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Author: Votey, Harold L.
Resulting in 4 citations.
1. Phillips, Llad
Votey, Harold L.
Black Women, Economic Disadvantage, and Incentives to Crime
American Economic Review 74,2 (May 1984): 293-297.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816372
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Economic Association
Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Employment; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Self-Reporting

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A model of labor market behavior is used to investigate the relationship between the supply of hours to legitimate work and the decision to participate in grand theft. Attention is focused on those women who have chosen to participate in legal work but are constrained, possibly by the 40-hour week. Some will be overemployed and seeking part-time work; others will be underemployed and seeking additional work. Data on individual observations were obtained from the NLSY, with information classified by race, sex, hours worked, and self-report of the number of thefts over $50 in the past year. The pattern of the percentage of white men, white women, and black men reporting grand theft is U-shaped as hours worked increases. For all categories of hours worked, a slightly higher percentage of black women reported grand thefts than white women, with no black women working 49 hours or more reporting grand theft.
Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Llad and Harold L. Votey. "Black Women, Economic Disadvantage, and Incentives to Crime." American Economic Review 74,2 (May 1984): 293-297.
2. Phillips, Llad
Votey, Harold L.
Crimes by Youth: Deterrence and Moral Compliance with the Law
Contemporary Policy Issues 5,4 (October 1987): 73-90.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1987.tb00273.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Western Economic Association International
Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Earnings; Family Influences; Income

A decision theory framework is employed to assess the extent to which crimes by youth are explained by the "economic model of crime." This model is expanded from the usual formulation including deterrence effects to investigate the impact of earned income and income supplements on individuals' crime participation. Variables representing the forces of moral compliance and family attitudes also are evaluated. Data are from the NLSY consisting of 12,686 individuals' responses over a 3-year period. The sample is divided into 4 subsets: (1) innocents who have never committed a crime; (2) experimenters who admitted to some crime but had not been caught; (3) desisters who reported no 1979 offenses but had had past contact with the police; and (4) persisters who had crime involvement in 1979 and had had prior contacts with police. Moral compliance is found to have a moderating effect on the decision to commit crimes, even by persistently criminal individuals. Moreover, the expected cost of sanctions has more impact than does the lack of realized economic opportunities. [ABI/INFORM]
Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Llad and Harold L. Votey. "Crimes by Youth: Deterrence and Moral Compliance with the Law." Contemporary Policy Issues 5,4 (October 1987): 73-90.
3. Phillips, Llad
Votey, Harold L.
The Choice Between Legitimate and Illegitimate Work: Micro Study of Individual Behavior
Contemporary Policy Issues 5,4 (October 1987): 59-72.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1987.tb00272.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Western Economic Association International
Keyword(s): Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Employment; Schooling

An investigation is conducted of the effect of 1979 labor force experience on the probability of employment in 1980, controlling for the fraction of support obtained through illegal activities in 1979. The sample, derived from the NLSY, is made up of 2,779 individuals aged 16 or 17 years old who provided information about labor force experience in 1979. The sample is divided into 3 subgroups: (1) those who were not enrolled in school in 1979; (2) those who were enrolled in 1979, but who had dropped out by 1980; and (3) those who were enrolled in 1980. Influences on the probability of 1980 employment included: (1) the fraction of weeks worked between 1979 and 1980 interviews; (2) earning 1/4 or more of support from illegal activities during the year before the 1980 interview; and (3) employment status in 1979. Involvement in illegal activities was found to decrease the probability of future employment most for dropouts and least for those staying in school. In addition, it appeared that most minors obtaining support from crime are not pursuing criminal activities as an exclusive career. [Copyright: ABI/INFORM]
Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Llad and Harold L. Votey. "The Choice Between Legitimate and Illegitimate Work: Micro Study of Individual Behavior." Contemporary Policy Issues 5,4 (October 1987): 59-72.
4. Phillips, Llad
Votey, Harold L.
The Influence of Police Interventions and Alternative Income Sources on the Dynamic Process of Choosing Crime as a Career
Journal of Quantitative Criminology 3,3 (September 1987): 251-273.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/w06t5j70247513n6/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation
Keyword(s): Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Differences; Behavioral Problems; Crime; Data Analysis; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Illegal Activities; Income; Markov chain / Markov model; Statistical Analysis

An attempt is made to demonstrate that a rational process of choices, influenced by both deterrence efforts and economic factors, underlies the self-sorting process by youth into three subpopulations: (1) those who never experiment with crime, (2) those who experiment and thereafter desist from criminal behavior, and (3) those who persist in criminal lifestyles. A simple Markov model is used to illustrate the probabilities of transition between the groups, and to describe the effects of perceived probability of apprehension/punishment and the availability or lack of income opportunities on the self-sorting process. Application of the model to data on 12,686 United States youth aged 14-24 who were part of the 1982 NLSY supports the existence of a learning effect from police contact that tends to reduce future criminal behavior when alternative, legitimate sources of income are available. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.]
Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Llad and Harold L. Votey. "The Influence of Police Interventions and Alternative Income Sources on the Dynamic Process of Choosing Crime as a Career." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 3,3 (September 1987): 251-273.