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Author: Rashad, Inas

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1.	Cesur, Resul Rashad, Inas
1.	High Birth Weight and Cognitive Outcomes NBER Working Paper 14524, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2008. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w14524 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Breastfeeding; Cognitive Development; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Obesity; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes While the effects of low birth weight have long been explored, those of high birth weight have been essentially ignored. Economists have analyzed the negative effects that low birth weight might have on subsequent school outcomes, while taking into account unobserved characteristics that may be common to families with low birth weight babies and negative outcomes in terms of school test scores when children, in addition to labor market income when adults. Today, however, with increasing obesity rates in the United States, high birth weight has become a potential concern, and has been associated in the medical literature with an increased likelihood of becoming an overweight child, adolescent, and subsequently an obese adult. Overweight and obesity, in turn, are associated with a host of negative effects, including lower test scores in school and lower labor market prospects when adults. If studies only focus on low birth weight, they may underestimate the effects of ensuring that mothers receive adequate support during pregnancy. In this study we find that cognitive outcomes are adversely affected not only by low birth weight (<2500 grams) but also by high birth weight (>4500 grams). Our results have policy implications in terms of provision of support for pregnant women.
	Bibliography Citation Cesur, Resul and Inas Rashad. "High Birth Weight and Cognitive Outcomes." NBER Working Paper 14524, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2008.

2.	Chou, Shin-Yi Rashad, Inas Grossman, Michael
2.	Fast Food Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity Presented: Atlanta, GA, Twenty-Sixth Annual APPAM Research Conference, "Creating and Using Evidence in Public Policy Analysis and Management", October 2004 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Television Viewing; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Childhood obesity around the world, and particularly in the United States, is an escalating problem that is especially detrimental as its effects carry on into adulthood. Finding the causes for childhood obesity is key in its prevention. In this paper we employ two panel data sets, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, and the Mother-Child National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, to estimate the effects of fast food advertising on overweight in children and adolescents....Limiting fast food advertising on television might be drastic, but knowing what effect it has on childhood obesity in the first place is an important step in knowing what could be done to prevent it. The Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Trade Commission, pressed by ACT (Action for Children's Television) in the past has made attempts to limit commercials during hours of children's programming yet faced angry opposition by candy, cereal, toy, and advertising industries (Krasnow et al. 1982). Parental control might thus be more effective. Preliminary results in this paper show that fast food advertising can possibly affect children's and adolescents' body mass indexes and probabilities of being overweight, particularly for adolescent females.
	Bibliography Citation Chou, Shin-Yi, Inas Rashad and Michael Grossman. "Fast Food Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Twenty-Sixth Annual APPAM Research Conference, "Creating and Using Evidence in Public Policy Analysis and Management", October 2004.

3.	Chou, Shin-Yi Rashad, Inas Grossman, Michael
3.	Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity NBER Working Paper No. 11879, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11879.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Television Viewing; Weight Childhood obesity around the world, and particularly in the United States, is an escalating problem that is especially detrimental as its effects carry on into adulthood. In this paper we employ the 1979 Child-Young Adult National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate the effects of fast-food restaurant advertising on children and adolescents being overweight. The advertising measure used is the number of hours of spot television fast-food restaurant advertising messages seen per week. Our results indicate that a ban on these advertisements would reduce the number of overweight children ages 3-11 in a fixed population by 10 percent and would reduce the number of overweight adolescents ages 12-18 by 12 percent. The elimination of the tax deductibility of this type of advertising would produce smaller declines of between 3 and 5 percent in these outcomes but would impose lower costs on children and adults who consume fast food in moderation because positive information about restaurants that supply this type of food would not be banned completely from television.
	Bibliography Citation Chou, Shin-Yi, Inas Rashad and Michael Grossman. "Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity." NBER Working Paper No. 11879, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

4.	Chou, Shin-Yi Rashad, Inas Grossman, Michael
4.	Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity Presented: Chicago, IL, American Economic Association Annual Meetings, January 2007. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2007/0106_1015_2004.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Television Viewing; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Childhood obesity around the world, and particularly in the United States, is an escalating problem that is especially detrimental as its effects carry on into adulthood. In this paper we employ the 1979 Child-Young Adult National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate the effects of fast-food restaurant advertising on children and adolescents being overweight. The advertising measure used is the number of hours of spot television fast-food restaurant advertising messages seen per week. Our results indicate that a ban on these advertisements would reduce the number of overweight children ages 3-11 in a fixed population by 18 percent and would reduce the number of overweight adolescents ages 12-18 by 14 percent. The elimination of the tax deductibility of this type of advertising would produce smaller declines of between 5 and 7 percent in these outcomes but would impose lower costs on children and adults who consume fast food in moderation because positive information about restaurants that supply this type of food would not be banned completely from television.
	Bibliography Citation Chou, Shin-Yi, Inas Rashad and Michael Grossman. "Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity." Presented: Chicago, IL, American Economic Association Annual Meetings, January 2007.

5.	Chou, Shin-Yi Rashad, Inas Grossman, Michael
5.	Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity The Journal of Law and Economics 51,4 (November 2008): 599-618. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/590132 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Market Level Data; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Television Viewing; Variables, Instrumental; Weight Childhood obesity is an escalating problem around the world that is especially detrimental as its effects carry on into adulthood. In this paper we employ the 1979 Child–Young Adult National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate the effects of television fast-food restaurant advertising on children and adolescents with respect to being overweight. A ban on these advertisements would reduce the number of overweight children ages 3–11 in a fixed population by 18 percent and would reduce the number of overweight adolescents ages 12–18 by 14 percent. The elimination of the tax deductibility of this type of advertising would produce smaller declines of between 5 and 7 percent in these outcomes but would impose lower costs on children and adults who consume fast food in moderation because positive information about restaurants that supply this type of food would not be completely banned from television.
	Bibliography Citation Chou, Shin-Yi, Inas Rashad and Michael Grossman. "Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity." The Journal of Law and Economics 51,4 (November 2008): 599-618.

6.	Colman, Greg Rashad, Inas
6.	Obesity and Depression: Establishing Causality Copenhagen, Denmark, iHEA 2007 6th World Congress: Explorations in Health Economics Paper, International Health Economics Association World Congress, July 2007. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=995010 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: iHEA - International Health Economics Association Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); Obesity; Variables, Instrumental; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we present an instrumental variables estimate of the effect of obesity on depression in females. Previous research has established a significant correlation between the two. The direction of causality, however, is unclear. We use employment data from the ES202 program and prices from the American Chamber of Commerce Researchers Association (ACCRA) as a vector of instruments for obesity to examine the independent effect of obesity on depression. In conducting this analysis, we employ micro-level data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), covering years 1988 to 1994, as well as data from the 1979 cohort of the Child-Young Adult National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). We find marginal evidence that being obese actually causes levels of depression to increase. We conclude that unobservable characteristics influencing both obesity and depression are the likely causes of the strong correlation, and that factors such as perception of one's weight possibly play a greater role in determining levels of depression.
	Bibliography Citation Colman, Greg and Inas Rashad. "Obesity and Depression: Establishing Causality." Copenhagen, Denmark, iHEA 2007 6th World Congress: Explorations in Health Economics Paper, International Health Economics Association World Congress, July 2007.

7.	Rashad, Inas
7.	Assessing the Underlying Economic Causes and Consequences of Obesity Gender Issues 21,3 (Summer 2003): 17-29. Also: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rlh&an=15535368 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Periodicals Service Company and Schmidt Periodicals GmbH Keyword(s): Epidemiology; Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Obesity; Technology/Technological Changes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Obesity rates in the United States have doubled for adults and tripled for children since the 1980s. Finding causes for this drastic rise is key in finding possible solutions to reverse this trend. Technological advances and changes in societal norms are environmental shifts that have largely contributed to the epidemic. There are substantial medical consequences to being obese, and in addition, there are considerable social and labor market consequences, particularly for women. There is thus a pressing need for solutions, as costs of being obese arc likely societal and not limited to personal ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]. Before attempting to find solutions, [the author identifies] the causes for the extraordinary rise in obesity as of late. [The author addresses] these, and then look at some consequences. In an exercise using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 cohort). [The author assesses] the likelihood of a specific type of social consequence—marriage--using hazard models.
	Bibliography Citation Rashad, Inas. "Assessing the Underlying Economic Causes and Consequences of Obesity." Gender Issues 21,3 (Summer 2003): 17-29.

8.	Rashad, Inas
8.	Essays in the Economics Of Obesity Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, September 2004. DAI-A 65/03, p. 1043, Sep 2004 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Heterogeneity; Modeling; Modeling, Fixed Effects; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Television Viewing; Weight Obesity is currently an epidemic, rapidly outpacing smoking as the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) are the data sets that the Centers for Disease Control use in order to track changes in obesity over time. In The Super Size of America: An Economic Estimation of Body Mass Index and Obesity in Adults, I use individual-level NHANES data in order to assess the effect of various state-level variables on the increase in the obesity trend in adults. In Structural Estimation of Caloric Intake, Exercise, Smoking and Obesity, I use NHANES to estimate simultaneous equations models by taking advantage of information on caloric intake, physical activity, and smoking by individuals, and the mechanism through which economic factors influence these choice variables. In Fast Food Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity, I estimate the effect of fast food advertising on television on obesity in children and adolescents using panel data sets, which allows for the estimation of individual fixed effects models to control for possible unobserved heterogeneity. Children of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and adolescents from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used in this analysis. I discuss various economic forces that have contributed to the rapid increase in the obesity epidemic in the United States, and also address social and labor market consequences to this increase in obesity.
	Bibliography Citation Rashad, Inas. Essays in the Economics Of Obesity. Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, September 2004. DAI-A 65/03, p. 1043, Sep 2004.

9.	Rashad, Inas Kaestner, Robert
9.	Teenage Sex, Drugs and Alcohol Use: Problems Identifying the Cause of Risky Behaviors Journal of Health Economics 23,3 (May 2004): 493-504. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629604000244 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Risk-Taking; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Substance Use The relationship between substance use and adolescent sexual activity is an important one, and extensive literature has shown that substance use is positively associated with adolescent sexual behaviors. While this is true, causality from substance use to risky sexual behaviors is difficult to establish, as it is likely that an adolescent's sexual behavior and substance use depend on a set of personal and social behaviors, many of which are unmeasured. Researchers must thus devise a credible empirical strategy in order to overcome this omitted variable bias. Using the first waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health and the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we call into question recent methods used to determine causality. Despite attempts to determine the causal relationship between substance use and sexual behavior, the nature of the relationship remains unknown. [Copyright 2004 Elsevier]
	Bibliography Citation Rashad, Inas and Robert Kaestner. "Teenage Sex, Drugs and Alcohol Use: Problems Identifying the Cause of Risky Behaviors." Journal of Health Economics 23,3 (May 2004): 493-504.

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