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Author: Howard, Kimberly

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1.	Reeves, Richard V. Howard, Kimberly
1.	The Glass Floor: Education, Downward Mobility, and Opportunity Hoarding Working Paper, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, November 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Employment, Youth; Family Income; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Social; Noncognitive Skills; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem From an intergenerational perspective, the U.S. income distribution is sticky at both ends. Affluence and poverty are both partially inherited. Policy and research has focused on upward mobility, especially from the bottom. But relative intergenerational upward mobility is only possible with equivalent rates of downward mobility, where much less attention has been directed. Those born into more affluent families may be protected from falling by a “glass floor,” even if they are only modestly skilled.
	Bibliography Citation Reeves, Richard V. and Kimberly Howard. "The Glass Floor: Education, Downward Mobility, and Opportunity Hoarding." Working Paper, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, November 2013.

2.	Reeves, Richard V. Howard, Kimberly
2.	The Parenting Gap Paper, Social Genome Project Series, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, September 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Achievement; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Well-Being; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Simulation; Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Behavior; Racial Differences Our analysis employs the Social Genome Model (SGM) dataset, which is based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (CNLSY). The CNLSY contains data on all children born to the mothers of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) beginning in 1986. Our sample therefore consists of 5,783 children who were born in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
	Bibliography Citation Reeves, Richard V. and Kimberly Howard. "The Parenting Gap." Paper, Social Genome Project Series, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, September 2013.

3.	Reeves, Richard V. Venator, Joanna Howard, Kimberly
3.	The Character Factor: Measures and Impact of Drive and Prudence Report, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, October 22, 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Age at Birth; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Motivation; Noncognitive Skills; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) There is growing interest among psychologists and economists in the importance of "non-cognitive" skills for doing well in life. In this paper we assess the quality of measures available in US survey data for two specific non-cognitive skills, drive and prudence, which we term "performance character strengths" -- non-cognitive skills that relate to outcomes important for economic mobility, such as educational attainment. We evaluate and rank the measures of drive and prudence found in these surveys, categorizing them as broad or narrow, and indirect or direct. Next, we use one of these measures (the BPI-hyperactivity scale in the NLSY) to look at socioeconomic gaps in performance character strengths, and the relative importance of performance character strengths for educational attainment. We find that family income and maternal education are positively associated with higher levels of performance character strengths, and that the influence of the measure on educational attainment is comparable to the influence of academic scores.
	Bibliography Citation Reeves, Richard V., Joanna Venator and Kimberly Howard. "The Character Factor: Measures and Impact of Drive and Prudence." Report, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, October 22, 2014.

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