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Author: Phang, Hanam S.

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1.	Phang, Hanam S.
1.	A Dynamic Study of Young Women's Labor Market Transitions over the Early Life Course: Cohort Trends, Racial Differentials, and Determinants Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Employment; Family Characteristics; Family Constraints; Family Models; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Life Cycle Research; Racial Differences; Transition, Job to Job; Unions; Work Experience; Work History Using detailed panel data (NLSY and NLSYW) on school, work, and family formation history, this study examines the longitudinal patterns of labor market transitions for young women in their 20's and 30's. The primary focus in this study is on transitions between employment and nonemployment status over the early life course after completion of school. Through the dynamic analyses of young women's labor market transitions this study (1) examines cohort changes in labor market participation and attachment over the last two decades; (2) examines the age pattern life-stage variation, and racial differences in labor market transitions; and (3) identifies the individual and structural determinants of the rate of transitions between employment and nonemployment among individuals. Multistate life tables are used to estimate cohort changes and racial differentials in women's labor market transitions at the population level; event history models are used to estimate the effects of individual and structural factors on the rate of transitions. This study shows, through cohort analyses, that there has been little change over cohorts in the depressing effect of women's family obligations on their employment stability and documents the "continuing interaction between women's family and work careers." With regard to racial differences in labor market transitions, this study shows that the racial differentials largely depend on women's family status and educational level and that the major component of the racial differential in employment chances is in the process of entering employment rather than in the process of leaving employment. Through multivariate analyses, this study documents that not only individual characteristics but also the structural factors of the labor market (i.e., the occupational category, sector, and union status of the job) significantly affect the rate and pattern of young women's transitions into and out of employment over the e arly life course. This study also finds that the rates of transitions between employment and nonemployment are significantly affected by individual's past work history and experiences. The hazard rate of transition is dependent not only on the duration of the current spell but also on the number and the duration of past spells of employment or nonemployment.
	Bibliography Citation Phang, Hanam S. A Dynamic Study of Young Women's Labor Market Transitions over the Early Life Course: Cohort Trends, Racial Differentials, and Determinants. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1995.

2.	Phang, Hanam S.
2.	An Event History Analysis of Young Women's Labor Market Transitions: NLSY 1979-1991 (Transliterated title not available.) Han'guk Sahoehak/Korean Journal of Sociology 30,1 (Spring 1996): 125-149 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Han'guk Sahoehak Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Employment; Job Patterns; Job Turnover; Unemployment; Unions; Wage Effects; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Investigates individual & structural determinants of the transition between employment & nonemployment among young women. Examination of detailed work history data from the female youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1991, shows that work-related individual characteristics (education, ability, & experience) are positively related to duration of employment & negatively related to duration of nonemployment. The data also demonstrate that market wage is positively related to exit from nonemployment & negatively related to exit from employment, & past work history & experience independently affect employment transitions. Structural variables (occupation, labor market sector, & union status) also play a significant role in determining an individual's rate of entry & exit from employment. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
	Bibliography Citation Phang, Hanam S. "An Event History Analysis of Young Women's Labor Market Transitions: NLSY 1979-1991 (Transliterated title not available.)." Han'guk Sahoehak/Korean Journal of Sociology 30,1 (Spring 1996): 125-149.

3.	Phang, Hanam S.
3.	Employment-Nonemployment Transitions over the Life Course among Young Women of NLSY 1979-1992: A Longitudinal Analyisis (sic) CDE Working Paper No. 95-09, Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1995. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/cdewp/95-09ab.htm Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: Center for Demography and Ecology Keyword(s): Employment; Employment, Youth; Life Course; Re-employment; Unemployment; Unions; Work Experience; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using detailed work history data from the female youth cohort of NLSY 1979-1991, this study analyzes the process of transition between employment and nonemployment over the life course to identify individual and structural determinants of the process. Work-related individual characteristics (e.g., education, ability, preferences) are all positively related to the durations of employment, while negatively related to the durations of nonemployment. Market wage also strongly affects the rate of exit from employment (negatively) and the rate of entry to employment (positively), but husband's income is not a significant determinant. These results corroborate recent findings that women, even during the early stage of career, are quite responsive to the economic opportunity of the labor market. As women age while moving in and out of the labor market, considerably different work histories emerge among individuals. This study finds that individuals' past work history and work experience independently affect their employment transitions: the more experienced the woman and the more stable her past work history, the less likely to exit employment. Our event history analysis also shows that young women's employment-nonemployment transitions are time-structured: the rate of exit from employment is negatively dependent on the duration of current employment, while the rate of entry into employment is negatively dependent on the duration of current nonemployment spell. This study also documents the importance of structural variables; the occupation, the sector of the labor market, and union status are all significant determining factors for individuals' rates of entry into and exit from employment.
	Bibliography Citation Phang, Hanam S. "Employment-Nonemployment Transitions over the Life Course among Young Women of NLSY 1979-1992: A Longitudinal Analyisis (sic)." CDE Working Paper No. 95-09, Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1995.

4.	Phang, Hanam S.
4.	Labor Market Transitions of Young Women Over the Early Life Course: Age Pattern, Life Cycle Variation, and Racial Differences Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Education, Secondary; Employment History; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics; Life Course; Life Cycle Research; Racial Differences; Simultaneity; Transitional Programs; Women's Education; Women's Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using detailed panel data (i.e., NLSY 1979-1991), we examine the dynamic process of labor market transitions for young women during their young adulthood. Transitions between the states of the labor force are analyzed using multistate life tables, in which labor market and family transitions are estimated simultaneously. We find that black women in the aggregate are less likely to be employed (or in the A labor force) and more likely to be nonemployed than white women during early adulthood (i.e., at ages 16-34). With first childbirth controlled, black women, as expected from past observations, are in the labor force in a slightly higher proportion than white women during the same age period. But, we find that the proportion employed is actually lower among blacks than among whites due to blacks' higher proportion unemployed. Even though, the racial differential in employment decreases with age among women with more than high school education, it persists among women with high school or less education. By estimating the conditional probabilities of transition between the states of the labor force, this study shows that the major component of the racial differential in employment (or in nonemployment) is in the process of entering rather than exiting employment: black women, even if in 1? the labor force, are less likely employed and, if unemployed, more likely to withdraw from the labor force than their white counterparts. As a result, black women spend considerably more time nonemployed and less time employed than white women over the early life course.
	Bibliography Citation Phang, Hanam S. "Labor Market Transitions of Young Women Over the Early Life Course: Age Pattern, Life Cycle Variation, and Racial Differences." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995.

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