midlife. Adolescents with a purposive orientation toward life combined with general and practical knowledge have more ambitious career plans, more stable plans in young adulthood, and greater educational and occupational achievements by early midlife. Local labor markets are not strongly associated with plans or achievements, though poor local economic conditions do decrease the positive impact of planful competence on early plans for schooling and on occupational attainment at midlife. Important incongruities between early expectations and achievements at midlife exist across race/ethnic groups and between women and men; however, the benefits of adolescent planful competence are comparable across race, class, and gender....This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a multistage, stratified, national random sample of non-institutionalized young men and women living in the United States who were ages 14 to 22 years in 1979....We use data from the 1979, 1982, and 1992 waves to study planful competence and career expectations in late adolescence, changes in career expectations from late adolescence to early adulthood, and achievements in work and schooling by early midlife. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reynolds, John R., Emily Boyd, Stephanie Burge, Brandy Harris and Cheryl Robbins. "Does Being Planful Always Pay Off? Agency, Economics, and Achievements by Midlife." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, Florida State University, May 2004. |
5310. |
Reynolds, John R. Pemberton, Jennifer |
Rising College Expectations Among Youth in the United States: A Comparison of the 1979 and 1997 NLSY Journal of Human Resources 36,4 (Fall 2001): 703-726. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3069639 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): College Degree; College Education; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Ethnic Differences; Family Background and Culture; Family Resources; Family Structure; Gender Differences; High School Curriculum; Labor Market, Secondary; Local Labor Market; Modeling, Probit; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Racial Differences We examine the rise in college expectations among 15- and 16-year-olds in the 1979 and 1997 NLSY. Probit models estimate the effects of gender, race/ethnicity, family characteristics, and local economic conditions on the probability of expecting a college degree. Race/ethnic differences and the influences of family resources and county economic conditions declined between 1979 and 1997. In contrast, girls became more likely to expect a college degree than boys, and family structure grew in importance over time. Family resources and structure appear to shape expectations largely through differences in school peers, teacher quality and interest, and past academic performance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Reynolds, John R. and Jennifer Pemberton. "Rising College Expectations Among Youth in the United States: A Comparison of the 1979 and 1997 NLSY." Journal of Human Resources 36,4 (Fall 2001): 703-726.
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5311. |
Rhea, Victoria A. Stinner, William F. Toney, Michael B. |
Poverty and Migration Among Metropolitan Young Adults: Race and Gender Sine Loco, SL, Rural Sociological Society, 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Rural Sociological Society Keyword(s): Behavior; Gender Differences; Migration; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Poverty; Racial Differences; Rural Sociology; Rural Youth; Rural/Urban Migration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The relationship between migration behavior and economic mobility of poor and nonpoor nonmetropolitan youth is examined using data from the NLSY. The empirical analysis centers on respondents aged 18+ who are in the adult labor force. Within the poor and nonpoor groupings, gender and racial/ethnic differences are examined. While migration seems to have no effect on change in poverty status, it does have an effect for whites and for females. Although the effect for whites is positive, the effect for females can be either positive or negative. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.] |
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Bibliography Citation
Rhea, Victoria A., William F. Stinner and Michael B. Toney. "Poverty and Migration Among Metropolitan Young Adults: Race and Gender." Sine Loco, SL, Rural Sociological Society, 1988. |
5312. |
Ribar, David C. |
A Longitudinal Analysis of Young Women's Fertility and Educational Advancement Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Women's Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the relationship between teenage and young adult women's childbearing and educational advancement using data from the 1979-92 panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. It employs the Method of Simulated Moments to estimate discrete-time, discrete-choice models of school advancement and fertility and examines the effects that the frequency, timing and spacing of births have on young women's subsequent decisions to remain in, leave, and re-enter school. The econometric framework accounts for serial correlation in unobserved determinants of schooling as well as cross-equation correlations in the unobserved determinants of schooling and fertility The empirical analysis reveals that once these forms of correlation are taken into account, the estimated educational consequences of fertility are either substantially reduced or eliminated |
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Bibliography Citation
Ribar, David C. "A Longitudinal Analysis of Young Women's Fertility and Educational Advancement." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996. |
5313. |
Ribar, David C. |
A Multinomial Logit Analysis of Teenage Fertility and High School Completion Economics of Education Review 12,2 (June 1993): 153-164. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/027277579390026D Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Education; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Family Planning; High School; High School Completion/Graduates; Household Composition; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Regions; Welfare Uses data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine economic, institutional, and sociological antecedents of high school completion and adolescent fertility. Welfare generosity appears to have a significant positive effect on adolescent childbearing. Other important determinants of teenage parenthood and educational attainment are family planning clinic availability, family background, religiousness, physical maturity, race, and ethnicity. (MLH) |
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Bibliography Citation
Ribar, David C. "A Multinomial Logit Analysis of Teenage Fertility and High School Completion." Economics of Education Review 12,2 (June 1993): 153-164.
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5314. |
Ribar, David C. |
Socioeconomic Consequences of Young Women's Childbearing: Reconciling Disparate Evidence Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Educational Attainment; Employment; Family Background and Culture; Income; Marital Status; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ribar, David C. "Socioeconomic Consequences of Young Women's Childbearing: Reconciling Disparate Evidence." Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. |
5315. |
Ribar, David C. |
Teenage Fertility and Early Adult Labor Force Participation Working Paper No. 4-92-1, Department of Economics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, April 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The Pennsylvania State University Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Benefits; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Religion; School Completion; Schooling; State Welfare; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ribar, David C. "Teenage Fertility and Early Adult Labor Force Participation." Working Paper No. 4-92-1, Department of Economics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, April 1992. |
5316. |
Ribar, David C. |
Teenage Fertility and High School Completion Review of Economics and Statistics 76,3 (August 1994): 413-424. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109967 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Benefits; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Endogeneity; Family Planning; High School Completion/Graduates; Modeling, Probit; Religious Influences; School Completion; Schooling; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses 1979-85 data on women from the NLSY to examine the economic and demographic antecedents of adolescent childbearing and high school completion. Teenage fertility and high school completion are modeled as dichotomous variables, and their determinants are estimated using a bivariate probit. Importantly, early fertility is modeled as an endogenous determinant of schooling. Previous studies which have attempted to control for the possible endogeneity of fertility have relied on questionable identifying restrictions. The identifying variables in this paper--age at menarche, state expenditures for family planning services and state contraceptive and abortion restrictions--represent a vast improvement over previous work in that they are theoretically and statistically related with early fertility but not directly associated with schooling. The paper finds that when proper identifying instruments are used teenage fertility appears to have little effect on high school completion. This result is robust to respecification of the dependent variables and respecification of the model generally. The result suggests that policy interventions aimed only at reducing early fertility such as freely distributing contraceptives or increasing the access to family planning clinics may not affect school completion. The paper does find that welfare generosity, family structure, parents' socioeconomic status, religiousness and race are significant determinants of both fertility and schooling. Thus, interventions directed at these underlying causes may be successful in reducing teen childbearing and increasing schooling. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ribar, David C. "Teenage Fertility and High School Completion." Review of Economics and Statistics 76,3 (August 1994): 413-424.
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5317. |
Ribar, David C. |
Teenage Fertility and High School Completion Working Paper No. 10-91-2, Department of Economics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, March 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The Pennsylvania State University Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Benefits; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Planning; Fertility; Modeling, Probit; Religion; School Completion; State Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses 1979-85 data on women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the economic, sociological and institutional antecedents of adolescent childbearing and high school completion and to rigorously analyze the effect of early childbearing on school completion. Fertility and school completion are modeled as dichotomous outcomes, and their determinants are estimated using a bivariate probit specification. The paper finds that Medicaid generosity, the availability of family planning services, family background, religiousness and physical maturity are important determinants of early childbearing and that family background and religiousness are important determinants of schooling. Interestingly, the paper finds that teenage fertility has no significant negative effect on high school completion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ribar, David C. "Teenage Fertility and High School Completion." Working Paper No. 10-91-2, Department of Economics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, March 1992. |
5318. |
Ribar, David C. |
Teenage Fertility and High School Completion Presented: Bethesda, MD, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Benefits; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Planning; Fertility; Modeling, Probit; Religion; School Completion; State Welfare This paper uses 1979-85 data on women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the economic, sociological and institutional antecedents of adolescent childbearing and high school completion and to rigorously analyze the effect of early childbearing on school completion. Fertility and school completion are modeled as dichotomous outcomes, and their determinants are estimated using a bivariate probit specification. The paper finds that Medicaid generosity, the availability of family planning services, family background, religiousness and physical maturity are important determinants of early childbearing and that family background and religiousness are important determinants of schooling. Interestingly, the paper finds that teenage fertility has no significant negative effect on high school completion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ribar, David C. "Teenage Fertility and High School Completion." Presented: Bethesda, MD, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992. |
5319. |
Ribar, David C. |
The Effect of Teenage Fertility on Young Adult Childbearing Journal of Population Economics 9,2 (May 1996): 197-218. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/0wumu625thlhcj3a/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Child Care; Childbearing, Adolescent; Children; Economics, Demographic; Fertility; First Birth; Heterogeneity; Mobility; Modeling, Probit Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Numerous studies of fertility behavior find that an early age at first birth increases the rate of subsequent childbearing. Typically, however, these studies do not account for the possibility of serial correlation in the unobserved determinants of fertility. Using 1979-92 individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this paper employs the Method of Simulated Moments to estimate panel probit models of annual birth outcomes. The panel probit models account for several alternative sources of serial correlation. Estimation reveals that once serial correlation is taken into account, the subsequent fertility of early childbearing are either statistically eliminated or reversed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ribar, David C. "The Effect of Teenage Fertility on Young Adult Childbearing." Journal of Population Economics 9,2 (May 1996): 197-218.
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5320. |
Ribar, David C. |
The Socioeconomic Consequences of Young Women's Childbearing: Reconciling Disparate Evidence Journal of Population Economics 12,4 (November 1999): 547-565. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/1kglnxugt2gjg9nx/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Siblings; Socioeconomic Factors; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent studies have begun to examine rigorously the links between early childbearing and subsequent socioeconomic status. Prominent in this literature has been a set of analyses that have used sibling fixed effects models to control for omitted variables bias. These studies report that the siblings difference procedure leads to smaller estimates of the effects of teen fertility than does standard regression analysis. While it is well known that the siblings fixed effects procedure makes strong assumptions regarding the type of omitted variables and is not necessarily robust to alternative assumptions, the assumptions of the procedure have not been explicitly examined. This paper uses 1979-1992 data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to compare estimates of the income and education consequences of teenage and young adult fertility from standard regression and siblings fixed effects models with estimates from more general, alternative siblings models. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ribar, David C. "The Socioeconomic Consequences of Young Women's Childbearing: Reconciling Disparate Evidence." Journal of Population Economics 12,4 (November 1999): 547-565.
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5321. |
Ribar, David C. |
What Do Social Scientists Know About the Benefits of Marriage? A Review of Quantitative Methodologies IZA Discussion Paper No. 998, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), January 2004. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp998.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Benefits; Children, Well-Being; Cohabitation; Earnings; Family Structure; Health Factors; Marriage; Modeling; National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parents, Single; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study critically reviews quantitative methods that have been employed and evidence that has been gathered to assess the benefits of marriage and consequences of other family structures. The study begins by describing theoretical models of the determinants of different well-being outcomes and the role of family structure in producing those outcomes. It also discusses models of the determinants of marriage. The study then overviews specific statistical techniques that have been applied in empirical analyses of the effects of marriage, including standard regression, instrumental variables, selection and switching models, matching, non-parametric bounds, fixed effects, and latent factor (correlated random effects) methods. The study then reviews selected studies that have been completed in three domains of well-being outcomes: children's well-being, adults' earnings, and adults' physical health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ribar, David C. "What Do Social Scientists Know About the Benefits of Marriage? A Review of Quantitative Methodologies." IZA Discussion Paper No. 998, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), January 2004. |
5322. |
Ricciuti, Henry N. |
Maternal and Family Predictors of Mental Development at 18 to 30 Months and of School Readiness in 6- and 7-Year-Olds Presented: Washington, DC, National Head Start Research Conference, November 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Keyword(s): Cognitive Development; Family Influences; Fathers, Absence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; School Entry/Readiness; Sex Roles |
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Bibliography Citation
Ricciuti, Henry N. "Maternal and Family Predictors of Mental Development at 18 to 30 Months and of School Readiness in 6- and 7-Year-Olds." Presented: Washington, DC, National Head Start Research Conference, November 1993. |
5323. |
Ricciuti, Henry N. |
Maternal and Family Predictors of School Readiness in Black, Hispanic, and White 6- and 7-Year-Olds Presented: New Orleans, LA, 60th Anniversary Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, March 24-28, 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Studies; Fathers, Absence; Hispanics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; School Entry/Readiness; Sex Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study endeavored to determine whether various maternal and family characteristics predictive of school readiness and achievement in 6 and 7 year old children operated in equivalent or dissimilar manners in three ethnic groups: Black, Hispanic, and Caucasian. In all three groups maternal ability level and education, as well as poverty status, showed the most consistent predictive correlations, while single parenthood was not a significant predictor. Spouse education and maternal attitudes towards womens' roles seemed to operate differently depending on ethnicity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ricciuti, Henry N. "Maternal and Family Predictors of School Readiness in Black, Hispanic, and White 6- and 7-Year-Olds." Presented: New Orleans, LA, 60th Anniversary Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, March 24-28, 1993. |
5324. |
Ricciuti, Henry N. |
Single Parenthood and School Readiness in White, Black, and Hispanic 6- and 7-year-olds Journal of Family Psychology 13,3 (September 1999): 450-465. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089332000200140X Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Children, Academic Development; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Family Characteristics; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Mothers, Education; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Racial Differences; School Entry/Readiness The aim of this research was to examine the circumstances under which single parenthood may or may not represent an adverse influence on school readiness and achievement in 6-7-year-old children of White, Black, and Hispanic families in a large national survey (NLSY). Home visits provided measures of maternal and family characteristics and of children's vocabulary, math, reading, and behavior problems. Single parenthood was essentially unrelated to the child outcomes in all ethnic groups, and it did not interact with maternal education, ability level, or employment or with poverty status or child gender. Although single- and 2-parent families differed in income, they were very similar in maternal ability and education levels, thus suggesting that in the presence of positive maternal or family characteristics supportive of children's development, single parenthood as such need not represent a risk factor for these early child outcomes. ((c) 1999 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Ricciuti, Henry N. "Single Parenthood and School Readiness in White, Black, and Hispanic 6- and 7-year-olds." Journal of Family Psychology 13,3 (September 1999): 450-465.
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5325. |
Ricciuti, Henry N. Snow, Kyle |
Single Parenthood is Not Necessarily a Risk Factor for School Readiness and Achievement in 6- and 7-Year Olds Presented: Washington, DC, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Ethnic Studies; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Parenthood; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Racial Studies; School Entry/Readiness; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ricciuti, Henry N. and Kyle Snow. "Single Parenthood is Not Necessarily a Risk Factor for School Readiness and Achievement in 6- and 7-Year Olds." Presented: Washington, DC, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1997. |
5326. |
Ricciuti, Kara E. |
Child's Health and Physical Growth in Early Years of Life: Does Mother's Milk Make a Difference? M.S. Thesis, Department of Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Birth Order; Breastfeeding; Child Health; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Status; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Mothers, Education; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ricciuti, Kara E. Child's Health and Physical Growth in Early Years of Life: Does Mother's Milk Make a Difference? M.S. Thesis, Department of Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1993. |
5327. |
Rich, Lauren M. |
Employment Opportunity, Wages and Adolescent Premarital Childbearing Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Labor; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Contraception; Disadvantaged, Economically; Employment, Youth; Endogeneity; Labor Economics; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Socioeconomic Factors; Teenagers; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Policy analysts have increasingly suggested that teen pregnancy prevention efforts need to address the underlying socioeconomic conditions, e.g., low employment opportunity which may "encourage" early childbearing among disadvantaged youth. To investigate the potential for such approaches, this study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to estimate the impact of total weeks of employment prior to time t, and expected wage at time t, on the probability that a teenager bears a child between periods t and t+l. A discrete time hazard model, which allows for both time-varying and time-invariant factors to influence a teen's childbearing decision, is employed. In addition, to deal with the potential endogeneity of previous employment this variable is instrumented with state and local unemployment rates, local industrial structure, and state variation in child labor laws. Results of the analysis indicate that young women residing in areas with greater employment opportunities may be less likely to give birth as teenagers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rich, Lauren M. "Employment Opportunity, Wages and Adolescent Premarital Childbearing." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995. |
5328. |
Rich, Lauren M. Kim, Sun-Bin |
Employment and the Sexual and Reproductive Behavior of Female Adolescents Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34,3 (May-June 2002): 127-134 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Employment; Employment History; Employment, Youth; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. CONTEXT: Women's employment opportunities may reduce the risk of early intercourse and pregnancy, but some evidence has linked adolescent employment and problem behaviors with early intercourse. METHODS: Hazard regression analyses of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Yoputh were used to examine the relationship between employment and the risk of first intercourse before age 20 among women who were aged 14-16 in 1979. The relationship between employment and the risk of a first, nonmarital pregnancy among sexually experienced young women was also assessed. RESULTS: Current employment and cumulative months of past employment are associated with increased hazards of first intercourse (hazard ratios, 1.20 and 1.01, respectively); this association is particularly strong for white young women. Adolescents who work more than 120 hours a month are significantly more likely than nonworking adolescents to experience first intercourse (1.4). Although current employment has no effect on the likelihood of a first, nonmarital pregnancy among white adolescents, it is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy among blacks and with a reduced risk of pregnancy among Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS: Program planners and policymakers should be aware of the potential association between adolescent employment, particularly intense employment, and the likelihood of initiating intercourse and experiencing pregnancy, even if causality is still unclear. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rich, Lauren M. and Sun-Bin Kim. "Employment and the Sexual and Reproductive Behavior of Female Adolescents." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34,3 (May-June 2002): 127-134.
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5329. |
Rich, Lauren M. Kim, Sun-Bin |
Patterns of Later Life Education Among Teenage Mothers Gender and Society 13,6 (December 1999): 798-817. Also: http://gas.sagepub.com/content/13/6/798.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Education; Education, Adult; Educational Attainment; Mothers, Adolescent; Racial Differences; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth to examine the phenomenon of later life education among women who first give birth as teenagers. The analysis first considers patterns of educational attainment through the middle 30s for all women, disaggregated by age at first birth. This allows for an examination of the amount of education received by teen mothers relative to women who delay giving birth until adulthood. The analysis also considers racial-ethnic differences in patterns of attainment. Next, the analysis is restricted to teen mothers and focuses on an examination of the composition of educational attainment according to the amount of time that has elapsed since the first birth. The findings suggest that later life education among teen mothers is an important and understudied phenomenon with implications for welfare reform and adult education policies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rich, Lauren M. and Sun-Bin Kim. "Patterns of Later Life Education Among Teenage Mothers." Gender and Society 13,6 (December 1999): 798-817.
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5330. |
Rich, Spencer |
Teen Fathers Trouble-Prone In Other Ways, Study Finds Washington Post, January 8, 1988: Page A11 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Fatherhood; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on Arthur Elster's study of the relationship between teenage fatherhood and trouble with the law. Using NLSY79 data, Elster finds that "there are various problem behaviors that seem to cluster together, including teen fatherhood, school problems, drugs and delinquency." |
|
Bibliography Citation
Rich, Spencer. "Teen Fathers Trouble-Prone In Other Ways, Study Finds." Washington Post, January 8, 1988: Page A11. |
5331. |
Richardson, George B. Bates, Daniel Ross, Amy Liu, Hexuan Boutwell, Brian B. |
Is Reproductive Development Adaptively Calibrated to Early Experience? Evidence From a National Sample of Females Developmental Psychology 60,2 (February 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001681 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Family Characteristics; Family Environment; Health Outcomes; Life History Theory; Menarche/First Menstruation; Menarche/Menstruation/Period, Early; Menstruation/Menses/Period; Reproductive Events; Siblings; Women; Womens Health Many developmental theories have not been sufficiently evaluated using designs that control for unobserved familial confounds. Our long-term goal is to determine the causal structure underlying associations between early environmental conditions and later psychosocial and health outcomes. Our overall objective in this study was to further evaluate predictions derived from applications of life history theory to female reproductive development, key among them that reproductive milestones translate early environmental risk into fertility, health, and behavioral outcomes. To this end, we used female data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and structural equation modeling to conduct increasingly severe tests, beginning with covariate control and then progressing to sibling control and behavioral genetic designs. After adjusting for confounds varying between sets of siblings, we did not find evidence that age at menarche reflected components of early environment or that any focal outcomes reflected early fragmented family structure (birth to age nine). Although we detected no links between measured environment and individual differences in age at sexual debut, we did find that it reflected both shared and nonshared influences in our behavior genetic models. Interestingly, delayed sexual debut (into young adulthood) reflected identification of parents as the greatest influences and forecasted an array of fertility-related outcomes. Taken together, these findings challenge theories suggesting menarche timing is adaptively calibrated to early environment. They also highlight the need for more research using sibling control and related designs to examine the roles of environments in development. |
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Bibliography Citation
Richardson, George B., Daniel Bates, Amy Ross, Hexuan Liu and Brian B. Boutwell. "Is Reproductive Development Adaptively Calibrated to Early Experience? Evidence From a National Sample of Females." Developmental Psychology 60,2 (February 2024).
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5332. |
Richey, Jeremiah Alexander |
Heterogeneous Trends in U.S. Teacher Quality 1980-2010 Education Economics 23,6 (November 2015): 645-659. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09645292.2014.996120 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Carfax Publishing Company ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Heterogeneity; Occupations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper documents changes in the entire ability distribution of individuals entering the teaching profession using the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and a constructed Armed Force Qualifying Test score that allows direct comparison of ability between cohorts. Such direct comparison between cohorts was previously not possible due to a lack of directly comparable measures of ability. I find there are minimal differences in the ability distribution between cohorts. However, this similarity masks vast differences within specific demographics. I then also decompose these changes into cohort-wide shifts and within-cohort shifts of teachers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Richey, Jeremiah Alexander. "Heterogeneous Trends in U.S. Teacher Quality 1980-2010." Education Economics 23,6 (November 2015): 645-659.
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5333. |
Richey, Jeremiah Alexander Rosburg, Alicia |
Changing Roles of Ability and Education in U.S. Intergenerational Mobility Economic Inquiry 55,1 (January 2017): 187-201. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecin.12362/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data on young adults from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we investigate the changing roles of ability and education in the transmission of economic status across generations. We find that ability plays a substantially diminished role for the most recent cohort whereas education plays a much larger role. The first finding results primarily from a smaller effect of children's ability on status, the second from an increased correlation between parental status and educational attainment. A replication of the analysis by gender reveals that the changes in the role of ability are largely driven by men whereas the changes in education's role are largely driven by women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Richey, Jeremiah Alexander and Alicia Rosburg. "Changing Roles of Ability and Education in U.S. Intergenerational Mobility." Economic Inquiry 55,1 (January 2017): 187-201.
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5334. |
Richey, Jeremiah Alexander Rosburg, Alicia |
Decomposing Economic Mobility Transition Matrices Journal of Applied Econometrics 33,1 (January/February 2018): 91-108. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jae.2578/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Family Income; Geocoded Data; Income Distribution; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We present a decomposition method for transition matrices to identify forces driving the persistence of economic status across generations. The method decomposes differences between an estimated transition matrix and a benchmark transition matrix into portions attributable to differences in characteristics between individuals from different households (a composition effect) and portions attributable to differing returns to these characteristics (a structure effect). A detailed decomposition based on copula theory further decomposes the composition effect into portions attributable to specific characteristics and their interactions. To examine potential drivers of economic persistence in the USA, we apply the method to white males from the 1979 US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Depending on the transition matrix entry of interest, differing characteristics between sons from different households explain between 40% and 70% of observed income persistence, with differing returns for these characteristics explaining the remaining gap. Further, detailed decompositions reveal significant heterogeneity in the role played by specific characteristics (e.g., education) across the income distribution. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Richey, Jeremiah Alexander and Alicia Rosburg. "Decomposing Economic Mobility Transition Matrices." Journal of Applied Econometrics 33,1 (January/February 2018): 91-108.
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5335. |
Richey, Jeremiah Rosburg, Alicia |
Decomposing Joint Distributions via Reweighting Functions: An Application to Intergenerational Economic Mobility Econometric Reviews 39,6 (2020): 541-558. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07474938.2019.1697088 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Household Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Male Sample; Mobility, Economic; Statistical Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We introduce a method that extends the traditional Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to both the full distribution of an outcome of interest and to settings where group membership varies along a continuum. We achieve this by working directly with the joint distribution of outcome and group membership and comparing it to an independent joint distribution. Like all decompositions, we assume the difference is partially due to differences in characteristics between groups (a composition effect) and partially due to differences in returns to characteristics between groups (a structure effect). We use reweighting functions to estimate a counterfactual joint distribution representing the hypothetical if characteristics did not vary according to group while returns to characteristics did. The counterfactual allows us to decompose differences between the empirical and independent distributions into composition and structure effects. We demonstrate the method by decomposing multiple measures of immobility for white men in the U.S. |
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Bibliography Citation
Richey, Jeremiah and Alicia Rosburg. "Decomposing Joint Distributions via Reweighting Functions: An Application to Intergenerational Economic Mobility." Econometric Reviews 39,6 (2020): 541-558.
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5336. |
Richey, Jeremiah Tromp, Nikolas |
The Black-White Wage Gap among Young Men in 1990 versus 2011: With Sample Selection Adjustment Bulletin of Economic Research published online (15 March 2021): DOI: 10.1111/boer.12280. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boer.12280 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Racial Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses unconditional quantile regressions to decompose changes in the black-white wage gap for young men between 1990 and 2011. Introducing a new application of reweighting methods, we control for selection into employment which tends to widen the gap. We find no changes in the gap itself between 1990 and 2011, but reversals in the roles of ability and education across the distribution. Ability loses importance at the bottom and middle but gains importance at the top, while the opposite occurs for education. This results from heterogeneous changes in returns to ability and education across the distribution alongside a widening educational achievement gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Richey, Jeremiah and Nikolas Tromp. "The Black-White Wage Gap among Young Men in 1990 versus 2011: With Sample Selection Adjustment." Bulletin of Economic Research published online (15 March 2021): DOI: 10.1111/boer.12280.
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5337. |
Ricketts, Comfort F. Campbell, Randall C. Rezek, Jon P. |
The Effects of Work Hours on Physical and Mental Health of Late Prime Age Men and Women The American Economist 64,2 (October 2019): 216-236. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0569434519848977 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Omicron Delta Phi Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Our results show that negative returns to health outcomes set in at around 50 work hours per week, and that the negative effects of working long hours manifest earlier for women than men. Increased work hours are associated with higher incomes and better access to medical care. However, increased work hours also generate greater physical and mental stress, which may cause health problems. We examine these questions empirically with data from the 2006 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), using two-stage least squares to account for endogeneity of work hours and income in the health outcomes model. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ricketts, Comfort F., Randall C. Campbell and Jon P. Rezek. "The Effects of Work Hours on Physical and Mental Health of Late Prime Age Men and Women." The American Economist 64,2 (October 2019): 216-236.
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5338. |
Ricketts, Comfort F. Rezek, Jon P. Campbell, Randall C. |
The Influence of Individual Health Outcomes on Individual Savings Behavior Social Science Journal 50,4 (December 2013): 471-481. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362331913001225 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Savings In this essay, data from the 2006 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79-2006), and the two stage least squares (2SLS) estimation technique are used to investigate the relationship between health outcomes and the willingness of individuals (age 41–50) to save. Health perception, physical component score, mental component score, depression score and the diagnosis of a variety of health problems are used as health measures for the analysis described in this essay. We find that health perception and physical component score are positively related to the willingness of individuals to save; while the diagnosis of major health problems is negatively related to the willingness of individuals to save. The effect of mental component score and depression score on individuals’ willingness to save differs significantly between males and females. A higher mental component score is found to be positively related to the willingness of females to save; while depression score is found to affect the willingness of females to save negatively. Both mental component score and depression score are not related to the willingness of male respondents to save. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ricketts, Comfort F., Jon P. Rezek and Randall C. Campbell. "The Influence of Individual Health Outcomes on Individual Savings Behavior." Social Science Journal 50,4 (December 2013): 471-481.
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5339. |
Rickman, J. L. |
Predicting High Quality AFQT with Youth Attitude Tracking Study Data M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Labor Force Participation; Manpower Research; Military Recruitment; Military Service; Modeling; Program Participation/Evaluation; Tests and Testing This thesis demonstrates that Youth Attitude Tracking Study (YATS) data can be used to create a synthetic AFQT classification procedure for distinguishing high quality respondents. Unlike previous methods, the procedure does not rely on interest in the military to predict AFQT category. The estimates are based on an analysis of the YATS data matched with the Defense Manpower Data Center cohort data file using a binomial logistic regression model. The market segment analyzed is 17 to 21 year old males who are either high school graduates or prospective graduates. The dependent variable is whether or not a respondent would score above the fiftieth percentile on the Armed Forces Qualification Test. The explanatory variables reflect individual demographic, educational and labor market characteristics at the time of YATS interview. The YATS time frame is restricted to 1983 through 1985 in order to facilitate future bridging of YATS models with models estimated with similar time period data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Additionally, the models may be used to provide estimates of AFQT quality for more recent YATS respondents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rickman, J. L. Predicting High Quality AFQT with Youth Attitude Tracking Study Data. M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1991. |
5340. |
Riggs, Frank [R-CA] Barrett, Bill [R-NE] Goodling, William [R-PA] Graham, Lindsey [R-SC] Greenwood, James [R-PA] Souder, Mark [R-IN] |
H. R. 4241: A Bill to Amend the Head Start Act, and for Other Purposes House of Representatives, July 16, 1998. Also: http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h105-4241 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Academic Development; Behavioral Differences; Child Care; Child Development; Child Health; Children, Health Care; Cognitive Development; Drug Use; Family Size; Family Structure; Head Start; Income Level; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD) 105th CONGRESS, 2d Session Mr. RIGGS (for himself, Mr. GOODLING, Mr. BARRETT of Nebraska, Mr. GREENWOOD, Mr. GRAHAM, and Mr. SOUDER) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Education and the Workforce. This Act may be cited as the Head Start Amendments of 1998'. SEC. 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS. The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title. Sec. 2. Table of contents. Sec. 3. Statement of purpose. (g) NATIONAL HEAD START IMPACT RESEARCH- (1) ANALYSES OF DATA BASES- The Secretary shall obtain analyses of the following existing databases to guide the evaluation recommendations of the expert panel appointed under paragraph (2) and to provide Congress with initial reports of potential Head Start outcomes. (A) by use of The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) conduct an analysis of the different income levels of Head Start participants compared to comparable persons who did not attend Head Start; (B) by use of The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) which began gathering data on children who attended Head Start from 1988 on, examine the wide range of outcomes measured within the Survey, including cognitive, socio-emotionaL behavioral, and academic development; (C) by use of The Survey of Program Dynamics, the new longitudinal survey required by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, to begin annual reporting, through the duration of the Survey, on Head Start attendees' academic readiness performance and improvements; and (D) to ensure that The Survey of Program Dynamics be linked with the NLSY at least once by the use of a common performance test, to be determined by the expert panel, for the greater national usefulness of the NLSY database. |
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Bibliography Citation
Riggs, Frank [R-CA], Bill [R-NE] Barrett, William [R-PA] Goodling, Lindsey [R-SC] Graham, James [R-PA] Greenwood and Mark [R-IN] Souder. "H. R. 4241: A Bill to Amend the Head Start Act, and for Other Purposes." House of Representatives, July 16, 1998. |
5341. |
Ringo, Daniel |
Home Ownership As a Labor Market Friction Working Paper, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), March 17, 2017. Also: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3144673 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Home Ownership; Mobility; Parental Influences; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment Rate, Regional Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper estimates the effect of home ownership on individuals' unemployment. Because of higher moving costs, home owners will be less willing than renters to relocate for work and could therefore face longer unemployment spells. Estimation is complicated by the endogeneity of ownership, as owners will have different abilities, preferences and job prospects than renters. I instrument for home ownership using a preference shifter from the worker's childhood environment. The results indicate that home ownership is a significant hindrance to mobility, and homeowners suffer longer unemployment spells and more frequent job loss because of it. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ringo, Daniel. "Home Ownership As a Labor Market Friction." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), March 17, 2017. |
5342. |
Ringo, Daniel |
Home Ownership as a Labor Market Friction Real Estate Economics published online (5 February 2020): DOI: 10.1111/1540-6229.12309. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1540-6229.12309 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association (AREUEA) Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Home Ownership; Mobility; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper estimates the effect of home ownership on individuals' unemployment. Because of higher moving costs, home owners will be less willing than renters to relocate for work and could therefore face longer unemployment spells. Estimation is complicated by the endogeneity of ownership, as owners will have different abilities, preferences and job prospects than renters. I instrument for home ownership using a preference shifter from the worker's childhood environment. The results indicate that home ownership is a significant hindrance to mobility, and home owners suffer longer unemployment spells because of it. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ringo, Daniel. "Home Ownership as a Labor Market Friction." Real Estate Economics published online (5 February 2020): DOI: 10.1111/1540-6229.12309.
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5343. |
Rios-Avila, Fernando Maroto, Michelle Lee |
Moving Beyond Linear Regression: Implementing and Interpreting Quantile Regression Models With Fixed Effects Research Methods and Evaluation published online (1 February 2022): DOI: 10.1177/00491241211036165. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00491241211036165 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Research Methodology; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Quantile regression (QR) provides an alternative to linear regression (LR) that allows for the estimation of relationships across the distribution of an outcome. However, as highlighted in recent research on the motherhood penalty across the wage distribution, different procedures for conditional and unconditional quantile regression (CQR, UQR) often result in divergent findings that are not always well understood. In light of such discrepancies, this paper reviews how to implement and interpret a range of LR, CQR, and UQR models with fixed effects. It also discusses the use of Quantile Treatment Effect (QTE) models as an alternative to overcome some of the limitations of CQR and UQR models. We then review how to interpret results in the presence of fixed effects based on a replication of Budig and Hodges's work on the motherhood penalty using NLSY79 data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rios-Avila, Fernando and Michelle Lee Maroto. "Moving Beyond Linear Regression: Implementing and Interpreting Quantile Regression Models With Fixed Effects." Research Methods and Evaluation published online (1 February 2022): DOI: 10.1177/00491241211036165.
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5344. |
Ripani, Laura Alejandra |
Essays in Empirical Labor Economics and the Economics of Gender (Computer-Use, Workgroup's Gender Composition And Motherhood) Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2004. DAI-A 65/11, p. 4297, May 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Gender; Labor Economics; Motherhood Three chapters exploring different topics of empirical labor economics and the economics of gender compose this work. Each chapter looks at some specific question and answers it using the most appropriate econometric technique. The first chapter is an attempt to determine if more intensive computer use by women is an explanation for the decrease in the gender wage gap. It uses the Current Population Survey to investigate the relationship between the gender wage gap and computer-use at work. Since literature on the gender wage gap has shown that it is decreasing over the last two decades, this paper examines whether the computer-use wage premium is an explanation for the decreasing gender wage gap. The results suggest that less than ¼ of the wage gap is explained by differences in observable skills between men and women, and that the computer use differential does not substantially help to explain the gender wage gap. The second chapter explores a new explanation for the unexplained gap: the gender composition of the individual's co-workers. This study is the first to focus on the relationship between the proportion of female co-workers and wages for both males and females. I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and personnel records from a single firm to investigate the relationship between the proportion of female co-workers and wages. I find that increasing the number of female co-workers lowers wages for both female and male workers. I also find that male wages are negatively related to having a female supervisor. A second part of the empirical research investigates non-linear effects in this relationship. The results suggest that the penalization for working with a higher proportion of females is non-linear. Studies in developed countries regularly observe a wage penalty for working mothers. The third chapter explores the effects of motherhood on wages and labor force participation for four Latin American countries. Conversely from the evidence found in the developed countries, Latin American results do not show a homogeneous impact of being a mother on wages. I find that wage penalties and premiums are not borne equally among all mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ripani, Laura Alejandra. Essays in Empirical Labor Economics and the Economics of Gender (Computer-Use, Workgroup's Gender Composition And Motherhood). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2004. DAI-A 65/11, p. 4297, May 2005. |
5345. |
Rippeyoung, Phyllis L. F. Noonan, Mary Christine |
Is Breastfeeding Truly Cost Free? Income Consequences of Breastfeeding for Women American Sociological Review 77,2 (April 2012): 244-267. Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/77/2/244 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Earnings; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Random Effects; Mothers, Income; Wage Determination; Wage Effects; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Based on studies showing health advantages for breastfeeding mothers and their infants, pediatricians and other breastfeeding advocates encourage new mothers to breastfeed their babies for at least the first six months of their infants’ lives, arguing that breast milk is best for infants, families, and society, and it is cost free. Few empirical studies, however, document how the decision to breastfeed instead of formula-feed is associated with women’s post-birth earnings. This is an important omission, given that the majority of women today work for pay, and many work in job environments incompatible with breastfeeding. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, our results show that mothers who breastfeed for six months or longer suffer more severe and more prolonged earnings losses than do mothers who breastfeed for shorter durations or not at all. The larger post-birth drop in earnings for long-duration breastfeeders is due to a larger reduction in labor supply. We discuss the implications of these findings for gender equality at home and at work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rippeyoung, Phyllis L. F. and Mary Christine Noonan. "Is Breastfeeding Truly Cost Free? Income Consequences of Breastfeeding for Women." American Sociological Review 77,2 (April 2012): 244-267.
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5346. |
Rippeyoung, Phyllis L. F. Noonan, Mary Christine |
Is Breastfeeding Truly Free? The Economic Consequences of Breastfeeding for Women Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Meetings, April-May 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Earnings; Income; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research has clearly demonstrated that income and work status are two strong predictors of whether or not a mother breastfeeds her child: income has a positive effect and work status has a negative effect on the odds of a woman breastfeeding versus formula feeding her child. However, the effect of breastfeeding on women’s employment outcomes is largely unknown. Since breastfeeding is currently less compatible with work than formula feeding, women who breastfeed their children may be more likely to take an extended maternity leave, reduce their work hours after childbirth, or quit work entirely. These strategies will potentially lead to lower earnings in the short-term and may also affect long-term economic prospects by reducing mothers’ prospects for promotions or raises. Using growth modeling and fixed effects techniques, we use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to assess whether there are long-term differences in the earnings trajectories between breastfeeding and formula feeding mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rippeyoung, Phyllis L. F. and Mary Christine Noonan. "Is Breastfeeding Truly Free? The Economic Consequences of Breastfeeding for Women." Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Meetings, April-May 2009. |
5347. |
Risher, George A. |
Labor Force Changes and Participation in Secondary Vocational Education in the United States from 1979-1985 Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education, Secondary; Employment, Youth; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Unemployment, Youth; Vocational Education Data from the NLSY 1979-1985 were used to estimate changes in probabilities, for out-of-school youth, of labor force changes (from not employed to employed and from employed to not employed) associated with four measures of participation in high school vocational education. The first measure compared probabilities of labor force changes of 5,748 youth who had vocational credits with 2,403 students who had no vocational credits. The second measure compared probabilities of labor force changes with participation in agriculture education, distributive education, health education, home economics education, office education, and trade and industrial education. The third and fourth measures compared probabilities of labor force changes associated with number of credits in vocational education and number of credits in each vocational program. Probabilities of labor force changes were identified as a logistic function of the four measures by race and sex. Changes in probabilities were either insignificant at the .1 level or too small to indicate practical differences in probability of labor force change between participation in high school vocational education and any other curriculum. [UMI ADG89-10049] |
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Bibliography Citation
Risher, George A. Labor Force Changes and Participation in Secondary Vocational Education in the United States from 1979-1985. Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1988. |
5348. |
Rissman, Ellen R. |
Self-employment as an Alternative to Unemployment Working Paper 2003-34, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 2003. Also: http://www.chicagofed.org/publications/workingpapers/papers/wp2003-34.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Income Level; Job Search; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Random Effects; Racial Differences; Re-employment; Self-Employed Workers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the NLSY show that more than a quarter of all younger men experience some period of self-employment. Many of them return to wage work. This paper analyzes a simple model of job search and self-employment where self-employment provides an alternative source of income for unemployed workers. Self-employment is distinct from wage sector employment in two important respects. First, self-employment is a low-income, low-variation alternative to wage work. Second, once a worker enters self-employment, he loses eligibility to receive unemployment insurance benefits—-at least until he returns to wage sector employment. The model suggests that flows into self-employment are countercyclical and flows out of self-employment are procyclical. Data from the NLSY for males at least 21 years of age are used to investigate how demographic and economic variables influence the decision to become self-employed. Fixed effects and random effects logit results indicate that young men are more likely to be self-employed when their wage work opportunities are more limited. Specifically, higher local unemployment rates lead workers to self-select into self-employment, as does past unemployment experience. The process is different for Whites and Nonwhites with education being irrelevant for White self-employed workers. In contrast, for Nonwhites higher education reduces the probability of entering self-employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rissman, Ellen R. "Self-employment as an Alternative to Unemployment." Working Paper 2003-34, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 2003. |
5349. |
Rissman, Ellen R. |
Self-Employment Duration of Younger Men Over the Business Cycle Economic Perspectives 30,3 (Q III, 2006): 14-27. Also: http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:fip:fedhep:y:2006:i:qiii:p:14-27:n:v.30no.3 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Keyword(s): Job Turnover; Labor Market Demographics; Self-Employed Workers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The article presents information related to self-employment of youths. Self-employment is a fluid labor market state, exhibiting a great deal of turnover. People can be attached to self-employment for a number of reasons. Aggregate and local labor market conditions play an important role in determining the duration of self-employment. A growing economy appears to encourage people who are self-employed to exit self-employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rissman, Ellen R. "Self-Employment Duration of Younger Men Over the Business Cycle." Economic Perspectives 30,3 (Q III, 2006): 14-27.
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5350. |
Ritter, Jim |
Black Vs. White Scores Chicago Sun Times, January 21, 1992, SUNDAY NEWS, BRIEFINGS; Pg. 31 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Chicago Sun-Times Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Economics of Minorities; Family Influences; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on a study by sociologist Jonathan Crane of the University of Illinois at Chicago. Crane examined data on mothers and children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, an annual survey of 12,686 people born between 1957 and 1964. According to his findings, the lower scores of black participants were due to differences in home environments and socioeconomic status. When all factors were equal, Crane found no differences in scores. Indeed, in one reading test, black children scored higher than whites with the same home and family backgrounds. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ritter, Jim. "Black Vs. White Scores." Chicago Sun Times, January 21, 1992, SUNDAY NEWS, BRIEFINGS; Pg. 31. |
5351. |
Ritter, Joseph A. |
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Nonwage Compensation Industrial Relations 52,4 (October 2013): 829-852. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/irel.12037/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Benefits; Benefits, Fringe; Ethnic Differences; Insurance, Health; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research has found that, after controlling for test scores, measured black–white wage gaps are small, but unemployment gaps remain large. This article complements this previous research by examining the incidence of employer-provided benefits from the same premarket perspective. However, marriage rates differ substantially by race, and the possibility of health insurance coverage through a spouse's employer therefore distorts how the distribution of benefits available in the market to an individual is expressed in the distribution of benefits received. Two imputation strategies are used to address this complication. The evidence suggests that benefit availability gaps are small. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ritter, Joseph A. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Nonwage Compensation." Industrial Relations 52,4 (October 2013): 829-852.
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5352. |
Ritter, Joseph A. Taylor, Lowell J. |
Racial Disparity in Unemployment Review of Economic and Statistics 93,1(February 2011): 30-42 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Black Studies; Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Job; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Racial Differences; Statistical Analysis; Unemployment Rate; Wage Theory "In the United States, black workers earn less than their white counterparts and have higher rates of unemployment. Empirical work indicates that most of this wage gap is accounted for by differences in cognitive skills that emerge at an early age. In this paper, we demonstrate that the same is not true for black-white disparity in unemployment. A large unexplained unemployment differential motivates the paper's second contribution--a potential theoretical explanation. This explanation is built around a model that embeds statistical discrimination into the subjective worker evaluation process that lies at the root of the efficiency-wage theory of equilibrium unemployment." (p.30) |
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Bibliography Citation
Ritter, Joseph A. and Lowell J. Taylor. "Racial Disparity in Unemployment." Review of Economic and Statistics 93,1(February 2011): 30-42.
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5353. |
Ritualo, Amy R. Morrison, Donna Ruane |
Dynamics of Post-Divorce: How Remarriage and Cohabitation Influence the Changing Economic Resources of Children Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Children, Well-Being; Cohabitation; Divorce; Exits; Marital Disruption; Marital Dissolution; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although it is well documented that children and their mothers experience marked declines in their economic circumstances following divorce, many women move on to subsequent marital and non-marital relationships. Our aim is to understand how declines in children's economic resources following marital disruption are moderated by the patterns of their mothers' subsequent unions. The paper departs from traditional approaches to understanding children's economic well-being in the aftermath of divorce by considering both how cohabitation as well as remarriage contribute to the economic standing of separated or divorced mothers and their children. This is important as rates of remarriage have fallen in recent years, increasingly replaced by cohabiting unions. We use panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - Child Supplement to examine changes in economic resources associated with particular post-disruption transitions (both entries and exits). |
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Bibliography Citation
Ritualo, Amy R. and Donna Ruane Morrison. "Dynamics of Post-Divorce: How Remarriage and Cohabitation Influence the Changing Economic Resources of Children." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998. |
5354. |
Rivera, Ray |
Kids' $50 Allowance Has Experts Divided Over Division Seattle Times, June 4, 2000, Local News; Pg. B1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Seattle Times Company Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Allowance, Pocket Money; Employment, Youth; Family Resources; Family Studies; Transfers, Parental; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article discusses the controversy over Jay Zagorsky's study of NLSY79 data that found that teen "parental transfers" (reported as "allowances" in the media) amounted to $50 a week. Other researchers using NLSY data found dissimilar results. The discrepancy occurred because of different methods in interpreting two questions of the NLSY survey: (1) "In total, how much allowance did you receive during 1997?" and (2) "Did you receive this amount weekly, monthly, or some other way?" Zagorsky's analysis assumes that the answers to the two questions are connected, while Sabrina Pabilona's study, which found for a $8.24/week allowance, interpreted the two questions as unconnected. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rivera, Ray. "Kids' $50 Allowance Has Experts Divided Over Division." Seattle Times, June 4, 2000, Local News; Pg. B1. |
5355. |
Riza, Shoshana Dobrow Ganzach, Yoav Liu, Yihao |
Time and Job Satisfaction: A Longitudinal Study of the Differential Roles of Age and Tenure Journal of Management 44,7 (September 2018): 2558-2579. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0149206315624962 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Job Rewards; Job Satisfaction; Job Tenure Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The relationship between job satisfaction and time is a fundamental question in organizational behavior. Yet given inconsistent results in the literature, the nature of this relationship has remained unresolved. Scholars' understanding of this relationship has been limited because studies have generally not simultaneously considered the two primary time metrics in job satisfaction research—age and tenure—and have instead relied on cross-sectional research designs. In this study, we develop and test an empirical model to provide a more definitive answer to the question of how age and tenure relate to job satisfaction. Our analyses draw on longitudinal data from 21,670 participants spanning a total of 34 waves of data collection across 40 years in two nationally representative samples. Multilevel analyses indicate that people became less satisfied as their tenure within a given organization increased, yet as people aged—and transitioned from organization to organization—their satisfaction increased. We also found that job rewards, as exemplified by pay, mediated these relationships. We discuss empirical, theoretical, and practical implications of our findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Riza, Shoshana Dobrow, Yoav Ganzach and Yihao Liu. "Time and Job Satisfaction: A Longitudinal Study of the Differential Roles of Age and Tenure." Journal of Management 44,7 (September 2018): 2558-2579.
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5356. |
Rizzo, Michael J. |
'Combating' College Costs: An Analysis of Military Reenlistment Behavior and Educational Benefits Presented: Baltimore, MD, Society of Labor Economists Seventh Annual Meeting, May 2002. Also: http://client.norc.org/jole/SOLEweb/fullprog.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC Keyword(s): Benefits; College Education; Higher Education; Military Personnel; Tuition |
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Bibliography Citation
Rizzo, Michael J. "'Combating' College Costs: An Analysis of Military Reenlistment Behavior and Educational Benefits." Presented: Baltimore, MD, Society of Labor Economists Seventh Annual Meeting, May 2002. |
5357. |
Rizzo, Michael J. |
A Soldier's Choice among Job, College and Career: Do Educational Benefits Matter? Presented: Baltimore, MD, Society of Labor Economists Seventh Annual Meeting, May 2002 (under revision).. Also: http://theunbrokenwindow.com/writing/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC Keyword(s): Benefits; College Education; Higher Education; Military Personnel; Tuition As traditional federal higher education student grants (Pell) have failed to keep pace with dramatic university tuition hikes, veterans educational benefits have. In this paper, I estimate a random utility model and distinguish the impacts of personal and choice characteristics on the decision of soldiers to reenlist, attend college or assume a civilian job using the NLSY79 and post-secondary schooling data from IPEDS in an attempt to understand the impacts of these educational benefits and other factors on the decision. Restricting the impacts of several military and college specific variables to affect only those choices provides additional insight. I find that receipt of special educational benefits increases the probability of choosing schooling by 8% and reenlisting by 6%. Soldiers that contribute to an education benefit program while enlisted are 6% more likely to attend college and 11% more likely to reenlist. Those residing in states with fewer two year colleges or those who have attended some college before enlisting are more likely to choose the college option. Average tuition in both their residing and neighboring states surprisingly do not affect this probability -- likely because educational benefits act as subsidies. College choice is more likely for young soldiers and less likely for those with less cognitive ability. I also find that the choice between schooling, work and reenlistment is made simultaneously, rather than sequentially. The results also provide some support for the increasing importance we observe of two year colleges in the educational mission of many states. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rizzo, Michael J. "A Soldier's Choice among Job, College and Career: Do Educational Benefits Matter?" Presented: Baltimore, MD, Society of Labor Economists Seventh Annual Meeting, May 2002 (under revision).. |
5358. |
Roan, Shari |
Many Women Have Children By More Than One Man Los Angeles Times, April 1, 2011, BOOSTER SHOTS, Oddities, Musings and News from the Health World: pg. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Los Angeles Times Keyword(s): Divorce; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Marital Status; Parents, Single; Stress; Women's Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. More than one-quarter of U.S. women with two or more children have children with more than one man, according to a new study, the first national survey of "multiple partner fertility." The study found that, overall, 28% of women with two or more children had children by different men. The rate was 59% among African American women with two or more children compared with 35% among Hispanic women and 22% among white women, said the author of the study Cassandra Dorius, a demographer at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. Dorius presented her study Friday at the annual meeting of the Population Assn. of America. The study was unique because it analyzed data from almost 4,000 women who were interviewed more than 20 times over a 27-year period. The women had completed their child-bearing years by the time of the final interview. Dorius found that having children by more than one man is a phenomenon that impacts all racial, income and educational sub-groups. It is tied to marriage and divorce as well as single parenthood. The impact of multiple partner fertility is important, she said. "Raising children who have different fathers is a major factor in the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage," Dorius said in a news release. "Juggling all of the different needs and demands of fathers in at least two households, four or more pairs of grandparents, and two or more children, creates a huge set of chronic stressors that families have to deal with for decades." The women who had multiple fathers for their children said they ended up having more children than they had said was "ideal" when they were young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Roan, Shari. "Many Women Have Children By More Than One Man." Los Angeles Times, April 1, 2011, BOOSTER SHOTS, Oddities, Musings and News from the Health World: pg. |
5359. |
Roan, Shari |
Stay-at-Home Moms Have the Hardest Job Los Angeles Times, August 20, 2011, BOOSTER SHOTS, Oddities, musings and news from the health world: pg. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Los Angeles Times Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Employment; Health Factors; Labor Force Participation; Motherhood; Mothers; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Health Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Women who stay at home raising children are more likely than working mothers to have symptoms of depression, a new study finds. But working mothers who strongly believe they should be able to have fulfilling and successful work and family lives are probably setting themselves up for disappointment too. The study found that those working women with a "supermom" complex are more likely to feel frustration and guilt compared to working mothers who expect difficulties balancing work and family life. The research was presented Saturday (August 20, 2011) at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Assn. in Las Vegas. "Women who expect it's going to be hard and are employed nevertheless have better mental health outcomes," said the study's author, Katrina Leupp, a University of Washington sociology graduate student. "Work-family conflict is much more likely to bring about feelings of guilt for women as compared to men -- guilt for the things you can't do." Leupp analyzed data from 1,600 women who participated in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth as young adults and answered questions about their beliefs and expectations of work-family life. When the women were 40, Leupp measured their levels of depression. The findings on stay-at-home mothers support other research that shows working outside the home is good for a woman's mental health. Stay-at-home moms may have higher levels of depression because they want to be employed but find the cost of childcare too high to make a job worthwhile. |
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Bibliography Citation
Roan, Shari. "Stay-at-Home Moms Have the Hardest Job." Los Angeles Times, August 20, 2011, BOOSTER SHOTS, Oddities, musings and news from the health world: pg. |
5360. |
Roberts, Tracy Elizabeth |
Employment and Marriage: Pathways Off of Welfare? M.A. Thesis, University of Maryland - College Park, 2005. MAI 44/01, p. 192, Feb 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Family Studies; Marital Stability; Marriage; Transition, Job to Job; Transition, Welfare to Work; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Does the way women exit welfare affect their probability of returning to welfare? Using data drawn from the 1979-2000 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, I examine the effect of marital and employment transitions on recidivism rates. I find that women who combine employment and marriage after exiting welfare, in that order, have significantly lower risks of recidivism than other women. Women who marry but do not enter employment have higher recidivism rates than women who combine employment and marriage, but they are less likely to return to welfare than women who are only employed. The data suggest that simply encouraging marriage or women's employment may not reduce welfare recidivism. The best policy strategy to reduce welfare dependence and encourage healthy marriages may be to strengthen work support programs and improve the circumstances of employment (and opportunities for strong marriages) for low-income men and women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Roberts, Tracy Elizabeth. Employment and Marriage: Pathways Off of Welfare? M.A. Thesis, University of Maryland - College Park, 2005. MAI 44/01, p. 192, Feb 2006. |
5361. |
Roberts, Tracy Elizabeth Martin, Steven P. |
Marital Paths from Welfare to Self-Sufficiency: A Dynamic Analysis of Women's Marriage Timing and Transitions out of and into Welfare Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=71581 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Circumstances, Changes in; Marriage; Transition, Welfare to Work; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Promoting marriage as a path out of welfare dependency has become a policy priority. It is unclear, however, how effective marriage can be at stabilizing poor women's family circumstances. To understand the effect of marriage on welfare transitions, we employ two models. The first model examines whether women exit welfare through marriage. The second model examines whether the timing of marriage affects the probability of return. Do women who marry in subsequent years after welfare exit have lower rates of recidivism than women who marry during a welfare spell? Our preliminary results suggest that women who enter marriage in the years following a welfare exit have lower recidivism rates than women who marry during a welfare spell. However, in the fifteen years following a welfare exit, recidivism rates are high for both groups of women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Roberts, Tracy Elizabeth and Steven P. Martin. "Marital Paths from Welfare to Self-Sufficiency: A Dynamic Analysis of Women's Marriage Timing and Transitions out of and into Welfare." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
5362. |
Roberts, Tracy Elizabeth Martin, Steven P. |
Welfare Exit, Marriage, and Welfare Recidivism: A Reevaluation of Patterns of the 1980s and 1990s. Population Research and Policy Review 29,2 (April 2010): 105-125. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/lw733v3240431l8h/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Marriage; Transition, Welfare to Work; Welfare; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine the relationship between marriage and welfare recidivism for women leaving a first welfare spell, using the 1979-2000 panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Previous studies have found that women who marry around the time of welfare exit have lower rates of welfare return than women who stay single. However, more marriages occur before or after welfare exit than occur at the time of welfare exit. We find that marriages that precede or follow welfare exit by more than 12 months are not associated with significantly lower rates of welfare return. We also confirm previous findings that marriages formed within a year of welfare exit are associated with reduced rates of welfare return. However, these reduced rates mostly indicate later welfare returns rather than fewer welfare returns. Overall, our findings indicate a much weaker association between marriage and welfare independence than has been previously reported for this time period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Roberts, Tracy Elizabeth and Steven P. Martin. "Welfare Exit, Marriage, and Welfare Recidivism: A Reevaluation of Patterns of the 1980s and 1990s." Population Research and Policy Review 29,2 (April 2010): 105-125.
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5363. |
Robertson, John George |
Are Young Noncustodial Fathers Left Behind in the Labor Market? Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Drug Use; Education; Employment; Fatherhood; Fathers; Health Factors; Human Capital; Human Capital Theory; Labor Supply; Marital Status; Parents, Non-Custodial; Parents, Single; Wage Rates Are Young Noncustodial Fathers Left Behind in the Labor Market? The Study uses the 1990 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) for employment and earnings history and the NLSY for years 1982 to 1990 to establish father and marital status. The NLSY, a random sample of the U.S. population in 1979, has 5112 male respondents in 1990 between the ages of 25 to 32 years. First earnings are decomposed into the effects of working at all, hours worked, and the wage rate. Labor supply and human capital theory are used to understand the factors that account for differences in earnings between noncustodial fathers, custodial fathers and men without children. Custodial fathers earn 65% more and men without children earn 36% more than noncustodial fathers. Noncustodial fathers' lower wages are accounted for by lower levels of education and accumulated experience as well as lower scores on the Armed Service Qualification (AFQT) test. Noncustodial fathers are less likely to work and, when they worked, worked fewer hours in the year than custodial fathers. While the wage, unearned income, marriage premium, health problems, and use of drugs and alcohol account for some of the difference in hours worked, some difference in work effort remains to be explained. Dissertation Aabstracts International, VOL. 56-11A, Page 4557 |
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Bibliography Citation
Robertson, John George. Are Young Noncustodial Fathers Left Behind in the Labor Market? Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1995. |
5364. |
Robertson, John George |
Young Residential Fathers Have Lower Earnings: Implications for Child Support Enforcement Social Work Research 21,4 (December 1997): 211-223 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Keyword(s): Child Support; Earnings; Education; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Job Training; Male Sample; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The study reported here used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to compare the earnings and work efforts of young nonresidential fathers, residential fathers, and men without children. It found that nonresidential fathers earned less, had lower hourly wages, and worked fewer hours than the other groups of men, primarily because of lower levels of education and job training. These findings lead to the conclusion that obtaining sufficient child support payments from nonresidential fathers will require more than strengthening the enforcement of child support laws. Policy initiatives that foster greater educational and employment opportunities are required. ((c) 1998 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved): |
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Bibliography Citation
Robertson, John George. "Young Residential Fathers Have Lower Earnings: Implications for Child Support Enforcement." Social Work Research 21,4 (December 1997): 211-223.
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5365. |
Robinson, Camille Cohen, Alison K. Rehkopf, David Deardorff, Julianna Ritchie, Lorrene Jayaweera, Ruvani T. Coyle, Jeremy R. Abrams, Barbara |
Pregnancy and Post-delivery Maternal Weight Changes and Overweight in Preschool Children Preventive Medicine 60 (March 2014): 77-82. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009174351300488X Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Obesity; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Weight Objectives: High maternal weight before and during pregnancy contributes to child obesity. To assess the additional role of weight change after delivery, we examined associations between pre- and post-pregnancy weight changes and preschooler overweight. Methods: Sample: 4359 children from the Children and Young Adults of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) born to 2816 NLSY mothers between 1979 and 2006 and followed to age 4–5 years old. Exposures: gestational weight gain (GWG) and post-delivery maternal weight change (PDWC). Outcome: child overweight (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 85th percentile). Results: Adjusted models suggested that both increased GWG (OR: 1.08 per 5 kg GWG, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.16) and excessive GWG (OR: 1.29 versus adequate GWG, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.56) were associated with preschooler overweight. Maternal weight change after delivery was also independently associated with child overweight (OR: 1.12 per 5 kg PDWC, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.21). Associations were stronger among children with overweight or obese mothers. Conclusions: Increased maternal weight gain both during and after pregnancy predicted overweight in preschool children. Our results suggest that healthy post-pregnancy weight may join normal pre-pregnancy BMI and adequate GWG as a potentially modifiable risk factor for child overweight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Robinson, Camille, Alison K. Cohen, David Rehkopf, Julianna Deardorff, Lorrene Ritchie, Ruvani T. Jayaweera, Jeremy R. Coyle and Barbara Abrams. "Pregnancy and Post-delivery Maternal Weight Changes and Overweight in Preschool Children." Preventive Medicine 60 (March 2014): 77-82.
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5366. |
Roche, Kristen |
Millennials and the Gender Wage Gap in the U.S.: A Cross-Cohort Comparison of Young Workers Born in the 1960s and the 1980s Atlantic Economic Journal 45,3 (September 2017): 333-350. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11293-017-9546-6 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: International Atlantic Economic Society Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using two cohorts of young workers born in the early 1960s and early 1980s, this paper analyzes the temporal change in the U.S. gender wage gap and its determinants, which persists for both explained and unexplained reasons. Results suggest that the gender wage gap closed four (seven) percentage points at the mean (median) between cohorts. It finds cross-cohort evidence that young females' increasing returns to marriage and a changing occupational wage structure contributed to a narrowing of the gap. Nonetheless, the majority of this convergence remains unexplained due to relative improvements in unobservable institutional factors or heterogeneity for females. Compared to the previous generation, millennials likely entered a more progressive, female-friendly labor market. It is also possible that female millennials are more ambitious and competitive in their early years of work experience relative to females born in the 1960s. |
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Bibliography Citation
Roche, Kristen. "Millennials and the Gender Wage Gap in the U.S.: A Cross-Cohort Comparison of Young Workers Born in the 1960s and the 1980s." Atlantic Economic Journal 45,3 (September 2017): 333-350.
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5367. |
Rocheleau, Kara Joy |
The Effects of High School Mathematics and Science Classes on Wages Honors Project Paper 56, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1995. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/56 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University Keyword(s): High School Curriculum; Human Capital Theory; Schooling; Skill Formation; Technology/Technological Changes; Undergraduate Research; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The popular press is filled with claims that the world is becoming a more technological place, and that mathematical and scientific knowledge is becoming a necessity. Carol Wynn, chairwoman of a chamber of commerce education group, projects by the year 2000 almost all new jobs will be technical in nature (Louka 1993, p. 1). According to Barbara Behrendt (1993, p. 1), education is also moving in that direction; many people feel pursuing more math or science oriented classes will payoff financially. I use the Human Capital Model as my theoretical framework. An individual's human capital consists of his or her acquired productive skills, talents, ability, and knowledge. Human capitalists believe that schooling enhances productivity, which in turn, increases wages. If mathematics and science classes are really essential, then they should increase productivity and wages even more so than other classes. My research looks for evidence of this. My results show that the human capital factors of previous work experience and age positively affect wages. Further, demographic variables such as having children present in the home or being male also increase wages. However, the results fail to support the claims that high school mathematics and science classes are more beneficial than other classes. None of my variables that measured the number of classes are significant. My paper concludes by suggesting possible reasons why my results did not support these claims. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rocheleau, Kara Joy. "The Effects of High School Mathematics and Science Classes on Wages." Honors Project Paper 56, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1995. |
5368. |
Rochman, Bonnie |
Trying to Be Supermom Is a Recipe for Depression Time, December 7, 2011. Also: http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/printout/0,29239,2101344_2101158_2101157,00.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Time Inc. Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Gender Attitudes/Roles; Maternal Employment; Motherhood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research found that working mothers who think they can perfectly and harmoniously balance work and home life are at greater risk for depression than women who know there's no chance. [News media article based on Leupp, Katrina M. "Even Supermoms Get the Blues: Employment, Gender Attitudes and Depression." Presented: Las Vegas NV, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2011] |
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Bibliography Citation
Rochman, Bonnie. "Trying to Be Supermom Is a Recipe for Depression." Time, December 7, 2011. |
5369. |
Rodermund, Robert Henry |
The Influence of Present and Future Time Perspective on Financial Net Worth Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Family Studies and Human Services, Kansas State University, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Attitudes; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Net Worth; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study explored the influence of present-fatalism, present-hedonism, and future time perspectives on financial net worth. Time perspective has been shown to influence many behaviors, both non-financial and financial, but this is the first study that evaluated the relationship between time perspective and net worth. Net worth was divided into two variables, a dichotomous variable indicating those who had a negative net worth (defined as a net worth less than or equal to zero) and a continuous variable of the actual dollars of net worth of those who had a positive net worth (defined as a net worth greater than zero). Developing a separate negative net worth variable allowed this study to expand on prior research that focused solely on that aspect of net worth (Chen & Finke, 1996; Mountain & Hanna, 2012). Data was taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), using results primarily from the 2014 survey. A logistic regression was used to evaluate the negative net worth variable (Model 1) while an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to analyze the influence on positive net worth (Model 2). This study found that present-fatalism increased the odds that an individual would have a negative net worth, while a future-orientation would decrease those odds. It found that present hedonism and future-orientation contributed to having a positive net worth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodermund, Robert Henry. The Influence of Present and Future Time Perspective on Financial Net Worth. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Family Studies and Human Services, Kansas State University, 2018. |
5370. |
Rodezno, Wilfredo Kinnard, Vincent Manzanares, Carlos A. |
Understanding the Black-White and Hispanic-White Test Score Gaps For Children Ages 5 to 13 Working Paper, American Economic Association Summer Training Program, Department of Economics, University of California - Santa Barbara, Summer 2009. Also: http://www.econ.ucsb.edu/aeastp/aresearch/2009/Understanding%20the%20Black-White%20and%20Hispanic-White%20Test.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Punishment, Corporal; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), in this paper we document the black-white and hispanic-white math test score gaps for cross sections of children of ages 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13, and explore some of the potential causes of these gaps. Specifically, we test whether language proficiency is important for explaining the hispanic-white test score gap, using a series of language proxies within the NLSY. Additionally, we utilize the panel nature of the NLSY to characterize the effects of race and other controls on the rates of change of math test scores, using first difference models with race indicators re-inserted in the difference model. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodezno, Wilfredo, Vincent Kinnard and Carlos A. Manzanares. "Understanding the Black-White and Hispanic-White Test Score Gaps For Children Ages 5 to 13." Working Paper, American Economic Association Summer Training Program, Department of Economics, University of California - Santa Barbara, Summer 2009. |
5371. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
Behavior Genetic Modeling of Raging Hormones: DF Analysis of Adolescent Deviance Presented: University Park, PA, Society for the Study of Social Biology Meetings, 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for the Study of Social Biology Keyword(s): Deviance; Genetics; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee. "Behavior Genetic Modeling of Raging Hormones: DF Analysis of Adolescent Deviance." Presented: University Park, PA, Society for the Study of Social Biology Meetings, 1993. |
5372. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
Does Having Boys (or Girls) "Run in the Family"? Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Demography; Family Studies; Fertility; Genetics; Pairs (also see Siblings); Sex Ratios; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many people believe that a tendency to have boys or girls rims in a family. But research in the statistical literature suggests that humans are notoriously bad at diagnosing random patterns. Are family sex composition patterns random or systematic? Three possible methodologies to detect such a bias are reviewed, including medical, demographic, and behavioral genetic studies. We use the last two strategies, along with the NLSY to study family patterns of sex composition. Our "Demographic Study" descriptively examines the sex composition patterns of the children born to the NLSY Youth through 1994 (when this sample is 29-36 years of age). Our "Behavior Genetic Study" uses a recently developed kinship linking algorithm for the NLSY-Youth to account for whether the sex ratios of children born to NLSY respondents are more similar among more highly related kinship pairs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee. "Does Having Boys (or Girls) "Run in the Family"?" Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997. |
5373. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
Seasonality of Menarche Among U.S. Females Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Childbearing; Data Quality/Consistency; Menarche/First Menstruation; Seasonality; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent interest in birth seasonality leads to research on the proximal and distal variables that could cause seasonality in birth distributions. Menarche is one such distal variable. Investigation of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) shows a strong summer peak in reported menarche among a representative sample of over 6000 U.S. women. The pattern is consistent across race and age. In addition, data on age at menarche are available as well. A theoretical structure is defined and tested linking month of menarche to subsequent coital activity and eventually to birth seasonality. Further, both age and month of menarche can be used to test a recent theory suggesting nonlinear (and thus seasonal) patterns in physiological growth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee. "Seasonality of Menarche Among U.S. Females." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993. |
5374. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Bard, David E. |
Modeling NLSY Fertility Patterns Longitudinally and Biometrically: Evolutionary, Genetic, and Social Interpretations Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Fertility; Genetics; Kinship; Modeling, Multilevel Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using fertility patterns and kinship information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we fit biometrical models to partition genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental variance associated with fertility differences in the NLSY females. Those females -- who were aged 35-42 in the 2000 data -- have mostly completed childbearing. Our model is a multivariate longitudinal model linking early fertility, early middle fertility, middle fertility, and late middle fertility. Our analysis shows different genetic sources underlying early and later fertility, and strong shared environmental influences only for early fertility. These findings are interpreted in relation to Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection, and also in relation to a theory developed by Udry (1995) explaining how the amount of reproductive choice constrains the link between fertility preferences and the biological expression of those preferences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee and David E. Bard. "Modeling NLSY Fertility Patterns Longitudinally and Biometrically: Evolutionary, Genetic, and Social Interpretations." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. |
5375. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Bard, David E. Johnson, Amber D'Onofrio, Brian M. Miller, Warren B. |
The Cross-Generational Mother–Daughter–Aunt–Niece Design: Establishing Validity of the MDAN Design with NLSY Fertility Variables Behavior Genetics 38,6 (November 2008): 567-578. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/x75521h0l957w296/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Behavior; Fertility; Genetics; Inheritance; Kinship; Mothers and Daughters; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) fertility variables, we introduce and illustrate a new genetically-informative design. First, we develop a kinship linking algorithm, using the NLSY79 and the NLSY-Children data to link mothers to daughters and aunts to nieces. Then we construct mother–daughter correlations to compare to aunt–niece correlations, an MDAN design, within the context of the quantitative genetic model. The results of our empirical illustration, which uses DF Analysis and generalized estimation equations (GEE) to estimate biometrical parameters from NLSY79 sister–sister pairs and their children in the NLSY-Children dataset, provide both face validity and concurrent validity in support of the efficacy of the design. We describe extensions of the MDAN design. Compared to the typical within-generational design used in most behavior genetic research, the cross-generational feature of this design has certain advantages and interesting features. In particular, we note that the equal environment assumption of the traditional biometrical model shifts in the context of a cross-generational design. These shifts raise questions and provide motivation for future research using the MDAN and other cross-generational designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Behavior Genetics is the property of Springer Science & Business Media B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee, David E. Bard, Amber Johnson, Brian M. D'Onofrio and Warren B. Miller. "The Cross-Generational Mother–Daughter–Aunt–Niece Design: Establishing Validity of the MDAN Design with NLSY Fertility Variables." Behavior Genetics 38,6 (November 2008): 567-578.
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5376. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Bard, David E. Miller, Warren B. |
Mother-Daughter-Aunt-Niece (MDAN) Design, Applied to Cross-Generational NLSY Presented: Storrs, CT, Behavior Genetics Association, 36th Annual Annual Conference, June 2006 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Genetics; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers and Daughters; Self-Reporting Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A new biometrical design – called the MDAN design – emerges from the complex longitudinal survey design of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data. Using the crossgenerational structure available in the NLSY, we link mothers to daughters and aunts to nieces, creating an MDAN (mother-daughter-aunt-niece) design. The cross-generational data include NLSY-females who are only mothers, those who are only aunts, and those who are both mothers and aunts. Further, there is within-generational biometrical information linking NLSY-Youth females to one another as cousins, half-siblings, full-siblings, and twins; and linking NLSYChildren females to one another as cousins, half siblings, full siblings, and twins. We create linking files identifying the various within- and between-generational links, and fit preliminary biometrical models using those links. Phenotypes are fertility variables, typically measured across the two generations at approximately the same age and using identical measurement instruments. Specific measures on which we focus include self-reported age at menarche and self-reported age at first intercourse. Previous research using biometrical models have studied these phenotypes within each generation; the current research substantially extends both the empirical results and the methodological innovation by taking advantage of the ability to fit three different types of genetically- and environmentally-informed structure simultaneously. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee, David E. Bard and Warren B. Miller. "Mother-Daughter-Aunt-Niece (MDAN) Design, Applied to Cross-Generational NLSY." Presented: Storrs, CT, Behavior Genetics Association, 36th Annual Annual Conference, June 2006. |
5377. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Beasley, William H. Bard, David E. Meredith, Kelly M. Hunter, Michael D. Johnson, Amber Buster, Maury Allen Li, Chengchang |
The NLSY Kinship Links: Using the NLSY79 and NLSY-Children Data to Conduct Genetically-Informed and Family-Oriented Research Behavior Genetics 46,4 (July 2016): 538-551. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10519-016-9785-3 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Data Quality/Consistency; Genetics; Height; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Kinship; Modeling, Multilevel; Siblings; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth datasets (NLSY79; NLSY-Children/Young Adults; NLSY97) have extensive family pedigree information contained within them. These data sources are based on probability sampling, a longitudinal design, and a cross-generational and within-family data structure, with hundreds of phenotypes relevant to behavior genetic (BG) researchers, as well as to other developmental and family researchers. These datasets provide a unique and powerful source of information for BG researchers. But much of the information required for biometrical modeling has been hidden, and has required substantial programming effort to uncover--until recently. Our research team has spent over 20 years developing kinship links to genetically inform biometrical modeling. In the most recent release of kinship links from two of the NLSY datasets, the direct kinship indicators included in the 2006 surveys allowed successful and unambiguous linking of over 94 % of the potential pairs. In this paper, we provide details for research teams interested in using the NLSY data portfolio to conduct BG (and other family-oriented) research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee, William H. Beasley, David E. Bard, Kelly M. Meredith, Michael D. Hunter, Amber Johnson, Maury Allen Buster and Chengchang Li. "The NLSY Kinship Links: Using the NLSY79 and NLSY-Children Data to Conduct Genetically-Informed and Family-Oriented Research." Behavior Genetics 46,4 (July 2016): 538-551.
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5378. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Buster, Maury Allen |
Seasonality of Menarche Among U.S. Females: Correlates and Linkages In: Human Reproductive Ecology: Interactions of Environment, Fertility, Behavior. K. Campbell and J. Wood, eds. New York, NY: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 709, Number 1, February 18, 1994: p. 196. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb30398.x/pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York Academy of Sciences Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Data Quality/Consistency; Genetics; Hispanics; Menarche/First Menstruation; Physical Characteristics; Rural/Urban Differences; Seasonality; Self-Esteem; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Papers presented at a conference held in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 21-24 May, 1993 This paper documents a strong seasonal pattern in month of first menstruation among U.S. females, and searches for explanations of the pattern. Most previous research on seasonality of menarche has occurred using European data, where peaks have been observed in both summer and winter. Elevation, light, and urban/rural status have been suggested as possible explanatory variables. Frequencies of self-reported month of menarche are computed for 6000 women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. When these data were disaggregated by race, June/July remained the peak for menarche across Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. This consistent pattern begs for an explanation. Correlations between a menarche dummy variable and other variables from three different domains were computed: Physical characteristics, personality measures, and family characteristics. Several of these correlations were significantly different from 0, but none were large enough to be impressive. Kinship structure in the NLSY dataset were used to partition variability into genetic and shared environmental sources. In this analysis, females who were more closely related to one another were more likely to be similar in their menarche seasonality. In summary, the study documented a strong summer peak in first menstruation. Kinship patterns suggested a biological basis. Correlations with physical, personality, and family variables were trivially small. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee and Maury Allen Buster. "Seasonality of Menarche Among U.S. Females: Correlates and Linkages" In: Human Reproductive Ecology: Interactions of Environment, Fertility, Behavior. K. Campbell and J. Wood, eds. New York, NY: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 709, Number 1, February 18, 1994: p. 196.
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5379. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Buster, Maury Allen Rowe, David C. |
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Delinquency: DF Analysis of NLSY Kinship Data Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17,2 (June 2001): 145-168. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/t7n3h10664827068/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Environment; Family Influences; Genetics; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Siblings This paper follows earlier research (Rowe et al., 1992) in evaluating the basis of family influences on adolescent delinquent behavior. Delinquency is measured in a number of different ways to account for important theoretical distinctions that exist in the delinquency literature. We use recently identified kinship structure in a large national data set--the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth--to estimate genetic and shared environmental influences on self-reported delinquency scores. Our analytic model is based on DF analysis, a regression procedure used to estimate parameters reflecting genetic and environmental influence. Results suggest a consistent and moderate genetic basis to sibling similarity in delinquency and little evidence of a shared environmental basis. A large amount of variance is attributable to nonshared influences and/or measurement error. Our findings suggest that the search for environmental influences on adolescent delinquency should focus on those that are not shared by siblings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee, Maury Allen Buster and David C. Rowe. "Genetic and Environmental Influences on Delinquency: DF Analysis of NLSY Kinship Data." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17,2 (June 2001): 145-168.
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5380. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Doughty, Debby |
Does Having Boys or Girls Run in the Family? Chance 14,4 (Fall 2001): 8-13 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Family Studies; Fertility; Genetics; Kinship; Modeling; Pairs (also see Siblings); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The data on which our results are based come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a national survey with excellent family information. Our behavioral genetic study will compare respondents with different levels of relatedness to determine whether more closely related women are more similar in their children's sex composition than those more distantly related. We used twins, full siblings, half siblings, and cousin pairs -- all the pairs of which lived together in the same household -- to compare kinship kinship correlations indexing kinship similarity. If kinship pairs with higher genetic relatedness (e.g., twins) are more similar to one another than those with lower genetic relatedness (e.g., cousins), then this pattern is suggestive of a genetic influence. Our demographic study will compare sex composition patterns from the NLSY respondents to those that would be expected by chance. The model that will be fit explicitly distinguishes between stopping behavior caused by sex composition and the probability of a particular sex. These analyses will suggest whether certain patterns occur more often than chance can explain (e.g., whether there are more 'boy-biased' or 'girl-biased' families than would be expected under a binomial model). |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee and Debby Doughty. "Does Having Boys or Girls Run in the Family?" Chance 14,4 (Fall 2001): 8-13.
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5381. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Doughty, Debby |
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Fertility Expectations and Outcomes Using NLSY Kinship Data In: Genetic Influences on Human Fertility and Sexuality. J. L. Rodgers, et al., eds. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Fertility; Genetics; Kinship; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Reproduction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There has been recent interest in the research literature concerning the potential for genetic influences on fertility-related behaviors. Fisher's (1930) well-known theorem suggesting that the heritability of fertility-linked behaviors must eventually disappear (e.g., Plomin, DeFries, & McClearn, 1990) runs counter to a number of empirical findings concerning sexuality and fertility behaviors. Miller has recently developed a framework (Miller et al, 1999b) that casts fertility outcomes into the bigger context of fertility desires and expectations. We draw on this framework to investigate the role of broad genetic and environmental influences on a number of fertility attitudes, and link those to fertility outcomes. Our data come from recently defined kinship structure from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and thus provide a large national sample in which to investigate these issues. Our findings suggest that both fertility expectations and desires have a heritable component, and virtually no shared environmental component. However, expectations have a systematically higher level of genetic influence than outcomes. These findings are both readily interpretable within previous frameworks, and also can be used to general future research agendas. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee and Debby Doughty. "Genetic and Environmental Influences on Fertility Expectations and Outcomes Using NLSY Kinship Data" In: Genetic Influences on Human Fertility and Sexuality. J. L. Rodgers, et al., eds. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000
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5382. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Garrison, Sarah Mason Hadd, Alexandria |
Intelligence and Fertility in the NLSY79 Respondents: Children of Siblings and Biometrical Models Presented: Charlottesville VA, Behavior Genetics Association (BGA) Annual Meeting, June 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Intercourse; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Genetics; I.Q.; Intelligence; Kinship; Modeling, Multilevel; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The current study uses the family structure of the original National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) dataset to evaluate several questions related to fertility outcomes. Recent work using both the NLSY79 and the NLSY-Children data has taken advantage of the kinship links in these surveys to control for family history—both genetic and environmental—using a Children of Siblings (COS) design. The NLSY79 females have recently completed childbearing, and the males have virtually completed childbearing (respondents were age 47–55 in the most recently released 2012 survey). We use a COS design in which we separate NLSY79 respondents into two categories; the first group consists of the higher-IQ sibling (as measured using the Armed Forces Qualifying Test), the second consists of the lower-IQ sibling. We separate these analyses into father-father, mother-mother, and cross-gender categories. We run the following analyses. First, we compare the two groups on several fertility variables, including age at first intercourse, age at first birth, and completed fertility. This analysis assesses the size and direction of fitness status of IQ in this dataset. Second, we estimate several biometrical models that assess the biometrical status of the fertility outcomes in relation to maternal intelligence. We compare unconditional biometrical parameters to those conditioned on intelligence differences between the NLSY79 siblings. If the h2, c2, and e2 values are similar, then intelligence does not condition the biometrical structure of fertility outcomes. If they are statistically different, then intelligence is implicated as moderating the biometrical structure of fertility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee, Sarah Mason Garrison and Alexandria Hadd. "Intelligence and Fertility in the NLSY79 Respondents: Children of Siblings and Biometrical Models." Presented: Charlottesville VA, Behavior Genetics Association (BGA) Annual Meeting, June 2014. |
5383. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Harris, David F. Vickers, Karen Bradley |
Seasonality of First Coitus in the U.S. Social Biology 39 (Spring-Summer 1992): 1-14. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1514113 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for the Study of Social Biology Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Household Composition; Seasonality; Sexual Activity; Sexual Experiences/Virginity; Transition, School to Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent attention to causes of seasonality of births leads to an interest in seasonality patterns in the antecedents to birth, including gestational length, conception, and coital activity. In this paper we study the beginning of the process: first intercourse among adolescents and young adults. Analysis of a small and local dataset is suggestive that loss of virginity is particularly likely during the summer. A test of this "Summer Vacation Theory" using a large national dataset supports the generality of the phenomenon. Further, a prediction that seasonality patterns will change during the transition from high school to work and college is tested and supported. The existence of both biological and psycho-social mechanisms is suggested. Policy implications are reviewed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee, David F. Harris and Karen Bradley Vickers. "Seasonality of First Coitus in the U.S." Social Biology 39 (Spring-Summer 1992): 1-14.
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5384. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Hughes, Kimberly Kohler, Hans-Peter Christensen, Kaare Doughty, Debby Rowe, David C. Miller, Warren B. |
Genetic Influence Helps Explain Variation in Human Fertility: Evidence from Recent Behavioral and Molecular Genetic Studies Current Directions in Psychological Science 10, 5 (October 2001): 184-188 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Fertility; Genetics To search for genetic influence on human fertility differentials appears inconsistent with past empirical research and prior interpretations of Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection. We discuss Fisher's theorem and give reasons why genetic influences may indeed account for individual differences in human fertility. We review recent empirical studies showing genetic influence on variance in fertility outcomes and precursors to fertility. Further, some of the genetic variance underlying fertility outcomes overlaps with that underlying fertility precursors. Findings from different cultures, different times, different levels of data, and both behavioral and molecular genetic designs lead to the same conclusion: Fertility differentials are genetically influenced, and at least part of the influence derives from behavioral precursors that are under volitional control, which are themselves genetically mediated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee, Kimberly Hughes, Hans-Peter Kohler, Kaare Christensen, Debby Doughty, David C. Rowe and Warren B. Miller. "Genetic Influence Helps Explain Variation in Human Fertility: Evidence from Recent Behavioral and Molecular Genetic Studies." Current Directions in Psychological Science 10, 5 (October 2001): 184-188.
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5385. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee O'Keefe, Patrick |
A Synthetic Theory to Integrate and Explain the Causes of the Flynn Effect: The Parental Executive Model Intelligence 98 (May-June 2023): 101740. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289623000211 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Flynn Effect; Home Environment; Intelligence; Parental Influences The Flynn effect is one of the most interesting puzzles in psychology. Measured intelligence increased worldwide for a century, primarily in the fluid domain. Some increases may be flattening and/or reversing. Around 20 theories have been developed to explain the Flynn effect; most have empirical or conceptual weaknesses, though they also have strengths and face validity. The role of parents has been given only slight attention in past theorizing. We propose a new synthetic theory, the Parental Executive Model (the PEM) that integrates, organizes, and takes advantage of most previous theories. To structure our paper, we begin with a description of synthetic theories, and how to evaluate them (which has unique and difficult challenges). Following, we review the Flynn effect, and briefly summarize the new theory. Next, recent research is reviewed suggesting the value of re-conceptualizing the location of the Flynn effect to focus on families, and parents. Following, we describe the PEM, which states that parents -- and teachers, authors, friends, etc. -- use their agency to manage children's intellectual growth. The PEM posits that many (not all) parents subjectively optimize their children's intellectual outcomes, taking advantage of some subset of available resources -- nutrition, education, technology, health care, etc. Cross-generational momentum occurs as parenting improves across generations. Prior research motivating the PEM is reviewed, and methods to evaluate the PEM are discussed. Finally, one recent empirical evaluation of the PEM is reviewed, that the cognitive home environment has been improving over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee and Patrick O'Keefe. "A Synthetic Theory to Integrate and Explain the Causes of the Flynn Effect: The Parental Executive Model." Intelligence 98 (May-June 2023): 101740.
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5386. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Rowe, David C. |
Problem Behaviors in Childhood: Behavior-Genetics Modeling of National Data Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Genetics; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Kinship; Parental Influences; Siblings; Slutsky Matrix Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the NLSY child-mother data, the authors link Behavioral Problem Index scores for a large number of siblings and cousins and a smaller number of twins and second-cousins. With a behavior-genetics method from DeFries and Fulcher (1985), indicators of kinship similarity and differences are analyzed into sources attributable to heredity, common environment, and a residual that represents a combination of unique environment and measurement error. This residual is further analyzed to locate specific sources of unique environmental effects. When the residuals correlate with individual-level features of the home environment (as measured by the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment -- HOME --inventory), these features are implicated as possible sources that create differences between siblings that can lead to differences in their childhood behavior problems. Such measures include ones related to parental attention, parental discipline, and intellectual stimulation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee and David C. Rowe. "Problem Behaviors in Childhood: Behavior-Genetics Modeling of National Data." Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992. |
5387. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Rowe, David C. Buster, Maury Allen |
Nature, Nurture and First Sexual Intercourse in the USA: Fitting Behavioural Genetic Models to NLSY Kinship Data Journal of Biosocial Science 31,1 (January 1999): 29-41. Also: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=10230&jid=JBS&volumeId=31&issueId=01&aid=10229 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Intercourse; Genetics; Kinship; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Pairs (also see Siblings); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem; Sexual Experiences/Virginity; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Fisher (1930) presented both theoretical and empirical results concerning genetic influences on fertility. Since then, only sparse research has been done on the genetics of fertility, although more sophisticated methodogy and data now exist than were available to Fisher. This paper presents a behavioural genetic analysis of age at first intercourse, accounting for genetic, shared environmental, and selected non-shared environmental influences. The data came from the nationally representative National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). A newly developed kinship linking procedure was used that identifies links for cousins, half-siblings, full-siblings and twins in the NLSY. The results suggest a genetic influence in the overall dataset, and also among whites and in male–male and opposite-sex pairs. Genetic influences were extremely small or non-existent for blacks and for female–female pairs. Shared environmental influences were small for most subsets of the data, but moderate for female–female pairs. Two specific non-shared environmental influences – self-esteem and locus of control – were ruled out as accounting for any meaningful variance, although other general sources of non[hyphen]shared environmental influence appear potentially important. Analysis of selected samples from upper and lower tails suggested that genetic influences are important in accounting for both early and late non-virginity. These findings are consistent with work reported by Miller et al. (1999), who used molecular genetic methods. Generally, these findings support the existence of genetic influences and implicate non-shared environmental influences as being important determinants of the timing of loss of virginity among US adolescents and young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee, David C. Rowe and Maury Allen Buster. "Nature, Nurture and First Sexual Intercourse in the USA: Fitting Behavioural Genetic Models to NLSY Kinship Data ." Journal of Biosocial Science 31,1 (January 1999): 29-41.
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5388. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Rowe, David C. Buster, Maury Allen |
Nature, Nurture, and First Intercourse: Fitting Behavior Genetic Models to NLSY Kinship Data Presented: New Orleans, LA, Meetings of the Population Association of America, May 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Fertility; Adoption; Age at First Intercourse; Contraception; Gender Differences; Genetics; Kinship; Modeling; Pairs (also see Siblings); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Sexual Behavior; Siblings; Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Newcomer (1994) stated that "Partners, peers, parents (maybe even genes) and the community all influence [adolescent sexual] behavior" (p. 85). Udry and Campbell (1994) surveyed the literature and found only one small study that accounted for genetic influences on adolescent sexual behavior. Apparently, little research has been done to address the role that genetic influences play in various aspects of fertility behavior, or the tradeoff between genetic and environmental influences. Udry's work (e.g., Udry, 1988) suggests an important role of hormonal influences in both male and female sexual behavior, and biosocial models of adolescent sexuality are becoming increasingly popular (e.g., Hofferth, 1987; Rodgers & Rowe, 1993; Udry, 1988). Fisher's (1930) work raised doubts as to whether it would ever be fruitful to search for genetic influences on fertility behavior. Plomin, DeFries, and McClearn (1990), drawing on work by Fisher and Falconer (1981), explained that potential changes in relative fitness across generations due to a particular trait can be measured by the amount of additive genetic variance in that trait present in the population. They concluded that we should "expect heritability to be low for major components of fitness, such as fertility" (p. 285), and suggest that most genetic variance in such traits should be nonadditive. However, this expectation depends on a long enough period of time that traits with selective advantage can realize that advantage. Our investigation will treat age at first sexual intercourse in the U.S. population. During the past several centuries, there have been secular changes--both up and down--in the age at first intercourse. Furthermore, the development of reliable and widespread use of effective contraception must weaken the selective advantage offered by early onset of sexual behavior in societies with little or no contraceptive use. Such changes could certainly act to weaken the selective value of early onset of sexual activity. Given these changes, it is an important theoretical question to ask whether genes play a role in influencing onset of sexual behavior. At the same time, the role of environmental influences is also of particular interest and importance. Our modeling will simultaneously address the role of both types of influence. The data we will use to address the role of genetic and environmental influences on age at first intercourse come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (the NLSY), a national probability sample of households that started with approximately 12,000 youth aged 14-21 in 1979. To separate the contribution of genetic versus environmental influences requires data from different kinship levels (e.g., monozygotic versus dizygotic twins; adoptive siblings versus full siblings; etc.). Little of this type of information is contained explicitly in the NLSY, although the household structure of the NLSY data results in many kinship links being contained in the data. We have recently developed a linking algorithm (Rodgers, 1996) that uses several variables in the NLSY files to classify kinship pairs into adoptive, half, and full sibling, twin, and cousin pairs. We will use this kinship structure along with a recently developed regression procedure, DF Analysis, (DeFries and Fulker, 1985; Rodgers, Rowe & Li, 1993) to analyze variance in age at first intercourse into that attributable to genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental influences. Because patterns of sexual debut differ substantially across race and across genders, we will fit our models separately by these demographic categories. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee, David C. Rowe and Maury Allen Buster. "Nature, Nurture, and First Intercourse: Fitting Behavior Genetic Models to NLSY Kinship Data." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Meetings of the Population Association of America, May 1996. |
5389. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Rowe, David C. Harris, David F. |
Older Sibling Influence on Adolescent Sexuality: Inferring Process Models from Family Composition Patterns Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Household Composition; Sexual Activity; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee, David C. Rowe and David F. Harris. "Older Sibling Influence on Adolescent Sexuality: Inferring Process Models from Family Composition Patterns." Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, 1990. |
5390. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Rowe, David C. Harris, David F. |
Sibling Differences in Adolescent Sexual Behavior: Inferring Process Models from Family Composition Patterns Journal of Marriage and Family 54,1 (February 1992): 142-152. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353282 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Hispanics; Household Composition; Sexual Activity; Siblings To account for previous research findings that younger siblings are sexually active at an earlier age than older siblings, the hypothesis is tested that older siblings influence younger siblings to be sexually active. Opportunity & modeling influence processes are examined, using national survey data collected in 1979 from 3,336 families with siblings, but are not demonstrated to be strong predictors. An alternate maturation hypothesis is supported by findings that younger siblings physically mature earlier, but it is argued that this biological explanation does not account for variations in Hispanic populations. Other psychosocial explanations are discussed. 2 Tables, 34 References. C. McSherry (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee, David C. Rowe and David F. Harris. "Sibling Differences in Adolescent Sexual Behavior: Inferring Process Models from Family Composition Patterns." Journal of Marriage and Family 54,1 (February 1992): 142-152.
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5391. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Rowe, David C. Li, Chengchang |
Beyond Nature Versus Nurture: DF Analysis of Nonshared Influences on Problem Behaviors Developmental Psychology 30,3 (May 1994):374-384. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/30/3/374/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Childbearing; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); I.Q.; Kinship; Siblings DeFries and Fulker (1985) proposed a regression modeling approach -- since named DF Analysis -- that separates heredity and common environmental influences using scores from kinship pairs. A number of adaptations have been developed and used in empirical research that demonstrate the breadth of application of DF Analysis. We begin by reviewing past work and the several DF Analysis extensions that have been suggested. Following, we describe a new extension of DF Analysis in which measured indicators of the nonshared environment are added to the model. These indicators represent specific sources of environmental influence that cause related children to be different from one another. We present two empirical studies using over 7000 5-11 year-old children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Within the NLSY we identify twin, full-sibling, half-sibling, and cousin pairs. The first study is a validity analysis of kinship height and weight data. The second study demonstrates the nonshared environmental extension through an analysis of problem behavior scores. Specific nonshared environmental influences that are investigated are spanking by the mother, reading by the mother, and quality of the home environment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee, David C. Rowe and Chengchang Li. "Beyond Nature Versus Nurture: DF Analysis of Nonshared Influences on Problem Behaviors." Developmental Psychology 30,3 (May 1994):374-384.
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5392. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Rowe, David C. May, Kim |
DF Analysis of NLSY IQ/Achievement Data: Nonshared Environmental Influences Working Paper, Norman OK: Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, March 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Genetics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Kinship; Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Methods/Methodology; Pairs (also see Siblings); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. DeFries and Fulker (1985) proposed DF Analysis to measure genetic and shared environmental variance in kinship data. We use an adaptation of DF Analysis that can simultaneously account for genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental influences within the same model. We fit this model to achievement measures from 5 to 12-year-old children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The NLSY is a large national sample containing information to link kinship pairs at multiple levels, including cousins, half-siblings, full-siblings, and twins. 1044 pairs were identified by a kinship linking algorithm. The modeling approach measures heritability (h2) and shared environmental variance (c2), and tests for nonshared environmental influences. Potential nonshared influences that are tested include amount a mother reads to a child, books the child has, visits to the museum, visits to the theater, maternal spanking, and a general measure of the quality of the home environment. Several theoretical predictions are tested and supported. In particular, museum visits accounted for variance in a math test, books owned accounted for variance in reading recognition scores, and a general measure of the home environment accounted for variance in general cognitive ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee, David C. Rowe and Kim May. "DF Analysis of NLSY IQ/Achievement Data: Nonshared Environmental Influences." Working Paper, Norman OK: Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, March 1994. |
5393. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Rowe, David C. May, Kim |
DF Analysis of NLSY IQ/Achievement Data: Nonshared Environmental Influences Intelligence 19,2 (September-October 1994): 157-177. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0160289694900116 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of Soutn Carolina Keyword(s): Children; Cognitive Ability; Genetics; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); I.Q.; Intelligence; Kinship; Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Methods/Methodology; Modeling; Pairs (also see Siblings); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An adaptation of DF (DeFries and Fulker, 1985) is fitted to achievement measures from 5-12-year-old children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). This adaptation can simultaneously account for genetic shared environmental, and non shared environmental influences within the same model. The NLSY contains information to link kinship pairs at multiple levels including cousins, half-siblings, full-siblings, and twins. One thousand forty-four pairs were identified by a kinship-linking algorithm. From five specific measures of intellectual ability we estimated median heritability. We then tested for the presence of several specific non shared influences. As predicted differences between two related children in the number of books owned were related to differences in reading recognition scores and trips to the museum were related to a measure of mathematical ability. A general measure of the home environment accounted for non shared environmental variance in several specific measures of intelligence and in a general measure of cognitive ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee, David C. Rowe and Kim May. "DF Analysis of NLSY IQ/Achievement Data: Nonshared Environmental Influences." Intelligence 19,2 (September-October 1994): 157-177.
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5394. |
Rodgers, Joseph Lee Vickers, Karen Bradley |
The Seasonality of Onset of Adolescent Sexuality Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Seasonality; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Experiences/Virginity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent attention to seasonality of births leads to an interest in seasonality patterns in the antecedents to birth, including gestational length, conception, and coital activity. In this paper the authors begin at the very beginning of the process and study the seasonality of the onset of sexual intercourse. Data come from two sources, the ADSEX (Adolescent Sexuality) data and the NLSY data. Analysis of the ADSEX data suggests a summer peak in onset of adolescent coitus. This finding suggests a simple "Summer Vacation Theory" in which the likelihood of a virgin adolescent making the transition to nonvirginity increases immediately after school is out for the summer. This theory is then tested by cross-validating patterns in the ADSEX data against those in the NLSY data. The patterns in this national dataset match those from ADSEX, in that a large peak is found in June and, to a lesser extent, in July. These patterns are consistent across race and period, although some minor differences between Hispanics and other races and between high school and college onset are noted and interpreted. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Joseph Lee and Karen Bradley Vickers. "The Seasonality of Onset of Adolescent Sexuality." Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990. |
5395. |
Rodgers, Justin Briesacher, Becky A. Wallace, Robert B. Kawachi, Ichiro Baum, Christopher F. Kim, Daniel |
County-level Housing Affordability in Relation to Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease among Middle-aged Adults: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979 Health and Place 59 (September 2019): DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102194. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353829218311791 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Geocoded Data; Health, Chronic Conditions; Household Income; Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity Using a nationally-representative sample of middle-aged adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979 (NLSY79) and exploiting quasi-experimental variation before and after the Great Recession, we estimated the associations between the change in median county-level percentage of household income spent on housing (rent/mortgage) between 2000 and 2008 and individual-level risks of incident hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and depression from 2008 to 2014. We employed conditional fixed effects logistic regression models to reduce bias due to time-invariant confounding. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, Justin, Becky A. Briesacher, Robert B. Wallace, Ichiro Kawachi, Christopher F. Baum and Daniel Kim. "County-level Housing Affordability in Relation to Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease among Middle-aged Adults: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979." Health and Place 59 (September 2019): DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102194.
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5396. |
Rodgers, William M., III Spriggs, William E. |
Accounting for the Racial Gap in AFQT scores: Comment on Nan L. Maxwell, "The Effect on Black-White Wage Differences of Differences in the Quantity and Quality of Education" Industrial and Labor Relations Review 55,3 (April 2002): 533-541. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2696055 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Discrimination; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Human Capital; Racial Differences; Skills; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Equations; Wage Gap The authors comment on the black-white wage gap, concentrating on recent studies that have attempted to explain the wage gap by focusing on racial differences in skills that are not fully captured by standard human capital measures. Scores on the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), which was administered to respondents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), are used to proxy for these skills. Studies by Neal and Johnson (1996) and Rodgers and Spriggs (1996) are discussed, with particular focus on Nan L. Maxwell's paper, 'The Effect on Black-White Wage Differences of Differences in the Quantity and Quality of Education,' published in 1994 edition of this journal. What explains the black-white wage gap? This has been and continues to be an active area of research by social scientists. In their quest to explain the large and persistent wage gap, recent studies have focused on racial differences in skills that are not fully captured by standard human capital measures. Scores on the Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT), which was administered to respondents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), are used to proxy for these skills. A variety of studies have shown that when the AFQT score is placed in a standard human capital wage equation, the education and standard human capital characteristics explain approximately one-half of the black-white wage gap. AFQT difference explain the remained of the gap, although Neal and Johnson (1996) argued that AFQT explains the entire gap. The key interpretation given to this result is that pre-labor market discrimination can explain the large and persistent wage gap. That arguments would be very convincing is the racial different in test scores could be explained by racial differences in the factors likely to increase skill attainment, and those factors could be linked to pre-labor market discrimination. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, William M., III and William E. Spriggs. "Accounting for the Racial Gap in AFQT scores: Comment on Nan L. Maxwell, "The Effect on Black-White Wage Differences of Differences in the Quantity and Quality of Education"." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 55,3 (April 2002): 533-541.
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5397. |
Rodgers, William M., III Spriggs, William E. |
What Does the AFQT Really Measure: Race, Wages, Schooling and the AFQT Score The Review of Black Political Economy 24,4 (Spring 1996): 13-46. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/52t6v2n352q01807/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Discrimination, Job; Family Background and Culture; Family Environment; Job Skills; Racial Differences; School Quality; Schooling; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent literature on the black-white wage gap continues to show that a large residual due to race remains, and during the 1980s, it grew in size. One interpretation is that the residual gap measures the existence of labor market discrimination. Another interpretation is that imbedded in the residual gap are racial differences in unobservable skills that grew during the 1980s, or that racial differences in these skills remained constant, but their returns grew. To account for these unobservable skills, researchers switch to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The NLSY contains the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), a direct measure of skills obtained via family and school environments.When researchers include the AFQT composite score, the black-white wage gap narrows. Doing this, they assume that the AFQT score is a racially unbiased predictor of wages. We present evidence that generates doubt that the AFQT score is racially unbiased. We first show t hat F-Tests reject the hypothesis that AFQT scores equally predict African American and white wages. Further, when the components of the AFQT are used to predict wages, instead of the composite score, the coefficients on the verbal components are positive and significant for African Americans, while the coefficient on the math component is basically zero. The relationships for whites are exactly the opposites. Second, we show that a significant difference in the ability of family background, school quality, and a set of psychological characteristics to estimate black and white test scores exists. Third, we present our estimates of the black-white wage gap where a racially unbiased AFQT composite score has been used to control for racial differences in job skills. To construct this score, we estimate a regression of the AFQT scores of whites on an exhaustive list of family background, school quality, and individual psychological characteristics. When the two-step estimated score is used, it reduces the mean square error of the wage regression, has a significant independent effect on wages, and a very small effect on the race coefficient. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, William M., III and William E. Spriggs. "What Does the AFQT Really Measure: Race, Wages, Schooling and the AFQT Score." The Review of Black Political Economy 24,4 (Spring 1996): 13-46.
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5398. |
Rodgers, William M., III Spriggs, William E. Klein, Bruce W. |
Do the Skills of Adults Employed in Minimum Wage Contour Jobs Explain Why They Get Paid Less? Working Paper, College of William & Mary and US Dept of Labor, March 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Discrimination, Job; Job Skills; Minimum Wage; Monopsony Employers; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we compare the pay of workers employed on the minimum wage contour defined by Spriggs and Klein (1994) to the pay of similar workers in other jobs. We also examine whether the minimum wage increases in 1990 and 1991 change the wage gap's size. Our findings suggest that workers on the minimum wage contour are paid less than similarly qualified workers, and that the minimum wage increases helped to narrow some of this differential. This is consistent with Dickens, et.al. (1994) who theorize that low-wage firms have monopsony-like power in setting wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, William M., III, William E. Spriggs and Bruce W. Klein. "Do the Skills of Adults Employed in Minimum Wage Contour Jobs Explain Why They Get Paid Less?" Working Paper, College of William & Mary and US Dept of Labor, March 1997. |
5399. |
Rodgers, William M., III Spriggs, William E. Klein, Bruce W. |
Do the Skills of Adults Employed in Minimum Wage Contour Jobs Explain Why They Get Paid Less? Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27,1 (Fall 2004): 38-66. Also: http://econpapers.repec.org/article/mespostke/v_3a27_3ay_3a2004_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a38-66.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. Keyword(s): Human Capital; Job Tenure; Minimum Wage; Occupational Choice; Schooling; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we compare the pay of workers employed on the minimum wage contour to the pay of similar workers in other jobs. We also examine whether the minimum wage increases of 1990 and 1991 narrow the pay gap. We find that characteristics of minimum wage contour workers explain most of their relative pay disadvantage; however, from 1986 to 1990, a residual wage gap of 5.0 to 5.8 percent emerged. The increases in the minimum wage help to slow the gap's widening. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, William M., III, William E. Spriggs and Bruce W. Klein. "Do the Skills of Adults Employed in Minimum Wage Contour Jobs Explain Why They Get Paid Less?" Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27,1 (Fall 2004): 38-66.
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5400. |
Rodgers, William M., III Stratton, Leslie S. |
Male Marital Wage Differentials: Training, Personal Characteristics, and Fixed Effects Economic Inquiry 48,3 (July 2010): 722-742. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00209.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Family Background and Culture; Job Training; Marital Status; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Wage Differentials; Wage Growth Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we replicate previous estimates of the marital wage differential for white men, extend the analysis to African American men, then explain the within and between race differentials. We first control for formal job training, then for cognitive skills, parental background, and self-esteem with little effect. By contrast, the white differential but not the black differential disappears in fixed-effects estimation. We reconcile the cross-section/panel differentials by focusing on the distinct identification conditions employed by each technique. Men who never change marital status play a significant role in white cross-sectional estimates. ( JEL J31, J12) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Economic Inquiry is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, William M., III and Leslie S. Stratton. "Male Marital Wage Differentials: Training, Personal Characteristics, and Fixed Effects." Economic Inquiry 48,3 (July 2010): 722-742.
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5401. |
Rodgers, William M., III Stratton, Leslie S. |
The Male Marital Wage Differential: Race, Training, and Fixed Effects IZA DP No. 1745, Institute for the Study of Labor, September 2005. Also: ftp://repec.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp1745.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Family Background and Culture; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Wage Differentials; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Married white men have higher wages and faster wage growth than unmarried white men. Using the NLSY, we examine whether racial differences in intrahousehold specialization and formal training explain married men's faster wage growth, and individual-specific data on cognitive skills, family background, and self-esteem contribute to married men's higher wages. African American households engage in less intrahousehold specialization and experience no differential wage growth – a finding consistent with an intrahousehold specialization argument. However, while married men have more training, cognitive ability, and self-esteem than unmarried men, controlling for these differences does not explain any component of the marital wage differential. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rodgers, William M., III and Leslie S. Stratton. "The Male Marital Wage Differential: Race, Training, and Fixed Effects." IZA DP No. 1745, Institute for the Study of Labor, September 2005. |
5402. |
Roettger, Michael Everett |
Three Essays on Social Inequality and the U.S. Criminal Justice System Ph.D., Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. DAI Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences 2009. Vol. 69,Iss. 7-A; p. 2887 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Arrests; Census of Population; Crime; Criminal Justice System; Demography; Ethnic Differences; Immigrants; Incarceration/Jail; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences; Residence; Unemployment; Urbanization/Urban Living Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation uses three essays to examine issues related to inequality and the U.S. criminal justice system. In the first essay, I examine links between arrest, residential segregation, and immigration within U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). This research addresses two separate, but contemporary fields of research where (a) increased crime is associated with highly segregated urban black ghettoes and (b) decreased crime is observed among immigrant groups. Data for race and ethnic populations for MSAs are aggregated from 5% integrated public-use micro-samples [IPUMS] of the U.S. Census surveys from 1980–2000; data for arrest rates are taken from FBI Uniform Crime Reports from 1980-2000. Results from fixed effect models find statistically significant results indicating (i) African American social isolation positively correlates with arrest rates and (ii) immigrant groups are differentially correlated with arrest rates based on immigrant race and ethnic classification. In the second essay, I examine the effects of race and history of incarceration on employment among less-skilled men. Recent findings of audit and employer surveys have found that African Americans and ex-offenders are groups who, respectively, are less likely to be hired than whites and non-offenders. Expanding on prior research, I use data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test if labor force participation and unemployment are jointly impacted by race and history of incarceration. To control for unobserved invariant characteristics of individuals and interview periods, I utilize fixed effect error terms at the individual level. Results indicate that, relative to whites, African American and Hispanic ex-felons are more likely to experience persisting unemployment and time out of the labor force in years after incarceration. In the third essay, I examine how genetic, individual, familial, and community-level variables possibly mediate a link between father's incarc eration and adult son's deviance and arrest. Using twin and nationally-representative sub-samples from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, I test how molecular genetic, individual, familial, and community variables from adolescence may mediate this link. In analysis, father's incarceration is found to be robustly associated with increased delinquency and arrest among adult sons when these effects are estimated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Roettger, Michael Everett. Three Essays on Social Inequality and the U.S. Criminal Justice System. Ph.D., Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. DAI Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences 2009. Vol. 69,Iss. 7-A; p. 2887. |
5403. |
Rogers, George E. |
Relationship Between Industrial Arts Education and Secondary Students' Performance in Mathematics Utilizing Data from the NLSY Ed.D. Dissertation, University of Missouri - Columbia, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education, Secondary; High School Curriculum; High School Transcripts; Simultaneity; Vocational Education; Vocational Training This study examined the relationship between industrial arts course participation and a student's performance in mathematics. The data utilized in the study were retrieved from the NLSY, specifically the transcript survey tapes. The NLSY respondents were categorized as either participants or non-participants in industrial arts courses. The non-participant group was assumed to represent the general education student population. The industrial arts group was divided into construction, drafting, electrical/mechanical, and metals sub-groups. The industrial arts exposure was examined as both a simultaneous enrollment with mathematics and also as a previous treatment to the mathematics course. A point biserial correlation statistical treatment was used to determine the relationship. An analysis of the statistical treatment indicated that industrial arts does not provide a significant positive enhancement to a student's mathematics performance. Moreover, students enrolled in industrial arts and mathematics simultaneously had significantly lower mathematics grade means than their general education counterparts. However, data indicated that students previously exposed to drafting and electrical/mechanical courses had higher mean mathematics grades than general education students. The relationship between the different industrial arts program areas was examined utilizing six orthogonal comparisons. These comparisons indicated that there was no significant difference between the mathematics performance of students in the different industrial arts program areas. [UMI ADG90-10595] |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, George E. Relationship Between Industrial Arts Education and Secondary Students' Performance in Mathematics Utilizing Data from the NLSY. Ed.D. Dissertation, University of Missouri - Columbia, 1989. |
5404. |
Rogers, Karen Coulter |
Mother's Delinquency, Family Economic Status, Divorce, Children's Externalizing Problems Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Adjustment Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Divorce; Family Resources; Income Level; Marital Status; Parents, Behavior; Racial Differences Family economic status, marital status, and antisocial behavior have all been implicated in the development of children's antisocial behavior. Research to date has focused either on the implications of one of these variables (e.g., divorce) for children's adjustment, or investigated which variables best predict the development of externalizing problems in children. The intercorrelations between these predictors have seldom been taken into account. The purpose of the current study is to integrate these two lines of previous research, and investigate the relative importance of divorce, low income, and parental antisocial behavior in view of their high correlations. Four theoretical frameworks that offer explanations for these associations (economic deprivation, divorce, parental antisocial behavior, and multiple stressors) are described, and the hypotheses generated by each are tested. Analyses were conducted using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), which includes information on all children of the women in the sample. Roughly 800 children of continuously married or separated or divorced families were included in the current study. Results indicate that maternal delinquency, divorce, and low income relative to family needs each contributes unique and independent variance to the prediction of children's externalizing disorders. Results found in the total sample held for white children and for boys, but for black children and girls, the prediction of externalizing may differ in important ways. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, Karen Coulter. Mother's Delinquency, Family Economic Status, Divorce, Children's Externalizing Problems. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 1994. |
5405. |
Rogers, Kristen |
Your Work Schedule as a Young Adult May Harm Your Health Decades Later, Study Finds CNN published online (3 April 2024). Also: https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/03/health/work-schedule-health-harms-study-wellness/index.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: CNN Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Health, Impacts to; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health, Physical; Sleep; Sleep Hours; Sleep Quality; Socioeconomic Factors; Wage Rates; Wages; Work Hours, Irregular; Work Hours/Schedule; Work Schedule, Irregular; Worker Health; Working Patterns Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The immediate cons of an erratic work schedule are clear-cut: You may be tired all the time or missing out on time with loved ones. More dire long-term consequences may also be at play, according to new research on the associations between work patterns in young adulthood and health outcomes later in life. Multiple studies have shown how irregular work hours can harm overall health and social life, but the new paper views the relationship through a “life-course” approach, observing how work patterns affect health throughout adulthood instead of one point in time. The new report, published Wednesday in the journal PLOS ONE, defined a standard work schedule as beginning at 6 a.m. or later and ending at 6 p.m. An evening work schedule meant starting at 2 p.m. or later until midnight, while nighttime schedules were shifts starting at 9 p.m. or later and ending by 8 a.m. Participants had “variable” schedules if they had split or rotating shifts or irregular hours. “About three-quarters of the work patterns we observed did not strictly conform to working stably during daytime hours throughout our working years,” said Dr. Wen-Jui Han, the sole author of the study and professor at the Silver School of Social Work at New York University, in an interview conducted by the journal. “This has repercussions,” added Han, who specializes in social welfare policy with an emphasis on children and families. “People with work patterns involving any degree of volatility and variability were more likely to have fewer hours of sleep per day, lower sleep quality, lower physical and mental functions, and a higher likelihood of reporting poor health and depressive symptoms at age 50 than those with stable standard work schedules.” Han also looked into how these associations depended on social position, marked by race or ethnicity, gender and education. Despite the challenges of today’s work schedules, health experts say there are strategies people c an use to mitigate the negative impacts. Work patterns decades earlier affect health in midlife To assess work-shift issues, Han used data from more than 7,300 participants, about 50% of whom were White, 33% Black and 19% Hispanic. They were part of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a nationally representative sample of Americans who were between ages 14 and 22 and surveyed at different points over time. Working early standard hours then transitioning into volatile schedules between ages 22 and 49 was significantly associated with the poorest health, Han found. This pattern was also linked with reporting the poorest health and depressive symptoms at age 50. The size of the effect was equivalent to being educated to only below high school level, and the impacts of working volatile schedules were worse than those of having been mostly unemployed. The study also found race- and gender-related trends, such as the higher likelihood of Black Americans having schedules linked with poorer health and for women experiencing lower-quality sleep even though they were getting more hours of sleep. The report doesn’t have a full explanation for the disproportionate effects on women and Black people, but that finding speaks “to the intersectionality between employment patterns and social position, underscoring the substantial health disparities between those with resources and those without,” according to the study. “Those without disproportionately shoulder the adverse consequences of volatile employment patterns.” The study results aren’t exactly “super surprising,” but they are “very timely and alarming,” said Dr. Xiaoxi Yao, a professor of health services research at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota. She wasn’t involved in the study. Because of the advancement in technology and the gig economy, especially since the pandemic, people are increasingly working nonstandard schedules in comparison with several d ec ades ago, Ya o said via email. “People in higher socio-economic status might enjoy the flexibility of working from anywhere at any time, whereas people in the so-called vulnerable social positions might not have a choice,” Yao added. “We are often worried about these workers’ wages and benefits but this study calls out that the non-standard work schedules and hours might inherently put workers at risk.” Explaining the links between shift work and health There are several potential theories that could explain the findings, but the study itself shows only association, not causation, experts said. “A person can have some risk factors that make it difficult to both find a stable job and more likely to develop a disease,” Yao said. “It is difficult to use the current data to draw a firm conclusion that the work schedules/hours caused the adverse health outcomes.” But at the same time, the findings build on a growing body of evidence. The research results are “in line with what everyone in public health knows, which is that one’s health outcomes are determined by a myriad of factors, including what work they have, since type of work determines their daily routines and, crucially, their income and therefore what resources they can access,” said CNN wellness contributor Dr. Leana Wen, an emergency physician and adjunct professor of health policy and management at the George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, said via email. Wen wasn’t involved in the study. Nonstandard schedules can make it difficult to maintain lifestyle habits important for good health — such as sleeping well, eating at regular hours and spending time with loved ones, said Dr. Azizi Seixas, associate director of the Center for Translational Sleep and Circadian Sciences at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, who wasn’t involved in the study. What’s more, the financial instability of some non standard work can also c ause anxiety, Yao said. And when this work involves working independently, the lack of a stable social environment can decrease one’s sense of belonging and identity. Sleep researcher Dr. Christian Benedict, who wasn’t involved in the study, noted the findings may not apply to everyone. “For example, Dr. Han’s study didn’t examine people’s natural sleep-wake cycles,” Benedict, an associate professor of pharmacology at Uppsala University in Sweden, said via email. “It is crucial to recognize that working late-night shifts might be more suitable for individuals who naturally stay up late rather than those who prefer waking up early.” What you can do Changing schedules or jobs to avoid nonstandard working hours may not be feasible for some, but you can use other strategies — such as healthy diet, exercise, relaxation and spending time with friends and family — to offset the potential harm from work, Yao said. Additionally, still having some kind of routine or schedule around that shift can make it easier to fit in those health-promoting activities — especially sleep, Yao added. Try to optimize your sleeping conditions as much as possible, such as by sleeping in a dark and cool room and asking family members to respect your sleep schedule, Benedict said. And past research has found that refraining from eating late at night counteracts the negative effects of shift work on health, he added. Be sure to also schedule routine health checkups and seek guidance from a professional if persistent health concerns arise. “By incorporating these strategies into their daily lives,” Seixas said, “individuals can proactively mitigate the negative effects of nonstandard work schedules on their health and promote overall well-being despite the constraints imposed by their employment patterns.” |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, Kristen. "Your Work Schedule as a Young Adult May Harm Your Health Decades Later, Study Finds." CNN published online (3 April 2024). |
5406. |
Rogers, Stacy J. |
Bringing the Outside In: Remarriage, Family Interaction and Child Outcomes in the Context of Parental Work Experiences Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, August 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Family Environment; Family Influences; Family Structure; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences; Remarriage; Self-Esteem; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, Stacy J. "Bringing the Outside In: Remarriage, Family Interaction and Child Outcomes in the Context of Parental Work Experiences." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, August 1994. |
5407. |
Rogers, Stacy J. |
Family Context of Children's Social and Emotional Development: Marital Quality and Mother-Child Interaction in Mother-Father and Mother-Stepfather Families Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Health; Education; Family Environment; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income; Marital Stability; Maternal Employment; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) This study examines the ways in which the processes of marital and parent-child interaction and their implications for children's well-being differ in mother-father and mother-stepfather families. This research considers the influence of marital quality on the quality of mother-child interaction, as indicated by the supportiveness of the mother's reported response to the child's temper tantrum, and the actual disciplinary style the mother reported using in the week prior to the interview. This research then considers the subsequent effects of the quality of mother-child interaction on children's behavior problems and self-esteem. This model of family interaction is tested using data from the 1988 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Merged Child-Mother dataset. The research sample consists of 697 preadolescent children age 8 through 11 who lived either with both biological parents, or their mother and a stepfather in 1988, and were interviewed in 1988. Several sources of information, including maternal reports and reports from the children themselves, are utilized in this research. A series of weighted, cumulative, ordinary least squares regression models were estimated to test the relationships in this model. The results indicate that the quality of the marital relationship has a significant effect on the quality of mother-child interaction and children's behavior problems for those in mother-father families, but is more separate from these aspects of the family for those in mother-stepfather families. The quality of the mother-child relationship has similar effects for children in both types of families, with higher quality mother-child interaction having significant, beneficial effects for children's self-esteem and behavioral development. Children's feelings of self-esteem also have a significant, negative effect on their level of behavior problems, though this relationship is significant only for children in mother-father fam ilies. Additional ana lyses indicated that the effects of the key variables in this model vary significantly by family structure, with less variation by the sex or race of the child. Dissertation Abstract International, VOL. 54-08A, Page 3223 |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, Stacy J. Family Context of Children's Social and Emotional Development: Marital Quality and Mother-Child Interaction in Mother-Father and Mother-Stepfather Families. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1993. |
5408. |
Rogers, Stacy J. |
Family Structure and Children's Social and Emotional Development: Marital Quality, Mother-Child Interaction and Child Outcomes in Mother-Father and Mother-Stepfather Families Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Health; Family Characteristics; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Income; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Stability; Maternal Employment; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this research, a sample of 697 8 to 12 year old children from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey's Youth Cohort in 1988 is used to consider family interaction patterns and their effects for children's self-esteem and behavior problems in mother-father and mother-stepfather families. I also consider the extent to which children's feelings of self-esteem may mediate the effect of mother-child interaction on child behavior problems. The results indicate that more supportive mother-child interaction is significantly related to higher self-esteem and lower levels of behavior problems for children, regardless of family structure. There are also important differences in family process and its effects on children. In mother-father families, a higher quality marital relationship is significantly and directly related to more supportive mother-child interaction and lower levels of behavior problems in children. In contrast, the marital relationship in mother-stepfather families does not significantly effect other aspects of family life. The effect of self-esteem on children's behavior problems is also different for children in the two types of families. For children in mother-father families, having higher self-esteem is significantly related to lower levels of behavior problems. Children's self-esteem does not significantly effect their level of behavior problems for children in mother-stepfather families. The implications of these findings for children's social capital are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, Stacy J. "Family Structure and Children's Social and Emotional Development: Marital Quality, Mother-Child Interaction and Child Outcomes in Mother-Father and Mother-Stepfather Families." Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. |
5409. |
Rogers, Stacy J. |
Family Structure and Children's Social and Emotional Outcomes: The Impact of Marital Quality and Mother-Child Interaction Patterns in Stepfather and Intact Families Presented: Pittsburgh, PA, Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, August 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Behavioral Development; Education; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Income; Marital Conflict; Marital Dissolution; Marital Instability; Marital Stability; Maternal Employment; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It is postulated that persistent marital conflict, as well as marital support, may affect the quality of interactions between mothers & their children, which in turn are expected to influence children's behavioral & emotional development, & that children's sense of self-esteem may mediate the effects of marital conflict & mother-child interaction on children's behavior problems. The model is tested for a subsample of both mother-father & mother-stepfather families (N = 688 children ages 8-11) who participated in the National Longitudinal Survey's Youth Cohort in 1988. The findings indicate that the proposed model operates similarly for mother-father & mother-stepfather families. Supportive marital relationships are associated with more positive interactions between mother & child. In turn, more positive mother-child interactions are directly related to higher levels of children's self-esteem & lower levels of behavior problems. While marital conflict does not have a direct effect on the quality of mother-child interactions, it is negatively related to children's sense of self-esteem & positively associated with behavior problems. Compared to mother-stepfather families, mother-father families are associated with more supportive, positive interactions between mothers & children, & higher levels of self-esteem in children. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, Stacy J. "Family Structure and Children's Social and Emotional Outcomes: The Impact of Marital Quality and Mother-Child Interaction Patterns in Stepfather and Intact Families." Presented: Pittsburgh, PA, Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, August 1992. |
5410. |
Rogers, Stacy J. |
Marital Quality, Mothers' Parenting and Children's Outcomes: A Comparison of Mother/Father and Mother/Stepfather Families Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Behavioral Development; Family Structure; Family Studies; Marital Conflict; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marital Stability; Parenting Skills/Styles; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The present research investigates the patterns of associations among marital quality, mothers' parenting practices and children's behavior problems and self-esteem in mother/stepfather and mother/father families. Data from a sample of 697 8 to 12 year old children from the 1988 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to investigate these associations. The results indicate marital quality is significantly associated with mothers' parenting and children's outcomes in mother/father families. However, in mother/stepfather families, marital conflict is not associated with mothers' parenting or children's outcomes. Mothers' authoritative parenting is significantly related to children's outcomes in both family types. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, Stacy J. "Marital Quality, Mothers' Parenting and Children's Outcomes: A Comparison of Mother/Father and Mother/Stepfather Families." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996. |
5411. |
Rogers, Stacy J. |
Marital Quality, Mothers' Parenting and Children's Outcomes: A Comparison of Mother/Father and Mother/Stepfather Families Sociological Focus 29,4 (October 1996): 325-340. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/20831797 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: North Central Sociological Association ==> Routledge (new in 2012) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Family Structure; Marital Conflict; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The present research investigates the patterns of associations among marital quality, mothers' parenting practices and children's behavior problems and self-esteem in mother/stepfather and mother/father families. Data from a sample of 697 8- to 12-year-old children from the 1988 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to investigate these associations. The results indicate marital quality is significantly associated with mothers' parenting and children's outcomes in mother/father families. However, in mother/stepfather families marital conflict is not associated with mothers' parenting or children's outcomes. Mothers' authoritative parenting is significantly related to children's outcomes in both family types. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, May 1994. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, Stacy J. "Marital Quality, Mothers' Parenting and Children's Outcomes: A Comparison of Mother/Father and Mother/Stepfather Families." Sociological Focus 29,4 (October 1996): 325-340.
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5412. |
Rogers, Stacy J. |
Mothers' Work Hours and Marital Quality: Variations by Family Structure and Family Size Journal of Marriage and Family 58,3 (August 1996): 606-617. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353721 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Employment; Family Size; Family Structure; Marital Conflict; Marital Instability; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Parenthood; Work Hours/Schedule This research uses data from the 1988 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Merged Child-Mother to investigate the association between married mothers' employment and their reports of marital conflict and marital happiness in continuously married families with children and in mother-stepfather families. For continuously married families with children, the findings indicate a nonsignificant trend that is consistent with role strain perspectives. For mother-stepfather families, there is a significant trend in which mothers' full-time employment is associated with higher marital quality when there are more children in the household. These findings are interpreted in light of the distributive justice perspective's emphasis on the meanings of roles and the importance of spouses' perceptions of equity for marital quality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, Stacy J. "Mothers' Work Hours and Marital Quality: Variations by Family Structure and Family Size." Journal of Marriage and Family 58,3 (August 1996): 606-617.
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5413. |
Rogers, Stacy J. |
Parents' Work and Children's Social Capital: The Interface of Work, Parenting, and Child Adjustment in Mother/Father and Mother/Stepfather Families Presented: San Francisco, CA, Annual Meetings of the Population Association of America, April 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Studies; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Parenting Skills/Styles; Work Ethic Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, Stacy J. "Parents' Work and Children's Social Capital: The Interface of Work, Parenting, and Child Adjustment in Mother/Father and Mother/Stepfather Families." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Annual Meetings of the Population Association of America, April 1995. |
5414. |
Rogers, Stacy J. |
Variations by Family Structure and Family Size in the Relationship Between Maternal Work Hours and Marital Quality Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Characteristics; Family Size; Family Structure; Marital Conflict; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Mothers; Sex Roles; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research uses the 1988 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Merged Child-Mother data set to investigate the association between married mothers' employment and their reports of marital conflict and marital happiness in continuously married families with children and mother/stepfather families with children. For continuously married families, the findings indicate a nonsignificant trend that is consistent with role strain perspectives. For mother/stepfather families there is a significant trend in which mothers full-time employment is associated with higher marital quality when there are more children in the household. These findings are interpreted in light of the distributive justice perspective's emphasis on the meanings of roles and the importance of spouses' perceptions of equity for marital quality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, Stacy J. "Variations by Family Structure and Family Size in the Relationship Between Maternal Work Hours and Marital Quality." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996. |
5415. |
Rogers, Stacy J. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Family Effects on Children's Social and Emotional Outcomes: The Impact of Marital Quality and Mother-Child Interaction Patterns Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, August 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for the Study of Social Problems Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Children; Children, Behavioral Development; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Instability; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper assesses the impact of marital quality and mother-child interaction patterns on children's self-esteem and maternal reports of child behavior problems. Persistent marital conflict, however low level, may affect the interaction patterns of mothers and their children, which in turn influences children's behavioral and emotional development. Also, the extent to which children's self-esteem may mediate the effects of marital conflict and mother- child interaction on children's behavior problems is investigated. The potential differences for stepfather families compared to intact families are also assessed. A sample of 688 8 to 11 year old children and their mothers and fathers or stepfathers from the NLSY in 1988 were used to investigate these questions. It was found that supportive marital relationships have positive, direct affects on the quality of the mother/child interaction. Emotionally positive and supportive interactions between mothers and their children ar e significantly related to increased child self-esteem and reports of fewer behavior problems in children. Children's self-esteem and behavior problems are also directly affected by the level of conflict in the parents' marital relationship. High marital conflict is significantly related to lower child self-esteem and reports of more child behavior problems. Children's self-esteem is significantly, negatively related to their reported level of behavior problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, Stacy J. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Family Effects on Children's Social and Emotional Outcomes: The Impact of Marital Quality and Mother-Child Interaction Patterns." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, August 1991. |
5416. |
Rogers, Stacy J. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Parcel, Toby L. |
Effects of Maternal Working Conditions and Mastery on Child Behavior Problems: Studying the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Control Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Children; Children, Behavioral Development; Control; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Maternal Employment; Mothers; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, Stacy J., Elizabeth G. Menaghan and Toby L. Parcel. "Effects of Maternal Working Conditions and Mastery on Child Behavior Problems: Studying the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Control." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 1990. |
5417. |
Rogers, Stacy J. Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
The Effects of Maternal Working Conditions and Mastery on Child Behavior Problems: Studying the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Control Journal of Health and Social Behavior 32,2 (June 1991): 145-164. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2137149 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Children; Children, Behavioral Development; Control; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Maternal Employment; Mothers; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper assesses the impact of maternal sense of mastery and maternal working conditions on maternal perceptions of children's behavior problems as a means to study the transmission of social control across generations. Data from a sample of 521 employed mothers and their four-to-six-year-old children from the NLSY in 1986 are utilized. Regarding working conditions, the authors consider mother's hourly wage, work hours, and job content including involvement with things (vs. people), the requisite level of physical activity, and occupational complexity. Also considered are maternal and child background and current family characteristics, including marital status, family size, and home environment. Maternal mastery was related to fewer reported behavior problems among children. Lower involvement with people and higher involvement with things, as well as low physical activity, were related significantly to higher levels of perceived problems. In addition, recent changes in maternal marital status, including maternal marriage or remarriage, increased reports of problems; stronger home environments had the opposite effect. The authors interpret these findings as suggesting how maternal experiences of control in the workplace and personal resources of control can influence the internalization of control in children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rogers, Stacy J., Toby L. Parcel and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "The Effects of Maternal Working Conditions and Mastery on Child Behavior Problems: Studying the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Control." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 32,2 (June 1991): 145-164.
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5418. |
Rohwer, Gotz Trappe, Heike |
Describing Life Courses. An Illustration Based on NLSY Data Presented: Florence, Italy, POLIS project conference at the European University Institute, February-March 1997. Also: http://www.stat.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/papers.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: European Univeristy Institute (EUI) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Educational Attainment; Life Course; Methods/Methodology; Mobility, Occupational; Transition, School to Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we try to contribute to a discussion of methods for describing life courses which might be useful for the polis project.
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Bibliography Citation
Rohwer, Gotz and Heike Trappe. "Describing Life Courses. An Illustration Based on NLSY Data." Presented: Florence, Italy, POLIS project conference at the European University Institute, February-March 1997. |
5419. |
Roksa, Josipa Levey, Tania Gabrielle |
What Can You Do with That Degree? College Major and Occupational Status of College Graduates over Time Social Forces 89,2 (December 2010): 389-415. Also: http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/89/2/389.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): College Degree; College Graduates; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Occupational Attainment; Occupational Status; Occupations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While Income inequality among college graduates is well documented, inequality in occupational status remains largely unexplored. We examine whether and how occupational specificity of college majors is related to college graduates' transition into the labor market and their subsequent occupational trajectories. Analyses of NLSY79 indicate that occupationally specific degrees are beneficial at the point of entry into the labor market but have the lowest growth in occupational status over time. Students earning credentials focusing on general skills, in contrast, begin in jobs with low occupational status but subsequently report the greatest growth. These findings illuminate specific ways in which educational and occupational systems interact and provide a novel approach for understanding inequality in labor market outcomes among college graduates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Roksa, Josipa and Tania Gabrielle Levey. "What Can You Do with That Degree? College Major and Occupational Status of College Graduates over Time." Social Forces 89,2 (December 2010): 389-415.
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5420. |
Romich, Jennifer L. Gao, Xiang |
Does Children's Housework Matter?: Adult Trajectories of Boys and Girls Who Spend Time Doing Household Chores and Sibling Care Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, April 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Housework/Housewives; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although research has focused on the impact of youth employment while in high school, less attention has been paid to the responsibilities some young adults have within the household. However, children do considerable homemaking and care work within the house. What is the impact of this work on children's subsequent development? Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, we examine housework, sibling caretaking, and subsequent adult beliefs and behavior within a sample of adolescents with younger siblings. Our evidence suggests that work done in the childhood home may have lasting significance on beliefs and roles later in life. For instance, men in their early 40s who had cared for younger siblings as teens were less likely to have children and were more likely to favor women's employment and believe that that men should share housework. |
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Bibliography Citation
Romich, Jennifer L. and Xiang Gao. "Does Children's Housework Matter?: Adult Trajectories of Boys and Girls Who Spend Time Doing Household Chores and Sibling Care." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, April 2008. |
5421. |
Roof, Paul D. |
Combining Structural and Individual Characteristics: Understanding the Factors Influencing the Process of Adult Welfare Dependency Presented: Atlanta, GA, Southern Sociological Society (SSS) Conference, April 4-7, 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Sociological Society Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Poverty; Racial Differences; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Past research dealing with intergenerational poverty has been better suited to predict the attainment outcomes of African Americans than of other racial minorities, such as Hispanic Americans. This research examines three integral components of intergenerational poverty: early childhood resources, adolescent aspirations, and adult welfare dependency. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey and Youth 1979-1996 (NLSY) is extracted for this research and results in a sample of 6,283 female respondents. The intergenerational poverty process is examined through racial variation in the outcomes of Whites, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans. The preliminary results suggest that there are marked racial differences in early resource availability, cognitive ability, and aspirations. The preliminary findings of this study also suggest racial differences in adult welfare dependency. |
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Bibliography Citation
Roof, Paul D. "Combining Structural and Individual Characteristics: Understanding the Factors Influencing the Process of Adult Welfare Dependency." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Southern Sociological Society (SSS) Conference, April 4-7, 2001. |
5422. |
Rooks, Ronica Nicole |
The Effects of Working in Pink-Collar Occupations on Upward Occupational Mobility Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland College Park, 1999. Also: https://workfamily.sas.upenn.edu/wfrn-repo/facet/all_author_field?filters=all_author_field%3A%22Ronica%20Nicole%20Rooks%22 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Mobility; Mobility, Occupational; Racial Equality/Inequality This research (1) creates an empirical definition and list of "pink-collar" occupations (PCO), (2) analyzes whether women in PCO are more likely to remain in these occupations or experience upward occupational mobility to professional and managerial occupations, (3) analyzes whether Latina and African-American women in PCO are less likely to experience upward occupational mobility compared to White women, and (4) analyzes what other factors determine upward occupational mobility for women in PCO, using bivariate cross-tabulations and multinomial logistic regression. Based on the 1980 Public-Use Microdata Sample, PCO are defined as occupations where: (1) greater than two-thirds of the workers are women, (2) greater than 50% are within service industries, and (3) greater than 50% have between eleven to fourteen years of educational achievement. Fifty-one PCO were identified. Based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, fewer women remained in PCO (32%) between 1982 and 1992 than those who experienced mobility into professional and managerial occupations (38%), blue-collar occupations (9%), or non-employment (21%). Bivariate and multivariate results revealed that race and ethnicity did not account for significant differences in women's occupational mobility from PCO. Multinomial logistic regression results revealed that women in PCO were more likely to move to professional and managerial occupations when they were never or previously married in 1982, had more years of completed education in 1992, were not enrolled in school in 1992, and did not have children in 1992. Women were more likely to move to blue-collar occupations when they were not enrolled in school in 1982, had a lower hourly rate-of-pay in 1982, and were working part-time in 1982. Women were more likely to become non-employed when they had a lower hourly rate-of-pay in 1982 and had one child or more in 1992. Women were more likely to remain in PCO when they were married in 1982, had a higher hourly rate-of-pay in 1982, worked full-time in 1982, had fewer completed years of school in 1992, were enrolled in school in 1992, and had a child in 1992. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rooks, Ronica Nicole. The Effects of Working in Pink-Collar Occupations on Upward Occupational Mobility. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland College Park, 1999.. |
5423. |
Rosales-Rueda, Maria Fernanda |
Family Investment Responses to Childhood Health Conditions: Intrafamily Allocation of Resources Journal of Health Economics 37 (September 2014): 41-57. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629614000691 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Birth Order; Birthweight; Child Health, Limiting Condition(s); Children, Mental Health; Family Resources; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Education; Parental Investments; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Self-Esteem; Siblings The onset of a health condition during childhood impairs skill formation. A number of studies have investigated the long-lasting effects of poor health during childhood on later-in-life outcomes. However, this evidence ignores how parents respond to the onset of health conditions. Do their investments reinforce the health condition? Or compensate, or behave neutrally? If parents change their investments, the relationship between early health and later outcomes combines the biological effect and the investment responses. To address this question, I use within-sibling variation in the incidence of health conditions to control for selection from unobserved household heterogeneity. Parents invest, on average, 0.16 standard deviations less in children with mental conditions relative to their healthy siblings, using a measure of investment that includes time and resources. On the contrary, when children have a physical condition, parental investments do not differ across siblings. Results are robust to alternative measures of health conditions and the inclusion of child fixed effects. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosales-Rueda, Maria Fernanda. "Family Investment Responses to Childhood Health Conditions: Intrafamily Allocation of Resources." Journal of Health Economics 37 (September 2014): 41-57.
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5424. |
Rosales-Rueda, Maria Fernanda |
Three Essays on Families, Children and Human Capital Formation Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Policy Studies, The University of Chicago, 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Birth Order; Birthweight; Child Health, Limiting Condition(s); Children, Mental Health; Family Resources; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Behavior; Parental Investments; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My dissertation investigates the interactions between family investments, early-life shocks and human capital among children. Understanding the role of the family has important implications for the design of social interventions that attempt to remediate adverse early childhood environments. In the second essay, I consider how U.S. families choose to invest in response to the onset of a health condition in a child. Family investments can reinforce, or compensate for the occurrence of a health-limiting condition. The results from this paper shed light on the importance of incorporating the family unit as part of public policies that involve children with serious health conditions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosales-Rueda, Maria Fernanda. Three Essays on Families, Children and Human Capital Formation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Policy Studies, The University of Chicago, 2014. |
5425. |
Roscigno, Vincent J. |
Family/School Inequality and African-American/Hispanic Achievement Social Problems 47,2 (May 2000): 266-290. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3097201 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Elementary School Students; Ethnic Differences; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Family Structure; Hispanics; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Differences; Schooling; Siblings; Simultaneity Analyses of educational achievement and racial gaps, in particular, have demonstrated the importance of family background and school attributes. Little of this work, however, incorporates a broad, multi-level, conceptual and analytic focus; one whereby disadvantages at, and potential linkages between, family and school levels are considered simultaneously. In this paper, I offer a framework that views individuals and societal subgroups as simultaneously embedded in multiple institutional spheres that are potentially interdependent. Such embeddedness and interdependency, I argue, are important for understanding the reproduction of group disadvantage, including that pertaining to educational outcomes. Analyses of Black and Hispanic disadvantages in achievement draw from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and its new school and principal component surveys. Baseline family disadvantages (1986) explain a substantial portion of racial variation in math/reading comprehension (1994), while changes in family income and parental education over a five year period (1986-1990) yield notable consequences as well. These effects are strong and direct at the early elementary levels, and partially mediated through earlier patterns of academic achievement for late elementary and middle school students. The addition of school attributes, and modest declines in family effects, suggest that it is partially through (the allocation of children to) schools that general and race-specific family disadvantages are played out. Particularly important are racial inequalities in public/private school enrollment, school social class composition, instructional expenditure, and crime at the school level. I conclude by discussing the implications of my argument and findings for research in the area of education and stratification more broadly. |
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Bibliography Citation
Roscigno, Vincent J. "Family/School Inequality and African-American/Hispanic Achievement." Social Problems 47,2 (May 2000): 266-290.
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5426. |
Rose, Jennifer S. |
Multivariate Applications in Substance Use Research: New Methods for New Questions Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Methods/Methodology; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Statistical Analysis; Statistics; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rose, Jennifer S. Multivariate Applications in Substance Use Research: New Methods for New Questions. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000. |
5427. |
Rosenbaum, Emily Kandel, Denise B. |
Early Onset of Adolescent Sexual Behavior and Drug Involvement Journal of Marriage and Family 52,3 (August 1990): 783-798. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352942 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Alcohol Use; Behavior; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Deviance; Drug Use; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Experiences/Virginity This paper investigated the relationship between drug use and sexual activity prior to age sixteen using data from two youngest birth cohorts (N=2,711) from the NLSY. When other important risk factors were controlled, reported prior use of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs greatly increased the risk of early sexual activity for adolescent males and females. [ERIC EJ419734] |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenbaum, Emily and Denise B. Kandel. "Early Onset of Adolescent Sexual Behavior and Drug Involvement." Journal of Marriage and Family 52,3 (August 1990): 783-798.
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5428. |
Rosenthal, Aaron Farhart, Christina |
Timing Matters: How Adolescent Police Contact Shapes Political Lives Political Behavior published online (28 June 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s11109-022-09806-1. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11109-022-09806-1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Criminal Justice System; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Political Attitudes/Behaviors/Efficacy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Aggressive policing policies and practices have led to frequent interactions between the police and America's youth, particularly for young people of color. Research has demonstrated the negative effect of adolescent police contact on economic, educational, and health outcomes, yet we lack a systematic account of how these interactions shape American democracy and political engagement. To address this issue, we bring together theories from policy feedback and political socialization to argue that experiences with government will be more politically impactful when they take place during one's youth. We test this framework using two nationally representative longitudinal datasets, finding that police contact has a greater impact on political interest and political trust in adulthood when that contact first takes place during early adolescence. This analysis underscores the importance of changing the relationship between the police and America's youth by revealing the political power of preadult experiences with the state. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenthal, Aaron and Christina Farhart. "Timing Matters: How Adolescent Police Contact Shapes Political Lives." Political Behavior published online (28 June 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s11109-022-09806-1.
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5429. |
Rosenthal, Saul |
Social Ecology of Early Maternal Employment: Effects on Verbal Intelligence and Behavior Problems in a National Sample Presented: New Orleans, LA, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, March 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Child Development; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Part-Time Work; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Self-Esteem; Social Environment; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There continues to be a debate surrounding the developmental effects of maternal employment and nonmaternal care during the first year of life. General conclusions are often drawn from small samples, small effect sizes, and without regards to the context within which development is occurring. The present study was designed to explore questions of maternal employment using a social ecology perspective. That is, it is expected that employment effects would be moderated by social context variables. Poverty status at birth and relative maternal intelligence were examined as major social ecology variables. In addition, a number of control variables were included in order to determine the influence of employment within a complex social environment. Results suggest that maternal employment is somewhat related to verbal intelligence outcomes, but only in certain conditions. Verbal intelligence scores for children born below the poverty line and for children born to higher-intelligence mothers were highest for those children whose mothers worked part-time. Differential effects of employment has implications for research and general conclusions that are typically drawn in regards to maternal employment and nonmaternal care. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenthal, Saul. "Social Ecology of Early Maternal Employment: Effects on Verbal Intelligence and Behavior Problems in a National Sample." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, March 1993. |
5430. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. |
Population Growth and Human Capital Investments: Theory and Evidence Journal of Political Economy 98,5 (October 1990): S38-S70. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2937631 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Birthweight; Fertility; Human Capital Theory; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care This paper reviews evidence from studies that have examined the interrelationships among population growth, investments in human capital, and economic development. The first section discusses the effects of economic growth on fertility and school investment. Section two reviews evidence pertaining to the effects of changes in fertility on human capital. Data from a wide range of international and U.S. data bases are cited including fertility and birthweight information from the NLSY Children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. "Population Growth and Human Capital Investments: Theory and Evidence." Journal of Political Economy 98,5 (October 1990): S38-S70.
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5431. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. |
Welfare, Marital Prospects, and Nonmarital Childbearing Journal of Political Economy 107,6 (December 1999): S3-S32. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250102 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Assortative Mating; Benefits; Children; Family Size; Fertility; Marriage; Women The roles of the entitlements of the AFDC program and marital prospects in the fertility and marriage choices of young women are assessed in the context of a model incorporating heritable endowment heterogeneity, assortative mating, concern for child quality, and potential parental and public support alternatives. Estimates based on data describing the fertility and marital experience up to age 23 of the eight birth cohorts of women in the NLSY provide evidence that higher AFDC benefit levels and lower marital prospects induce young women to choose to have a child outside of marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. "Welfare, Marital Prospects, and Nonmarital Childbearing." Journal of Political Economy 107,6 (December 1999): S3-S32.
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5432. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Are There Increasing Returns to the Intergenerational Production of Capital? Maternal Schooling and Child Intellectual Achievement Working Paper, Prepared for the Workshop "Economic Well-Being of Women and Children" Minneapolis, MN, February 21-23, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Child Health; General Assessment; Human Capital; Mortality; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Siblings; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A common empirical finding obtained from data sets describing both high and low-income households is a strong positive correlation between the educational attainment of mothers and measures of the human capital of their children, such as birthweight, survival, educational attainment or health. This relationship appears to be robust to "controls" for various measures of income. Two principal hypotheses have been suggested for why maternal education and offspring human capital outcomes are related. First, education may improve the efficiency of human capital production, so that there are increasing returns, intergenerationally, in parental human capital. This idea is embedded in the human capital (self) production model of Ben-Porath (1970) and is incorporated, for example, in the recent growth model of Becker et al. (1990). A second hypothesis is that the educational level of mothers is a function of their endowed or innate human capital, which is positively correlated with that of their children. More generally, it is suggested that unobservables affecting maternal education are correlated with the human capital of children net of any human capital investments in them. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Are There Increasing Returns to the Intergenerational Production of Capital? Maternal Schooling and Child Intellectual Achievement." Working Paper, Prepared for the Workshop "Economic Well-Being of Women and Children" Minneapolis, MN, February 21-23, 1991. |
5433. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Are There Increasing Returns to the Intergenerational Production of Human Capital? Maternal Schooling and Child Intellectual Achievement Journal of Human Resources 29,2 (Spring 1994): 670-693. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146115 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Childbearing; Children, Academic Development; Control; General Assessment; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Siblings; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing A common empirical finding obtained from data sets describing both high and low-income households is a strong positive correlation between the educational attainment of mothers and measures of the human capital of their children, such as birthweight, survival, educational attainment or health This relationship appears to be robust controls for various measures of income. Two principal hypotheses have been suggested for why maternal education and offspring human capital outcomes are related. First, education may improve the efficiency of human capital production, so that there are increasing returns, intergenerationally, in parental human capital. Estimates from models that take into account heterogeneity in maternal endowments could not reject this hypothesis and suggest benefits to postponed childbearing. In particular, they suggest that postponement of the initiation of childbearin by two years among women who are tenth-graders would result in a 5 percent increase in their children's achievement test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Are There Increasing Returns to the Intergenerational Production of Human Capital? Maternal Schooling and Child Intellectual Achievement." Journal of Human Resources 29,2 (Spring 1994): 670-693.
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5434. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Inequality Among Young Adult Siblings, Public Assistance Programs, and Intergenerational Living Arrangements Journal of Human Resources 29,4 (Fall 1994): 1101-1125. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146135 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Coresidence; Earnings; Education; Endogeneity; Income; Siblings; Welfare In this paper, we formulate a model of young-adult, parent and public sector interactions to consider the allocation of parental resources among siblings who are young adults. In particular, we examine the issue of the determination of the distribution of parental housing among young adult children, with particular attention to the role of public welfare programs. We model these decisions as a sample non-cooperative game between young adult children and their parents who take governmental welfare rules concerning assistance as exogenous to their decisions, but actual public support as endogenous. We show that identification of parental decision rules concerning the distribution of cursedness among multiple offspring requires information on the characteristics of parents and of all of the adult children as well as the governmental welfare rules that pertain to the area of residence of the parents and of each of the sibling children who may live apart from the parents. Information on the siblings represented in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) combined with information of state-level welfare rules, by year, is used to obtain estimates of parental co-residence decision rules in terms of the earnings, schooling and fertility choices of their children and potential welfare benefits based on estimation procedures that take into account, to varying degrees, missing information relevant to these decisions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Inequality Among Young Adult Siblings, Public Assistance Programs, and Intergenerational Living Arrangements." Journal of Human Resources 29,4 (Fall 1994): 1101-1125.
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5435. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Inequality at Birth: The Scope for Policy Intervention Journal of Econometrics 50,1-2 (October-November 1991): 205-225. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030440769190096V Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Childbearing; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Fertility; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Health; Parental Influences; Sons; Substance Use In this paper, the authors utilize information on birthweight and gestational age among siblings and maternal behaviors relevant to birth outcomes to decompose the inequality (variance) in child health at birth into those components associated with variance in endowments, the correlation between health-relevant behaviors and endowments, and the correlation between health endowments and the environmental variables influencing the household choice set. Estimations are made of: (1) the effects of maternal behaviors, including substance abuse, cigarette smoking, prenatal care, birth spacing and timing, and weight gain on the two birth outcomes; (2) the variance in the health endowment common to the two measures and to siblings; (3) the covariances between the maternal behaviors and health endowments; and (4) the variance in measurement errors for each outcome variable. The results indicate that, despite the importance of many maternal behaviors in influencing birthweigh t, a substantial fraction of its variance is due to endowment variation. This result appears to be robust to what is assumed about the relative importance of the correlations between household constraints and the responsiveness of health-related parental behavior to endowments. For birthweight, it was found, moreover, that endowment variation is on net reinforced by parental resource allocations, although this effect is small. It was also found that for the NLSY sample most of the variance in gestation is measurement error, while for birthweight the "noise" component is only one-third of the total variance. The authors reject the hypothesis that gestation and birthweight measure a single health factor, with parental behaviors influencing each in distinctly different ways. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Inequality at Birth: The Scope for Policy Intervention." Journal of Econometrics 50,1-2 (October-November 1991): 205-225.
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5436. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Inequality at Birth: The Scope for Policy Intervention Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Childbearing; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Fertility; Mothers, Health; Parental Influences; Sons; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Inequality at Birth: The Scope for Policy Intervention." Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990. |
5437. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Intergenerational Support and the Life-Cycle Incomes of Young Men and Their Parents: Human Capital Investments, Coresidence, and Intergenerational Financial Transfers Journal of Labor Economics 11,1, Part 1: Essays in Honor of Jacob Mincer (January 1993): 84-112. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2535185.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Kinship; Life Cycle Research; Men's Studies; Transfers, Financial This article examines the resource allocations of parents in the form of both shared residence with and financial transfers to their young adult sons. Based on an overlapping generations model incorporating a game between parents and adult children, estimates of the determinants of such transfers are obtained from the kinship-linked cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys. The estimates suggest that both types of parental assistance are as important as governmental transfers in supporting young men and are responsive to the current and anticipated earnings of their offspring, suggesting that young men cannot adequately smooth their consumption without parental help. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Intergenerational Support and the Life-Cycle Incomes of Young Men and Their Parents: Human Capital Investments, Coresidence, and Intergenerational Financial Transfers ." Journal of Labor Economics 11,1, Part 1: Essays in Honor of Jacob Mincer (January 1993): 84-112.
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5438. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Maternal Expectations and Ex Post Rationalizations The Usefulness of Survey Information on the Wantedness of Children Journal of Human Resources 28,2 (Spring 1993): 205-229. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146201 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Bias Decomposition; Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Children; Contraception; Fertility; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Wantedness In this paper we assess the value of retrospectively-ascertained information on the wantedness of children by evaluating (i) the extent to which such information provides an unbiased estimate of the excess births occurring solely as a consequence of imperfect fertility control and (ii) whether information on the wantedness of a child is a good predictor of its subsequent treatment by parents--whether unwantedness signals neglect. We formulate a dynamic model of fertility incorporating stochastic fertility control, uncertain child traits and information accumulation from which we can formulate a rigorous definition of child-specific unwantedness. Based on information on both retrospectively obtained and pre-birth information on wantedness and on children's birthweight, we find that parents are more likely to report that children are wanted ex post if they have a better birth outcome and exhibit overly optimistic expectations about their children's traits and/or risk preferences. As a consequence, published statistics on the prevalence of unwanted births overstate the true proportion due to contraceptive failure by 26 percent. Data are from the NLSY a sample of 3,233 females who had a live birth by 1986. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Maternal Expectations and Ex Post Rationalizations The Usefulness of Survey Information on the Wantedness of Children." Journal of Human Resources 28,2 (Spring 1993): 205-229.
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5439. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Natural "Natural Experiments" in Economics Journal of Economic Literature 38,4 (December 2000): 827-874. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2698663 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Earnings; Educational Returns; Fertility; Heterogeneity; Income; Labor Supply; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Savings; Siblings; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The costliness of and limitations on experiments involving human subjects have long been identified as major constraints on the progress of economic science. Indeed, it has been increasingly recognized that identification of many interesting parameters, such as the effects of schooling or work experience on earnings or of income on savings, requires attention to the fact that the variation in many of the variables whose effects are of interest may not be orthogonal to unobservable factors that jointly affect the outcomes studied. Such unmeasured or unmeasurable factors may include pre-existing or endowed skills ("ability"), preferences, or technologies that vary across individuals or firms in the economy. The possible existence of heterogeneity in these attributes means that almost all estimates are open to alternative interpretations in terms of self-selection by such traits. In determining the returns to schooling, for example, individuals cannot be considered to be randomly sorted among schooling levels. Thus, that more-schooled individuals have higher earnings may reflect the fact that more able individuals prefer schooling or face lower schooling costs. Similarly, that fertility and female labor supply are negatively correlated may reflect variation in preferences for children and work in the population. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Natural "Natural Experiments" in Economics." Journal of Economic Literature 38,4 (December 2000): 827-874.
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5440. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Parental and Public Transfers to Young Women and Their Children American Economic Review 84,5 (December 1994): 1195-1212. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117768 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Benefits; Coresidence; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Methods/Methodology; Parental Influences; Transfers, Financial; Transfers, Public; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper presents estimates of how an increase in welfare benefits for the welfare-eligible affects the provision of parental support in the form of both financial transfers and shared residence based on an overlapping-generations framework incorporating game-theoretic interactions among parents, their adult children, and the government. The empirical results, obtained from two longitudinal data sets, indicate that the parents view a dollar of income earned by their daughters as equivalent to a dollar increase in welfare benefits. However, there exists only a small trade-off between the generosity of government aid and the incidence of parental aid. Copyright 1994 by American Economic Association. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Parental and Public Transfers to Young Women and Their Children." American Economic Review 84,5 (December 1994): 1195-1212.
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5441. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Rational Expectations and Ex Post Rationalizations: The Value of Subjective Measures of Excess Children Working Paper, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1988 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Behavior; Birthweight; Children; Fertility; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Wantedness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper assesses the usefulness of an attitudinal fertility variable describing the "wantedness" of children. The authors formulate a dynamic model of fertility behavior which incorporates uncertainty about child traits in order to assess the informational content of retrospectively-ascertained measures of wantedness. Utilizing data from the NLSY, the authors test for bias in wantedness information that may arise from both parents' responsiveness to the observed characteristics of their children as well as from biases in their expectations about their children's endowed traits. Results indicate that reports of wantedness obtained after children are born are significantly influenced by children's traits (ex post rationalization) and that mothers exhibit overly optimistic expectations regarding their children's endowed qualities. As a result, the retrospective measure of wantedness commonly collected and used to measure the principal consequence of imperfect fertility control overstates substantially the actual incidence of unwanted births. The authors conclude that the incidence of unwantedness based on information obtained from cross-sectional fertility surveys neither measures appropriately the family size or resource-allocation consequences of imperfect or costly contraceptive technology nor is a reliable indicator of child neglect. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Rational Expectations and Ex Post Rationalizations: The Value of Subjective Measures of Excess Children." Working Paper, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1988. |
5442. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Sisters, Siblings and Mothers: The Effect of Teen-age Childbearing on Birth Outcomes in a Dynamic Family Context Econometrica 63,2 (March 1995): 303-326. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2951628 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at Birth; Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Childbearing, Adolescent; Heterogeneity; Kinship; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Siblings; Sisters A statistical model of dynamic intrafamily investment behavior incorporating endowment heterogeneity is estimated to evaluate alternative estimation procedures that have exploited family and kinship data. These procedures, which place alternative restrictions on the endowment structure and on behavior, include generalized least squares, instrumental-variables, fixed-effects based on the children of sisters, fixed-effects based on siblings, and sibling fixed-effects with instrumental variables. The framework is applied to data on birth outcomes, with focus on the effects of teen-age childbearing net of other maternal behavior. The empirical results imply that the least restrictive statistical formulation, consistent with dynamic behavior and heterogeneity among siblings, fits the data best. All of the estimation procedures that control for a family-specific endowment indicate, however, that the biological effect of having a birth at younger ages is to marginally increase birthweight and to increase fetal growth. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Sisters, Siblings and Mothers: The Effect of Teen-age Childbearing on Birth Outcomes in a Dynamic Family Context." Econometrica 63,2 (March 1995): 303-326.
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5443. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Sisters, Siblings and Mothers: The Effects of Teenage Childbearing on Birth Outcomes Working Paper, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, November 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior; Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Childbearing, Adolescent; Heterogeneity; Kinship; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Siblings; Sisters Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The use of kinship data, particularly sibling information, as a means of reducing the effects of heterogeneity on estimates of the determinants of human capital is becoming increasingly common in economics. The most common applications have been directed to the questions of the returns to and determinants of schooling attainment. In this paper, we set out a statistical model incorporating the features of recent theoretical models of the family that highlight the roles of heterogeneity in endowments, endowment heritability and dynamic intrafamily investment behavior. The framework is used to show the nested (implicit) restrictions that characterize the statistical procedures that have exploited family and kinship data to obtain estimates of the determinants of children's human capital and thus to establish tests that discriminate among them. We show that information on the investments in and human capital outcomes of at least two children for mothers who are sisters is required to test among all possible estimators, although such data are not required to obtain estimates of the behavioral determinants of human capital outcomes with desirable properties. However, we show that such data can also reveal the intergenerational correlation (heritability) of endowments without the need to have information on outcomes or investments characterizing two generations. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Sisters, Siblings and Mothers: The Effects of Teenage Childbearing on Birth Outcomes." Working Paper, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, November 1991. |
5444. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Sisters, Siblings, and Mothers: The Effects of Teen-age Childbearing on Birth Outcomes Presented: Bethesda, MA, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior; Birth Outcomes; Childbearing, Adolescent; Heterogeneity; Kinship; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Siblings; Sisters effects of heterogeneity on estimates of the determinants of human capital is becoming increasingly common in economics. The most common applications have been directed to the questions of the returns to and determinants of schooling attainment. In this paper, we set out a statistical model incorporating the features of recent theoretical models of the family that highlight the roles of heterogeneity in endowments, endowment heritability and dynamic intrafamily investment behavior. The framework is used to show the nested (implicit) restrictions that characterize the statistical procedures that have exploited family and kinship data to obtain estimates of the determinants of children's human capital and thus to establish tests that discriminate among them. We show that information on the investments in and human capital outcomes of at least two children for mothers who are sisters is required to test among all possible estimators, although such data are not required to obtain estimates of the behavioral determinants of human capital outcomes with desirable properties. However, we show that such data can also reveal the intergenerational correlation (heritability) of endowments without the need to have information on outcomes or investments characterizing two generations. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Sisters, Siblings, and Mothers: The Effects of Teen-age Childbearing on Birth Outcomes." Presented: Bethesda, MA, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992. |
5445. |
Rosenzweig, Mark R. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
The Effect of the Timing and Frequency of Marijuana Use on Fetal Growth Based on Sibling Birth Data Working Paper, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Deviance; Drug Use; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Siblings; Sons; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A sample of 5669 births obtained from the NLSY is studied to investigate the effects of marijuana usage on fetal growth and the sensitivity of findings to the existence of both measured confounding risk factors associated with pregnancies and mothers and unmeasured risk factors characterizing mothers. In the bivariate relationships, infants born to women who smoked marijuana every month of the first trimester weighed 6.7 ounces less than women who did not smoke marijuana in the first trimester. Introducing controls for a large number of measured confounding risk factors identified in prior studies reduces the marijuana effect to 3.3 ounces. However, controlling in addition for all unmeasured attributes of the mother that are invariant across births using information on sibling births increases the estimated impact of marijuana use net of measured risk factors to 5.1 ounces, a value which is 52 percent higher than the standard multiple regression estimate. Further, the estimated marijuana effect obtained from this measure of use, which takes into account frequency and timing, is more than three times as large as the effect based only on a measure of ever-use in the first six months of pregnancy. The authors conclude that it is important to take into account unmeasured risk factors characterizing the mothers of infants in estimating the effects of substance use on fetal growth. Lack of controls for mother characteristics appear to lead to underestimates of the impact on fetal growth of the use of marijuana early into a pregnancy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "The Effect of the Timing and Frequency of Marijuana Use on Fetal Growth Based on Sibling Birth Data." Working Paper, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1990. |
5446. |
Rosopa, Patrick J. McIntyre, Ashley L. Fairbanks, Ian N. D'Souza, Katie B. |
Core Self-Evaluations, Job Complexity, and Net Worth: An Examination of Mediating and Moderating Factors Personality and Individual Differences 150 (1 November 2019): DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109518. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886919304507 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Job Characteristics; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Net Worth; Self-Esteem Core self-evaluations (CSE) is a higher-order latent variable composed of four lower-order variables--self-esteem, self-efficacy, emotional stability, and locus of control. Relatively little research has examined CSE as a distal predictor of financial success and the mechanisms that lead to financial success. Utilizing data from a longitudinal sample (N = 3364) collected over several decades, it was found that CSE had a positive effect on net worth, and that CSE had an indirect effect on net worth through job complexity. Additionally, job complexity and cognitive ability interacted in predicting net worth. Specifically, the positive association between job complexity and net worth became stronger as cognitive ability increased. Implications for the literature on the complex relationship between CSE and major life outcome variables and directions for future research are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rosopa, Patrick J., Ashley L. McIntyre, Ian N. Fairbanks and Katie B. D'Souza. "Core Self-Evaluations, Job Complexity, and Net Worth: An Examination of Mediating and Moderating Factors." Personality and Individual Differences 150 (1 November 2019): DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109518.
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5447. |
Ross, Clifford |
The Health Benefits of Extended Union Membership Among Women: A Family Status Perspective Social Currents published online (13 June 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/23294965241262219 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Gender; Gender Equality/Inequality; Gender Gap; Marital Status; Motherhood; Motherhood Penalty; Mothers; Mothers, Working; Unions; Women; Women at Mid-Life; Womens Health; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Workers in labor unions have better access to high-quality health insurance plans, better pensions, and higher wages leading to increased lifetime earnings likely leading to better health. Additionally, much of the gendered hiring, promotion, and wage discrimination faced by women in the workplace is dependent on social characteristics (marital status and/or their status as a mother). While many of the benefits associated with union membership can potentially buffer the gendered workplace inequalities that lead to poorer health outcomes, unions have been largely ignored in health disparities literature. Using 28 waves of data (N = 3,409) from The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this study creates a lifetime “union tenure” variable, tests its relationship to midlife physical and mental health, and tests ways in which motherhood and marital status may moderate this relationship. Findings suggest that long-term union membership is associated with better physical health among mothers but does not have a significant benefit for women without children. Further, in fully controlled models, this relationship is not dependent on marital status and both married and unmarried mothers see a union tenure health benefit. This study provides insight into how union membership may play a role in improving the midlife health of working mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ross, Clifford. "The Health Benefits of Extended Union Membership Among Women: A Family Status Perspective." Social Currents published online (13 June 2024).
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5448. |
Ross, Clifford James |
Labor Union Membership Tenure and Midlife Health: a Gendered Perspective Master's Thesis, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Motherhood; Unions; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The benefits of labor unions have not gone unstudied. Individuals in labor unions have better access to lower cost/more substantial health insurance plans, higher quality pension plans, and better wages leading to increased lifetime earnings. Even though many of these benefits create important pathways that could lead to better health, unions have been paid little attention in health literature. Additionally, in the modern workplace Mothers are offered lower starting salaries, are perceived as less competent, and face a penalty regarding hiring, promotion, and workplace educational opportunities. Compared to men, women with children see an income gap 20 cents wider than their childless women counterparts. Workplace discrimination and lower income have been shown to negatively impact health, but union membership could potentially offset this. Using a social determinants of health framework, this thesis investigates the relationship between long-term union membership and midlife health and further shows how this relationship differs based on gender and motherhood status. Using 28 waves of data (N=6,967) from The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this study creates a lifetime "union tenure" variable and tests its relationship to an individual's physical and mental health at midlife. Findings suggest that long-term union membership is associated with better physical health in the full sample, but for women, the health benefit associated with union tenure is dependent on them being a mother. These findings suggest that unions can play a key role in addressing midlife health disparities. Individuals are already looking to unionization as a way to address safety concerns arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, but this study shows that labor unions may also be further used as a tool to offset the wage disparities and discrimination currently faced by mothers in the modern workplace. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ross, Clifford James. Labor Union Membership Tenure and Midlife Health: a Gendered Perspective. Master's Thesis, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2022. |
5449. |
Ross, Sherwood |
Lower Worker Satisfaction A Problem For Employers Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 13, 1997, Business; Pg. C-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: P.G. Publishing Company, Inc. Keyword(s): Intelligence; Job Patterns; Job Satisfaction; Job Tenure; Job Turnover Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on Mary Roznowski's study of the relationship between employee's initial job satisfaction and their likelihood of quitting those jobs. The study, which utilized NLSY data, found that job satisfaction makes an employee less likely to quit at first, but after four years there is no difference in likelihood between those who initially reported high job satisfaction and those who did not. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ross, Sherwood. "Lower Worker Satisfaction A Problem For Employers." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 13, 1997, Business; Pg. C-2. |
5450. |
Rossi, Peter H. |
Ongoing Major Research on Welfare Reform: What Will be Learned In: Family and Child Well-Being After Welfare Reform. Douglas J. Besharov, ed. Somerset, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002: pp. 3-1 to 3-113. Also: http://www.welfareacademy.org/pubs/welfare/familywellbeing/ch3-rossi.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Transaction Publishers Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Children, Well-Being; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Manpower Programs; Manpower Research; Maternal Employment; National Survey of American Families (NSAF); Poverty; Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper assesses four major research projects currently underway, each designed to gather information on what is happening to low-income families subsequent to the welfare reforms instigated by the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA). Each of the projects is planned to describe some aspects of the welfare system in some places in the United States and the conditions of low-income households before and, in some cases, after the provisions of PRWORA have gone into effect. Although data collection has begun and the broad outlines of the research designs have been laid out, all the projects are still in progress. Changes in plans are likely to be made, especially for data collection efforts, which have not yet begun. Some data have been collected in each project, but the data collection will not be completed for several years. And, of course, except for the waiver experiments, none of the data collected has been analyzed in detail, although some findings have been released. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rossi, Peter H. "Ongoing Major Research on Welfare Reform: What Will be Learned" In: Family and Child Well-Being After Welfare Reform. Douglas J. Besharov, ed. Somerset, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002: pp. 3-1 to 3-113.
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5451. |
Rostad, Whitney L. Klevens, Joanne Ports, Katie A. Ford, Derek C. |
Impact of the United States Federal Child Tax Credit on Childhood Injuries and Behavior Problems Children and Youth Services Review 109 (February 2020): 104718. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740919308047 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Geocoded Data; Injuries; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Poverty; Program Participation/Evaluation; State-Level Data/Policy; Taxes Children who grow up in poverty are at risk for various poor outcomes. Socioeconomic policies can shape the conditions in which families are raising children and may be effective at reducing financial strain and helping families obtain economic sufficiency, thereby reducing risk for poor health outcomes. This study used data from two surveys conducted in the US, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Young Adult survey to determine whether the U.S. Federal Child Tax Credit (CTC), a socioeconomic policy that provides tax relief to low- and middle-income families to offset the costs of raising children, is associated with child well-being, as indicated by whether the child had injuries requiring medical attention and behavioral problems. Fixed-effects models, accounting for year and state of residence, detected a lower likelihood of injuries requiring medical attention (OR = 0.58, 95% CI [0.40, 0.86]) and significantly fewer behavior problems (b= -2.07, 95% CI [-4.06, -0.08]) among children with mothers eligible to receive a CTC, but only when it was partially refundable (i.e., mothers could receive a tax refund for a portion of the CTC that exceeds their tax liability) for families making as little as $3,000 a year. Tax credits like the CTC have the potential to alleviate financial strain among families, and consequently, may have impacts on injury and behavior problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rostad, Whitney L., Joanne Klevens, Katie A. Ports and Derek C. Ford. "Impact of the United States Federal Child Tax Credit on Childhood Injuries and Behavior Problems." Children and Youth Services Review 109 (February 2020): 104718.
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5452. |
Rostad, Whitney L. Ports, Katie A. Tang, Shichao |
Mothers' Homeownership and Children's Economic Success 20 Years Later among a Sample of US Citizens Children and Youth Services Review 99 (April 2019): 355-359. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740918309915 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Economic Well-Being; Family Constraints; Family Income; Home Ownership; Welfare Familial economic hardship, an adverse childhood experience (ACE) that increases children's risk for exposure to additional ACEs, can derail optimal child development. A compelling area with potential for reducing economic hardship and promoting healthy child development is housing. In the US, the largest contributor to family wealth is homeownership, which may contribute to a family's ability to provide their children opportunities to do better than previous generations. The objective of the current study was to examine the influence of homeownership on children's economic outcomes in adulthood. This study used data from two surveys conducted in the US, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Young Adult survey, to examine the association between mothers' homeownership in 1994 and children's economic outcomes 20 years later. Adults whose mothers owned homes in 1994 were over 1.5 times more likely to own homes, attained higher education, and were moderately less likely to receive public assistance in 2014 compared to adults whose mothers did not own homes. This paper highlights the potential of homeownership to break the intergenerational continuity of poverty. Programs that help families purchase affordable housing hold promise in helping ensure children reach their full potential and improving economic outcomes in future generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rostad, Whitney L., Katie A. Ports and Shichao Tang. "Mothers' Homeownership and Children's Economic Success 20 Years Later among a Sample of US Citizens." Children and Youth Services Review 99 (April 2019): 355-359.
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5453. |
Rothbaum, Jonathan L. |
Essays on Income Mobility and Counterfactual Distributions Ph.D. Dissertation, The George Washington University, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation focuses on two issues: the measurement of income mobility and counterfactual distributions. In the first essay, I propose a new framework for measuring income mobility based on how increases and decreases in income, considered separately, affect social welfare. The framework also unifies major concepts from previous measures. The second essay applies this method to measuring how intergenerational income mobility has changed over the last 20 years for blacks, Hispanics, and whites in the United States. The third essay extends current econometric techniques and proposes a simple method to construct a counterfactual distribution of the location of a variable across space. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rothbaum, Jonathan L. Essays on Income Mobility and Counterfactual Distributions. Ph.D. Dissertation, The George Washington University, 2013. |
5454. |
Rothstein, Donna S. |
An Analysis of Long-Term Unemployment Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Racial Differences; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We don’t know what proportion of individuals enter into a long-term unemployment spell over their labor market career, not just at a fixed point in time, how long it takes to find a job after a long-term unemployment spell, or how the spell affects wages over time. This paper provides a starting point for answering these questions. It uses the employment history of men in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) to estimate the hazards for entry into and exit from long-term spells of unemployment. It then estimates the wage costs over time associated with having had a long-term unemployment spell. The analysis focuses on respondents’ employment histories from their mid 20s, after initial labor market churning occurs, until their mid to late 40s and early 50s. In my sample of NLSY79 men, over 25 percent experience at least one long-term spell of unemployment from their mid 20s through 2009. On average, the first spell lasts over a year. Hazard estimates show that being black, having lower educational attainment, and having lower cognitive test scores are associated with increased odds of entering into a first long-term spell of unemployment in any given month. Black men also have decreased odds of ending their first long-term spell in any given month through reemployment. Having a higher cognitive test score and having worked full-time at a job prior to the long-term spell are associated with increased odds of reemployment. The wage costs of a long-term spell are quite persistent, with large wage losses found 5 or more years after the 27th week of the long-term unemployment spell. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rothstein, Donna S. "An Analysis of Long-Term Unemployment." Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013. |
5455. |
Rothstein, Donna S. |
An Analysis of Long-term Unemployment Monthly Labor Review (July 2016): . Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2016/article/an-analysis-of-long-term-unemployment.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Racial Differences; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration This article uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) to examine long-term unemployment of men in the United States during their early careers and midcareers. Over 22 percent of men in the sample experienced at least one long-term spell of unemployment from their mid-20s through 2009. On average, the first spell lasted over 1 year. Logit estimates from hazard models showed that being black, having lower educational attainment, and having lower cognitive skills were associated with increased odds of having a long-term spell of unemployment in any given month. Hazard estimates also showed that black men had decreased odds of reemployment in any given month after onset of a long-term spell. Having a higher cognitive test score, being younger, and having been displaced on the prior job were associated with increased odds of reemployment. The wage costs of a long-term spell were persistent with wage losses found 5 years after onset of the first long-term unemployment spell. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rothstein, Donna S. "An Analysis of Long-term Unemployment." Monthly Labor Review (July 2016): .
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5456. |
Rothstein, Donna S. |
Breastfeeding and Children's Early Cognitive Outcomes Review of Economics and Statistics 95,3 (July 2013): 919-931. Also: http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/REST_a_00282 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Breastfeeding; Children, Academic Development; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pre-natal Care/Exposure This paper investigates whether breastfeeding affects 5- to 6-year old children's cognitive development using three U.S. longitudinal data sets. The results for the full samples roughly point to a dose-response effect of breastfeeding on children's cognitive outcomes, with breastfeeding six months or more associated with about one-tenth of a standard deviation increase in cognitive test scores. The breastfeeding effects do not appear to be due to differences in maternal employment, cognitive ability, or parenting skills. In contrast, within-sibling results show no statistically significant breastfeeding effect. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rothstein, Donna S. "Breastfeeding and Children's Early Cognitive Outcomes." Review of Economics and Statistics 95,3 (July 2013): 919-931.
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5457. |
Rothstein, Donna S. |
Entry into and Consequences of Nonstandard Work Arrangements Monthly Labor Review 119,10 (October 1996): 75-82. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1996/10/art7abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Childbearing; Demography; Employment; Event History; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Supply; Marital Status; Time Use; Work Ethic Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth suggest that recent occurrences such as the birth of a child can affect the likelihood of entering different types of employment arrangements. This article explores the impact on workers aged 29 to 37 of being in a nonstandard employment arrangement. It examines the distribution of workers among various employment arrangements, then looks at aspects of work behavior and life "events" that may have influenced the likelihood of working in a nonstandard arrangement. It compares wages and hours worked on the previous job with those on the current nonstandard employment arrangements. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rothstein, Donna S. "Entry into and Consequences of Nonstandard Work Arrangements." Monthly Labor Review 119,10 (October 1996): 75-82.
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5458. |
Rothstein, Donna S. |
Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in Early Career Matches Between Employees and Supervisors, and the Labor Market Outcomes of Young Employees Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Industrial Relations; Labor Economics; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Studies; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Growth; Wage Models; Wages This dissertation evaluates whether the gender, race, and ethnicity match between employees and supervisors has an influence on employees' early career labor market attainments. Three simple theories are posited to help explain why supervisor gender, race, and ethnicity might affect employees' labor market outcomes; the expected empirical impacts of different supervisor and employee matches are derived under each model. These theories include employee preferences regarding supervisor gender, race, or ethnicity, differential productivity effects of supervisors on their employees, and the role of supervisors in providing on-the-job training and promotion opportunities for their employees. From these theories, empirically testable implications regarding current wages, perceived likelihood of promotion, and wage profiles are obtained; they are tested using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The empirical results suggest that for male employees and black and white female employees, there is a negative impact on current wages associated with working for a female supervisor. Working for a female supervisor is found to have no impact on individuals' perceived likelihood of promotion and minimal positive, significant effects for black and white men on employee wage growth. Working for a Hispanic supervisor is associated with lower wages for Hispanic men and women. This is followed by some positive relative wage growth for Hispanic women, and is accompanied by a negative effect on the perceived likelihood of a promotion for Hispanic men. Taken together, the empirical results do not provide strong, clear-cut support for any of the three theories. In addition, one cannot rule out that supervisor characteristics are serving as proxies for the 'type' of job held. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rothstein, Donna S. Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in Early Career Matches Between Employees and Supervisors, and the Labor Market Outcomes of Young Employees. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1995. |
5459. |
Rothstein, Donna S. |
Leaving a Job during the Great Recession: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Monthly Labor Review (December 2016):. Also: https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2018/article/leaving-a-job-during-the-great-recession-evidence-from-the-national-longitudinal-survey-of-youth-1979.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Economic Changes/Recession; Educational Attainment; Exits; Labor Force Participation This article uses longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of young baby boomers to examine job leaving during a study period that runs from the early months of the Great Recession through a full year after the recession ended. Of the men and women who had worked at least 30 hours per week during the 6 weeks before the study period, more than 20 percent left a job at some point during this period. Men and women who left a job during the period tended to have lower educational attainment and lower cognitive test scores than those who did not leave a job. Job leavers experienced a large shift out of the labor force in the years after the recession ended, whereas those who did not leave a job experienced a more gradual shift. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rothstein, Donna S. "Leaving a Job during the Great Recession: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979." Monthly Labor Review (December 2016):.
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5460. |
Rothstein, Donna S. |
Men Who Do Not Work during Their Prime Years: What Do the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Data Reveal? Report, Beyond The Numbers, Volume 8, No. 11, August 2019, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Also: https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-8/male-nonworkers-nlsy.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Incarceration/Jail; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Force Participation; Unemployment; Work Histories This report examines nonworking status across two generations of men. It evaluates whether men's prior work history as well as education, family structure, personal health, incarceration status, and living situations differ between nonworkers across the two cohorts and between nonworkers and their working peers within cohorts. The report uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97). |
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Bibliography Citation
Rothstein, Donna S. "Men Who Do Not Work during Their Prime Years: What Do the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Data Reveal?" Report, Beyond The Numbers, Volume 8, No. 11, August 2019, Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
5461. |
Rothstein, Donna S. |
Supervisory Status and Upper-level Supervisory Responsibilities: Evidence from the NLSY79 Working Paper 331, BLS Working Papers Series, September 2000. Also: http://www.bls.gov/ore/pdf/ec000070.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Job Skills; Job Tenure; Racial Differences; Work Experience This paper examines what it means to be a supervisor, in terms of what types of responsibilities are associated with supervisory status, who is more likely to have this authority, and what the wage consequences are from having these types of responsibilities. The results indicate that the wage returns to being a supervisor are not associated with simply having supervisory "status" or a supervisory title, per se, but rather from having associated upper-level supervisory responsibilities. While women are less likely to have supervisory status, once the status is attained, there is a small associated responsibility differential. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rothstein, Donna S. "Supervisory Status and Upper-level Supervisory Responsibilities: Evidence from the NLSY79." Working Paper 331, BLS Working Papers Series, September 2000. |
5462. |
Rothstein, Donna S. |
Supervisory Status and Upper-Level Supervisory Responsibilities: Evidence from the NLSY79 Industrial and Labor Relations Review 54,3 (April 2001): 663-680. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2695996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Job Promotion; Job Requirements; Job Status; Wage Levels; Wages This paper examines what it means to be a supervisor, in terms of the associated responsibilities--their nature, who is likely to have them, and how they affect wages. The author examines data from a new series of questions on aspects of supervision included in the 1996 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The results indicate that the wage returns to being a supervisor are not associated with simply having supervisory "status" or a supervisory title, per se, but rather with having associated upper-level supervisory responsibilities. Women were less likely than men to attain supervisory status, and once they did so they were slightly less likely to have higher-level supervisory responsibilities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rothstein, Donna S. "Supervisory Status and Upper-Level Supervisory Responsibilities: Evidence from the NLSY79." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 54,3 (April 2001): 663-680.
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5463. |
Rothstein, Donna S. |
Youth Employment During School: Results from Two Longitudinal Surveys Monthly Labor Review 124,8 (August 2001): 25-37 Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2001/08/art4abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Absenteeism; College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; Employment, In-School; Employment, Part-Time; Employment, Youth; Labor Market Outcomes; Work Hours/Schedule Students who worked 20 or fewer hours per week during the school year were more likely to attend college; youths who worked a greater percentage of weeks during the school year worked more consistently when they reached ages 18 to 30. According to a popular perception, youths work more today than in the past and their employment may not always lead to desirable consequences. The concern is that a young person's employment, particularly when the individual works many hours, may reduce study time, increase school lateness and absenteeism rates, and adversely affect grades. However, a youth's employment also may provide some positive benefits, teaching about workplace norms and responsibilities and helping to ease the person's subsequent transition from school to work full time. In addition, these costs and benefits associated with a person's working while young could have an impact on the individual's long-term educational and labor market outcomes. The first part of this article compares the employment of today's youth with that of a youth cohort from nearly 20 years ago. It asks whether 15- and 16-year-olds are, in fact, more likely to work today and examines whether the likelihood of a young person's being employed while attending school varies across youths with different demographic characteristics. Also examined in this part is how the distribution of hours of work of 16-year-olds varies across the two cohorts. Data come from the first round of a new survey of youth -- the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) -- and from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). In the first round of each survey, 15- and 16-year-olds answered similar questions about their current employment status and hours of work. In addition, many demographic measures that may be associated with youths' decisions to work are similar across the two surveys. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rothstein, Donna S. "Youth Employment During School: Results from Two Longitudinal Surveys." Monthly Labor Review 124,8 (August 2001): 25-37.
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5464. |
Rothstein, Donna S. Carr, Deborah Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Cohort Profile: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) International Journal of Epidemiology 48,1 (1 February 2019): 22-22e. Also: https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/48/1/22/5049814 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Bureau of Labor Statistics; Data Sets Documentation; NLS Description Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article gives a summary of the NLSY, providing information about why the cohort was set up, who is in the cohort, how often have the respondents been followed, what has been measured, how to gain access to the data, key findings and publications, main strengths and weaknesses, and funding, |
|
Bibliography Citation
Rothstein, Donna S., Deborah Carr and Elizabeth C. Cooksey. "Cohort Profile: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79)." International Journal of Epidemiology 48,1 (1 February 2019): 22-22e.
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5465. |
Rothstein, Donna S. Manser, Marilyn E. |
The Relationship of Youth Employment to Future Educational Attainment and Labor Market Experience In: The Report on the Youth Labor Force, Revised, Chapter 7. Washington, DC: Department of Labor November, 2000: pp. 68-76. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/rylf/pdf/chapter7.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; Labor Market Outcomes; Work History; Work Hours/Schedule This chapter examines the relationship between youths' work activities while in school and their future educational attainment and labor market success. It begins with an overview of the economics literature concerning possible impacts. This overview is followed by an analysis of the most recent data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). By following the lives of the NLSY79 respondents over the last 20 years, this survey permits one to describe the relationship between the number of hours and weeks of work during school months while aged 16 and 17, and later outcomes in terms of college attendance, weeks worked each year, and the number of jobs held from age 18 through 30. However, as implied by the literature review, this relationship cannot be interpreted as showing cause and effect. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rothstein, Donna S. and Marilyn E. Manser. "The Relationship of Youth Employment to Future Educational Attainment and Labor Market Experience " In: The Report on the Youth Labor Force, Revised, Chapter 7. Washington, DC: Department of Labor November, 2000: pp. 68-76.
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5466. |
Rothstein, Jesse Wozny, Nathan |
Permanent Income and the Black-White Test Score Gap Working Paper No. 17610. National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2011. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17610 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Economics of Discrimination; Ethnic Differences; Family Income; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing Analysts often examine the black-white test score gap conditional on family income. Typically only a current income measure is available. We argue that the gap conditional on permanent income is of greater interest, and we describe a method for identifying this gap using an auxiliary data set to estimate the relationship between current and permanent income. Current income explains only about half as much of the black-white test score gap as does permanent income, and the remaining gap in math achievement among families with the same permanent income is only 0.2 to 0.3 standard deviations in two commonly used data sets. When we add permanent income to the controls used by Fryer and Levitt (2006), the unexplained gap in 3rd grade shrinks below 0.15 standard deviations, less than half of what is found with their controls. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rothstein, Jesse and Nathan Wozny. "Permanent Income and the Black-White Test Score Gap." Working Paper No. 17610. National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2011. |
5467. |
Rotz, Dana |
Essays on the Economics of the Family Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Harvard University, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Divorce; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In my first essay, I explore the extent to which the rise in age at marriage can explain the rapid decrease in divorce rates for cohorts marrying from 1980 to 2004. Three different empirical approaches all demonstrate that an increase in women's age at marriage can explain at least 60 percent of the decline in the hazard of divorce since 1980. I further develop and simulate an integrated model of the marriage market to demonstrate that monotone decreases in gains to marriage could lead to both the initial rise in divorce and its subsequent fall. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rotz, Dana. Essays on the Economics of the Family. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Harvard University, 2012. |
5468. |
Rotz, Dana |
Why Have Divorce Rates Fallen? The Role of Women's Age at Marriage Journal of Human Resources 51,4 (Fall 2016): 961-1002. Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/51/4/961 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Divorce; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) American divorce rates rose from the 1950s to the 1970s peaked around 1980, and have fallen ever since. The mean age at marriage also substantially increased after 1970. I explore the extent to which the rise in age at marriage can explain the decrease in divorce rates for cohorts marrying after 1980 using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and National Survey of Family Growth. Three different empirical approaches suggest that the increase in women's age at marriage is the main proximate cause of the fall in divorce rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rotz, Dana. "Why Have Divorce Rates Fallen? The Role of Women's Age at Marriage." Journal of Human Resources 51,4 (Fall 2016): 961-1002.
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5469. |
Roussell, Aaron Omori, Marisa |
Normalising Desistance: Contextualising Marijuana and Cocaine Use Careers in Young Adults Sociology of Health and Illness 38,6 (July 2016): 916-938. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.12421/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Drug Use; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although there is a vast literature on drug use and addiction, there is little work that addresses the long-term use of drugs within the general population. We take a more contextual look in examining longitudinal drug use patterns over the course of 14 years for a representative sample of young adults in their late teens and early twenties in the United States using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We use a growth trajectory modelling approach for cocaine and marijuana users to determine general use careers. Using contextual and life-course variables, we then estimate a multinomial logistic regression model to predict group membership. In addition to establishing general use career groups, we ask how well mainstream theories comport with our findings and how the different chemical makeup of cocaine and marijuana influence our findings. We find four general use career groups: (i) high use/late desistance; (ii) peaked use/strong desistance; (iii) low use; and (iv) stable use/gradual desistance. Our results suggest similar careers for users of both drugs, with desistance over time as the rule for all groups. We also find some support for life-course and contextual factors in drug using patterns, but our findings challenge other psychological and criminological theories. |
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Bibliography Citation
Roussell, Aaron and Marisa Omori. "Normalising Desistance: Contextualising Marijuana and Cocaine Use Careers in Young Adults." Sociology of Health and Illness 38,6 (July 2016): 916-938.
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5470. |
Roussell, Aaron Omori, Marisa |
Situating Drug Use Over the Lifecourse: Using Empirical Findings to Attempt to Build Theory Presented: Vancouver, BC, Western Society Of Criminology, 38th Annual Conference, February 3-5, 2011. Also: http://westerncriminology.org/documents/conference_proceedings/WSC_2011_Conference_Program.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Census of Population; Crime; Drug Use; Geographical Variation; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This project explores drug use over the life course with data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We examine dichotomous indicators for multiple drugs for a sample of youth, using growth trajectory models to describe trajectories over 5 time points (1984-2002). Using individual NLSY variables and county data from the US Census, we frame our analysis within a structural context. Though criminological theorizing about issues of drugs and addiction is scattered, we draw on two perspectives that consider within-individual drug use over time. Caspi and Moffitt's developmental approach emphasizes the relative stability of antisocial behavior over the life course, including drug abuse. Sampson and Laub's life course perspective, on the other hand, acknowledges the heterogeneity of offending over time in the form of "turning points" such as marriage. Based on our preliminary findings, we would like to explore alternative theoretical frameworks for understanding addiction sociologically and criminologically. |
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Bibliography Citation
Roussell, Aaron and Marisa Omori. "Situating Drug Use Over the Lifecourse: Using Empirical Findings to Attempt to Build Theory." Presented: Vancouver, BC, Western Society Of Criminology, 38th Annual Conference, February 3-5, 2011. |
5471. |
Routon, P. Wesley |
Military Service and Marital Dissolution: A Trajectory Analysis Review of Economics of the Household 15,1 (March 2017): 335-355. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11150-016-9323-3 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital Dissolution; Military Service; Veterans Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Military service adds additional challenges for married couples. Previous literature on service and marital stability is comprised of mixed results and has often ignored the timing of these effects. This timing is important as it helps disclose the nature of causality and has implications for both military and social security policies. Using a trajectory specification, I estimate the effect of military service on the likelihood of divorce during the volunteer's period of service and the years following. Two veteran cohorts are examined, those who served during the early twenty-first century wars and those who served during the early 1980s. Among my results, the former cohort is shown to have had their divorce probability increased in the first 2 years post-service, while the opposite effect is found for the latter cohort. Unlike many previous studies of military service and marital stability, I find that effects are not overly dissimilar across racial groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Routon, P. Wesley. "Military Service and Marital Dissolution: A Trajectory Analysis." Review of Economics of the Household 15,1 (March 2017): 335-355.
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5472. |
Routon, P. Wesley |
Socio-economic Returns to Voluntary Armed Forces Service Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics and Finance, Middle Tennessee State University, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Divorce; Educational Outcomes; Military Service; Racial Differences; Veterans; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Chapter 1, I estimate the effect of military service during these wars on civilian labor and educational outcomes. I find that veteran status increases civilian wages by approximately ten percent for minorities but has little or no effect on whites in this regard. Veterans of all demographic groups are found to be equally employable and equally as satisfied with their civilian occupation as non-veterans. For females and minorities, veteran status substantially increases the likelihood one attempts college. They are found to be more apt to pursue and obtain a two year degree instead of a four year degree. With respect to their employment ambitions and perhaps prospects, the average military enlistee is likely to differ from the average American. In Chapter 2, we estimate the impact military service has on civilian wages across the wage distribution. For early 21st century veterans, we find that former military service grants civilian wage premiums at and below the median wage level but perhaps penalties at the high end of the wage distribution. For late 20th century veterans, who were mostly peace-time volunteers, we find evidence that veteran wage premiums were more constant across the wage distribution. Military service adds additional challenges for married couples. In Chapter 3, I perform a trajectory analysis of the effect of military service on the likelihood of divorce. I find that these individuals were most likely to get a divorce in the first year following active duty service, with an increased probability of three to six percentage points. A within-racial group analysis shows that these effects are stronger for whites than minorities. I find that veterans who served during an earlier period (1980-1992) were unaffected, implying differing effects for wartime versus peacetime service. |
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Bibliography Citation
Routon, P. Wesley. Socio-economic Returns to Voluntary Armed Forces Service. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics and Finance, Middle Tennessee State University, 2014. |
5473. |
Rowe, David C. Cleveland, Hobart Harrington |
Academic Achievement in Blacks and Whites: Are the Developmental Processes Similar? Intelligence 23,3 (November-December 1996): 205-228. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289696900045 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Black Studies; Child Development; Educational Attainment; Genetics; Intelligence; Pairs (also see Siblings); Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Siblings Genetic and environmental influences on academic achievement were investigated in four groups of siblings: (1) White full siblings, (2) White half-siblings, (3) Black full siblings, and (4) Black half-siblings. Our expectation was that the variances and covariances among three achievement tests would have the same structure across the four groups. This expectation was confirmed by a quantitative genetic model that imposed equal factor loadings across groups. This best fitting model had two factors: a Genetic factor representing genetic variation and a Shared Environment factor representing environmental differences among families. Reading recognition, reading comprehension, and mathematics tests all loaded on the Genetic factor, but primarily mathematics loaded on the Shared Environment factor. The quantitative genetic model was next fit to the achievement test means. Its successful fit suggested that the genetic and environmental influences involved in producing individual variation were the same as those producing the group-mean differences. In this sample, genes accounted for 66% to 74% of the observed group difference in verbal achievement and 36% of the difference in mathematics achievement. Shared environment accounted for the remainder, 34% to 26% of the difference in verbal achievement and 64% of that in mathematics achievement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rowe, David C. and Hobart Harrington Cleveland. "Academic Achievement in Blacks and Whites: Are the Developmental Processes Similar? ." Intelligence 23,3 (November-December 1996): 205-228.
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5474. |
Rowe, David C. Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
A Social Contagion Model of Adolescent Sexual Behavior: Explaining Race Differences Social Biology 41,1-2 (Spring-Summer 1994): 1-18 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for the Study of Social Biology Keyword(s): Behavior; Methods/Methodology; Modeling; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Religion; Religious Influences; Self-Esteem; Sexual Activity; Sexual Experiences/Virginity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purely psychosocial explanations of the fact that black US adolescents consistently report an earlier age of first intercourse than their white counterparts have been less than successful. Proposed here is an epidemic model that combines social contagion (a psychosocial process) & pubertal maturation (a biological process). This model permits social contacts among adolescents of the same age & also among younger & older adolescents. Applied to data from the 1979-1984 National Longitudinal Studies of Youth (N = 7,410 whites & 3,174 blacks at last interview), the model statistically fits the actual growth curve of sexuality well for whites; its fit is not as good for blacks. From computer simulation analyses, it is concluded that pubertal maturation may be more important in accounting for the racial difference in the onset of sexual intercourse than previously thought. 7 Tables, 48 References. Adapted from the source document |
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Bibliography Citation
Rowe, David C. and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "A Social Contagion Model of Adolescent Sexual Behavior: Explaining Race Differences." Social Biology 41,1-2 (Spring-Summer 1994): 1-18.
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5475. |
Rowe, David C. Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
An 'Epidemic' Model of Adolescent Sexual Intercourse Prevalences: Applications to National Survey Data Working Paper, School of Family and Consumer Resources, The University of Arizona, Tucson, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: School of Family and Consumer Resources, The University of Arizona Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior; Data Quality/Consistency; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Research Methodology; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Experiences/Virginity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, the authors define diffusion models that reflect the spread of certain "adult onset" behaviors through an adolescent population. This general modeling approach has its roots in the mathematics of diffusion and in the epidemiology of infectious disease. Hence, we call this modeling approach "Epidemic Modeling of the Onset of Social Activities" (EMOSA). This paper applies EMOSA modeling to adolescent sexual intercourse using national data from the NLSY. The model allows for an "epidemic" process (the transmission of sexuality from a nonvirgin to a virgin) and a nonepidemic process (two virgins progressing to sexual intercourse). The model also requires that virgin females be pubertally mature before they will progress to sexual intercourse. The model gave excellent fits to national data on Danish whites and a good fit to American whites, but the model-fits for American blacks and hispanics were poorer. The authors cite evidence suggesting that the weakness of the latter model-fits may reflect problems in the reliability of adolescent sexuality data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rowe, David C. and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "An 'Epidemic' Model of Adolescent Sexual Intercourse Prevalences: Applications to National Survey Data." Working Paper, School of Family and Consumer Resources, The University of Arizona, Tucson, 1989. |
5476. |
Rowe, David C. Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
An 'Epidemic' Model of Adolescent Sexual Intercourse: Applications to National Survey Data Journal of Biosocial Science 23,2 (1991): 211-219. Also: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1637492&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0021932000019222 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Hispanics; Modeling; Sexual Activity; Sexual Experiences/Virginity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper applies models of the onset of adolescent sexual intercourse using nation data from Denmark and the USA. The model gave excellent fits to data on Danish Whites and a good fit to American Whites, but the model-fits for American Blacks and Hispanics were not as good. The weakness of the latter model fits may reflect either real processes that the model does not capture or problems in the reliability of adolescent sexuality data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rowe, David C. and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "An 'Epidemic' Model of Adolescent Sexual Intercourse: Applications to National Survey Data." Journal of Biosocial Science 23,2 (1991): 211-219.
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5477. |
Rowe, David C. Rodgers, Joseph Lee Meseck-Bushey, Sylvia |
Sibling Delinquency and the Family Environment: Shared and Unshared Influences Child Development 63,1 (February 1992): 59-67. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03595.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Birth Order; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Environment; Family Income; Family Influences; Family Size; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Genetics; Illegal Activities; Kinship; Pairs (also see Siblings); Racial Differences; Self-Reporting; Siblings A sibling research design is used to evaluate two hypotheses about sibling resemblance in delinquency: (1) a genetic hypothesis, which requires sibling resemblance to be independent of birth position and family structure; and (2) an environmental hypothesis, which requires moderation of resemblance by family composition and structure. The study used a subset of sibling pairs from the NLSY, a nationally representative data set, and uniquely, families of size 2, 3, and 4 siblings. The genetic hypothesis was generally supported for sisters and mixed sex siblings, but an environmental hypothesis or combination hypothesis may apply to brothers. The median sibling correlations, averaged over family sizes, were: r = .30, brothers; r = .28, sisters; and r = .20, mixed sex siblings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rowe, David C., Joseph Lee Rodgers and Sylvia Meseck-Bushey. "Sibling Delinquency and the Family Environment: Shared and Unshared Influences." Child Development 63,1 (February 1992): 59-67.
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5478. |
Rowe, David C. Vazsonyi, Alexander T. Flannery, Daniel J. |
Ethnic and Racial Similarity in Developmental Process: A Study of Academic Achievement Psychological Science 6,1 (January 1995): 33-38. Also: http://pss.sagepub.com/content/6/1/33.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Family Environment; Hispanics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); LISREL; Methods/Methodology; Modeling; Pairs (also see Siblings); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Equality/Inequality; Racial Studies; Siblings Correlation matrices were computed on academic achievement and family environment measures using longitudinal data on sibling pairs. Assessment instruments included the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment and an indirect measure based on sibling correlations for achievement. Data were from 1,130 children (mean age 9 years in 1988) of participants in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The 8 * 8 correlation matrices were computed on Hispanics, Blacks, and Whites separately. When compared employing a LISREL method, the matrices were equal across the ethnic-racial groups, suggesting that developmental processes influencing academic achievement may be similar in Hispanics, Blacks, and Whites. A structural equation model with 4 free parameters was fitted successfully to a correlation matrix pooled across groups. The existence of minority-specific developmental processes was not supported. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1995 American Psychological Association, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Rowe, David C., Alexander T. Vazsonyi and Daniel J. Flannery. "Ethnic and Racial Similarity in Developmental Process: A Study of Academic Achievement." Psychological Science 6,1 (January 1995): 33-38.
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5479. |
Rowe, David C. Vazsonyi, Alexander T. Flannery, Daniel J. |
No More Than Skin Deep: Ethnic and Racial Similarity in Developmental Process Psychological Review 101,3 (July 1994): 396-413 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups; Hispanics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); LISREL; Minority Groups; Pairs (also see Siblings); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Siblings Many studies adduce evidence of ethnic or racial dissimilarities in developmental outcomes (e.g., delinquency and achievement). Many researchers fail to distinguish between group average levels and developmental processes (correlations). Evidence is reviewed that developmental processes are nearly identical for U.S. Black, Hispanic, White, and Asian ethnic and racial groups. Using diverse and representative data sources, covariance matrices were computed for these ethnic groups and then compared by using a LISREL goodness-of-fit test. Not only were these matrices nearly identical but they also were no less alike than covariance matrices computed from random halves within ethnic or racial group. This article documents the importance of accepting ethnic and racial similarity of developmental processes. Thus, group average level differences may result from different levels of developmental antecedents working through common developmental pathways. ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Rowe, David C., Alexander T. Vazsonyi and Daniel J. Flannery. "No More Than Skin Deep: Ethnic and Racial Similarity in Developmental Process." Psychological Review 101,3 (July 1994): 396-413.
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5480. |
Rowe, David C. Vesterdal, Wendy J. Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
Herrnstein's Syllogism: Genetic and Shared Environmental Influences on IQ, Education, and Income Intelligence 26,4 (November 1998): 405-423. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289699000082 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of Soutn Carolina Keyword(s): Education; Genetics; I.Q.; Income; Income Distribution; Intelligence; Kinship; Modeling, Biometric; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Genotypes may influence the phenotypic associations among IQ, education, and income. To investigate this hypothesis, we believe that the appropriate methodology requires estimation of genetic and environmental influences using data able to separate these influences. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) is a nationally representative sample that contains genetically-informative full- and half-siblings (28-35 years old in 1992; Ns = 1943 full-siblings, 129 half-siblings). A biometric genetic model was fit that estimated the shared environmental and genetic variance components of IQ, years of education, and hourly income. The total heritabilities were 0.64 for IQ, 0.68 for education, and 0.42 for income. Heritabilities due to a common genetic factor were 0.35 for IQ, 0.52 for education, and 0.12 for income. Environmental influences due to a common shared environmental factor were 0.23 for IQ, 0.18 for education, and 0.08 for income. The model predicted a correlation of 0.63 between IQ and education and 0.34 between IQ and income. Sixty-eight percent of the former and 59% of the latter was genetically mediated; the remainder was mediated by common shared environment. These findings suggest that social inequality in the United States has its origin in both genetically-based traits and in different environmental backgrounds. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rowe, David C., Wendy J. Vesterdal and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "Herrnstein's Syllogism: Genetic and Shared Environmental Influences on IQ, Education, and Income." Intelligence 26,4 (November 1998): 405-423.
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5481. |
Royalty, Anne Beeson |
The Effects of Job Turnover on the Training of Men and Women Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49,3 (April 1996): 506-521. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2524200 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Economics of Discrimination; Economics of Gender; Economics of Minorities; Human Capital Theory; Job Turnover; Labor Market Demographics; Layoffs; Occupational Choice; Quits; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Training, On-the-Job; Unemployment Human capital theory predicts that workers will be more likely to invest in job training the longer they expect to remain working. The author tests that prediction using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth by examining the effect of the predicted probability of job turnover on the probability of receiving training. She finds that predicted turnover is significantly related to receiving training. Her preliminary analysis confirms the finding of previous studies that men undergo more training than women. The gender difference in training is 25% smaller, however, in an analysis that controls for the predicted probability of job turnover - an approach not taken in previous studies. Another finding is that the positive effect of education on training that has been reported previously is due to differences in turnover by education level rather than a pure complementarity between education and training. (Copyright New York State School of Industrial & Labor Relations 1996) |
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Bibliography Citation
Royalty, Anne Beeson. "The Effects of Job Turnover on the Training of Men and Women." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49,3 (April 1996): 506-521.
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5482. |
Rubin, David M. O'Reilly, Amanda L. R. Luan, Xianqun Localio, A. Russell |
The Impact of Placement Stability on Behavioral Well-being for Children in Foster Care Pediatrics 119,2 (February 2007): 336-344. Also: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/119/2/336 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Well-Being; Foster Care; General Assessment; Modeling; Propensity Scores; Temperament; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT OBJECTIVE. The problems children have upon entering foster care can potentially explain prior research findings that frequent placement changes are associated with poor outcomes. This study sought to disentangle this cascading relationship in order to identify the independent impact of placement stability on behavioral outcomes downstream. DESIGN/METHODS. Placement stability over the first 18 months in out-of-home care for 729 children from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being was categorized as early stability (stable placement within 45 days), late stability (stable placement beyond 45 days), or unstable (never achieving stability). Propensity scores predicting placement instability based on baseline attributes were divided into risk categories and added to a logistic regression model to examine the independent association between placement stability and behavioral well-being using the Child Behavior Checklist and temperament scores from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. RESULTS. Half (52%) of the children achieved early stability, 19% achieved later stability, and 28% remained unstable. Early stabilizers were more likely to be young, have normal baseline behavior, have no prior history with child welfare, and have birth parents without mental health problems. After accounting for baseline attributes, stability remained an important predictor of well-being at 18 months. Unstable children were more likely to have behavior problems than children who achieved early stability across every level of risk for instability. Among low-risk children, the probability of behavioral problems among early stabilizers was 22%, compared to 36% among unstable children, showing a 63% increase in behavior problems due to instability alone. CONCLUSIONS. Children in foster care experience placement instability unrelated to their baseline problems, and this instability has a significant impact on their behavioral well-being. This find ing would support the... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Pediatrics is the property of American Academy of Pediatrics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Rubin, David M., Amanda L. R. O'Reilly, Xianqun Luan and A. Russell Localio. "The Impact of Placement Stability on Behavioral Well-being for Children in Foster Care." Pediatrics 119,2 (February 2007): 336-344.
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5483. |
Ruch-Ross, Holly S. Jones, Elizabeth D. Musick, Judith S. |
Comparing Outcomes in a Statewide Program for Adolescent Mothers with Outcomes in a National Sample Family Planning Perspectives 24,2 (March-April 1992): 66-71+96. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135468 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Hispanics; Mothers, Adolescent; Sexual Activity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Article on impact of the Illinois Ounce of Prevention Fund (OPF) Parents Too Soon Project, an intervention program for teenage mothers. Data are based on a study of 1,004 women age 19 and under who were pregnant or had one child and were enrolled in the OPF program during 1985-87, with comparative data for a sample of 790 young mothers from National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) conducted during 1979-82. Includes 2 tables showing the following: a. Characteristics of OPF and NLSY participants, including race and Hispanic ethnicity, current age, and age at 1st birth; school enrollment and employment status, educational attainment, marital status, living arrangement, whether receiving AFDC, and contraceptive use status, as of baseline survey and 12 months later; and whether experiencing subsequent pregnancy, as of 12 months after baseline survey. b. Statistical analyses comparing OPF and NLSY participants\' likelihood of experiencing a subsequent pregnancy, being employed, and being enrolled in school, 12 months after baseline survey, with controls for selected participant characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ruch-Ross, Holly S., Elizabeth D. Jones and Judith S. Musick. "Comparing Outcomes in a Statewide Program for Adolescent Mothers with Outcomes in a National Sample." Family Planning Perspectives 24,2 (March-April 1992): 66-71+96.
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5484. |
Rudd, Nancy M. McKenry, Patrick C. Nah, Myungkyun |
Welfare Receipt Among Black and White Adolescent Mothers: A Longitudinal Perspective Journal of Family Issues 11,3 (September 1990): 334-352. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/11/3/334.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Income; Labor Force Participation; Marital Status; Mothers, Adolescent; Parents, Single; Racial Differences; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the NLSY were analyzed to determine whether the impact of adolescent childbearing on women's subsequent contact with the welfare system differed for black and white women. Results of a path analysis indicate that there were distinctive differences between young black and white women in the way early childbearing influences welfare receipt over an eight-year period. These differences were not fully apparent unless both direct and indirect effects of predictor variables were taken into account. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rudd, Nancy M., Patrick C. McKenry and Myungkyun Nah. "Welfare Receipt Among Black and White Adolescent Mothers: A Longitudinal Perspective." Journal of Family Issues 11,3 (September 1990): 334-352.
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5485. |
Rudd, Nancy M. Nah, Myungkyun |
The Impact of Teenage Childbearing on Selected Indicators of Women's Economic Well-Being in Early Adulthood: A Decade Comparison In: Families in Transition: Structural Changes and Effects on Family Life. R. Walker, ed., Alexandria, VA: American Home Economics Association, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: American Home Economics Association, now: American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Birth Rate; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Parents, Single; Racial Differences; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the NLSY and Young Women's cohorts were analyzed to determine whether the impact of teenage childbearing on white and black women's subsequent educational attainment, experience as a single parent, and contact with the welfare system had changed between the 1970s and 1980s. Results indicate that the general pattern of relationships between predictor variables and the above dependent variables remained the same but that the magnitude of effects has changed. Despite the fact that the birth rate to teenagers went down substantially in the U.S. during this time period, results indicate that for those who do become teen mothers there continues to be a substantial cost in the form of foregone education, increased time spent as a single parent, and increased contact with the welfare system. However, results suggest that the amount of foregone education may have declined slightly for blacks and that the impact of a teen birth on time spent as a single parent has increased considerably. However, this increase in single parenthood associated with a teen birth may not have translated into increased welfare use. Whether this tentative finding reflects the more stringent eligibility requirements for AFDC implemented in the early 1980s or a more economically diverse population of single parent mothers, as a result of the considerable increase in the size of this population, cannot be determined from the data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rudd, Nancy M. and Myungkyun Nah. "The Impact of Teenage Childbearing on Selected Indicators of Women's Economic Well-Being in Early Adulthood: A Decade Comparison" In: Families in Transition: Structural Changes and Effects on Family Life. R. Walker, ed., Alexandria, VA: American Home Economics Association, 1989
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5486. |
Ruebeck, Christopher S. Harrington, Joseph E., Jr. Moffitt, Robert A. |
Handedness and Earnings NBER Working Paper No. 12387, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2006. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w12387.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Earnings; Education; Gender Differences; Handedness; Labor Market Demographics We examine whether handedness is related to performance in the labor market and, in particular, earnings. We find a significant wage effect for left-handed men with high levels of education. This positive wage effect is strongest among those who have lower than average earnings relative to those of similar high education. This effect is not found among women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ruebeck, Christopher S., Joseph E. Harrington and Robert A. Moffitt. "Handedness and Earnings." NBER Working Paper No. 12387, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2006. |
5487. |
Ruebeck, Christopher S. Harrington, Joseph E., Jr. Moffitt, Robert A. |
Handedness and Earnings Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition 12,2 ( March 2007): 101-120. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13576500600992297 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Handedness We examine whether handedness is related to performance in the labour market and, in particular, to earnings. We find a significant wage effect for left-handed men with high levels of education. This positive wage effect is strongest among those who have lower than average earnings relative to those of similar high education. This effect is not found among women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ruebeck, Christopher S., Joseph E. Harrington and Robert A. Moffitt. "Handedness and Earnings." Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition 12,2 ( March 2007): 101-120.
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5488. |
Ruhm, Christopher J. |
Effects of High School Work Experience on Future Economic Attainment Washington DC: Employment Policies Institute, May 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Employment Policies Institute Keyword(s): Employment, Part-Time; Employment, Youth; High School Students; Training, Post-School; Vocational Education; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A study used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to track the earnings histories of high school students over a period of 12 years, starting in either their freshman or sophomore year of high school. Contrary to some previous research, the analysis failed to uncover any evidence of harmful effects of working during high school. Instead, jobs held during the senior year yielded substantial and lasting benefits. Moderate work (1-20 hours per week) had a strong positive influence on adult earnings. Those who showed no work activity as seniors had average earnings of about $16,000 a year, rising to over $20,300 for those working 1-10 hours a week. This was slightly above the annual earnings of those reported having worked either 11-20 hours a week (annual earnings almost $19,600) or more than 20 hours a week (barely $20,300). This pattern of adult earnings persisted if the data were disaggregated. For males as a group, adult earnings rose from about $18,600 for those reporting no work to just over $24,000 for those who reported working 1-10 hours a week. Earnings for adult women peaked at 11-20 hours of work as a senior compared to 1-10 hours for males. For whites as a group, earnings rose consistently with hours worked in school. (Contains 33 references.) (YLB) |
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Bibliography Citation
Ruhm, Christopher J. Effects of High School Work Experience on Future Economic Attainment. Washington DC: Employment Policies Institute, May 1994. |
5489. |
Ruhm, Christopher J. |
High School Employment: Consumption or Investment NLS Discussion Paper No. 94-19, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,Washington DC, November 1994. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl940040.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Employment, In-School; Employment, Youth; High School; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Work Experience Early work experience could also speed the process by which youths obtain positions where there is a good match between job requirements and worker qualifications. It is important to better understand the effects of high school work experience. Rates of employment by in-school youths are at historically high levels. If this job-holding has the negative effects sometimes attributed to it and, in particular, if it reduces educational attainment and academic performance, the increased work propensities could explain a portion of the wage stagnation observed over the last two decades, especially among young workers without college educations. Conversely, if early labor market experience has favorable impacts on future economic outcomes, the relatively low employment rates of nonwhite youths could contribute to racial earnings gaps observed later in life. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ruhm, Christopher J. "High School Employment: Consumption or Investment." NLS Discussion Paper No. 94-19, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,Washington DC, November 1994. |
5490. |
Ruhm, Christopher J. |
How Well Do Parents With Young Children Combine Work and Family Life? NBER Working Paper No. 10247, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2004. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w10247.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Child Care; Maternal Employment; Work History This study examines trends in labor force involvement, household structure, and some activities that may complicate the efforts of parents with young children to balance work and family life. Next I consider whether employer policies mitigate or exacerbate these difficulties and, since the policies adopted in the United States diverge dramatically from those in many other industrialized countries, provide some international comparisons before speculating on possible sources and effects of the differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ruhm, Christopher J. "How Well Do Parents With Young Children Combine Work and Family Life?." NBER Working Paper No. 10247, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2004. |
5491. |
Ruhm, Christopher J. |
Is High School Employment Consumption or Investment? NBER Working Paper No. 5030, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1995. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5030 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Educational Attainment; Employment, In-School; High School; Job Satisfaction; Occupational Attainment Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study examines whether employment by high school students improves or worsens economic attainment 6 to 9 years after the scheduled date of high school graduation. There is no indication that light to moderate job commitments ever have a detrimental impact and hours worked during the senior grade are positively correlated with future earnings, fringe benefits, and occupational status. These results are robust across a variety of specifications and suggest that employment increases net investments in human capital and facilitates the school- to-work transition, particularly towards the end of high school and for students not continuing on to college. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5030 |
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Bibliography Citation
Ruhm, Christopher J. "Is High School Employment Consumption or Investment?" NBER Working Paper No. 5030, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1995. |
5492. |
Ruhm, Christopher J. |
Is High School Employment Consumption or Investment? Journal of Labor Economics 15,4 (October 1997): 735-776. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/209844 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Education, Secondary; Employment, In-School; Employment, Part-Time; Employment, Youth; High School This study examines how high school employment affects future economic attainment. There is no indication that light to moderate job commitments ever have a detrimental effect; instead, hours worked during the senior grade are positively correlated with future earnings, fringe benefits, and occupational stems. These gains occur even though employed seniors attain slightly less education than their counterparts. The results are robust across a variety of specifications and suggest that student employment increases net investments in human capital particularly toward the end of high school and for females. The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ruhm, Christopher J. "Is High School Employment Consumption or Investment?" Journal of Labor Economics 15,4 (October 1997): 735-776.
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5493. |
Ruhm, Christopher J. |
Parental Employment and Child Cognitive Development NBER Working Paper No. W7666 (April), Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2000, Revised, September 2002. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w7666.pdf?new_window=1 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Cognitive Development; Employment; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Work Hours/Schedule This study investigates the relationship between parental employment and child cognitive development using data from multiple years of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Maternal labor supply during the first three years of the child's life is predicted to have a small negative effect on the verbal ability of 3 and 4 year olds and a substantial detrimental impact on the reading and math achievement of 5 and 6 year olds. Working during the second and third years appears to have less favorable or more deleterious consequences when the mother is also employed in the first year. The results are robust to the inclusion of controls for day care arrangements or paternal job-holding and there is some indication that early employment may be particularly costly for children in traditional' two-parent families. Finally, the data suggest that paternal and maternal employment have qualitatively similar effects, hinting at the importance of time investments by fathers. The overall conclusion is that previous research may have provided an overly optimistic assessment of the effects of parental employment on child cognitive development. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ruhm, Christopher J. "Parental Employment and Child Cognitive Development." NBER Working Paper No. W7666 (April), Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2000, Revised, September 2002. |
5494. |
Ruhm, Christopher J. |
Parental Employment and Child Cognitive Development Journal of Human Resources 39,1 (Winter 2004): 155-192. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3559009 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Maternal employment during the first three years of the child's life has a small deleterious effect on estimated verbal ability of three- and four-year-olds and a larger negative impact on reading and mathematics achievement of five- and six-year-olds. This study provides a more pessimistic assessment than most prior research for two reasons. First, previous analyses often control crudely for differences in child and household characteristics. Second, the negative relationships are more pronounced for the reading and mathematics performance of five- and six-year-old children than for the verbal scores of three- and four-year-olds. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ruhm, Christopher J. "Parental Employment and Child Cognitive Development." Journal of Human Resources 39,1 (Winter 2004): 155-192.
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5495. |
Ruhm, Christopher J. Baum, Charles L., II |
The Lasting Benefits of Early Work Experience Policy Report, Washington DC: Employment Policies Institute, August 2014. Also: https://www.epionline.org/study/the-lasting-benefits-of-early-work-experience/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Employment Policies Institute Keyword(s): Employment, In-School; Employment, Part-Time; Employment, Youth; High School Employment; Minimum Wage; Occupational Attainment; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The US labor market has recovered slowly but steadily in the years since the Great Recession officially ended in June 2009. But for young adults between the ages of 16 and 19, the recovery has been tepid at best: In the five year period since the summer of 2008, youth unemployment has averaged a staggering 23.5 percent, and the seasonally-adjusted rate was still north of 21 percent as of this writing. These young adults are missing out on extra spending cash, but they’re also missing out on early workforce experience that could play a valuable role in future career development. In this new study, Drs. Christopher Ruhm of the University of Virginia and Charles Baum of Middle Tennessee State University examine data that spans three decades to measure the career benefits of early work experience. The economists rely on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), which tracks the career progress of one group of respondents who graduated from high school in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and another group of respondents who were in high school around the turn of the millennium. This permits them to examine both the near-term benefits of early work experience (roughly 10 years after graduation) and the longer-term benefits of that experience (roughly 30 years after graduation). Carefully controlling for other family background characteristics that could impact subsequent career achievement, Drs. Ruhm and Baum find clear evidence that part-time work by young adults–both during senior year of high school, and during the summer months—translates to future career benefits that include higher hourly wages, increased annual earnings and less time spent out of work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ruhm, Christopher J. and Charles L. Baum. "The Lasting Benefits of Early Work Experience." Policy Report, Washington DC: Employment Policies Institute, August 2014. |
5496. |
Rumberger, Russell W. |
Dropping Out of High School: The Influence of Race, Sex, and Family Background American Educational Research Journal 20,2 (Summer 1983): 199-220. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1162594 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Children; Dropouts; Family Background and Culture; High School; High School Dropouts; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the extent of the high school dropout problem in l979 and investigates both the stated reasons students leave school and some of the underlying factors influencing their decision. Particular attention is focused on differences by sex, race, and family background. Data for this research come from the NLSY, a national sample of youth who were 14 to 21 years of age in l979. A multivariate model is developed to estimate the effects of family background and other factors on the decision to drop out of school. Several results emerge from the study. The reasons students cite for leaving school vary widely, with women more likely to leave because of pregnancy or marriage and men more likely to leave to go to work. Family background strongly influences the propensity to drop out of school and accounts for virtually all of the racial differences in dropout rates. A variety of other factors, including ability and aspirations, also influence this decision. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rumberger, Russell W. "Dropping Out of High School: The Influence of Race, Sex, and Family Background." American Educational Research Journal 20,2 (Summer 1983): 199-220.
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5497. |
Rumberger, Russell W. |
Recent High School and College Experiences of Youth: Variations by Race, Sex, and Social Class Youth and Society 13,4 (June 1982): 449-470. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/13/4/449 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): College Education; Dropouts; High School; Racial Differences; Sex Roles; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Interview data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Labor Market Experience for a sample of 12,700 youths aged 14-21 are used to examine several elements of their high school & Coll experiences, noting their variation by race, sex, & SE background. Examined at the high school level are attitudes toward school, performance, programs & courses, & the problems of dropping out; at the Coll level, they include participation rates, attendance patterns, major fields of study, & sources of financial aid. Results reveal substantial differences in some areas but not in others; eg, attitudes toward school & Coll participation rates vary little among groups, while high school dropout rates vary widely among race & SE groups, & Coll majors vary somewhat among racial groups & particularly between men & women. 8 Tables, 29 References. Modified AA |
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Bibliography Citation
Rumberger, Russell W. "Recent High School and College Experiences of Youth: Variations by Race, Sex, and Social Class." Youth and Society 13,4 (June 1982): 449-470.
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5498. |
Rumberger, Russell W. Daymont, Thomas N. |
Economic Value of Academic and Vocational Training Acquired in High School IFG Project Report 82-A23 (Box 6, Folder 3). Stanford, CA: Institute for Research on Educational Finance and Governance, School of Education, Stanford University, 1982. Also: http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=tf9489p0kq;query=Rumberger:%20Economic%20Value%20of%20Academic%20and%20Vocational%20Training%20Acquired%20in;style=oac4;doc.view=entire_text#hitNum1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Educational Finance and Governance, Stanford University (IFG) Keyword(s): High School Curriculum; Schooling, Post-secondary; Vocational Education; Vocational Preparation; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines whether differences in high school curricula lead to differences in labor market opportunities for persons who complete 10 to 12 years of schooling and acquire no postsecondary training. Data come from the NLSY and include detailed information on course work taken from high school transcripts. The results show no systematic advantage of one high school curriculum relative to another, although in some instances--for some students and in some areas--vocational preparation produces superior labor market effects to those produced by other curricula. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rumberger, Russell W. and Thomas N. Daymont. Economic Value of Academic and Vocational Training Acquired in High School. IFG Project Report 82-A23 (Box 6, Folder 3). Stanford, CA: Institute for Research on Educational Finance and Governance, School of Education, Stanford University, 1982.. |
5499. |
Rury, John |
I.Q. Redux History of Education Quarterly 35,4 (Winter 1995): 423-438 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Indiana University Keyword(s): I.Q.; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examines the claims made in the book 'The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life,' by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray. Background on controversies on human intelligence or I.Q.; I.Q. and its implications to social policy; Comment in the analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth; Need to control for schooling; Speculations on Herrnstein and Murray's purpose for writing the book. |
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Bibliography Citation
Rury, John. "I.Q. Redux." History of Education Quarterly 35,4 (Winter 1995): 423-438.
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5500. |
Ruser, John W. Pergamit, Michael R. Krishnamurty, Parvati |
Workers' Compensation "Reforms" and Benefit Claiming Working Paper, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington DC, April 2004. Also: http://gsbwww.uchicago.edu/labor/Ruser.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Commerce Keyword(s): Benefits; Heterogeneity; Injuries; Modeling; Unemployment Compensation In the 1990s, states passed a variety of laws to stem a rapid rise in workers' compensation insurance costs, by raising the cost and reducing the expected benefit to a worker of filing a claim. In this paper, we first develop a model of benefit claiming with heterogeneous injury severity, costly claiming, and uncertain benefit payment. The model predicts that raising the cost or reducing the expected benefit from filing a claim would result in fewer, but on average more severe claims being filed. Using a multivariate difference in differences technique and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 1979, we then empirically assess the impact of the laws on injuries, claims, and benefits. We find no evidence that legislative changes to restrict doctor choice, to reduce the compensability of injuries or to detect fraud had a measurable impact on injury or claim incidence, claim duration, or benefit receipt. However, we do find evidence that workers respond to economic costs and benefits in deciding to file claims. Benefit claiming is positively associated with the generosity of benefits, but negatively associated with the worker's wage (measuring a cost of claim filing). Also, consistent with the theory, more generous benefits and lower wages are associated with shorter average claim durations, possibly because claims are filed for less severe injuries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ruser, John W., Michael R. Pergamit and Parvati Krishnamurty. "Workers' Compensation "Reforms" and Benefit Claiming." Working Paper, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington DC, April 2004. |