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6001. |
Terris, Kristin Lynn |
Evaluating Match Quality in Labor Markets Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgetown University, 2004. DAI-A 66/01, p. 288, Jul 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Clare Jellick; Educational Attainment; Employment, Youth; Job Search; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Schooling In the three chapters of this dissertation, I analyze large samples from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to study match quality in the labor market. I use non-linear, semi-parametric estimation techniques. In the first chapter, I characterize the duration of employment for an individual's first job after leaving high school. I find that employment duration has a significant positive correlation with the length of the preceding non-employment spell. I take this as evidence that increasing search time improves the quality of the match. In addition, factors that reduce an individual's ability to conduct an effective job search decrease match quality and factors that increase family stability have a positive impact on match quality. The second chapter examines the effects of schooling on match quality. I characterize the distribution of employment for high school and college graduates. I find evidence that job mobility is considerably lower for college graduates. In addition, wage changes between jobs are correlated with the decision to move, and between-job wage changes are significantly higher for college graduates. Higher wages lead to a lower hazard out of employment and therefore longer employment durations. I take this as evidence that college graduates are making better quality matches and that there are positive returns to schooling on match quality. The third chapter characterizes the ways in which age and worker mobility contribute to the quality of the employment match. As they age, workers experience a significant decline in mobility. Analyzing the determinants of workers' decisions to move, I find evidence that older workers make higher-quality matches. |
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Bibliography Citation
Terris, Kristin Lynn. Evaluating Match Quality in Labor Markets. Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgetown University, 2004. DAI-A 66/01, p. 288, Jul 2005. |
6002. |
Terris, Kristin Lynn |
Job Matching: The Effects of Job Search on Match Quality Working Paper, Department of Economics, Georgetown University, November 2004. Also: http://ase.tufts.edu/econ/papers/Terris_Tufts.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Georgetown University Keyword(s): Job Search; Job Tenure; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, I analyze a large sample from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to characterize the duration of employment for an individual's first job after leaving school. I find that employment duration has a significant positive correlation with the length of the preceding non-employment spell. I take this as evidence that time spent in job search improves the quality of the match. I also find that there are positive returns to schooling through match quality. In addition, factors that negatively impact an individual's ability to spend time to search for a job increase the hazard out of employment and factors related to family stability decrease the hazard out of employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Terris, Kristin Lynn. "Job Matching: The Effects of Job Search on Match Quality." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Georgetown University, November 2004. |
6003. |
Thakkar, Madhuli Y. Hao, Lingxin Marcell, Arik |
Adolescents' and Young Adults' Routine Care Use: The Role of Their Mothers' Care Use Behaviors Journal of Adolescent Health 64,1 (January 2019): 107-115. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X18302982 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Health; Health Care; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Mothers, Health; Parental Influences Purpose: Little is known whether mothers' own care use is differentially associated with their adolescents' routine care use by gender. The main purpose of this study is to examine whether mothers' healthcare use prospectively predicts their adolescents' routine care use stratified by gender, after controlling for predisposing (child's age, race/ethnicity, region of residence, urbanicity, and mother's age at child's birth), enabling (mother's education, adolescent and mother health insurance), and need (child health status) factors. Methods: In 2018, a prospective analysis was conducted using data from 5,040 adolescents aged 9-24 and their mothers who completed the two-generation National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in 2006 (first interview) and 2008 (second interview). Findings include percentages and adjusted odds ratios of the factors that predict adolescents' self-report of routine care use in the past year measured at the second interview. Results: In 2008, over half of participants reported a routine doctor visit during the prior 12 months and this varied by gender; more females (68.7%) had a visit than males (53.5%). Factors that independently predicted a greater odds of adolescents' routine doctor visits included mothers with routine doctor visits at both interviews or the second interview only, and adolescents' health insurance and past routine visit, regardless of gender. Males aged 18-20 and 21-24 years had lower odds of having a routine doctor visit than males aged 9-11 years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thakkar, Madhuli Y., Lingxin Hao and Arik Marcell. "Adolescents' and Young Adults' Routine Care Use: The Role of Their Mothers' Care Use Behaviors." Journal of Adolescent Health 64,1 (January 2019): 107-115.
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6004. |
Thakuriah, Piyushimita Persky, Joseph Soot, Siim Sriraj, P.S. |
Costs and Benefits of Employment Transportation for Low-Wage Workers: An Assessment of Job Access Public Transportation Services Evaluation and Program Planning 37 (April 2013): 31-42. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149718912000894 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Commuting/Type, Time, Method; Economic Well-Being; Human Capital; Program Participation/Evaluation; Transportation; Wages This paper focuses on an evaluation of public transportation-based Employment Transportation (ET) services to transport low-wage workers to jobs in the US. We make an attempt to capture a more comprehensive range of intended and unintended outcomes of ET services than those traditionally considered in the case of public transportation services. Using primary data from 23 locations across the country, we present a framework to evaluate how transportation improvements, in interaction with labor markets, can affect users’ short-run economic welfare, users’ long-run human capital accumulation and non-users’ short-run economic welfare. These services were partially funded by a specialized program - the Job Access and Reverse Commute (JARC) program - which was consolidated into larger transit funding programs by recent legislation. In the sites examined, we found that low wage users benefitted from self-reported increased access to jobs, improvements in earnings potential, as well as from savings in transport cost and time. Simulations show the potential of users to accrue long-term worklife benefits. At the same time, users may have accrued changes in leisure time as a result of transitioning from unemployment to employment, and generated a range of societal impacts on three classes of non-users: the general tax-paying public, the general commuting public in the service operating area and other low-wage workers in local labor markets. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thakuriah, Piyushimita, Joseph Persky, Siim Soot and P.S. Sriraj. "Costs and Benefits of Employment Transportation for Low-Wage Workers: An Assessment of Job Access Public Transportation Services." Evaluation and Program Planning 37 (April 2013): 31-42.
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6005. |
Thamma-Apiroam, Rewat |
Identifying and Estimating Ability from Nonlinear Human Capital Earnings Functions Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Binghamton, 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Achievement; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Earnings; I.Q.; Intelligence Tests; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the framework of optimal human capital accumulation theory, the typical Mincerian earnings function cannot properly characterize the role of ability so that theoretical development for identifying such ability is necessary. Through a closed-form solution of the earnings function, a modified version of Ben-Porath and Haley human capital investment models has been proposed. Not only does this adapted earnings function provide a number of meaningful parameters such as the initial human capital endowment and the rate of return to schooling, but it also allows the ability parameter to be identified in a practical fashion. This study, therefore, takes advantage of such a framework by pinpointing and estimating the earnings functions with the nonlinear least squares technique. Various demographic groups are employed to estimate the ability parameter. Subsequently, as an application to this explicitly closed-form solution, the data on independent ability measures such as IQ and aptitude tests are utilized to compare with the ability parameter. The vital aim is to establish a relationship between the ability parameter obtained from the nonlinear earnings function in economics and the ability measures mostly developed from the psychology discipline. The empirical results reveal no racial bias for ability estimation. Furthermore, utilizing the same procedure through group and individual data gives a consistent result. There exits a relatively strong relation between ability estimates and IQ scores across a diverse range of independent general cognitive ability and aptitude tests, all from the NLSY79 data. However, at the individual level, the correlation coefficients are somewhat weaker than those from group estimation. In conclusion, an alternative ability measure through ability parameter has been originally developed which links the economics and psychology disciplines. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thamma-Apiroam, Rewat. Identifying and Estimating Ability from Nonlinear Human Capital Earnings Functions. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Binghamton, 2009. |
6006. |
Theis, Clifford F. Register, Charles A. |
Decriminalization of Marijuana and the Demand for Alcohol, Marijuana and Cocaine Social Science Journal 30,4 (1993): 385-399. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/036233199390016O Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: JAI Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Geographical Variation; Government Regulation; Marital Status; Religious Influences; Self-Reporting; Substance Use This study examines whether the decriminalization of marijuana in the eleven states that have decriminalized has affected self-reported usage by kind or level of drug. Generally, decriminalization is not found to significantly impact reported usage of drugs. An implication is that the demand for drugs is highly inelastic with respect to incremental changes in the legal sanctions for possession of small amounts of marijuana. |
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Bibliography Citation
Theis, Clifford F. and Charles A. Register. "Decriminalization of Marijuana and the Demand for Alcohol, Marijuana and Cocaine." Social Science Journal 30,4 (1993): 385-399.
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6007. |
Thomas, Adam Timothy |
Forgotten Fathers: A Collection of Essays on Low-Skilled Men and Marriage Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Incarceration/Jail; Marital Status; Marriage; Modeling, Logit; Parents, Single; Racial Differences; Wages, Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first essay uses 1979 panel of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the implications of incarceration rates for men's marital prospects. I find that black men are considerably less likely to marry if they have a prison record. The magnitude of the coefficient for the variable measuring past incarceration is reduced by about a third when earnings are controlled for. I also find that the strength of the relationship between incarceration and marriage diminishes as black men become further removed from their prison spells. Among whites, the effect of past incarceration on the predicted probability of marrying is not statistically differentiable from zero. The second essay is motivated by a puzzle in the research literature: quantitative analyses tend to show that marriage is usually a financially-beneficial institution for low-income single mothers and their children, while, in the relevant qualitative literature, such women often identify men's limited financial resources as a key reason for their remaining unmarried. I attempt to identify the functional form of the relationship between men's earnings and their marital status, and I find that it is best described by using a transformed variable that expresses earnings as a percentile ranking relative to one's peers. I conclude that many low-skilled men may, as a condition of their marriageability, be required to demonstrate that they are at least as capable as their peers of improving their partners' financial prospects. The third essay uses couple-level panel data on unmarried parents to examine the association between marital attitudes and expectations and relationship status. I find that unmarried couples hold overwhelmingly positive views of marriage but are more likely to break up than to marry over time. Multinomial logit results show that couples who are more optimistic about marriage are more likely to marry than to cohabit and are more likely to cohabit than to break up or to be romantically involved without living together. Measures of respondents' attitudes about gender roles and the trustworthiness of members of the opposite sex are also occasionally significant in the analyses of black and Hispanic couples. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomas, Adam Timothy. Forgotten Fathers: A Collection of Essays on Low-Skilled Men and Marriage. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2007. |
6008. |
Thomas, Christopher Kazemian, Lila |
Residential Relocation and the Reentry Outcomes of Formerly Incarcerated Individuals Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Geocoded Data; Incarceration/Jail; Mobility, Residential Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study explores the effects of different types of residential relocation on the reentry outcomes, including recidivism, of formerly incarcerated individuals. Although many parolees return to their communities of origin, some move to new communities for a variety of push and pull factors. It is essential to better understand the impact of different relocation decisions on formerly incarcerated populations in order to develop policies that may promote better social reintegration outcomes after release from prison. Drawing on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and controlling for relevant neighborhood and individual indicators, this study investigates whether residential relocation in itself may help to improve criminal career outcomes and minimize the influence of other risk factors (by altering social networks, changing employment and routine activities, or by creating new opportunities for change). We also assess whether the reasons underlying the decision to relocate are associated with reentry outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomas, Christopher and Lila Kazemian. "Residential Relocation and the Reentry Outcomes of Formerly Incarcerated Individuals." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018. |
6009. |
Thomas, Christopher Tan, Ruoding Bennett, Neil G. |
Structural Opportunity and Individual Preference: The Determinants of Spouse Selection in Second Marriages Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Marital History/Transitions; Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the context of fundamental changes in union formation, union dissolution, and assortative mating in the U.S. in recent decades, we still do not fully understand the structural and individual factors driving spouse selection the second time around. Based on a nationally representative sample drawn from the 1979-2014 waves of the geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we test three hypotheses: 1) Women's spousal choice in first and in second marriages is associated with the composition of the local pool of unmarried men; 2) if the number of available single men as potential husbands is limited, a woman will be more likely to marry heterogamously; and 3) independent of the composition of remarriage markets, divorced women will change their preference toward homogamy in the second marital search. We find preliminary empirical evidence supporting these hypotheses, suggesting that changes in spouse selection in second marriages are due to both structural changes in remarriage markets and changing individual preferences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomas, Christopher, Ruoding Tan and Neil G. Bennett. "Structural Opportunity and Individual Preference: The Determinants of Spouse Selection in Second Marriages." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
6010. |
Thomas, Duncan |
Like Father, Like Son, Or, Like Mother, Like Daughter: Parental Education and Child Health RAND Publication, RP-381, Santa Monica CA: The RAND Corporation, April 1994 Also: http://www.rand.org/cgi-bin/Abstracts/e-getabbydoc.pl?RP-381 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Child Health; Cross-national Analysis; Fathers, Influence; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Age at Menarche; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Height; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Parental Influences; Racial Differences Using household survey data from the United States, Brazil and Ghana, we examine the relationship between parental education and child height, an indicator of health and nutritional status. In all three countries, the education of the mother has a bigger effect on her daughter's height; paternal education, in contrast, has a bigger impact on his son's height. There are, apparently, differences in the allocation of household resources depending on the gender of the child and these difference vary with the gender of the parent. These results are quite robust and persist even after including controls for unobserved household fixed effects. In Ghana, relative to other women, the education of a woman who is better educated than her husband has a bigger impact on the height of her daughter than her son. In BraziL women's nonlabor income has a positive impact on the health of her daughter but not on her son's health. If relative education of parents and non-labor income are in dicators of power in a household bargaining game, then these results suggest that gender differences in resource allocations reflect both technological differences in child rearing and differences in the preferences of parents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomas, Duncan. "Like Father, Like Son, Or, Like Mother, Like Daughter: Parental Education and Child Health." RAND Publication, RP-381, Santa Monica CA: The RAND Corporation, April 1994. |
6011. |
Thomas, Duncan |
Like Father, Like Son; Like Mother, Like Daughter Parental Resources and Child Height Journal of Human Resources 29,4 (Fall 1994): 950-988. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/jhr/1994ab/thomas.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Child Health; Cross-national Analysis; Education; Education Indicators; Fathers and Sons; Gender Differences; Height; Household Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers and Daughters; Mothers, Age at Menarche; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Height; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Parental Influences; Racial Differences Using household survey data from the United States, Brazil, and Ghana, this article examines the relationship between parental education and child height, an indicator of health and nutritional status. In all three countries, the education of the mother has a bigger effect on her daughter's height; paternal education, in contrast, has a bigger impact on his son's height. There are, apparently, differences in the allocation of household resources depending on the gender of the child and these differences vary with the gender of the parent. These results are quite robust and persist even after including controls for unobserved household fixed effects. Results for all three countries are discussed. Results suggest that gender differences in resource allocations reflect both technological differences in child rearing and differences in the preferences of parents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomas, Duncan. "Like Father, Like Son; Like Mother, Like Daughter Parental Resources and Child Height." Journal of Human Resources 29,4 (Fall 1994): 950-988.
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6012. |
Thomas, Jason R. Oi, Katsuya |
The Development of Early Skills: Self-Productivity and Cross-Fertilization Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); British Cohort Study (BCS); Child Development; Human Capital; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Skill Formation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Cunha and Heckman (2007) have developed a model of human capital formation that identifies a key feature of the developmental process – “self-productivity.”This concept refers to the notion that capabilities developed by time t - 1 enhance capabilities at later stages of development (e.g. at time t). An interesting corollary is that one dimension of development (e.g. non-cognitive or social skills) fosters the develop of different dimensions of development at later stages of life (e.g. cognitive skills). This paper offers simple tests of the process of “self-productivity” using several different longitudinal data sets that contain repeated measures of cognitive and non-cognitive skills. To the extent that we find empirical support for the model developed by Cunha and Heckman (2007), the implications of the model – namely, the importance of early and continued investments in early life – should receive attention in the policy arena. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomas, Jason R. and Katsuya Oi. "The Development of Early Skills: Self-Productivity and Cross-Fertilization." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
6013. |
Thomas, Megan Deepti Philomena |
Three Essays on the Impact of Welfare Policies Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, 2016. Also: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/68370 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: University of Texas at Austin Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Child Health; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Geocoded Data; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Insurance, Health; Medicaid/Medicare; State-Level Data/Policy; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The third chapter studies the EITC in the United States, which is a tax credit scheme that supplements earned income and has increased employment particularly for single mothers with high school level of education or below. Using the differential increase in 1993 in the tax credit generosity across families with one child and families with two or more children, I find that the program increased child health insurance coverage, especially through private health insurance. The analyses of the three programs demonstrate that welfare policies can indirectly benefit children's development and have positive effects in the long run, which should be included in their evaluation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomas, Megan Deepti Philomena. Three Essays on the Impact of Welfare Policies. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, 2016.. |
6014. |
Thomas, Paul W. |
Essays in Labor Economics and Applied Microeconomics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Purdue University, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Children; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Fertility; Geocoded Data; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); School Performance; State-Level Data/Policy; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter of this dissertation is titled "Childhood Family Income and Adult Outcomes: Evidence from the EITC." Many researchers have explored the impact of family income on children by utilizing structural changes in the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). However, most of this previous research focuses on childhood outcomes, such as effects on the child's performance in school or effects on health and behavior. This paper is one of the few that estimates the effect of childhood family income on adult outcomes. In order to overcome the confounding relationship between childhood family income and future employment, this paper uses the structural changes made to the EITC, specifically the substantial changes made during the 1980's and 1990's, as an exogenous income shock. The main covariate of interest, maximum potential family EITC payments is constructed using the NBER TAXSIM calculator. This chapter provides evidence that casts doubt on the previous findings that the structural changes in the EITC, since its inception and through the early 2000's, had a positive overall impact on long run educational and labor market outcomes. Replicating the methodology used in Bastian and Michelmore (forthcoming) on the combined NLSY and PSID sample produced overall effects that were much smaller in magnitude than their analysis. In addition, these effects seem to be driven by individuals in the PSID who are most likely to have unobserved characteristics that would bias the estimates positively. However, there are similar coefficients estimated for those in the 13 to 18 age range for those in the PSID and the NLSY. Thus, while the analysis on the overall PSID sample did produce some consistency with Bastian and Michelmore (forthcoming), the findings of positive effects for different subgroups and no effects for the subgroups in which they saw the largest responses call into question the robustness of their analysis. Evidence is also presented that indicates that the lack of significant effects in the NLSY is not due to differences in the years spanned by the two data sets. The second chapter of this dissertation is titled "Fertility Response to the Tax Treatment of Children." This chapter uses variation in the child tax subsidy implicit in US personal income taxation over time and across states to estimate the effect of a decrease in the cost of raising a child on fertility. In a sample of 18,592 women age 20 to 43 from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) surveyed between 1968 and 2013, we estimate that the tax subsidy for having a child does not seem to cause a significant fertility response, but some subgroups of the US population do have a positive and economically significant fertility response to the child tax subsidy. There are larger, statistically significant fertility effects for low-income women, single women, and women in the earlier half of our sample. The evidence suggests that not all child tax subsidy changes are equally salient for these subgroups as the fertility response is driven by increases to the Earned Income Tax Credit and not the value of the personal exemption or by increases to the Child Tax Credit. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomas, Paul W. Essays in Labor Economics and Applied Microeconomics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Purdue University, 2018. |
6015. |
Thomeer, Mieke Beth Reczek, Corinne |
Intergenerational Coresidential Patterns by Young Adult's and Their Mother's Mental Health and Substance Use Journal of Family Issues 41,9 (September 2020): 1498-1524. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0192513X19894348 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Coresidence; Depression (see also CESD); Residence, Return to Parental Home/Delayed Homeleaving; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Intergenerational coresidence is at a 30-year high. Studies find that economic, familial, and demographic factors shape the likelihood of this arrangement. We use NLSY79 and NLSY79YA data (2000-2014; N = 3,092) to examine how the mental health and substance use of both adult children and their mothers matter for coresidential biographies, estimating risks of moving out of and returning to their mothers' households. Adult children who drink, smoke, or have more depressive symptoms, or whose mothers drink or smoke, are more likely to leave their mother's household; adult children with more depressive symptoms and who smoke are more likely to return. Our findings show that children's and mothers' health are key determinants of coresidential patterns, suggesting that it is not just family arrangements that impact health but health that impacts family arrangements. As intergenerational coresidence increases, researchers should continue to look beyond economic, familial, and demographic determinants of coresidence to health dynamics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomeer, Mieke Beth and Corinne Reczek. "Intergenerational Coresidential Patterns by Young Adult's and Their Mother's Mental Health and Substance Use." Journal of Family Issues 41,9 (September 2020): 1498-1524.
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6016. |
Thomeer, Mieke Beth Reczek, Rin |
Life Course Patterns and Predictors of the Relationship Between Adult Children and Their Mothers Innovation in Aging 7,IS1 (21 December 2023): 567. Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1858 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Childbearing; Children; Children, Home Environment; Family History; Family Studies; Life Course; Motherhood; Mothers; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Studies demonstrate that the content and quality of the parent-child tie is highly variable across the life course and that multiple social factors predict different aspects of that relationship. Separate research shows that childbirth experiences (e.g., age at birth) matter for the well-being of both the mother and child. However, limited research considers how the mother’s childbearing history is associated with adult child relationships at mid-life and beyond—namely contact and emotional closeness. We use Sequence Analysis on two linked datasets—the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Young Adults (NLSY79YA) (N=1,953) to identify life course patterns of closeness and contact between adult children and their mothers. We identify six unique sequences: (1) mixed quality/contact (9.9%), (2) distant (10.0%), (3) close with decreasing contact (13.2%), (4) increasing emotional closeness with high contact (16.4%), (5) mostly close with high contact (23.2%), and (6) always close with high contact (27.3%). We use regression analysis to estimate how different aspects of the childbearing biography are associated with each category. Relationships characterized by “always close with high contact” were associated with more siblings/childbirths and older age at birth. Relationships associated with “emotionally distance” were associated with births characterized as “mistimed,” being a middle or older child, and younger age at birth. Future analysis will consider selection factors such as family histories. This project demonstrates the need for life course perspectives on the child-mother relationship, recognizing the role of childbearing histories and the important diversity within and between individuals. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomeer, Mieke Beth and Rin Reczek. "Life Course Patterns and Predictors of the Relationship Between Adult Children and Their Mothers." Innovation in Aging 7,IS1 (21 December 2023): 567.
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6017. |
Thomeer, Mieke Beth Reczek, Rin Ross, Clifford |
Childbearing Biographies and Midlife Women's Health Journal of Aging and Health published online (3 February 2022): DOI: 10.1177/08982643211070136. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/08982643211070136 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Childbearing; Family Size; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: We introduce a "childbearing biography" approach to show how multiple childbearing characteristics cluster in ways significant for midlife health. Methods: We analyze the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79; N = 3992) using mixed-mode Latent Class Analysis with eight childbearing variables (e.g., age at first birth, parity, birth spacing, and mistimed births) to identify how childbearing biographies are associated with midlife health, adjusting for key covariates--including socioeconomic status (SES) and relationship history. Results: We identify six childbearing biographies: (1) early compressed, (2) staggered, (3) extended high parity, (4) later, (5) married planned, and (6) childfree. Childbearing biographies are strongly associated with physical health but not mental health, with differences primarily explained by SES. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomeer, Mieke Beth, Rin Reczek and Clifford Ross. "Childbearing Biographies and Midlife Women's Health." Journal of Aging and Health published online (3 February 2022): DOI: 10.1177/08982643211070136.
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6018. |
Thomeer, Mieke Beth Reczek, Rin Ross, Clifford Bijou, Christina |
Sequencing of Births by Wantedness: Implications for Changes in Mid-Life Health Among Aging NLSY79 Women Journal of Gerontology Series B 78,11 (November 2023): 1881-1891. Also: https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/78/11/1881/7234546?login=true Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Gerontological Society of America Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Birth Preferences/Birth Expectations; Birth, Unwanted; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Demography; Health Disparities; Life Course; Mothers, Adolescent; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Pregnancy, Unwanted; Womens Health Objectives: As life course frameworks highlight and gerontological studies confirm, the health implications of early birth timing (e.g., adolescent births) and unplanned births (e.g., unwanted or mistimed births) extend years after those births into mid and later life. Yet past research often overlooks the considerable diversity in sequencing and timing of unplanned births even within the same individual (e.g., having both wanted and unwanted births), which are likely fundamental for women's long-term health trajectories. We develop a holistic understanding of birth timing and wantedness to provide insight into when and how childbearing histories matter for aging women's health. Methods: We use sequence analysis with hierarchical cluster method and estimate regression models using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 3,231) to examine how timing and patterning of births by wantedness are associated with changes in physical and mental health from ages 40 to 50. Results: We identify 7 clusters of childbearing sequences. Of those 7 clusters, respondents with sequences characterized by wanted births in their 20s and 30s had the smallest declines in health in mid-life, whereas respondents with sequences with mainly unwanted births at any age or with mainly mistimed births beginning in adolescence had the greatest health declines. Adjusting for social and economic variables accounted for some, but not all, health differences across childbearing clusters. Discussion: This project demonstrates the need for comprehensive life course perspectives on long-term health implications of birth wantedness and timing, recognizing diversity within and between individuals. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomeer, Mieke Beth, Rin Reczek, Clifford Ross and Christina Bijou. "Sequencing of Births by Wantedness: Implications for Changes in Mid-Life Health Among Aging NLSY79 Women." Journal of Gerontology Series B 78,11 (November 2023): 1881-1891.
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6019. |
Thomeer, Mieke Beth Reczek, Rin Stacey, Lawrence |
Childbearing Biographies as a Method to Examine Diversity and Clustering of Childbearing Experiences: A Research Brief Population Research and Policy Review published online (18 January 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s11113-022-09699-2. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-022-09699-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Size; Heterogeneity; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Due to increasing heterogeneity in if, when, and under what conditions women have children, the timing, spacing, and other demographic aspects of childbearing have drastically changed in the US over the past century. Existing science tends to examine demographic aspects of childbearing separately, creating an incomplete understanding of how childbearing patterns are distributed at the population level. In this research brief, we develop the concept of childbearing biographies to emphasize that multiple childbearing characteristics cluster together. We analyze nationally representative US data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79; N = 4052). Using eight childbearing variables (e.g., age at first birth, number of children, whether unmarried at any birth), we use Mixed-Mode Latent Class Analysis (MM-LCA) and identify five classes, or childbearing biographies: (1) early compressed childbearing, (2) staggered childbearing, (3) extended high-parity childbearing, (4) later childbearing, and (5) married planned childbearing. A childbearing biography approach highlights the increasingly heterogeneous contexts of parenthood today, showing how women with similar characteristics around one aspect of childbearing (e.g., early age at first birth) can also be highly divergent from each other when taking into consideration other childbearing characteristics. In showing this complexity, we highlight that a childbearing biography approach has the potential to shed new light on widening inequality among contemporary midlife women, with implications for aging and population health and well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomeer, Mieke Beth, Rin Reczek and Lawrence Stacey. "Childbearing Biographies as a Method to Examine Diversity and Clustering of Childbearing Experiences: A Research Brief." Population Research and Policy Review published online (18 January 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s11113-022-09699-2.
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6020. |
Thomeer, Mieke Beth Ross, Clifford Reczek, Rin Hossain, Monir |
Women's Childbearing Histories and Their Alcohol Use at Midlife Journal of Woman and Aging published online (09 October 2023). Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08952841.2023.2266961 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Childbearing; Latent Class Analysis; Women; Women at Mid-Life There has been increased alcohol use among mid-life women in recent decades. Given the association between alcohol use and childbearing earlier in life and the centrality of childbearing for other aspects of mid-life women's health, we examined how multiple components of childbearing histories were associated with mid-life alcohol use. Our analysis included 3,826 women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). We estimated how nine components of childbearing were associated with women's alcohol use at age 50. We investigated these components independently and also created six childbearing profiles using Mixed-Mode Latent Class Analysis (MM-LCA). The most alcohol was consumed by women without any childbirths, with older ages at first birth, with low parity, and with the same or fewer births than expected. Women with older ages at first and last birth and more childbirths were less likely to abstain from alcohol compared to women with younger ages at first and last birth and fewer childbirths. Our MM-LCA demonstrated that women with multiple childbirths over a long period of time consumed the least alcohol compared to other groups. Binge drinking at mid-life was generally not associated with childbearing histories in our models. In summary, childbearing histories mattered for women's drinking behaviors at mid-life. Given that an increasing number of women do not have children, the age at first birth continues to trend older, and parity is decreasing, we may expect mid-life women's alcohol use to continue to increase in line with these observed fertility trends. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomeer, Mieke Beth, Clifford Ross, Rin Reczek and Monir Hossain. "Women's Childbearing Histories and Their Alcohol Use at Midlife." Journal of Woman and Aging published online (09 October 2023).
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6021. |
Thomeer, Mieke Reczek, Corinne |
Coresidential Patterns by Parents' and Children's Health Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Coresidence; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Residence, Return to Parental Home/Delayed Homeleaving Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Rates of coresidence between young adults and their parents have increased in recent years. Past studies have considered predictors of coresidence, including economic characteristics, demographic characteristics, and parental characteristics. Yet few studies consider the role of health, and specifically the interplay of parents' and adult children's health. In this study, we analyze the NLSY79-YA and NLSY79 (N=3,516) with hazard models to examine how the health of adult children, their mothers, and their fathers shapes risk of exiting parents' household as well as the risk of "boomeranging" back into the parental home. Results indicate that health outcomes operate in different ways; mothers' and children's worse mental health increase the risk of a child moving out, but mothers' health limitations decrease risk of moving out. Further, health operates differently for re-entry compared to exit-- for example, children's health is associated with risk of moving out but not risk of reentering parents' home. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomeer, Mieke and Corinne Reczek. "Coresidential Patterns by Parents' and Children's Health." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
6022. |
Thomeer, Mieke Ross, Clifford Reczek, Rin Bijou, Christina |
Sequencing of Planned and Unplanned Births and Implications for Mid- and Later-Life Health among NLSY79 Women Innovation in Aging 6,S1 (November 2022): 316-317. Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1252 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Birth Preferences/Birth Expectations; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In order to provide a more holistic understanding of how birthing experiences births are associated with midlife health, we use Sequence Analysis (SA) on the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79; N=3,992) to examine how patterning of planned and unplanned births is associated with physical and mental health at ages 50 and 60 (SF-12). Preliminary analysis indicates that compared to respondents with only planned births, respondents with unplanned birth(s) followed by planned birth(s) have worse physical and mental health at midlife, but there is no difference in health for respondents with only planned births, only unplanned births, and planned birth(s) followed by unplanned birth(s). Future analysis with SA will consider how more detailed sequences (e.g., timing, number and type, ordering, spacing) are associated with these mid- and later-life health outcomes, taking into account selection factors such as childhood SES and educational attainment. This project demonstrates the need for life course perspectives on the long-term health implications of unplanned births, recognizing diversity within and between individuals. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomeer, Mieke, Clifford Ross, Rin Reczek and Christina Bijou. "Sequencing of Planned and Unplanned Births and Implications for Mid- and Later-Life Health among NLSY79 Women." Innovation in Aging 6,S1 (November 2022): 316-317.
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6023. |
Thompson, Ann S. |
Psychosocial Functioning of Well Siblings of Chronically Ill Children: Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth M.S. Thesis, University of Alabama, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Health; Family Characteristics; Family Environment; Psychological Effects; Siblings; Social Emotional Development |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Ann S. Psychosocial Functioning of Well Siblings of Chronically Ill Children: Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. M.S. Thesis, University of Alabama, 1993. |
6024. |
Thompson, Dennis |
Prison Time Shortens Life Spans for Black Americans, But Not Whites HealthDay News, December 28, 2021. Also: https://consumer.healthday.com/12-28-prison-time-brings-shortened-life-spans-to-black-americans-but-not-whites-2656093204.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: HealthDay Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Mortality; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A stint behind bars can significantly shorten the life expectancy of Black Americans, but not their white counterparts, new research has found. Black Americans who have spent time in jail or prison are 65% more likely to die prematurely, even if it's been years since their incarceration, according to an analysis of data from a decades-long federal study. However, jail time did not appear to have any meaningful impact on the long-term health of white former inmates, researchers recently reported in the journal JAMA Network Open. [Media report based on journal article: Bovell-Ammon, Benjamin J., Ziming Xuan, Michael K. Paasche-Orlow and Marc R. LaRochelle. "Association of Incarceration With Mortality by Race From a National Longitudinal Cohort Study." JAMA Network Open 4,12 (December 2021): DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.33083] |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Dennis. "Prison Time Shortens Life Spans for Black Americans, But Not Whites." HealthDay News, December 28, 2021. |
6025. |
Thompson, Derek |
First Children Are Smarter--but Why? The Atlantic, October 21, 2013. Also: https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/10/first-children-are-smarter-but-why/280725/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Atlantic Media Keyword(s): Academic Development; Achievement; Birth Order; Family Size; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Interaction; Parenting Skills/Styles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Those born earlier perform better in school--and according to a new study, it's because of the parents. Moms and dads simply go easy on their later-born kids, according to data analyzed by economists V. Joseph Hotz and Juan Pantano, and as a result, first-born children tend to receive both the best parenting and the best grades. [News media article based on Hotz, V. Joseph and Juan Pantano. "Strategic Parenting, Birth Order and School Performance." NBER Working Paper No. 19542, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2013 (Revised Jan 2015)] |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Derek. "First Children Are Smarter--but Why?" The Atlantic, October 21, 2013. |
6026. |
Thompson, Derek |
Stop Calling Marriage a 'Luxury Good' The Atlantic, October 30, 2013. Also: https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/10/stop-calling-marriage-a-luxury-good/280996/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Atlantic Media Keyword(s): College Graduates; Divorce; Educational Attainment; Marriage; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. For college graduates, marriage is a promise you make late--and tend to keep. For non-college-graduates, it's a promise you make early--and tend to break. [News media article based on "Marriage and Divorce: Patterns by Gender, Race, and Educational Attainment," Bureau of Labor Statistics Report, October 2013] |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Derek. "Stop Calling Marriage a 'Luxury Good'." The Atlantic, October 30, 2013. |
6027. |
Thompson, Jason |
Access, Outcomes, and Social Mobility in a Stratified System of Postsecondary Education Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, New York University, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Characteristics; College Graduates; Educational Returns; Mobility, Social; Modeling, Instrumental Variables Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter revisits the role of a college degree as "the great equalizer." In doing so, I deploy data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) to estimate the intergenerational associations in socioeconomic status (SES) among graduates from non-selective, less selective, and selective four-year colleges. Intergenerational social mobility varies by measure of SES and tier of degree selectivity. With one exception, parent-child associations in SES are not statistically significant among graduates from colleges in the middle tier of institutional selectivity. In contrast, the associations between parental income and child's hourly wages, family income, and family net worth are statistically significant among graduates of selective institutions and there is mixed evidence of these associations among graduates of the least-selective four-year schools. In the final empirical chapter, I take an instrumental variables approach in estimating the causal returns to attending a selective institution. These estimates build upon prior findings in a few key manners. First, the breadth of data available in the NLSY79 permits the analysis of total family income and total family wealth, in addition to hourly wages or annual earnings. Also, the most recent waves of the NLSY79 report data on respondents through the age of 45, spanning an age range in which the measurement of SES is least susceptible to error. Findings from this chapter show that, in comparison to attending a less selective college, accessing a selective four-year institution leads to a greater likelihood of completing a bachelor's degree and attaining an advanced degree, higher hourly wages, and greater total family income and family net worth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Jason. Access, Outcomes, and Social Mobility in a Stratified System of Postsecondary Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, New York University, 2017. |
6028. |
Thompson, Jason |
Mobility in the Middle: Bachelor's Degree Selectivity and the Intergenerational Association in Status in the United States Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 60 (April 2019): 16-28. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562417300641 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Characteristics; College Degree; Colleges; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Social; Social Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) This study deploys data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to estimate the intergenerational association in socioeconomic status (SES) among graduates from non-selective, less-selective, and selective four-year colleges. The intergenerational association in status varies by measure of SES, level of education, and tier of bachelor's degree selectivity. Although the intergenerational association in SES is statistically significant among non-degree holders, the parent-child link in occupational status is null among those who attain a bachelor's degree. Likewise, the parent-child association in monetary SES is either small in magnitude or statistically insignificant among graduates of colleges in the middle tier of admissions selectivity. However, the intergenerational association in monetary status among graduates of the least and most-selective colleges is statistically indistinguishable from the association among non-degree holders. Results suggest that while occupational destinations are independent of occupational origins among all bachelor's degree holders, social origins continue to influence wages and family income among graduates of the least and most-selective institutions. These findings motivate continued work to address concerns regarding causality and to examine the potential institutional structures playing a role in social mobility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Jason. "Mobility in the Middle: Bachelor's Degree Selectivity and the Intergenerational Association in Status in the United States." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 60 (April 2019): 16-28.
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6029. |
Thompson, Jennifer Susan |
Effects of College Major on Work Outcome: Gender Differences and Change Over Time, 1960s/1970s--1980s/1990s Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Education; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Earnings; Education; Gender Differences; Occupational Choice Education contributes to gender stratification in the labor market through the types of education that men and women receive. This dissertation examines how college major affects gender differences in work outcomes, and how this relationship has changed over time. Recent analysis of the relationship between major, and occupation and earnings uses a college-educated sample from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79). To examine the change in major and its effects over time, I utilized the National Longitudinal Study-Original Cohorts, producing two independent cross-sections. I examined the effects of major using OLS regression and decomposition analyses. Men and women continue to be segregated into majors in the 1980s/1990s, particularly in Engineering and Computer Science ("male" fields) and Education and Nursing ("female" fields). Male majors tend to lead to male occupations (and female majors to female occupations). Sex differences in major explain one-quarter to one-third of the sex gap in occupations. Major affects earnings, in that female majors have lower hourly wages (the exception is female Nursing majors). Occupation cannot fully explain the effects of major. Men seem to benefit more from male majors than women. Over time, men and especially women have left Education majors and increased among Business majors. This change in the sex distribution of majors, along with the change in slopes, contributed to about one-third of the narrowing of the sex gap in occupations over time. The change in the sex distribution of majors explained 25% of the shrinking sex gap in pay. It was a larger explanatory factor than the change in returns, which generally benefited men (most notably the increase in returns to Science majors). Occupational aspirations and institutions were examined for their effects on major, occupation, and earnings. The findings demonstrate that college major contributes to gender stratification in the labor market. Major had direct effects on occupation, and in most cases on earnings. This may indicate differences in skills and productivity (human capital approach), and what majors signal to employers. Sex typing of field occurs prior to entry in the labor market and female fields (like female occupations) tend to be devalued. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Jennifer Susan. Effects of College Major on Work Outcome: Gender Differences and Change Over Time, 1960s/1970s--1980s/1990s. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2002. |
6030. |
Thompson, M. Dewana |
An Ecological Examination of the Self-Esteem of Students Receiving Special Education Services M.A. Thesis, Michigan State University, 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education; Educational Attainment; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Education; Self-Esteem The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between the self esteem levels of students in special education programs and maternal self esteem levels, maternal expectations, academic achievement and the home environment. Research examining the self esteem of this population of students has typically used school related variables as sole predictors of self esteem and examined between group differences. This study addresses these deficits by exploring within group differences from an ecological perspective. A secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set was conducted. The sample included 208 children between the ages of 8 and 15 who were enrolled in remedial special education classes and their mothers. This study found that children that had higher perceptions of their academic and global ability were in fact high academic achievers and had mothers that expected them to attain higher levels of education. Children with higher leve ls of se lf esteem did not have mothers with higher levels of self esteem or come from more supportive home environments, but significant relationships amongst the predictor variables suggests that there may be indirect relationships between these variables and child self esteem and warrants further research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, M. Dewana. An Ecological Examination of the Self-Esteem of Students Receiving Special Education Services. M.A. Thesis, Michigan State University, 1995. |
6031. |
Thompson, Owen |
Essays on Human Capital Formation Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Human Capital; Parenting Skills/Styles; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation explores various aspects of human capital formation during childhood and their economic effects throughout the lifecourse. Chapter 1 investigates how the association between cognitive achievement and self-rated health in middle age differs by race, and attempts to explain these differences. Using data from the NLSY, I find that while whites with higher cognitive achievement scores tend to report substantially better general health, this relationship is far weaker or wholly absent among blacks. Further tests suggest that about 35% of this racial difference can be explained by behavioral decisions during adulthood, and that another portion of the disparity may trace back to prenatal and early childhood experiences. The chapter closes by noting that its results are broadly consistent with explanations of the racial health gap that emphasize entrenched forms of racial discrimination. Chapter 3 investigates the role of discrimination, broadly defined, in generating racial differences in home environments. To do so, I study the trends of a widely used index of the home environment (the HOME score) in a sample of mothers who were born between 1957 and 1964, and who therefore grew up in a period of rapidly declining racial discrimination in the US South. The chapter documents that HOME scores increased dramatically across these birth cohorts among Southern African American mothers, but did not increase at all among African Americans outside of the South or among Southern whites. I propose that convergence may have been due to shifts in parenting norms that were engendered by the fundamental social and economic changes occurring in the South over this period. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Owen. Essays on Human Capital Formation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2013. |
6032. |
Thompson, Owen |
Head Start's Long-Run Impact: Evidence from the Program's Introduction Journal of Human Resources 30,5 (2019): 748-764. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0887403417721605 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Geocoded Data; Head Start; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Market Outcomes This paper estimates the effect of Head Start on health, education, and labor market outcomes observed through age 48. I combine outcome data from the NLSY79 with archival records on early Head Start funding levels, and for identification exploit differences across counties in the introduction timing and size of local Head Start programs. This allows me to compare the long-term outcomes of children who were too old for Head Start when the program was introduced in their county with the outcomes of children who were sufficiently young to be eligible. I find that individuals from counties that had an average sized program when they were in Head Start's target age range experienced a $2,199 increase in annual adult earnings, completed .125 additional years of education, were 4.6 percentage points less likely to have a health limitation at age 40, and overall experienced a .081 standard deviation improvement in a summary index of these and other outcome measures. Funding levels at ages outside of Head Start's target range are not significantly correlated with long-term outcomes. Estimated treatment effects are largest among blacks, the children of lower-education parents, and children exposed to better funded Head Start programs, heterogeneity that is consistent with a causal program impact. © 2017 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Owen. "Head Start's Long-Run Impact: Evidence from the Program's Introduction." Journal of Human Resources 30,5 (2019): 748-764.
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6033. |
Thompson, Owen |
Human Capital and Black-White Earnings Gaps, 1966-2017 NBER Working Paper No. 28586, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2021. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w28586 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Earnings; Educational Attainment; Human Capital This paper estimates the contribution of human capital, measured using both educational attainment and test performance, to the Black-white earnings gap in three separate samples of men spanning 1966 through 2017. There are three main findings. First, the magnitude of reductions in the Black-white earnings gap that occur after controlling for human capital have become much larger over time, suggesting a growing contribution of human capital to Black-white earnings disparities. Second, these increases are almost entirely due to growth in the returns to human capital, rather than changing racial gaps in the human capital traits themselves. Finally, growth in the explanatory power of human capital has been primarily due to increases in the association between human capital and the likelihood of non-work, with no clear increases in the extent to which human capital explains Black-white differences in hourly wages or other intensive margins. These findings highlight how apparently race-neutral structural developments in the US labor market, such as increasing skill prices and falling labor force participation rates among less skilled men, have had large impacts on the dynamics of racial inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Owen. "Human Capital and Black-White Earnings Gaps, 1966-2017." NBER Working Paper No. 28586, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2021. |
6034. |
Thompson, Owen |
Racial Disparities in the Cognition-Health Relationship Journal of Health Economics 30,2 (March 2011): 328-339. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629611000142 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Cognitive Ability; Health Factors; Obesity; Racial Differences; Self-Perception; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) This paper investigates how the association between cognitive achievement and self-rated health in middle age differs by race, and attempts to explain these differences. The role of cognition in health determination has received only limited empirical attention, and even less is known about how race may affect this relationship. Using data from the NLSY, I find that while Whites with higher cognitive achievement scores tend to report substantially better general health, this relationship is far weaker or wholly absent among Blacks. Further tests suggest that about 35% of this racial difference can be explained by behavioral decisions during adulthood, and that another portion of the disparity may trace back to prenatal and early childhood experiences. The paper closes by noting that its results are broadly consistent with explanations of the racial health gap that emphasize entrenched forms of racial discrimination. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Owen. "Racial Disparities in the Cognition-Health Relationship." Journal of Health Economics 30,2 (March 2011): 328-339.
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6035. |
Thompson, Owen |
Selected Fertility and Racial Inequality Journal of Human Resources published online (5 April 2022): DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0221-11481R2. Also: https://jhr.uwpress.org/content/early/2022/03/31/jhr.0221-11481R2.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Racial Differences; Regions Racial inequality can be affected by changes in race-specific fertility patterns that influence the composition of births, in addition to post-birth factors like schools and labor markets that have been the focus of most prior research. This paper documents a large decline in the fertility of southern African American women after 1964, and argues that these fertility patterns likely led to substantial reductions in racial inequality in the next generation through a selection effect. I first show that the Black-white difference in the general fertility rate fell by approximately 40% between 1964 and 1970 among southern women, with no change in racial fertility differences in the North over this period. I also show that these fertility declines were much stronger among socioeconomically disadvantaged southern Black women, for instance those with 8 or fewer years of education and with four or more existing children, which led southern Black children born after 1964 to come from systematically smaller and more educated families. I then directly estimate the association between racial fertility differences and racial differences in the education and earnings of the next generation in a two-way fixed effects framework, and find that selective fertility declines were conditionally associated with a reduction in the Black-white education gap of approximately .15 years (22%) and a reduction in the Black-white earnings gap of approximately 6 log points (16%). These patterns suggest that a substantial share of the Black socioeconomic progress of the 1960s and 1970s was due to selective fertility declines among less advantaged African American women in the South. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Owen. "Selected Fertility and Racial Inequality." Journal of Human Resources published online (5 April 2022): DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0221-11481R2.
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6036. |
Thompson, Owen |
The Determinants of Racial Differences in Parenting Practices Journal of Political Economy 126,1 (February 2018): 438-449. Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/694205 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parenting Skills/Styles; Racial Differences; State-Level Data/Policy Blacks and whites in the United States adopt widely different parental behaviors, but the underlying causes of these differences are not well understood. This paper documents large scale increases in cognitively stimulating parenting among Southern black mothers who came of age in the period immediately following the Civil Rights Movement. The total magnitude of these improvements was approximately .5 standard deviations between the 1957 and 1964 birth cohorts, while no significant trends occurred among blacks outside of the South or among whites from any region. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Owen. "The Determinants of Racial Differences in Parenting Practices." Journal of Political Economy 126,1 (February 2018): 438-449.
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6037. |
Thompson, Owen |
The Effect of Income on Health: Evidence from New Health Measures in the NLSY Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, January 2012. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1987728 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While it is well known that income and health are positively associated, the critical question of whether this relationship is causal remains open. Income may cause better health, but causality could also run from health to income, or both income and health could be correlated with one or more unobserved variables. This paper attempts to overcome these problems by systematically exploiting features of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which recently added several important health measures. To account for reverse-causality, I reason that health effects income mainly by limiting labor force activities, and focus on a subpopulation that has never reported a health related work limitation. To account for omitted variables, I estimate sibling fixed-effects models to control for childhood conditions and genetic background, and include direct controls for discount rates, risk aversion and cognitive ability. I find that income has a significant causal effect on physical health and obesity, but not on mental health, smoking or heavy drinking. My preferred models predict that an individual with a permanent income of $70,000 is approximately 10% less likely to be obese than if they had a permanent income of $30,000, and reports physical health that is .25 standard deviations more favorable. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Owen. "The Effect of Income on Health: Evidence from New Health Measures in the NLSY." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, January 2012. |
6038. |
Thompson, Owen |
The Intergenerational Transmission of Health Status: Estimates and Mechanisms Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, August 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Asthma; Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Health Care; Household Income; Insurance, Health; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Obesity; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pre-natal Care/Exposure Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the extent to which health status is correlated across generations, and the mechanisms through which health transmission occurs. Using three large US data sets, the paper first documents strong intergenerational associations in self-rated health, health limitations, obesity, asthma, hay fever, headaches and diabetes. Children with a parent who reports having one of these conditions are at least 50%-100% more likely to report the condition themselves, and these effects differ by parental gender and child age. I then systematically investigate the mechanisms underlying these associations. To assess the importance of genetic mechanisms, I estimate health correlations between different types of twins and siblings, and estimate the strength of health transmission for samples of adopted versus biological children. To assess the importance of environmental transmission mechanisms, I utilize detailed controls for socioeconomic status, health care access and utilization, health behaviors, cognitive test scores, and prenatal and early childhood conditions, and also estimate fixed-effects models at the census block-group and school levels. The core finding of these exercises is that intergenerational health associations are remarkably robust. Even when models with extensive controls are estimated using a sample of adopted children, qualitatively large intergenerational health associations are present. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Owen. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Health Status: Estimates and Mechanisms." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, August 2012. |
6039. |
Thompson, Owen |
The Long-Term Health Impacts of Medicaid and CHIP Journal of Health Economics 51 (January 2017): 26-40. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629616305136 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Asthma; Children, Health Care; Family Income; Geocoded Data; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Medicaid/Medicare; Program Participation/Evaluation; State-Level Data/Policy This paper estimates the effect of US public health insurance programs for children on health. Previous work in this area has typically focused on the relationship between current program eligibility and current health. But because health is a stock variable which reflects the cumulative influence of health inputs, it would be preferable to estimate the impact of total program eligibility during childhood on longer-term health outcomes. I provide such estimates by using longitudinal data to construct Medicaid and CHIP eligibility measures that are observed from birth through age 18 and estimating the effect of cumulative program exposure on a variety of health outcomes observed in early adulthood. To account for the endogeneity of program eligibility, I exploit variation in Medicaid and CHIP generosity across states and over time for children of different ages. I find that an additional year of public health insurance eligibility during childhood improves a summary index of adult health by.079 standard deviations, and substantially reduces health limitations, chronic conditions and asthma prevalence while improving self-rated health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Owen. "The Long-Term Health Impacts of Medicaid and CHIP." Journal of Health Economics 51 (January 2017): 26-40.
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6040. |
Thompson, Stacy D. Osteen, Sissy R. Youngker, Leslie G. |
Who Fares Better? Postnatal Adjustment of Adolescent Fathers and Mothers Marriage and Family Review 33,4 (2001): 31-47. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J002v33n04_04 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Education; Fathers; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Mothers, Adolescent; Self-Esteem This research used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to examine the factors that contribute to later self-esteem and locus of control for adolescent mothers and adolescent fathers. The sample consisted of 421 adolescents (94 males and 327 females) who gave birth before or during 1979. Few differences were found between adolescent mothers' and adolescent fathers' scores. Findings indicated that adolescent fathers were adjusting slightly better than adolescent mothers, though both have low self-esteem. Mothers had significantly lower (more external) locus of control scores than fathers did in 1979. Predictors of adolescents' adjustment differed between the mothers and the fathers. For adolescent fathers, mothers' education was a significant predictor of self-esteem, while for adolescent mothers, subsequent pregnancies and adolescents' own education were significant predictors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Stacy D., Sissy R. Osteen and Leslie G. Youngker. "Who Fares Better? Postnatal Adjustment of Adolescent Fathers and Mothers." Marriage and Family Review 33,4 (2001): 31-47.
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6041. |
Thompson, Theresa M. |
A Life Course Investigation of Childhood Risk Patterns and the Development of Trajectories of Competence in Early Adolescence Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, June 2008 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Family Income; Fathers, Absence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Poverty; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Aims/Methods. Taking advantage of recent methodological advances for the analysis of longitudinal data, this study combines latent class analysis with growth curve modeling to investigate whether the patterning of risks during the first eight years of life has distinct consequences for the developmental growth trajectories of academic and behavioral competence. Also examined, is the influence of gender and race/ethnicity on the patterning of risks and on the trajectories of competence, and the influence of latent risk class membership and trajectories of competence on adolescent psychological well-being. Results. The patterning of risk exposures from birth to age 8 was found to predict the initial level of average academic achievement and antisocial behavior at age 8, and the rate of change in average academic achievement and antisocial behavior over time between ages 8 to 14. Gender and race/ethnicity were found to influence both the patterning of childhood risks and the growth parameters of the development trajectories of academic and behavioral competence in early adolescence. Results for the influence of latent risk class membership and trajectories of competence on adolescent psychological well-being were inconclusive. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thompson, Theresa M. A Life Course Investigation of Childhood Risk Patterns and the Development of Trajectories of Competence in Early Adolescence. Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, June 2008. |
6042. |
Thomson Jr., Robert A. |
Buffering the Stigma? On the Racialization of Religious Attendance and Health among Formerly Incarcerated Persons Sociological Inquiry 92,1 (February 2022): 34-63. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/soin.12415 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Incarceration/Jail; Racial Differences; Religious Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Religious involvement can benefit health by providing social and/or psychological resources for coping with strain. But it can have the opposite effect under certain conditions, such as feeling abandoned by God or belonging to a tradition that discourages medical care. Here, I consider whether religion buffers the stigma‐related health risks of prior incarceration, and whether racial-ethnic status moderates the relationship. Using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), I regressed count measures of physical and mental health at midlife on religious attendance, and prior incarceration by racial‐ethnic group. While religious attendance correlated inversely with mental health issues, results provide no evidence that religion buffers the positive associations between incarceration and health issues. Religious attendance was unrelated to health among formerly incarcerated African Americans and Hispanics and strongly related to worse health among formerly incarcerated whites, suggesting additional stigmatization in their religious communities because of their criminal history. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomson Jr., Robert A. "Buffering the Stigma? On the Racialization of Religious Attendance and Health among Formerly Incarcerated Persons." Sociological Inquiry 92,1 (February 2022): 34-63.
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6043. |
Thomson, Bob |
Buffering the Stigma: Race, Incarceration, Religion, and Health Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Incarceration/Jail; Racial Differences; Religion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The relationship between religion and health is a double-edged sword. Religious involvement can benefit physical and mental health when it provides social and/or psychological resources for coping with negative life events. But it can have the opposite effect under certain conditions, such as feeling abandoned by God or belonging to a tradition that discourages medical care. Here, I consider whether race moderates the effect of religion for post-incarceration health outcomes, since health and incarceration are themselves stratified by race. Using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), I regressed count measures of both physical and mental health at midlife on three-way interactions between race and ethnicity, attendance, and prior incarceration. Results confirmed that prior incarceration consistently diminished both physical and mental health, and that church attendance was generally protective of mental health. When modeling interaction effects, church attendance was modestly protective of health among African Americans who had been incarcerated, protective--but non-significantly--for Hispanic ex-cons, and a substantial risk factor for white former convicts. Black ex-cons apparently find supportive church environments while white ex-cons are likely stigmatized in their religious communities, especially those that express dispositional--rather than situational--attribution of moral transgressions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thomson, Bob. "Buffering the Stigma: Race, Incarceration, Religion, and Health." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018. |
6044. |
Thorpe, Kenneth E. Florence, Curtis Samuel, II |
Health Insurance Among Children: The Role of Expanded Medicaid Coverage Inquiry-The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing 35,4 (Winter 1998/1999): 369-379 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Inquiry: The Journal of Health Care Organization Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Children, Health Care; Family Studies; Health Care; Medicaid/Medicare; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to track the health coverage of parents in the year before and the year in which their children enroll in Medicaid. Use of such longitudinal data, compared to cross-sectional data, provides more insight into the dynamics of health insurance coverage and expansions in Medicaid. Using these data, we find that approximately 16% of newly enrolled Medicaid children likely had access to private insurance through a parent. Moreover, most of the children enrolling in Medicaid were previously uninsured. We find little substitution of private for public health insurance among families living at or near the federal poverty line. Copyright ) 1998 Institute for Scientific Information |
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Bibliography Citation
Thorpe, Kenneth E. and Curtis Samuel Florence. "Health Insurance Among Children: The Role of Expanded Medicaid Coverage." Inquiry-The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing 35,4 (Winter 1998/1999): 369-379.
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6045. |
Thurer, Shari |
Phew! Working Moms Finally Get A Break Just In Time For Mother's Day, Shari Thurer Busts A Guilt-Tripping Myth New York Daily News, May 6, 1999: Pg. 57 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Daily News, L.P. Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This opinion piece discusses the absence of a negative connection between maternal employment and child development. Elizabeth Harvey's study of maternal employment and child development, which uses NLSY79 and Children of the NLSY79 data, is cited. |
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Bibliography Citation
Thurer, Shari. "Phew! Working Moms Finally Get A Break Just In Time For Mother's Day, Shari Thurer Busts A Guilt-Tripping Myth." New York Daily News, May 6, 1999: Pg. 57. |
6046. |
Tice, Peter Charles |
Poverty and Change in Children's Depression and Self-Esteem During the Adolescent Transition Presented: Washington, DC, Society for the Study of Social Problems Annual Meeting, August 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sociological Abstracts Keyword(s): Child Development; Child Health; Children, Mental Health; Cognitive Development; Depression (see also CESD); Health Factors; Home Environment; Poverty; Psychological Effects; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research on mental health effects of child poverty and self-concept research are integrated for a study investigating the relationship between change in children's self-esteem and depression as a function of specific poverty experiences during the adolescent transition. The underlying hypothesis is that poverty status over time matters in describing a self-esteem and/or depression growth trajectory. In other words, self-esteem and depression growth trajectories should vary systematically by the specific poverty sequences children experience. The data for this paper come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a multipurpose sample originally designed to study young women, ages 14-21, in 1979; in 1986, NLSY began collecting information on the children of these mothers every two years. The 1990, 1992, and 1994 waves meet the basic requirements for studying change with growth curve analysis. This paper, however, juxtaposes results from a growth curve model with those from a piecewise model. The piecewise model compensates for a tendency in the linear growth model to ignore change associated with the second data wave. The results are based on 895 children, between the ages 8-10 in 1990. The sample is subdivided by the eight possible poverty sequences between 1990 and 1994. The statistical models control for both child and mother demographics as well as three home environment variables measuring available levels of cognitive stimulation and emotional support and the physical conditions of the home itself. The results show that studying change with a piecewise model provides a different picture of who is changing and how they change compared to results based on a linear growth model. In many, but not all instances, the linear growth model misrepresents the change process of children with specific poverty experiences. As for control variables, the results show that the home environment plays a central role, especially cognitive stimulation available to children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tice, Peter Charles. "Poverty and Change in Children's Depression and Self-Esteem During the Adolescent Transition." Presented: Washington, DC, Society for the Study of Social Problems Annual Meeting, August 2000. |
6047. |
Tice, Peter Charles |
Poverty Experience and Children's Behavioral and Psychological Outcomes: Contrasting a Latent Growth Curve and Piece-Wise Model of Individual Change Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, August 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Poverty; Deviance; Family Income; Family Structure; Family Studies; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Poverty; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) Yearly child poverty rates escalated during the late 1980's and early 1990's, averaging near 20 percent during any given year. These yearly snapshots only tell part of the story by masking a time dimension to children's experience with poverty. That is, some children are poor for a short period of time, while others are poor for a longer period, and some are poor for their entire childhood. Scholars are increasingly concerned with the developmental consequences associated with child poverty, and typically measure these consequences in terms of cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Previous research, however, has not directed attention to the relationship between problem behaviors and self-esteem, especially over time. Given the availability of longitudinal data sets, such as the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), focusing research questions on the long-term consequences of child poverty is now feasible. This dissertation does just that by investigating the relationship between change in children's antisocial behavior and self-esteem as a function of poverty experience. Using three waves of data from the NLSY (1990, 1992, 1994) this dissertation juxtaposes results from two models of individual change: (1) latent growth curve, and (2) piece-wise. The justification for this contrast stems from the equation estimating a latent growth curve slope (change) coefficient. The estimation procedure in a three wave design ignores the second data wave, thus raising the question, 'does ignoring the second data wave smooth over significant change that is captured in a piece-wise model?" The answer is yes; the latent growth curve smooths over significant change suggesting that results from a piece-wise model portray a more accurate (at least statistically) picture regarding poverty experience and change in children's antisocial behavior and self-esteem. Discussion of results focus on the piece-wise model with summary paragraphs from the latent growth curve attached. Further, discussion of the results begins with main effects common to the entire sample, followed by interaction effects between independent variables and seven poverty patterns comprising the sample. The results suggest greater explanatory power in predicting initial value than slope (change) coefficients. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tice, Peter Charles. Poverty Experience and Children's Behavioral and Psychological Outcomes: Contrasting a Latent Growth Curve and Piece-Wise Model of Individual Change. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, August 2000. |
6048. |
Tiemeyer, Peter Eric |
Racial Differences in the Transition from School to Stable Employment Among Young Men Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Employment, In-School; Employment, Youth; High School Completion/Graduates; Racial Differences; School Completion; Schooling, Post-secondary In the transition from youth to adulthood the primary activity of young males shifts from school to stable employment. This study demarcates the intermediate period through which young adults pass a period Osterman calls moratorium employment. A six state model of the youth labor market is presented which distinguishes between employment while in school, moratorium employment, and stable employment. The six states in our model are labeled: school only, work only, school/work, military activity, stable employment, and other activity. The particular focus of this study is understanding the racial difference in stable employment during the early adult years. In applying both dynamic and static models to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth we reach several understandings. The study finds that employment history and socioeconomic background are the most important influences on the racial difference in transition rates from other activity to work only while job characteristics are the most important influences on the racial difference in transition rates from stable employment to other activity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tiemeyer, Peter Eric. Racial Differences in the Transition from School to Stable Employment Among Young Men. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1993. |
6049. |
Tienda, Marta Alon, Sigal |
Diversity, Opportunity and Shifting Meritocracy in Higher Education American Sociological Review 72,4 (August 2007): 487-511. Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/72/4/487.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Affirmative Action; College Enrollment; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Article and on-line Supplement to the article reveal the results of the study by Sigal Alon of Tel Aviv University and Marta Tienda of Princeton University on SAT. The researchers say that eliminating the weight of college entrance exams and using a full-file review to select students using measures of merit will improve campus diversity. According to Alon, the tension between test scores and diversity motivated them to show how affirmative action was required because the weight placed on test scores in admission decisions, especially at selective institutions, rose over time. The writers found that colleges have increasingly based admissions on test scores, creating the need for affirmative action for minorities who tend not to do as well on those tests. Alon and Tienda analyzed data from two national surveys, "High School and Beyond" and "The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth," to track students in their college admissions process and examine the likelihood of their admission using both standardized tests and class rank. They also looked at data from Texas Higher Education Opportunity Projects and used the University of Texas at Austin to examine the impact on minorities' admissions. "If we want to reach a state where we don't need affirmative action, we need to confront and understand the mechanism restricting minorities the opportunity, and the SAT is one of them," says Alon. If universities implement the suggested policy, he says, they will still enroll a diverse student population without compromising academic quality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tienda, Marta and Sigal Alon. "Diversity, Opportunity and Shifting Meritocracy in Higher Education." American Sociological Review 72,4 (August 2007): 487-511.
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6050. |
Tienda, Marta Hotz, V. Joseph Ahituv, Avner Frost, Michelle Bellessa |
Employment and Wage Prospects of Black, White, and Hispanic Women In: Human Resource Economics and Public Policy: Essays in Honor of Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. C.J. Whalen, ed. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2010: 129-160 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Endogeneity; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups; Geocoded Data; Hispanic Studies; Human Capital; Life Cycle Research; Minorities; Motherhood; Racial Differences; Schooling; Transition, School to Work; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This chapter addresses several questions about young women's employment and wage prospects in the context of the school-to-work transition. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tienda, Marta, V. Joseph Hotz, Avner Ahituv and Michelle Bellessa Frost. "Employment and Wage Prospects of Black, White, and Hispanic Women" In: Human Resource Economics and Public Policy: Essays in Honor of Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. C.J. Whalen, ed. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2010: 129-160
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6051. |
Timpe, Brenden |
Essays on the Labor Market, Public Policy, and Economic Opportunity Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Income; Head Start; Labor Force Participation; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation focuses on the interaction between public policy and the U.S. labor market, and its consequences for the economic opportunities available to American women and children. I focus on two public policies designed to enhance opportunities for less advantaged groups: The United States' first large-scale expansion of paid maternity benefits, and the launch of the Head Start preschool program in the 1960s and 1970s. The common thread in these essays is the use of large-scale data and transparent methodologies to examine the interactions between these policies and individuals' outcomes in the labor market. The first chapter provides the first evidence of the effect of a U.S. paid maternity leave policy on the long-run outcomes of children. I exploit variation in access to paid leave that was created by long-standing state differences in short-term disability insurance coverage and the staggered enactment of laws that banned discrimination against pregnant workers in the 1960s and 1970s. While the availability of these benefits sparked a substantial expansion of leave-taking by new mothers, it also came with a cost. I find the enactment of paid leave led to shifts in labor supply and demand that decreased wages and family income among women of child-bearing age. In addition, the first generation of children born to mothers with access to maternity leave benefits were 1.9 percent less likely to attend college and 3.1 percent less likely to earn a four-year college degree. Chapter 2 examines the labor-market consequences of a broad expansion of access to paid maternity benefits. The theoretical implications of maternity leave policies are ambiguous, with the potential for positive effects that stem from greater attachment to the labor force among mothers but also negative effects that could result from shifts in relative labor demand. I show that the enactment of maternity benefits through STDI slowed the convergence of the gender wage ratio by 31 percent between 1975 and 1985. I also provide evidence that this effect was driven in large part by apparent substitution of men for women into high-profile professional and management positions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Timpe, Brenden. Essays on the Labor Market, Public Policy, and Economic Opportunity. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 2019. |
6052. |
Tippett, Rebecca M. |
Household Debt Across the Life Course: An Analysis of the Late Baby Boomers Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Duke University, 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Assets; Debt/Borrowing; Education Indicators; Heterogeneity; Household Models; Life Course; Modeling; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As an aggregate, American households have shown rising debt levels over the past few decades. However, we do not yet understand how debt varies within households over time and what factors influence this variation in a meaningful way. To date, household debt appears predominantly as a component of measures of net worth, obscuring heterogeneity in the meaning of debt within a household. Moreover, most studies focusing specifically on indebtedness rely on cross-sectional data. In addition, no cohesive theoretical model exists to account for changing patterns of debt. This dissertation seeks to fill these gaps. Utilizing a variety of methodological approaches and drawing on longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, it adds sociological explanation to a social process that has been previously ignored and under-theorized. First, drawing from literature in economics and sociology, I propose a dynamic, life course model of indebtedness that proposes three mechanisms that drive differentiation in household indebtedness: institutional context (period), social heterogeneity, and patterned disadvantage, or structural risk. Second, I use multilevel logistic regressions to explore the association between the hypothesized mechanisms and the likelihood of holding non-collateralized debt. While experiencing negative life course risks increases the likelihood of holding debt, I find that occupying positions of structural disadvantage--being black, being in poverty--decreases the likelihood of holding debt, while having advantages--higher education, being married, holding assets--increases the likelihood of holding debt, pointing to distinct differences in who can access debt to buffer life course shocks and who cannot. Examining the interrelationships between debts and assets further underscores the tenuous economic well-being of the disadvantaged. I find that those most likely to experience negative life events are both less likely to have financial assets with which to buffer these events and more likely to experience constrained access to on-collateralized debt. Third, I employ multilevel linear regressions to examine the association between the proposed mechanisms and three unique indicators of debt burden. I find that many of the standard coefficients included in models of net worth are not significant predictors of the level of non-collateralized, non-revolving debt, suggesting that we know much more about the correlates of income and wealth than we do household debt. Rather, variation in debt burden may be better understood by heterogeneity in non-economic variables. To better estimate this heterogeneity, I utilize latent class regression models to estimate the early life course trajectories of debt burden for the NLSY79 cohort. I find four distinct trajectories of indebtedness, with varying consequences for later life financial outcomes. Overall, I conclude that household debt is nuanced and contextually contingent and can add to our understanding of long-term stratification processes when studied as a unique indicator of inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tippett, Rebecca M. Household Debt Across the Life Course: An Analysis of the Late Baby Boomers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Duke University, 2010. |
6053. |
Tittle, Charles R. Rotolo, Thomas |
IQ and Stratification: An Empirical Evaluation of Herrnstein and Murray's Social Change Argument Social Forces 79,1 (September 2000): 1-28. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2675563 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Evaluations; I.Q.; Income; Occupations; Skills; Stratification; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A state-level index of the conditions that Herrnstein and Murray suggest tightened the relationship between IQ and status in the past century as well as a measure of "credentialing by examination" are used to try to explain interstate variation in the association between IQ and status attainment circa 1990. The results contradict Herrnstein and Murray's interpretation and provide support for an alternative credentialing argument. The more a state uses written, IQ-like examinations as screening devices for occupational access, the stronger the relationship between IQ and income. Thus, rather than higher IQ leading to status attainment because it indicates skills needed in a modern society, IQ may reflect the same test-taking abilities used in artificial screening devices by which status groups protect their domains. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tittle, Charles R. and Thomas Rotolo. "IQ and Stratification: An Empirical Evaluation of Herrnstein and Murray's Social Change Argument." Social Forces 79,1 (September 2000): 1-28.
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6054. |
Tobias, Justin L. |
Model Uncertainty and Race and Gender Heterogeneity in the College Entry Decision Economics of Education Review 21,3 (June 2002): 211-219. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775701000024# Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; College Enrollment; Family Characteristics; Gender Differences; Modeling; Racial Differences; School Quality This paper uses a flexible modeling strategy to examine the roles of measured ability, family characteristics and proxies for secondary schooling quality as determinants of the decision to enter college. While previous work on this topic has been careful to determine which explanatory variables to include when modeling college entry decisions, few studies have been concerned about appropriate distributional assumptions, (i.e. choice of link function). In this paper, I extend my binary choice analysis to the class of Student-t link functions, which enables me to approximately regard the often-used probit and logit models as special cases. Unconditional estimates which average over competing models and integrate out model uncertainty are also obtained. Using NLSY data, I apply these methods and find that the link functions and estimated impacts of ability and family characteristics on the probabilities of enrolling in college are not constant across race and gender groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tobias, Justin L. "Model Uncertainty and Race and Gender Heterogeneity in the College Entry Decision." Economics of Education Review 21,3 (June 2002): 211-219.
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6055. |
Tobias, Justin L. Li, Mingliang |
A Finite-Sample Hierarchical Analysis of Wage Variation Across Public High Schools: Evidence from the NLSY and High School and Beyond Journal of Applied Econometrics 18,3 (May/June 2003):315-347. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jae.696/pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Returns; Family Income; High School; High School and Beyond (HSB); Wage Differentials; Wage Dynamics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from both the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and High School and Beyond (HSB), we investigate if public high schools differ in the "production" of earnings and if rates of return to future education vary with public high school attended. Given evidence of such variation, we seek to explain why schools differ by proposing that standard measures of school "quality" as well as proxies for community characteristics can explain the observed parameter variation across high schools. Since analysis of widely-used data sets such as the NLSY and HSB necessarily involves observing only a few students per high school, we employ an exact finite sample estimation approach. We find evidence that schools differ and that most proxies for high school quality play modest roles in explaining the variation in outcomes across public high schools. We do find evidence that the education of the teachers in the high school as well as the average family income associated with students in the school play a small part in explaining variation at the school-level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Tobias, Justin L. and Mingliang Li. "A Finite-Sample Hierarchical Analysis of Wage Variation Across Public High Schools: Evidence from the NLSY and High School and Beyond." Journal of Applied Econometrics 18,3 (May/June 2003):315-347.
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6056. |
Tobias, Justin L. Li, Mingliang |
Returns to Schooling and Bayesian Model Averaging: A Union of Two Literatures Journal of Economic Surveys 18,2 (April 2004): 153-181. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2004.00003.x/pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Bayesian; Educational Returns; Modeling; Schooling In this paper, we review and unite the literatures on returns to schooling and Bayesian model averaging. We observe that most studies seeking to estimate the returns to education have done so using particular (and often different across researchers) model specifications. Given this, we review Bayesian methods which formally account for uncertainty in the specification of the model itself, and apply these techniques to estimate the economic return to a college education. The approach described in this paper enables us to determine those model specifications which are most favored by the given data, and also enables us to use the predictions obtained from all of the competing regression models to estimate the returns to schooling. The reported precision of such estimates also account for the uncertainty inherent in the model specification. Using U.S. data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we also revisit several "stylized facts" in the returns to education literature and examine if they continue to hold after formally accounting for model uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Tobias, Justin L. and Mingliang Li. "Returns to Schooling and Bayesian Model Averaging: A Union of Two Literatures." Journal of Economic Surveys 18,2 (April 2004): 153-181.
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6057. |
Tocchioni, Valentina Rybinska, Anna Mynarska, Monika Matysiak, Anna Vignoli, Daniele |
Life-Course Trajectories of Childless Women: Country-Specific or Universal? European Journal of Population published online (9 June 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s10680-022-09624-5. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10680-022-09624-5 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: European Association for Population Studies (EAPS) Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Germany, German; Italy/Italian Social Surveys Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While existing research has documented complexities in biographies of childless women, few studies to date have systematically examined the life-course pathways of the childless from a comparative, cross-country perspective. In this paper, we analyse biographies of childless women in four countries--Germany, Italy, Poland, and the United States--in order to investigate whether pathways into childlessness are country-specific or commonly shared across institutional, cultural, and geographical settings. Partnership, education, and employment histories are examined using sequence analysis with dynamic Hamming distance and cluster analysis. Discrepancy analysis indicates a country-effect in women's biographies although life-course patterns identified in each country share similarities. Overall, seven life-course trajectories have been identified, with the most numerous cluster comprising single, working women who completed their education at a relatively young age. The results highlight a marked variation in the life-courses of childless women. Put together, these findings provide descriptive evidence for both country-specificity and cross-country similarity in the pathways to childlessness. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tocchioni, Valentina, Anna Rybinska, Monika Mynarska, Anna Matysiak and Daniele Vignoli. "Life-Course Trajectories of Childless Women: Country-Specific or Universal?" European Journal of Population published online (9 June 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s10680-022-09624-5.
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6058. |
Todd, Petra E. |
The Production of Cognitive Achievement in Children: Home, School and Racial Test Score Gaps Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, October 2005. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/p/pen/papers/04-019.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Penn Institute for Economic Research (PIER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Hispanics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Differences; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Teachers/Faculty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the determinants of children's scores on tests of cognitive achievement in math and reading. Using rich longitudinal data on test scores, home environments, and schools, we implement alternative specifications for the production function for achievement and test their assumptions. We do not find support for commonly used restrictive models that assume test scores depend only on contemporaneous inputs or that assume conditioning on a lagged score captures all the effects of past inputs. Instead, the results show that both contemporaneous and lagged inputs matter in the production of current achievement and that it is important to allow for unobserved child-specific endowment effects and endogeneity of inputs. Using a specification that incorporates these features, we study the sources of test score gaps between black, white and Hispanic children. The estimated model captures key patterns in the data, such as the widening of minority-white test score gaps with age and differences in the gap pattern between Hispanics and blacks and between boys and girls. We find that equalizing home inputs at the average levels of white children would close the black-white test score gap by about 25% and close the Hispanic-white gap by about 30%. |
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Bibliography Citation
Todd, Petra E. "The Production of Cognitive Achievement in Children: Home, School and Racial Test Score Gaps." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, October 2005. |
6059. |
Todd, Petra E. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
The Production of Cognitive Achievement in Children: Home, School and Racial Test Score Gaps Presented: Buffalo, NY, Human Capital Conference, 2006. Also: http://athena.sas.upenn.edu/~petra/papers/revpaper.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Hispanics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Differences; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Teachers/Faculty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the determinants of children's scores on tests of cognitive achievement in math and reading. Using rich longitudinal data on test scores, home environments, and schools, we implement alternative specifications for the cognitive achievement production function that allow achievement to depend on the entire history of lagged home and school inputs as well as on parents' ability and unobserved endowments. The empirical results show that both contemporaneous and lagged inputs matter in the production of current achievement and the importance of allowing for unobserved endowment effects. We use cross-validation methods to select among competing specifications and find support for a variant of a value-added model of the production function augmented to include information on lagged inputs. Using this specification, we study the sources of test score gaps between black, white and Hispanic children. The estimated model captures key patterns in the data, such as the widening of minority-white test score gaps with age and differences in the gap pattern between Hispanics and blacks. We find that differences in mother's ability (as measured by AFQT) accounts for about half of the test score gap. However, home inputs also account for a significant proportion. Equalizing home inputs at the average levels of white children would close the black-white and the Hispanic-white test score gaps in math and reading by about 10-20%. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at Columbia University and at the Institute for Research on Poverty conference in Madison, WI. An earlier version was presented at seminars at Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University, Harris School of Public Policy (Chicago), UCLA, UCSD, Columbia University, University of Toulouse, University of Bergen, and a conference at the Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank. |
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Bibliography Citation
Todd, Petra E. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "The Production of Cognitive Achievement in Children: Home, School and Racial Test Score Gaps." Presented: Buffalo, NY, Human Capital Conference, 2006. |
6060. |
Todd, Petra E. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
The Production of Cognitive Achievement in Children: Home, School, and Racial Test Score Gaps Journal of Human Capital 1,1 (December 2007): 91-136. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/10.1086/526401 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Children; Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Hispanics; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Differences; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Teachers/Faculty; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT This paper studies the determinants of children's scores on tests of cognitive achievement in math and reading. Using rich longitudinal data on test scores, home environments, and schools, we implement alternative specifications for the cognitive achievement production function that allow achievement to depend on the entire history of lagged home and school inputs as well as on parents' ability and unobserved endowments. We use cross-validation methods to select among competing specifications and find support for a variant of a value-added model of the production function augmented to include information on lagged inputs. Using this specification, we study the sources of test score gaps between black, white, and Hispanic children. The estimated model captures key patterns in the data, such as the widening of minority-white test score gaps with age and differences in the gap pattern between Hispanics and blacks. We find that differences in mother's "ability," as measured by AFQT, account for about half of the test score gap. Home inputs also account for a significant proportion. Equalizing home inputs at the average levels of white children would close the black-white and the Hispanic-white test score gaps in math and reading by about 10–20 percent. |
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Bibliography Citation
Todd, Petra E. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "The Production of Cognitive Achievement in Children: Home, School, and Racial Test Score Gaps." Journal of Human Capital 1,1 (December 2007): 91-136.
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6061. |
Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald Thomas, Melvin Johnson, Kecia Renee |
Race and the Accumulation of Human Capital across the Career: A Theoretical Model and Fixed-Effects Application American Journal of Sociology 111,1 (July 2005): 58-89. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/431779 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Hispanics; Human Capital; Racial Differences The authors develop an explicitly sociological variant on human capital theory, emphasizing that most human capital acquisition is a social product, not an individual investment decision. The authors apply this model to racial earnings inequality, focusing on how exposure to discrimination influences both human capital acquisition and earnings inequalities as they develop across the career. The authors estimate models of career earnings trajectories, which show flatter trajectories for black and Hispanic men relative to white men, partial mediation by human capital acquired inside the labor market, and much larger race/ethnic career inequalities among the highly educated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald, Melvin Thomas and Kecia Renee Johnson. "Race and the Accumulation of Human Capital across the Career: A Theoretical Model and Fixed-Effects Application." American Journal of Sociology 111,1 (July 2005): 58-89.
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6062. |
Toney, Michael B. Berry, Eddy Helen Cromartie, John B. |
Primary and Repeat Migration: Comparisons of Hispanics, Black and non-Hispanic White Migration in the United States Presented: Salt Lake City, UT, Western Social Science Association Annual Meeting, April 2004. Also: http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ir-main&CISOPTR=1009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Social Science Association Keyword(s): Behavioral Differences; Demography; Ethnic Differences; Migration Patterns; Racial Differences; Residence; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Repetitive behavior is widespread in human life. This applies in areas of behaviors that are typically infrequent as well as normative daily routines. Yet, some individual never engage in some behaviors and individuals who initiate particular behaviors differ in the extent to which the behavior is repeated. In demography, one of the areas in which this general principle applies is between prior migration and subsequent migration with prior migrants being much more likely to migrate again than individual who have never migrated are to make a first migration. A major classification that emerged from this research was between primary migration and repeat migration with length of residence as a key consideration for prior migrants. Although a rich body of research emerged on this relationship (Goldstein 1954; DaVanzo and Morrison 1981) little recent research has built on this important area of migration research. Also, while there is an extensive body of research on Hispanic immigrants in the United States there is little research that compares the internal migration of Hispanics with non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks. A common note in the early research on primary and repeat migration was the need to examine the extent to which the relationship held across socioeconomic groups and settings. The main purpose of this research is to examine the extent to which Hispanic, Black and White primary and repeat migration rates differ once other migration related variables are controlled. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth that began in 1979 are used in the analysis. During the study period the respondents transit the ages during which families and careers are typically launched and when migration rates are high. |
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Bibliography Citation
Toney, Michael B., Eddy Helen Berry and John B. Cromartie. "Primary and Repeat Migration: Comparisons of Hispanics, Black and non-Hispanic White Migration in the United States." Presented: Salt Lake City, UT, Western Social Science Association Annual Meeting, April 2004. |
6063. |
Toney, Michael B. Golesorkhi, Banu Stinner, William F. |
Residence Exposure and Fertility Expectations of Young Mormon and Non-Mormon Women in Utah Journal of Marriage and Family 47,2 (May 1985): 459-465. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352144 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Family Size; Fertility; Religious Influences; Residence; Women; Women's Roles; Women's Studies Utah's fertility rate is about double the nation's, and it increased during the 1970s as the nation's fertility declined. The fertility expectations of young non-Mormon females living in this setting (2.4 children) resemble those of young females in the nation as a whole, rather than the expectations of the young Mormon females in Utah (4.4 children). Significant differences between Utah's young Mormon and non-Mormon females remain after adjusting for other variables. These findings suggest: (1) that residence in a high fertility area per se does not affect fertility; and (2) that Mormon/non-Mormon fertility differences are likely to persist into the foreseeable future. The principal data for this study comes from a Utah survey. Secondary data from the 1979 NLSY are added for comparative reasons. |
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Bibliography Citation
Toney, Michael B., Banu Golesorkhi and William F. Stinner. "Residence Exposure and Fertility Expectations of Young Mormon and Non-Mormon Women in Utah." Journal of Marriage and Family 47,2 (May 1985): 459-465.
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6064. |
Toney, Michael B. Swearengen, Roger |
Migration Data: Prospects for Research Based on the Youth Cohort of the NLS Review of Public Data Use 12,3 (October 1984): 211-219 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Commerce Keyword(s): Migration; NLS Description; Research Methodology Very few data sets with information appropriate for migration research exist, and the prospect for specially designed surveys focusing on migration is remote. In the absence of appropriate data, migration researchers will have to continue to apply rigor in secondary types of analyses. This paper assesses the adequacy of panel data from the NLSY for migration research. Key information relevant to eight of the nine criteria developed by Bilborrow and Akin (1982) for evaluating survey data is contained in this data set, including extensive migration- defining information, personal and household variables, and environment variables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Toney, Michael B. and Roger Swearengen. "Migration Data: Prospects for Research Based on the Youth Cohort of the NLS." Review of Public Data Use 12,3 (October 1984): 211-219.
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6065. |
Tong, Di Tzabbar, Daniel Park, Haemin Dennis |
How Does Relative Income Affect Entry into Pure and Hybrid Entrepreneurship? In: Employee Inter- and Intra-Firm Mobility (Advances in Strategic Management, Vol. 41). D. Tzabbar and B. Cirillo, eds., U.K: Emerald Publishing Limited, 2020: pp. 365-383. Also: https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742-332220200000041024 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Entrepreneurship; Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We explore how absolute and relative incomes affect an individual's propensity to start a new business as a pure or hybrid entrepreneur. Using a sample of 12,686 individuals from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort (NLSY79) in our empirical analyses, we find that individuals with high absolute income are generally less likely to engage in entrepreneurship. However, once absolute income is controlled, those with above-average relative income are more likely to become an entrepreneur, particularly in pure form as opposed to a hybrid one. Our findings provide more nuanced understanding on the differences between absolute and relative income levels influencing an individual's decision to become an entrepreneur, and if so, whether to engage in pure or hybrid form. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tong, Di, Daniel Tzabbar and Haemin Dennis Park. "How Does Relative Income Affect Entry into Pure and Hybrid Entrepreneurship?" In: Employee Inter- and Intra-Firm Mobility (Advances in Strategic Management, Vol. 41). D. Tzabbar and B. Cirillo, eds., U.K: Emerald Publishing Limited, 2020: pp. 365-383.
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6066. |
Torche, Florencia |
Is a College Degree Still the Great Equalizer? Intergenerational Mobility across Levels of Schooling in the United States American Journal of Sociology 117,3 (November 2011): 763-807. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/661904 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): College Degree; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Household Income; Mobility; Occupational Status; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) A quarter century ago, an important finding in stratification research showed that the intergenerational occupational association was much weaker among college graduates than among those with lower levels of education. This article provides a comprehensive assessment of the “meritocratic power” of a college degree. Drawing on five longitudinal data sets, the author analyzes intergenerational mobility in terms of class, occupational status, earnings, and household income for men and women. Findings indicate that the intergenerational association is strong among those with low educational attainment; it weakens or disappears among bachelor’s degree holders but reemerges among those with advanced degrees, leading to a U-shaped pattern of parental influence. Educational and labor market factors explain these differences in mobility: parental resources influence college selectivity, field of study, and earnings more strongly for advanced-degree holders than for those with a bachelor’s degree alone. |
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Bibliography Citation
Torche, Florencia. "Is a College Degree Still the Great Equalizer? Intergenerational Mobility across Levels of Schooling in the United States." American Journal of Sociology 117,3 (November 2011): 763-807.
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6067. |
Torelli, Paul Andrew |
Three Essays on Labor Economics and Public Policy Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2005 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Child Development; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Siblings; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The three essays presented in this dissertation examine factors and problems that in some way relate to the acquisition of human capital or to wages, with a special focus on empirical methods. Chapter one: Smoking, birth weight, and child development: Evidence from the NLSY79. One important justification for higher cigarette taxes is that pregnant smokers harm their children through in utero exposure. This paper investigates the impact of smoking while pregnant on subsequent child development, using the NLSY79 Mother-Child data, which allows for between-sibling comparisons. In utero exposure is related to an increase in behavioral problems among children and adolescents, but has no effect on intelligence. Targeted smoking cessation interventions may be cost-effective on the basis of nicotine's effects on child and adolescent development, though the optimal cigarette tax based on this justification is very small. Chapter two: An empirical analysis of "acting white" (with Roland Fryer). There is a debate among social scientists regarding the prevalence of an insidious peer effect commonly referred to as "acting white". Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health which allows one to construct an objective measure of a student's popularity, we demonstrate that there are large racial differences in the relationship between popularity and academic achievement, which we label "acting white". The patterns in the data appear most consistent with a signaling model in which investments in education are thought to be indicative of an individual's opportunity costs of group loyalty. Chapter three: The political response to recent changes in U.S. wage inequality. While there has been much work on the causes behind recent changes in the wage structure, it is unclear to what extent voters and politicians have agitated for political reforms in response to increasing inequality. This paper investigates House and Senate voting records and House Election results to examine the political response to wage inequality. The results suggest that inequality is related to turnover in the House, leading to a slightly greater number of Democrats on net. Voting records show that inequality leads to polarization by party, with Democrats voting more liberally and Republicans voting more conservatively. The results are consistent with models in which relative position in the income distribution matters, and where the "bite" of inequality hurts the bottom more than the top. |
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Bibliography Citation
Torelli, Paul Andrew. Three Essays on Labor Economics and Public Policy. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2005. |
6068. |
Torgovitsky, Alexander |
Minimum Distance from Independence Estimation of Nonseparable Instrumental Variables Models Journal of Econometrics 199,1 (July 2017): 35-48. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407617300441 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Modeling, Instrumental Variables I develop a semiparametric minimum distance from independence estimator for a nonseparable instrumental variables model. An independence condition identifies the model for many types of discrete and continuous instruments. The estimator is taken as the parameter value that most closely satisfies this independence condition. Implementing the estimator requires a quantile regression of the endogenous variables on the instrument, so the procedure is two-step, with a finite or infinite-dimensional nuisance parameter in the first step. I prove consistency and establish asymptotic normality for a parametric, but flexibly nonlinear outcome equation. The consistency of the nonparametric bootstrap is also shown. I illustrate the use of the estimator by estimating the returns to schooling using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey. |
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Bibliography Citation
Torgovitsky, Alexander. "Minimum Distance from Independence Estimation of Nonseparable Instrumental Variables Models." Journal of Econometrics 199,1 (July 2017): 35-48.
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6069. |
Torre, Margarita |
Stopgappers? The Occupational Trajectories of Men in Female-Dominated Occupations Work and Occupations 45,3 (August 2018): 283-312. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0730888418780433 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Census of Population; Exits; Gender Differences; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male; Occupations, Non-Traditional; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the determinants of men's exit from female-dominated occupations. Using census data and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set, the author analyzes the job history of men employed in the United States between 1979 and 2006. Supporting the theoretical model, evidence indicates a group of stopgappers--men entering female-dominated occupations and leaving soon after their entry, thereby contributing to the perpetuation of segregation in female settings. By identifying the stopgapper occupational trajectory, this article contributes to the development of a comprehensive theory accounting for the way structural inequality is reproduced. |
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Bibliography Citation
Torre, Margarita. "Stopgappers? The Occupational Trajectories of Men in Female-Dominated Occupations." Work and Occupations 45,3 (August 2018): 283-312.
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6070. |
Torre, Margarita |
The Scarring Effect of "Women's Work": The Determinants of Women's Attrition from Male-Dominated Occupations Social Forces, 93,1 (September 2014): 1-29. Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sou059 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Exits; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Women's entry into formerly male-dominated occupations has increased in recent decades, yet a significant outflow remains. This study examines the determinants of women's exits from male-dominated occupations, focusing on the effect of previous occupational trajectories. In particular, it hypothesizes that occupational trajectories in female-dominated occupations are often imbued with meanings and beliefs about the (in)appropriateness of the worker, which adversely affect women's integration and chances when they enter the male sector. Using the NLSY79 data set, the study analyzes the job histories of women employed in the United States between 1979 and 2006. The results reveal a disproportionate risk of exit among newcomers from female-dominated occupations. Also, women who reenter the male field are more likely to leave it again. Altogether, the findings challenge explanations based on deficiencies in the information available to women at the moment of hiring. The evidence points to the existence of a "scar effect" of previous work in the female field, which hinders women's opportunities in the male sector and ends up increasing the likelihood of exit. |
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Bibliography Citation
Torre, Margarita. "The Scarring Effect of "Women's Work": The Determinants of Women's Attrition from Male-Dominated Occupations." Social Forces, 93,1 (September 2014): 1-29.
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6071. |
Torres, D. Diego |
Understanding How Family Socioeconomic Status Mediates the Maternal Intelligence-Child Cognitive Outcomes Relationship: A Moderated Mediation Analysis Biodemography and Social Biology 59,2 (2013): 157-177. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19485565.2013.833804 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Intelligence; Mothers; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Socioeconomic Status (SES) In a model of moderated mediation using matched data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Children and Young Adults, I test (1) whether family socioeconomic status (SES) mediates the maternal intelligence-child cognitive outcomes relationship and (2) the extent to which this mediating impact is dependent on the level of maternal intelligence. Results reveal that the mediating impact of SES on the maternal intelligence–child cognitive outcomes relationship varies as a function of the level of maternal intelligence. The positive effect of higher SES on children's academic ability decreases as the cognitive ability of mothers increases, such that children in low IQ households benefit most from higher SES, while children in high IQ households benefit somewhat less. |
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Bibliography Citation
Torres, D. Diego. "Understanding How Family Socioeconomic Status Mediates the Maternal Intelligence-Child Cognitive Outcomes Relationship: A Moderated Mediation Analysis." Biodemography and Social Biology 59,2 (2013): 157-177.
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6072. |
Torres, Marcia G. |
Characteristics and Coping Styles of Young Hispanic Mothers Involved in Education and/or Work: A Descriptive Profile Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Hispanics; Language Problems; Racial Differences; Role Models The objective of this study was to develop a profile of young hispanic mothers who were enrolled in school and/or employed in the labor force. This consisted of their general characteristics, their educational, occupational, and motherhood experiences (actual accomplishments, attitudes, ideals, aspirations, expectations, role models and environmental barriers in each category). Subjects' sense of individual control over their lives as well as their family role attitudes were also explored. The sample consisted of all mothers (44 hispanics, 114 blacks, and 181 whites) who were employed and/or enrolled and who were interviewed in the 1979 NLSY. All questions relating to the areas of interest to the present study were drawn from the NLS list of items. Chi-Square analysis was used to determine significant response differences across the three groups. Additionally Chi-Square analysis with Bonferroni Protection was applied where appropriate. Although responses from all three groups were examined, the main focus of the study was on the hispanic group. Through its cross-cultural perspective, the study supported more recent research which indicates that young women facing the considerable responsibilities of motherhood do aspire to achieve. The results did not support the assumptions in the literature that hispanic women are more rigid about family roles than are women from other cultures, nor that hispanic women have a more externalized sense of control. The findings did add support to the hypothesis that hispanic women face external barriers, some of which they share with the other two cultures, others only with blacks, and still others they carry alone (e.g., language, stressors of immigration, etc.). |
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Bibliography Citation
Torres, Marcia G. Characteristics and Coping Styles of Young Hispanic Mothers Involved in Education and/or Work: A Descriptive Profile. Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, 1982. |
6073. |
Torres, Marcia G. |
Young Hispanic Mothers Enrolled in School and/or Employed in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Force Report to the National Council of La Raza, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Family Influences; Hispanics; Marital Status; Motherhood; Role Models; Teenagers This study focuses on young Hispanic mothers' experiences and shows that these women did not demonstrate a motivation to become mothers at an earlier age than whites or blacks. They did, however, tend to leave school for family related reasons (pregnancy, marriage, etc.) and they were more likely to be married and to remain married. Although the majority were born in the United States, a large minority were born outside the U.S. and 89 percent spoke Spanish in their childhood. Most were raised as Catholics and continued to practice. Among those who were active outside the home, most worked and expressed a desire to continue working in the future even if they did not have economic need. They were also very interested in additional job training, aspired to obtain better jobs in the future and felt optimistic about being able to do so. If their families encountered economic problems in the future, they strongly preferred other alternatives than going on welfare, and they were almost 100 percent opposed to considering such alternatives as shoplifting to alleviate their problems. Although these young mothers had limited role models for educational achievements, they had very positive attitudes toward school and aspired to complete college successfully. The majority, however, left high school before graduating, usually due to family related or financial problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Torres, Marcia G. "Young Hispanic Mothers Enrolled in School and/or Employed in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Force." Report to the National Council of La Raza, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982. |
6074. |
Tortolero, Susan Rohrabacher |
Association of Allergies and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, May, 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Attention/Attention Deficit; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Health; Children, Adjustment Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Temperament; Health Factors To investigate the association between allergies and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a case-control study was conducted using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth population. Cases were between the ages of 4 and 11 years and were classified either by a maternal-reported diagnosis or by the Behavior Problems Index Hyperactivity Scale. Controls were chosen from the same age group but had a score or less than 14 on the overall Behavior Problems Index. A history of allergies was considered positive if any of the following conditions were reported as requiring treatment by a doctor or other health professional: asthma, allergic conditions, or food allergies. A strong association was observed between allergies and a maternal reported diagnosis while controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, perinatal, and environmental factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tortolero, Susan Rohrabacher. Association of Allergies and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, May, 1994. |
6075. |
Tosini, Nicola |
The Socioeconomic Determinants and Consequences of Women's Body Mass Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, August 2008. Also: http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3328665/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Educational Attainment; Health Factors; Heterogeneity; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Life Cycle Research; Marriage; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The goal of this paper is to quantitatively account for the negative relationship between body mass and socioeconomic status observed among women in the U.S. Almost 1 out of 3 white women in the U.S. are obese and data on white women born in 1960-1964 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) show that, at age 30, obese women have completed almost 1 fewer school grade, are less likely to participate in the labor market, and if they work they have wages that are lower by 17%; they are more likely never to have been married and, if they are married, their spouses have incomes that are lower by 27%. I interpret these facts taking into account that (a) body mass may affect labor- and marriage-market opportunities; (b) behavioral factors, potentially influenced by schooling attainment and family income, play a key role in the accumulation of body weight; and (c) women may be heterogeneous in terms of their propensity to gain weight on the one hand and labor- and marriage-market endowments on the other hand. To this end, I specify and estimate a dynamic model in which (a) wage and spousal income offers, as well as the arrival probability of marriage offers, depend on body mass; and (b) from the time they leave school, women make decisions about their labor market participation, marital status, and body mass to maximize lifetime expected utility. Their utility function represents preferences over consumption, leisure, marital status, and body mass, where preferences over body mass capture the psychic costs of keeping the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Such preferences depend on recent fertility history, consumption, and schooling attainment; reflecting the role played by family background factors in the accumulation of body weight, they also depend on unobserved permanent characteristics, as do wage and spousal income offers. The model is estimated by the method of simulated maximum likelihood using a pa nel dataset on the body mass, labor market, marriag e market, and fertility histories of white women born in 1960-1964 from the NLSY79. My results can be summarized as follows. In line with results on schooling attainment and labor market outcomes, I find that unobserved permanent characteristics play quite an important role also in the determination of body mass outcomes, explaining 16% of the cross-sectional variation in obesity at age 30. Furthermore, these characteristics are important in accounting for the observed relationship between body mass on the one hand and wages and spousal incomes on the other hand: the type of women who are most likely to become obese receive wage and spousal income offers that are lower by respectively 53% and 29%. In itself, obesity has negative consequences in the marriage market, but not in the labor market: the odds ratio of receiving a marriage offer declines by 15% for obese women, who also receive spousal income offers that are lower by 7%. Without such marriage market incentives, the prevalence rate of obesity at age 30 would be higher by 21%. More than 10% of women in my sample are already overweight when they leave school. In the concluding counterfactual experiment I address the following question: how effective in preventing adult obesity would be policies aimed at eliminating excess weight at the time of school leaving? I find that the prevalence rate of obesity would be persistently lower, even though initially overweight women are intrinsically much more inclined to gain weight than the average. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tosini, Nicola. The Socioeconomic Determinants and Consequences of Women's Body Mass. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, August 2008.. |
6076. |
Tosini, Nicola |
The Socioeconomic Determinants and Consequences of Women's Body Mass Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, June 23, 2008. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Heterogeneity; Labor Force Participation; Marriage; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The goal of this paper is to quantitatively account for the negative relationship between body mass and socioeconomic status observed among women in the U.S. Almost 1 out of 3 white women in the U.S. are currently obese, and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) show that, at age 30, obese women have completed almost 1 fewer school grade, are less likely to participate in the labor market, and if they work they have wages that are lower by 17%; they are more likely never to have been married and, if they are married, their spouses have earnings that are lower by 27%. I interpret these facts taking into consideration that not only body mass may affect labor- and marriage-market opportunities but also (a) behavioral factors, potentially influenced by schooling attainment and family income, play a key role in the accumulation of body weight; and (b) women may be heterogeneous in terms of their propensity to gain weight on the one hand and labor- and marriage-market endowments on the other hand. To this end, I specify and estimate a dynamic model in which (a) wage and spousal income offers, as well as the arrival probability of marriage offers, depend on body mass; and (b) women make decisions about their body mass, labor market participation, and marital status over the life cycle. I exploit the estimated model to quantify the consequences of women's body mass in the labor and marriage markets and answer the following questions: (a) How responsive is body mass behavior to labor and marriage-market incentives? (b) What fraction of the cross-sectional variation in body mass is explained by characteristics formed prior to leaving school? (c) What is the effect of schooling attainment on body mass and through which pathways does this effect unfold over the life cycle? (d) How effective in preventing adult obesity would be policies aimed at eliminating excess weight at the time of school leaving? |
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Bibliography Citation
Tosini, Nicola. "The Socioeconomic Determinants and Consequences of Women's Body Mass." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, June 23, 2008. |
6077. |
Trella, Rachel N. Schentag Miller, Scott R. Edelstein, Daniel Miller, Carlin J. |
Maternal Behavior Prior to Parenting as a Transgenerational Predictor of Offspring Behavior Journal of Child and Family Studies 23,8 (November 2014): 1501-1509. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-013-9806-2 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Behavior problems influence development at multiple stages over the lifespan. The present study explores the relations between maternal behavior prior to parenting and offspring behavior problems in childhood and adolescence using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data (N = 2,820 dyads with 50.0 % male offspring and 52.2 % of ethnic/racial minority status). Index scores for behavior problems were created for mothers prior to parenting and for offspring at two time points. Path analyses indicated that maternal behavior problems prior to parenthood predicted offspring being at increased risk for behavior problems in childhood and adolescence. Mothers� behavior had a significant influence on adolescent behavior, even after childhood behavior problems and demographic covariates were taken into account. Post-hoc analyses demonstrated the stability of behavior problems is especially strong for males. Results support a long tradition of research and the external validity of the stability of behavior problems as well as the importance of maternal behavior prior to parenthood for their future offspring across development. Clinical and policy implications are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Trella, Rachel N. Schentag, Scott R. Miller, Daniel Edelstein and Carlin J. Miller. "Maternal Behavior Prior to Parenting as a Transgenerational Predictor of Offspring Behavior." Journal of Child and Family Studies 23,8 (November 2014): 1501-1509.
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6078. |
Trenholm, Christopher Allen |
The Impact of Prenatal Medicaid Programs on the Health of Newborns Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1997. Also: http://osu.worldcat.org/title/impact-of-prenatal-medicaid-programs-on-the-health-of-newborns/oclc/038166451 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Endogeneity; Health Care; Heterogeneity; Marital Status; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care This dissertation undertakes a comprehensive examination of how state Medicaid programs affect the health of newborns. Its key innovation is that it isolates the impact of individual Medicaid components on the birth outcome. These components encompass all aspects of Medicaid including coverage, quality, and eligibility. Given the recent explosion in enrollment and the possibility of cuts in federal funding, states are under increasing pressure to provide effective prenatal care to Medicaid recipients. Results from this dissertation provide state policy makers with detailed information on where to focus scarce resources to maximize newborns' health. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the empirical model evaluates the effect of Medicaid program components in a full information maximum likelihood framework. An equation for newborns' birthweight is estimated jointly with equations explaining a woman's health insurance status, her marital status, and her decision to give birth. A discrete-factor specification of unobserved heterogeneity controls for the endogeneity of insurance, marriage, and fertility. The results strongly suggest that reimbursement to ob/gyns for prenatal care and vaginal delivery has a positive effect on birthweight. An increase from $400 to $800 (in 1986 dollars), for example, is predicted to raise birthweights of children on Medicaid by over five ounces. The cost reduction associated with higher birthweights more than offsets the increase in reimbursement costs. Additional results confirm that the recent eligibility expansion has significantly increased the probability that a pregnant woman enrolls in Medicaid. However, there is no evidence that this increase has reduced the probability that a woman is uninsured, suggesting that the expansion has crowded out private insurers. Finally, based on simulations under selected state Medicaid programs, I find significant variation both across states and through time in the ability of these programs to improve birthweights. The most cost-effective programs generally maintain high rates of reimbursement but limit eligibility to avoid crowd-out. Examples include Georgia, Ohio, and Virginia in 1992. Given the variation in these programs, I conclude that future research must focus on the characteristics of state Medicaid programs, rather than assessing their overall effectiveness through aggregate measures such as coverage or eligibility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Trenholm, Christopher Allen. The Impact of Prenatal Medicaid Programs on the Health of Newborns. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1997.. |
6079. |
Trent, Colene |
An Analysis of Shift Work: Compensating Differentials and Local Economic Conditions Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Mississippi, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Shift Workers; Unemployment Rate; Wage Differentials; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The theory of compensating differentials asserts that workers facing undesirable work conditions, such as night shift work, should receive compensating wage differentials. The theory assumes that workers can easily find jobs with desirable characteristics; thus, compensating wages are necessary to induce workers to take jobs with undesirable characteristics. This dissertation considers a variation of the theory of compensating differentials in which labor markets are weak. If workers are more likely to work night shifts in areas with weak economic conditions and if firms are less likely to offer compensating differentials for night shift work in areas with weak economic conditions, weak regional economies may lead to smaller compensating differentials for night shift work. Using NLSY79 data from 1990-2000, this paper employs an endogenous switching regression model to analyze wages of day and night shift workers and shift choice. The model is estimated using both the Lee two-step method and maximum likelihood. Two measures of local economic conditions, the local unemployment rate and the state leading index, are used. The models provide evidence that shift differentials and local economic conditions significantly impact shift choice. Of the two local economic condition variables used in the analysis, the leading index is a stronger predictor of shift choice. This paper develops a new method of analyzing the impact of the interaction between the shift differential and local economic conditions on shift choice, providing limited evidence that compensating differentials for night shift work may be lower when local economies are weak. The calculated interaction effects are small. Estimated wage premiums for night shift work are negative, and are approximately half of day wages in the 1990 cross-section. Estimated wage differentials for night shift work are smaller in pooled cross-section analysis, ranging from roughly 2% to 11% below day wages. Analyzing cross-sections over time indicates that shift differentials were below day wages throughout most of the 1990's but in 2000, night wages were approximately 7-11% higher than day wages. Overall, the results provide evidence that individuals take both the size of the wage premium and local labor market conditions into account when selecting working hours. |
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Bibliography Citation
Trent, Colene. An Analysis of Shift Work: Compensating Differentials and Local Economic Conditions. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Mississippi, 2013. |
6080. |
Trent, Katherine |
Family Context and Adolescents' Fertility Expectations Youth and Society 26,1 (September 1994): 118-137. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/26/1/118.short Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Economics of Minorities; Education, Secondary; Family Background and Culture; Family Environment; Family Size; Hispanics; Parenthood; Poverty; Racial Differences; Regions; Religion; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience of Youth are used to examine and contrast the effects of family context and individual characteristics on adolescents' expectations about adolescent fertility, nonmarital childbearing, family size, and childlessness. Socioeconomic and racial patterns are identified. The findings indicate that family structure has modest but specific effects on adolescents' fertility expectations. Living with mothers only increases expectations for nonmarital childbearing, and living with fathers (without biological mother) lowers the total number of children expected. |
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Bibliography Citation
Trent, Katherine. "Family Context and Adolescents' Fertility Expectations." Youth and Society 26,1 (September 1994): 118-137.
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6081. |
Trent, William T. |
Outcomes of School Desegregation: Findings from Longitudinal Research Journal of Negro Education 66,3 (Summer 1997): 255-257. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2967164 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: School of Education, Howard University Keyword(s): Black Youth; Earnings; Occupational Attainment; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This report, derived from the report Trent submitted to the court in the Liddell case and his testimony on March 29, 1996, looks at some important noncognitive outcomes of school desegregation. It is based on his analyses of national survey data including the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972-Employer Survey, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Labor Force Participation-1979 cohort, and the National Survey of 1980 High School Sophomores and Seniors. Trent points out that these national longitudinal survey data show that desegregated schooling has a positive, statistically significant benefit for Black students' later earnings and occupational attainment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Trent, William T. "Outcomes of School Desegregation: Findings from Longitudinal Research." Journal of Negro Education 66,3 (Summer 1997): 255-257.
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6082. |
Trevino, Gene A. |
An Evaluation of Real Earnings Growth Based on U.S. Census P-60 Data Journal of Legal Economics 10,1 (Spring 2000): 47-59. Also: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5408/is_200004/ai_n21465489/?tag=content;col1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Academy of Economic and Financial Experts: AAEFA Keyword(s): Census of Population; Earnings; Injuries Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Forensic economists are often retained in personal injury and wrongful death cases to value the earning capacity of young persons. This involves forecasting real earnings growth attributable to age and education. Generally, forensic economists rely on crosssectional data published by the U.S. Census Bureau for age-earnings data. Specifically, the P-60 series reports entitled "Money Income in the United States" are the generally accepted source of earnings by age and education (Rodgers, Brookshire, and Thorton 1996; Gohman, McCrickard, and Slesnick 1998). These cross-sectional data are used to forecast mean earnings by age and education over the plaintiffs expected work life. Because these cross-sectional data are based on earnings for different cohorts, based on age and education at a point in time, they may not provide an accurate forecast of actual earnings over time. The objective of this article is to examine the accuracy of forecasted real earnings growth based on U.S. Census Bureau crosssectional data relative to longitudinal data taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Copyright American Academy of Economic and Financial Experts Spring 2000. |
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Bibliography Citation
Trevino, Gene A. "An Evaluation of Real Earnings Growth Based on U.S. Census P-60 Data." Journal of Legal Economics 10,1 (Spring 2000): 47-59.
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6083. |
Trevor, Charles Oliver |
Establishing New Relationships Within a Traditional Voluntary Turnover Model: The Effects of a Multidimensional Approach to Actual Ease of Movement in the Job Market Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Heterogeneity; Industrial Relations; Industrial Sector; Job Turnover; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Unemployment This study was designed to contribute to individual voluntary turnover research by adding conceptual and methodological precision to the notion of actual ease of movement in the job market (AEOM). I suggested that a three component common model of voluntary turnover has emerged across turnover research, with voluntary turnover being a function of AEOM and job satisfaction. In particular, job satisfaction's well documented negative effect on voluntary turnover was hypothesized to be moderated by AEOM, with the effect being greater when AEOM was high. However, in contrast to the typical operationalization of AEOM as a single type of unemployment rate, I proposed that incorporating individual and occupational aspects of the construct could substantially improve the common model. Data for the study consisted predominantly of responses from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), although it was augmented by occupational wage data and detailed unemployment rates obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In all, 5,527 individuals employed between 1980 and 1992 were included in the final data set. Longitudinal data allowed for the conduction of proportional hazard models with repeated events and time dependent covariates. Results of the analyses supported the use of a multidimensional approach to AEOM. An occupationally driven type of unemployment rate (termed the relevant unemployment rate) derived from local and occupational rates appeared to not only moderate job dissatisfaction's effect on turnover, but also to be an approach somewhat superior to using either rate alone. Additionally, individual and occupational level AEOM indicators mirrored the relevant unemployment rate effect, suggesting a synthesis of the common model framework, whose roots lay in March and Simon's (1958) seminal work, with the human capital approach. Finally, I found evidence of hypothesized within-AEOM interactions, as relevant unemployment rate's negative effect on turnover was greater for those with lower individual and occupational AEOM. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed, as was the importance of adequate controls in occupationally heterogeneous turnover research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Trevor, Charles Oliver. Establishing New Relationships Within a Traditional Voluntary Turnover Model: The Effects of a Multidimensional Approach to Actual Ease of Movement in the Job Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1998. |
6084. |
Trevor, Charles Oliver |
Interactions among Actual Ease-of-Movement Determinants and Job Satisfaction in the Prediction of Voluntary Turnover Academy of Management Journal 44,4 (August 2001): 621-638 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academy of Management Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Cognitive Ability; Education; Human Capital; Job Satisfaction; Training; Unemployment Rate; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Emphasizing that both general job availability and individual attributes determine actual ease of movement in the job market, I propose a voluntary turnover model that combines aspects of signaling and human capital perspectives with approaches emphasizing job satisfaction and general job availability. Longitudinal data on 5,506 individuals were analyzed via survival analysis with time-dependent covariates and repeated turnover events. Most notably, the effects of job satisfaction and unemployment rate on voluntary turnover were moderated by education, cognitive ability, and occupation-specific training. |
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Bibliography Citation
Trevor, Charles Oliver. "Interactions among Actual Ease-of-Movement Determinants and Job Satisfaction in the Prediction of Voluntary Turnover." Academy of Management Journal 44,4 (August 2001): 621-638.
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6085. |
Triandis, Harry C. Hui, C. H. |
Locus of Control in Hispanic and Mainstream Samples Interim Technical Report ONR-25, Office of Naval Research, U.S. Department of Defense, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Defense Keyword(s): Hispanics; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Military Recruitment; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Using a nationwide sample of young people aged 14-21 in 1979, this study examined: (1) whether the similarity between Mainstream and Hispanic Navy recruits previously found by Hui, Triandis and Chang is generalizable to the general population of the same age; and (2) whether Hispanic and Mainstream, men and women, who were both low and high socio-economic status subjects employ the same meaning of locus of control. The NLSY is comprised of both civilian and military subjects. It was found that all civilian groups are similar to each other, regarding the meaning of this construct. However, the military groups are rather different from the civilian. The previous finding of no difference between Mainstream and Hispanic recruits is also replicated in this national sample. |
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Bibliography Citation
Triandis, Harry C. and C. H. Hui. "Locus of Control in Hispanic and Mainstream Samples." Interim Technical Report ONR-25, Office of Naval Research, U.S. Department of Defense, 1982. |
6086. |
Trice, Dawn Turner |
Racial Identity Not Determined by Skin Tone Alone Chicago Tribune, December 15, 2008. Also: http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2008-12-15-0812140201-story.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Chicago Tribune Keyword(s): Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Self-Perception; Skin Tone; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. How we define race is not a fixed social construct, but ever-evolving. Indeed, race is about skin color. But the study also looked at the way negative stereotypes, socioeconomic class and myriad other factors give us racial cues into how we see other people as well as ourselves. [This news media article is based on Penner, Andrew M. and Aliya Saperstein. "How Social Status Shapes Race." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105,50 (December 16, 2008): 19628-19630] |
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Bibliography Citation
Trice, Dawn Turner. "Racial Identity Not Determined by Skin Tone Alone." Chicago Tribune, December 15, 2008. |
6087. |
Tricket, Delia A. |
"Man of the House": A Turning Point That Leads to Criminal Behavior? M.A. Thesis, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Birth Order; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Household Structure; Incarceration/Jail; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research study seeks to formally test a relationship between household structure, birth order and juvenile delinquency that was suggested as an onset to criminal behavior by men incarcerated in a maximum security facility. The focus of this study is on first born males due to the retrospective narratives given by the incarcerated men that being a first born male who has either lost a father-or father figure due to death, divorce and/or prison have felt a sense of responsibility as the "man of house" to be able to provide family stability which can include care of other siblings, maintaining the home through housework and in some cases maintaining the family financially. This study tests whether (1) delinquent acts for monetary gain increases if the adolescent is a first born male and (2) delinquency increases if the juvenile first born male is living in a female headed household. I use Sampson and Laub's (1993) life course theory and the NLSY79 to test the hypothesis. Tobit regression models suggests there is no relationship in increased delinquency for monetary gain for first born males and first born males living in a single female headed household. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tricket, Delia A. "Man of the House": A Turning Point That Leads to Criminal Behavior? M.A. Thesis, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, 2015. |
6088. |
Triplett, Ruth Jarjoura, G. Roger |
Specifying the Gender-Class-Delinquency Relationship: Exploring the Effects of Educational Expectations Sociological Perspectives 40,2 (Summer 1997): 287-316. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1389526 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Social Roles Explores the role of educational expectation, as shaped by both class and gender, in delinquency, drawing on data from a sample of 4,587 respondents, ages 14-18, from two waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Three issues are focal: (1) Is social class significantly related to female, as well as male, delinquency? (2) Does social class shape educational expectations and do they, in turn, enhance the likelihood of delinquent involvement? (3) Are there gender differences in the ways that social class conditions educational expectations? Findings suggest that gender and class are both important factors shaping educaitonal expectations and through them, delinquency. |
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Bibliography Citation
Triplett, Ruth and G. Roger Jarjoura. "Specifying the Gender-Class-Delinquency Relationship: Exploring the Effects of Educational Expectations." Sociological Perspectives 40,2 (Summer 1997): 287-316.
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6089. |
Tristao, Ignez M. |
Portfolio of Employment Choices: How Important is Diversification for Unemployment Duration and Wage Loss? Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008. Also: http://client.norc.org/jole/SOLEweb/8313.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Human Capital; Modeling; Occupations; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Unemployment Duration; Wage Gap; Wage Models; Wages; Work History There are substantial differences in unemployment durations and reemployment outcomes for workers in different occupations. This paper shows that this variation can be explained in part by differences in occupational employment risk that arise from two sources: (1) the diversification of occupational employment across industries, and (2) the volatility of industry employment fluctuations, including sectoral comovements. The analysis combines data from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages with the NLSY79 male sample. Applying a competing risk duration model, this analysis finds that unemployed workers in high employment risk occupations have 5.2% lower hazard ratios of leaving unemployment to a job in the same occupation and have 4.9% higher wage losses upon reemployment than workers in low employment risk occupations." "The data set I use is the NLSY79. Relative to other micro data sets, the NLSY79 has two distinct features that make it the best data to answer my particular question. First, the NLSY79 work history data are available on a weekly basis. Since a significant number of unemployment spells are very short, this high frequency is quite important. Second, and most importantly, the NLSY79 is one of few data sets that provides a complete work history for a specific cohort, which allows researchers to analyze completed unemployment spells. This is one of the most desirable attributes of a data set for studying labor force transitions and unemployment duration, and it constitutes a significant advantage of the NLSY79 over the Current Population Survey (CPS) data, where unemployment spells are incomplete and cohorts change over time. In addition to the advantages mentioned above, the NLSY79 also has ability measures and has lower attrition rates than other longitudinal data sets (such as the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, or PSID). The downside of using the NLSY79 instead of the CPS is that I am able to analyze only individuals of a specific cohort that is still relatively young—in 2000, the individuals' age range was 35 to 43. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tristao, Ignez M. "Portfolio of Employment Choices: How Important is Diversification for Unemployment Duration and Wage Loss?" Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008. |
6090. |
Troske, Kenneth R. Voicu, Alexandru |
Joint Estimation of Sequential Labor Force Participation and Fertility Decisions Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Missouri-Columbia, August 2004. Also: http://www.missouri.edu/~troskek/working_pap/troskevoicu081704.pdf (no longer available) Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Missouri - Columbia Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Markov chain / Markov model; Maternal Employment; Monte Carlo; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Race; Statistical Analysis; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we estimate the causal effect of children on the labor supply of women using panel data on women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). We examine the effect of children both prior to and after birth as well as how the effect of children varies with the number of children. We also decompose the total effect of children into the direct and indirect components and separately examine the dynamics of these components. Sequential participation decisions for four levels of labor market involvement and fertility decisions are jointly modeled. We allow decisions to be correlated in a general fashion both across time and across choices. The estimation is performed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We find that children have a strong effect on a women's labor market behavior in the post-birth period and that differences in expected fertility have a strong effect on labor market behavior in the pre-birth period. We also find that both the direct and indirect effects are large immediately after the birth of a child but that the indirect effect declines quickly over time. The effects of children vary by education and race. |
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Bibliography Citation
Troske, Kenneth R. and Alexandru Voicu. "Joint Estimation of Sequential Labor Force Participation and Fertility Decisions Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Missouri-Columbia, August 2004. |
6091. |
Troske, Kenneth R. Voicu, Alexandru |
Joint Estimation of Sequential Labor Force Participation and Fertility Decisions Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques IZA Discussion Paper No. 1251, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), August 2004. Also: http://opus.zbw-kiel.de/volltexte/2005/2450/pdf/dp1251.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Markov chain / Markov model; Maternal Employment; Monte Carlo; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Race; Statistical Analysis; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we estimate the causal effect of children on the labor supply of women using panel data on women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). We examine the effect of children both prior to and after birth as well as how the effect of children varies with the number of children. We also decompose the total effect of children into the direct and indirect components and separately examine the dynamics of these components. Sequential participation decisions for four levels of labor market involvement and fertility decisions are jointly modeled. We allow decisions to be correlated in a general fashion both across time and across choices. The estimation is performed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We find that children have a strong effect on a women's labor market behavior in both the pre- and post-birth period. We also find that both the direct and indirect effects are large immediately after the birth of a child but that the indirect effect declines quickly over time. The effects of children vary by education and race. |
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Bibliography Citation
Troske, Kenneth R. and Alexandru Voicu. "Joint Estimation of Sequential Labor Force Participation and Fertility Decisions Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques." IZA Discussion Paper No. 1251, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), August 2004. |
6092. |
Troske, Kenneth R. Voicu, Alexandru |
The Effect of Children on the Level of Labor Market Involvement of Married Women: What is the Role of Education? IZA DIscussion Paper No. 4074, Institute for the Study of Labor, March 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Fertility; Heterogeneity; Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Probit; Mothers, Education; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We analyze the way women's education influences the effect of children on their level of labor market involvement. We propose an econometric model that accounts for the endogeneity of labor market and fertility decisions, for the heterogeneity of the effects of children and their correlation with the fertility decisions, and for the correlation of sequential labor market decisions. We estimate the model using panel data from NLSY79. Our results show that women with higher education work more before the birth of the first child, but children have larger negative effects on their level of labor market involvement. Differences across education levels are more pronounced with respect to full time employment than with respect to participation. Other things equal, higher wages reduce the effect of children on labor supply. Controlling for wages, women with higher education face larger negative effects of children on labor supply, which suggest they are characterized by a combination of higher marginal product of time spent in the production of child quality and higher marginal product of time relative to the marginal product of other inputs into the production of child quality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Troske, Kenneth R. and Alexandru Voicu. "The Effect of Children on the Level of Labor Market Involvement of Married Women: What is the Role of Education?" IZA DIscussion Paper No. 4074, Institute for the Study of Labor, March 2009. |
6093. |
Troske, Kenneth R. Voicu, Alexandru |
The Effect of the Timing and Spacing of Births on the Level of Labor Market Involvement of Married Women Empirical Economics 45,1 (August 2013): 483-521. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00181-012-0620-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Marital Status; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We analyze the effect of the timing and spacing of births on the labor supply of married women in a framework that accounts for the endogeneity of the labor market and fertility decisions, for the heterogeneity of the effects of children on labor supply and their correlation with the fertility decisions, and for the correlation of sequential labor market decisions. Delaying the first birth leads to higher pre-natal levels of labor market involvement and reduces the negative effect of the first child on labor supply. The effect of the second child increases with the spacing of the two births as women, returning to work after the first birth, finance child care time increasingly through reductions in market time. Individual heterogeneity is considerable; women with lower propensity for children have the first birth later in life and space subsequent births more closely together, work more before the birth of the first child, but face larger effects of children on their labor supply. |
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Bibliography Citation
Troske, Kenneth R. and Alexandru Voicu. "The Effect of the Timing and Spacing of Births on the Level of Labor Market Involvement of Married Women." Empirical Economics 45,1 (August 2013): 483-521.
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6094. |
Tsai, Jeffrey K. |
Essays on the Timing of Human Capital Policies Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Irvine, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Affirmative Action; Census of Population; Economics of Minorities; Education; Educational Returns; Family Studies; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Labor Economics; Labor Market Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three related essays in labor economics and the economics of education; affirmative action in law school, the economic returns to the GED credential, and the importance of family investment on child outcomes. This dissertation applies econometric tools to empirically assess these questions. The first chapter of my dissertation, "Does Affirmative Action Help or Hurt the Production of Black Lawyers?," considers whether affirmative action actually harms the production of black lawyers in the U.S. Affirmative action has been a controversial policy since its inception in the 1960's as it relates to both the labor market and the education system. The central question focuses on how affirmative action affects minorities, specifically in law schools and in the production of black lawyers. Using a detailed survey of law students conducted by the Law School Admissions Council (LSAC) from 1991 to 1996, I examine whether affirmative action caused black law students to be mismatched to the wrong school and whether mismatch reduced the number of black lawyers in the U.S. According to the mismatch hypothesis, students would have obtained better outcomes if they were not mismatched and had attended a lower-level school that more closely matched their ability level. Opponents of affirmative action believe that mismatch is one of the direct consequences of the policy (Wilkens, 2005). I present evidence that mismatch caused at least a 5.5 percent reduction in the number of black lawyers, but as Rothstein and Yoon (2006) conclude, this effect may be more negative. The second chapter of my dissertation, "Decoding the GED Signal: The Role of Non-Cognitive Ability and Measurement Error," considers the role of non-cognitive ability in explaining the low and negative returns to a GED credential. Bowles, Gintis, and Osborne (2001) have shown that non-cognitive ability actually explains much more of the wage variation than cognitive ability. It is clear that abilities besides intelligence are rewarded in the labor market, but identifying clear measures of non-cognitive ability and considering its effect on education and labor market outcomes are relatively new questions in economics (Heckman and Rubinstein, 2001). I find that GED recipients do have lower non-cognitive abilities and that it explains their relatively low economic returns. However, the observable measures of non-cognitive ability are at best proxies for unobserved ability, so I utilize instrumental variables and a latent variable model to consider the effect of measurement error. The third chapter of my dissertation, "The Effect of Unilateral Divorce Laws on Incentives to Invest in Children and the Behavioral Outcomes of Children," utilizes state-variation in unilateral divorce laws to consider the law's effect on family investment on an important type of marriage-specific capital; children. I also consider how a reduction in family investment in "marriage-specific capital" impacts children by examining their behavioral and labor market outcomes using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the NELS data sets. Unilateral divorce laws were passed in many states primarily in the 1960's and 1970's. The policy provides an exogenous shock that may affect divorce rates, household bargaining, and children's future outcomes. Previous research has primarily focused on two specific issues: the impact of these laws on divorce rates using Census data and the implications of divorce laws on bargaining power within the household. This chapter focuses on the latter question. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tsai, Jeffrey K. Essays on the Timing of Human Capital Policies. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Irvine, 2008. |
6095. |
Tsang, Chiu-Wai Rita Dietz, Tracy L. |
The Unrelenting Significance of Minority Statuses: Gender, Ethnicity, and Economic Attainment since Affirmative Action Sociological Spectrum 21,1 (January-March 2001): 61-80. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02732170117961 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Affirmative Action; Age and Ageing; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Economic Changes/Recession; Economics of Minorities; Education; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Family Characteristics; Gender; Minorities; Poverty Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and based on the split-class theory of racial and ethnic discrimination, this research examines the effects of gender, ethnicity, education, family characteristics, and geographic residence over time on economic attainment. While gender and family poverty status had greater impacts on overall economic attainment, results reveal that being an ethnic minority is significantly associated with lower wages. Moreover, results reveal that the disadvantage to racial and ethnic minorities has expanded over time or becomes more important at advanced ages. The results lend support to split-class theory and the arguments of Charles V. Willie that race/ ethnicity has become a more important, rather than becoming less important indicator of poverty and income. Further, the results refute the notions that Affirmative Action has accomplished its goals or that it leads to reverse discrimination against White males. Copyright of Sociological Spectrum is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Tsang, Chiu-Wai Rita and Tracy L. Dietz. "The Unrelenting Significance of Minority Statuses: Gender, Ethnicity, and Economic Attainment since Affirmative Action." Sociological Spectrum 21,1 (January-March 2001): 61-80.
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6096. |
Tsao, Hui-Shien |
Career Mobility in an Age of Economic Restructuring: a Multilevel Analysis Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Albany, 2001. DAI, 62, no. 04A (2001): p. 1591 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Clare Jellick; Demography; Family Models; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Mobility; Racial Differences The American economy has experienced enormous changes since the late 1970s, and this wave of changes has extended into the 1990s. The kind of career patterns that workers have been engaged over this time period is the major interest of this dissertation. Career mobility is frequently examined in a cross-sectional context. However, careers are made up of a series of jobs, which suggests that a longitudinal approach to career mobility is more appropriate than a cross-sectional approach. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1994, is the empirical basis of this dissertation. Two methodologies are applied to the career mobility process. First, the partial adjustment model is used to investigate the career dynamics of American workers. Second, event history analysis is used to explore job mobility processes. A number of methodological innovations are incorporated into this dissertation. First, multilevel modeling is used in conjunction with the partial adjustment model to estimate career dynamics. Unlike cross-sectional analyses that simply compare individuals' achievement at a given point in time, this dissertation illustrates career trajectories by gender and race, and also demonstrates how career dynamics differ across demographic groups. Next, instead of studying a general mobility process, this dissertation decomposes job mobility by distinguishing types of mobility. Two sets of distinctions were made: the direction of job mobility (i.e., upward, downward, or horizontal) and the reasons for job mobility (i.e., voluntary or involuntary). The results, in general, were consistent with my hypotheses. Whites still have better opportunities to advance in their careers compared to Hispanics and blacks. Blacks have the weakest momentum in terms of building their careers; moreover, they are also at the bottom of the occupational prestige hierarchy. Also, job mobility was triggered by individual characteristics, job characteristics, and macroeconomic factors. The effects of job characteristics and macroeconomic indicators are further differentiated after the types of mobility and the reasons for leaving jobs are specified. The impact of mergers and acquisitions on job mobility is rarely evaluated in the job mobility literature. The results in this research, though, show that mergers and acquisition do increase workers' risks of being fired or experiencing "programs end" because of the disappearance of jobs. Overall, the findings support the general impression that American business are downsizing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tsao, Hui-Shien. Career Mobility in an Age of Economic Restructuring: a Multilevel Analysis. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Albany, 2001. DAI, 62, no. 04A (2001): p. 1591. |
6097. |
Tseng, Ming-Chi |
Fitting Cross-Lagged Panel Models with the Residual Structural Equations Approach Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal published online (22 February 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2023.2296862 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Cross-Lagged Panel Models (CLPMs); Residual Structural Equations Model (RSEM) This study simplifies the seven different cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs) by using the RSEM model for both inter-individual and intra-individual structures. In addition, the study incorporates the newly developed dynamic panel model (DPM), general cross-lagged model (GCLM) and the random intercept auto-regressive moving average (RI-ARMA) model. Then, using a longitudinal study of self-esteem and depression, ten different CLPMs are analyzed using robust maximum likelihood estimation. In addition, the Mplus syntax is provided as a reference for researcher. This study aims to enhance empirical researcher understanding and exploration of different CLPMs by providing simplified explanations and analyses of the ten different CLPMs, thereby promoting the development of empirical constructs and topics in the context of various cross-lagged panel models. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tseng, Ming-Chi. "Fitting Cross-Lagged Panel Models with the Residual Structural Equations Approach." Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal published online (22 February 2024).
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6098. |
Tuma, Nancy Brandon Michael, Robert T. |
A Comparison of Statistical Models for Life Course Analysis with an Application to First Marriage In: Current Perspectives on Aging and the Life Cycle, Volume 2, Family Relations in Life Course Perspective. Z. Blau, ed. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1986: pp. 107-146 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: JAI Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Family Background and Culture; Life Course; Life Cycle Research; Marriage; Modeling, Logit; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Variables, Independent - Covariate This paper addresses the question: "How similar are results pertaining to the effects of family background on early marriage when five different statistical models are used to analyze the data?" Data from the NLSY are used in this study of first marriage rates up to age 22 using three proportional hazard models--a Gompertz model, a Cox model, and a time period analog to the Cox model--as well as two additional commonly used models, a logistic and a linear probability model. These statistical models are fit to a relatively large sample (N=2468) of white women and to a relatively small sample (N= 223) of Hispanic women. An identical set of covariates is used for the comparison. Using several tests of goodness-of-fit, all five models capture the general age pattern of early entry into marriage reasonably well, with the proportional rate models closest to the Kaplan-Meier estimates for the whole sample. Regarding the estimates of the effects of covariates, all five models yield quite similar estimates when evaluated at sample means, but of course the linear probability model's estimate deviates substantially from the others at levels far from the means. Although the data demands and complexity of estimation is greater with the proportional rate models, they appear to be the preferred model in terms of their fit with the data. In our comparisons between the two static models, the linear probability model is substantially inferior to the logistic model. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tuma, Nancy Brandon and Robert T. Michael. "A Comparison of Statistical Models for Life Course Analysis with an Application to First Marriage" In: Current Perspectives on Aging and the Life Cycle, Volume 2, Family Relations in Life Course Perspective. Z. Blau, ed. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1986: pp. 107-146
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6099. |
Tumin, Dmitry |
Multiple Marital Dissolutions and Midlife Health M.A Thesis, The Ohio State University, 2011. Also: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Tumin%20Dmitry.pdf?osu1296507240 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Divorce; Health Factors; Marital Dissolution; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marriage is strongly associated with better health. In part, this is due to the harmful effects of marital dissolutions. As remarriage becomes more common, so do multiple marital exits. It is unclear if more marital dissolutions lead to worse health. In this paper, I test whether multiple marital dissolutions – divorces and separations – exert a cumulative effect on health at midlife. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth ‘79, I find that depression and low self-rated health at midlife are less prevalent among the continuously married than among those who have ever experienced a marital dissolution. However, I find no evidence of a cumulative effect on health. Higher-order marital dissolutions appear to have less of an effect on health than first dissolutions. Stress and resource theories suggest people may adapt to a first dissolution in ways that reduce health harm from future dissolutions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tumin, Dmitry. Multiple Marital Dissolutions and Midlife Health. M.A Thesis, The Ohio State University, 2011.. |
6100. |
Tumin, Dmitry Han, Siqi Qian, Zhenchao |
Estimates and Meanings of Marital Separation Journal of Marriage and Family 77,1 (February 2015): 312-322. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12149/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital History/Transitions; Marital Status; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Research Methodology Marital separation is an informal transition that may precede or substitute for divorce. Various surveys collect data on marital separation, but the data have produced mixed estimates. The authors used data from the 1995 and 2006 waves of the National Survey of Family Growth (N=2,216) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort (NLSY79; N=1,990) to examine separations among women born between 1961 and 1965. In the National Survey of Family Growth, separations were typically short and followed by divorce. In the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort, separations were longer and less likely to end in divorce. The authors relate these discrepancies to differences in study design, question universe, and question wording between the 2 surveys and show that different measures of separation lead to different conclusions about educational and racial/ethnic inequalities in the trajectories of marital disruption. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tumin, Dmitry, Siqi Han and Zhenchao Qian. "Estimates and Meanings of Marital Separation." Journal of Marriage and Family 77,1 (February 2015): 312-322.
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6101. |
Tumin, Dmitry Han, Siqi Qian, Zhenchao |
Meanings and Measures of Marital Separation Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Marital Disruption; Marital Status; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marital separation is an informal disruption of a marriage that may precede or substitute for a divorce. Data on marital separation have been collected from community and nationally representative samples, but the differences among measures of separation have not been examined. Our study analyzes the prevalence, resolution and duration of marital separations among ever-married women born between 1961 and 1965, using data from nationally representative cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys. Many women report living apart from their first husband, but inferring separations from data on when couples stop living together overestimates marital separations relative to a longitudinal measure that lets respondents define “separation” themselves. Retrospective and longitudinal measures produce different estimates of the proportion of separations ending in divorce, and of separations’ median duration. These discrepancies point to a gap between people’s experience of living apart from their spouse and their perception of separation as a distinct marital state. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tumin, Dmitry, Siqi Han and Zhenchao Qian. "Meanings and Measures of Marital Separation." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
6102. |
Tumin, Dmitry Qian, Zhenchao |
Incidence, Predictors, and Resolution of Marital Separations Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital Disruption; Marital Instability; Marital Status; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marital separation is legally and socially ambiguous. Does it indicate an end of a marriage or a process of reconciliation? Little is known about the duration of separation and why some initiate separation and some others move straight to divorce. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to explore marital separations in detail. Separation is commonplace: 60% of first marriages lead to separations and 54% of first divorces are preceded by separations. While half of separations last a year or less, some endure for ten years or longer, and may never resolve in a formal divorce. Minorities, women with young children, and the less educated tend to initiate separations rather than divorces and tend to remain separated longer. Our results call attention to separation as a long-term alternative to divorce in vulnerable and disadvantaged populations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tumin, Dmitry and Zhenchao Qian. "Incidence, Predictors, and Resolution of Marital Separations." Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012. |
6103. |
Tumin, Dmitry Qian, Zhenchao |
Marital Separation, Divorce, and Health Consequences Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Divorce; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Disruption; Marital Dissolution; Marital Instability Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marital separation is legally and socially ambiguous. Does it indicate an end of a marriage or a process of reconciliation? Little is known about the duration of separation and why some initiate separation and others divorce right away. It is also unclear whether negative health consequences associated with divorce apply to separation. We explore marital separations in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. Separation is commonplace: 60% of first marriages lead to separations and 54% of first divorces are preceded by separations. Minorities, women with young children, and the less educated tend to separate rather than divorce and tend to remain separated longer. Negative health consequences of separation are statistically indistinguishable from those of divorce. Our results suggest that disadvantaged, vulnerable populations tend to remain separated and the health consequences are likely to be longer lasting for them than for those whose divorces were not preceded by separation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tumin, Dmitry and Zhenchao Qian. "Marital Separation, Divorce, and Health Consequences." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
6104. |
Tumin, Dmitry Qian, Zhenchao |
Marital Transitions and Short-Term Weight Changes Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Marital Disruption; Marital Instability; Mortality; Obesity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marital transitions cause changes in diet and activity patterns that affect weight. Marriage is linked to weight gain, while marital exit is linked to weight loss. But it is uncertain whether the weight changes that follow marital transitions are significant enough to affect health. We draw on the epidemiological literature to identify short-term weight changes linked to an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth '79, we test whether recent marriages, divorces and separations affect the odds of experiencing various mortality-linked weight changes. We find that marriage predicts large weight gain and transition to obesity, outcomes that are linked to greater mortality risk. Notably, only a minority of newlyweds experience either outcome in the first two years of marriage. We also find that marital exits do not predict greater incidence of hazardous weight change, including weight loss, in early adulthood and midlife. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tumin, Dmitry and Zhenchao Qian. "Marital Transitions and Short-Term Weight Changes." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
6105. |
Tumin, Dmitry Qian, Zhenchao |
Marital Transitions and Weight Changes Presented: Las Vegas NV, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Divorce; Gender Differences; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marital transitions cause changes in diet and activity patterns that affect weight. Previous studies show that marriage is linked to weight gain, while marital exit is linked to weight loss. But it is uncertain whether the weight changes that follow marital transitions are significant enough to affect health. Applying marital resource and crisis models, we explore weight changes that predict an increased risk of all-cause mortality in the epidemiological literature. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth ’79, we test whether recent marriages and marital exits affect the odds of experiencing mortality-linked weight changes and explore how sex and age at marital transition is associated with weight changes. We find marriage predicts large weight gain: large gains are more likely for newly married women than men, and more likely for those who married early than those who married later, but level off over time. Marital exits, on the other hand, do not predict weight loss, especially for those who divorce at later ages. We conclude that any marriage transition is, typically, not enough of a shock to lifestyle to elicit large and repeated weight gains. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tumin, Dmitry and Zhenchao Qian. "Marital Transitions and Weight Changes." Presented: Las Vegas NV, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2011. |
6106. |
Tumin, Dmitry Qian, Zhenchao |
Unemployment and the Transition From Separation to Divorce Journal of Family Issues 38,10 (July 2017): 1389-1413. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0192513X15600730 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Divorce; Gender Differences; Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Informal marital separation often quickly leads to divorce, but can become long-lasting, especially among disadvantaged populations. In this study, we focus on the timing of divorce after separating and examine how unemployment before or during separation affects this pivotal moment in the divorce process. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort (N = 2,219), we track unemployment before and during separation and show that men's unemployment during separation, rather than women's, reduces the likelihood of divorce, independent of preseparation unemployment and other characteristics. For men, unemployment during a marital separation prolongs the divorce process, creating an extended period of uncertainty in marital relationships on the brink of dissolution. We discuss the gendered relationship observed between employment status during an informal separation and an estranged couple's decision to complete the divorce process. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tumin, Dmitry and Zhenchao Qian. "Unemployment and the Transition From Separation to Divorce." Journal of Family Issues 38,10 (July 2017): 1389-1413.
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6107. |
Tumin, Dmitry Zheng, Hui |
Do the Health Benefits of Marriage Depend on the Likelihood of Marriage? Journal of Marriage and Family 80,3 (June 2018): 622-636. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jomf.12471 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Status; Marriage Marriage promotion initiatives presume substantial health benefits of marriage. Current literature, however, has provided inconsistent results on whether these benefits would be shared by people unlikely to marry. We investigate whether the physical and mental health benefits of marriage depend on the likelihood of marriage. Whereas prior studies have compared health benefits of marriage across a single predictor of marriage chances, we define the likelihood of marriage as a composite of demographic, economic, and health characteristics. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we find that married adults are only modestly healthier than unmarried adults in both physical and mental dimensions. People with a higher likelihood of marriage generally do not reap greater health benefits from marriage than their counterparts. The only exception is that continuous marriage is more strongly associated with improved mental health among men who are more likely to be married. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tumin, Dmitry and Hui Zheng. "Do the Health Benefits of Marriage Depend on the Likelihood of Marriage?" Journal of Marriage and Family 80,3 (June 2018): 622-636.
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6108. |
Tumin, Dmitry Zheng, Hui |
Propensity to Marry and Heterogeneity in the Health Benefits of Marriage Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Heterogeneity; Marriage; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marriage is associated with good health, but the protective effect of marriage varies widely, such that some people experience substantial health benefits from marriage and others experience no benefit. Our study explores if the marriage effect on health is moderated by the likelihood of marrying. Using propensity score methods, we test for heterogeneity in the marriage effect on self-rated health and a scale of depressive symptoms in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort. We find only modest differences in the marriage effect between the married and the unmarried, and no evidence that the marriage effect is positively or negatively associated with the propensity to marry. Our findings suggest that when the likelihood of marriage is defined as a composite of many early-life factors, it does not substantially moderate the health benefits of marriage, contradicting the hypothesis that the same factors discouraging marriage also make marriage less beneficial. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tumin, Dmitry and Hui Zheng. "Propensity to Marry and Heterogeneity in the Health Benefits of Marriage." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
6109. |
Tunalilar, Ozcan White, Robert G. |
Pathways to Childlessness in the United States: A Group-Based Analysis of Employment and Marital Union Trajectories Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Labor Force Participation; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The rate of permanent childlessness has been increasing in the United States for the last three decades. To identify distinct origins of childlessness, I examine lifetime patterns of education, employment and marriage between the ages of 18 and 44. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2010), I identify trajectories of educational attainment, labor force attachment and marital status separately for men and women, and link them to likelihood of remaining childless. White, never-married men and women are more likely to remain childless. Family background has differential effects for remaining childless by sex. Early transition to labor force was highly influential for women’s likelihood of remaining childless but not for men’s. The reverse was true for the effect of timing of first marriage. The distinct trajectories men and women follow to childlessness illustrates the lifelong patterns of accumulating risks for childlessness. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tunalilar, Ozcan and Robert G. White. "Pathways to Childlessness in the United States: A Group-Based Analysis of Employment and Marital Union Trajectories." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
6110. |
Turley, Ruth N. Lopez |
Maternal Age and Child Cognitive Development: Maternal Maturity vs. Family Background Working Paper, Department of Sociology, Harvard University, December 1999. Also: http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~turley/JMF2.PDF Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, Harvard University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While some studies have attributed the cognitive disadvantage of children born to young mothers to maternal competency and level of maturity, a controversial study by Geronimus et al. (1994) found that their disadvantage is not explained by the mother's age but by her family background. This study extends their cross-sectional analyses and finds that maternal family background also explains the children's rates of cognitive improvement over time. Furthermore, it also finds that maternal family background explains more of the association between maternal age and children's cognitive development than the children's home environment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Turley, Ruth N. Lopez. "Maternal Age and Child Cognitive Development: Maternal Maturity vs. Family Background." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, Harvard University, December 1999. |
6111. |
Turner, Charlie G. Monk-Turner, Elizabeth A. |
The Returns to Education and Degrees Educational Research Quarterly 26,3 (March 2003): 45-56. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=10145150&db=aph Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: School of Education, University of Southern California - Los Angeles Keyword(s): College Graduates; Educational Returns; Labor Market Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Differences in earning ability and returns to the associate's and bachelor's degrees are analyzed for the National Longitudinal Survey ofYouth. The average age of the sample is 27. Each additional year of education past high school yields an economic return of 1.9%. Only bachelor's degree recipients enjoy an economic advantage on completion of the degree (10%); associate and vocational degree holders do not significantly benefit from a "sheepskin" effect. Besides years of education and the bachelor's degree, being white, male, older, having more work experience, living outside the South, being in an SMSA, married, and having the bachelor's degree as an educational goal are all positively associated with higher wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Turner, Charlie G. and Elizabeth A. Monk-Turner. "The Returns to Education and Degrees." Educational Research Quarterly 26,3 (March 2003): 45-56.
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6112. |
Turner, Herbert Milton, III |
High School Mathematics Coursework as a Predictor of Earnings in the Labor Market Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, 2002. DAI-A 63/05, p. 1757, Nov 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Earnings; Education, Secondary; Family Income; High School Curriculum; Modeling; Training, Occupational Since 1984, much attention has been given to formulating policies, raising standards, strengthening curricula, and allocating additional resources to encourage all K-12 pupils in the United States, not just those who pursue post-secondary education, to complete mathematics courses that are advanced. A general conclusion reached based on past research evidence is that completing more advanced high school mathematics courses has no effect on subsequent earnings. The evidence is not conclusive, however. This dissertation addresses several limitations of earlier evidence, and provides better evidence on the important question: What is the relationship between high school mathematics coursework and earnings in the labor market? The data for this study were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), High School and Beyond (HSB), and the Occupational Network for Employment and Training (ONET). The last was used to augment the NLSY79 with such occupational characteristics as the level of math knowledge required to performing a job well. To estimate the parameters in the models proposed, ordinary least squares (OLS) and generalized least squares (GLS) were used. The HSB, NLSY79, and ONET, repeated contrast coding, and multiple imputation (MI) were used to address some of the methodological limitations of previous research. This study found that completing math up to Geometry in high school was associated with positive changes in earnings. This association was robust to statistical controls and to use of multiple imputation which retained respondents in the analysis sample which would have been excluded due to listwise deletion. Moreover, this association applied to HSB respondents and varied by highest education attainment and gender. This finding was not discernible for NLSY79 respondents. Faced with the choice of investing public dollars in policies for U.S. students to complete math up to Geometry, or in alternative policies such as raising students' family income; or providing students opportunity to attend a Parochial school through voucher programs, policymakers should seriously consider investing public dollars in policies that promote students completing math up to Geometry--especially for students without college aspirations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Turner, Herbert Milton, III. High School Mathematics Coursework as a Predictor of Earnings in the Labor Market. Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, 2002. DAI-A 63/05, p. 1757, Nov 2002. |
6113. |
Turner, Michael G. |
Good Kids in Bad Circumstances: A Longitudinal Analysis of Resilient Youth Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Birthweight; CESD (Depression Scale); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Depression (see also CESD); Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Life Course; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Racial Differences; Resilience/Developmental Assets; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Welfare A central concern of the life-course perspective has been to demarcate the factors-often called "risk factors"--that place an individual at risk for criminal activity at various points of development. This perspective, however, has resulted in only limited investigation of the factors--often called "Protective factors"--that prevent an individual from becoming involved in these problem behaviors. It is noteworthy that researchers have infrequently investigated the effects that protective factors have on high-risk youths (e.g., individuals exposed to multiple criminogenic risks as opposed to an isolated risk). This research, commonly referred to resiliency research, has generally found that protective factors emerging over the life course from many different domains play an integral role in insulating or buffering youths from the effects of multiple risk factors. The existing research on resiliency, however, has been limited by one or more considerations: the use of cross-sectional research designs; approaching research hypotheses in an atheoretical manner; relying on small samples that are not nationally representative; and generally focusing on a narrow period of the life course. The intent of this dissertation is to overcome these limitations and extend the knowledge base on resiliency by using a sample of 711 individuals from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Child-Mother data set. Using multiple analytic strategies, the findings suggest that protective factors only have trivial independent effects, however, their cumulative effects are significant and robust across multiple measures of resiliency. In addition, these findings appeared to be general across categories of race and sex. The evidence did not suggest that protective factors also functioned to moderate the effects of risk. Finally, contrary to much prior research, those identified as resilient did not experience greater levels of depression. The theoretical and policy implications of this research are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Turner, Michael G. Good Kids in Bad Circumstances: A Longitudinal Analysis of Resilient Youth. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 2000. |
6114. |
Turner, Michael G. Hartman, Jennifer L. Exum, M. Lyn Cullen, Francis T. |
Examining the Cumulative Effects of Protective Factors: Resiliency among a National Sample of High-Risk Youths Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 46,1-2 (2007): 81-111. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10509670802071535 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Household Influences; Resilience/Developmental Assets Research has consistently suggested that individuals from high-risk environments who experience multiple risk factors are most susceptible to becoming delinquent. A substantial portion of these individuals, however, are resilient to the pressures within high-risk environments and thus do not become delinquent. While past research has identified protective factors that are independently correlated with resiliency, relatively few studies have investigated the cumulative effects that protective factors possess in promoting resiliency. Using a sample of 711 individuals from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Child-Mother data set, this study investigates the cumulative effects of protective factors in fostering resiliency. The findings suggest that the accumulation of protection is positively correlated with resiliency over and above the effects of risk. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Turner, Michael G., Jennifer L. Hartman, M. Lyn Exum and Francis T. Cullen. "Examining the Cumulative Effects of Protective Factors: Resiliency among a National Sample of High-Risk Youths." Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 46,1-2 (2007): 81-111.
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6115. |
Turner, Michael G. Piquero, Alex R. Pratt, Travis C. |
The School Context as a Source of Self-Control Journal of Criminal Justice 33,4 (July-May 2005): 327-339. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004723520500022X Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Crime; Discipline; Neighborhood Effects; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Researchers investigating Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime primarily concentrated their efforts on the relationship between an individual's self-control and involvement in crime and/or analogous behaviors. Much less research examined the potential sources of an individual's self-control. In this study, an argument was developed for the importance of exploring the contribution of the school context in the development of self-control within individuals. In particular, Gottfredson and Hirschi's position on this front was theoretically elaborated by including school/teacher socialization practices in a larger model of the development of self-control. Using data extracted from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, it was found that the effects of school socialization on self-control were significant net of parental socialization. In addition, the effects of school socialization varied across parenting and neighborhood contexts. The theoretical implications of this research, specifically as they relate to the development of self-control, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR; Copyright 2005 Elsevier] The development of self-control, or the ability to manage one's behavior to comply with normative behavioral expectations, is generally recognized as a significant factor in preventing antisocial behavior and crime. Although extensive research has focused on the link between an individual's self-control and involvement in crime and/or problem behaviors, much less research has identified and examined the potential sources of an individual's self-control. The current study considers the school context as a potential resource for the development of self-control. One source of data was the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), which was a multistage, stratified cluster sample of 12,686 individuals between the ages of 14 and 21 in 1979. Since 1979, yearly interviews have been conducted with the sample to examine experiences when the youth s completed high school and entered the workforce. The second source of data was the NLSY Child-Mother, which was a separate biennial data collection that began in 1986. It included detailed assessments of each child born to the females in the original NLSY data cohort. The two surveys provided information on the following variables related to the cultivation of self-control: poor parental supervision, parental discipline, neighborhood socialization, and school socialization. The behavioral measures of self-control were based on an individual's total score on portions of the Behavioral Problem Index measured when individuals were age 10. The study found that although school socialization was a significant contributor to self-control in less disadvantaged neighborhoods, it failed to enhance self-control in more disadvantaged neighborhoods. [NCJRS] |
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Bibliography Citation
Turner, Michael G., Alex R. Piquero and Travis C. Pratt. "The School Context as a Source of Self-Control." Journal of Criminal Justice 33,4 (July-May 2005): 327-339.
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6116. |
Tutera, Rose Ann |
The Motherhood Wage Penalty: The Role of Occupation and Postponing Pregnancy M.A. Thesis, Georgetown University, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Earnings; Industrial Classification; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Occupational Choice; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior studies demonstrate the existence of a wage penalty for mothers versus women who never have children. This study uses data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to investigate whether women who become mothers early in their careers experience a different motherhood wage penalty than women who become mothers late in their careers, as well as whether this relationship varies by occupation. The results of the analysis support the hypothesis that women who become mothers late in their careers suffer less of the motherhood wage penalty than women who become mothers early in their careers. Furthermore, I find that this effect varies by industry. Not only do the study's results support the claim of previous researchers that mothers earn less than their non-mother counterparts, but it also suggests that by postponing pregnancy women will experience less of this effect than their early mother counterparts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tutera, Rose Ann. The Motherhood Wage Penalty: The Role of Occupation and Postponing Pregnancy. M.A. Thesis, Georgetown University, 2012. |
6117. |
Tyndall, Benjamin D. |
Neighborhood Impacts on Child Anxiety and Depression: The Mediating Influences of Maternal Well-Being and Parent-Child Relationships Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Anxiety; Child Health; Depression (see also CESD); Modeling, Structural Equation; Mothers, Health; Neighborhood Effects; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenting Skills/Styles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Disordered neighborhoods have been consistently linked with worse well-being for resident children. Though this finding is robust across studies, less is known about how neighborhood characteristics translate into poor psychosocial function in children and how these effects endure throughout childhood. In this paper, I examine one possible process linking disordered neighborhoods to child anxiety and depression through neighborhood effects on maternal well-being and parent-child relationships. Using four waves of nationally representative parent and child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 1979 and Child samples, I estimate structural equation models that suggest disordered neighborhoods increase child anxiety and depression in several ways. First, disordered neighborhoods are associated with increased maternal depressive symptoms which in turn are associated with increased parent-child arguments which are then associated with higher levels of child anxiety and depression. I also find that parents in disordered neighborhoods punish their children more frequently which in turn has negative effects on child well-being. Despite these mediating pathways, strong direct influences of neighborhoods on child well-being remain. These findings demonstrate how structural inequalities at the neighborhood-level and the negative consequences they have for interpersonal relationships can create deleterious effects throughout childhood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tyndall, Benjamin D. "Neighborhood Impacts on Child Anxiety and Depression: The Mediating Influences of Maternal Well-Being and Parent-Child Relationships." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
6118. |
Tyndall, Benjamin D. |
Neighborhood Perceptions and Well-being across the Early Life Course Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Vanderbilt University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Cohabitation; Depression (see also CESD); Discipline; Neighborhood Effects; Parent-Child Interaction; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Punishment, Corporal; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Disordered neighborhoods have been consistently linked with worse well-being for resident children compared to those who live in more advantaged neighborhoods. Though this finding is robust across studies, less is known about how neighborhood characteristics translate into poor psychosocial function in children and how these effects endure throughout childhood. In this paper, I examine one possible process linking disordered neighborhoods to child distress through neighborhood effects on maternal well-being and parent-child relationships. Using four waves of nationally representative parent and child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth – 1979 and Child samples, I estimate structural equation models that suggest disordered neighborhoods increase child distress in several ways. First, disordered neighborhoods are associated with increased maternal distress which in turn is associated with increased mother child arguments. I also find that mothers in disordered neighborhoods punish their children more frequently. Increased mother-child arguments and punishments are both associated with higher levels of child distress across multiple waves of data. These findings demonstrate how structural inequalities at the neighborhood-level and the negative consequences they have for interpersonal relationships can create deleterious effects throughout childhood |
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Bibliography Citation
Tyndall, Benjamin D. Neighborhood Perceptions and Well-being across the Early Life Course. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, 2016. |
6119. |
Tzachrista, Foteini |
Three Essays in Behavioral Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of South Carolina, 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Gender Differences; Risk-Taking; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the second essay titled "Date to Switch? Gender Risk Preference Differences on Mobility and Other Labor Outcomes", I study the effect of risk preferences on job mobility. Job mobility in early career stages is established as one of the most important determinants of wage growth. However, the determinants of job mobility are understudied. I use the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) surveys, that record labor market activity, individuals' skills and risk preferences, to investigate the role of risk preferences in forming gender differences in early career stages. I find that females are more risk averse than males in the task they are assigned to in the survey. There is also suggestive evidence that taste for risk increases job mobility for both males and females, especially in the NLY79 cohort. Mobility seems to be motivated by wage growth and better match quality. Individuals who switch experience a greater wage growth and an improved match quality in their occupations in both cohorts. Collectively, gender risk preference differences seem to be significantly correlated with gender differences in job mobility that can lead to differences in other labor market outcomes such as wage growth and employee-employer match. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tzachrista, Foteini. Three Essays in Behavioral Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of South Carolina, 2022. |
6120. |
Tzeng, Meei-Shenn |
Labor Market Experiences and Socioeconomic Effects on Marital Dissolution Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1993. DAI-A 54/07, p. 2748, Jan 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Demography; Family Studies; Marital Instability; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Occupational Attainment; Socioeconomic Factors This dissertation examines the effects on marital instability of husbands' and wives' labor market characteristics over the course of marriage since the mid-1960s. Three National Longitudinal Surveys and discrete hazard models are used to analyze the relationship between marital breakup and the changing aspects of couples' labor market characteristics, such as educational attainment, annual income, employment status, and occupation. In this study we investigate the effects on marital dissolution of (1) husbands' and wives' levels, differences, and changes in labor market characteristics; (2) heterogamy status and postmarital changes in heterogamy status; and (3) both spouses' occupations and the differences in couples' occupational achievement. The results suggest that, first of all, total levels of couples' educational attainment and recent work experiences positively affect marital stability. Positive changes in wives' socioeconomic and labor force characteristics over the course of their marriages increase the odds of marital disruption. As for the effects of marital heterogamy, we find that the risk of marital instability is highest among couples whose age and education status are heterogamous, and who do not follow the most traditional working arrangement where only the husband is employed full time in the labor market. Those couples who do change their original education to an equal standing and change employment status to more conventional circumstances within marriages still enjoy higher marital stability. Finally, the results show that occupational attainment has a differential effect on marital instability for husband and wife, with the effects of wife's occupation on the marriage being much weaker than husband's occupation. As for occupational inequality within the marriage, we find that differences in couples' occupational attainment affect the stability of their marriages. In general, marriages with asymmetrical occupational status are more likely to be at risk of marital disruption than those with symmetrical status. Contrary to the conservative belief that the improvement of wives' labor market and socioeconomic characteristics have destructive effects on marriages, our results indicate that marriages in which wives were able to move up the socioeconomic ladder with their husbands do not necessarily have the highest marital disruption rate. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tzeng, Meei-Shenn. Labor Market Experiences and Socioeconomic Effects on Marital Dissolution. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1993. DAI-A 54/07, p. 2748, Jan 1994. |
6121. |
Tzeng, Meei-Shenn Mare, Robert D. |
Labor Market and Socioeconomic Effects on Marital Stability Social Science Research 24,4 (December 1995): 329-351. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X85710137 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Income Level; Labor Market Demographics; Marital Disruption; Marital Dissolution; Marital Stability; Marriage; Siblings; Socioeconomic Factors; Work Experience This paper reports an investigation of the effects of socioeconomic and labor market factors on the dissolution of marriages since the mid 1960s. We examine the effects of possible sources of marital disruption, including poor labor market opportunities for young adults; the economic independence and improved labor market opportunities of women; and changes in the labor market roles and expectations of women within marriage. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Men, Young Women, and Youth, we estimate the effects on marital stability of husbands' and wives' levels, differences and changes in educational attainment, income, and annual weeks worked. Our results suggest that average levels of couples' educational attainment and recent work experiences positively affect marital stability. The degree to which husbands and wives differ on educational attainment and income does not affect marital stability, but the more that wives work relative to their husbands, the greater the chances of disruption. Positive changes in wives' socioeconomic and labor force characteristics over the course of their marriages increase the odds of marital disruption. Copyright 1995, 1999 Academic Press, Inc. |
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Bibliography Citation
Tzeng, Meei-Shenn and Robert D. Mare. "Labor Market and Socioeconomic Effects on Marital Stability." Social Science Research 24,4 (December 1995): 329-351.
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6122. |
U.S. Travel Association |
Made in America: Travel's Contribution to Workforce Development and Career Advancement Report, U.S. Travel Association, May 7, 2019. Also: https://www.ustravel.org/research/made-america-travels-contribution-workforce-development-and-career-advancement Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: U.S. Travel Association Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Educational Attainment; Income; Occupational Choice Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This report, based in part on data from the NLSY79 and NLSY97 datasets, looks at how travel industry jobs influence workforce development and career advancement. Key highlights include: Americans whose first job was in travel went on to earn a maximum average salary of $82,400 by the time they were 50 years old--higher than workers whose first jobs were in manufacturing, health care and most other industries. The travel industry is one of the top 10 largest employers of middle-class wage earners in the U.S. Of the 6.1 million Americans working part time while pursuing higher education in 2018, more than half were employed in travel-related industries. Among workers who began their careers in the travel industry, nearly one-third (32%) eventually earned at least a bachelor's degree. |
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Bibliography Citation
U.S. Travel Association. "Made in America: Travel's Contribution to Workforce Development and Career Advancement." Report, U.S. Travel Association, May 7, 2019. |
6123. |
Ucar, Ferit |
Three Essays in Health and Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Child Health; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Economics; Medicaid/Medicare; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS); Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three self-contained empirical essays on topics in health and labor economics. The first chapter analyzes the effects of Medicaid on children's health care utilization and health outcomes by looking at the effect of the remarkable expansions of Medicaid eligibility for low-income children that took place in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These Medicaid expansions provide a natural experiment in which insurance coverage varies in a way that is plausibly considered exogenous. Using the National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS), instrumental variables (2SLS) models suggest that Medicaid coverage significantly increases the utilization of medical care by low-income children. Specifically, Medicaid is found to substantially decrease the probability of going without a visit to a doctor's office and significantly increase probability of hospitalization in the previous year. Increased Medicaid coverage is also associated with a significantly higher probability of going to a doctor's office than going to ER or hospital clinics. However, the estimation results provide no support for the hypothesis that Medicaid improves the health of low-income children. The second chapter is the first attempt to study the long-term effects of Medicaid on children's health outcomes by looking at the effects of the same Medicaid expansions that took place in the later 1980s and early 1990s. These expansions significantly increased the percentage of pregnant women and children eligible for Medicaid but did so at very differential rates across the states. The substantial variation in Medicaid eligibility thresholds by state, and year, and the age of the child provide the identifying variation for the analysis. By using restricted access data, containing state of birth and state of residence of children, I match children to the Medicaid eligibility rules in their year of birth and currently. The results suggest that the expansions were effective in improving the health of children from low-income families in the long run. Increased Medicaid eligibility at birth is associated with better health outcomes in the future. But interestingly eligibility at older ages (conditional on eligibility at birth) is not. The third chapter examines the effects of using friends, relatives and acquaintances in job search on current and future wages and job tenure of individuals using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) data. Individuals who use contacts may differ from those that don't. For example, both females and African-Americans are less likely to use contacts in job search in the US. This paper uses switching regression models to deal simultaneously with an endogenous selection issue in contact's choice and the existence of two different regimes of wage and job tenure determination. Econometric estimates provide evidence for the existence of a selection effect on the choice of informal contacts and, after correcting the selection bias, using contacts has a positive effect on both wages and job tenure. The paper also explores whether some types of contacts result in greater wages and longer tenures. Gains from using informal contacts are largest for those that use male contacts of an older generation, rather than female or younger contacts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ucar, Ferit. Three Essays in Health and Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 2008. |
6124. |
Ueyama, Maki Simon, Kosali Ilayperuma |
How Does Parental Education Affect Infant Health? Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=71624 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Child Health; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Mortality; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Health Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It is often asserted that the more education a woman has, the healthier will be her children. Establishing whether education causes a parent to invest more in the health of her child is complicated by difficult statistical problems. These mostly revolve around the hypothesis that unobserved factors cause a parent to invest in both her child's health and her own education. Following Currie and Moretti (2003), we use instrumental variable methods to consider education decisions at the high school/college margin and extend the investigation to include education decisions about high school completion. To date, no study has used nationally representative data to examine whether and how parental high school completion affects infant health. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and a unique set of state educational policy instruments. We also explore mechanisms through which education might cause a woman to invest differently in her child's health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ueyama, Maki and Kosali Ilayperuma Simon. "How Does Parental Education Affect Infant Health?" Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
6125. |
Ufholz, Kelsey Werner, James J. |
Social and Demographic Correlates of Fast Food Consumption: A Review of Recent Findings in the United States and Worldwide Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 17 (11 October 2023): 233-243. Also: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-023-00730-5 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Black Youth; Fast Food; Young Black Males; Youth Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose of Review: To describe the social, demographic, and health correlates of fast food (FF) consumption. Recent Findings: There does not appear to be a consistent definition or measurement method for FF intake, which may limit attempts to synthesize findings. However, we did analyze results based on these varying measurements and found consistent results. While FF consumption is very common across all respondents, it is more frequent among those who are younger, Black, and male. FF consumption varies by income, with middle-income and wealthier people consuming more. Although increasingly common worldwide, FF consumption appears to vary based upon cultural norms. Immigrants may show FF intake more in line with the norms of their country of origin than their new environment. Employed individuals appear to consume more FF. This is especially true among highly educated women. Job-related factors, such as the type of work and a higher number of hours worked, are associated with higher FF consumption. Longitudinal studies have noted that increased FF intake predicts increased BMI and adiposity, predisposing those to lifestyle-derived illnesses. Summary: Young Black men tend to consume the greatest amount of FF, even when they have university degrees and well-paying jobs. Sociodemographic factors, such as gender, education, employment, and race/ethnicity often interact and indicate greater specificity is needed into how FF consumption fits into lived context. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ufholz, Kelsey and James J. Werner. "Social and Demographic Correlates of Fast Food Consumption: A Review of Recent Findings in the United States and Worldwide." Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 17 (11 October 2023): 233-243.
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6126. |
Ulimwengu, John M. |
Persistent and Transitory Poverty Across Locations in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio State University, 2006. Also: http://www.ohiolink.edu.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/etd/send-pdf.cgi/Ulimwengu%20John%20M.pdf?acc%5Fnum=osu1154789728 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Benefits; Geocoded Data; Human Capital; Income; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Modeling, Random Effects; Poverty; Rural/Urban Differences; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a geocoded version of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), my findings suggest that the persistently poor receive less than 65% of their total income as wages, accumulate fewer assets, and rely heavily on government social transfers. Although their incomes fall below the poverty line occasionally, the transitorily poor stay above the poverty line most of the time. I confirm the presence of poverty clusters as well as the presence of spatial interaction across locations. This calls for cooperation among counties or states in the fight against poverty. I use a generalized mixed linear model that incorporates both fixed and random effects while controlling for individual characteristics and spatial attributes. I find that the persistently poor and the transitorily poor experience very different poverty paths. Years of education, labor market participation, and access to the benefit of economic growth are among the major factors explaining the difference in wellbeing between the two groups of poor households. Spatial attributes such as level of employment and population share of college graduates yield different returns in terms of wellbeing with respect to metro or nonmetro locations. In metro areas, the effect of job-training, economic growth and human capital on household living standards decreases with respect to the population size. In nonmetro areas, the effect of an increase in the share of college graduates increases with the rurality of the location. The more rural the location, the greater is the effect of human capital on living standards. Overall, my findings support arguments in favor of policies that differentiate persistent poverty from transitory poverty. They also highlight the importance of spatial attributes in the fight against poverty. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ulimwengu, John M. Persistent and Transitory Poverty Across Locations in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio State University, 2006.. |
6127. |
Ulimwengu, John M. Kraybill, David S. |
Poverty over Time and Location: An Examination of Metro/Nonmetro Differences American Journal of Agricultural Economics 86,5 (December 2004): 1282-1289. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3697942 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Family Income; Family Models; Family Studies; Geocoded Data; Poverty; Rural/Urban Differences The article analyzes the differences between dynamically poor living in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas in the U.S. using a framework that incorporates both time and space. A dynamically poor individual is defined as someone whose income has been below the poverty line for at least one year. There are two categories of dynamic poverty. Persistent poverty applies to individuals poor for ten years or more. Transitory poverty applies to individuals poor for one to nine years. The official poverty line in the U.S. represents the cost of acquiring a minimum basket of goods for families of various sizes. The key indicators, expected living standard of the poor and the probability of remaining poor, are based on a living-standards model that adjusts for local and individual characteristics. These two indicators reveal whether there are locational differences in living standards and poverty after controlling for differences in the values of characteristics and the returns to characteristics. Data are a geocoded version of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), a nationally representative sample of 12,686 individuals aged 14-21 in 1978. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ulimwengu, John M. and David S. Kraybill. "Poverty over Time and Location: An Examination of Metro/Nonmetro Differences." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 86,5 (December 2004): 1282-1289.
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6128. |
Ullman, Douglas G. Dubow, Eric F. Causey, D. Evans, Martin G. |
Factors in the Adjustment of Latchkey Children Presented: Chicago, IL, Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, 1989 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Midwestern Psychological Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Bias Decomposition; Child Care; Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This exploratory study was designed to assess the relationship among various psychological and family background variables and five indices of academic and behavioral adjustment among two groups of children aged 5-12, a latchkey group of children whose primary or secondary child care arrangement was either self-care or care by a sibling under age 15 and a matched group of non-latchkey children. Using data from the Children of the NLSY, the study found little evidence for any overall differences in academic or behavioral problem adjustment between the groups of latchkey and non-latchkey children. Some preliminary evidence was found for an effect on adjustment of number of hours in self-care; however, other factors such as the child's intelligence, quality of interaction in the home, and self-esteem interacted with the number of hours in self-care to account for significant amounts of the variance in academic and behavioral adjustment. Implications for future research are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ullman, Douglas G., Eric F. Dubow, D. Causey and Martin G. Evans. "Factors in the Adjustment of Latchkey Children." Presented: Chicago, IL, Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, 1989. |
6129. |
Umana, Aniefiok J. |
Postsecondary Vocational Training and Its Relationship to Labor Force Participation and Wages Among Youth in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Employment; Labor Force Participation; Schooling, Post-secondary; Training, Post-School; Vocational Training; Wages, Youth The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between postsecondary vocational training and labor force participation, employment, and wages among youth in the United States. Postsecondary vocational training in this study refers to nonbaccalaureate, vocational training available from the following sources--company training, business and vocational school, apprenticeship. Data for this study were obtained from a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized youths in the United States--Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience (NLS-Y) for the years 1985 and 1986. Findings showed that participants as contrasted to nonparticipants in postsecondary vocational training are more likely to be employed or participate in the labor force. The unemployment rates among the participants in postsecondary vocational training were significantly lower than that of nonparticipants. In terms of hourly rate of pay, the analyses for two years (1985 and 1986) showed that participants with postsecondary vocational training received higher pay than did nonparticipants. Also, the average number of weeks worked in a year were higher for the participants than nonparticipants in postsecondary vocational training. For the most part, the NLS-Y respondents who were married, older, completed high school or received a GED, males, non-black and nonHispanic, and had no dependents were more likely to be employed or participate in the labor force, earned higher wages and worked more weeks. |
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Bibliography Citation
Umana, Aniefiok J. Postsecondary Vocational Training and Its Relationship to Labor Force Participation and Wages Among Youth in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1992. |
6130. |
Umberson, Debra Donnelly, Rachel Farina, M. |
Race, Life Course Exposure to Death of a Family Member, and Health Presented: Boston MA, Gerontological Society of America (GSA) Annual Scientific Meeting, November 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Gerontological Society of America Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Mortality; Racial Differences; Trauma/Death in family Numerous studies show the death of a family member increases health and mortality risks. Recent research further reveals race differences in exposure to the death of a family member with black Americans substantially more likely to lose a family member (child, mother, father, sibling, spouse), to lose a family member earlier in life, and to lose more family members over the life course. Prior research has not considered whether exposure to the death of family members contributes to well-documented racial disparities in physical health. We analyze NLSY-79 data to assess the impact of family member death on physical health, and whether differential exposure to loss reduces black-white differences in health. Preliminary results show death of a spouse and parent explain about 7% of the race gap in health. Death of a child is strongly associated with health and reduces the race gap in health almost entirely. |
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Bibliography Citation
Umberson, Debra, Rachel Donnelly and M. Farina. "Race, Life Course Exposure to Death of a Family Member, and Health." Presented: Boston MA, Gerontological Society of America (GSA) Annual Scientific Meeting, November 2018. |
6131. |
Unger, Donald G. Cooley, Marcia L. |
Families of Adolescent Parents: Predictors of Developmental Outcomes Presented: Atlanta, GA, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, March 22-25, 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research on Adolescence (SRA) Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Grandmothers; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Unger, Donald G. and Marcia L. Cooley. "Families of Adolescent Parents: Predictors of Developmental Outcomes." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, March 22-25, 1990. |
6132. |
Unger, Donald G. Cooley, Marcia L. |
Partner and Grandmother Contact in Black and White Teen Parent Families Journal of Adolescent Health 13,7 (November 1992): 546-552. Also: http://www.jahonline.org/article/1054-139X%2892%2990367-K/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Child Development; Fathers, Absence; General Assessment; Grandmothers; Home Environment; Household Composition; Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Education; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Teenagers Studied contact of 338 teen mothers (aged 14-29 yrs) with grandmothers and partners as a predictor of maternal and middle childhood developmental outcomes. Each child (aged 6-7.9 yrs) was given a developmental assessment. Black teens lived longer with their parents after the child's birth, while White teens married earlier and had more disruptions in their relationships. Grandmother assistance with childcare was positively associated with the mother's ability to pursue her education. Findings suggest that child developmental problems may occur when mothers routinely rely on grandmother assistance into middle childhood, particularly for White families. ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Unger, Donald G. and Marcia L. Cooley. "Partner and Grandmother Contact in Black and White Teen Parent Families." Journal of Adolescent Health 13,7 (November 1992): 546-552.
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6133. |
United Press International |
Divorce Slashes Wealth by 77 Percent UPI, January 18, 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: United Press International Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital Stability; Marriage; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. News article from United Press International discussing Jay Zagorsky's research. Divorce reduces a person's wealth by 77 percent while being married nearly doubles it, Ohio State University researchers said Wednesday. "Divorce causes a decrease in wealth that is larger than just splitting a couple's assets in half," said lead researcher Jay Zagorsky. Couples' wealth bottoms out four years before they divorce, concluded the study of 9,055 couples taking part in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. "Some people may also be working less and not trying as hard to build wealth as they have marriage troubles," Zagorsky said. "Divorce is often a long and messy process." After divorce, the typical man had 2.5 times the wealth of the typical woman. While that may seem large, he said, the difference in dollars is a relatively small $5,100. "We can't tell from these data the reasons why divorced people have so much less wealth than those who are married," Zagorsky said. "If you really want to increase your wealth, get married and stay married." The study was published in the Journal of Sociology. Copyright 2006 United Press International, Inc. All Rights Reserved |
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Bibliography Citation
United Press International. "Divorce Slashes Wealth by 77 Percent." UPI, January 18, 2006. |
6134. |
Upchurch, Dawn M. |
Early Schooling and Childbearing Experiences: Implications for Post-Secondary School Attendance Presented: Bethesda, MD, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 18-19, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; Heterogeneity; Household Composition; Mothers, Education; Schooling, Post-secondary A continuing research question among social scientists concerns the relationship between educational attainment and fertility, and of specific interest has been better understanding the relationship between educational attainment and adolescent fertility. Early studies suggested that adolescent mothers suffered educational deficits due primarily to the interruption of high school, thereby blocking their entry into post-secondary schooling. Later studies, recognizing that not all adolescent mothers drop out of high school permanently, suggested that even for those young mothers who were eligible to attend post-secondary school, their rates of entry and completion were lower than women who were not adolescent mothers. Fully understanding how adolescent childbearing and education are inter-linked is crucial to forming valid conclusions regarding the social consequences of adolescent childbearing, especially as they relate to poverty. This paper attempts to further define relevant categories of young women (based on their high school and childbearing experiences), to compare these groups conditioned on a number of characteristics, and to examine the impact on post-secondary school attendance. It is new in its approach because it considers fertility and schooling as joint decisions and allows for heterogeneity between the groups of women. In addition, it tests specific mechanisms by which adolescent mothers education might be hindered: "blockage" and "persistent disadvantage." |
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Bibliography Citation
Upchurch, Dawn M. "Early Schooling and Childbearing Experiences: Implications for Post-Secondary School Attendance." Presented: Bethesda, MD, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 18-19, 1992. |
6135. |
Upchurch, Dawn M. |
Early Schooling and Childbearing Experiences: Implications for Postsecondary School Attendance Journal of Research on Adolescence 3,4 (1993): 423-443 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Dropouts; Education; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; Household Composition; Mothers, Adolescent; School Completion; School Dropouts; Schooling; Schooling, Post-secondary Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Upchurch, Dawn M. "Early Schooling and Childbearing Experiences: Implications for Postsecondary School Attendance." Journal of Research on Adolescence 3,4 (1993): 423-443.
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6136. |
Upchurch, Dawn M. |
Effects of Early Childbearing on High School Completion Among Recent Cohorts of American Women Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; Hispanics; Women While most of the previous studies on the possible influence of early childbearing on educational attainment have assumed the direction of causality from early childbearing to truncated education, few have actually examined the precise timing of events. The purpose of this study was to re-examine the relationship between early childbearing and educational attainment (specifically high school completion) with particular emphasis on the timing and sequencing of a birth and dropping out of school. The conceptual framework was based on a modified status attainment model incorporating early adolescent characteristics as well as fertility-related behaviors. The data were obtained from the NLSY. Two statistical methodologies were employed: analysis of binary data and analysis of survival data. The major finding of this study is that the timing and sequencing of a birth relative to the schooling process influences a woman's eventual graduation; women who become mothers while still in s chool are no less likely to graduate than women who progress through school without a birth or drop out experience. While some women drop out because they are pregnant, the majority of women drop out for reasons other than impending motherhood and go on to become mothers. The second major finding suggests there are important racial differences in the determinants of high school completion and in the processes of childbearing and schooling. Black school-age mothers were more likely to graduate than similar whites or Hispanics. The findings suggest the effects of early childbearing on schooling may have been overstated in previous research and that the causal mechanisms underlying the relationship of childbearing and schooling are more complex than suggested by earlier researchers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Upchurch, Dawn M. Effects of Early Childbearing on High School Completion Among Recent Cohorts of American Women. Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1989. |
6137. |
Upchurch, Dawn M. Astone, Nan Marie McCarthy, James |
Influences of Family Background on Adolescent Childbearing: From the 1940s to the 1980s Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Fertility; First Birth; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this paper is to begin to examine whether or not the influences of background and other characteristics on adolescent childbearing have changed across three birth cohorts of women. Two specific questions were addressed. First, have the effects of background factors on adolescent childbearing changed for women born in the 1930s, the 1950s and the 1960s? Secondly, focusing on the two youngest cohorts of women, the authors develop more fully specified models. The data used for the analysis were obtained from three separate surveys, the NLS of Mature Women, Young Women, and NLSY. The findings suggest that family background factors exert a strong influence across all three cohorts of women, with women from more disadvantaged backgrounds more likely to become adolescent mothers. However, it does appear that some factors, such as family structure may have declined in importance over the period while the effect of mother's education increased over time at least fo r whites. While the models explained more variation and the effects are stronger among whites, the models were remarkably similar for blacks and whites of each cohort. Finally, family background factors were found to be more important predictors of childbearing during younger adolescence than during later adolescence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Upchurch, Dawn M., Nan Marie Astone and James McCarthy. "Influences of Family Background on Adolescent Childbearing: From the 1940s to the 1980s." Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990. |
6138. |
Upchurch, Dawn M. Lillard, Lee A. Panis, Constantijn W. A. |
Updating Women's Life Course: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Life Course; Life Cycle Research; Modeling; Simultaneity; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this paper is to further develop theoretical aspects of women's life course by broadening our empirical understanding of key life course concepts and discussing the implications. First, we explore how our contributions expand upon the dynamic nature of the life course perspective. Second, we advance our understanding of the ways in which transitions (short run) are embedded within specific trajectories by modeling several trajectories in a simultaneous fashion. Finally, we present some empirical findings using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and conclude by recommending future directions for life course research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Upchurch, Dawn M., Lee A. Lillard and Constantijn W. A. Panis. "Updating Women's Life Course: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995. |
6139. |
Upchurch, Dawn M. McCarthy, James |
Adolescent Childbearing and High School Completion in the 1980s: Have Things Changed? Family Planning Perspectives 21,5 (September-October 1989): 199-202. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135571 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Fertility; First Birth; High School Completion/Graduates; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores the trends in the association between age at first birth and high school completion over the past thirty years. Data from three national surveys of women, the NLS of Mature Women, Young Women, and NLSY, were utilized in order to examine the experiences of women who were adolescents from the 1950s through the early 1980s. It was found that differentials in percentages completing high school by age at first birth persisted, but were considerably smaller in 1986 than they were in 1958. This convergence occurred because increases in the percentages of school-age mothers graduating from 1958 to 1986 were greater than the gains achieved by all women. However, there were differences by race in the concentration of these gains between 1958 and 1986. Young white mothers experienced the greatest increases between 1975 and 1986, whereas the largest gains for young black mothers were in the earlier period, from 1958 to 1975. To examine changes by socioeconomic status, within racial groups, the authors focused more closely on the period from 1975 to 1986 and found that school-age mothers from more disadvantaged backgrounds had the greatest gains in percent graduating, but that differentials by socioeconomic status persisted in 1986, with more advantaged black and white young mothers still more likely to graduate than their less advantaged counterparts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Upchurch, Dawn M. and James McCarthy. "Adolescent Childbearing and High School Completion in the 1980s: Have Things Changed?" Family Planning Perspectives 21,5 (September-October 1989): 199-202.
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6140. |
Upchurch, Dawn M. McCarthy, James |
The Timing of a First Birth and High School Completion American Sociological Review 55,2 (April 1990): 224-234. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095628 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Fertility; First Birth; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper re-examined the relationship between childbearing and schooling for a recent cohort of women. Utilizing data from the NLSY, it was found that while a birth is not predictive of dropping out of school, a birth does hinder eventual graduation among high school dropouts. Additionally, a women who becomes a mother at any time after dropping out of school is less likely to graduate; the effect of a birth depends very little on when it occurred after a women dropped out. |
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Bibliography Citation
Upchurch, Dawn M. and James McCarthy. "The Timing of a First Birth and High School Completion." American Sociological Review 55,2 (April 1990): 224-234.
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6141. |
Upchurch, Dawn M. McCarthy, James Ferguson, Linda R. |
Childbearing and Schooling: Disentangling Temporal and Causal Mechanisms American Sociological Review 58,5 (October 1993): 738-740. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096285 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Fertility; Data Quality/Consistency; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Reply to Anderson. The debate over the exact nature of the relationship between adolescent childbearing and educational attainment has continued for more than 20 years. The enduring interest in this relationship can be attributed to its important policy implications and the inherent complexity of the social phenomena. Researchers have approached the association between early childbearing and educational attainment from diverse theoretical perspectives and have tested hypotheses on diverse data sets, employing a host of analytical methods. One particularly revealing exchange demonstrated that different theoretical and methodological approaches can, even using the same data, produce quite different conclusions (Hofferth 1984; Rindfuss, St. John, and Bumpass 1984). These issues lie at the heart of most of Anderson's comments. In reviewing our paper, Anderson comes to conclusions that differ somewhat from ours. In this response we put our paper, and Anderson's comments, in the co ntext of the specific research questions posed in our paper. The results we presented in our ASR paper (Upchurch and McCarthy 1990) should be viewed in the context of the large body of research on the topic. |
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Bibliography Citation
Upchurch, Dawn M., James McCarthy and Linda R. Ferguson. "Childbearing and Schooling: Disentangling Temporal and Causal Mechanisms." American Sociological Review 58,5 (October 1993): 738-740.
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6142. |
Upchurch, Dawn M. Panis, Constantijn W. A. |
Nonmarital Childbearing: Influences of Schooling, Marriage, and Prior Fertility Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Education Indicators; Educational Returns; Endogeneity; Fertility; Life Course; Marital Dissolution; Marital Status; Modeling, Probit; Schooling; Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we examine the determinants of nonmarital fertility focusing on the direct effects of other life course events (educational progression, getting married, marital fertility, and marital dissolution). We model the processes jointly to explicitly accounting for their potential endogeneity using simultaneous hazard (and probit) techniques (Lillard 1993), separating the joint determination (selectivity) from direct effects. The study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We test a series of substantive hypotheses regarding the nature of these relationships. Our empirical findings demonstrate that failure to account for the endogeneity of these life course processes leads to biased estimates, and in some cases, misleading substantive conclusions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Upchurch, Dawn M. and Constantijn W. A. Panis. "Nonmarital Childbearing: Influences of Schooling, Marriage, and Prior Fertility." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998. |
6143. |
Upenieks, Laura Schafer, Markus H. |
Religious Attendance and Physical Health in Later Life: A Life Course Approach Journal of Health and Social Behavior 61,4 (December 2020): 486-502. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022146520961363 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Parental Influences; Religious Influences; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Existing research on the life course origins of adult health has extensively examined the influence of childhood socioeconomic conditions, family structure, and exposure to trauma. Left unexplored are the potential long-term health effects of sociocultural exposures, such as religiosity at earlier phases of the life course. Integrating life course models of health with literature on the health-protective effects of adult religiosity, we consider how adolescent and midlife religiosity combine to structure the physical health profiles of adults past age 50. Using more than 35 years of representative data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79), we found that the stability of frequent religious practice over time was associated with better health composite scores and lower disease burden. Causal mediation analyses revealed that part of this association is driven by a lower risk of smoking for consistent, frequent attenders. Adulthood religiosity also mediated the relationship between frequent early-life religious attendance and health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Upenieks, Laura and Markus H. Schafer. "Religious Attendance and Physical Health in Later Life: A Life Course Approach." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 61,4 (December 2020): 486-502.
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6144. |
Upenieks, Laura Thomas, Patricia A. |
Gaining Faith, Losing Faith: How Education Shapes the Relationship between Religious Transitions and Later Depression Journal of Health and Social Behavior published online (19 October 2021): DOI: 10.1177/00221465211046356. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00221465211046356 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Health, Mental/Psychological; Religion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the life course perspective, we assess the "resources" and "risks" to mental health associated with transitions in religious attendance between early life and midlife and how this process may be influenced by education. Drawing on over 35 years of prospective panel data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, baseline models suggest that stable, frequent attendance accumulated between adolescence to midlife and increases to frequent attendance by adulthood are associated with the lowest depression relative to consistent nonattenders. Individuals who declined in their religious participation report higher depression. Education conditioned this association, whereby declines in religious participation negatively impacted the health of those without a college degree more strongly and increases benefitted the well-educated to a greater extent. We combine insights from the life course perspective and work on social stratification and religiosity to interpret our results and offer directives for future research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Upenieks, Laura and Patricia A. Thomas. "Gaining Faith, Losing Faith: How Education Shapes the Relationship between Religious Transitions and Later Depression." Journal of Health and Social Behavior published online (19 October 2021): DOI: 10.1177/00221465211046356.
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6145. |
Upenieks, Laura Thomas, Patricia A. |
Matters of the Heart: Childhood Maltreatment, Religious Transitions, and Cardiovascular-Related Problems over the Life Course Journal of Aging and Health published online (2 November 2022): DOI: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/08982643221135689 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Religious Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: Childhood maltreatment is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular-related problems, the leading cause of death in the United States. Drawing from cumulative inequality theory, this study considers whether transitions in religious attendance moderate the deleterious impact of childhood maltreatment on long-term cardiovascular risk. Methods: We utilize over 35 years of prospective panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from the United States (1979–2015). Results: Our findings suggest that decreases in religious attendance between adolescence and adulthood (from high to low, and high to moderate attendance) were associated with elevated cardiovascular-related risk for those abused as children. Neither stable high attendance nor increases in attendance buffered against the impact of childhood abuse on cardiovascular-related problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Upenieks, Laura and Patricia A. Thomas. "Matters of the Heart: Childhood Maltreatment, Religious Transitions, and Cardiovascular-Related Problems over the Life Course." Journal of Aging and Health published online (2 November 2022): DOI: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/08982643221135689.
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6146. |
Upenieks, Laura Zhu, Xi |
Life Course Religious Attendance and Cognitive Health at Midlife: Exploring Gendered Contingencies Research on Aging 46,2 (11 July 2023): 95-112. Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/01640275231188998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Cognitive Ability; Life Course; Religion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A growing body of literature suggests that religious attendance might mitigate processes of cognitive decline associated with aging. However, few studies have made adequate linkages with the life course perspective. We draw from over 35 years of prospective panel data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (1979-2015) to assess the associations of cumulative exposures to religious attendance over the life course (childhood and midlife) for self-rated cognitive health and working memory (as assessed by the Serial 7s task). Our results suggest that midlife adults who attended religious services consistently between childhood and adulthood had higher self-rated cognitive health and better working memory. Women were also found to receive stronger benefits to self-rated cognitive health from consistent religious practice between childhood and adulthood. This pattern of findings allows for greater reflection into the neural enrichment and neural depletion arguments proposed to explain the religion/cognitive health link in previous research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Upenieks, Laura and Xi Zhu. "Life Course Religious Attendance and Cognitive Health at Midlife: Exploring Gendered Contingencies." Research on Aging 46,2 (11 July 2023): 95-112.
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6147. |
Urzua, Sergio |
Racial Labor Market Gaps: The Role of Abilities and Schooling Choices Journal of Human Resources 43,4 (Fall 2008): 919-971. Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/43/4/919.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Earnings; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Family Background and Culture; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences; Schooling; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT This paper studies the relationship between abilities, schooling choices, and black-white differentials in labor market outcomes. The analysis is based on a model of endogenous schooling choices. Agents' schooling decisions are based on expected future earnings, family background, and unobserved abilities. Earnings are also determined by unobserved abilities. The analysis distinguishes unobserved abilities from observed test scores. The model is implemented using data from the NLSY79. The results indicate that, even after controlling for abilities, there exist significant racial labor market gaps. They also suggest that the standard practice of equating observed test scores may overcompensate for differentials in ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Urzua, Sergio. "Racial Labor Market Gaps: The Role of Abilities and Schooling Choices." Journal of Human Resources 43,4 (Fall 2008): 919-971.
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6148. |
Urzua, Sergio Prada, Maria F. |
One Size Does Not Fit All: Multiple Dimensions of Ability, College Attendance and Earnings Journal of Labor Economics 35,4 (October 2017): 953-991. Also: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/692477 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; College Education; Earnings This paper investigates the role of mechanical ability as a determinant of school decisions and labor market outcomes. Using a Roy model of with multiple unobserved abilities and longitudinal data from the NLSY79, we find that this ability has a positive effect on overall earnings. However, in contrast to cognitive and socio-emotional, mechanical ability reduces the likelihood of attending a four-year college. The rationale for this asymmetry comes from its large estimated impact of earnings conditional on not attending four-year college. Our findings highlight the importance of moving beyond the one-size-fits-all discourses to offer individuals alternative educational pathways to successful careers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Urzua, Sergio and Maria F. Prada. "One Size Does Not Fit All: Multiple Dimensions of Ability, College Attendance and Earnings." Journal of Labor Economics 35,4 (October 2017): 953-991.
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6149. |
Uslaner, Eric M. |
Generalized Trust Questions In: Improving Public Opinion Surveys: Interdisciplinary Innovation and the American National Election Studies. John H.Aldrich and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds., Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011: 101-112 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Princeton University Press Keyword(s): American National Election Studies (ANES); Parent-Child Interaction; Political Attitudes/Behaviors/Efficacy; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Trust; Volunteer Work; Voting Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The ANES and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) will begin a long-term collaboration focusing on parent-child socialization. This collaboration offers a unique opportunity to trace the roots of youth socialization on political and social attitudes. The ANES-NLSY surveys will include key measures of social capital— most notably, generalized trust. The ANES and NLSY have traditionally used different questions to measure generalized trust. The 2006 ANES Pilot Study asked both questions (as well as two new measures). The ANES may change the wording of the traditional “standard” question to the NLSY measure— or perhaps to one of the two new measures. In this report, I investigate how well these measures perform in comparison with each other and with theoretical expectations about the determinants and consequences of trust. Would a change in question wording make a difference? |
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Bibliography Citation
Uslaner, Eric M. "Generalized Trust Questions" In: Improving Public Opinion Surveys: Interdisciplinary Innovation and the American National Election Studies. John H.Aldrich and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds., Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011: 101-112
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6150. |
Usui, Emiko |
Gender Occupational Segregation: Theory and Evidence Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 2002. DAI 63-11A (2002): 4037. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Job Skills; Labor Supply; Occupational Segregation; Wage Differentials; Women This dissertation consists of two essays on gender occupational segregation and one essay on the role of severance payment policies on job separation rates. The first essay studies the determinants of wage differences between predominantly female jobs and predominantly male jobs. In particular, I estimate the effects of the changes in proportion of men in an occupation on wage growth for workers who quit jobs and for those laid off. These estimates account for the fixed individual heterogeneity and job match specific error component, and they provide either an upper or lower bound on the true wage premium associated with working in predominantly male jobs. The estimated wage premium is in the range of 16-19 percent for women and 12-16 percent for men. The proportion male effect for quits is smaller than that for layoffs for both women and men, which implies that the wage premium overcompensates for the non-wage characteristics. In the second essay, I analyze equilibrium search models in which jobs vary in terms of salary and hours of work. Jobs are heterogeneous in productivity, and the model is set up so that jobs with larger marginal productivity of an additional hour require more hours. In one version of the model, an employer offers two packages to workers. Simulated data match the empirical results in the first essay when: (1) women are more averse to work hours than men and (2) the likelihood of receiving an offer that workers cannot refuse to accept is higher for women than men. In the other version of the model, an employer offers a single package that accounts for the gender differences in preference. I develop an algorithm which solves for the equilibrium job distribution and show that employers raise the hour requirements when they discriminate against women. The third essay uses an insider model of equilibrium unemployment to show that severance pay affects the jointly rational separation decisions of an employer and a worker. In particular, severance pay raises the equilibrium market tightness which is documented in a number of empirical studies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Usui, Emiko. Gender Occupational Segregation: Theory and Evidence. Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 2002. DAI 63-11A (2002): 4037.. |
6151. |
Usui, Emiko |
Job Satisfaction and the Gender Composition of Jobs Economics Letters 99,1 (April 2008): 23-26. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176507001802 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Job Satisfaction; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wages, Women Regarding predominantly male jobs (using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth): While both sexes prefer male jobs, women like the pay and not the job-amenities; men appreciate both. Most of the women's pay premium in male jobs suggests compensating differentials. |
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Bibliography Citation
Usui, Emiko. "Job Satisfaction and the Gender Composition of Jobs." Economics Letters 99,1 (April 2008): 23-26.
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6152. |
Usui, Emiko |
Wages, Non-Wage Characteristics, and Predominantly Male Jobs Labour Economics 16,1 (January 2009): 52-63. Also: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2008.04.001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Layoffs; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Male; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Quits; Wage Differentials This paper estimates the wage premium associated with working in predominantly male jobs. It also examines whether this wage premium is greater than the compensation workers demand for the less desirable non-wage characteristics of such jobs. The coefficients of the change in the proportion of men in an occupation on the change in wages for quits and layoffs provide opposing biased estimates of the wage premium; because workers who voluntarily quit move to better matches, but those that are laid off accept jobs from the representative distribution of job offers. Specifically, when the premium paid over- (under-)compensates for undesirable work characteristics, the quit estimate is a downward (upward) biased estimate of the wage premium, while the layoff estimate is biased upward (downward). Results from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) indicate that: (1) the estimated bounds of the wage premium are large; and (2) the wage premium overcompensates for the non-wage characteristics of male jobs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Usui, Emiko. "Wages, Non-Wage Characteristics, and Predominantly Male Jobs." Labour Economics 16,1 (January 2009): 52-63.
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6153. |
Usui, Emiko Okumura, Tsunao |
Intergenerational Correlations of Skills Presented: Amsterdam, Netherlands, European Association of Labour Economists (EALE) Annual Conference, September 18-20, 2008. Also: http://www.eale.nl/Conference2008/Programme/Bookofabstracts.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: European Association of Labour Economists Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Extracurricular Activities/Sports; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Outcomes; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parenting Skills/Styles; Shyness; Social Capital; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A number of studies have found that social skills (e.g., communication, interpersonal interactions, and leadership skills) are important determinants of labor market outcomes, including occupation and wages. This paper examines whether social skills are linked across generations; and whether a child's occupational choice is determined by his/her parent's abilities and personality traits. There are few studies on the intergenerational transmission of adult social skills due to a lack of data on parents' social skills. To resolve this problem, we use occupational characteristics from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) to proxy for the parents' skills. Also utilized is the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). A model of intergenerational skill following is presented. Subsequently, by constructing the appropriate measure of social skills, we find that social skills (also technical skills) link across generations. The correlation coefficient is computed, which measures the closeness of the direction of the multidimensional parent-child skill vectors. Skill correlation is found along the gender line. White sons earn a wage premium for working in occupations that require similar skills to their fathers; whereas, black sons incur a wage penalty. This implies a transfer of occupationally-related human capital for whites, but not for blacks. Evidence for nepotism is found, when sons earn a wage premium for working in the same occupation as their fathers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Usui, Emiko and Tsunao Okumura. "Intergenerational Correlations of Skills." Presented: Amsterdam, Netherlands, European Association of Labour Economists (EALE) Annual Conference, September 18-20, 2008. |
6154. |
Vable, Anusha M. Cohen, Alison K. Leonard, Stephanie Glymour, M. Maria Duarte, Catherine Yen, Irene H. |
Do the Health Benefits of Education Vary by Sociodemographic Subgroup? Differential Returns to Education and Implications for Health Inequities Annals of Epidemiology 28,11 (November 2018): 759-766.e5. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1047279718305209 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Socioeconomic Background Methods: Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N=6,158) cohort data, we evaluate education attained by age 25 and mental (MCS) and physical (PCS) health component summary scores at age 50. Race/ethnicity, sex, geography, immigration status, and childhood socioeconomic status (cSES) were evaluated as effect modifiers in birth-year adjusted linear regression models. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vable, Anusha M., Alison K. Cohen, Stephanie Leonard, M. Maria Glymour, Catherine Duarte and Irene H. Yen. "Do the Health Benefits of Education Vary by Sociodemographic Subgroup? Differential Returns to Education and Implications for Health Inequities." Annals of Epidemiology 28,11 (November 2018): 759-766.e5.
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6155. |
Vable, Anusha M. Duarte, Catherine Cohen, Alison K. Glymour, M. Maria Ream, Robert K. Yen, Irene H. |
Does the Type and Timing of Educational Attainment Influence Physical Health? A Novel Application of Sequence Analysis American Journal of Epidemiology 189,11 (November 2020): 1389-1401. Also: https://academic.oup.com/aje/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aje/kwaa150/5872673 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Nontraditional education trajectories are common, but their influence on physical health is understudied. We constructed year-by-year education trajectories for 7,501 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 participants aged 14 to 48 years (262,535 person-years of education data from 1979 to 2014). We characterized trajectory similarity using sequence analysis and used hierarchical clustering to group similar educational trajectories. Using linear regression, we predicted physical health summary scores of the participants at age 50 years from the 12-item Short-Form Survey, adjusting for available confounders, and evaluated effect modification by sex, race/ethnicity, and childhood socioeconomic status. We identified 24 unique educational sequence clusters on the basis of highest level of schooling and attendance timing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vable, Anusha M., Catherine Duarte, Alison K. Cohen, M. Maria Glymour, Robert K. Ream and Irene H. Yen. "Does the Type and Timing of Educational Attainment Influence Physical Health? A Novel Application of Sequence Analysis." American Journal of Epidemiology 189,11 (November 2020): 1389-1401.
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6156. |
Vable, Anusha M. Duarte, Catherine Wannier, S. Rae Chan-Golston, Alec M. Cohen, Alison K. Glymour, M. Maria Ream, Robert K. Yen, Irene H. |
Understanding the Benefits of Different Types and Timing of Education for Mental Health: A Sequence Analysis Approach Journals of Gerontology: Series B published online (13 August 2021): gbab147. Also: https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/advance-article/doi/10.1093/geronb/gbab147/6350335 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Gerontological Society of America Keyword(s): College Education; Education, Adult; Educational Attainment; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Health, Mental/Psychological; High School Diploma Objectives: Individuals increasingly experience delays or interruptions in schooling; we evaluate the association between these non-traditional education trajectories and mental health. Methods: Using year-by-year education data for 7,501 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 participants, ages 14-48 (262,535 person-years of education data), we applied sequence analysis and a clustering algorithm to identify educational trajectory groups, incorporating both type and timing to credential. Linear regression models, adjusted for early-life confounders, evaluated relationships between educational trajectories and mental health component scores (MCS) from the 12-item short form instrument at age 50. We evaluated effect modification by race, gender, and race by gender. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vable, Anusha M., Catherine Duarte, S. Rae Wannier, Alec M. Chan-Golston, Alison K. Cohen, M. Maria Glymour, Robert K. Ream and Irene H. Yen. "Understanding the Benefits of Different Types and Timing of Education for Mental Health: A Sequence Analysis Approach." Journals of Gerontology: Series B published online (13 August 2021): gbab147.
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6157. |
Valenti, Denise |
Women Most Likely to Leave Labor Force after First Child, not Later Births Princeton University News, October 22, 2018. Also: https://www.princeton.edu/news/2018/10/22/women-most-likely-leave-labor-force-after-first-child-not-later-births Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Princeton University Keyword(s): Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While conventional wisdom suggests women reach a "tipping point" and are more likely to leave the workforce after having a second child, new findings by a Princeton University researcher show that, in fact, they are more likely to leave after their first child regardless of how many more times they give birth. However, women who ultimately have more children are always more likely to leave, even prior to having these later births. [News media article based on Doren, Catherine. "Is Two Too Many? Parity and Mothers' Labor Force Exit." Journal of Marriage and Family published online (1 October 2018): DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12533] |
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Bibliography Citation
Valenti, Denise. "Women Most Likely to Leave Labor Force after First Child, not Later Births." Princeton University News, October 22, 2018. |
6158. |
Valentine, Sean |
Locus of Control as a Dispositional Determinant of Men's Traditional Sex-Role Attitudes Psychological Reports 85,3 (December 1999): 1041-1044. Also: http://ammons.ammonsscientific.com/php/display_smry.php Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Ammons Scientific, Ltd. Keyword(s): Attitudes; Control; Internal-External Attitude; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Sex Roles; Wives, Work; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The associations among measures of locus of control and attitudes toward women who work were assessed using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 1,229 young adult males. Significant positive correlations, ranging from .09 to .14, were found among locus of control and men's negative stereotypes of women who work, which suggests that males who feel a lack of personal control may oppose women working outside of the home. The results also indicate that men with greater personal control may be more accepting of women in nontraditional sex roles than men with an external locus of control. Negative stereotypes of women who work and male self-preservation may explain these relationships. |
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Bibliography Citation
Valentine, Sean. "Locus of Control as a Dispositional Determinant of Men's Traditional Sex-Role Attitudes." Psychological Reports 85,3 (December 1999): 1041-1044.
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6159. |
Valentine, Sean |
Self-Esteem and Men's Negative Stereotypes of Women Who Work Psychological Reports 83,3, pt 1 (December 1998): 920-922. Also: http://ammons.ammonsscientific.com/php/display_smry.php Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Ammons Scientific, Ltd. Keyword(s): Attitudes; Self-Esteem; Sex Roles; Women's Roles; Women's Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Explored the relationships between self-esteem and attitudes toward women who work using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 4,386 22-30 yr. old males. Significant, negative associations were found among the measures, which suggests that men with low scores on self-esteem tend to oppose the employment of women, while men with high self-esteem scores are likely to approve of women working. These findings support previous research on the relationship between self-esteem and prejudice as well as indicate possible sources of unequal treatment of men and women in the workplace. (© 1999 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Valentine, Sean. "Self-Esteem and Men's Negative Stereotypes of Women Who Work." Psychological Reports 83,3, pt 1 (December 1998): 920-922.
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6160. |
Valentine, Sean Mosley, Gordon |
Acculturation and Sex-Role Attitudes Among Mexican Americans: A Longitudinal Analysis Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 22,1 (February 2000): 104-113. Also: http://hjb.sagepub.com/content/22/1/104 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Racial Differences; Sex Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Following a brief introduction to the acculturation process and Mexican American culture, the authors propose that people of Mexican heritage in the US tend to assimilate rather than integrate with regard to their sex-role attitudes. The authors also propose that the degree of assimilation will be affected by several factors, including generational status and age. The data for this analysis were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a national sample that was compiled under the direction of the Center for Human Resources and Research at the Ohio State University and the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago. The individuals in the sample, which represent the civilian and military population of the US, participated in several annual surveys and interviews that began in 1979 and have continued to the present. Data from a total 1,200 respondents of Mexican, Mexican American, or American descent who participated in the survey in 1979 and then again 1987 were used in this study. Results of the study indicate that the degree of sex-role assimilation among Mexican Americans was affected by generational status and age. (© 2000 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Valentine, Sean and Gordon Mosley. "Acculturation and Sex-Role Attitudes Among Mexican Americans: A Longitudinal Analysis." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 22,1 (February 2000): 104-113.
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6161. |
Valentine, Sean Mosley, Gordon |
Aversion to Women Who Work and Perceived Discrimination Among Euro-Americans and Mexican-Americans Perceptual and Motor Skills 86,3 (June 1998): 1027-1033 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Ammons Scientific, Ltd. Keyword(s): Attitudes; Discrimination, Sex; Women; Work Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Perceptions of discrimination based on sex are presented for groups of Mexican-American men and women and Euro-American men and women. A measure of aversion to women who work is introduced and attitudes for the four groups are presented. Based on present significant differences and current demographic trends, discrimination based on sex will continue, and cultural attitudes may in fact perpetuate that. |
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Bibliography Citation
Valentine, Sean and Gordon Mosley. "Aversion to Women Who Work and Perceived Discrimination Among Euro-Americans and Mexican-Americans." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86,3 (June 1998): 1027-1033.
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6162. |
Valero, Gil J. N. |
Influence of Past Labor Force Experience and Education on Economic Activity and Inactivity Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Santa Barbara, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Educational Attainment; Employment, Youth; Job Search; Labor Force Participation; Markov chain / Markov model; Methods/Methodology; Modeling, Logit; Racial Differences; Statistical Analysis; Transition, Job to Job; Unemployment, Youth; Variables, Independent - Covariate This work investigates the relationship between past experience and the choice of status in the labor market, employment, continuing unemployment, and leaving the labor force, for young people, 16-23 years old, by race. The data used are from the 1979 and 1980 interviews of the NLSY. The major focus is the ways that youth become inactive, that is, neither enrolled in school nor in the labor force. The theoretical framework applies the concept of semi-Markov processes to explain the factors affecting the probabilities of transition from one labor force state to another, as well as the varying time or duration spent in a state before moving. Three methodologies were used to analyze the problem. The first is descriptive analysis, which reveals the importance of having being employed as condition of avoiding inactivity in the future. The second uses Goodman log-linear models and path analysis to investigate the dependence of the outcomes of enrollment and labor force activity upon race. The third uses a multinomial logit model. The dependent variable was status in the labor force and the independent variables were: fractions of time out of the labor force and unemployed during the past year, the number of employers and number of times not employed, education, sex, age, and area unemployment rates. This analysis revealed that the most important variables explaining differences in status among the three races were those related to occurrence dependence and those related to duration dependence. The main result obtained is that a policy promoting employment for youth of all races will increase the probability of employment for individuals of all races in the future and will benefit Hispanics and blacks relative to whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Valero, Gil J. N. Influence of Past Labor Force Experience and Education on Economic Activity and Inactivity. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Santa Barbara, 1989. |
6163. |
van den Oord, Edwin J. C. G. Rowe, David C. |
An Examination of Genotype-environment Interactions for Academic Achievement in an U.S. National Longitudinal Survey Intelligence 25,3 (1997): 205-228. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016028969790043X Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Fathers, Absence; Genetics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Kinship; Marital Status; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Siblings; Welfare We examined whether genetic and environmental effects on academic achievement changed as a function of the quality of the children's environment. The study included a variety of observed environmental measures such as parental cognitive stimulation and poverty level, longitudinal information about previous environmental conditions, and a larger than average number of children who grew up in deprived environments. The sample consisted of 1664 pairs of full siblings, 366 pairs of half siblings, and 752 pairs of cousins who were on average 9.58 years old. Both a simple descriptive approach as well as significance tests performed with multilevel regression analyses showed little evidence for genotype-environment interactions. There was only a slight trend consisting of a linear decrease of total variance or nonshared environmental effects from deprived to good environments. |
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Bibliography Citation
van den Oord, Edwin J. C. G. and David C. Rowe. "An Examination of Genotype-environment Interactions for Academic Achievement in an U.S. National Longitudinal Survey." Intelligence 25,3 (1997): 205-228.
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6164. |
van den Oord, Edwin J. C. G. Rowe, David C. |
Racial Differences in Birth Health Risk: A Quantitative Genetic Approach Demography 37,3 (August 2000): 285-298. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/1hj1327113014059/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birthweight; Genetics; Infants; Mothers, Race; Racial Differences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The gap between black and white babies' birth weights in the US has remained largely unexplained. Rather than trying to measure all relevant variables, a genetically informative design was used to study the relevant importance of genetic and environmental factors, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Employing multiple indicators of "birth health risk," it was found that the racial differences increased with the magnitude of the shared environmental effects. This suggested that possible genetic effects would not pertain to fetal genes, although genes affecting the mother's physical or physiological characteristics could be important because they contribute to shared environment in the analysis. 4 Tables, 3 Figures, 49 References. Adapted from the source document. |
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Bibliography Citation
van den Oord, Edwin J. C. G. and David C. Rowe. "Racial Differences in Birth Health Risk: A Quantitative Genetic Approach." Demography 37,3 (August 2000): 285-298.
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6165. |
van der Ende, Martin Adriaan |
On the Values of Jobs and Specific Training Ph.D. Dissertation. Tinbergen Institute Research Series No. 152, University of Amsterdam, 1997. Also: http://books.google.com/books/about/On_the_values_of_jobs_and_specific_train.html?id=MPYkHQAACAAJ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Tinbergen Instutite - Amsterdam Keyword(s): Britain, British; British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Cross-national Analysis; Dutch OSA Panel; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Germany, German; Job Tenure; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Training; Training, Occupational Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The aim of this thesis is to understand the dynamics of the full-time labour market of young American workers. The reason for analyzing the United States is the availability of an excellent American young worker survey. The theoretical starting point is that workers and firms are constantly in search of surplus. The book is focused on the duration analyses of job spells, job-specific training, and unemployment spells. The data for this study are collected in 1979-1992 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY). In the main survey, young American workers are annually questioned about themselves and the jobs they hold, and in close detail about the durations of their job, training and unemployment spells. Other labour market panel surveys are the Dutch OSA panel, the German Socio Economic Panel (SOEP), the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), and the American Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). But a longitudinal dataset with such detail, a respondent retention rate of 90% over 14 years, and with an additional check on the employment status for each calendar week, is unique. Besides, the accuracy of tenures in the NLS, a forerunner of the NLSY, turns out excellent in an extensive comparative study of NLS and PSID data by Brown and Light (1992). Given the data, the aim of the thesis is more precisely the explanation of the durations of the workers' subsequent job, training and unemployment spells, by modelling the dynamic behaviour of individual workers and firms. |
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Bibliography Citation
van der Ende, Martin Adriaan. On the Values of Jobs and Specific Training. Ph.D. Dissertation. Tinbergen Institute Research Series No. 152, University of Amsterdam, 1997.. |
6166. |
van der Klaauw, Wilbert Blau, David M. |
Family Structure Dynamics and Child Outcomes Presented: Chicago, IL, AEA Annual Meetings, January 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=70396 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Support; Cohabitation; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Divorce; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Structure; Marital Status; Modeling; Taxes; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We analyze the determinants of family structure change. We consider the major proposed explanations for the dramatic changes in family structure in the U.S.: changes in (1) public assistance policy, child support enforcement, divorce laws, and tax laws; (2) labor market opportunities facing men and women; and (3) marriage market conditions. We model the behavior of women who make union and childbearing decisions, but we derive from the model the consequences of these decisions for the family structure experienced by children. We use panel data from the NLSY79 to analyze the fertility, union formation, union dissolution, type of union (cohabiting versus married), and father identity (biological versus step) choices of women born from 1957 to1964. We use the estimated model to evaluate the impacts of changes in policies and labor and marriage market conditions on the family structure experiences of children growing up during the early 1970s through 2004. |
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Bibliography Citation
van der Klaauw, Wilbert and David M. Blau. "Family Structure Dynamics and Child Outcomes." Presented: Chicago, IL, AEA Annual Meetings, January 2007. |
6167. |
van der Sluis, Justin |
Successful Entrepreneurship and Human Capital Ph.D. Dissertation No. 402, Tinbergen Institute Research Series, April 2007. ISBN 978 90 5170 734 2. Also: http://dare.uva.nl/document/46786 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Tinbergen Institute Keyword(s): Census of Population; Earnings; Educational Returns; Entrepreneurship; Income; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Employed Workers; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate the effect of education on incomes for both entrepreneurs and employees on a sample drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in the USA. The nationally representative part of the NLSY consists of 6,111 individuals aged between 14 and 22 years in 1979.4 They have been interviewed annually up to 1994, and since then on a bi-annual basis. Our analysis is based on 19 waves, where the first interviews were held in 1979, and the last in the year 2000. Within each observed year, the sample includes all persons who are entrepreneurs or employees (defined below), while excluding students and people who are unemployed or otherwise not working. The resulting sample size per year includes, on average, 2,646 entrepreneurs/employees. On average, each individual is included in the sample in 12.8 waves. Before turning to the descriptive statistics, we first define the three endogenous variables empirically -- i.e., entrepreneur/employee, education and income -- and mention three appealing features of the dataset. An entrepreneur is defined as a person whose main occupation in the labor market is on a self-employed basis or who is the owner-director of an incorporated business. Farmers are excluded from the sample.5 Furthermore, we exclude \hobby" entrepreneurs from the sample by using a lower boundary of 300 hours per year worked as an entrepreneur. An employee is defined as a person whose main occupation is a salaried job. The education level of both groups is measured in years of completed schooling, with a maximum of 20. |
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Bibliography Citation
van der Sluis, Justin. Successful Entrepreneurship and Human Capital. Ph.D. Dissertation No. 402, Tinbergen Institute Research Series, April 2007. ISBN 978 90 5170 734 2.. |
6168. |
van der Sluis, Justin van Praag, C. Mirjam |
Economic Returns to Education for Entrepreneurs: The Development of a Neglected Child in the Family of Economics of Education? Swedish Economic Policy Review 11,2 (2004): 183-226. Also: http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/09/52/74/1c811916.pdf Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: Swedish Economic Policy Review Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Entrepreneurship; Human Capital; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Employed Workers; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Entrepreneurship is becoming an increasingly prominent issue in both academic and policy circles. Entrepreneurs are often credited with innovating new products, discovering new markets, and displacing ageing incumbents in a process of "creative destruction". But it is also recognized that if entrepreneurs face constraints such as limited human capital, then these economic benefits might not be realized. This realization has prompted several governments to devise public programs to encourage entrepreneurship. Underlying most of these programs is a belief that human capital affects entrepreneurs' performance in practice. The measurement of the (determinants of the) return to entrepreneurial (human) capital is thus relevant for devising (government and lenders') programs to realize the optimal economic benefits from entrepreneurship. These are often larger than the private benefits accruing to entrepreneurs. However, as we demonstrate in this paper, the effect of formal schooling, one of the most prominent manifestations of human capital, on entrepreneur performance has not yet been consistently measured, due to shortcomings in the empirical strategies applied so far. We discuss these shortcomings as well as some potential solutions that we borrow from the technically more sophisticated literature on the returns to education for employees. Then, we will discuss two recent applications of such more advanced empirical strategies to consistently estimate the causal and distinct effect of formal education on entrepreneurial income. The first study, by Van der Sluis, Van Praag and Van Witteloostuijn (2004) (VVW hereafter) pertains to the US. It compares the rate of return to education for entrepreneurs to the rate of return for employees. The second study, by Parker and Van Praag (2004) (PvP hereafter) pertains to Europe (The Netherlands). It isolates the causal effect of education from the inter-related effect of capital constraints on the entrepreneur's perf ormance. The final sections of this paper will discuss the results from those recent studies, and provide conclusions and policy implications. |
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Bibliography Citation
van der Sluis, Justin and C. Mirjam van Praag. "Economic Returns to Education for Entrepreneurs: The Development of a Neglected Child in the Family of Economics of Education?" Swedish Economic Policy Review 11,2 (2004): 183-226.
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6169. |
van der Sluis, Justin van Praag, C. Mirjam van Witteloostuijn, A. |
Why Are the Returns to Education Higher for Entrepreneurs Than for Employees? Working Paper, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Amsterdam, January 2006. Also: http://www1.fee.uva.nl/pp/bin/408fulltext.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Amsterdam Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Returns; Entrepreneurship; Income; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Employed Workers; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We compare the returns to education (RTE) for entrepreneurs and employees, based on 19 waves of the NLSY database. By using instrumental variable techniques (IV) and taking account of selectivity, we find that the RTE are significantly higher for entrepreneurs than for employees (18.3 percent and 9.9 percent, respectively). We perform various analyses in an attempt to explain the difference. We find (indirect) support for the argument that the higher RTE for entrepreneurs is due to fewer (organizational) constraints faced by entrepreneurs when optimizing the profitable employment of their education. |
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Bibliography Citation
van der Sluis, Justin, C. Mirjam van Praag and A. van Witteloostuijn. "Why Are the Returns to Education Higher for Entrepreneurs Than for Employees?." Working Paper, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Amsterdam, January 2006. |
6170. |
van der Sluis, Justin van Praag, C. Mirjam van Witteloostuijn, A. |
Why Are the Returns to Education Higher for Entrepreneurs than for Employees? IZA DP No. 3058, Institute for the Study of Labor, September 2007. Also: ftp://repec.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp3058.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Returns; Entrepreneurship; Income; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Employed Workers; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We compare the returns to education (RTE) for entrepreneurs and employees, based on 19 waves of the NLSY database. By using instrumental variable techniques (IV) and taking account of selectivity, we find that the RTE are significantly higher for entrepreneurs than for employees (14 per cent and 10 per cent, respectively). We perform various analyses in an attempt to explain the difference. We find (indirect) support for the argument that the higher RTE for entrepreneurs is due to fewer (organizational) constraints faced by entrepreneurs when optimizing the profitable employment of their education. |
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Bibliography Citation
van der Sluis, Justin, C. Mirjam van Praag and A. van Witteloostuijn. "Why Are the Returns to Education Higher for Entrepreneurs than for Employees?." IZA DP No. 3058, Institute for the Study of Labor, September 2007. |
6171. |
van der Velde, Marjolijn |
Family Friendly Policies and Women at Work Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1999. DAI-A 60/06, p. 2129, Dec 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Political Science Association Keyword(s): Child Care; Job Tenure; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment This research focused on the impact of human capital variables and family-friendly policies on female labor force participation after childbirth. The human capital variables included education, organization tenure and previous work experience. The family-friendly policies include maternity leave, alternative work schedules, and employed-sponsored or subsidized child care. The sample was extracted from the NLSY94 and was limited to women for whom the birth-date of their first born biological child was 1988 or later. A total of 590 women were included in the study. This research study reports mixed results. Education and organization tenure were both found to positively influence the likelihood to return to work after childbirth. The availability of maternity leave was determined to have a negative influence on the likelihood to change employers. By examining human capital variables, family-friendly policies and female labor force participation after childbirth, this research study sought to provide insight into the diffusion and adoption of HR innovations and their impact on a woman's decision-making process after childbirth. The results of the study raised many issues to be addressed in future research. |
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Bibliography Citation
van der Velde, Marjolijn. Family Friendly Policies and Women at Work. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1999. DAI-A 60/06, p. 2129, Dec 1999. |
6172. |
van Dyk, Deirdre |
Sexist Attitudes and the Wage Gap Time, September 22, 2008. Also: http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1843323,00.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Time Inc. Keyword(s): Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Two researchers from the University of Florida find that men who subscribe to "traditional" (read stereotypical) ideas of gender roles make more money than their peers who have a more egalitarian mindset. [News media article based on Judge, Timothy A. and Beth A. Livingston. "Is the Gap More Than Gender? A Longitudinal Analysis of Gender, Gender Role Orientation, and Earnings." Journal of Applied Psychology 93,5 (September 2008): 994–1012] |
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Bibliography Citation
van Dyk, Deirdre. "Sexist Attitudes and the Wage Gap." Time, September 22, 2008. |
6173. |
Van Dyke, Jennifer |
Does it Pay to be a Man? A Study of Pay Differentials Between College Graduates Honors Project Paper 73, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1999. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/73 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Undergraduate Research; Wage Differentials; Wages, Young Men; Wages, Young Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper takes a section by section approach to address the problem of wage differentials between college men and women. Section I serves as an introduction to the topic and Section II introduces the theoretical foundation for this subject. Section III lays out the hypothesis and explains the theoretical model and data. Section IV discusses the results of the model and Section V draws conclusions from the results and makes policy implications. |
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Bibliography Citation
Van Dyke, Jennifer. "Does it Pay to be a Man? A Study of Pay Differentials Between College Graduates." Honors Project Paper 73, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1999. |
6174. |
van Ophem, Hans Mazza, Jacopo |
Educational Choice, Initial Wage and Wage Growth Empirical Economics published online (21 March 2024). Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00181-024-02580-5 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): College Degree; College Education; College Graduates; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Education, Higher; Education, Postsecondary; Life Cycle; Wage Growth; Wages; Wages, Starting Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We study the effects of expected initial wages, expected wage growth, and observed and unobserved heterogeneity in the choice of college major in a sample of American college graduates. We propose a three-stage empirical model that relates future earnings to individual choices. In the first stage, starting from revealed choices, observed wages, and life-cycle wage profiles, we estimate the expectation on initial wages and wage growth from the individual point of view, where the panel structure of the data allows us to produce estimates corrected for self-selection bias. We find substantial differences in expected real wages and expected real wage growth between majors and that both characteristics of life cycle earnings influence major choice. Our parametric models show a strong correlation between salary trends and major choice, whereas semiparametric models yield less reliable results. We interpret our results as being consistent with agents being rational and as a validation for our estimation strategy based on counterfactual imputation. |
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Bibliography Citation
van Ophem, Hans and Jacopo Mazza. "Educational Choice, Initial Wage and Wage Growth." Empirical Economics published online (21 March 2024).
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6175. |
van Praag, Mirjam van Witteloostuijn, Arjen van der Sluis, Justin |
The Higher Returns to Formal Education for Entrepreneurs versus Employees Small Business Economics 40,2 (February 2013): 375-396. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-012-9443-y Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Education; Educational Returns; Employment; Entrepreneurship; Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. How valuable is formal education for entrepreneurs’ income relative to employees’? And if the income returns to formal education are different for entrepreneurs vis-à-vis employees, what might be a plausible explanation? To explore these questions, we analyze a large representative US panel. We show that entrepreneurs have higher returns to formal education than employees. We refer to this as the entrepreneurship returns puzzle. We run post hoc analyses to explore a number of potential explanations of this puzzle. Indirectly, our analysis indicates that the higher returns to formal education for entrepreneurs might be due to the fewer organizational constraints they face, leading to more personal control over how to use their human capital, compared to employees. |
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Bibliography Citation
van Praag, Mirjam, Arjen van Witteloostuijn and Justin van der Sluis. "The Higher Returns to Formal Education for Entrepreneurs versus Employees ." Small Business Economics 40,2 (February 2013): 375-396.
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6176. |
Van Winkle, Zachary Fasang, Anette Eva |
Parenthood Wage Gaps Across the Life Course: A Comparison by Gender and Race Journal of Marriage and Family published online (30 July 2020): DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12713. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12713 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Life Course; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parenthood; Racial Differences; Wage Gap Objective: We map the magnitude, timing, and persistence of parenthood wage gaps in the life course for Black, Hispanic, and White men and women in the United States. Background: Previous research indicates that penalties only persist into mid‐life for mothers with three or more children without distinguishing by race. The timing and age range in which parenthood wage gaps occur for fathers and mothers of different racial backgrounds are unknown. We develop a theoretical framework based on the gender‐ and race‐specific interplay between labor market dynamics and family demographics over the life course to derive hypotheses. Method: Age‐specific parenthood wage gaps from ages 20-40 are estimated using 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth data and fixed effects models. Results: Only White women with three or more children suffer large and persistent adjusted motherhood penalties up to age 40. For Black and Hispanic mothers, penalties are concentrated in a brief age range of 5-10 years around age 30 and then attenuate irrespective of the number of children. Adjusted fatherhood premiums only occur for White men and are confined to brief periods in early adulthood, suggesting that they result from complex selection effects into education, employment, and fatherhood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Van Winkle, Zachary and Anette Eva Fasang. "Parenthood Wage Gaps Across the Life Course: A Comparison by Gender and Race." Journal of Marriage and Family published online (30 July 2020): DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12713.
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6177. |
Van Winkle, Zachary Struffolino, Emanuela |
When Working Isn't Enough: Family Demographic Processes and In-Work Poverty Across the Life Course in the United States Demographic Research 39 (2018): 365-380. Also: https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol39/12/default.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Keyword(s): Family Process Measures; Life Course; Marriage; Parenthood; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: We estimate the risk of in-work poverty in the United States over the life course as a function of family demographic processes, namely leaving the parental home, union formation and dissolution, and the transition to parenthood. Methods: We use data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and fixed effects regression models with interactions between age and each family demographic process to estimate age-specific associations between these processes and the probability of in-work poverty. Results: In-work poverty is a common phenomenon across the life courses of our study cohort: 20% of individuals are at risk of in-work poverty at every age. However, the risk generally decreases for men and increases for women across the life course. Leaving the parental home, entering parenthood, and separation increase, while marriage decreases the risk of in-work poverty. While the associations between marital statuses and in-work poverty are stable over the life course, the associations between parental home leaving and fertility with in-work poverty vary by age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Van Winkle, Zachary and Emanuela Struffolino. "When Working Isn't Enough: Family Demographic Processes and In-Work Poverty Across the Life Course in the United States." Demographic Research 39 (2018): 365-380.
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6178. |
Vandell, Deborah Lowe |
Belsky and Eggebeen's Analysis of the NLSY: Meaningful Results or Statistical Illusions? Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1100-1103. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Child Care; Children, Behavioral Development; Maternal Employment An exchange on "Maternal Employment and Young Children's Adjustment". BELSKY, JAY and EGGEBEEN, DAVID J. (1991). "Early and Extensive Maternal Employment and Young Children's Socioemotional Development: Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth" Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1083-1098. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353011 In their article in this issue of JMF, Belsky and Eggebeen examine the effects of early and extensive maternal employment on four-to-six-year-old children, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data set. They conclude that extensive employment during the first two years is associated with increased behavioral maladjustment in children, with problems particularly manifested in terms of children's extreme noncompliance. Belsky and Eggebeen further argue that this effect is general and pervasive--that is, it is not moderated by children's gender, race, or social class. These are strong arguments, and it is the purpose of this critique to address the accuracy and adequacy of these conclusions. Before beginning what [the author sees] as significant flaws in analyses and interpretations, the article's strengths [are] highlighted... |
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Bibliography Citation
Vandell, Deborah Lowe. "Belsky and Eggebeen's Analysis of the NLSY: Meaningful Results or Statistical Illusions?" Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1100-1103.
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6179. |
Vandell, Deborah Lowe Ramanan, Janaki |
After School Care and Child Development: Children of the NLSY Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Child Care; General Assessment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vandell, Deborah Lowe and Janaki Ramanan. "After School Care and Child Development: Children of the NLSY." Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991. |
6180. |
Vandell, Deborah Lowe Ramanan, Janaki |
Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: Choices in After School Care and Child Development Working Paper, Madison WI: Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Children, Behavioral Development; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. After-school care was examined for 390 3rd through 5th graders who were part of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Mother care after school was associated with lower family incomes, more poverty, and less emotional support. In other areas (child's sex, age, race, family marital status, mother's age, and cognitive stimulation), families did not differ in their selection of after-school care. Children in the care of single mothers after school in comparison with children in other types of adult supervised after-school care had lower Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test scores and higher ratings for antisocial behaviors, anxiety, and peer conflicts. Latchkey care was also associated with more behavior problems. However, these problems disappeared when family income and emotional support were controlled, suggesting that type of after-school care per se is less important than the quality of children's experiences with their families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vandell, Deborah Lowe and Janaki Ramanan. "Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: Choices in After School Care and Child Development." Working Paper, Madison WI: Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1991. |
6181. |
Vandell, Deborah Lowe Ramanan, Janaki |
Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: Choices in After-School Care and Child Development Developmental Psychology 27,4 (July 1991): 637-643. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/27/4/637/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Differences; Child Care; Child Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income; Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Well-Being The after school care (latchkey, mother, other adults) of 390 third, fourth, and fifth graders who were part of the Children of the NLSY was examined. Within this socially disadvantaged sample, mother-care after school was associated with lower family incomes, more poverty, and less emotional support of the school-aged child. In other areas (child sex, age, race, family marital status, mother age, and cognitive stimulation), families did not differ in their selection of after school care. This study also examined whether there were differences in child functioning associated with type of after school care, after controlling for family income and emotional support. Generally, latchkey children performed as well on a battery of social and cognitive assessments as children who were in other-adult care after school. In only one area was a subsample of latchkey children at risk. Latchkey children whose families were living in poverty were reported to have more antisocial behaviors. Children who returned home to single mothers showed more pervasive problems. In contrast to latchkey and other-adult care, this subsample of mother-care children had lower PPVT scores and higher rating for behavior problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vandell, Deborah Lowe and Janaki Ramanan. "Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: Choices in After-School Care and Child Development." Developmental Psychology 27,4 (July 1991): 637-643.
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6182. |
Vandell, Deborah Lowe Ramanan, Janaki |
Effects of Early and Current Maternal Employment on Children from High Risk Families Presented: Montreal, QC, International Conference on Infant Studies, 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bias Decomposition; Children; Children, Academic Development; Earnings; Family Income; General Assessment; Maternal Employment; Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Mothers; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Sex Roles; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Patterns of early and concurrent maternal employment were examined in 224 second graders from "high risk" families using data from the Children of the NLSY. Extent of early maternal employment was related to the families' current finances and to the mothers' education. Families in which there was moderate or extensive maternal employment during the first three years were less likely to be living in poverty four years later; and maternal education was higher when mothers were extensively employed during the first three years. In addition, differences in the second graders' academic achievement were associated with extent of early employment, after controlling for differences in family poverty and maternal education. Children scored lower on reading and math achievement when their mothers were either not employed or minimally employed as opposed to when mothers worked more extensively during the first three years. Extent of early employment was more highly associated with second grade achievement than was concurrent maternal employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vandell, Deborah Lowe and Janaki Ramanan. "Effects of Early and Current Maternal Employment on Children from High Risk Families." Presented: Montreal, QC, International Conference on Infant Studies, 1990. |
6183. |
Vandell, Deborah Lowe Ramanan, Janaki |
Effects of Early and Recent Maternal Employment on Children from Low Income Families Working Paper, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bias Decomposition; Children; Children, Academic Development; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to examine the effects of early and recent maternal employment in a sample of second-grade children from low-income families. Maternal employment is related to a number of selection factors. When mothers who were not employed are compared to employed mothers, the working mothers score higher on a mental aptitude tests and are more highly educated. In terms of measures of current family functioning, there is less poverty and higher home environment scores when mothers are employed. Multiple regressions showed that children's math achievement is positively predicted by early, maternal employment. Children's reading achievement is positively predicted by recent, maternal employment. Discussion of the results in terms of possible mechanisms by which maternal employment may affect children's development end the study. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vandell, Deborah Lowe and Janaki Ramanan. "Effects of Early and Recent Maternal Employment on Children from Low Income Families." Working Paper, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1990. |
6184. |
Vandell, Deborah Lowe Ramanan, Janaki |
Effects of Early and Recent Maternal Employment on Children from Low-Income Families Child Development 63,4 (August 1992): 938-949. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01673.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bias Decomposition; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, School-Age; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Mothers; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Self-Esteem; Sex Roles; Welfare The effects of early maternal employment (employment during the child's first 3 years) and recent maternal employment (employment during the previous 3 years) on 189 second-grade children from low-income families were examined. Maternal employment was related to a number of selection factors. In comparison to mothers who were not employed, employed mothers scored higher on a mental aptitude test and were more highly educated. Both early and recent maternal employment were also associated with measures of the current family functioning: there was less poverty and higher HOME environment scores when mothers were employed. Hierarchical multiple regressions showed that children's math achievement was positively predicted by early maternal employment and children's reading achievement was positively predicted by recent maternal employment. even after controlling for selection effects and current family: environment. These results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms by which maternal employment may affect children's development. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vandell, Deborah Lowe and Janaki Ramanan. "Effects of Early and Recent Maternal Employment on Children from Low-Income Families." Child Development 63,4 (August 1992): 938-949.
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6185. |
Vander Ven, Thomas Michael |
Home Alone: The Impact of Maternal Employment on Delinquency Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Temperament; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Studies; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment For several decades, social scientists have debated the social impact of the unprecedented number of mothers recently entering the paid workforce. While the majority of studies have found that the children of working mothers are generally no worse off than other children, many Americans continue to be concerned that maternal employment may contribute to behavior problems and delinquency. Although several researchers have investigated the relationship between maternal employment and delinquency, past efforts are limited by narrow conceptualizations of maternal employment and by a preoccupation with maternal supervision and control as the mediating variables between maternal employment and delinquency. With this dissertation, I investigate the maternal employment-delinquency relationship by examining many characteristics of maternal work, such as hours employed and workplace controls, and by considering a wide variety of mediating pathway variables. The impact of both early employment (i.e., maternal work during the child's pre-school years) and current employment (i.e., maternal work during adolescence) is studied through the use of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data. Data on 876 mother and child pairs were used to investigate the connection between maternal employment, family life, and delinquency. Multiple regression techniques were employed to test hypotheses regarding the direct and indirect effects of maternal employment. The general finding of this study is that the characteristics of maternal work have relatively little or no effect on delinquency either directly or indirectly through the family-oriented pathway variables. The results of the analysis showed consistently that regardless of how this issue was examined, having a working mother has only small effects and that those effects are not consistently criminogenic. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vander Ven, Thomas Michael. Home Alone: The Impact of Maternal Employment on Delinquency. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 1998. |
6186. |
Vander Ven, Thomas Michael Cullen, Francis T. |
The Impact of Maternal Employment on Serious Youth Crime: Does the Quality of Working Conditions Matter? Crime and Delinquency 50,2 (April 2004): 272-292. Also: http://cad.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/50/2/272 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: National Council on Crime and Delinquency Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Multilevel; Occupational Status; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Social critics and the general public have for some time voiced a variety of concerns related to the increasing entrance of women into the paid labor market. A popular assumption has been that the children of working women are prone to criminal activity. The authors analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), using multiple regression models to examine whether the occupational status of mothers has criminogenic effects on their children during adolescence and early adulthood (15- to 19-year-olds). After tracing the effects of maternal resources, work hours, and occupational controls to criminality, the authors find that cumulative time spent by mothers in paid employment had no measurable influence on criminal involvement. On the other hand, coercively controlled maternal work over time was related to greater criminal involvement (in their children) in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Vander Ven, Thomas Michael and Francis T. Cullen. "The Impact of Maternal Employment on Serious Youth Crime: Does the Quality of Working Conditions Matter? ." Crime and Delinquency 50,2 (April 2004): 272-292.
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6187. |
Vander Ven, Thomas Michael Cullen, Francis T. Carrozza, Mark A. Wright, John Paul |
Home Alone: The Impact of Maternal Employment on Delinquency Social Problems 48,2 (May 2001): 236-257. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/sp.2001.48.2.236 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Behavioral Development; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Employment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Mothers Recently, conservative commentators and parenting experts have been outspoken about the potential negative effects of maternal employment. Specifically, there appears to be a pervasive belief that delinquency is one unfortunate consequence of maternal work. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we examine whether the occupational status of mothers has criminogenic effects on their children. After tracing the effects of work hours and occupational conditions through risk factors to delinquency, we find that the characteristics of maternal work have relatively little or no influence on delinquency, but do have a slight (and complex) indirect effect through the delinquency pathway 'supervision'. This general pattern holds regardless of whether early maternal employment (i.e., work occurring when children were in the pre-school years) or current maternal employment is considered. Our findings contradict the view that maternal employment causes child behavioral problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vander Ven, Thomas Michael, Francis T. Cullen, Mark A. Carrozza and John Paul Wright. "Home Alone: The Impact of Maternal Employment on Delinquency." Social Problems 48,2 (May 2001): 236-257.
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6188. |
VanderBerg, Bryce Scott |
Essays in Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Education, Adult; Layoffs; Occupations; Wage Dynamics; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of two empirical studies and one applied theoretical study in labor economics. In the first chapter, I study the extend to which an observed layoff is used by employers to infer a worker's unobserved ability early in their labor market career. In the second chapter, I develop a theoretical model of wage dynamics that extends the employer learning and statistical discrimination model of Altonji and Pierret (2001) to allow for discrete changes in observable characteristics. In the third chapter, which is joint work with Gabrielle Pepin at the W.E. Upjohn Institute, we study the contribution of occupational sorting and mismatch to child penalties in the United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
VanderBerg, Bryce Scott. Essays in Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 2022. |
6189. |
VanOrman, Alicia |
Changes in the Socioeconomic Gradient in Nonmarital Childbearing across Two U.S. Cohorts Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Fertility; First Birth; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The dramatic growth in the prevalence of nonmarital fertility warrants a re-examination of how women's socioeconomic resources shape nonmarital childbearing. Drawing on a rational-choice model of fertility, prior research focused on births during the 1980s and found a negative relationship between women's socioeconomic resources and nonmarital childbearing. Since then, the nature of marriage and nonmarital childbearing has shifted and economic inequality increased, such that previously identified relationships may have changed. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts, this study compares two cohorts of women to examine change in how economic factors shape the risk of a nonmarital first birth. Preliminary results suggest that the linkages between wages, employment and education and nonmarital childbearing weakened across cohorts, whereas school enrollment became a more important predictor. These preliminary findings suggest we made need to reconsider how women's own economic resources influence nonmarital fertility. |
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Bibliography Citation
VanOrman, Alicia. "Changes in the Socioeconomic Gradient in Nonmarital Childbearing across Two U.S. Cohorts." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
6190. |
VanOrman, Alicia |
Three Essays on the Interrelationships between Socioeconomic Resources, Family Formation, and Child Wellbeing Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cohabitation; Family Formation; Marital Status; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter uses data from two recent cohorts of young women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine how the relationship between women's socioeconomic status and having a child outside of marriage has changed across cohorts. Despite striking growth in the prevalence of nonmarital childbearing across cohorts, I find that nonmarital childbearing continues to be concentrated among less-advantaged women. In contrast to prior work, however, I also find that women's economic opportunities are increasingly important for nonmarital childbearing. The second chapter draws on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort to investigate how men's and women's economic trajectories influence the transition to marriage among cohabitors. I find that growth in earnings and increased schooling hastens the transition to marriage, whereas a loss in earnings or employment encourages separation. The relationship between economic status and marriage varies little across gender and parental status, though the associations are more consistent among men and especially, fathers. The results of this study provide further evidence that having limited economic resources presents a significant barrier to marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
VanOrman, Alicia. Three Essays on the Interrelationships between Socioeconomic Resources, Family Formation, and Child Wellbeing. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015. |
6191. |
VanOrman, Alicia Carlson, Marcia Jeanne |
Nonmarital Childbearing and Socioeconomic Trajectories for Men and Women Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Motherhood; Parents, Single; Propensity Scores; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As the proportion of nonmartial births continues to rise, understanding how nonmarital parenthood fits into the life course is increasingly important. Early research on women links unwed motherhood to a range of adverse economic outcomes, but far less is known about how unmarried fatherhood impacts men’s long-term socioeconomic trajectories. Due to these gaps, it is unclear how unmarried fatherhood alters men’s life course and if unmarried parenthood impacts men’s lives differently than women’s. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, we use a propensity score matching model, and latent growth curve techniques to show the extent to which potentially adverse outcomes occur in response to nonmarital parenthood, and how the effects vary by gender and race/ethnicity. This study will extend prior research by providing more detailed information about the varying effects of having a child outside of marriage on contemporary men’s and women’s socioeconomic trajectories. |
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Bibliography Citation
VanOrman, Alicia and Marcia Jeanne Carlson. "Nonmarital Childbearing and Socioeconomic Trajectories for Men and Women." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
6192. |
Varghese, Geetha M. |
An Analysis of Racial Differences in Employment and Their Feedback Effect on the Accumulation of Human Capital Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1994. Also: http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/pqdweb?index=0&did=746569461&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1261156413&clientId=3959 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Behavioral Differences; College Enrollment; Economics of Discrimination; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Higher Education; Human Capital; Industrial Relations; Labor Market Demographics; Modeling; Racial Differences; Simultaneity This dissertation analyzes the negative effects of different hiring standards for blacks and whites on their investment in higher education. It also uses the informational assumptions underlying the human capital and signalling models to provide an estimate of the signalling value of education. In the first part of this thesis, I set up a model in which the hiring standard set by an employer and the educational decision of the worker are determined simultaneously. The hiring standard is shown to depend on the sorting value of education. Negative employer beliefs about the productivity of blacks are shown to increase the hiring standard facing blacks. At the same time, race-based educational subsidies reduce the sorting value of education and cause the hiring standard facing blacks to increase. In the second part of this thesis, I estimate the difference in the hiring standard facing blacks and whites using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Since the racial difference in the hiring standard is shown to include a difference in the sorting value of education, the hiring equation is estimated under the assumption that the employer has no information about the quality of the worker. I find that most of the racial difference in hiring standards is due to differences in employer behavior. Using estimates of the expected gain from education, I estimate a structural form of the college attendance decision. My results indicate that the probability of college attendance for blacks would more than double if the differences in employer behavior were neutralized. The third part of the thesis discusses the estimation of the gain from education under the assumption that the employer has all the information needed about the type of the worker. Thus, the coefficient on education is purged of any signalling component it might have. A comparison of the return to education estimated under different assumptions about the employer's information provides a measure of the relative importance of the signalling value of education. The results indicate that the signalling value of education is a relatively small part of the total return to education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Varghese, Geetha M. An Analysis of Racial Differences in Employment and Their Feedback Effect on the Accumulation of Human Capital. Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1994.. |
6193. |
Varner, Fatima Mandara, Jelani |
Marital Transitions and Changes in African American Mothers' Depressive Symptoms: The Buffering Role of Financial Resources. Journal of Family Psychology 23,6 (December 2009): 839-847. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&uid=2009-23534-009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Assets; Black Family; Depression (see also CESD); Divorce; Health, Mental/Psychological; Marital Status The effects of changes in marital status on the changes in depressive symptoms of 443 African American mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY) were examined. Results showed that those mothers who exited marriage increased in depressive symptoms relative to continuously married and newly married mothers. Moreover, mothers who entered marriage later experienced the same level of depressive symptoms as continuously married mothers. However, financial resources moderated the effects of marital transitions. Those mothers with more financial resources did not experience an increase in depressive symptoms after divorce, but those with fewer resources experienced a large increase. It was concluded that divorce is a risk factor for mental health concerns among African American mothers, but financial resources serve as a protective factor. |
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Bibliography Citation
Varner, Fatima and Jelani Mandara. "Marital Transitions and Changes in African American Mothers' Depressive Symptoms: The Buffering Role of Financial Resources." Journal of Family Psychology 23,6 (December 2009): 839-847.
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6194. |
Vaughan, Erikka B. |
Parent Factors and Offspring Emotional and Behavioral Problems during Childhood and Adolescence Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 2017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Depression (see also CESD); Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Siblings; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Internalizing and externalizing disorders often have developmental precursors during childhood and adolescence. The goal of the current dissertation, therefore, was to add to our understanding of the extent to which a range of family factors and processes are involved in the development of emotional and behavioral problems, with an emphasis on internalizing problems, across childhood and adolescence. I used two data sets: a nationally representative sample called the Children (Child and Young Adult sample) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (CNLSY; N = 11,504; 49% female) and a community sample called the Child Development Project (CDP; N = 585; 48% female). In Projects 1 and 2, I found support in the CNLSY for a causal model, minimally explained by a range of putative mediators, between maternal age at childbearing (MAC) and child and adolescent emotional and behavioral problems using family-based designs (e.g., sibling comparisons). In Project 3, I found in the CNLSY that parental emotional support predicted child internalizing and the reverse, but that the associations were quite small and not likely clinically meaningful. In Project 4, I found in the CDP that the extent to which adolescents' internalizing predicts their parents' psychological control and the reverse depended on parent gender and varied across age. In sum, I used longitudinal and family-based, quasi-experimental designs to better understand the interplay between family factors, child factors, and the development of emotional and behavioral problems in children. I found that the associations were nuanced and varied across a range of factors, and that we have much to do to improve on our understanding of the mechanisms by which offspring emotional and behavioral problems are associated with parent factors and behaviors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vaughan, Erikka B. Parent Factors and Offspring Emotional and Behavioral Problems during Childhood and Adolescence. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 2017. |
6195. |
Vaughan, Erikka B. Van Hulle, Carol A. Beasley, William H. Rodgers, Joseph Lee D'Onofrio, Brian M. |
Clarifying the Associations between Age at Menarche and Adolescent Emotional and Behavioral Problems Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44,4 (April 2015): 922-939. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-015-0255-7 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Kinship; Modeling, Multilevel; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Better understanding risk factors for the development of adolescent emotional and behavioral problems can help with intervention and prevention efforts. Previous studies have found that an early menarcheal age predicts several adolescent problems, including depressive symptoms, delinquency, and early age at first intercourse. Few studies, nevertheless, have explicitly tested (a) whether the associations with menarcheal age vary across racial/ethnic groups or (b) whether the sources of the associations are within-families (i.e., consistent with a direct, causal link) or only between-families (i.e., due to selection or confounding factors). The current study analyzed data from a nationally representative US Sample of females (N=5,637). We examined whether race/ethnicity moderated the associations between early menarche and several adolescent problems by using multiple-group analyses and we examined the degree to which genetic and environmental factors shared by family members account for the associations by comparing sisters and cousins with differing menarcheal ages. Menarcheal age predicted subsequent depressive symptoms, delinquency, and early age at first intercourse in the population. The magnitudes of the associations were similar across all racial/ethnic groups for all outcomes. The within-family associations (i.e., when comparing siblings and cousins with different menarcheal age) were large and statistically significant when predicting early intercourse, but not the other outcomes. The findings suggest that selection or confounding factors account for the associations between menarcheal age and subsequent depressive symptoms and delinquency, whereas the independent association between menarcheal age and early age at first intercourse is consistent with a direct, causal effect. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vaughan, Erikka B., Carol A. Van Hulle, William H. Beasley, Joseph Lee Rodgers and Brian M. D'Onofrio. "Clarifying the Associations between Age at Menarche and Adolescent Emotional and Behavioral Problems." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44,4 (April 2015): 922-939.
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6196. |
Vaughan, Suzanne Wright-Romero, Linda |
Structure of Labor Markets and Sectors of Production: An Analysis of Underemployment Among Hispanic Youth Report to the National Council of La Raza, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Discouraged Workers; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Minorities; Minorities, Youth; Teenagers; Underemployment Data from the NLSY are used to explore the distribution and utilization of labor power among Hispanic youths through examining their conditions of employment and their relationship to major structural features of the labor market. The focus of the study is upon evaluating the extent to which Hispanic youths differ from other groups and among themselves regarding labor force participation and the labor markets in which they participate. Findings include: (1) wide gaps that appear between the rates of underemployment among minority youths and whites are probably symptomatic of a continuing process of misallocation of employment opportunities for minorities; (2) Hispanic youth fall somewhere in the middle with regard to their distribution across sectors, with a somewhat higher proportion of Hispanics employed in the state sector as opposed to blacks; (3) the competitive sector is not the only sector that should be the focus of scrutiny; and (4) unemployed and "discouraged" teenagers are more likely to be within the state sector and monopoly sector. Overall, the results of the study suggest that both the quantity and, more importantly, the quality of the employment experience differentiate white youth from black and Hispanic youth. Policy recommendations are provided on the basis of these findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vaughan, Suzanne and Linda Wright-Romero. "Structure of Labor Markets and Sectors of Production: An Analysis of Underemployment Among Hispanic Youth." Report to the National Council of La Raza, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982. |
6197. |
Veazie, Mark A. |
Heavy Drinking, Alcoholism and Injuries at Work Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Disabled Workers; Health Care; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Hazards The purpose of this study was to investigate heavy drinking and alcoholism as risk factors for nonfatal work injury in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Injuries and problems with alcohol significantly diminish health status and quality of life in America and other parts of the world. Unintentional and intentional injuries represent an enormous public health problem as major causes of premature death, disability, health care utilization, economic losses and social and psychological dysfunction. Injury as a disease and alcohol as an exposure are not separate problems. From a research perspective, it is important to know if heavy drinking or alcohol dependence should be measured as potential confounders in future studies of other risk factors and intervention strategies. From a prevention perspective, this study could have two results. The finding that alcohol problems are not associated with injury would contribute to the evidence that occupational injury prevention strategies should not be focused on problem drinking or problem drinkers, but rather on more promising prevention strategies. The finding that alcohol problems are strongly associated with injury would suggest that, in addition to reducing hazards, prevention strategies that reduce problem drinking or target problem drinkers may have some effects on the risk of injury. |
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Bibliography Citation
Veazie, Mark A. Heavy Drinking, Alcoholism and Injuries at Work. Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1994. |
6198. |
Veazie, Mark A. Smith, Gordon S. |
Heavy Drinking, Alcohol Dependence, and Injuries at Work among Young Workers in the United States Labor Force Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24,12 (December 2000): 1811-1819. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb01985.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Injuries; Job Hazards; Labor Force Participation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: To determine whether heavily drinking and alcohol-dependent workers are at higher risk of occupational injury, we analyzed the nationally representative cohort of people enrolled in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth since 1979. Methods: This anlaysis was restricted to the 8569 respondents in the 1989 annual interview (age 24-32) who were employed during the 6 months before the interview. We studied occupational injuries (excluding sprains or strains) reported within 6 months of the interview in 1989 (cross-sectional analysis) and 1990 (prospective analysis). Results: Among current drinkers, significant two-fold increases in the odds of injury for one or more episodes of heavy drinking were reduced to an odds ratio (OR) of 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7,2.1) in the cross-sectional analysis and an OR of 1.6 (CI 1.0, 2.8) in the prospective analysis after adjustment for confounding. No dose-response relationship with the frequency of heavy drinking was found. Alcohol-dpendent responsents were not at higher risk of injury in the cross-sectional (OR =1.1, CI 0.7, 1.8) or prospective (OR = 1.3, CI 0.8, 2.2) analysis after adjustment for confounding. Conclusions: For young U.S. workers, common occupational injuries (excluding sprains or strains) may not be strongly associated with alcohol dependence. Confounding by other risk factors may explain much of the association between being a heavy drinker and occupational injuries in the population. |
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Bibliography Citation
Veazie, Mark A. and Gordon S. Smith. "Heavy Drinking, Alcohol Dependence, and Injuries at Work among Young Workers in the United States Labor Force." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24,12 (December 2000): 1811-1819.
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6199. |
Vedantam, Shankar |
Study Ties Wage Disparities To Outlook on Gender Roles Washington Post, Monday, September 22, 2008: Page A02. Also: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/21/AR2008092102529.html?hpid=topnews Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Men's Studies; Wage Gap; Women's Roles; Women's Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Men with egalitarian attitudes about the role of women in society earn significantly less on average than men who hold more traditional views about women's place in the world, according to a study being reported today. It is the first time social scientists have produced evidence that large numbers of men might be victims of gender-related income disparities. The study raises the provocative possibility that a substantial part of the widely discussed gap in income between men and women who do the same work is really a gap between men with a traditional outlook and everyone else. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vedantam, Shankar. "Study Ties Wage Disparities To Outlook on Gender Roles." Washington Post, Monday, September 22, 2008: Page A02. |
6200. |
Vejlin, Rune Veramendi, Gregory |
Sufficient Statistics for Frictional Wage Dispersion and Growth Quantitative Economics 14,3 (28 July 2023): 935-979. Also: https://doi.org/10.3982/QE1485 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Displacement; Search Models; Sufficient Statistics; Wage Dispersion; Wage Growth; Wage Models; Wage Theory; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper develops a sufficient statistics approach for estimating the role of search frictions in wage dispersion and life-cycle wage growth. We show how the wage dynamics of displaced workers are directly informative of both for a large class of search models. Specifically, the correlation between pre- and post-displacement wages is informative of frictional wage dispersion. Furthermore, the fraction of displaced workers who suffer a wage loss is informative of frictional wage growth and job-to-job mobility, independent of the job-offer distribution and other labor-market parameters. Applying our methodology to US data, we find that search frictions account for less than 20% of wage dispersion. In addition, we estimate that between 40 to 80% of workers experience no frictional wage growth during an employment spell. Our approach allows us to estimate how frictions change over time. We find that frictional wage dispersion has declined substantially since 1980 and that frictional wage growth, while low, is more important toward the end of expansionary periods. We finish by estimating two versions of a random search model to show how at least two different mechanisms -- involuntary job transitions or compensating differentials -- can reconcile our results with the job-to-job mobility seen in the data. Regardless of the mechanism, the estimated models show that frictional wage growth accounts for about 15% of life-cycle wage growth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vejlin, Rune and Gregory Veramendi. "Sufficient Statistics for Frictional Wage Dispersion and Growth." Quantitative Economics 14,3 (28 July 2023): 935-979.
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6201. |
Velamuri, Malathi Rao |
Health Insurance, Employment-sector Choices and Job Attachment Patterns of Men and Women Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, 2004. Also: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/1450 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas at Austin Keyword(s): Expectations/Intentions; Job Promotion; Job Turnover; Work Attachment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the fourth chapter (joint with Richard Prisinzano), we examine differences in job turnover patterns between men and women. We expect to see job turnover when promotion opportunities on the job are low. Accordingly, we study the relationship between individuals' expectations of promotion on their jobs and their turnover behavior. We examine how this relationship varies between men and women and between more and less experienced workers. It is our hypothesis that early on in their careers, women who are strongly committed to a career are more likely to stay on in their jobs, regardless of promotion opportunities, in a bid to signal their commitment to the labor force. However, once women have acquired adequate labor market experience and their commitment to the labor force is no longer in question, we predict that their turnover behavior will be more responsive to career opportunities and will be similar to that of men. Using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we find that men and women differ in their response to promotion expectations. Specifically, we find that early in their career women with low promotion expectations are more likely to stay on a job than corresponding men. We also find that this difference diminishes with experience. |
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Bibliography Citation
Velamuri, Malathi Rao. Health Insurance, Employment-sector Choices and Job Attachment Patterns of Men and Women. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, 2004.. |
6202. |
Vella, Francis Farré, Lídia Klein, Roger |
A Parametric Control Function Approach to Estimating the Returns to Schooling in the Absence of Exclusion Restrictions: An Application to the NLSY IZA Discussion Paper No 4935, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 2010. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp4935.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Endogeneity; Schooling; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate the return to education using a sample drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Rather than accounting for the endogeneity of schooling through the use of instrumental variables we employ a parametric version of the Klein and Vella (2006a) estimator. This estimator bypasses the need for instruments by exploiting features of the conditional second moments of the errors. As the Klein and Vella (2006a) procedure is semi-parametric it is computationally demanding. We illustrate how to greatly reduce the required computation by parameterizing the second moments. Accounting for endogeneity increases the estimate of the return to education by 5 percentage points, from 7.6% to 12.7%. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vella, Francis, Lídia Farré and Roger Klein. "A Parametric Control Function Approach to Estimating the Returns to Schooling in the Absence of Exclusion Restrictions: An Application to the NLSY." IZA Discussion Paper No 4935, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 2010. |
6203. |
Vella, Francis Farré, Lídia Klein, Roger |
A Parametric Control Function Approach to Estimating the Returns to Schooling in the Absence of Exclusion Restrictions: An Application to the NLSY IVIE Working Paper-AD 2008-16, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE) Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Endogeneity; Schooling; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate the return to education using a sample drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Rather than accounting for the endogeneity of schooling through the use of instrumental variables we employ a parametric version of the Klein and Vella (2006a) estimator. This estimator bypasses the need for instruments by exploiting features of the conditional second moments of the errors. As the Klein and Vella (2006a) procedure is semi-parametric it is computationally demanding. We illustrate how to greatly reduce the required computation by parameterizing the second moments. Accounting for endogeneity increases the estimate of the return to education by 5 percentage points, from 7.6% to 12.7%. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vella, Francis, Lídia Farré and Roger Klein. "A Parametric Control Function Approach to Estimating the Returns to Schooling in the Absence of Exclusion Restrictions: An Application to the NLSY." IVIE Working Paper-AD 2008-16, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, 2008. |
6204. |
Venator, Joanna |
Dual-Earner Migration Patterns: The Role of Locational Compatibility within Households Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Dual-Career Families; Geocoded Data; Migration; Mobility, Residential; Occupations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, I analyze how locational compatibility of married couples' occupations affect their household migration decisions. First, I use indices of occupational agglomeration to explore whether spouses in occupations concentrated in similar regions are more or less likely to move and the implications of this compatibility on their earnings post-move. This descriptive data work suggests that if spouses' careers are concentrated in similar locations or if spouses have similar preferred locations, they are more likely to both earn more and move more. I then build a structural model in which households decide whether to move as a function of occupation- location match and individual location preference shocks. I estimate the model using full information maximum likelihood with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, with separate estimation for households with married couples and for households with individuals. Using this model, I show that migration costs vary across occupation groups, with those in occupations that are more locationally disperse having lower migration costs. I then use the parameters estimates from the married couple's model and the individual's model to show that differences in migration rates across household types is not associated with systematically different preferences for married versus single individuals, but instead due to the increased costs of moving when a household has two people's preferences to consider and the mismatch in returns to migration by occupation and location within a household. |
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Bibliography Citation
Venator, Joanna. "Dual-Earner Migration Patterns: The Role of Locational Compatibility within Households." Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2018. |
6205. |
Venkatesh, Shrathinth |
Determinants of Income: Hours, Alcohol and Non-Cognitive Skills Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; College Graduates; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Income; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Skills; Social Capital; STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics); Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The determinants of income has been a key area of research in labor economics, and a large part of this has focused on the relationship between education and wages. This ignores the many other ways that income is influenced. I explore additional avenues by which income is determined. I examine how education affects income by influencing the hours of work rather than wages directly. Next explore the mechanism that determines the relationship between drinking and income. And finally I continue exploring the importance of non-cognitive and other skills, particularly as they relate to job sorting and therefore determine income The first chapter uniquely documents the emerging role of education in the well known decline in U.S. male working hours. An insignificant hours difference between high school and college graduates becomes a highly significant 2 hours/week advantage for college graduates within a generation. This growing college hours premium is confirmed in alternate data over a longer time period. Moreover, the growing premium exists throughout the distribution and is not generated by the tails. The increasing premium persists across a wide variety of robustness checks and presents as a widespread phenomenon. The emerging college hours premium increases the overall college earnings premium despite recent trends in the college wage premium. The second chapter uniquely shows that the returns to drinking in social jobs exceed those in non-social jobs. While workers’ social skills yield higher returns in social jobs, controlling for these skills does not change the returns to drinking. This suggests a return beyond sorting on measured social skills. The higher returns in social jobs remain when including individual fixed effects and in a series of robustness exercises. The findings fit the hypothesis that drinking assists the formation of social capital in social jobs. The social capital associated with drinking represents both general and specific capital with a higher return to each in social jobs. The third chapter examines the relationship between education and the changes to occupational sorting in the US. I show a college degree is associated with sorting into all high skill occupations, but is less associated with sorting into high social skill occupations within one generation. I uniquely show that when considering the importance in skills in job sorting, the relationship between both social and math skills determines sorting for the latter generation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Venkatesh, Shrathinth. Determinants of Income: Hours, Alcohol and Non-Cognitive Skills. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2021. |
6206. |
Venkatesh, Shrathinth |
The Emerging College Hours Premium for Men Education Economics published online (27 July 2021): DOI: 10.1080/09645292.2021.1958169. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09645292.2021.1958169 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): American Community Survey; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Graduates; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; Male Sample; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper documents the emerging role of education in the well-known decline in US male working hours. An insignificant hours difference between high school and college graduates becomes a significant 2 hours/week advantage for college graduates within a generation. This growing college hours premium is confirmed in alternate data. Moreover, the growing premium exists throughout the distribution and is not generated by the tails. The increasing premium persists across a wide variety of robustness checks and presents as a widespread phenomenon. The emerging college hours premium increases the overall college earnings premium despite recent trends in the college wage premium. |
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Bibliography Citation
Venkatesh, Shrathinth. "The Emerging College Hours Premium for Men." Education Economics published online (27 July 2021): DOI: 10.1080/09645292.2021.1958169.
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6207. |
Ver Ploeg, Michele L. |
Parental Marital History and Measured Cognitive Development Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cognitive Development; Income; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Parenthood; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: Presented: Nashville, TN, American Council on Consumer Interest Annual Meetings, March 1996 |
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Bibliography Citation
Ver Ploeg, Michele L. "Parental Marital History and Measured Cognitive Development." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 1996. |
6208. |
Vercellini, Paolo Bandini, Veronica Viganò, Paola DiStefano, Giorgia Merli, Camilla E. M. Somigliana, Edgardo |
Proposal for Targeted, Neo-Evolutionary-Oriented, Secondary Prevention of Early-Onset Endometriosis and Adenomyosis. Part I: Pathogenic Aspects Human Reproduction 39,1 (January 2024): 1-17. Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dead229 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Adaptation/Evolution; Adenomyosis; Endometriosis; Hormonal Interventions; Infertility/Anovulation; Menarche/First Menstruation; Menarche/Menstruation/Period, Early; Menstruation/Menses/Period; Reproductive Diseases Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The potential for repeated ovulation and menstruation is thought to have provided a Darwinian advantage during the Palaeolithic. Reproductive conditions remained relatively stable until the pre-industrial era, characterized by late menarche, very young age at first birth, multiple pregnancies, and prolonged periods of lactational amenorrhoea. For hundreds of thousands of years, menstruators experienced few ovulatory cycles, even though they were genetically adapted to ovulate and menstruate every month. In the post-industrial era, the age at menarche gradually declined, the age at first birth progressively increased, and breastfeeding became optional and often of short duration. This created a mismatch between genetic adaptation and socio-environmental evolution, so that what was initially a probable reproductive advantage subsequently contributed to increased susceptibility to diseases associated with lifetime oestrogen exposure, such as ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer and, hypothetically, also those associated with the number of ovulatory menstruations, such as endometriosis and adenomyosis. The incidence of endometriosis shows a steep and progressive increase around the age of 25 years, but given the consistently reported delay in diagnosis, the actual incidence curve should be shifted to the left, supporting the possibility that the disease has its roots in adolescence. This raises the question of whether, from an evolutionary point of view, anovulation and amenorrhoea should not still be considered the physiological state, especially in the postmenarchal period. However, an increase in the frequency of endometriosis in recent decades has not been demonstrated, although this deserves further epidemiological investigation. In addition, as endometriosis occurs in a minority of individuals exposed to retrograde menstruation, other important pathogenic factors should be scrutinised. Research should be resumed to explore in more detail the transtubal reflux of not only blood, but also endometrial cells, and whether they are systematically present in the peritoneal fluid after menstruation. If repetitive ovulatory menstruation during the early reproductive years is shown to increase the risk of endometriosis and adenomyosis development and progression in susceptible individuals, hormonal interventions could be used as secondary prevention in symptomatic adolescents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vercellini, Paolo, Veronica Bandini, Paola Viganò, Giorgia DiStefano, Camilla E. M. Merli and Edgardo Somigliana. "Proposal for Targeted, Neo-Evolutionary-Oriented, Secondary Prevention of Early-Onset Endometriosis and Adenomyosis. Part I: Pathogenic Aspects ." Human Reproduction 39,1 (January 2024): 1-17.
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6209. |
Verdugo, Naomi Nord, Roy D. |
Projections of the Male Youth Population and Enlistment Propensity by Army Recruiting Battalion, 1980-1995 Working Paper Research Product 87-34, Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Alexandria VA, 1987. Also: http://www.scientificcommons.org/18466096 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Geographical Variation; Hispanics; Language Problems; Military Enlistment; Military Recruitment; Profile of American Youth; Racial Differences; Tests and Testing This report provides estimates and projections of the number of 17- to 21-year-old males by race and Hispanic ethnicity in each Army recruiting battalion for the years 1980-1995. Additional estimates are provided by test score category (TSC) on the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), high school graduation status, and propensity to enlist in the Army specifically, and a more general propensity to enlist in any service. Population estimates and projections are also provided for Hispanic males aged 17 to 21 in each of 10 states with large Hispanic populations. A variety of data sources were utilized including the Profile of American Youth sample of the NLSY. Findings include evidence of significant population declines in this age group, particularly during the 1980-1985 period. Hardest hit by population declines are the 1st (Northeast) and 4th (Midwest) recruiting brigades. While the overall youth population is declining, the Hispanic population is increasing in both size and proportion. An obstacle to recruiting more Hispanics, however, is that they are less likely to graduate from high school than either whites or blacks. With respect to Insular Puerto Ricans, the inability to speak English prevents many from passing the AFQT. |
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Bibliography Citation
Verdugo, Naomi and Roy D. Nord. "Projections of the Male Youth Population and Enlistment Propensity by Army Recruiting Battalion, 1980-1995." Working Paper Research Product 87-34, Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Alexandria VA, 1987. |
6210. |
Verdugo, Richard R. |
Race, Ethnicity, and Attainment in the Early Career Report to the National Council of La Raza, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Hispanics; Occupational Attainment; Racial Differences; Teenagers Data from the 1979 NLSY are used to explore socioeconomic differentials in early career among Chicanos, blacks and whites. The attainment process appears to be more complex and disjointed for blacks than for whites or Chicanos. In fact, attainment for Chicanos seems to be less complex than for either blacks or whites and predicated primarily on merit and aspirations. Differences in the attainment process of the three groups are highlighted by the fact that blacks, although having more years of schooling, coming from better socioeconomic origins, and realizing greater income returns to their education than Chicanos, still earn less, on the average, and work at jobs comparable to those held by Chicanos. |
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Bibliography Citation
Verdugo, Richard R. "Race, Ethnicity, and Attainment in the Early Career." Report to the National Council of La Raza, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982. |
6211. |
Vergano, Dan |
Mothers' Careers Don't Hurt Kids Chicago Sun-Times, February 27, 1999, NWS; Pg. 1 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Chicago Sun-Times Keyword(s): Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Whether working or staying at home, a mother's career choice does not have a negative effect on her children, according to a new study. "Mothers feel guilty both ways, and they really shouldn't," said psychologist Elizabeth Harvey of the University of Massachusetts in Amherst, who conducted the study of more than 6,000 mothers and their children. All were participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a 20-year federal project. Researchers began interviewing many of the women in the study while they were teenagers. As they grew older, the study assessed their children's development. Earlier research findings had gone back and forth on the issue of whether children of working mothers had more behavior problems and academic deficiencies than children of homemakers. To help settle the issue, Harvey looked at the largest collection of women's responses about their working lives yet gathered while she was working at the University of Connecticut. Her results appear in the March issue of Developmental Psychology, a publication of the American Psychological Association. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vergano, Dan. "Mothers' Careers Don't Hurt Kids." Chicago Sun-Times, February 27, 1999, NWS; Pg. 1. |
6212. |
Verweij, Renske M. Keizer, Renske |
Remaining Childless: Examining the Different Patterns of Expectations that Lead to a Childless Life for Men SN Social Sciences (10 March 2023): DOI: 10.1007/s43545-023-00642-6. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43545-023-00642-6 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Early life fertility expectations fail to explain why a substantial proportion of men remain childless. To understand which roads lead to childlessness, it is important to investigate the patterning of fertility expectations across men's life courses. Therefore, the current study focuses on pathways into childlessness for men, by differentiating groups based on whether, and if so when, changes in fertility expectations occurred. In addition, we examine how these patterns of fertility expectations were linked to men's labour force participation (LFP) and marital relationships. We use data from the American National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and applied sequence, clustering, and multinomial logistic regression methods to analyze stability and change in childless men's life course between the ages of 22 and 47 (N = 679). Based on their patterns of fertility expectations, we identified four groups of childless men. (1) Early switchers (29%), (2) mid-thirty switchers (29%), (3) late or never switchers (25%), and men with unstable expectations (18%). Early switchers often got married early, while late or never switchers were more likely those who got married at a later age. In contrast, interrupted LFP was only weakly related to patterns of fertility expectations. Our longitudinal focus revealed, firstly, that different roads of fertility expectations lead to childlessness for men. Second, changes in men's partnership status often precede changes in their fertility expectations. This study is the first to use a prospective design to investigate childless men's complete reproductive history, revealing that different trajectories of fertility expectations lead to childlessness. |
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Bibliography Citation
Verweij, Renske M. and Renske Keizer. "Remaining Childless: Examining the Different Patterns of Expectations that Lead to a Childless Life for Men." SN Social Sciences (10 March 2023): DOI: 10.1007/s43545-023-00642-6.
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6213. |
Verweij, Renske M. Stulp, Gert Snieder, Harold Mills, Melinda C. |
Explaining the Associations of Education and Occupation with Childlessness: The Role of Desires and Expectations to Remain Childless Population Review 60,2 (2021): DOI: 10.1353/prv.2021.0016. Also: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/839240 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sociological Demography Press Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Occupational Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although there are well-established relationships between women's higher education, labour force participation (LFP), and occupation on the one hand and childlessness on the other hand in the US, the underlying reasons and the role that childlessness desires and expectations play remain unclear. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in the United States (N=4,198 women) and apply both logistic regression models to examine the role of childlessness desires early in life, and multilevel models for repeated measures to examine the role of childlessness expectations throughout the life course. We find that higher educational attainment and LFP are positively associated with childlessness. We do not find, however, that higher educated and working women more often desire or expect to remain childless. In contrast, we find that among women who ultimately remain childless, those women who work fulltime and have higher status occupations have higher expectations to have children throughout their life course. These results suggest that education and occupation produce constraints, resulting in the postponement of childbearing which hinders women in realizing their desires and expectations. Since many working women remain childless despite the desire and expectation to become a mother, our findings stress the importance of work-life reconciliation. It furthermore highlights the importance of increasing public awareness regarding the decrease in fecundity with age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Verweij, Renske M., Gert Stulp, Harold Snieder and Melinda C. Mills. "Explaining the Associations of Education and Occupation with Childlessness: The Role of Desires and Expectations to Remain Childless." Population Review 60,2 (2021): DOI: 10.1353/prv.2021.0016.
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6214. |
Vespa, Jonathan Edward |
Gender Ideology Construction: A Life Course and Intersectional Approach Gender and Society 23,3 (June 2009): 363-387. Also: http://gas.sagepub.com/content/23/3/363.short Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Marriage; Parental Marital Status; Parenthood; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using life course and intersectional perspectives, this study examines how changes in life experiences such as marriage, parenthood, and work are associated with changes in individuals' gender ideology. Using longitudinal survey data and fixed effects, findings suggest that exposure to these experiences influences gender ideology, though with greater variation than previous work has detected. Marriage exerts an egalitarian influence on Blacks but a less egalitarian one on whites. Parenthood has a less egalitarian effect for all married parents but an egalitarian one for most unmarried parents. These findings suggest that gender ideology is dynamic and life experiences are important sources of change. Furthermore, this change depends on individuals' race-gender categories and the configuration of life events to which they are exposed. These nuanced findings amend past work by better identifying for whom and under which conditions life experiences shape gender ideology. In doing so, this study illustrates how the conceptual and methodological approaches help us understand gender ideology construction by revealing substantial variation that went undetected in past work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vespa, Jonathan Edward. "Gender Ideology Construction: A Life Course and Intersectional Approach." Gender and Society 23,3 (June 2009): 363-387.
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6215. |
Vespa, Jonathan Edward Painter, Matthew A. II |
Cohabitation History, Marriage, and Wealth Accumulation Demography 48,3 (August 2011): 983-1004. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/ag75174242632630/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Ethnic Differences; Marital Status; Marriage; Racial Differences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study extends research on the relationship between wealth accumulation and union experiences, such as marriage and cohabitation. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we explore the wealth trajectories of married individuals in light of their premarital cohabitation histories. Over time, marriage positively correlates with wealth accumulation. Most married persons with a premarital cohabitation history have wealth trajectories that are indistinguishable from those without cohabitation experience, with one exception: individuals who marry their one and only cohabiting partner experience a wealth premium that is twice as large as that for married individuals who never cohabited prior to marrying. Results remain robust over time despite cohabiters' selection out of marriage, yet vary by race/ethnicity. We conclude that relationship history may shape long-term wealth accumulation, and contrary to existing literature, individuals who marry their only cohabiting partners experience a beneficial marital outcome. It is therefore important to understand the diversity of cohabitation experiences among the married. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vespa, Jonathan Edward and Matthew A. II Painter. "Cohabitation History, Marriage, and Wealth Accumulation." Demography 48,3 (August 2011): 983-1004.
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6216. |
Veum, Jonathan R. |
Gender and Race Differences in Company Training Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 35,1 (January 1996): 32-44. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1996.tb00393.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Training; Training, On-the-Job Using recent data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, it is found that, among young workers from 1986 to 1991, there were no gender or race differentials in the likelihood of receiving training, in participation in multiple training events, or in hours of training received. White women, however, were more likely to receive more training per hour worked than white men. This gender differential appears to occur because white women are more likely to work fewer hours and to be employed in entry-level positions that are associated with greater training intensity. Full text online. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM 10384.00 |
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Bibliography Citation
Veum, Jonathan R. "Gender and Race Differences in Company Training." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 35,1 (January 1996): 32-44.
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6217. |
Veum, Jonathan R. |
Interrelation of Child Support, Visitation, and Hours of Work Monthly Labor Review 115,6 (June 1992): 40-47. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1992/06/art4abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Support; Fathers, Absence; Hispanics; Maternal Employment This article focuses on employment and other characteristics of mothers with custody of children, and of absent fathers, by father's child support payment and visitation practices, 1988. Data are from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. It includes 5 tables that show mothers and absent fathers aged 23-31, by marital status, educational attainment, race, Hispanic origin, distance father lives from child and frequency of visits, whether employed in previous year, and annual earnings and hours worked; and mothers, by child care expenditures in last four weeks, and average expenditures; all by whether father pays child support and visits children, 1988. |
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Bibliography Citation
Veum, Jonathan R. "Interrelation of Child Support, Visitation, and Hours of Work." Monthly Labor Review 115,6 (June 1992): 40-47.
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6218. |
Veum, Jonathan R. |
Sources of Training and Their Impact on Wages Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48,4 (July 1995): 812-826. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2524358 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Apprenticeships; Educational Status; Occupational Aspirations; Schooling, Post-secondary; Training; Training, Occupational; Vocational Training; Wage Effects; Wage Levels; Wages Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1986 to 1990, the author investigates the wage impact of various sources of training--among them, company training programs, apprenticeships, business schools, vocational and technical institutes, correspondence courses, and seminars outside the workplace. Time spent in training (of whatever kind) apparently did not affect 1990 wage levels. The incidence of two kinds of training, however--company training and seminars outside work--was positively related to wage levels as well as to wage change between 1986 and 1990; that is, workers who undertook such training enjoyed higher wages than those who did not. Time spent in vocational schools was also positively associated with wage change, though not with 1990 wage levels. The other forms of training had no apparent impact on either wage levels or wage change. |
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Bibliography Citation
Veum, Jonathan R. "Sources of Training and Their Impact on Wages." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48,4 (July 1995): 812-826.
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6219. |
Veum, Jonathan R. |
The Relationship Between Child Support and Visitation: Evidence from Longitudinal Data Social Science Research 22,3 (September 1993): 229-244. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X83710112 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Child Support; Fathers, Absence; Heterogeneity; Male Sample; Parental Influences; Simultaneity; Support Networks It has been argued that child-support payments and visits by an absent father are positively related. As a result, improvements in visitation laws and the child support system are thought to have complementary effects on each other. However, previous empirical estimates ignore the causal relationship and simultaneity between child support and visitation, as well as possible heterogeneity in unobserved characteristics of parents. This paper uses data for a sample of custodial mothers and absent fathers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the relationship between child support and visitation. A set of simultaneous equations which eliminate unobserved differences between individuals are estimated. The findings indicate that changes in child support have no impact on changes in visitation and changes in visitation have no effect on changes in child support. The results suggest that the observed positive correlation between the two activities is due to unmeasured characteristic's of the parents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Veum, Jonathan R. "The Relationship Between Child Support and Visitation: Evidence from Longitudinal Data." Social Science Research 22,3 (September 1993): 229-244.
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6220. |
Veum, Jonathan R. |
Training Among Young Adults: Who, What Kind, and for How Long? Monthly Labor Review 116,8 (August 1993): 27-32. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1993/08/art3abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Apprenticeships; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Employment, Youth; Hispanics; Minorities; Training; Training, Off-the-Job; Vocational Training Investments in education and training are widely expected to improve the U.S. position in the global market by improving worker productivity. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that 38% of young adults received training between 1986 and 1991. The types of training included company training programs, seminars, apprenticeships, business school, vocational and technical institutes, and correspondence courses. Whites and men were more likely to receive company training, while Blacks, Hispanics, and women were more likely to attend off-the-job training programs. The likelihood of receiving training increased with education and score on the Armed Forces Qualifying Test. |
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Bibliography Citation
Veum, Jonathan R. "Training Among Young Adults: Who, What Kind, and for How Long?" Monthly Labor Review 116,8 (August 1993): 27-32.
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6221. |
Veum, Jonathan R. |
Training and Job Mobility Among Young Workers in the United States Journal of Population Economics 10,2 (June 1997): 219-233. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/vg9kyhvwvqkv75vp/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Human Capital; Job Training; Job Turnover; Mobility, Occupational; Quits; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Training Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1987 to 1992, the determinants of training and the impact of training on job turnover are examined for young private sector workers in the United States. It is found that the receipt of company training is positively correlated with education, ability, and prior tenure at the job. The results provide only limited evidence that company training reduces turnover. There is substantial evidence, however, that training which is not financed by employers increases job mobility. The results imply that training plays an important role in the job search and job matching process among young workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Veum, Jonathan R. "Training and Job Mobility Among Young Workers in the United States." Journal of Population Economics 10,2 (June 1997): 219-233.
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6222. |
Veum, Jonathan R. |
Training, Wages, and the Human Capital Model Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Human Capital Theory; Modeling; Training; Training, Employee; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Growth; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, recent data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to examine the predictions of the human capital model concerning the relationship between training and wages. As implied by the model, training received from the current employer is associated with increased wage growth. However, there is no indication that company training is negatively related to the starting wage. Also, there is evidence that training is general, or is portable across employers. Hence, contrary to the implications of the traditional human capital model, employers appear to pay for general training. |
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Bibliography Citation
Veum, Jonathan R. "Training, Wages, and the Human Capital Model." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995. |
6223. |
Veum, Jonathan R. |
Training, Wages, and the Human Capital Model NLS Discussion Paper No. 96-31, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1995. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl950090.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Human Capital; Job Training; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Growth While there are a number of theories as to why wages increase over an individual's work life, a commonly accepted interpretation is that upward sloping wage profiles reflect investments in human capital, particularly investments in job training. The traditional human capital model predicts that training lowers the starting wage and increases wage growth. This study uses recent data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to examine the predictions of the human capital model concerning the relationship between training and wages. In sum, the results, particularly the findings regarding training and the starting wage, do not support the conventional version of the human capital model and suggest that alternatives to the traditional model should be considered. The results from estimating starting wage regressions indicate that there is not a negative relationship between starting wages and current company training. If anything, starting wages and company training appear to be positively related. Also, the data indicate that off-site company paid training is portable across employers, or is general. Taken together, these results suggest that firms, rather than workers, pay for general training, which is inconsistent with the standard human capital model. The estimates from the wage growth regressions are more consistent with the human capital model. Training that is company financed has a positive impact on wage growth independent of tenure at the current job. Company training that takes place outside the work place is particularly effective in enhancing wages. This result is interesting given that this form of training appears to be the most general. Hence, while companies appear to finance training that provides skills which are useful both within and across firms, this training may differ from what is commonly considered as "on-the job" training. |
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Bibliography Citation
Veum, Jonathan R. "Training, Wages, and the Human Capital Model." NLS Discussion Paper No. 96-31, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1995. |
6224. |
Veum, Jonathan R. |
Training, Wages, and the Human Capital Model Southern Economic Journal 65,3 (January 1999): 526-538. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1060813 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Human Capital; Job Training; Training; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using recent data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study examines the predictions of the human capital model concerning the relationship between training, starting wages, and wage growth. As implied by the model, training, particularly employer-financed training, is positively related to wage growth. Company-financed training also appears to be portable across jobs or to have a general component. In addition, there is some evidence that workers pay for initial Graining through a reduced starting wage. The results provide partial support for the human capital model. |
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Bibliography Citation
Veum, Jonathan R. "Training, Wages, and the Human Capital Model." Southern Economic Journal 65,3 (January 1999): 526-538.
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6225. |
Veum, Jonathan R. |
Wage Mobility and Wage Inequality Among Young Workers Contemporary Policy Issues 11,4 (October 1993): 31-41. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1993.tb00399.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): High School Completion/Graduates; Mobility; Psychological Effects; Wage Dynamics; Wages, Youth Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys are used to examine wage inequality and wage mobility within the wage distribution for young high school graduates during their early years in the labor market. The analysis constructs a new index that facilitates measuring mobility changes over time. The data indicate that no strong relationship exists between wage mobility and wage inequality for young workers. Controlling for time invariant differences between individuals also indicates that between the 1970s and the 1980s factors that impact mobility underwent very few changes. Using longitudinal data can possibly add another dimension to wage distribution discussions. The techniques used in the analysis illustrate the limitations of simply examining a time series of cross- sections. Incorporating longitudinal data into mobility analyses might yield important insight into wage distribution dynamics. (Copyright Western Economic Association 1993) |
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Bibliography Citation
Veum, Jonathan R. "Wage Mobility and Wage Inequality Among Young Workers." Contemporary Policy Issues 11,4 (October 1993): 31-41.
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6226. |
Veum, Jonathan R. Gleason, Philip M. |
Child Care: Arrangements and Costs Monthly Labor Review 114,10 (October 1991): 10-17. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1991/10/art2abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Care; Dual-Career Families; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Racial Differences; Unemployment; Work Hours/Schedule The 1988 NLSY and the 1983 NLS of Young Women are used to examine several child care issues in the United States. Younger and older women frequently use relatives to provide child care, but older women use persons other than relatives more frequently. These data indicate that the use of child care centers by mothers is directly related to family income. The results also indicate that upper-income families can more easily afford private centers, while poorer families are more likely to use public centers. Average weekly expenditures on child care are about $60 for younger women and $45 for older women. Younger women utilize child care services an average of 39.4 hours a week, compared with 24.7 hours for older women. These data suggest that child care expenditures and hourly usage are also related to family income. Findings also suggest that women in low-income families are more likely to have gaps in employment because adequate child care arrangements are more difficult to find. |
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Bibliography Citation
Veum, Jonathan R. and Philip M. Gleason. "Child Care: Arrangements and Costs." Monthly Labor Review 114,10 (October 1991): 10-17.
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6227. |
Veum, Jonathan R. Weiss, Andrea B. |
Education and the Work Histories of Young Adults Monthly Labor Review 116,4 (April 1993): 11-20. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1993/04/art2abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Dropouts; Educational Attainment; Work Experience; Work Histories Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show significant differences by sex and race in youth labor market experience; however, many of these differences become smaller or disappear completely with increases in educational attainment. These data allow for fairly precise determination of measures of labor market activity not available from any other data source. These data indicate that work experience between the ages of 18 and 27 varies substantially by sex, race, and educational level, and reveal patterns of work behavior that are somewhat surprising. For example, by age 27, individuals with 1 to 3 years of college education have, on average, worked more weeks than have high school graduates. Also, college graduates average more total weeks worked than do high school dropouts at all ages, even between the ages of 18 and 22, when many college graduates are attending school full time. This finding reflects the fact that young female high school dropouts acquire very little work experience. This article analyzes the work histories of young workers, focusing on differences in work experience by educational level. The results permit comparison by educational level of work patterns by years of age for persons aged 18 to 27 over the 1978-90 period. (Copyright Superintendent of Documents 1993) |
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Bibliography Citation
Veum, Jonathan R. and Andrea B. Weiss. "Education and the Work Histories of Young Adults." Monthly Labor Review 116,4 (April 1993): 11-20.
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6228. |
Vicinie, Laura |
Propensity of Parental Divorce and the Educational Attainment of Children Honors Thesis (BA), Division of Economics, A.J. Palumbo School of Business Administration and McAnulty College of Liberal Arts, Duquesne University, December 2010 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Division of Economics, A.J. Palumbo School of Business Administration and McAnulty College of Liberal Arts, Duquesne University Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Divorce; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Parental Influences; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and survival analysis, this research answers the question "What effect does the propensity of parental divorce have on the educational attainment of children?" To the extent that divorce influences children's educational attainment, this topic is of interest to economists because of the effect of education on worker productivity. Survival analysis is beneficial because, unlike previous research on the relationship between divorce and children's education, it allows for the inclusion of right-censored observations. I find that the hazard of parental divorce when looking at a mother's single spell of marriage is not a significant indicator of children's educational attainment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vicinie, Laura. "Propensity of Parental Divorce and the Educational Attainment of Children." Honors Thesis (BA), Division of Economics, A.J. Palumbo School of Business Administration and McAnulty College of Liberal Arts, Duquesne University, December 2010. |
6229. |
Vidal Fernandez, Maria Antonia |
Essays on Education and Labor Supply Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Boston University, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Child Care; Cross-national Analysis; Extracurricular Activities/Sports; Grandparents; High School Completion/Graduates; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation evaluates policy-relevant issues in labor and education in developed and developing countries. The first chapter analyzes the effects on high school graduation and other academic outcomes of academic requirements for participation in high school athletics. I use a simple conceptual framework to illustrate the possible effects of the requirement and derive testable predictions. Then, I combine data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) with data on the rules to test the model's predictions. I find that requiring athletes to pass one additional course increased the overall likelihood of graduation among boys by two percentage points but did not affect female students, who at the time had limited access to interscholastic competition. The second chapter (with Josefina Posadas) examines the role of grandparents' child-care provision on mothers' labor market participation. Using the NLSY79 and data from eleven European countries (SHARE), we find significant differences in characteristics of families who rely on this form of child care. Both ordinary least squares and instrumental variables estimates show that the availability of grandparents' care is linked to an increase in the probability of female labor force participation. The third chapter (with Xavier Giné and Mónica Martínez-Bravo) studies the labor supply of Indian boat-owners. It uses daily data on labor force participation and the value of catches to test whether the response of labor supply to increases in wages and income is better explained by the conventional framework of inter-temporal substitution or by reference-dependent preferences. This chapter shows that boat-owners' labor participation depends not only on their expected earnings, but also on their recent earnings, supporting income-reference-dependent preferences models. However, the response to changes in recent income is small relative to the response to changes in expected earn ings. Furthermore, the results imply that short-term labor supply models should include recent earnings conditional and recent effort as control variables. Since recent earnings are positively correlated with expected earnings and negatively related to the probability of participation, omitting this variable yields downward-biased elasticity estimates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vidal Fernandez, Maria Antonia. Essays on Education and Labor Supply. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Boston University, 2011. |
6230. |
Vidal-Fernández, Marian |
The Effect of Minimum Academic Requirements to Participate in Sports on High School Graduation The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 11,1 (August 2011): . Also: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bejeap.2011.11.issue-1/bejeap.2011.11.1.2380/bejeap.2011.11.1.2380.xml?rskey=v7VL8y&result=1&q=vidal-fernandez Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Keyword(s): Athletics (see SPORTS); Cross-national Analysis; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Extracurricular Activities/Sports; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Curriculum; Sports (also see ATHLETICS) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. During the 1970s, state interscholastic associations imposed rules requiring student athletes to pass a certain number of subjects in order to be allowed to participate in school sports. Using the NLSY together with a newly collected dataset on the stringency of the rules, I exploit variation in the rules across states to estimate their effects on high school graduation. I find that requiring students to pass one additional course is associated with a two-percentage-point increase in the likelihood of graduation. This result survives a number of robustness checks, including finding no effect for female students who at the time had limited access to interscholastic competitions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vidal-Fernández, Marian. "The Effect of Minimum Academic Requirements to Participate in Sports on High School Graduation." The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 11,1 (August 2011): .
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6231. |
Vilhuber, Lars |
Sector-Specific On-the-Job Training: Evidence from U.S. Data CIRANO Working Papers 97s-42, Center for Interuniversity Research and Analysis on Organizations, December 1997. Also: http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/circirwor/97s-42.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: CIRANO - Center for Interuniversity Research and Analysis on Organizations Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Training, On-the-Job Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we re-examine the effect of formal on-the-job training on mobility patterns of young American workers. By employing parametric duration models, we evaluate the economic impact of training on productive time with an employer. Confirming previous studies, we find a positive and statistically significant impact of formal on-the-job training on tenure with the employer providing the training. However, expected duration net of the time spent in the training program is generally not significantly increased. We proceed to document and analyze intra-sectoral and cross-sectoral mobility patterns in order to infer whether training provides firm-specific, industry-specific, or general human capital. The econometric analysis rejects a sequential model of job separation in favor of a competing risks specification. We find significant evidence for the industry-specificity of training. The probability of sectoral mobility upon job separation decreases with training received in the current industry, whether with the last employer or previous employers, and employment attachment increases with on-the-job training. These results are robust to a number of variations on the base model. An investigation of gender differences in occupational attainment of prime-age U.S. workers reveals that such differences do exist, especially among women, but apparently are the results of voluntary choices and long-term changes in the labor market |
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Bibliography Citation
Vilhuber, Lars. "Sector-Specific On-the-Job Training: Evidence from U.S. Data." CIRANO Working Papers 97s-42, Center for Interuniversity Research and Analysis on Organizations, December 1997. |
6232. |
Vilhuber, Lars |
Trois Essais sur La Mobilité la Formation des Travailleurs en Allemagne et Aux Etats-Unis (French and English Text) Ph.D. Dissertation, Université de Montreal (Canada), 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Apprenticeships; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Market Segmentation; Mobility; Training, On-the-Job; Unemployment Rate; Unions; Wage Models; Wages Chapter 1 reviews models of on-the-job training and the empirical evidence in light of those models. A brief overview of the theory correlating alternative utility to a worker's wages is given within the context of Chapter 2. In Chapter 2 we look at how labor market conditions at different points during the tenure of individuals with firms are correlated with current earnings. Using data on individuals from the German Socioeconomic Panel for the period 1985 to 1994, we find that both the contemporaneous unemployment rate and prior values of the unemployment rate are significantly correlated with current earnings, contrary to results for the American labor market. Whereas local unemployment rates determine levels of earnings, national rates influence contemporaneous variations in earnings. We interpret this result as evidence that German unions do in fact bargain over wages and employment, but that models of individualistic contracts, such as the implicit contract model, may explain some of the observed wage drift and longer term wage movements reasonably well. Furthermore, we explore the heterogeneity of contracts over a variety of worker and job characteristics. In particular, we find evidence that contracts differ across firm we and workers type. Formal on-the-job training and its impact on the sectoral mobility of workers is the subject of Chapters 3 and 4. In Chapter 3, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we re-examine the effect of formal on-the-job training on mobility patterns of young American workers. Confirming previous studies, we find a positive and statistically significant impact of formal on-the-job training on tenure with the employer providing the training. However, expected duration net of the time spent in the training program is generally not significantly increased. We proceed to document and analyze intra-sectoral and cross-sectoral mobility patterns in order to infer whether training provides firm-specific, industry-specific, or general human capital. The econometric analysis rejects a sequential model of job separation in favor of a competing risks specification. We find significant evidence for the industry-specificity of training. The probability of sectoral mobility upon job separation decreases with training received in the current industry, whether with the last employer or previous employers, and employment attachment increases with on-the-job training. Finally, Chapter 4 studies mobility patterns of German workers in fight of a model of sector-specific human capital. Furthermore, I employ and describe little-used data on continuous on-the-job training occurring after apprenticeships. Results are presented describing the incidence and duration of continuous training. Continuous training is quite common, despite the high incidence of apprenticeships which precedes this part of a worker's career. Most previous studies have only distinguished between firm-specific and general human capital, generally concluding that training was general. Inconsistent with those conclusions, I show that German men are more likely to find a job within the same sector if they have received continuous training in that sector. These results are similar to results obtained for young U.S. workers, and suggest that sector-specific capital is an important feature of very different labor markets. Furthermore, the results suggest that the observed effect of training on mobility is sensitive to the state of the business cycle. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Vilhuber, Lars. Trois Essais sur La Mobilité la Formation des Travailleurs en Allemagne et Aux Etats-Unis (French and English Text). Ph.D. Dissertation, Université de Montreal (Canada), 1999. |
6233. |
Villalobos, Amber Brand, Jennie E. |
Does College Prevent Single Parenthood, and for Whom? Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): College Degree; Disadvantaged, Economically; Parents, Single; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to form single parent families, and single parent family status is associated with a range of disadvantaged life outcomes. Although educational attainment is a channel through which disadvantage can be circumvented, previous research has found heterogeneous effects of college completion such that students who are less likely to complete college experience greater benefits of college. In this study, we examine the differential effects of college completion on becoming a single parent. Using data from National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), we apply propensity score and machine-learning models to determine which subpopulations experience the largest effects. We find large negative effects of college completion on ever being a single parent and the proportion of time spent as a single parent for students with a low propensity to complete college. Students on the margin are thus those for whom college significantly circumvents family disadvantage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Villalobos, Amber and Jennie E. Brand. "Does College Prevent Single Parenthood, and for Whom?" Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2019. |
6234. |
Villalobos, Amber Brand, Jennie E. |
The Differential Impact of College on Becoming a Single Parent Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Degree; Marital Status; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research has found heterogeneity in the effects of college completion on family formation patterns. However, scholars have not yet examined heterogeneity in the joint effect of college on fertility and marital status via single parenthood--an important predictor of inequality. Using data from National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), we ask how the effect of college on single parenthood differs across the college-going population using both theoretically-driven propensity score and covariate-stratified models and data-driven machine-learning models based on causal trees. We find large negative effects of college completion on ever being a single parent and the proportion of time spent as a single parent for students with a low propensity to complete college. We also uncover particular disadvantaged subpopulations for whom college circumvents single parenthood. In general, students on the margins are thus those for whom college significantly circumvents family disadvantage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Villalobos, Amber and Jennie E. Brand. "The Differential Impact of College on Becoming a Single Parent." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
6235. |
Vining, Daniel R. |
On the Possibility of the Reemergence of a Dysgenic Trend with Respect to Intelligence in American Fertility Differentials Intelligence 6,3 (July-September 1982): 241-264. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0160289682900022 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Birth Rate; Children; Family Influences; Fertility; I.Q. This paper examines the relationship between IQ and fertility in the NLSY, a sample of men and women aged 25-34 as of the late l970s. The major finding of previous studies was that the IQ/fertility relationship is slightly positive, contrary to expectations though confirmatory of the so-called Eugenic Hypothesis. The working hypothesis is that this finding is special to the cohort chosen for study, i. e., one whose child-bearing took place during a period of rising birth rates. In periods of rising birth rates, persons with higher intelligence tend to have fertility equal to, if not exceeding, that of the population as a whole. In periods of falling birth rates, the opposite is the case. This thesis is generally supported by the data set described above. Fertility differentials to date within the post-World War II cohort, which entered its reproductive years during a period of falling birth rates, show a negative relationship between intelligence and fertility. The relationship is less negative for white men than for white women and for white women than for black women (black men are omitted from this study due to deficiencies in the data). The stated intentions of this cohort with respect to future fertility, if realized, will moderate the degree of this relationship, particularly for whites, but not change its sign. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vining, Daniel R. "On the Possibility of the Reemergence of a Dysgenic Trend with Respect to Intelligence in American Fertility Differentials." Intelligence 6,3 (July-September 1982): 241-264.
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6236. |
Visontay, Rachel Mewton, Louise Slade, Tim Aris, Izzuddin M. Sunderland, Matthew |
Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Depression: A Marginal Structural Model Approach Promoting Causal Inference American Journal of Psychiatry published online (18 Jan 2023): DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.22010043. Also: https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.22010043 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Depression (see also CESD); Modeling, Marginal Structural Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased risk for depression, but it remains unclear whether this is a causal relationship or a methodological artifact. To compare the effects of consistent abstinence and occasional, moderate, and above-guideline alcohol consumption throughout early to middle adulthood on depression at age 50, the authors conducted a secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and employed a marginal structural model (MSM) approach. Methods: Baseline was set at 1994, when individuals were ages 29-37. The MSM incorporated measurements of alcohol consumption in 1994, 2002, and 2006, baseline and time-varying covariates, and repeated measurements with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Short Form (CES-D-SF). A total of 5,667 eligible participants provided valid data at baseline, 3,593 of whom provided valid outcome data. The authors used all observed data to predict CES-D-SF means and rates of probable depression for hypothetical trajectories of consistent alcohol consumption. Results: The results approximated J-curve relationships. Specifically, both consistent occasional and consistent moderate drinkers were predicted to have reduced CES-D-SF scores and rates of probable depression at age 50 compared with consistent abstainers (CES-D-SF scores: b=−0.84, 95% CI=−1.47, −0.11; probable depression: odds ratio=0.58, 95% CI=0.36, 0.88 for consistent occasional drinkers vs. abstainers; CES-D-SF scores: b=−1.08, 95% CI=−1.88, −0.20; probable depression: odds ratio=0.59, 95% CI=0.26, 1.13 for consistent moderate drinkers vs. consistent abstainers). Consistent above-guideline drinkers were predicted to have slightly increased risk compared with consistent abstainers, but this was not significant. In sex-stratified analyses, results were similar for females and males. |
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Bibliography Citation
Visontay, Rachel, Louise Mewton, Tim Slade, Izzuddin M. Aris and Matthew Sunderland. "Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Depression: A Marginal Structural Model Approach Promoting Causal Inference." American Journal of Psychiatry published online (18 Jan 2023): DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.22010043.
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6237. |
Vobeja, Barbara |
Mothers' Employment Works for Children; Study Finds No Long-Term Damage Washington Post, March 1, 1999, A Section; Pg. A01 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Employment; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on Elizabeth Harvey's study of the relationship between maternal employment and child development. The study, which utilizes NLSY79 and Children of the NLSY79 data, found that children of working mothers did not suffer any permanent behavioral, psychological, or academic harm. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vobeja, Barbara. "Mothers' Employment Works for Children; Study Finds No Long-Term Damage." Washington Post, March 1, 1999, A Section; Pg. A01. |
6238. |
Vobeja, Barbara |
Mum's Out, But The Kids Are All Right Sydney Morning Herald, March 2, 1999, International News; Pg.10 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on Elizabeth's Harvey's study of the relationship between maternal employment and children's development. The study, which utilizes NLSY data, finds that there are no "permanent negative" behavioral, academic, or psychological effects due to maternal employment and that the additional income may be helping the child. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vobeja, Barbara. "Mum's Out, But The Kids Are All Right." Sydney Morning Herald, March 2, 1999, International News; Pg.10. |
6239. |
Voeks, Lisa Ann Ford |
Reservation Wage, Job-Search Behavior, and Labor Turnover: A Stochastic-Frontier Approach Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Georgia, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Labor Economics; Labor Turnover; Modeling; Modeling, Multilevel; Quits; Simultaneity; Wage Equations; Wages, Reservation The concept of the reservation wage plays an important role in theories of job search and labor turnover. The reservation wage is defined as the lowest wage necessary to induce someone to accept an offer of employment. Since the reservation wage is not directly observed, previous studies of its determinants and effects have either used a survey-reported measure or have inferred the reservation wage from estimates of an average wage equation. However, the former is widely believed to be biased upward and the latter biased downward as a proxy for the true, but unobserved, reservation wage. In this dissertation, I estimate a reservation wage for each individual worker, using a stochastic-frontier framework and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. I use a heteroscedasticity-corrected reservation-wage equation to calculate reservation wages for unemployed workers, and estimate a simultaneous-equations model of the relationship between the reservation wage and the duration of unemployment. The empirical results reveal that the higher the reservation wage, the longer an individual must search theory. However, the length of time spent unemployed has no effect on the reservation wage. I calculate a quasi-rent or labor-market differential for each worker, defined as the difference between the individual's observed wage and reservation wage. Theory predicts that workers who earn a wage at or slightly above their minimum supply price are more likely to quit, whereas employees whose salaries exceed their opportunity costs face a greater likelihood of layoff. I specify a binomial logit model of the relationship between the probability of on-the-job search and the quasi-rent, and formulate a multinomial logit model of the relationship between the quasi-rent and the odds of a subsequent quit or layoff. I find a positive and statistically significant relationship between the quasi-rent and the probability that a person experiences a layoff, and a negative and marginally significant relationship between the quasi-rent and the probability of on-the-job search. The estimated effect of the quasi-rent on the probability of on-the-job search. The estimated effect of the quasi-rent on the probability of quitting is negative but not statistically different from zero. |
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Bibliography Citation
Voeks, Lisa Ann Ford. Reservation Wage, Job-Search Behavior, and Labor Turnover: A Stochastic-Frontier Approach. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Georgia, 2000. |
6240. |
Vohra, Divya |
Understanding the Gap Between Fertility Intentions and Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Childhood; Fertility; First Birth; Household Influences; Parental Influences; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The third paper examines how women's experiences in early childhood shape their risk of unintended pregnancy later in life in the United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vohra, Divya. Understanding the Gap Between Fertility Intentions and Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, 2014. |
6241. |
von Hippel, Paul Lynch, Jamie L. |
A Simplified Equation for Adult BMI Growth, and Its Use to Adjust BMI for Age International Journal of Epidemiology 41,3 (June 2012): 888-890. Also: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/3/888 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Epidemiology; Growth Curves Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although standards for children’s growth in body mass index (BMI) are widely used,standards for BMI growth in adulthood are less developed. A year ago in this journal, Østbye et al. made an important contribution to the study of adult BMI growth by describing the average BMI growth curves for four latent groups of US adults followed from the age of 18 to 49 years in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort (NLSY79). Participants in the NLSY79 were born between 1957 and 1965. In this letter, we show that the average growth curves of all four groups can be summarized using one equation with a single parameter. We then use that equation to put the BMIs of adults measured at different ages on a common, age-adjusted scale. Finally, we illustrate how age-adjusted BMIs can be used in epidemiology. |
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Bibliography Citation
von Hippel, Paul and Jamie L. Lynch. "A Simplified Equation for Adult BMI Growth, and Its Use to Adjust BMI for Age." International Journal of Epidemiology 41,3 (June 2012): 888-890.
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6242. |
VonLockette, Niki T. Dickerson |
The Impact of Metropolitan Residential Segregation on the Employment Chances of Blacks and Whites in the United States City and Community 9,3 (September 2010): 256-273. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01332.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Discrimination; Employment; Family Characteristics; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Residence; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most tests of residential segregation\'s role in creating employment inequality between blacks and whites have focused on neighborhood characteristics (e.g. mean SES or distance from job centers), whereas this study considers the broader structure of residential segregation in which neighborhoods are situated and its implication in black/white disparities in access to employment opportunities. The study employs multilevel analyses and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test the effects of metropolitan segregation in 1979 on respondents\' probability of being employed by 1990 net of individual and family level characteristics, and to assess the role of segregation in explaining the race gap in employment between blacks and whites. The analyses reveal that residential segregation decreases employment odds for blacks and not for whites and explains the residual race gap in the probability of being employed. The depressive effect of segregation on employment is weaker for black women than it is for black men. |
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Bibliography Citation
VonLockette, Niki T. Dickerson. "The Impact of Metropolitan Residential Segregation on the Employment Chances of Blacks and Whites in the United States." City and Community 9,3 (September 2010): 256-273.
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6243. |
Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth |
Economic Disparities in Middle Childhood Development: Does Income Matter? Developmental Psychology 42,6 (November 2006): 1154-1167. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/42/6/1154/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) A large literature has documented the influence of family economic resources on child development, yet income's effects in middle childhood have been understudied. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 3,551), the author examined the influence of family income in early and middle childhood on academic skills and behavior problems during middle childhood. Early childhood income had enduring effects on children's behavior problems and academic skills in middle childhood. Middle childhood income did not influence academic skills but did affect the development of behavior problems during middle childhood. Children from low-income households were particularly sensitive to the effects of family income. The quality of home environment during early and middle childhood explained a portion of the effects of income on academic skills and behavior problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth. "Economic Disparities in Middle Childhood Development: Does Income Matter?" Developmental Psychology 42,6 (November 2006): 1154-1167.
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6244. |
Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth |
Income Changes and Cognitive Stimulation in Children's Home Environments during the Preschool and Early Elementary School Years Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cognitive Development; Family Resources; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although prior research has shown that family economic resources are strong predictors of the level of cognitive stimulation provided by children's home environments, methodological concerns suggest that omitted variables may bias these estimates. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N=2174) this study examined the influence of household income on cognitive stimulation in children's home environments during the transition to school. Cross-sectional regressions and longitudinal fixed effects models are estimated to examine the robustness of income's effect on children's home environments. Household income was positively related to the level of cognitive stimulation in children's home environments across both sets of analyses. The home environments of children in low-income households are particularly sensitive to income changes over time. The implications of this study for researchers and policy makers are discussed. This study focuses on five birth cohorts of children captured in the NLSY-CS at age 3-4 (time 1) and then again at age 7-8 (time 2), to maximize the focus on school readiness. (Uses the cognitive subscale of the HOME as an outcome.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth. "Income Changes and Cognitive Stimulation in Children's Home Environments during the Preschool and Early Elementary School Years." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002. |
6245. |
Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth |
Income Changes and Cognitive Stimulation in Young Children's Home Learning Environments Working Paper No. 312, Joint Center for Poverty Research, October 2002. Also: http://www.jcpr.org/wpfiles/Votruba-Drzal.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Cognitive Development; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Preschool Children; School Entry/Readiness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Please do not copy or cite without author's permission. Early home learning environments are the result of interactions between the developing child and the opportunity structures provided by the family. Income is one of several resources that affect the cognitive stimulation that children experience. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N=2174) this study examines the influence of household income on cognitive stimulation during the transition to school (3-4 years old to 7-8 years old). Cross-sectional and longitudinal fixed effects regressions are estimated to examine income's effect. Household income was positively related to the level of cognitive stimulation in children's home environments across both sets of analyses. Home environments of children in low-income households were particularly sensitive to income changes over time. The implications of these results for programs and policies that reduce disparities in school readiness are discussed. This study focuses on five birth cohorts of children captured in the NLSY-CS at age 3-4 (time 1) and then again at age 7-8 (time 2), to maximize the focus on school readiness. (Uses the cognitive subscale of the HOME as an outcome measure.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth. "Income Changes and Cognitive Stimulation in Young Children's Home Learning Environments." Working Paper No. 312, Joint Center for Poverty Research, October 2002. |
6246. |
Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth |
Income Changes and Cognitive Stimulation in Young Children's Home Learning Environments Journal of Marriage and Family 65,2 (May 2003): 341-356. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3600081 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Child Development; Children, Home Environment; Cognitive Development; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; School Entry/Readiness Early home learning environments are the result of interactions between the developing children and the opportunity structures provided by their families. Income is one of several resources that affect the cognitive stimulation that children experience. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 2,174) this study examines the influence of household income on cognitive stimulation during the transition to school (aged 3-4 years to 7-8 years). Cross-sectional and longitudinal fixed effects regressions are estimated to examine income's effect. Household income was positively related to the level of cognitive stimulation in children's home environments across both sets of analyses. Home environments of children in low-income households were particularly sensitive to income changes over time. The implications of these results for programs and policies that reduce disparities in school readiness are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth. "Income Changes and Cognitive Stimulation in Young Children's Home Learning Environments." Journal of Marriage and Family 65,2 (May 2003): 341-356.
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6247. |
Vyas, Pallavi |
Impact of Economic Opportunities on Teen Birth Rates and Crime Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Birth Rate; Geocoded Data; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper I study whether growth in womens' wages has led to a lowering of teen birth rates. Starting in the early 1990s, there has been employment and wage growth in both the low education and high education sectors, especially of women. I find that during this time teen birth rates decline in response to higher wages of women. The treatment group consists of women that lived in counties that experienced increases in womens' wages. The comparison group consists of counties that did not experience growth in womens' wages to the same extent due to the different composition of industries that grew at this time. I use an instrumental variable analysis to instrument for wage increases in the relevant counties. The instrumental variable analysis is then extended to analyze the NLSY79 and NLSY79 Young adults data. I estimate the probability that a young woman has a child given that she lives in a county that experiences higher growth of womens' wages. This research attempts to unravel the cause of at least some portion of the unexplained decline in teen birth rates that has continued to occur in the 1990s and 2000s in the US. |
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Bibliography Citation
Vyas, Pallavi. "Impact of Economic Opportunities on Teen Birth Rates and Crime." Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015. |
6248. |
Wada, Roy |
Obesity and Physical Fitness in the Labor Market Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2007. DAI-A 68/03, p. 1111, Sep 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Gender Differences; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Wage Equations; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Mixed results have been reported when body size is used to estimate the effect of health and nutritional status on worker productivity. This dissertation offers an alternative hypothesis that body composition rather than body size is responsible for the effects of health and nutritional status on worker productivity. Body fat is responsible for the poor health associated with obesity. Lean body mass is responsible for the superior performance associated with physical fitness. Studies using body size alone cannot distinguish the combined, but opposite effects, of body fat and lean body mass. A method is provided here that overcomes the lack of data for body composition. The clinical information available in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-94 (NHANES III) is used to estimate body composition for the survey participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY 1979). The inclusion of estimated body composition in the estimated wage equation shows that the effect of lean body mass on the wage rate is positive while the effect of body fat is negative. Estimated body composition is then used to examine the role of physical differences in the gender wage gap. The decomposition of the gender wage gap shows that most of the previously unexplained differences in wages between men and women can be attributed to the gender differences in body composition. The explanatory power of estimated body composition rises significantly with occupational physical strength requirements. This result suggests that estimated body composition is capturing occupational requirements previously omitted from the past studies. The findings presented in this dissertation indicate that body composition plays an important, though previously unidentified, role on wage determination. It is clear that capital investments in body composition yield economic dividends by impacting hourly wages of workers. Empirical studies that do not address differences in body composition risk obtaining biased results. Future public health policies should take into consideration the combined but opposite effects of body fat and lean body mass. It is not body size alone, but the compositional makeup of the human body, that public health policies may need to address. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wada, Roy. Obesity and Physical Fitness in the Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2007. DAI-A 68/03, p. 1111, Sep 2007. |
6249. |
Wada, Roy Tekin, Erdal |
Body Composition and Wages NBER Working Paper No. 13595, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2007. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W13595 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Economics of Discrimination; Heterogeneity; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); Obesity; Wage Determination; Wage Models This paper examines the effect of body composition on wages. We develop measures of body composition – body fat (BF) and fat-free mass (FFM) – using data on bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) that are available in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III and estimate wage models for respondents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Our results indicate that increased body fat is unambiguously associated with decreased wages for both males and females. This result is in contrast to the mixed and sometimes inconsistent results from the previous research using body mass index (BMI). We also find new evidence indicating that a higher level of fat-free body mass is consistently associated with increased hourly wages. We present further evidence that these results are not the artifacts of unobserved heterogeneity. Our findings are robust to numerous specification checks and to a large number of alternative BIA prediction equations from which the body composition measures are derived. Our work addresses an important limitation of the current literature on the economics of obesity. Previous research relied on body weight or BMI for measuring obesity despite the growing agreement in the medical literature that they represent misleading measures of obesity because of their inability to distinguish between body fat and fat-free body mass. Body composition measures used in this paper represent significant improvements over the previously used measures because they allow for the effects of fat and fat free components of body composition to be separately identified. Our work also contributes to the growing literature on the role of non-cognitive characteristics on wage determination. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wada, Roy and Erdal Tekin. "Body Composition and Wages." NBER Working Paper No. 13595, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2007. |
6250. |
Wada, Roy Tekin, Erdal |
Body Composition and Wages Economics and Human Biology 8,2 (July 2010): 242-254. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X10000213 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Methods/Methodology; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); Obesity; Wage Determination We develop measures of body composition - body fat (BF) and fat-free mass (FFM) - using data on bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) that are available in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III and estimate wage models for respondents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Previous research use body size or BMI as measures of obesity despite a growing concern that they do not distinguish between body fat and fat-free body mass or adequately control for non-homogeneity inside human body. Therefore, measures presented in this paper represent a useful alternative to BMI-based proxies of obesity. This paper also contributes to the growing literature on the role of non-cognitive factors on wage determination. Our results indicate that BF is associated with decreased wages for both males and females among whites and blacks. We also present evidence suggesting that FFM is associated with increased wages. We show that these results are not the artifacts of unobserved heterogeneity. Finally, our findings are robust to numerous specification checks and to a large number of alternative BIA prediction equations from which the body composition measures are derived. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wada, Roy and Erdal Tekin. "Body Composition and Wages." Economics and Human Biology 8,2 (July 2010): 242-254.
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6251. |
Waddell, Robert |
Alcohol's Effect on Learning New York Times, August 1, 1993, Section 4A, Education Life Supplement; Page 6 Column 4 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York Times Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Education; Education, Secondary; Educational Attainment; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on Cook and Moore's study of the effect of alcohol on high school students' rate of graduation and college matriculation. Using NLSY79 data, the researchers concluded that drinking did have a negative effect on academic performance, leading them to propose raising the minimum drinking age and taxes on beer sales. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waddell, Robert. "Alcohol's Effect on Learning." New York Times, August 1, 1993, Section 4A, Education Life Supplement; Page 6 Column 4. |
6252. |
Wadsworth, Thomas P. |
Employment, Crime, and Context: A Multi-Level Analysis of the Relationship Between Work and Crime Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2001. DAI, 62, no. 05A (2001): 1950 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Census of Population; Crime; Industrial Relations; Labor Market Demographics This dissertation examines the influence of work on criminal behavior. It stems from the perspective that work, at both the individual and community level, can shape attitudes, influence behavior and structure lifestyles. In this research, I examine whether industrial composition, labor market opportunities, and employment experiences, at both the macro and micro levels, can play an important role in affecting crime. I draw on U.S. Census Data, the Uniform Crime Reports, and individual level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine how industrial and labor market characteristics of areas can influence aggregate rates of crime and how the employment experiences of individuals can effect individual levels of participation in criminal behavior. This multi-level approach allows for the examination of individual and contextual-level causal mechanisms in the employment/crime relationship. At the aggregate level this research goes beyond much of the current literature by treating industrial composition, not labor force participation as the exogenous variable in aggregate models of work and crime. Industrial composition is shown to influence labor force participation, social organization, and residential segregation. All of these factors influence crime rates. This approach begins to address the role of labor market stratification, as well as de-industrialization in understanding the relationship between work and crime. At the individual-level I use subjective indicators of job quality to determine whether investments in employment can deter individuals from criminal behavior. The findings suggest an interpretation of the relationship between work and crime that is supportive of the age-graded social control theory proposed by Sampson and Laub (1990). The results also suggest that the industrial and labor market contexts of counties have a significant effect on individual criminal behavior above and beyond the influence of individual employment. Collectively, these findings offer strong support to the labor market stratification and crime perspective. This approach combines social control theory, social disorganization theory, and the routine activities and crime perspective to understand the role of individuals and communities in the relationship between work and crime. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wadsworth, Thomas P. Employment, Crime, and Context: A Multi-Level Analysis of the Relationship Between Work and Crime. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2001. DAI, 62, no. 05A (2001): 1950. |
6253. |
Wadsworth, Tim |
The Meaning of Work: Conceptualizing the Deterrent Effect of Employment on Crime Among Young Adults Sociological Perspectives 49,3 (Fall 2006): 343-368. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/sop.2006.49.3.343 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Academic Development; Behavior, Violent; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Attainment; Youth Problems Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are used to examine the influence of employment characteristics and other age-appropriate investments on young adults' participation in both violent and property crime. The findings suggest that quality of employment has a stronger influence on individuals' involvement in both economic and noneconomic criminal behavior than do income, job stability, educational achievement, and a variety of background factors. The implications of these findings for theoretical development and public policy are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wadsworth, Tim. "The Meaning of Work: Conceptualizing the Deterrent Effect of Employment on Crime Among Young Adults." Sociological Perspectives 49,3 (Fall 2006): 343-368.
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6254. |
Waite, Linda J. Berryman, Sue E. |
Job Stability Among Young Women: A Comparison of Traditional and Nontraditional Occupations American Journal of Sociology 92,3 (November 1986): 568-595. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2779916 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Job Turnover; Military Training; Mobility; Mobility, Labor Market; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Non-Traditional This paper explores young women's retention in sex-atypical jobs in the military and in civilian firms. It develops hypotheses about the effects on one-year turnover of sex composition of the occupation in the national labor force. These hypotheses were drawn from several theoretical perspectives on career mobility and the effects of outgroup membership on acceptance. Tests of these hypotheses, using data from the NLSY, provide no evidence that being in a nontraditional occupation increases the chances that a young woman will leave her current employer. The military sector shows a more complex relationship between occupational typicality and women's exit from the services. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J. and Sue E. Berryman. "Job Stability Among Young Women: A Comparison of Traditional and Nontraditional Occupations." American Journal of Sociology 92,3 (November 1986): 568-595.
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6255. |
Waite, Linda J. Berryman, Sue E. |
Women in Nontraditional Occupations: Comparisons of the Military and Civilian Sectors Presented: Detroit, MI, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Job Tenure; Military Training; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male; Occupations, Non-Traditional; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Since the early 1970s, the United States military has dramatically increased its recruitment of women and, to ensure that their promotion possibilities would equal those of men, has adopted a policy of distributing women among all eligible occupations, including some formerly filled only by men. The military has had mixed success in integrating women into these nontraditional jobs. Many women prefer traditional work, in medical, clerical, or administrative specialties. Anecdotal evidence suggests that recruiters sometimes pressure them into nontraditional training slots. Among those women who accept traditionally male jobs, tensions often arise with male coworkers and supervisors, which may explain, in part, the higher attrition rate of women. Attrition studies, though few in number, show high attrition of women from blue-collar, nontraditional jobs in both the military and civilian sectors; nontraditional professional, managerial, and administrative jobs show lower attrition. Hypotheses relating to female attrition rates in nontraditional jobs are developed and tested separately in the civilian and military sectors, using data from the NLSY (1979-1981), which included a special supplement on youth in the military, among them 300 women. A polytomous logit specification is used, allowing women who began the period in nontraditional jobs to: (1) remain in the job or change to another nontraditional job; (2) change to a traditional job; or (3) leave the labor force. Polytomous logit permits assessment of the impact of the independent variables on the probability of making each of these transitions relative to making a reference transition. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J. and Sue E. Berryman. "Women in Nontraditional Occupations: Comparisons of the Military and Civilian Sectors." Presented: Detroit, MI, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1983. |
6256. |
Waite, Linda J. Leibowitz, Arleen A. Witsberger, Christina |
What Parents Pay For: Child Care Characteristics, Quality, and Costs Journal of Social Issues 47,2 (Summer 1991): 33-48. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb00286.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Child Care; Children; Preschool Children Although most children whose mothers work receive some non-parental care, this "child care" varies greatly in its features, especially quality. Child development researchers and practitioners have explored in detail the features of child care that provide the best environment for children. However, we know virtually nothing about which parents select "high-quality" care for their children, or which arrangements most often have the features associated with the best outcomes for children. This paper explores these issues, using data from the NLSY. We find that on several dimensions, care in a home--the child's own, a nonrelative's or a relative's--provides features linked to quality care. Our results show, however, that parents do not pay more for any of the features of child care associated in the child development literatures with high quality. Finally, we find that those families with the greatest access to relatives obtain the highest "quality" care. The implications of these results are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J., Arleen A. Leibowitz and Christina Witsberger. "What Parents Pay For: Child Care Characteristics, Quality, and Costs." Journal of Social Issues 47,2 (Summer 1991): 33-48.
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6257. |
Waite, Linda J. Leibowitz, Arleen A. Witsberger, Christina |
What Parents Pay For: Quality of Child Care and Child Care Costs Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Care; Children; Preschool Children Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although most children whose mothers work receive some non-parental care, this "child care" varies greatly in its features, especially quality. Child development researchers and practitioners have explored in detail the features of child care that provide the best environment for children. However, we know virtually nothing about which parents select "high-quality" care for their children, or which arrangements most often have the features associated with the best outcomes for children. This paper explores these issues, using data from the NLSY. We find that on several dimensions, care in a home--the child's own, a nonrelative's or a relative's--provides features linked to quality care. Our results show, however, that parents do not pay more for any of the features of child care associated in the child development literatures with high quality. Finally, we find that those families with the greatest access to relatives obtain the highest "quality" care. The implications o f these results are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J., Arleen A. Leibowitz and Christina Witsberger. "What Parents Pay For: Quality of Child Care and Child Care Costs." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1988. |
6258. |
Waldfogel, Jane |
Child Welfare Research: How Adequate Are the Data? Children and Youth Services Review 22,9-10 (2000): 705-741. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740900001122 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adoption; Children, Well-Being; Data Analysis; Data Quality/Consistency; Exits; Foster Care; Kinship; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Welfare This article discusses research on child welfare, focusing on efforts to improve data collection and outcome measurement for children at risk of abuse or neglect, placement in foster care or kinship care, or adoption. Three studies of outcomes of children in foster care illustrate trends in child welfare research: Maas and Engler's 1959 cross-sectional study, Fanshel and Shinn's 1978 longitudinal study, and the Wald, et al. 1988 study. Wald found that foster children may not be as disadvantaged as the two previous studies found, illustrating that more advanced study designs produced different results. Cross sectional datasets, however, have become more formalized through the development of the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS), which coordinates data collected from state level agencies. To formalize data collection on foster care, the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) required states to submit data. This sharply increased the amount of data available. More data is needed for researchers to be able to compare child welfare systems across states and over time, as well as to analyze factors associated with entry and re-entry into care, exits from care, and other variables. Kinship care and adoption are other areas that can benefit from enhanced databases. Child welfare researchers must have access to longitudinal data. One development is the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW), which provides descriptive data on children and families involved with the child welfare system, their experiences with the system, and their long- and short-term outcomes. The NSCAW follows children and their families for three years, collecting data from parents, children, caseworkers, caregivers, and teachers. NSCAW also collects data on foster care, kinship care, and adoption. AFCARS also has the potential for collecting longitudinal data; other surveys include the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Outcome assessment can be summarized in three categories: safety, permanency, and well being. Of the three, permanency is the category for which the most data exists. Child and family well being is the category in the most need of a formalized system of identifying and tracking. The most pressing need in child welfare research is for a population-based sample of children at risk for abuse and neglect. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waldfogel, Jane. "Child Welfare Research: How Adequate Are the Data?" Children and Youth Services Review 22,9-10 (2000): 705-741.
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6259. |
Waldfogel, Jane |
The Family Gap for Young Women in the United States and Britain: Can Maternity Leave Make a Difference? Journal of Labor Economics 16,3 (July 1998): 505-545. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/209897 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Britain, British; Cross-national Analysis; Family Studies; Fertility; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Re-employment; Wage Effects; Wages, Young Women In the United States and Britain, there is a 'family gap' between the wages of mothers and other women. Differential returns to marital and parental status explain 40-50 percent of the gender gap. Another 30-40 percent is explained by women's lower levels of work experience and lower returns to experience. Taking advantage of 'quasi experiments' in job-protected maternity leave in the United States and Britain, this article finds that women who had leave coverage and returned to work after childbirth received a wage premium that offset the negative wage effects of children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waldfogel, Jane. "The Family Gap for Young Women in the United States and Britain: Can Maternity Leave Make a Difference?" Journal of Labor Economics 16,3 (July 1998): 505-545.
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6260. |
Waldfogel, Jane |
Understanding the "Family Gap" in Pay for Women with Children Journal of Economic Perspectives 12,1 (Winter 1998): 137-156. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/jep.12.1.137 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Britain, British; Cross-national Analysis; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Japan; Japanese; Job Tenure; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Parenthood; Wage Differentials; Wage Equations; Wage Gap; Wages, Women; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The narrowing of the gender gap in pay in the 1980s and 1990s, following decades in which the gap between the hourly earnings of women and men held constant, has been one of the most notable trends in the labor market in recent years. The decline in the gender gap has been all the more remarkable because it occurred while other types of wage inequality were increasing. These recent trends in the gender gap and in wage inequality have been extensively studied. However, less attention has been paid to the "family gap"-the wage differential between women with and without children. Although much of the evidence on links between family policies and women's pay is speculative, there is one policy--maternity leave--where we now have more persuasive evidence. Recent research in the United States, as well as comparative research on Britain and Japan, suggests that maternity leave coverage may raise women's pay. This research tells a clear story as to how such an effect might operate maternity leave coverage, by raising women's retention over the period of childbirth, raises women's wages by increasing their levels of work experience and job tenure and allowing them to maintain good job matches. Thus, maternity leave, along with other family policies, may be an effective remedy for the family gap in pay. (Adapted from the article by CHRR.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Waldfogel, Jane. "Understanding the "Family Gap" in Pay for Women with Children." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12,1 (Winter 1998): 137-156.
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6261. |
Waldfogel, Jane |
Women Working for Less: Family Status and Women's Pay in the United States and United Kingdom Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Britain, British; Cross-national Analysis; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Discrimination, Employer; Endogeneity; Family Studies; General Household Survey (GHS); Human Capital; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Modeling; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Variables, Instrumental; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wages, Women; Work Experience This dissertation investigates the "family gap" (wage differentials among women related to family status) as well as the gender gap (wage inequality between men and women), using American and British data (the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and of Youth and the Current Population Survey from the US, and the National Child Development Study and the General Household Survey from the UK). In both the US and UK, there is a large family gap. Among young women, mothers' wages lag twenty percentage points behind non-mothers', relative to men's. There are three alternative, but not mutually exclusive, hypotheses for this family gap. First, there might be no causal relationship between motherhood and lower wages and both might be due to unobserved heterogeneity. Second, the lower wages might be caused by the lower investment mothers make in human capital, such as education and experience. Third, some portion of the family gap might be due to the direct effects of family status. This dissertation investigates the effects of maternity leave, using an instrumental variables approach to control for the endogeneity of maternity leave usage, and finds a large positive effect of taking maternity leave and returning to the job. It also finds a large penalty to part-time work. Principal policy implications of this research are included. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waldfogel, Jane. Women Working for Less: Family Status and Women's Pay in the United States and United Kingdom. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1994. |
6262. |
Waldfogel, Jane |
Working Mothers Then and Now: A Cross-Cohort Analysis of the Effects of Maternity Leave on Women's Pay Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996. Also: Presented: Ithaca, NY, Conference on "Gender and Family Issues in the Workplace", Cornell University, April 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Background and Culture; Income; Labor Market Demographics; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Mothers; Wages, Women; Wages, Young Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses two young cohorts from the NLS-YW and NLSY to investigate the importance of family status as a component of the gender gap and the potential impact of job protected maternity leave as a remedy for the pay penalties associated with motherhood. The results suggest that despite the narrowing of the gender gap over the 1980s, family status continues to be quite important in explaining the lower pay of working mothers. The results also suggest that maternity leave policies can have an important effect on women's pay. In both cohorts, employment continuity over the period of childbirth is associated with higher pay, because women who maintain employment continuity over childbirth have higher wages to start but also because returning to the prior employer after childbirth leads to gains in work experience and job tenure. In the NLSY, women who were covered by a formal maternity leave policy and returned to their original employers after their most recent birth have higher current pay, all else equal, than other working mothers. Although the higher pay of these women is explained in part by higher pre-birth wages, there are also positive returns to having maternity leave coverage and returning to a pre-birth employer. Coverage even if not used to maintain employment continuity is associated with higher pay, perhaps reflecting covered women's superior position in the labor market relative to women without coverage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waldfogel, Jane. "Working Mothers Then and Now: A Cross-Cohort Analysis of the Effects of Maternity Leave on Women's Pay." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996. |
6263. |
Waldfogel, Jane |
Working Mothers Then and Now: A Cross-Cohort Analysis of the Effects of Maternity Leave on Women's Pay Presented: Ithaca, NY, Cornell University, Conference on "Gender and Family Issues in the Workplace", April 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Benefits; Family Studies; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Income; Parental Marital Status; Wage Differentials; Women's Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waldfogel, Jane. "Working Mothers Then and Now: A Cross-Cohort Analysis of the Effects of Maternity Leave on Women's Pay." Presented: Ithaca, NY, Cornell University, Conference on "Gender and Family Issues in the Workplace", April 1995. |
6264. |
Waldfogel, Jane |
Working Mothers Then and Now: A Cross-Cohort Analysis of the Effects of Maternity Leave on Women's Pay In: Gender and Family in the Workplace. F.D. Blau and R.G. Ehrenberg, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997: 92-126 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Wages, Women An examination of the disadvantages that women -- particularly young mothers -- face in today's workplace sets the stage for the debate...and Jane Waldfogel demonstrates that having children results in substantially lower wages for women. Adapted from publication publicity notice, copyright Russell Sage Foundation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waldfogel, Jane. "Working Mothers Then and Now: A Cross-Cohort Analysis of the Effects of Maternity Leave on Women's Pay" In: Gender and Family in the Workplace. F.D. Blau and R.G. Ehrenberg, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997: 92-126
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6265. |
Waldfogel, Jane Han, Wen-Jui Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne |
Early Maternal Employment and Child Outcomes: A Longitudinal Analysis of Children from the NLSY Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Breastfeeding; Employment History; Ethnic Differences; Fathers, Presence; Hispanics; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the long-term impact of early maternal employment on children's cognitive and behavioral outcomes, using data on 1872 children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We analyze non-Hispanic white, African American and Hispanic children separately and find that the effects of early maternal employment on later cognitive outcomes vary by race/ethnicity. For the non-Hispanic white children, employment in the first year of life has small but persistent adverse effects on cognitive outcomes even after controlling for poverty and other maternal and child characteristics, while employment in the second or third year of life has a small but persistent positive effect: having a mother who worked in the first year of life is associated with a 3-point lower score on the PPVT at ages 3 or 4, and a 2- to 3-point lower score on the PIAT Math and PIAT Reading Recognition at ages 5 or 6, and 7 or 8, while employment in the second or third years is associated with a 2- or 3-point higher score on most of these measures. These negative effects of first-year employment on cognitive outcomes, and positive effects of subsequent employment, are not found for the Africa-American children, while the results for the Hispanic children are mixed. The results for behavior problems also vary by race and ethnicity. For non-Hispanic white children, first-year maternal employment is associated with somewhat higher levels of internalizing problems at age 4 while second or third year employment is associated with lower levels of internalizing and externalizing problems at age 4, but all these effects fade out by age 7 or 8. For African-American children and Hispanic children, we found no significant effects of first, second, or third year employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waldfogel, Jane, Wen-Jui Han and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. "Early Maternal Employment and Child Outcomes: A Longitudinal Analysis of Children from the NLSY." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2000. |
6266. |
Waldfogel, Jane Higuchi, Yoshio Abe, Masahiro |
Family Leave Policies and Women's Retention after Childbirth: Evidence from the United States, Britain, and Japan Journal of Population Economics 12,4 (November 1999): 523-545. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/f3f0bqjxqp31eebq/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Britain, British; Cross-national Analysis; Japan; Japanese; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses labour force survey data to examine the employment rates and employment decisions of women with young children in the United States, Britain and Japan. Our results confrm that young children have a very strong negative effect on women's employment; this effect is most pronounced in Britain. We then take advantage of panel data to investigate the effects of family leave coverage on women's job retention after childbirth. We find that family leave coverage increases the likelihood that a woman will return to her employer after childbirth in all three countries, with a particularly marked effect in Japan. This result suggests that the recent expansions in family leave coverage in the sample countries are likely to lead to increased employment of women after childbirth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waldfogel, Jane, Yoshio Higuchi and Masahiro Abe. "Family Leave Policies and Women's Retention after Childbirth: Evidence from the United States, Britain, and Japan." Journal of Population Economics 12,4 (November 1999): 523-545.
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6267. |
Waldfogel, Jane Mayer, Susan E. |
Gender Differences in the Low-Wage Labor Market In: Finding Jobs: Work and Welfare Reform. D.E. Card and R.M. Blank, eds. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; Family Size; Gender; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Marital Status; Part-Time Work; Wage Effects; Wage Levels; Wages; Work Experience ...Thus, this chapter differs from previous research in that we estimate and decompose changes in the gender gap in pay for workers with different levels of education. Also in contrast to prior research, we include detailed controls for marital status and number of children, and we include both full-time and part-time workers. In common with prior research, we use both cross-sectional and panel data, so that we can take actual work experience and job tenure into account as well as the usual controls for education and other human capital and demographic variables that affect wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waldfogel, Jane and Susan E. Mayer. "Gender Differences in the Low-Wage Labor Market" In: Finding Jobs: Work and Welfare Reform. D.E. Card and R.M. Blank, eds. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000
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6268. |
Waldfogel, Jane Mayer, Susan E. |
Male-Female Differences in the Low-Wage Labor Market JCPR Working Paper 70, Joint Center for Poverty Research, February 1999. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/p/har/wpaper/9904.html Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Education; Fertility; Gender Differences; Wage Gap; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper was also presented in Washington DC: JCPR Conference, Labor Market and Less-Skilled Workers, November 1998. In recent years, women have made considerable gains relative to men in the labor market. Most notably, the gender gap in hourly wages has narrowed substantially. In this paper we divide workers into three skill groups on the basis of education, and analyze how the hourly earnings of women in each group have progressed relative to those of comparably educated men, the reasons for those gains, and their implications for women's economic well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Waldfogel, Jane and Susan E. Mayer. "Male-Female Differences in the Low-Wage Labor Market." JCPR Working Paper 70, Joint Center for Poverty Research, February 1999. |
6269. |
Walker, James R. |
Adolescents' Expectations Regarding Birth Outcomes: A Comparison of the NLSY79 and NLSY97 Cohorts In: Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches. R.T. Michael, ed. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001: pp. 201-229 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; College Graduates; Fertility; Gender Differences Chapter: Used data from the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97, respectively) to investigate whether youths can reasonably forecast their future fertility outcomes and, if so, whether the intentions of the cohorts differ. The sample consisted of Ss aged 15-17 yrs. It was found that youths can reliably assess (short-term) fertility outcomes, and, unlike other events (such as mortality and perhaps college graduation), fertility events are salient to them. Little difference was found between the fertility expectations of the members of the NLSY79 cohort and those of NLSY97 cohort. The differences that did occur were among males, especially poor males. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Walker, James R. "Adolescents' Expectations Regarding Birth Outcomes: A Comparison of the NLSY79 and NLSY97 Cohorts" In: Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches. R.T. Michael, ed. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001: pp. 201-229
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6270. |
Walker, James R. |
Antecedents and Predecessors of NLSY79: Paving the Course Monthly Labor Review 128,2 (February 2005): 8-14. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/02/art2exc.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Longitudinal Surveys; NLS Description A historical view of the NLSY79 development stages highlights lessons learned during an era filled with new concepts and innovations in sociology, economics, and computer science. In 1965, at the prompting of the Assistant Secretary of Labor, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, individuals from the Department of Labor (DOL) and Ohio State University designed the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience. At the time, the participants did not realize that they were creating one of the premier, large scale national longitudinal surveys in the United States. Initially funded for 5 years by the Department of Labor, the "Parnes" data, as the Original Cohorts were called, continued for 37 years, with the last scheduled fielding of the women samples in 2003.1 The success of the Original Cohorts led to the creation of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). This article explores antecedents and predecessors of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979.2 Longitudinal data are now so plentiful that it is difficult to imagine the world in which they did not exist. Yet, in the mid-1960s, the large scale longitudinal household surveys that came to dominate areas of sociology, demography, and labor economics did not exist. Analyses that are now commonplace were either not possible or inference was restricted to small or specialized samples. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walker, James R. "Antecedents and Predecessors of NLSY79: Paving the Course." Monthly Labor Review 128,2 (February 2005): 8-14.
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6271. |
Walker, James R. |
Choice Choice, Enrollment and Educational Attainment within the NLSY79 and NLSY97 Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008. Also: http://harrisschool.uchicago.edu/Research/conferences/NLSYConf/pdf/nlsjc5.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): College Characteristics; College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; Household Income I use information from two cohorts of the BLS's National Longitudinal Surveys to compare college choice, enrollment and educational attainment. I find a large increase in enrollment between cohorts and a smaller increase in educational attainment. Current household income affects enrollment and attainment and its role is stable across cohorts. The influence of ability on enrollment is several times larger than household income. Moreover, the role of ability appears to have changed between cohort: in the NLSY79 ability determines who attends college (at either a two–year or four–year school) while for the NLSY97, with entry into college apparently available to all, ability determines who enrolls in four–year schools. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walker, James R. "Choice Choice, Enrollment and Educational Attainment within the NLSY79 and NLSY97." Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008. |
6272. |
Walker, James R. Kiernan, John |
The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The paper develops a tractable econometric model of optimal migration, focusing on expected income as the main economic influence on migration. The model improves on previous work in two respects: it covers optimal sequences of location decisions (rather than a single once-for-all choice), and it allows for many alternative location choices. The model is estimated using panel data from the NLSY on white males with a high school education. Our main conclusion is that interstate migration decisions are influenced to a substantial extent by income prospects. On the other hand we find no evidence of a response to geographic differences in wage distributions. Instead, the results suggest that the link between income and migration decisions is driven by a tendency to move in search of a better locational match when the income realization in the current location is unfavorable. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walker, James R. and John Kiernan. "The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. |
6273. |
Walker, Jasmine Huria, Atima Buckman, Cierra Tumin, Dmitry |
The Influence of a Sister's Breastfeeding Experience on a Mother's Breastfeeding Behavior: Is There an Intragenerational Effect? Breastfeeding Medicine 16,11 (Nov 2021): 863-868. Also: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/bfm.2021.0108 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Sisters Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: Intergenerational transmission of breastfeeding attitudes and behaviors from mother to daughter are well known, but there is limited research on intragenerational transmission of breastfeeding attitudes or behaviors within families. This study aimed to understand how initiation and duration of breastfeeding are influenced by past breastfeeding experiences of sisters among women in a longitudinal population-based cohort. Methods: Data were obtained on women enrolled in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) who had at least one child enrolled in a substudy of cohort members' children. For each mother in the study, we determined whether any of her sisters also enrolled in the main NLSY study had previously breastfed one of their children. Results: Mothers whose sister(s) had prior breastfeeding experience were more likely to breastfeed their first-born child on unadjusted analysis (70% versus 45%, chi-square p < 0.001) and had a longer median of breastfeeding duration (median 14.5 versus 12 weeks, rank-sum p = 0.039). However, on a multivariable analysis accounting for potential confounding by maternal characteristics, infant characteristics, and differences among households, sisters' breastfeeding experience was no longer independently associated with the likelihood of breastfeeding initiation (odds ratio: 1.16; confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.73–1.85; p = 0.520) or the hazard of breastfeeding discontinuation (hazard ratio: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.82–1.12; p = 0.598). Conclusion: After adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics, intragenerational transmission of breastfeeding behavior was negligible among mothers raised in the same household. Other forms of intragenerational transmission (e.g., influence of extended family members) may be more salient influences on women's decision to breastfeed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walker, Jasmine, Atima Huria, Cierra Buckman and Dmitry Tumin. "The Influence of a Sister's Breastfeeding Experience on a Mother's Breastfeeding Behavior: Is There an Intragenerational Effect?" Breastfeeding Medicine 16,11 (Nov 2021): 863-868.
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6274. |
Walker, Jasmine Quaile, Mary Tumin, Dmitry |
Rural Employment of Health Care Workers: A Longitudinal Cohort Study Journal of Rural Health 37,4 (Fall 2021): 705-713. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jrh.12541 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Health Care; Occupations; Rural Areas Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: Preserving and increasing the health care workforce in rural areas has become imperative due to the shortage of health care workers serving rural populations. However, limited data are available on long‐term patterns of employment in rural settings among health care workers. Methods: We analyzed the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which enrolled a nationally representative sample of adolescents in 1979 and tracked their career outcomes through 2016. Using the US Census Bureau occupation codes, we identified participants who worked in health care occupations, and we classified their employment in rural versus urban areas. Findings: Of the 1,007 respondents (including 109 doctoral health professionals), 70% worked only in urban locations, 13% worked only in rural locations, and 17% worked in both rural and urban locations during their health care career. Rural upbringing, White race, and female gender were associated with rural employment. Among nondoctoral health professionals, lower educational attainment was associated with increased likelihood of working only in rural settings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walker, Jasmine, Mary Quaile and Dmitry Tumin. "Rural Employment of Health Care Workers: A Longitudinal Cohort Study." Journal of Rural Health 37,4 (Fall 2021): 705-713.
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6275. |
Wallace, Leslie Renee |
The Emergent Contingent Workforce Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, San Diego, 2008. Also: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9t09s2hx Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of California, San Diego Keyword(s): Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Income; Family Resources; Labor Force Participation; Work, Contingent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation focuses on the labor supply decisions of temporary workers in order to determine who these workers are, the welfare of these workers and if their choice of employment is a result of their preferences or of labor market constraints. In the Chapter 4 I use the NLSY79 to examine from the change from regular to contingent employment and vice versa, on family earnings. Since contingent employment is an increasingly common means of securing employment, it is important to understand whether the change in job status stated above adversely affects the economic outcome of the family unit. Results show that family earnings are adversely affected by the change in work status from regular to contingent employment although the spouse mitigates this through compensatory spousal contributions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wallace, Leslie Renee. The Emergent Contingent Workforce. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, San Diego, 2008.. |
6276. |
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle |
Diverging Pathways: Using a Lifecourse Perspective to Assess the Cumulative Effects of Education on Physical and Mental Health Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 2005. DAI-B 66/09, p. 4766, Mar 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); College Education; Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; High School Diploma; Hispanics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Current research documents the consistent positive relationship between educational attainment and a variety of health outcomes. For example, individuals with higher levels of educational attainment report fewer physical limitations and lower rates of depressive symptomology. Yet, most of this research measures education in terms of the quantity of schooling completed, disregarding the underlying mechanisms that place individuals on divergent academic trajectories, such as educational inequality and access to educational opportunities. However, these early experiences may ultimately shape long-term health status. To address this gap in the literature, I develop an index of advantage that quantifies the number of advantages individuals accumulate throughout their education, including such factors as school resources, educational aspirations, and coursework taken. A total of 13 items covering three domains (individual, family, and school) are included in the index, with each item weighted by its independent effect on college attainment. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), a nationally representative sample of young men and women who were 14-21 years old in 1979, restricting the sample to civilian respondents self-reporting as black, Hispanic, or white, and for whom data was collected for work limitations and/or depressive symptomology on at least one time point, to test whether or not (1) increasing number of educational advantages as well as educational attainment is related to physical and mental health over time, and (2) educational advantages and educational attainment result in diverging health trajectories between respondents with high versus low educational advantages, and between respondents with high versus low educational attainment. The results suggests that the index is associated with a widening disparity over time in predicted probabilities of work limitations and the level of depressive symptomology between respondents in the 10 th and 90 th percentiles on the index of advantage. Similar results were found between respondents with a college education versus those with less than a high school education. Our results point to a need for more extensive examination of the educational system as a potential mechanism of existing health disparities as well as a viable area for future research and policy intervention. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle. Diverging Pathways: Using a Lifecourse Perspective to Assess the Cumulative Effects of Education on Physical and Mental Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 2005. DAI-B 66/09, p. 4766, Mar 2006. |
6277. |
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle |
Educational Pathways and Cigarette Smoking in Early and Mid-Adulthood: Findings from the NLSY79 Cohort Presented: Boston MA, Gerontological Society of America (GSA) Annual Scientific Meeting, November 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Gerontological Society of America Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Education, Adult; Educational Attainment Over the past four decades, educational disparities in tobacco use have widened in the United States. At the same time, there has been an increase in the prevalence of non-normative educational pathways -- that is, the length of time it takes to complete one's education. I take advantage of these two historical trends by examining the relationship between educational pathways and daily smoking in early (~30-35 years) and mid-adulthood (~50-55 years) using prospective and retrospective data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). The NLSY79 cohort is ideal for examining this question because they entered adulthood after the Surgeon General's Report and as educational pathways became more heterogeneous. I expect respondents who attained a bachelor's degree by their early 20’s will have similar rates of smoking in early adulthood, but lower rates of smoking in mid-adulthood, than respondents who attained a bachelor's degree after their early 20's. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle. "Educational Pathways and Cigarette Smoking in Early and Mid-Adulthood: Findings from the NLSY79 Cohort." Presented: Boston MA, Gerontological Society of America (GSA) Annual Scientific Meeting, November 2018. |
6278. |
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle Ailshire, Jennifer A. |
A New Midlife Crisis?: An Examination of Parents Who Borrow to Pay for Their Children's College Education Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Children; College Cost; College Education; Debt/Borrowing; Parental Investments; Student Loans / Student Aid Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Discussions of educational debt often overlook the debts parents take on to pay for their children's education. We identify parental characteristics associated with child-related educational debt among the late baby boom cohort using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. We restrict our sample to parents who had at least one child ≥17 years old and answered questions on educational debt during mid-life (n=6,562). Craggit models estimated 1) having any child-related educational debt and 2) the amount of debt owed among debtors. Black parents and parents with more education, higher income, and higher networth were more likely to report child-related educational debt than White parents and parents with no degree, low-income, or negative networth. Among debtors, high-income parents had more debt than low-income parents. Our findings suggest the student debt crisis is a looming concern for mid-life adults and may have important implications for the aging population. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle and Jennifer A. Ailshire. "A New Midlife Crisis?: An Examination of Parents Who Borrow to Pay for Their Children's College Education." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
6279. |
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle Ailshire, Jennifer A. |
Student Debt Spans Generations: Characteristics of Parents Who Borrow to Pay for Their Children's College Education The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 72,6 (October 2017): 1084-1089. Also: https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/72/6/1084/2645641 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Gerontological Society of America Keyword(s): College Cost; Debt/Borrowing; Parental Investments; Student Loans / Student Aid Objectives: Discussions of student debt often overlook the debt parents take on to pay for their children's education. We identify characteristics of parents with child-related educational debt among the late baby boom cohort. Method: Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a nationally representative sample of individuals born between 1957 and 1964. We restrict our sample to parents who had any children aged ≥17 and answered questions on educational debt during midlife (n = 6,562). Craggit models estimated (a) having any child-related educational debt and (b) the amount of debt owed among debtors. Results: Black parents and parents with more education, higher income, and higher net worth were more likely to report child-related educational debt than White parents and parents with no degree, low-income, or negative net worth. Among debtors, high-income parents had more debt than low-income parents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle and Jennifer A. Ailshire. "Student Debt Spans Generations: Characteristics of Parents Who Borrow to Pay for Their Children's College Education." The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 72,6 (October 2017): 1084-1089.
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6280. |
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle Ailshire, Jennifer A. Bell, Bethany A. Frongillo, Edward A. |
Body Mass Index Trajectories from Adolescence to Midlife: Differential Effects of Parental and Respondent Education by Race/Ethnicity and Gender Ethnicity and Health 17,4 (2012): 337-362. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13557858.2011.635374 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Life Course; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Weight Objectives: Race/ethnicity and education are among the strongest social determinants of body mass index (BMI) throughout the life course, yet we know relatively little about how these social factors both independently and interactively contribute to the rate at which BMI changes from adolescence to midlife. The purpose of this study is to (1) examine variation in trajectories of BMI from adolescence to midlife by mothers’ and respondents’ education and (2) determine if the effects of mothers’ and respondents’ education on BMI trajectories differ by race/ethnicity and gender. Design: We used nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Our sample included White (n=4433), Black (n=2420), and Hispanic (n=1501) respondents. Self-reported height and weight were collected on 16 occasions from 1981 to 2008. We employed two-level linear growth models to specify BMI trajectories. Results: Mothers' education was inversely associated with BMI and BMI change among women. Among men, mothers’ education was inversely associated with BMI; these educational disparities persisted for Whites, diminished for Blacks, and widened for Hispanics. Respondents’ education was inversely associated with BMI among women, but was positively associated with the rate of BMI change among Black women. Respondents’ education was inversely associated with BMI among White and Hispanic men, and positively associated with BMI among Black men. These educational disparities widened for White and Black men, but narrowed for Hispanic men. Conclusions: Our results suggest that by simultaneously considering multiple sources of stratification, we can more fully understand how the unequal distribution of advantages or disadvantages across social groups affects BMI across the life course. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle, Jennifer A. Ailshire, Bethany A. Bell and Edward A. Frongillo. "Body Mass Index Trajectories from Adolescence to Midlife: Differential Effects of Parental and Respondent Education by Race/Ethnicity and Gender." Ethnicity and Health 17,4 (2012): 337-362.
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6281. |
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle Ailshire, Jennifer A. Hartnett, Caroline Sten |
Mental Health Among Mothers and Fathers Who Borrow to Pay for Their Child's College Education Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Cost; Debt/Borrowing; Health, Mental/Psychological; Parental Investments; Student Loans / Student Aid Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. More parents are borrowing to help their children pay for college. These loans may be a source of financial stress and worry, which could, in turn, impact parents' mental health. Our study investigates if child-related educational debt is associated with poorer mental health among parents and if fathers are more sensitive to this debt than mothers, given potential gender differences in who oversees the household finances and who is responsible for maintaining relationships with adult children. Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a nationally representative sample of persons born between 1957 and 1964. We restricted our sample to parents whose biological child(ren) attended college and were interviewed at age 50, when mental health was assessed (n=3,545). Acquiring any child-related educational debt was associated with better mental health among fathers, but as the amount borrowed increased, fathers reported worse mental health. No relationship was found among mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle, Jennifer A. Ailshire and Caroline Sten Hartnett. "Mental Health Among Mothers and Fathers Who Borrow to Pay for Their Child's College Education." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
6282. |
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle Ailshire, Jennifer A. Hartnett, Caroline Sten |
The Other Student Debt Crisis: How Borrowing to Pay for a Child's College Education Relates to Parents' Mental Health at Midlife Journals of Gerontology: Series B published online (7 November 2019): DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz146. Also: https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/advance-article/doi/10.1093/geronb/gbz146/5614290 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Gerontological Society of America Keyword(s): College Cost; Debt/Borrowing; Depression (see also CESD); Gender Differences; Parental Investments; Student Loans / Student Aid Objectives: More parents are borrowing to help their children pay for college. These loans may be a source of financial stress and worry, which could influence parents' mental health. We determine whether child-related educational debt is associated with worse mental health among parents and if fathers are more sensitive to this debt than mothers, given potential gender differences in financial decision-making and relationships with adult children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle, Jennifer A. Ailshire and Caroline Sten Hartnett. "The Other Student Debt Crisis: How Borrowing to Pay for a Child's College Education Relates to Parents' Mental Health at Midlife ." Journals of Gerontology: Series B published online (7 November 2019): DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz146.
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6283. |
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle Bell, Bethany A. |
Effects of Timing and Level of Degree Attainment on Depressive Symptoms and Self-Rated Health at Mid-Life Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Education; Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; High School Diploma; Self-Reporting Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examined if the attainment of a higher educational degree after age 25 was associated with fewer depressive symptoms and better self-rated health at mid-life. We analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, restricting our sample to respondents who had not attained at least a bachelor's degree by age 25 (n=7,179). All regression models were stratified by highest degree attained by age 25. Among respondents with no degree, a high school diploma, or a post-high school certificate at age 25, attaining at least a bachelor's degree by mid-life was associated with fewer depressive symptoms and better self-rated health at mid-life compared to respondents who did not attain a higher degree by mid-life. Better self-rated health at mid-life was also reported by those with an associate's degree at age 25 who later attained a bachelor's degree or higher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle and Bethany A. Bell. "Effects of Timing and Level of Degree Attainment on Depressive Symptoms and Self-Rated Health at Mid-Life." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
6284. |
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle Bell, Bethany A. Hummer, Robert A. |
Effects of Timing and Level of Degree Attained on Depressive Symptoms and Self-Rated Health at Midlife American Journal of Public Health 102,3 (March 2012): 557-563 . Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300216 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): College Education; Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; High School Diploma; Self-Reporting Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives. We examined whether attaining a higher educational degree after 25 years of age was associated with fewer depressive symptoms and better self-rated health at midlife than was not attaining a higher educational degree. Methods. We analyzed data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, restricting our sample to respondents who had not attained a bachelor's degree by 25 years of age (n = 7179). We stratified all regression models by highest degree attained by 25 years of age. Results. Among respondents with no degree, a high school diploma, or a post–high school certificate at 25 years of age, attaining at least a bachelor's degree by midlife was associated with fewer depressive symptoms and better self-rated health at midlife compared with respondents who did not attain a higher degree by midlife. Those with an associate's degree at 25 years of age who later attained a bachelor's degree or higher reported better health at midlife. Conclusions. Attaining at least a bachelor's degree after 25 years of age is associated with better midlife health. Other specifications of educational timing and its health effects across the life course should be studied. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle, Bethany A. Bell and Robert A. Hummer. "Effects of Timing and Level of Degree Attained on Depressive Symptoms and Self-Rated Health at Midlife." American Journal of Public Health 102,3 (March 2012): 557-563 .
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6285. |
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle Fisk, Calley E. Ailshire, Jennifer A. |
Parent and Child Factors That Predict Who Helps Young Adult Children Pay for College Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585. Also: https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/4/Supplement_1/585/6036085 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Birth Order; College Education; Grandparents; Income; Parental Investments; Tuition Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In recent decades, the cost of higher education has exceeded the pace of inflation while wages have stagnated or declined. As such, young adult children may increasingly look to their parents and other family members, including grandparents, to help them pay for college. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to determine who financially contributes to a young adult child's college education, restricting our sample to mid-life parents with at least one biological child who attended a 2-year or 4-year college and completed the college expenditures module in 2014 (n=3,525). For each college-going child, parents reported who paid for the student's tuition – student, parents, grandparents, other family members, or a combination of these. Using multinomial logistic regression, we will estimate who paid for college as a function of parents' social and economic characteristics when the child was 16 and the child's gender and birth order. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle, Calley E. Fisk and Jennifer A. Ailshire. "Parent and Child Factors That Predict Who Helps Young Adult Children Pay for College." Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585.
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6286. |
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle Gee, Gilbert C. Geronimus, Arline T. |
Ethnic Differences in Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms: Disadvantage in Family Background, High School Experiences, and Adult Characteristics Journal of Health and Social Behavior 50,1 (March 2009): 82-98. Also: http://hsb.sagepub.com/content/50/1/82.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Health, Mental/Psychological; Life Course; Modeling, Random Effects; Racial Differences; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although research investigating ethnic differences in mental health has increased in recent years, we know relatively little about how mental health trajectories vary across ethnic groups. Do these differences occur at certain ages but not others? We investigate ethnic variation in trajectories of depressive symptoms, and we examine the extent to which disadvantages in family background, high school experiences, and adult characteristics explain these differences. Employing random-coefficient modeling using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find that blacks and Hispanics experience higher symptom levels in early adulthood in comparison to whites, but equivalent levels by middle age. Ethnic differences remained in early adulthood after including all covariates, but those differences were eliminated by middle age for Hispanics after controlling for demographics only, and for blacks after accounting for the age-varying relationship between income and depressive symptoms. These results highlight the importance of integrating a life course perspective when investigating ethnic variations in mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Health & Social Behavior is the property of American Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle, Gilbert C. Gee and Arline T. Geronimus. "Ethnic Differences in Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms: Disadvantage in Family Background, High School Experiences, and Adult Characteristics." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 50,1 (March 2009): 82-98.
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6287. |
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle Geronimus, Arline T. Gee, Gilbert C. |
Accumulating Disadvantage over the Life Course: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study Investigating the Relationship Between Educational Advantage in Youth and Health in Middle Age Research on Aging 30,2 (March 2008): 169-199. Also: http://roa.sagepub.com/content/30/2/169.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Education; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Health Care; Life Course; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent studies suggest the importance of examining cumulative risk or advantage as potential predictors of health over the life course. Researchers investigating the cumulative health effects of education, however, have mainly conceptualized education in years or degrees, often disregarding educational quality and access to educational opportunities that may place individuals on divergent academic trajectories. We investigate whether educational advantages in youth are associated with an individual's health trajectory. We develop a novel index of educational advantage and employ random-intercept modeling using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. A widening health disparity was found in adulthood between respondents with greater and those with fewer educational advantages in youth. Furthermore, among respondents with few educational advantages, Blacks experience a greater health burden as they age compared to Whites and Hispanics. These results suggest that differential access to educational advantages during youth may contribute to persisting health disparities in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Research on Aging is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Walsemann, Katrina Michelle, Arline T. Geronimus and Gilbert C. Gee. "Accumulating Disadvantage over the Life Course: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study Investigating the Relationship Between Educational Advantage in Youth and Health in Middle Age." Research on Aging 30,2 (March 2008): 169-199.
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6288. |
Walsh, Sophie D. Levine, Stephen Z. Levav, Itzhak |
The Association between Depression and Parental Ethnic Affiliation and Socioeconomic Status: A 27-year Longitudinal US Community Study Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47,7 (July 2012): 1153-1158. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/9381868k8705283q/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: This study examined the extent to which parental SES and ethnic affiliation during adolescence are associated with Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) scores compatible with depression during adulthood. Methods: The data were extracted from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) conducted in 1979 on several ethnic groups (African-Americans, Hispanics and Others). These data included paternal socio-economic status (SES) when respondents (N = 8,331) were on average aged 18. The CES-D was re-administered 27 years later to assess the presence of depression. Results: Adjusted for age, binary logistic regression modeling showed that parental low SES increased the risk of CES-D of scores compatible with depression across ethnic groups for both genders. A gradient was observed of an increased likelihood of depression scores with lower parental SES levels: among African-American respondents, depression scores were highest at the lowest parental SES levels (OR = 3.25, 95% CI 2.19–4.84) and the risk dropped at medium (OR = 3.00, 95% CI 1.96–4.59), and highest SES levels (OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.12–3.07). An analogous pattern was generally found for each ethnic group. Conclusions: Low parental SES during adolescence significantly increases the likelihood of CES-D scores compatible with depression during adulthood across US ethnic groups and in both genders. |
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Bibliography Citation
Walsh, Sophie D., Stephen Z. Levine and Itzhak Levav. "The Association between Depression and Parental Ethnic Affiliation and Socioeconomic Status: A 27-year Longitudinal US Community Study ." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47,7 (July 2012): 1153-1158.
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6289. |
Walters, Glenn D. |
Peer Influence or Projection Bias? Predicting Respondent Delinquency with Perceptual Measures of Peer Delinquency in 22 Samples Journal of Adolescence 70 (January 2019): 1-12. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140197118301921 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Britain, British; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations Introduction: The current study was designed to determine whether the peer influence effect is the direct result of respondents projecting their own delinquency onto peers in a process referred to as projection bias. Methods: Data from 22 gender-homogeneous U.S. and British samples (Ns = 154 to 4098) of individuals under the age of 17 at the time of initial assessment were used to create partial correlations between perceptual measures of peer delinquency and subsequent respondent offending, controlling for concurrent respondent offending. Conclusions: These results are inconsistent with projection bias as a complete explanation for the peer influence effect and suggest that perceived peer delinquency has a demonstrable and meaningful effect on future offending in adolescents. Despite the lack of support for the projection hypothesis, there is still a need to include additional variables in the analyses (i.e., direct measures of peer delinquency and differential respondent opportunities to observe peer behavior) while entertaining alternative explanations of the perceived peer delinquency-future offending relationship (i.e., hearsay and rejecting delinquency/non-delinquency). |
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Bibliography Citation
Walters, Glenn D. "Peer Influence or Projection Bias? Predicting Respondent Delinquency with Perceptual Measures of Peer Delinquency in 22 Samples." Journal of Adolescence 70 (January 2019): 1-12.
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6290. |
Wan, Mohamed Wan, Azlinda |
Participation in Vocational Education and Underemployment Among United States High School Graduates Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education Indicators; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Underemployment; Unemployment; Vocational Education The controversy regarding unemployment measures in the mid-1970s has caused the measurement of underemployment to be the only labor statistic measurement mandated by the Congress (Pub. L. No. 93--;203, ' 302(b), (c), 87 Stat. 876, 1973). Since then, several indexes--the Wirtz Index, Miller Index, Levitan-Taggart Index, and Hauser's Labor Utilization Framework Index --have been proposed by researchers to better capture the true employment picture. The purpose of this study is to measure the index of underemployment among high school graduates, and to examine the relationship between underemployment and three variables: participation in vocational education, race, and gender. Underemployment in this study includes the jobless, involuntary part-time workers, and the "working poor" Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort (NLSY79), underemployment risks are measured for 1980 high school graduates from 1981-1990. Latent class analysis is used to examine the data because it assumes that underemployment is indirect and therefore cannot be measured directly. However, the availability of some observed variables means a latent variable of underemployment risks could be produced. The observed variables used in this study are gender, race, type of high school program, labor utilization framework, hours worked, and income status. The findings show that the index of underemployment can be measured using latent class analysis. Three classes are created: high-risk underemployment, medium-risk underemployment, and low-risk underemployment. The results show that the risk of underemployment varies from year to year; however, as the year progresses, high-risk underemployment is the lowest compared to the other two types of underemployment risk. This implies that high-risk underemployment decreases as students age and gain more experience in the labor market. The findings also show that non-whites have a greater risk of being underemployed compared to whites. In addition, females tend to be more underemployed than males. Lastly, participants enrolled in general education have a greater risk of being underemployed than participants enrolled in college preparatory or vocational education programs. Index of underemployment can be a tool for evaluating the effect of policy, evaluating the efficiency of education and training programs, and funding allocations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wan, Mohamed and Azlinda Wan. Participation in Vocational Education and Underemployment Among United States High School Graduates. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 1998. |
6291. |
Wang, Boqing |
Maximum Likelihood Estimation With Sample Selection: An Application to the Labor Supply of Women Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington State University, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Labor Economics; Labor Supply; Modeling; Sample Selection; Women; Work Hours/Schedule Sample selection bias has been a focus in econometrics since the 1950s. However, previous methods did not provide efficient and robust estimates for a three-equation system with sample selection. To find efficient and robust estimates, a full information maximum likelihood (FIML) estimate model based on a trivariate logistic distribution is developed in this study. This FIML model is applied to the three-equation model of female labor supply. The data used in this study are from the 1986 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The empirical results in this study show that the three-equation FIML model of female labor supply provides an efficient and robust estimate for a woman's hours of work while the Heckman two-stage method does not. The three-equation FIML model was extended to a four-equation FIML model with double selection biases. The FIML models developed in this study have wide application in econometric analysis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wang, Boqing. Maximum Likelihood Estimation With Sample Selection: An Application to the Labor Supply of Women. Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington State University, 1994. |
6292. |
Wang, Boqing Cardell, N. Scott Weeks, Gregory |
Maternal Labor Supply and Children's Cognitive and Affective Performance Working Paper, Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy, Evergreen State College, December 1994. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Evergreen State College Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Family Income; Genetics; Grandmothers; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income Level; Inheritance; Maternal Employment; Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Methods/Methodology; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Simultaneity; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale); Welfare; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A significant issue in welfare policy reform is whether and how to encourage single mothers to work outside the home. The research reported here is designed to address the concern that a mother's employment outside the home may adversely affect her child's affective and cognitive performance. Our estimates are corrected for both selection bias and simultaneity. We find no evidence to support concern about an adverse effect of a mother's employment outside the home on her child's performance. However, we do find that three variables strongly related to a child's home environment and genetic inheritance--mother's AFQT score and schooling and maternal grandmother's schooling--have a strong consistent positive relationship to cognitive scores. By contrast, family income has no significant positive relationship to any measure of child performance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wang, Boqing, N. Scott Cardell and Gregory Weeks. "Maternal Labor Supply and Children's Cognitive and Affective Performance." Working Paper, Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy, Evergreen State College, December 1994. |
6293. |
Wang, Buyi Frank, Richard G. Glied, Sherry A. |
Lasting Scars: The Impact of Depression in Early Adulthood on Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes NBER Working Paper No. 30776, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2022. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w30776 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Information Network (O*NET) A growing body of evidence indicates that poor health early in life can leave lasting scars on adult health and economic outcomes. While much of this literature focuses on childhood experiences, mechanisms generating these lasting effects--recurrence of illness and interruption of human capital accumulation--are not limited to childhood. In this study, we examine how an episode of depression experienced in early adulthood affects subsequent labor market outcomes. We find that, at age 50, people who had met diagnostic criteria for depression when surveyed at ages 27-35 earn 10% lower hourly wages (conditional on occupation) and work 120-180 fewer hours annually, together generating 24% lower annual wage incomes. A portion of this income penalty (21-39%) occurs because depression is often a chronic condition, recurring later in life. But a substantial share (25-55%) occurs because depression in early adulthood disrupts human capital accumulation, by reducing work experience and by influencing selection into occupations with skill distributions that offer lower potential for wage growth. These lingering effects of early depression reinforce the importance of early and multifaceted intervention to address depression and its follow-on effects in the workplace. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wang, Buyi, Richard G. Frank and Sherry A. Glied. "Lasting Scars: The Impact of Depression in Early Adulthood on Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes." NBER Working Paper No. 30776, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2022. |
6294. |
Wang, Dan Shang |
Labor Supply of Young, Married, Former Participants in Vocational Education in Secondary Schools in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Assets; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Health Factors; High School Curriculum; High School Transcripts; Hispanics; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Marital Status; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Vocational Education The purpose of this study is to determine whether taking vocational courses in high school would affect married youths' labor supply behavior. Data for this study were obtained from the NLSY for the years 1985 and 1986. The total sample consisted of 1,186 respondents who had completed at least a high school education, who were married and not enrolled in school at the time of the 1985 interview, and who had high school transcript data available. Employing static labor supply theory, two dependent variables were used to measure labor supply: labor force participation and annual hours of work. The independent variables used in the labor supply models were: high school curriculum, family assets, nonlabor income, spouse income, wage rate, educational attainment, age, race, number of dependents in the family, family socioeconomic status, health limitation, and local unemployment rate. Four major statistical methods were applied to analyze data: simple cross-tabulation, logistic regression, OLS regression, and Tobit regression. After stratifying labor supply models by gender, the major findings of this study were: (1) Among women, compared to general education participants, vocational education had significantly greater labor supply while academic education participants had significantly lower labor supply. (2) Both men's and women's uncompensated wage elasticities were positive. (3) Among married men, educational attainment (negative), age (positive), and family socioeconomic background (positive) had significant effects on annual hours of work; while among married women, educational attainment (positive), age (negative), race/ethnicity (positive for blacks and negative for Hispanics), and number of dependents (negative) had significant effects on labor supply. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wang, Dan Shang. Labor Supply of Young, Married, Former Participants in Vocational Education in Secondary Schools in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1989. |
6295. |
Wang, Guanghua |
Frictions in the Youth Labor Market: Theory and Evidence Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Clemson University, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Economic Changes/Recession; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Occupational Choice Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation investigates how young workers' abilities shape their early careers in the presence of information frictions and labor market shocks through two studies. The research in the first chapter focuses on the strength of a worker's comparative advantage, which measures the distribution of her abilities. Workers are uncertain about what they are good at when they enter the labor market, and then they shop around to find their best-matched occupations. I use the average distance between productivities in the best-matched occupation and the other occupations to measure the strength of a worker's comparative advantage. Empirically, those productivities are estimated from a multinomial logit regression of a worker's choice of her best-matched occupations. A worker with a larger productivity distance has a stronger comparative advantage. The empirical results suggest that this worker spends fewer years shopping occupations and tries fewer occupations before finding her best-matched one. To further quantify the importance of strength in occupational shopping, I build a learning model in which a worker determines her comparative advantage by observing the output at the current occupation. The quantitative model suggests that enlarging the productivity distance by one standard deviation in the model reduces more than 80% of occupational changes in the first ten years of careers. Moreover, for an average labor market entrant, the value of learning about her comparative advantage is 28% of her expected lifetime earning. The study in the second chapter focuses on how Conscientiousness, a personality trait, helps workers mitigate the adverse effects of graduating during a recession on early career outcomes. By analyzing college graduates who graduated in the 1980s, I find that Conscientiousness reduces the income losses of workers who graduate during a recession. More specifically, those whose Conscientiousness scores are in the upper quartile are sheltered from the losses. The mitigation effect primarily results from workers' adjustments in their labor supply. Workers high in Conscientiousness tend to work more weeks, try harder to find full-time jobs, and work more hours in these full-time jobs in response to the adverse labor market entry conditions. However, this study does not find any mitigation effects for cognitive ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wang, Guanghua. Frictions in the Youth Labor Market: Theory and Evidence. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Clemson University, 2020. |
6296. |
Wang, Hui |
Essays on Household and Corporate Finance Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Finance, The University of Texas at Dallas, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Assets; Debt/Borrowing; Geocoded Data; Home Ownership; Household Models; Human Capital; Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first essay is "Household Financial Leverage and Human Capital Investment." In this study, I find that household leverage has a hump-shaped effect on individual's incentive to invest in human capital. Using the comprehensive information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I identify human capital investment decision based on whether an individual requests and participates in on-career skill acquisition training, and estimate household leverage based on the detailed debt and asset information. To strengthen causal inferences, I construct an instrumental variable based on changes in household's mortgage burden relative to home value resulting from plausibly exogenous housing price fluctuations across regions and over time. Overall, this study highlights the effect of household leverage on human capital investment, which provides valuable implications for decisions of both individuals and macro policymakers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wang, Hui. Essays on Household and Corporate Finance. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Finance, The University of Texas at Dallas, 2020. |
6297. |
Wang, Hui |
Three Essays on Fertility, Labor Market Performance, and Parental Mental Health Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Fertility; Gender Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using micro data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, Chapter Two studies the effect of job displacements on fertility in the U.S. After controlling individual time-invariant heterogeneity, the main regression results indicate that displacements of men will lead to reduced fertility in the following years, while the effect of displacements for women depends on the women's education levels. For women without college education, their fertility will increase four years after displacement. For women with college education, however, no significant effect on fertility is identified. The empirical findings are robust to several different specifications, including time trend model, fixed effect propensity score matching and regression with narrower definition of job displacement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wang, Hui. Three Essays on Fertility, Labor Market Performance, and Parental Mental Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 2016. |
6298. |
Wang, Jia Conwell, Jordan A. |
Higher Education and Health at Midlife: Evaluating the Role of College Quality SSM - Population Health published online (11 September 2022): 101228. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352827322002075 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Characteristics; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Using the longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 linked with external data on college characteristics (N = 7056), this study illustrates an independent stratifying role of college quality in shaping health. College quality has significant and positive influences on physical health, and this positive association tends to strengthen across 40 and 50. By contrast, attending higher-quality colleges is not associated with mental health at either age 40 or age 50. Decompositions were conducted to assess the extent to which early life and demographic characteristics, employment and economic conditions, health behaviors, and family relationships account for observed patterns. Our study highlights the necessity for future research on education and health to incorporate characteristics of schools attended; reveals variation in the college quality-health nexus by specific health outcomes; and provides new insights into understanding health inequalities across the life course. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wang, Jia and Jordan A. Conwell. "Higher Education and Health at Midlife: Evaluating the Role of College Quality." SSM - Population Health published online (11 September 2022): 101228.
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6299. |
Wang, Si |
The Role of Gender in Intergenerational Transmissions of Education and Occupational Promotion Ph.D. Dissertation, University of South Carolina, 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; College Education; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Job Promotion; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While several studies have suggested the importance of maternal schooling to children's outcomes during childhood, less is known about the role when the child is older. In the first chapter, I estimate the relationship between maternal education and children's college attendance. After developing a theoretical model to consider the transmission of education across generations, I use the NLSY79 Child and Young Adult Surveys for empirical analysis. College proximity is used as an instrument for mother's schooling. All else equal, results suggest that maternal schooling significantly increases a child's probability of attending college by about 2 to 3 percentage points. The impact is greater for a child whose mother has lower cognitive ability, but does not seem to differ between sons and daughters. There is little evidence of endogeneity bias for mother's education as long as family income is included in the controls. Later cognitive stimulation (between 10-14) and early emotional support (under 3) are found to have a positive and significant effect on the child's college attendance decision. Then the relationship between maternal schooling and children's high school outcomes is investigated in the second chapter. Three outcomes are high school completion, high school diploma receipt and high school graduation grades. Using changes of compulsory attendance laws as instruments for mother's high school completion, the results suggest that mother's education is exogenous in the estimation of high school completion. Having a mother with at least a high school education will increase her child's probability of completing high school by 8 percentage points. While mother's schooling and family income have significant effects for all three outcomes, mother's cognitive ability is only meaningful to the outcome of grades. The effect of mother's high school completion is similar for sons and daughters, wealthy and poor families, and mothers with different cognitive abili ties. Besides intergenerational transmission of education, I also work with Prof. Ozturk on occupational promotion. We found that, in models with no controls for individual unobserved factors, females are less likely to be promoted in highly female jobs. Males on the other hand are more likely to be promoted in these jobs compared to their male counterparts in jobs with lower percentage of females. However, the role of occupational feminization is no longer significant once unobserved heterogeneity is controlled for along with the skills/ task measures of an occupation. We do find overall wages to be lower for everyone in jobs with a female majority. However, there are no significant differences in the return to promotion by gender once occupational measures are controlled for, even though the occupational wage gap due to feminization persists. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wang, Si. The Role of Gender in Intergenerational Transmissions of Education and Occupational Promotion. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of South Carolina, 2013. |
6300. |
Wang, Wendy Wilcox, W. Bradford |
The Millennial Success Sequence: Marriage, Kids, and the 'Success Sequence' among Young Adults Report, American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and Institute for Family Studies, June 2017. Also: http://www.aei.org/publication/millennials-and-the-success-sequence-how-do-education-work-and-marriage-affect-poverty-and-financial-success-among-millennials/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Educational Attainment; Family Formation; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Marriage; Poverty; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [Extracted from Executive Summary]: A record 55% of Millennial parents (ages 28-34) have put childbearing before marriage, according to a new analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Panel data by the American Enterprise Institute and the Institute for Family Studies. As the oldest of the nation's largest generation, these Millennials were born between 1980 and 1984 and were surveyed between 2013 and 2014, in the latest wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97). By comparison, when the youngest Baby Boomers (born between 1957 and 1964) were the same age and became parents, only a quarter of them had their first child before marriage...These divergent paths toward adulthood are associated with markedly different economic fortunes among Millennials. Young adults who put marriage first are more likely to find themselves in the middle or upper third of the income distribution, compared to their peers who have not formed a family and especially compared to their peers who have children before marrying. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wang, Wendy and W. Bradford Wilcox. "The Millennial Success Sequence: Marriage, Kids, and the 'Success Sequence' among Young Adults." Report, American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and Institute for Family Studies, June 2017. |
6301. |
Wang, Yan |
Sibling Structure and Gender Inequality: Assessing Gender Variation in the Effects of Sibling Structure on Housework Performance, Education, and Occupation Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Iowa, May 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Birth Order; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Occupational Aspirations; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the effect of sibling structure on women’s and men’s socialization and achievement outcomes in three areas: housework performance, education, and occupation. Data from China and the United States are used for analyses. The findings indicate that the effect of sibling structure largely depends on the cultural and structural contexts in each society. More specifically, although women and men on average have the same sibling structure, the meaning of sibling configuration is different for women and men because of macro-level factors, such as cultural expectations, gender stereotypes, historical legacy, and political propaganda, and microlevel factors, such as parental preferences, parent-child communication and sibling competition.To examine the effect of sibling structure on each outcome, I conduct three empirical studies. In the second study, I focus on the effect of sibling structure on educational attainment and the role of siblings’ education in this relationship. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) are used for analyses. I find that the effects of sibship size and sibling sex composition on educational attainment are mediated through siblings’ educational achievements. These effects are divergent for men and women. For women, sibship size and sex composition do not impact their educational attainment after accounting for siblings’ educations. For men, only the number of brothers (but not sisters) has a negative effect on their educational attainment after controlling for siblings’ educational achievements. In the third study, I investigate the influence of birth order on the prestige and sex type of adolescents’ occupational aspirations using the first wave of the NLSY79. The results indicate that for both females and males, firstborn and lastborn adolescents on average expect higher prestige occupations compared to middleborns, and lastborns are more likely to have nontraditional occupational aspirations than firstborns and middleborns. Taken together, the results suggest that the gender gap in important child and adult behavioral outcomes is smaller among individuals with fewer siblings, fewer brothers, and among lastborn young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wang, Yan. Sibling Structure and Gender Inequality: Assessing Gender Variation in the Effects of Sibling Structure on Housework Performance, Education, and Occupation. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Iowa, May 2013. |
6302. |
Wanstrom, Linda O'Keefe, Patrick Clouston, Sean A. P. Mann, Frank D. Muniz-Terrera, Graciela Voll, Stacey Zhang, Yun Hofer, Scott M. Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
It Runs in the Family: Testing for Longitudinal Family Flynn Effects Journal of Intelligence 11,3 (March 2023): 50. Also: https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11030050 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Flynn Effect; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Flynn effect refers to increases over time in measured (particularly fluid) intelligence of approximately 3 IQ points per decade. We define the Flynn effect at the family level, using longitudinal data and two new family-level cohort definitions. Multilevel growth curve analyses of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data showed that children in families with later-born mothers had higher average PIAT math scores, and lower average reading comprehension scores and growth, in young and middle childhood. Children in families where the first child was born later had higher average PIAT math, reading recognition, and reading comprehension scores, as well as larger developmental growth. The latter family-level Flynn effects were of higher magnitudes than the usual individual-level Flynn effect found in previous studies. Our results, showing family level-intercept and slope Flynn effects for both maternal birthyear and first child birthyear, have implications for research aiming to explain the Flynn effect. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wanstrom, Linda, Patrick O'Keefe, Sean A. P. Clouston, Frank D. Mann, Graciela Muniz-Terrera, Stacey Voll, Yun Zhang, Scott M. Hofer and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "It Runs in the Family: Testing for Longitudinal Family Flynn Effects." Journal of Intelligence 11,3 (March 2023): 50.
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6303. |
Ward, Brian W. |
Implications of Using Different Measures of Work Shift in Survey Research Journal of Applied Social Science 5,1 (March 2011): 62-77. Also: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23548946 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Methods/Methodology; Shift Workers; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Approximately 20% of workers are employed during nonstandard work shifts, and research on this topic has begun to increase. As the survey is a primary mode of data collection on nonstandard work, it is important for sociological practitioners and researchers to understand the implications of using different work shift measures in survey research. In the following study, data was used from the 2004 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 6,559) to compare both self-defined and clock-derived measures of work shift. A high level of overall agreement was found between these two different types of measures; however, agreement was not found among all individual types of shifts. In addition, certain demographic characteristics resulted in higher odds of agreement between these two work shift measures. Drawing from these results, the strengths, limitations, and implications for using self-defined and clock-derived work shift measures in survey research are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ward, Brian W. "Implications of Using Different Measures of Work Shift in Survey Research." Journal of Applied Social Science 5,1 (March 2011): 62-77.
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6304. |
Warner, Cody |
Examining the Residential Mobility Patterns of Individuals with a History of Incarceration Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Incarceration/Jail; Mobility, Residential Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Thanks to a massive expansion of the penal state, there now exists an identifiable felon class in American society. Increased scholarly attention to this group has documented collateral consequences of incarceration across a number of domains. Researchers have also become interested in examining the types of neighborhoods that ex-inmates reside in, which have important implications for the reentry process. Little is known, however, about the residential mobility patterns of individuals who have experienced correctional contact. This study draws on locational attainment and incarceration effects literatures to examine the impact of incarceration on residential mobility decisions. I find that exiting correctional confinement foster mobility behavior, but this effect is strongest for local moves. These results have important implications for understanding both the consequences of incarceration as well as the more general sorting of households into neighborhoods of varying quality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Warner, Cody. "Examining the Residential Mobility Patterns of Individuals with a History of Incarceration." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
6305. |
Warner, Cody |
Incarceration and Residential Mobility Between Poor and Non-Poor Neighborhoods Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Incarceration/Jail; Mobility, Residential; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), I examine the impact of incarceration on residential mobility between neighborhoods of varying quality. Little is known about how incarceration, and the subsequent criminal label and stigma, impacts the mobility patterns of the nearly 700,000 convicted offenders who are released from prison every year. My results show that incarceration leads to downward mobility from non-poor into poor neighborhoods. Incarceration is unrelated, on the other hand, to upward mobility out of poor neighborhoods. This effect appears to be driven by correctional contact generally, rather than through physical separation and sentence length. Additional analyses show that the effect of incarceration is strongest among white ex-inmates, who have more to lose than minority ex-inmates in terms of locational attainment outcomes. My results provide evidence that incarceration should be placed alongside human capital characteristics and structural barriers as an important predictor of mobility between poor and non-poor neighborhoods. Furthermore, by funneling ex-inmates into poor neighborhoods, which is itself a risk factor for recidivism, these results have important implications for ex-inmate reentry and reintegration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Warner, Cody. "Incarceration and Residential Mobility Between Poor and Non-Poor Neighborhoods." Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014. |
6306. |
Warner, Cody |
On the Move: Incarceration, Race, and Residential Mobility Social Science Research 52 (July 2015): 451-464. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X15000794 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Mobility, Residential; Racial Differences The present study examines the relationship between incarceration and post-prison residential mobility. In spite of recent research examining the residential context following incarceration, we know little about if or how incarceration affects individual patterns of residential mobility. This study starts to fill this gap in knowledge by drawing on nationally representative data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). I find that individuals with a history of incarceration are more likely to move after prison than they are before prison. This relationship holds even after accounting for various time-varying and time-stable sources of spuriousness, including other known correlates of mobility. Additional analyses suggest that this effect is strongest early in the reentry period, and that there exists important racial variation in the relationship between incarceration and mobility. These results imply that, while housing stability is an important feature of successful prisoner reentry, incarceration contributes to larger patterns of residential instability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Warner, Cody. "On the Move: Incarceration, Race, and Residential Mobility." Social Science Research 52 (July 2015): 451-464.
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6307. |
Warner, Cody |
The Effect of Incarceration on Residential Mobility between Poor and Nonpoor Neighborhoods City and Community 15,4 (December 2016): 423-443. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cico.12207/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Incarceration/Jail; Mobility, Residential; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the impact of incarceration on residential mobility between poor and nonpoor neighborhoods. Formerly incarcerated individuals move at high rates, but little is known about if or how incarceration impacts movement between neighborhoods of varying quality. I ground my approach in traditional accounts of locational attainment that emphasize pathways and barriers between poor and nonpoor neighborhoods. Results show that incarceration leads to downward neighborhood mobility from nonpoor into poor neighborhoods. Incarceration does not appear to trap formerly incarcerated individuals in poor neighborhoods. Additional analyses show that the effect of incarceration is initially strongest among formerly incarcerated whites, but that there is significant racial variation in neighborhood mobility across time. My results provide evidence that incarceration should be placed alongside human capital characteristics and structural barriers as an important predictor of mobility between poor and nonpoor neighborhoods. |
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Bibliography Citation
Warner, Cody. "The Effect of Incarceration on Residential Mobility between Poor and Nonpoor Neighborhoods." City and Community 15,4 (December 2016): 423-443.
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6308. |
Warner, Cody Remster, Brianna |
Incarceration and the Transition to Residential Independence Presented: Chicago IL, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types; Incarceration/Jail; Life Course; Residence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Incarceration is typically conceptualized as a distinct turning point in the life course. Research shows that a spell of incarceration disrupts important life course transitions, such as entry into stable employment and family formation. Although recent research has also started to explore the residential consequences of incarceration, little is known about the impact that incarceration has on the transition to residential independence. This is a notable oversight, as the transition to an independent household is a key marker of adulthood. Because incarceration diminishes marriage and employment prospects and slows wage growth, we suggest that incarceration could also work to inhibit residential independence. This research draws on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), which contains almost 30 years of correctional and housing histories to explore the effect of a prison spell on the likelihood of residing in an independent household. Our findings suggest that incarceration hinders attainment of independent housing, net of age and other core determinants of living independently. Furthermore, an interaction between age and correctional contact suggests that this relationship may depend on the timing of confinement. Findings are discussed in the context of a growing body of work on the collateral consequences of incarceration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Warner, Cody and Brianna Remster. "Incarceration and the Transition to Residential Independence." Presented: Chicago IL, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2012. |
6309. |
Warner, Cody Sharp, Gregory |
The Short- and Long-Term Effects of Life Events on Residential Mobility Advances in Life Course Research 27 (March 2016): 1-15. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040260815000519 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Divorce; Geocoded Data; Home Ownership; Incarceration/Jail; Life Course; Marriage; Mobility, Residential; Parenthood In this paper we examine how life events impact inter-neighborhood residential mobility among a cohort of young adults from the United States. We combine choice-based models of mobility with life-course principles to argue that life events associated with the transition to adulthood should be associated with residential mobility in the short-term, but residential stability in the long-term. Unanticipated and disruptive events, on the other hand, are expected to place individuals on a long-term trajectory of residential instability. Longitudinal survey data covering nearly 30 years allows us to capture short-term effects, average effects, and trends across time. We find particularly strong short-term effects on mobility for marriage and homeownership, both of which subsequently lead to long-term stability. We also find that divorce and incarceration (an emerging turning point in the life-course) predict instability in both the short- and long-term. Additional analyses suggest that some events – like homeownership – are immediately stabilizing, while others – like marriage – lead to stability across time. We conclude by discussing the contributions of the findings to our understanding of residential mobility and the transition to adulthood in the contemporary United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Warner, Cody and Gregory Sharp. "The Short- and Long-Term Effects of Life Events on Residential Mobility." Advances in Life Course Research 27 (March 2016): 1-15.
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6310. |
Warren, John Robert Lee, Jennifer C. Cataldi, Emily Forrest |
Teenage Employment and High School Completion In: After the Bell: Family Background, Public Policy, and Educational Success. D. Conley and K. Albright, eds., New York: Routledge, 2004: 197-256. Also: http://www.questiaschool.com/read/107504507?title=7%3A%20Teenage%20Employment%20and%20High%20School%20Completion Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Employment, In-School; Employment, Part-Time; Employment, Youth; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Students; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Part-Time Work; School Completion; Teenagers; Time Use Many parents and educators worry that high school students spend too much time working at paid jobs during the school year. They fear that working long hours - especially on school nights - hurts students' performance in the classroom. Many teachers report that their students who work long hours come to class unprepared and less well rested. At the same time, advocates of teenage employment assert that holding a job plays an important role in preparing young people for the adult labor force. It teaches some specific job skills, but more importantly it teaches responsibility, time management, the "value of a dollar, " and other valuable life skills. 2 However one views teenage employment, it is clearly commonplace: a recent report from the Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that about two in three 16 year olds and about three in four 17 year olds held paid jobs at some point during the 1998-1999 school year. |
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Bibliography Citation
Warren, John Robert, Jennifer C. Lee and Emily Forrest Cataldi. "Teenage Employment and High School Completion" In: After the Bell: Family Background, Public Policy, and Educational Success. D. Conley and K. Albright, eds., New York: Routledge, 2004: 197-256.
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6311. |
Washington Policy Center |
"Pay Equity Day" Is Not What It Seems Press Release, Washington Policy Center, Seattle WA, May 10, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Policy Center Keyword(s): Earnings; Employment; Gender; Gender Differences; Wage Gap; Wage Rates; Wages; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This Press Release argues against the validity of "Pay Equity Day" and its advocates' claim that women earn 76 cents to a man's dollar. It cites NLSY data which "shows that when age, education and experience are taken into account, women's earning power is almost the same as men's." |
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Bibliography Citation
Washington Policy Center. ""Pay Equity Day" Is Not What It Seems." Press Release, Washington Policy Center, Seattle WA, May 10, 2000. |
6312. |
Watkins, Nicole K. |
A Longitudinal Analysis of Depression: Associations with Parental Divorce during Emerging Adulthood Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Education, Indiana University, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Marital Conflict; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation examined how change in parental marital status during emerging adulthood (EA) was associated with depressive symptom trajectories from adolescence through EA. Latent growth curve models were estimated to examine depressive symptom trajectories relative to change in parental marital status, with emerging adult sex and parental marital conflict modeled as moderators of the association between depression and parental divorce. Data were drawn from 2,600 emerging adults ages 18-25 and their mothers, who participated in the Child and Young Adult Cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Among findings, I observed significant associations between parental divorce when emerging adults were ages 18/19 with higher overall depressive symptom scores at ages 18/19 and 20/21. Emerging adult sex did not moderate the association between parental marital status and depressive symptoms. However, higher parental marital conflict scores during adolescence moderated the association between marital status at age 18/19 and depressive symptoms at ages 22/23 and 24/25, such that when parents divorced when the emerging adult was 18/19, higher parental conflict was associated with higher depressive symptomology at ages 22/23 and 24/25 compared to those whose parents remained married at 18/19, who did not differ on depressive symptoms regardless of marital conflict. |
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Bibliography Citation
Watkins, Nicole K. A Longitudinal Analysis of Depression: Associations with Parental Divorce during Emerging Adulthood. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Education, Indiana University, 2019. |
6313. |
Watson, Tara Elizabeth Fertig, Angela R. |
Minimum Drinking Age Laws and Infant Health Outcomes NBER Working Paper No. 14118, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2008. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w14118.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior; Birthweight; Ethnic Differences; Fertility; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Racial Differences; Record Linkage (also see Data Linkage); State-Level Data/Policy Alcohol policies have potentially far-reaching impacts on risky sexual behavior, prenatal health behaviors, and subsequent outcomes for infants. We examine whether changes in minimum drinking age (MLDA) laws affect the likelihood of poor birth outcomes. Using data from the National Vital Statistics (NVS) for the years 1978-88, we find that a drinking age of 18 is associated with adverse outcomes among births to young mothers -- including higher incidences of low birth weight and premature birth, but not congenital malformations. The effects are largest among black women. We find suggestive evidence from both the NVS and the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) that the MLDA laws alter the composition of births that occur. In states with lenient drinking laws, young black mothers are more likely to have used alcohol 12 months prior to the birth of their child and less likely to report paternal information on the birth certificate. We suspect that lenient drinking laws generate poor birth outcomes because they increase the number of unplanned pregnancies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Watson, Tara Elizabeth and Angela R. Fertig. "Minimum Drinking Age Laws and Infant Health Outcomes." NBER Working Paper No. 14118, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2008. |
6314. |
Weaver, Andrew |
Is Credit Status a Good Signal of Productivity? Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) Review 68,4 (August 2015): 742-770. Also: http://ilr.sagepub.com/content/68/4/742 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Net Worth; Wage Growth; Wages In this article, the author uses a unique identification strategy along with credit proxy variables in a national data set to test whether credit status reveals information about an employee's character that is predictive of employee productivity. Many employers screen new hires by examining the credit reports of job applicants. The practice has sparked debate, with opponents asserting that it amounts to discrimination and proponents maintaining that it is an important tool by which employers can ensure the quality of new employees. To date, little evidence exists on the validity of credit status as a screening device. The issue is complicated both by the lack of available data and by the difficulty in establishing causality. Results indicate that the character-related portion of credit status is not a significant predictor of worker productivity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weaver, Andrew. "Is Credit Status a Good Signal of Productivity?" Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) Review 68,4 (August 2015): 742-770.
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6315. |
Weaver, Vesla M. Papachristos, Andrew Zanger-Tishler, Michael |
The Great Decoupling: The Disconnection Between Criminal Offending and Experience of Arrest Across Two Cohorts RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 5,1 Criminal Justice Contact and Inequality (February 2019), 89-123. Also: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/rsf.2019.5.1.05 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Criminal Justice System; Racial Differences Our study explores the arrest experiences of two generational cohorts--those entering adulthood on either side of a large shift in American policing. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 and 1997), we find a stark increase in arrest odds among the later generation at every level of offending, suggesting a decoupling between contact with the justice system and criminal conduct. Furthermore, this decoupling became racially inflected. Blacks had a much higher probability of arrest at the start of the twenty-first century than both blacks of the generation prior and whites of the same generation. The criminal justice system, we argue, slipped from one in which arrest was low and strongly linked to offending to one where a substantial share of Americans experienced arrest without committing a crime. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weaver, Vesla M., Andrew Papachristos and Michael Zanger-Tishler. "The Great Decoupling: The Disconnection Between Criminal Offending and Experience of Arrest Across Two Cohorts." RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 5,1 Criminal Justice Contact and Inequality (February 2019), 89-123.
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6316. |
Webber, Douglas A. |
Are College Costs Worth it? How Ability, Major, and Debt Affect the Returns to Schooling Economics of Education Review 53 (August 2016): 296-310. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775715300224 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): American Community Survey; College Cost; College Degree; Cost-Benefit Studies; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Debt/Borrowing; Earnings; Educational Returns; Student Loans / Student Aid This paper examines the financial value over the course of a lifetime of pursuing a college degree under a variety of different settings (e.g. major, student loan debt, individual ability). I account for ability/selection bias and the probability that entering freshmen will not eventually graduate. I find the financial proposition of attending college is a sound investment for most individuals and cost scenarios, although some scenarios do not pay off until late in life, or ever. I estimate the present discounted value of attending college for the median student to vary between $85,000 and $300,000 depending on the student's major. Most importantly, the results of this paper emphasize the role that risk (e.g. the nontrivial chance that a student will not eventually graduate) plays in the cost-benefit analysis of obtaining a college degree. |
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Bibliography Citation
Webber, Douglas A. "Are College Costs Worth it? How Ability, Major, and Debt Affect the Returns to Schooling." Economics of Education Review 53 (August 2016): 296-310.
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6317. |
Webber, Douglas A. |
The Lifetime Earnings Premia of Different Majors: Correcting for Selection Based on Cognitive, Noncognitive, and Unobserved Factors Labour Economics 28 (June 2014): 14-23. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537114000281 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): American Community Survey; Cognitive Ability; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Educational Returns; Noncognitive Skills This paper constructs a simulation approach to estimate the lifetime returns to various college majors. I use data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and American Community Survey to estimate the parameters which form the backbone of the simulation. I address selection into both higher education and specific major categories using measures of cognitive and noncognitive ability. Additionally, I present the lifetime premia under various assumptions regarding the magnitude of unobservable sorting. I find substantial heterogeneity in the returns to each educational outcome, ranging from $700,000 for Arts/Humanities majors to $1.5 million for Science Technology Engineering or Math (STEM) graduates (each premium is relative to high school graduates with no college experience). The differentials are larger when search behavior (allowing for differential unemployment probabilities across majors) is taken into account. Finally, I estimate the major premia separately across three birth cohorts to account for the changing nature of selection into both college and majors over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Webber, Douglas A. "The Lifetime Earnings Premia of Different Majors: Correcting for Selection Based on Cognitive, Noncognitive, and Unobserved Factors." Labour Economics 28 (June 2014): 14-23.
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6318. |
Webber, Douglas A. |
The Lifetime Earnings Premia of Different Majors: Correction for Selection Based on Cognitive, Noncognitive, and Unobserved Factors Working Paper 152, Cornell Higher Education Research Institute, May 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cornell Higher Education Research Institute (CHERI) Keyword(s): American Community Survey; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Educational Outcomes; Educational Returns Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper constructs a simulation approach to estimate the lifetime returns to various college majors. I use data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and American Community Survey to estimate the parameters which form the backbone of the simulation. I address selection into both higher education and specific major categories using measures of both cognitive and noncognitive ability. Additionally, I present the lifetime premia under various assumptions regarding the magnitude of unobservable sorting. I find substantial heterogeneity in the returns to each educational outcome, ranging from $700,000 for Arts/Humanities majors to $1.5 million for Science Technology Engineering or Math (STEM) graduates (each premium is relative to high school graduates with no college experience). The differentials are larger when search behavior (allowing for differential unemployment spells across majors) is taken into account. |
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Bibliography Citation
Webber, Douglas A. "The Lifetime Earnings Premia of Different Majors: Correction for Selection Based on Cognitive, Noncognitive, and Unobserved Factors." Working Paper 152, Cornell Higher Education Research Institute, May 2013. |
6319. |
Weden, Margaret M. |
Health Behaviors and the Role of Job Conditions: Smoking Cessation and Work Transitions through Young Adulthood and Midlife Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Modeling; Mortality; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Work conditions offer one mechanism linking structural inequality to poor health and mortality. Both psychosocial and cultural factors are important components of the differences in work environments. Health behaviors, such as smoking, can reflect the strain and/or the social norms associated with these work environments. This paper explores the relationship between job conditions and smoking cessation. Trajectories of cessation and workplace transitions are estimated for men and women among the three most prevalent US ethnic groups, using event history models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1998. This paper extends existing cross-sectional and urban-based literature on the relationship between work and health behaviors, with a unique approach that addresses the health implications of the work environment over the life course. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weden, Margaret M. "Health Behaviors and the Role of Job Conditions: Smoking Cessation and Work Transitions through Young Adulthood and Midlife." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. |
6320. |
Weden, Margaret M. |
Social Stratification and Health: Resources and Exposures Related to the Racial, Ethnic and Gender Differences in Smoking Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, June 2005. DAI-A 65/12 (2005): 4735 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Employment History; Ethnic Differences; Event History; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Job Characteristics; Life Course; Occupations; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Socioeconomic Status (SES); Unemployment; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. During early adulthood, differences in health behaviors emerge that are precursors to inequalities in health and mortality experienced in later life. The role of employment, as a fundamental determinant of resources, is considered for young adults aging into midlife (ages 15-40 years over 1979-1998). Discrete-time hazards models show that there are effects of joblessness on cessation among women, but not among men. The lower likelihood of cessation among African American and Hispanic women who are out of the labor force is explained by social and economic resources. European American women who are unemployed or out of the labor force remain less likely to quit even after controlling for these resources. The effects of psychosocial exposures at work are modeled using discrete-time hazards models. 'High strain' jobs with high demands and low latitude, and 'passive' jobs with low demands and low latitude, are associated with the lowest cessation. 'Active' jobs with high demands and high latitude is associated with the highest cessation. These differences in cessation by workplace conditions are instructive for understanding racial, ethnic and gender differences in smoking since men are more likely to age into 'active' than 'high strain' jobs, and African Americans are the most likely to remain in 'passive' jobs. The analyses underscore the relevance of policy that increases human capital leading to employment and occupational attainment. They also highlight the need for workplace health programs that extend beyond individual interventions to address workplace conditions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weden, Margaret M. Social Stratification and Health: Resources and Exposures Related to the Racial, Ethnic and Gender Differences in Smoking. Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, June 2005. DAI-A 65/12 (2005): 4735. |
6321. |
Weden, Margaret M. Astone, Nan Marie Bishai, David M. |
Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Smoking Cessation Associated with Employment and Joblessness Through Young Adulthood in the US Social Science and Medicine 62,2 (January 2006): 303-316. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953605002911 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Racial Differences; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Women The dynamics of labor force participation and joblessness during young adulthood influence access to social and material resources and shape exposure to different sources of psychosocial strain. Differences in these dynamics by race, ethnicity, and gender are related to changes in a behavioral determinant of poor health (tobacco use) for young adults aging into midlife. Using discrete-time hazards models, we estimate the relationship between labor force participation in the past year and smoking cessation for US adults (ages 14?21 years in 1979) followed in a population-representative sample until 1998 (i.e. the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth). We assess the unique role of racial, ethnic and gender differences in exposure, vulnerability, and reactivity to employment and joblessness by controlling for social and economic resources obtained through working and by controlling for early life factors that select individuals into certain labor force and smoking trajectories. There are three main findings: (1) joblessness is more strongly associated with persistent daily smoking among women than among men; (2) fewer social and economic resources for women out of the labor force compared to employed women explains their lower cessation rates; and (3) lower cessation among unemployed women compared to employed women can only partially be explained by these resources. These findings illustrate how differential access to work-related social and economic resources is an important mediator of poor health trajectories. Contextual factors such as social norms and psychosocial strains at work and at home may play a unique role among European American men and women in explaining gender differences in smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR; Copyright 2006 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Weden, Margaret M., Nan Marie Astone and David M. Bishai. "Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Smoking Cessation Associated with Employment and Joblessness Through Young Adulthood in the US." Social Science and Medicine 62,2 (January 2006): 303-316.
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6322. |
Weden, Margaret M. Brownell, Peter B. Rendall, Michael S. |
Prenatal, Perinatal, Early Life, and Sociodemographic Factors Underlying Racial Differences in the Likelihood of High Body Mass Index in Early Childhood American Journal of Public Health 102,11 (November 2012): 2057-2067. Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300686 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Breastfeeding; Child Care; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Obesity; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Racial Differences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives. We investigated early childhood disparities in high body mass index (BMI) between Black and White US children. Methods. We compared differences in Black and White children’s prevalence of sociodemographic, prenatal, perinatal, and early life risk and protective factors; fit logistic regression models predicting high BMI (≥ 95th percentile) at age 4 to 5 years to 2 nationally representative samples followed from birth; and performed separate and pooled-survey estimations of these models. Results. After adjustment for sample design–related variables, models predicting high BMI in the 2 samples were statistically indistinguishable. In the pooled-survey models, Black children's odds of high BMI were 59% higher than White children's (odds ratio [OR] = 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1.32, 1.92). Sociodemographic predictors reduced the racial disparity to 46% (OR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.17, 1.81). Prenatal, perinatal, and early life predictors reduced the disparity to nonsignificance (OR = 1.18; 95% CI = 0.93, 1.49). Maternal prepregnancy obesity and short-duration or no breastfeeding were among predictors for which racial differences in children’s exposures most disadvantaged Black children. Conclusions. Racial disparities in early childhood high BMI were largely explained by potentially modifiable risk and protective factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weden, Margaret M., Peter B. Brownell and Michael S. Rendall. "Prenatal, Perinatal, Early Life, and Sociodemographic Factors Underlying Racial Differences in the Likelihood of High Body Mass Index in Early Childhood." American Journal of Public Health 102,11 (November 2012): 2057-2067.
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6323. |
Weden, Margaret M. Kimbro, Rachel Tolbert |
Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Timing of First Marriage and Smoking Cessation Journal of Marriage and Family 69,3 (August 2007): 878-887. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00411.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Demography; Ethnic Differences; Family Formation; Health Factors; Hispanics; Maternal Employment; Racial Differences; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N = 4,050), we consider the relationship between the timing of family formation and positive changes in health behavior. Theories that predict both positive and negative associations are tested. The findings suggest that both mechanisms operate and that the direction of the association depends on the respondent's race or ethnicity. Whites who marry early are less likely to quit smoking, whereas Whites who marry on time and Blacks and Hispanics who marry at all ages are more likely to quit. The analysis refines the understanding of how family formation shapes changes in health behaviors differentially across the life course, and it underscores the difference in this process for individuals from different racial and ethnic backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Marriage & Family is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Weden, Margaret M. and Rachel Tolbert Kimbro. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Timing of First Marriage and Smoking Cessation." Journal of Marriage and Family 69,3 (August 2007): 878-887.
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6324. |
Weden, Margaret M. Miles, Jeremy N. V. |
Intergenerational Relationships between the Smoking Patterns of a Population-Representative Sample of US Mothers and the Smoking Trajectories of their Children American Journal of Public Health 102,4 (April 2012): 723-731. Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300214 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. OBJECTIVES: We assessed intergenerational transmission of smoking in mother-child dyads. METHODS: We identified classes of youth smoking trajectories using mixture latent trajectory analyses with data from the Children and Young Adults of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 6349). We regressed class membership on prenatal and postnatal exposure to maternal smoking, including social and behavioral variables, to control for selection. RESULTS: Youth smoking trajectories entailed early-onset persistent smoking, early-onset experimental discontinued smoking, late-onset persistent smoking, and nonsmoking. The likelihood of early onset versus late onset and early onset versus nonsmoking were significantly higher among youths exposed prenatally and postnatally versus either postnatally alone or unexposed. Controlling for selection, the increased likelihood of early onset versus nonsmoking remained significant for each exposure group versus unexposed, as did early onset versus late onset and late onset versus nonsmoking for youths exposed prenatally and postnatally versus unexposed. Experimental smoking was notable among youths whose mothers smoked but quit before the child's birth. CONCLUSIONS: Both physiological and social role-modeling mechanisms of intergenerational transmission are evident. Prioritization of tobacco control for pregnant women, mothers, and youths remains a critical, interrelated objective. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weden, Margaret M. and Jeremy N. V. Miles. "Intergenerational Relationships between the Smoking Patterns of a Population-Representative Sample of US Mothers and the Smoking Trajectories of their Children." American Journal of Public Health 102,4 (April 2012): 723-731.
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6325. |
Wegner, Toni Giuliano Ree, Malcolm James |
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery: Correcting the Speeded Subtests for the 1980 Youth Population Working Paper ERIC Document ED263145, Manpower and Personnel Division, U.S. Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base TX, July 1985. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED263145.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Defense Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Data Analysis; Data Quality/Consistency; Military Personnel; Research Methodology; Sample Selection; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Testing Conditions In the late 1970s, the Department of Defense requested that the reference population for the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) be changed and updated to reflect the current youth population. Analyses of new data collected in 1980 indicated that speeded subtest scores of the new sample were atypically low and that the sample might therefore be inappropriate for use as a reference. A preliminary investigation traced the problem to a nonoperational answer sheet used for data collection of the 1980 youth sample. The present project was designed as a large-scale test of the differences between these nonoperational answer sheets and the operational answer sheets. Data were collected on the two speeded subtests from about 9,500 service applicants at Military Entrance Processing Stations; half used operational and half used nonoperational answer sheets that were employed in the youth sample. Scores from nonoperational answer sheets were then equated to scores from the operational answer sheets. Adjustments based on equatings between the operational and nonoperational answer sheets were found to resolve the observed anomalies in the 1980 sample. Results indicated that the 1980 sample of American youth could be used appropriately with these adjustments. (Author/LMO) |
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Bibliography Citation
Wegner, Toni Giuliano and Malcolm James Ree. "Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery: Correcting the Speeded Subtests for the 1980 Youth Population." Working Paper ERIC Document ED263145, Manpower and Personnel Division, U.S. Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base TX, July 1985. |
6326. |
Weinberg, Bruce A. Reagan, Patricia Benton Yankow, Jeffrey Jon |
Do Neighborhoods Affect Hours Worked? Evidence from Longitudinal Data Journal of Labor Economics 22,4 (October 2004): 891-825. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/423158 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Education; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Record Linkage (also see Data Linkage); Social Environment; Social Influences; Work Attachment; Work Experience Using a confidential version of the NLSY79, we estimate large effects of neighborhood social characteristics and job proximity on labor market activity. A variety of neighborhood social characteristics are associated with less market work. Social characteristics have nonlinear effects, with the greatest impact in the worst neighborhoods. Social characteristics are also more important for less-educated workers. Exploiting the panel aspects of our data, we find that estimates that do not account for neighborhood selection on the basis of time-invariant and time-varying unobserved individual characteristics substantially overstate the social effects of neighborhoods but understate the effects of job access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Weinberg, Bruce A., Patricia Benton Reagan and Jeffrey Jon Yankow. "Do Neighborhoods Affect Hours Worked? Evidence from Longitudinal Data." Journal of Labor Economics 22,4 (October 2004): 891-825.
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6327. |
Weinberg, Daniel H. Shipp, Stephanie S. |
Survey of Program Dynamics -- A Mid-Term Status Report SPD Working Paper SAP99-10, U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Program Dynamics, February 2, 2000. Also: http://www.bls.census.gov/spd/workpaper/summary10.htm Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Commerce Keyword(s): Attrition; Data Quality/Consistency; Nonresponse; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD); Welfare Because of respondent attrition, researchers have questioned the usefulness of data from the SPD; thus, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the quality of the SPD data. The conclusions drawn from the analysis that follows are that (1) the SPD data are representative of the population when compared with the Current Population Survey (CPS) and (2) the SPD response rates are comparable to those of two other major longitudinal household surveys--the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), conducted by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan, and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), conducted by the National Opinion Research Center for the Center for Human Resource Research at Ohio State University. Attrition, however, is still a problem for the SPD. An experimental study that the Census Bureau conducted in 1998 concluded that monetary incentives were successful in gaining cooperation from panel nonrespondents, a finding suggesting that SPD should adopt the use of monetary incentives to reduce attrition.
This paper addresses the following questions: |
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Bibliography Citation
Weinberg, Daniel H. and Stephanie S. Shipp. "Survey of Program Dynamics -- A Mid-Term Status Report." SPD Working Paper SAP99-10, U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Program Dynamics, February 2, 2000. |
6328. |
Weingartner, Rose Malinowski |
Parent or Not: A Longitudinal View of Fertility Intentions and Outcomes Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In recent years, fears about a population boom have been replaced by observations of declining fertility in many wealthy countries, foretelling an increasingly aging population with fewer people of working age. Research has focused on smaller family sizes, and increase in one- and two-child families, rather than on women and couples with no children, and many studies view childlessness by the time of completed fertility as a side-effect of postponement. The availability of the 2014 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) cohort allows for new insights into fertility intentions and outcomes, including the eventual parenthood status of women and their original fertility intentions in adolescence. This paper classifies respondents into four fertility intention-outcome typologies: intentional parent, intentional childless, unintentional parent, and unintentional childless, based on women's earliest stated fertility intentions and their parenthood status at the end of childbearing years. Using these typologies as well as individual demographic characteristics and marital transitions over the life course, factors associated with a woman accurately predicting whether or not she will have children are identified. Past research has identified demographic differences between childless women and mothers, and these hold up in the current data regardless of whether the childlessness is intentional. The current study shows that women’s stated fertility intentions serve as an excellent predictor of actual parenthood by the time of fertility completion. In addition, among women who expected to have children, the end of a marriage serves as a predictor of unintentional childlessness. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weingartner, Rose Malinowski. "Parent or Not: A Longitudinal View of Fertility Intentions and Outcomes." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018. |
6329. |
Weinshenker, Matthew |
Employment and Earnings across the Transition to Fatherhood: A Life Course Perspective Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=70568 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Earnings; Employment; Fatherhood; Fathers; Gender; Life Course; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Existing studies support the hypotheses that married fathers are likely to work longer hours for pay than their childless counterparts, and to earn more money. In this study, I draw upon the life course perspective in asking whether married men respond to becoming fathers for the first time in the same way regardless of the age at which fertility takes place. Fitting fixed effects models to data from the NLSY79, I test several competing hypotheses particularly focused upon delayed fathers, or those who become first-time parents in their thirties and after. Preliminary findings suggest that while delayed fathers' employment and earnings are not affected by parenthood, there is a significant (but small) disjunction among older men based on their attitudes toward gender egalitarianism. The results appear to have implications for the study of work-family linkages and for discussions of delayed fathers and the "new fatherhood". |
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Bibliography Citation
Weinshenker, Matthew. "Employment and Earnings across the Transition to Fatherhood: A Life Course Perspective." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
6330. |
Weinshenker, Matthew |
The Effect of Fatherhood on Employment Hours: Variation by Birth Timing, Marriage, and Coresidence Journal of Family Issues 36,1 (January 2015): 3-30. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/36/1/3.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Coresidence; Fatherhood; First Birth; Marital Status; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Drawing on the life course paradigm, I assess how the effect of fatherhood on employment hours varies by age of becoming a parent and time elapsed since the birth. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort from 1979 to 2002 (N = 28,514 observations), separate effects are estimated based on fathers' marital status and coresidence with own children. Only unmarried men who became fathers before 24 years work longer hours immediately after a first birth, but in the long run, most early fathers work fewer hours as a result of parenthood. Over time, unmarried but coresident men who became fathers between 24 and 29 years increase their hours, as do married, coresident men who delayed fatherhood until 30 years or older. However, the latter increase is moderated by support for egalitarian gender roles. The findings shed light on the contemporary transition to adulthood and on men's work-family balance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weinshenker, Matthew. "The Effect of Fatherhood on Employment Hours: Variation by Birth Timing, Marriage, and Coresidence." Journal of Family Issues 36,1 (January 2015): 3-30.
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6331. |
Weinstein, Russell Lang, Kevin Cavounidis, Costas |
The Boss is Watching: How Monitoring Decisions Hurt Black Workers The Economic Journal published online (27 September 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead079 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Royal Economic Society (RES) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Black Studies; Discrimination; Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Job; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Employment; Employment History; Income; Monitoring, Discriminatory; Racial Equality/Inequality; Racial Studies; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. African Americans face shorter employment durations than similar Whites. We hypothesize that employers discriminate in acquiring or acting on ability-relevant information. In our model, monitoring Black, but not White, workers is self-sustaining. New Black hires were more likely fired by previous employers after monitoring. This reduces firms’ beliefs about ability, incentivizing discriminatory monitoring. We confirm our predictions that layoffs are initially higher for Black than non-Black workers, but that they converge with seniority and decline more with the Armed Forces Qualification Test for Black workers. Two additional predictions, lower lifetime incomes and longer unemployment durations for Black workers, have known empirical support. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weinstein, Russell, Kevin Lang and Costas Cavounidis. "The Boss is Watching: How Monitoring Decisions Hurt Black Workers ." The Economic Journal published online (27 September 2023).
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6332. |
Weiss, Felix Roksa, Josipa |
New Dimensions of Educational Inequality: Changing Patterns of Combining College and Work in the U.S. over Time Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 44 (June 2016): 44-53. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562416300117 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Education; Employment, In-School; Higher Education; Mobility, Social; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Expansion of an educational system is often accompanied by differentiation. In the U.S., expansion of higher education included an increasing reliance on work. For a growing proportion of students, including those of traditional college-going age, going to college also involved going to work. This raises a crucial question of whether this form of differentiation has altered the patterns of inequality in higher education. While growing proportions of disadvantaged students are entering higher education, are they increasingly depending on work during their studies? We address this question using data from two waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97). We begin by presenting longitudinal profiles of engagement in school and work for young adults in the 1980s and 2000s. Following, we conduct multivariate analyses predicting the number of hours students are working while enrolled in college in two time periods. Presented analyses reveal a substantial amount of stability in social class inequality over time, with a modest increase in inequality among students attending four-year institutions full-time. Implications of these findings for policy and research on social stratification are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weiss, Felix and Josipa Roksa. "New Dimensions of Educational Inequality: Changing Patterns of Combining College and Work in the U.S. over Time." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 44 (June 2016): 44-53.
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6333. |
Weiss, Felix Scholten, Mirte M. M. |
Gender Differences in the Influence of Parental Class on Young Adults’ Participation in Postsecondary Education in the US Journal of Further and Higher Education 38,2 (March 2014): 182-199. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0309877X.2012.722196#.Ux8obRD_zWA Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Gender Differences; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Background As with earlier social disparities in educational achievement, re-enrolment in college education can depend on parental social background. We link this finding with gender differences using data from the US National Longitudinal Study of Youth 79 and ask if the decision to re-enrol in college is influenced by parental social class in a gender-specific way. The results show that adding maternal class position to the operationalisation of social origin can be beneficial and result in a better model fit. Moreover, there are gender differences on the part of the child. Working-class men are constantly disadvantaged in their chances to re-enrol in education throughout their lives compared to men with more privileged family backgrounds, while working-class women are only disadvantaged among early re-entrants. This result is reversed in later years and women with working-class parents re-enrol more often. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weiss, Felix and Mirte M. M. Scholten. "Gender Differences in the Influence of Parental Class on Young Adults’ Participation in Postsecondary Education in the US." Journal of Further and Higher Education 38,2 (March 2014): 182-199.
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6334. |
Weisshaar, Katherine Cabello-Hutt, Tania |
Labor Force Participation Over the Life Course: The Long-Term Effects of Employment Trajectories on Wages and the Gendered Payoff to Employment Demography published online (29 January 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s13524-019-00845-8. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-019-00845-8 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this article, we consider how individuals' long-term employment trajectories relate to wage inequality and the gender wage gap in the United States. Using more than 30 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 sample, we identify six employment trajectories for individuals from ages 22 to 50. We find that women across racial/ethnic groups and Black men are more likely than White and Hispanic men to have nonsteady employment trajectories and lower levels of employment throughout their lives, and individuals who have experienced poverty also have heightened risks of intermittent employment. We then assess how trajectories are associated with wages later in careers, at ages 45-50. We find significant variation in wages across work trajectories, with steady high employment leading to the highest wages. This wage variation is primarily explained by work characteristics rather than family characteristics. Finally, we examine gender variation in within-trajectory wages. We find that the gender wage gap is largest in the steady high employment trajectory and is reduced among trajectories with longer durations of nonemployment. Thus, although women are relatively more concentrated in nonsteady trajectories than are men, men who do follow nonsteady wage trajectories incur smaller wage premiums than men in steady high employment pathways, on average. These findings demonstrate that long-term employment paths are important predictors of economic and gender wage inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weisshaar, Katherine and Tania Cabello-Hutt. "Labor Force Participation Over the Life Course: The Long-Term Effects of Employment Trajectories on Wages and the Gendered Payoff to Employment." Demography published online (29 January 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s13524-019-00845-8.
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6335. |
Weisshaar, Katherine Cabello-Hutt, Tania |
Labor Force Participation: The Long-Term Effects of Employment Trajectories on Wages Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use over 30 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to examine the long-term effects of labor force participation on wages. We document employment trajectories over the life course, and assess to what extent these vary by sex, race, and socioeconomic background, and how they are associated with wages later in life. We find that the trajectory itself -- the timing and extent of intermittent employment -- matters in predicting wages later in life, beyond the duration of intermittency. While women are more likely to follow non-steady employment, women do not incur additional wage penalties compared to men who follow the same non-steady trajectory. Thus, gender inequality in wages derived from intermittency is due to the group composition itself, rather than gendered payoff of a particular pathway. These findings give important insights into the relationship between gender, employment, and wage inequality over the life course. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weisshaar, Katherine and Tania Cabello-Hutt. "Labor Force Participation: The Long-Term Effects of Employment Trajectories on Wages." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
6336. |
Weisul, Kimberly |
That’s One Expensive Bundle of Joy: The True Cost of Motherhood for Women CBNEWS Business Network, May 5, 2011. Also: http://www.bnet.com/blog/business-research/that-8217s-one-expensive-bundle-of-joy/1463 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: CBS Business Network Keyword(s): Fertility; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. If you knew that having a child would decrease the amount of money you made over your lifetime by six percent, would you still do it? How about if it dented your lifetime earnings by 24 percent? That’s the question raised by a paper from Harvard University’s David Elwood, Columbia University’s Elizabeth Ty Wilde, and New York University’s Lily Batchelder. The researchers tried to determine if there’s an economic cost to women who have children, and if so, whether that cost is affected by the skill level of the women or the age at which they have kids. The results, in contrast to earlier research on the topic, are stark: High-skilled women pay a huge penalty, in terms of earnings, for their little bundles of joy. And for those women, there’s good economic reason to postpone motherhood: The longer high-skilled women wait to have kids, the smaller their economic sacrifice becomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weisul, Kimberly. "That’s One Expensive Bundle of Joy: The True Cost of Motherhood for Women." CBNEWS Business Network, May 5, 2011. |
6337. |
Weitzman, Elissa R. Minegishi, Machiko Wisk, Lauren Levy, Sharon |
Substance Use and Educational Impacts in Youth With and Without Chronic Illness American Journal of Preventive Medicine published online (4 October 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2023.09.029 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Academic Development; Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Health; Alcohol Use; Behavioral Problems; Child Health; Childhood; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Chronic Illness; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Drug Use; Education; Educational Outcomes; Grade Point Average (GPA)/Grades; High School; High School Students; Illnesses; Marijuana/Cannabis Use; Modeling, Poisson (IRT–ZIP); School Performance; Schooling; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Substance Use; Teenagers; Truancy Introduction: Alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine are commonly used psychoactive substances that affect adolescent neurocognition. Little is known about the educational impacts of their use on measures of educational performance, participation and problems, especially among youth with a chronic illness who may use these substances to alleviate stress and symptoms. Methods: Adolescents receiving general or subspecialty care were administered an electronic survey from 2016 to 2018. Data were analyzed in 2023. Using modified Poisson models, cross-sectional associations between past 12-month usage of alcohol, cannabis, and/or nicotine and educational impacts were estimated. Results: Among 958 adolescents (mean age 16.0 years (SD 1.3), 564 (58.9%) female gender, 445 (46.5%) in subspecialty care), 294 (30.7%), 220 (23.0%), and 126 (13.2%) reported past 12-month use of alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine respectively, while 407 (42.5%) reported ≥1 educational impact, including recent lower grades 210 (21.9%), past 3-month truancy from school 164 (17.1%) or activities 170 (17.7%), and detention 82 (8.6%). Use of cannabis, but not other substances, was associated with negative educational impacts: lower grades (mostly C's/D's/F's), adjusted prevalence ratios [APR, (95%CI)] 1.54 (1.13-2.11); past 3-month truancy from school [2.16 (1.52-3.07)]; detention [2.29 (1.33-3.94)]. The association between cannabis use and any negative educational impact was stronger among adolescents with a chronic illness (P<0.001). Conclusions: Among adolescents, cannabis use was associated with a heightened risk of negative educational impacts, even after controlling for alcohol and nicotine use. Adolescents with chronic illness were especially likely to experience negative educational impacts. Findings underscore need for preventive interventions and messaging to reduce risks. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weitzman, Elissa R., Machiko Minegishi, Lauren Wisk and Sharon Levy. "Substance Use and Educational Impacts in Youth With and Without Chronic Illness." American Journal of Preventive Medicine published online (4 October 2023).
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6338. |
Weitzman, Michael Byrd, Robert S. Auinger, Peggy |
The Behavioral and Educational Consequences of Early School Entry Ambulatory Child Health 3,1 (1997): 215. Also: http://www.achjournal.org/abstracts/3_255-267.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, School-Age; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); School Progress; Schooling |
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Bibliography Citation
Weitzman, Michael, Robert S. Byrd and Peggy Auinger. "The Behavioral and Educational Consequences of Early School Entry." Ambulatory Child Health 3,1 (1997): 215.
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6339. |
Weitzman, Michael Gortmaker, Steven L. Sobol, Arthur M. |
Maternal Smoking and Behavior Problems of Children Pediatrics 90,3 (September 1992): 342-349. Also: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/abstract/90/3/342 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Asthma; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Health; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mortality; Mothers, Behavior; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Self-Esteem Numerous health consequences of children's exposure to maternal smoking have been demonstrated, including increased rates of low birth weight, infant mortality, respiratory infections, asthma, and modest impairments of cognitive development. There is little evidence, however, linking maternal smoking and increased rates of children's behavior problems. Data from the population-based National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used to investigate the possible association of maternal smoking and behavior problems among 2256 children aged 4 through 11 years. In multiple regression analyses the authors controlled for child's race, age, sex, birth weight, and chronic asthma; family structure, income, and divorce or separation in the prior 2 years; mother's education, intelligence, self-esteem, employment status, chronic disabling health conditions, and use of alcohol during pregnancy; and the quality of the home environment as assessed by the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment-Short Form to investigate the relationship between maternal smoking and children's behavior problems. The measure of maternal smoking status reflected two levels of smoking intensity (less than a pack per day and a pack or more per day) for each of three different categories of children's exposure: prenatal only (mother smoked only during pregnancy), passive only (mother smoked only after pregnancy), and prenatal plus passive exposure (mother smoked both during and after pregnancy). Measures of children's behavior problems included the overall score on a 32-item parent-reported child Behavior Problem Index (BPI), scores on the BPI's subscales, and rates of extreme scores on the BPI. |
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Bibliography Citation
Weitzman, Michael, Steven L. Gortmaker and Arthur M. Sobol. "Maternal Smoking and Behavior Problems of Children." Pediatrics 90,3 (September 1992): 342-349.
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6340. |
Wellington, Alison |
Self-employment: The New Solution for Balancing Family and Career? Labor Economics 13,3 (June 2006): 357-386. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/labeco/v13y2006i3p357-386.html Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Education; Educational Status; Family Studies; Marriage; Maternal Employment; Self-Employed Workers; Wives; Wives, Work; Women We examine the hypothesis that white married women, particularly more educated women, are increasingly choosing self-employment as a strategy to balance family and career. We test two models using data from the CPS, NLS and NLSY, to examine the determinants of self-employment for women in the late 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Our findings suggest that married women with greater family responsibilities are more likely to be self-employed, and these impacts are stronger for more educated women. However, we find little support for the hypothesis that women are more likely in recent years to choose self-employment in response to family demands. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wellington, Alison. "Self-employment: The New Solution for Balancing Family and Career?" Labor Economics 13,3 (June 2006): 357-386.
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6341. |
Wells, Samantha L. |
The Relationship Between Alcohol-Related Aggression and Drinking Patterns, Social Roles, Drinking Contexts, Predisposing and Family Background Characteristics Ii Late Adolescent and Young Adult Drinkers Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 2005. DAI-B 67/02, Aug 2005. Also: http://gradworks.umi.com/NR/12/NR12063.html Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior, Antisocial; Behavior, Violent; Family Background and Culture; Family Studies; Social Roles; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The primary purpose of this dissertation was to gain a better understanding of alcohol-related aggression experienced by late adolescent and young adult drinkers. The specific aims included determining the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression, identifying potential confounders and modifiers of this relationship, and assessing the independent effects of social roles, drinking contexts, predisposing and family background characteristics on alcohol-related aggression. Separate analyses were conducted for males and females to assess gender specific effects. A secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Young Adult data was conducted. A composite cross-sectional data file was created from three years of data (i.e., 1994, 1996, and 1998) for young drinkers aged 17 to 21. Epidemiological model building was used to test for effect modification, confounding, and important covariates using multiple logistic regression analyses. While heavy episodic drinking, drinking frequency, and drinking volume were significantly associated with alcohol-related aggression in the univariate analyses, drinking frequency was found to be the most important explanatory variable in a multivariable analysis. The relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression was not confounded by social roles, drinking contexts, predisposing and family background characteristics. Significant effect modification of the alcohol and aggression relationship was found for gender, student status (males only), and usual drinking location (males only). A stronger relationship between heavy episodic drinking and alcohol-related aggression was found for females than males and for male high school graduates not attending college than male college students. As well, a stronger relationship was found between drinking frequency and alcohol-related aggression for males who reported usually drinking in public locations away from home than for those who drank in private locations. Alcohol-related aggression was associated with family background variables (i.e., lower mother's education level, no exposure to family poverty, any change in family structure) and living arrangement (living with both parents versus living in own dwelling) for males whereas student status (high school drop-outs versus college students), drinking in public locations versus private locations, and recent aggressive behaviour were important explanatory variables for females. Longitudinal data are needed to assess change within individuals and allow for the proper assessment of temporal ordering of relationships. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wells, Samantha L. The Relationship Between Alcohol-Related Aggression and Drinking Patterns, Social Roles, Drinking Contexts, Predisposing and Family Background Characteristics Ii Late Adolescent and Young Adult Drinkers. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 2005. DAI-B 67/02, Aug 2005.. |
6342. |
Wells, Samantha L. Speechley, Mark Koval, John J. Graham, Kathryn |
Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Heavy Episodic Drinking, Social Roles, and Alcohol-Related Aggression in a U.S. Sample of Late Adolescent and Young Adult Drinkers American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 33,1 (January 2007): 21-29. Also: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00952990601082613 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Informa Healthcare Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Behavior, Antisocial; Behavior, Violent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. To better understand alcohol-related aggression among late adolescent and young adult drinkers, the present research aimed to examine whether: 1) the relationship between heavy episodic drinking and alcohol-related aggression was different for males and females; and 2) social roles (marital and employment status, living arrangement, student status) influenced alcohol-related aggression. Secondary analyses of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were conducted using a composite sample of drinkers aged 17 to 21 in 1994, 1996 and 1998 (n = 808). A stronger relationship was found between heavy episodic drinking and fights after drinking for females than for males. In terms of social roles, males who lived with their parents were more likely to fight after drinking than those living in their own dwelling, while females who dropped out of high school were significantly more likely to fight after drinking compared with college students. A gender focus is required in future research on alcohol-related aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Wells, Samantha L., Mark Speechley, John J. Koval and Kathryn Graham. "Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Heavy Episodic Drinking, Social Roles, and Alcohol-Related Aggression in a U.S. Sample of Late Adolescent and Young Adult Drinkers." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 33,1 (January 2007): 21-29.
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6343. |
Wells, Thomas Eric |
Using the Two-Sided Logit Model to Elucidate the Determinants of Occupational Attainment Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2000. DAI 61,12A (2000): 4958 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Demography; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Studies; Family Background and Culture; Industrial Relations; Modeling, Logit; Racial Studies; Socioeconomic Background; Work Experience This research project addresses the labor market process of matching people to jobs. Using John Allen Logan's two-sided logit model along with recent data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I investigate the process by which workers get matched to jobs, paying attention to characteristics and preferences of both workers and employers. The results from my analysis indicate that race/ethnicity, cognitive ability, educational attainment, and years of work experience are all salient factors in predicting the likelihood of receiving employment offers. In addition, the results indicate that hourly rate of pay is a salient factor in predicting the likelihood of accepting an employment offer in a particular occupational category. However, the coefficients corresponding to the preferences of employers for characteristics of individuals are not shown to be uniform across the occupational distribution. Rather, they are shown to differ across the occupational categories, suggesting the existence of differential employer preferences and differential demands for certain types of labor across the occupational structure. Such findings and interpretations are consistent with common sense and are hardly surprising. However, status attainment and earnings attainment models are usually constructed in such a way that a single uniform labor market process is implicitly assumed to operate across the entire occupational structure. The results indicate that this is not the case. I also consider the role that family background variables may play in predicting the likelihood of receiving offers of employment in various occupational categories. However, these variables are not shown to provide much additional explanatory power in terms of predicting occupational outcomes. My findings seem to indicate that employers are primarily concerned with the characteristics of individuals. An individual's socioeconomic background is not extremely relevant to employersand to their hiring decisions, ostensibly because (unlike cognitive ability, educational attainment, and work experience) it has little bearing on an individual's capacity to perform a job. However, this is not to say that socioeconomic origins have no bearing on occupational outcomes. My findings also suggest that background variables may exert important indirect effects through the other variables included in the model. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wells, Thomas Eric. Using the Two-Sided Logit Model to Elucidate the Determinants of Occupational Attainment. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2000. DAI 61,12A (2000): 4958. |
6344. |
Wenk, Deeann L. |
A Residential Comparison of Women's Earnings and Types of Child Care Arrangement Working Paper, University of Oklahoma, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Rural Sociological Society Keyword(s): Child Care; Geographical Variation; Rural Sociology; Rural/Urban Differences; Urban and Regional Planning Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Presented: Seattle WA: Rural Sociological Society, 1989 The availability of child care services in nonmetropolitan areas is becoming an increasingly important issue because of the rising rates of labor force participation among rural women. While recent studies have shown a greater reliance on relatives for care versus day care centers in rural than in urban areas, reasons for the differences have not been fully explored. What variations in the types of child care exist and how they are related to women's wage rates are examined using data from the National Longitudinal Survey Merged Child/Mother File (sample = 1,163 children aged 3-5 born to a cohort of mothers aged 15-21 in 1979). Multinomial logistic analysis is used to estimate the effects of residence, household, and individual characteristics on type of care. The results have implications for women's employment and the availability of center care for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.] |
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Bibliography Citation
Wenk, Deeann L. "A Residential Comparison of Women's Earnings and Types of Child Care Arrangement." Working Paper, University of Oklahoma, 1989. |
6345. |
Wenk, Deeann L. Garrett, Patricia |
Having a Baby: Some Predictions of Maternal Employment around Childbirth Gender and Society 6,1 (March 1992): 49-65. Also: http://gas.sagepub.com/content/6/1/49.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Childbearing; Family Income; Job Status; Maternal Employment; Occupational Prestige Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The 1986 Merged Child/Mother File from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is used to examine employment patterns of 1,920 women who gave birth 1979-1986, exploring the influence of personal, job, and family status characteristics on timing and duration of maternal employment. Logistic regression and proportional hazards analyses reveal that family status factors and the proportion of the family income the mother earns are consistently important in predicting maternal employment. Human capital factors are more significant in predicting employment exit rates than return rates or employment status one year after a childbirth. 5 Tables, 1 Appendix, 27 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Wenk, Deeann L. and Patricia Garrett. "Having a Baby: Some Predictions of Maternal Employment around Childbirth." Gender and Society 6,1 (March 1992): 49-65.
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6346. |
Wenk, Deeann L. Hardesty, Constance L. |
Effects of Residence, Family Background and Household Structure on the Educational Attainment of Young Adults In: Investing in People: The Human Capital Needs of Rural America. L.S. Beaulieu and D. Mulkey, eds. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Perseus Books Group Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Geographical Variation; High School Completion/Graduates; Household Structure; Regions; Residence; Rural/Urban Differences; Schooling; Urban and Regional Planning Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite overall rises in the U.S., educational levels have been persistently lower in rural areas and in the south than in urban areas and the north. This study uses a modified status attainment approach to explore the influence of residence on high school completion and college attendance. Two questions are posed: (1) Does residence have an important effect on educational attainment after controlling for individual characteristics, family background and household structure? (2) Do the effects of family background and household structure vary by residence? A subsample of 3,854 men and women aged 14 to 22 in 1979 taken from the NLSY is used for analysis. Residence is measured as north/south and urban/rural residence at the time of expected high school graduation. The results indicate that the effects of family background account for the negative effects of living in the rural south on educational attainment. The within region analysis shows few differences suggesting that rural youth are just as able as other youth to utilize family resources to their advantage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wenk, Deeann L. and Constance L. Hardesty. "Effects of Residence, Family Background and Household Structure on the Educational Attainment of Young Adults" In: Investing in People: The Human Capital Needs of Rural America. L.S. Beaulieu and D. Mulkey, eds. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995
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6347. |
Wenk, Deeann L. Hardesty, Constance L. |
Family and Household Effects on the Educational Attainment of Young Adults Technical Report, ERIC Document 334054. Previous version presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1991). Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ERIC Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Family Structure; Poverty; Residence; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the impact of family structure, poverty level, and region of residence on educational attainment. The study uses data collected by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, with a probability sample of 3,854 men and women aged 14 to 18 in 1979. Logistic regression was used to allow for the analysis of dichotomous dependent variables (high school completion versus incompletion and attendance of at least one year of college versus not attending college). Parent's socioeconomic status is measured by the mother's and father's education and occupation. Household structure is categorized as two parent household, one parent household, or an alternative household form. Residential status is measured in terms of rural/urban and southern/non-southern. Significant findings are: (1) living in a single parent or two-parent household (in contrast to alternative form of household) increases the odds of completing high school and living in a two-parent household increases the odds of attending college; (2) education of both parents is a powerful predictor of college attendance; (3) living in poverty significantly decreases the odds of both high school completion and college attendance; and (4) the negative effect of living in the rural south disappears when the effects of family background are controlled. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wenk, Deeann L. and Constance L. Hardesty. "Family and Household Effects on the Educational Attainment of Young Adults." Technical Report, ERIC Document 334054. Previous version presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1991). |
6348. |
Wenk, Deeann L. Hardesty, Constance L. |
Persistent Poverty and Rural Residence Among Young Adults Presented: Columbus, OH, Meetings of the Rural Sociological Society, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Rural Sociological Society Keyword(s): Geographical Variation; Hispanics; Poverty; Racial Differences; Residence; Rural Areas; Rural Youth; Rural/Urban Differences; Rural/Urban Migration; Unemployment Rate; Urban and Regional Planning Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Changes in poverty status and residence between 1979 and 1984 are examined for a cohort of men and women ages 14-21 in 1979, using data from the NLSY. This probability sample includes an overrepresentation of African Americans, Hispanics, and economically disadvantaged whites. It is demonstrated that examining residence at one point in time can distort the estimate of the persistence of poverty by region. The results suggest that both persistent poverty and persistent wealth are more common among long-term urban than among long-term rural residents, but that poverty is more pervasive among those living in rural areas. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.] |
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Bibliography Citation
Wenk, Deeann L. and Constance L. Hardesty. "Persistent Poverty and Rural Residence Among Young Adults." Presented: Columbus, OH, Meetings of the Rural Sociological Society, 1991. |
6349. |
Wenk, Deeann L. Hardesty, Constance L. |
The Effects of Rural to Urban Migration on the Poverty of Youth in the 1980s Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Migration; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Poverty; Rural/Urban Differences; Rural/Urban Migration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The effects of rural to urban migration on the poverty status of migrants has not been adequately explored. The following paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine poverty status before and after a rural to urban migration while controlling for individual characteristics. A proportional hazards model of poverty spells that begin in rural areas is estimated to determine whether moving to an urban area reduces the time spent in poverty while controlling for individual educational and family characteristics. The results indicate that moving from a rural to an urban area reduces time spent in poverty for white and black women but the effects are not statistically significant for men. Further, to adequately understand the relationship between moving to an urban area and poverty, the analysis examines the effects of moving on the length of time spent not employed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wenk, Deeann L. and Constance L. Hardesty. "The Effects of Rural to Urban Migration on the Poverty of Youth in the 1980s." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993. |
6350. |
Wenk, Deeann L. Hardesty, Constance L. |
The Effects of Rural-to-Urban Migration on the Poverty Status of Youth in the 1980s Rural Sociology 58,1 (Spring 1993): 76-92. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1993.tb00483.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Rural Sociological Society Keyword(s): Migration; Poverty; Rural/Urban Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The effects of rural-to-urban migration on the poverty status of migrants have not been adequately explored. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine poverty status before and after a rural-to-urban migration, a proportional hazards model of time spent in poverty that begins in rural areas is estimated to determine whether moving to an urban area reduces the time spent in poverty moving to an urban area reduces the time spent in poverty while controlling for individual educational and family characteristics. Results indicate that moving from a rural to an urban area reduces time spent in poverty for white and black women but the effects are not statistically significant for men. Further, to adequately understand the relationship between moving to an urban area and poverty, the analysis examines the effects of moving on the length of time spent not employed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wenk, Deeann L. and Constance L. Hardesty. "The Effects of Rural-to-Urban Migration on the Poverty Status of Youth in the 1980s." Rural Sociology 58,1 (Spring 1993): 76-92.
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6351. |
Wenk, Deeann L. St. John, Craig |
Racial Differences in Locational Return to Socioeconomic Resources: The Impact of Rural Versus Urban Residence Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Black Studies; Mobility, Social; Racial Differences; Residence; Rural Areas; Rural/Urban Differences; Social Environment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examines the extent to which blacks receive less locational return for their socioeconomic resources than whites in rural areas. Regression analysis with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in 1991 (N = 5,777) shows that whites have significantly greater locational quality than blacks in both rural and urban areas, and that blacks and whites have significantly lower locational quality in rural areas than in urban areas. However, the hypothesis that rural blacks receive a lower return in locational quality for their socioeconomic resources than rural whites is not supported. Rather, rural blacks experience a penalty in locational quality relative to rural whites that is independent of socioeconomic resource; part of this penalty is a function of overrepresentation in the nonwhite rural South. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Wenk, Deeann L. and Craig St. John. "Racial Differences in Locational Return to Socioeconomic Resources: The Impact of Rural Versus Urban Residence." Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1995. |
6352. |
Wessler, David |
As Wealth Gap Widens, Class Mobility Stalls The Wall Street Journal, May 13, 2005: A1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Dow Jones, Inc. Keyword(s): Fathers and Sons; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Social Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. First of a series of articles about new evidence that points to shrinking economic mobility in the United States. Mentions research by Melissa Osborne Groves that used NLS data to explain father-son income links though similarities in attitudes about life. Also cites research by Bhashkar Mazumder using NLS data in conjunction with Social Security records to compare the economic achievement of fathers with their sons. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wessler, David. "As Wealth Gap Widens, Class Mobility Stalls." The Wall Street Journal, May 13, 2005: A1. |
6353. |
Westbrook, Laurel Budnick, Jamie Saperstein, Aliya |
Dangerous Data: Seeing Social Surveys through the Sexuality Prism Sexualities published online (10 February 2021): DOI: 10.1177/1363460720986927. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1363460720986927 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): General Social Survey (GSS); Methods/Methodology; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Sexual Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Social surveys both reflect and shape beliefs about sexuality. Social norms construct the "authorized vocabulary" of surveys and the resulting data influence the research questions that can be answered and the policies likely to be inspired by study findings. Scholars have called for balancing attention to pleasure vs. danger and normative vs. non-normative practices in studies of sexuality as well as for collection of data on sexual desires, behaviors, and identities. We combine these calls into what we term the sexuality prism. To better understand how data about sexuality are typically collected and what research they facilitate or constrain, we analyze six decades of materials from four of the largest social surveys in the United States and five national surveys focused on sexuality, health, and family formation. We find that these surveys do not allow for investigations of the full sexuality prism. Instead, they tend to assume and narrowly investigate the "charmed circle" of sexuality: heterosexual, married, monogamous, and potentially procreative couplings. When surveys ask about non-normative practices, they do so primarily in the context of risk (e.g. sexually transmitted diseases) and ignore non-normative practices that are not deemed "risky." The focus on risk likely explains the greater attention to sexual behaviors and the shortage of questions about sexual desires and identities. Moreover, most questions about sexual practices highlight the dangers of sex, rather than the pleasures. Not only does this severely limit the scope of U.S. sexuality research, it also means that, individually and collectively, these surveys reify "sex negativity." |
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Bibliography Citation
Westbrook, Laurel, Jamie Budnick and Aliya Saperstein. "Dangerous Data: Seeing Social Surveys through the Sexuality Prism." Sexualities published online (10 February 2021): DOI: 10.1177/1363460720986927.
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6354. |
Westbrook, Laurel Saperstein, Aliya |
New Categories Are Not Enough: Rethinking the Measurement of Sex and Gender in Social Surveys Gender and Society 29,4 (August 2015): 534-560. Also: http://gas.sagepub.com/content/29/4/534.full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): American National Election Studies (ANES); Gender; General Social Survey (GSS); Methods/Methodology; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recently, scholars and activists have turned their attention toward improving the measurement of sex and gender in survey research. The focus of this effort has been on including answer options beyond "male" and "female" to questions about the respondent's gender. This is an important step toward both reflecting the diversity of gendered lives and better aligning survey measurement practice with contemporary gender theory. However, our systematic examination of questionnaires, manuals, and other technical materials from four of the largest and longest-running surveys in the United States indicates that there are a number of other issues with how gender is conceptualized and measured in social surveys that also deserve attention, including essentialist practices that treat sex and gender as synonymous, easily determined by others, obvious, and unchanging over the life course. We find that these understandings extend well beyond direct questions about the respondent's gender, permeating the surveys. A hyper-gendered world of "males" and "females," "brothers" and "sisters," and "husbands" and "wives" shapes what we can see in survey data. If not altered, surveys will continue to reproduce statistical representations that erase important dimensions of variation and likely limit understanding of the processes that perpetuate social inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Westbrook, Laurel and Aliya Saperstein. "New Categories Are Not Enough: Rethinking the Measurement of Sex and Gender in Social Surveys." Gender and Society 29,4 (August 2015): 534-560.
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6355. |
Western, Bruce |
Incarceration, Marriage, and Family Life Working Paper, Russell Sage Foundation, September 2004. Also: http://www.russellsage.org/publications/workingpapers/incarcerationmarriagefamilylife/document Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Crime; Divorce; Domestic Violence; Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study; Incarceration/Jail; Marriage This paper examines the effects of incarceration on marriage and family life. The paper reports on three empirical analyses. First, estimates show that incarcerated men are only about half as likely to be married as noninstituional men of the same age, however they are just as likely to have children. By 2000, more than 2 million children had incarcerated fathers; 1 in 10 black children under age 10 had a father in prison or jail by 2000. Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the Fragile families Study of Child Wellbeing, indicates that formerly incarcerated men experience lower marriage rates and increased risks of divorce. Finally, analysis of domestic violence data shows that formerly-incarcerated men are about twice as likely to have assaulted the mothers of their children than men of the same age, race, and recent history of spouse abuse. Married women in longlasting and affectionate relationships are at lower risk of domestic violence. These results suggest that the crime-suppressing effects of incarceration, through incapacitation, may be offset by the negative effects of imprisonment on marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Western, Bruce. "Incarceration, Marriage, and Family Life." Working Paper, Russell Sage Foundation, September 2004. |
6356. |
Western, Bruce |
Locked Up, Locked Out: The Social Costs of Incarceration Reason 43,3 (1 July 2011): 40-41. Also: http://reason.com/archives/2011/06/06/locked-up-locked-out Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Reason Foundation Keyword(s): Employment; Incarceration/Jail; Punishment, Criminal; Racial Equality/Inequality; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The article discusses social implications of incarceration in the U.S. According to a survey, a criminal record reduced employment opportunities by two-thirds for African Americans. Labor force data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth reports that wages fall by about 15 percent after prison, yearly earnings are reduced by about 40 percent, and the pay of former prisoners. |
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Bibliography Citation
Western, Bruce. "Locked Up, Locked Out: The Social Costs of Incarceration." Reason 43,3 (1 July 2011): 40-41. |
6357. |
Western, Bruce |
Mass Imprisonment and Economic Inequality Social Research 74,2 (Summer 2007): 509-532 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New School for Social Research Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Black Studies; Black Youth; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Incarceration/Jail; Life Course; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The article addresses the inequalities in U.S. incarceration rates by age, race and gender. The author shows how imprisonment has become a routine event in the life course for young African American men with less than a high school education. By positioning incarceration rates alongside group- and cohort-specific rates of other life events, the Western world contextualized the scope and social concentration of punishment in the country. The author believes that economic opportunities are reduced by incarceration. Data are from the NLSY79. |
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Bibliography Citation
Western, Bruce. "Mass Imprisonment and Economic Inequality." Social Research 74,2 (Summer 2007): 509-532.
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6358. |
Western, Bruce |
Punishment and Inequality in America Industrial and Labor Relations Review 60,4 (2007): Article 87. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/view/25249115 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Crime; Incarceration/Jail; Minorities; Minorities, Youth; Minority Groups; Punishment, Criminal; Racial Equality/Inequality If you are a black unemployed high school dropout, are convicted of a crime, and spend a few months in jail, you will have a high probability of remaining unemployed, untrained, and undereducated and of returning to jail more than once over your lifetime. As a result of various punitive laws enacted over the past two generations, declining support for rehabilitation efforts, and the advent of technologies making it easier to track individuals, prison has become a way of life for many in the United States. It is too often a revolving door of crime, prison, release, lack of employment, crime, and return to prison. But (a) does incarceration cause unemployment, or does unemployment cause criminal behavior and subsequent imprisonment? And (b) what are the economic costs and benefits of increased U.S. imprisonment? |
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Bibliography Citation
Western, Bruce. "Punishment and Inequality in America." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 60,4 (2007): Article 87.
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6359. |
Western, Bruce |
The Impact of Incarceration on Earnings Mobility and Inequality Working Paper, Russel Sage Foundation, December 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Crime; Incarceration/Jail; Mobility |
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Bibliography Citation
Western, Bruce. "The Impact of Incarceration on Earnings Mobility and Inequality." Working Paper, Russel Sage Foundation, December 2000. |
6360. |
Western, Bruce |
The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality American Sociological Review 67,4 (August 2002): 526-546. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3088944 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Black Youth; Crime; Earnings; Ethnic Differences; Incarceration/Jail; Job Tenure; Life Course; Racial Differences; Wage Growth; Wages; Wages, Young Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A life course perspective on crime indicates that incarceration can disrupt key life transitions. Life course analysis of occupations finds that earnings mobility depends on stable employment in career jobs. These two lines of research thus suggest that incarceration reduces ex-inmates' access to the steady jobs that usually produce earnings growth among young men. Consistent with this argument, evidence for slow wage growth among ex-inmates is provided by analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Because incarceration is so prevalent, one-quarter of black non-college males in the survey were interviewed between 1979 and 1998 while in prison or jail, the effect of imprisonment on individual wages also increases aggregate race and ethnic wage inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Western, Bruce. "The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality." American Sociological Review 67,4 (August 2002): 526-546.
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6361. |
Western, Bruce Beckett, Katherine |
How Unregulated is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution American Journal of Sociology 104,4 (January 1999): 1030-1060. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/210135 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Labor Market Outcomes; Unemployment Rate Comparative research contrasts the corporatist welfare states of Europe with the unregulated U.S. labor market to explain low rates of U.S. unemployment in the 1980s and 1990s. In contrast, this article argues that the U.S. state made a large and coercive intervention into the labor market through the expansion of the penal system. The impact of incarceration on unemployment has two conflicting dynamics. In the short run, U.S. incarceration lowers conventional unemployment measures by removing able-bodied, working-age men from labor force counts. In the long run, social survey data show that incarceration raises unemployment by reducing the job prospects of ex-convicts. Strong U.S. employment performance in the 1980s and 1990s has thus depended in part on a high and increasing incarceration rate. |
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Bibliography Citation
Western, Bruce and Katherine Beckett. "How Unregulated is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution." American Journal of Sociology 104,4 (January 1999): 1030-1060.
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6362. |
Western, Bruce Bloome, Deirdre |
Cohort Change and Racial Differences in Intergenerational Education and Income Mobility Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Education; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Male Sample; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Parental Influences; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines trends in intergenerational education and income mobility across two recent cohorts in the U.S. Income inequality rose substantially between the early 1980s and the mid 1990s, in part due to rising returns to schooling, and yet few studies have examined changes in the mobility of young adults across these two periods. Perhaps more significantly, African Americans reaching maturity in these two periods faced very different opportunity structures while growing up. This paper studies whether changes in the social and economic organization of American society differentially affected the mobility of black and white men. Using nationally representative data from two cohorts of children and their parents from the National Longitudinal Surveys, this paper finds a significant liberalization of educational mobility for African Americans, while both white and black men's incomes became somewhat more dependent on their parents' incomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Western, Bruce and Deirdre Bloome. "Cohort Change and Racial Differences in Intergenerational Education and Income Mobility." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
6363. |
Western, Bruce Bloome, Deirdre |
Variance Function Regressions for Studying Inequality Sociological Methodology 39,1 (August 2009): 293-326. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2009.01222.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Incarceration/Jail; Methods/Methodology; Modeling; Risk-Taking; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Regression-based studies of inequality model only between-group differences, yet often these differences are far exceeded by residual inequality. Residual inequality is usually attributed to measurement error or the influence of unobserved characteristics. We present a model, called variance function regression, that includes covariates for both the mean and variance of a dependent variable. In this model, the residual variance is treated as a target for analysis. In analyses of inequality, the residual variance might be interpreted as measuring risk or insecurity. Variance function regressions are illustrated in an analysis of panel data on earnings among released prisoners in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We extend the model to a decomposition analysis, relating the change in inequality to compositional changes in the population and changes in coefficients for the mean and variance. The decomposition is applied to the trend in U.S. earnings inequality among male workers, 1970 to 2005. |
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Bibliography Citation
Western, Bruce and Deirdre Bloome. "Variance Function Regressions for Studying Inequality." Sociological Methodology 39,1 (August 2009): 293-326.
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6364. |
Western, Bruce Lopoo, Leonard M. Pettit, Becky |
Punishment and Inequality in America New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Minorities; Minority Groups; Punishment, Criminal; Racial Equality/Inequality The recent explosion of imprisonment is exacting heavy costs on American society and exacerbating inequality. Whereas college or the military were once the formative institutions in young menʼs lives, prison has increasingly usurped that role in many communities. Punishment and Inequality in America profiles how the growth in incarceration came about and the toll it is taking on the social and economic fabric of many American communities. See in particular Chapter 6: Incarceration, Marriage, and Family Life" See review of monograph: http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/western1006.htm |
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Bibliography Citation
Western, Bruce, Leonard M. Lopoo and Becky Pettit. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007. |
6365. |
Western, Bruce Pettit, Becky |
Incarceration and Social Inequality Daedalus 139,3 (Summer 2010): 8-19. Also: http://www.amacad.org/publications/daedalus/10_summer_western.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Economics of Discrimination; Economics of Minorities; Economics, Demographic; Educational Attainment; Incarceration/Jail; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Racial Differences; Social Environment In the last few decades, the institutional contours of American social inequality have been transformed by the rapid growth in the prison and jail population.1 America's prisons and jails have produced a new social group, a group of social outcasts who are joined by the shared experience of incarceration, crime, poverty, racial minority, and low education. As an outcast group, the men and women in our penal institutions have little access to the social mobility available to the mainstream. Social and economic disadvantage, crystallizing in penal confinement, is sustained over the life course and transmitted from one generation to the next. This is a profound institutionalized inequality that has renewed race and class disadvantage. Yet the scale and empirical details tell a story that is largely unknown. Though the rate of incarceration is historically high, perhaps the most important social fact is the inequality in penal confinement. This inequality produces extraordinary rates of incarceration among young African American men with no more than a high school education. For these young men, born since the mid-1970s, serving time in prison has become a normal life event. The influence of the penal system on social and economic disadvantage can be seen in the economic and family lives of the formerly incarcerated. The social inequality produced by mass incarceration is sizable and enduring for three main reasons: it is invisible, it is cumulative, and it is intergenerational. The inequality is invisible in the sense that institutionalized populations commonly lie outside our official accounts of economic well-being. Prisoners, though drawn from the lowest rungs in society, appear in no measures of poverty or unemployment. As a result, the full extent of the disadvantage of groups with high incarceration rates is underestimated. The inequality is cumulative because the social and economic penalties that flow from incarceration are accrued by those who already have the weakest economic opportunities. Mass incarceration thus deepens disadvantage and forecloses mobility for the most marginal in society. Finally, carceral inequalities are intergenerational, affecting not just those who go to prison and jail but their families and children, too. |
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Bibliography Citation
Western, Bruce and Becky Pettit. "Incarceration and Social Inequality." Daedalus 139,3 (Summer 2010): 8-19.
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6366. |
Wetzell, David Larson |
Three Papers in Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): The first paper demonstrates that the time-allocation generalization of labor supply can generate interesting and surprising predictions regarding labor supply behavior. These predictions follow from the assumptions made about input combinations available for final consumption. When goods cannot be produced strictly from time or money then either input could curtail the substitution effect. The second paper shows that Korenman and Blackburn's (1994) finding of a ten-percentage point drop in the Male Marriage Earning Differential (MMED) over the years 1967-1988 is biased upwards. It presents evidence that the bias may be due to the imputation procedures used before 1976. Then, it uses a residual-based trimmed estimator to remove the bias and construct a more consistent MMED series. The new series supports the conclusion that both changes in selection and married female labor force participation affect the MMED. The paper concludes that, while the MMED does not appear to have changed significantly, as of the late 1980s, the composition of the MMED has become more due to selection. The third paper surveys investigations into the causality of the MMED. Gray's (1997) comparison of the returns to years of marriage with the NLS and NLSY and Stratton's (2002) estimation of the return to years of marriage and cohabitation using the NFHS are reexamined with the assistance of a residual-based trim and then compared with other longitudinal studies' findings. Then, a qualitative comparison is made of recent MMED studies' findings of the prevalent direction of causality for the MMED. There appears to be evidence that being married had an effect on earnings before 1970 and 1970-1979. However, more recent studies either support the selection hypothesis or fail to find evidence that the household division of labor enhances the husband's market productivity. Finally, a meta-analysis of cross-sectional estimates of the MMED across time and age groups is made. The meta-analysis finds a four-percentage point decline in the MMED in recent years, after controlling for how the MMED rises with age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wetzell, David Larson. Three Papers in Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2002. |
6367. |
Wheeler, Christopher H. |
Cities and the Growth of Wages Among Young Workers Evidence from the NLSY Working Paper 2005-055A, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2005. Also: http://research.stlouisfed.org/wp/more/2005-055 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Keyword(s): Earnings; Human Capital Theory; Labor Market Demographics; Skills; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Human capital-based theories of cities suggest that large, economically diverse urban agglomerations increase worker productivity by increasing the rate at which individuals acquire skills. One largely unexplored implication of this theory is that workers in big cities should see faster growth in their earnings over time than comparable workers in smaller markets. This paper examines this implication using data on a sample of young male workers drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort. The results suggest that earnings growth does tend to be faster in large, economically diverse local labor markets--defined as counties and metropolitan areas--than in smaller, more specialized markets. Yet, when examined in greater detail, I also find that this association tends to be the product of faster wage growth due to job changes rather than faster wage growth experienced while on a particular job. This result is consistent with the idea that cities enhance worker productivity through a job search and matching process and, thus, that an important aspect of 'learning' in cities may involve individuals learning about what they do well"--Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis web site. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wheeler, Christopher H. "Cities and the Growth of Wages Among Young Workers Evidence from the NLSY." Working Paper 2005-055A, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2005. |
6368. |
Wheeler, Christopher H. |
Cities and the Growth of Wages Among Young Workers: Evidence from the NLSY Journal of Urban Economics 60,2 (September 2006): 162-184. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119006000179 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Human Capital Theory; Job Skills; Local Labor Market; Skills; Urbanization/Urban Living; Wage Growth Human capital-based theories of cities suggest that large, economically diverse urban agglomerations increase worker productivity by increasing the rate at which individuals acquire skills. One largely unexplored implication of this theory is that workers in big cities should see faster growth in their earnings over time than comparable workers in smaller markets. This paper examines this implication using data on a sample of young male workers drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort. The results suggest that earnings growth does tend to be faster in large, economically diverse local labor markets—-defined as counties and metropolitan areas—-than in smaller, more specialized markets. Yet, when examined in greater detail, I also find that this association tends to be the product of faster wage growth due to job changes rather than faster wage growth experienced while on a particular job. This result is consistent with the idea that cities enhance worker productivity through a job search and matching process and, thus, that an important aspect of 'learning' in cities may involve individuals learning about what they do well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR; Copyright 2006 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Wheeler, Christopher H. "Cities and the Growth of Wages Among Young Workers: Evidence from the NLSY." Journal of Urban Economics 60,2 (September 2006): 162-184.
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6369. |
Wheeler, Christopher H. |
Local Market Scale and the Pattern of Job Changes Among Young Men Working Paper 2005-033A, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2005. Also: http://research.stlouisfed.org/wp/more/2005-033 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Job Search; Labor Market Demographics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In finding a career, workers tend to make numerous job changes, with the majority of 'complex' changes (i.e. those involving changes of industry) occurring relatively early in their working lives. This pattern suggests that workers tend to experiment with different types of work before settling on the one they like best. Of course, since the extent of economic diversity differs substantially across local labor markets in the U.S. (e.g. counties and cities), this career search process may exhibit important differences depending on the size of a worker's local market. This paper explores this issue using a sample of young male workers drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort. The results uncover two rather striking patterns. First, the likelihood that a worker changes industries rises with the size and diversity of his local labor market when considering the first job change he makes. Second, however, this association gradually decreases as a worker makes greater numbers of job changes. By the time he makes his fourth change, the likelihood of changing industries significantly decreases with the scale and diversity of the local market. Both results are consistent with the idea that cities play an important role in the job matching process. --Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis web site. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wheeler, Christopher H. "Local Market Scale and the Pattern of Job Changes Among Young Men." Working Paper 2005-033A, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2005. |
6370. |
Wheeler, Christopher H. |
Local Market Scale and the Pattern of Job Changes among Young Men Regional Science and Urban Economics 38,2 (March 2008): 101-118 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Job Turnover; Local Labor Market; Rural/Urban Differences In finding a career, workers tend to make numerous job changes, with the majority of 'complex' changes (i.e. those involving changes of industry) occurring relatively early in their working lives. This pattern suggests that workers tend to experiment with different types of work before settling on the one they like best. Of course, since the extent of economic diversity differs substantially across local labor markets in the U.S. (e.g. counties and metro areas), this career search process may exhibit important differences depending on the size of a worker's local market. This paper explores this issue using a sample of young male workers drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort. The results uncover two rather striking patterns. First, the likelihood that a worker changes industries rises with the size and diversity of his local labor market when considering the first job change he makes. Second, however, this association gradually decreases as a worker makes greater numbers of job changes. By the time he makes his fourth change, the likelihood of changing industries significantly decreases with the scale and diversity of the local market. Both results are consistent with the idea that urban areas play an important role in the job matching process. [Copyright 2008 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Wheeler, Christopher H. "Local Market Scale and the Pattern of Job Changes among Young Men." Regional Science and Urban Economics 38,2 (March 2008): 101-118.
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6371. |
Wheeler, Marissa C. |
Contemporary Topics in Low Fertility: Late Transitions to Parenthood and Low Fertility in East Asia Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Education; Event History; Family Planning; Fertility; Marriage; Parenthood; Racial Differences; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Two contemporary topics in fertility are investigated: late transitions to parenthood and low fertility. In the first essay, I use longitudinal data from the NLSY79 to investigate three explanations for educational differences in transitions to parenthood after age 30 in the U.S.: intentions, resources, and opportunities for partnership. I find that, conditional on childlessness at age 30, fertility intentions are the most important factor in explaining the higher odds of transitioning to parenthood after age 30 among college-educated women. This finding is consistent with making up postponed births among college graduates. In the second essay, I examine the responsiveness of fertility to major economic shock using the case of South Korea following the 1997 Asian financial crisis. I find a significant decline in first birth odds after the 1997 financial crisis. These results are consistent with growing evidence in favor of a pro-cyclical view of fertility and suggest that we may see similar behavior in response to the recent financial crisis and slow recovery. I also find that women over age 30 experienced a decline in first birth risks after the financial crisis, which suggests that fertility at older ages can be subject to further postponement in response to period conditions and calls into question assumptions that postponed fertility will eventually be recuperated. In the final chapter, I turn to the low fertility context of Taiwan. I investigate the association between parental investment in children's education and fertility across a wide variety of investment indicators. Using evolutionary theories of modern low fertility as a framework, I expect to find that a long-term high investment strategy is associated with lower risk of having another child. However, I do not find this association in multivariate analysis. I do find a significant negative association with current financial expenditure and residential moves. Thus I do find support for the high costs of raising children as a factor in low fertility but I do not find support for the evolutionary perspective in particular. Furthermore, these results suggest that parents' high aspirations for education reflect a widely shared cultural belief rather than a quantity-quality tradeoff. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wheeler, Marissa C. Contemporary Topics in Low Fertility: Late Transitions to Parenthood and Low Fertility in East Asia. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2011. |
6372. |
Wheeler, Marissa C. |
Fertility Postponement and Late Transitions to Motherhood Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Education; Event History; Family Planning; Fertility; Marriage; Parenthood; Racial Differences; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Fertility postponement is a widespread trend. Though fertility intentions data suggest that postponed births will be made up at later ages, age-related declines in fecundity raise doubts about transitions to parenthood at later ages. This paper uses event history analysis and data from the NLSY79 (N = 1,483) to examine transitions to parenthood after age 30. I find that marriage is overwhelmingly the most important predictor of a first birth among women who delay childbearing to age 30, followed by age. The size of the marriage-late fertility association, however, varies by race and education, which suggests that differential selection into childlessness at older ages and differential pathways to late fertility by social groups may be operating. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wheeler, Marissa C. "Fertility Postponement and Late Transitions to Motherhood." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
6373. |
Wheeler, Susan Elizabeth |
Successful Children of Adolescent Mothers: Identifying Microsystem Factors Impacting the Adjustment of Children Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Academic Development; Children, Adjustment Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Depression (see also CESD); Family Influences; Hispanics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Adolescent; Neighborhood Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Variables, Independent - Covariate The purpose of this study was to examine specific microsystem factors which predict the academic achievement and behavioral adjustment of children of adolescent mothers with a special emphasis on those children who are academically and behaviorally successful. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on 476 mothers between the ages of 15 and 19 years at the birth of their first child with first born children between the ages of 13 and 17 years in 1992 were used for this study. Of the sample mothers and children, 224 were African American, 155 were Caucasian, and 97 were Hispanic. There were 19 independent variables identified in this study including 6 microsystems categories (15 variables) and 4 individual child characteristic variables. There were 3 dependent variables measured in the study: Academic achievement, Behavioral Adjustment, and Overall Success. Both bivariate analyses and multiple step logistic regression analyses were completed employing the enter method to examine the effects of the predictor variables on each of the three dependent variables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wheeler, Susan Elizabeth. Successful Children of Adolescent Mothers: Identifying Microsystem Factors Impacting the Adjustment of Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 1997. |
6374. |
Whitaker, Stephan D. |
Industrial Composition and Intergenerational Educational Mobility Education Economics published online (20 April 2022): DOI: 10.1080/09645292.2022.2061427. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09645292.2022.2061427 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Industrial Classification; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY), this article examines the influence of a region's industrial composition on the educational attainment of children raised by parents who do not have college degrees. The NLSY's geo-coded panel allows for precise measurements of the local industries that shaped the parents' employment opportunities and the labor market that the children directly observed. For cohorts finishing school in the 1990s and early 2000s, concentrations of manufacturing are positively associated with both high school and college attainment. Concentrations of college-degree-intensive industries are positively associated with college attainment. I investigate several potential mechanisms that could relate the industrial composition to educational attainment, including returns to education, opportunity costs, parental inputs, community resources, and information. |
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Bibliography Citation
Whitaker, Stephan D. "Industrial Composition and Intergenerational Educational Mobility." Education Economics published online (20 April 2022): DOI: 10.1080/09645292.2022.2061427.
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6375. |
Whitaker, Stephan D. |
Industrial Composition and Intergenerational Mobility Working Paper 15-33, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, December 2015. Also: https://www.clevelandfed.org/newsroom-and-events/publications/working-papers/2015-working-papers/wp-1533-industrial-composition-and-intergenerational-mobility.aspx Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Keyword(s): College Degree; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; Geocoded Data; Industrial Classification; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Demographics; Mobility, Occupational; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. For five decades, the share of adults employed in college-degree-intensive industries, such as health care and education, has been rising. Industries that provided employment for workers without degrees, especially manufacturing, have been reducing their payrolls. This economic transition could impact the probability of children obtaining higher levels of education than their parents achieved. In this analysis, measures of the local industrial composition from the Current Population Survey are merged with the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth using the confidential geo-coded records. Living in a labor market with a higher share of adults employed in degree-intensive industries is positively associated with obtaining a college degree among youth whose parents do not have a degree. An additional standard deviation difference in the share of employment in degree-intensive industries corresponds to a 0.02 increase in the probability of ascending to being a college graduate, from a mean of 0.23. For cohorts born in the 1960s, living in a manufacturing-intensive region was negatively correlated with college attainment, but the relationship becomes positive among more recent cohorts. Alternate specifications introduce measures of several factors that could relate the industrial composition to educational attainment, including returns to education (wage premiums), opportunity costs (youth employment), parental inputs (family structure, income), community resources (per capita income), information (regional education levels, post-secondary student populations), and networks (parent's employment). |
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Bibliography Citation
Whitaker, Stephan D. "Industrial Composition and Intergenerational Mobility." Working Paper 15-33, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, December 2015. |
6376. |
White, Kenneth J. |
Social Capital, Financial Planning, and Black Males Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Consumer Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2016. Also: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:116146 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: OhioLINK Keyword(s): Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Racial Differences; Social Capital Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The objective of this study is to explore whether trends in data that suggest social relationships are related to financial planning behaviors. I draw from social capital theory to define the relationships and resources analyzed. Social capital theory is most effective in producing information channels and knowledge exchanges that may influence individuals to practice certain normative financial behaviors. The financial behaviors analyzed as outcome measures are topics set forth by the Certified Financial Planner Board as comprehensive financial planning topical areas. For this study, I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Young Adult (NLSY79YA) surveys. I analyze data on Black, Hispanic, and White males in 2008, 2010, and 2012 for the NLSY79 and in 2006, 2008, and 2012 for the NLSY79 Young Adult survey. Due to limitations of the social capital and financial outcome variables available in the surveys, I primarily use multiple years of cross-sectional data to explore and analyze the relationships between social capital and financial planning. |
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Bibliography Citation
White, Kenneth J. Social Capital, Financial Planning, and Black Males. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Consumer Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2016.. |
6377. |
White, Kimberly A. |
Drinking Patterns of Young Women Before, During and After Pregnancy: Perinatal and Early Child Outcomes Presented: New Orleans, LA, 60th Anniversary Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, March 25-28, 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
White, Kimberly A. "Drinking Patterns of Young Women Before, During and After Pregnancy: Perinatal and Early Child Outcomes." Presented: New Orleans, LA, 60th Anniversary Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, March 25-28, 1993. |
6378. |
White, Mary Elizabeth |
Home Environment, Self-Concept, and School Achievement in a Disadvantaged and Multiethnic Sample Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Education; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Family Structure; Health Factors; Hispanics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Marital Status; Mothers, Race; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Socioeconomic Status (SES); Teenagers The purpose of this study was to test hypotheses regarding the effects of home environment variables on self-concept and school achievement. The statistical technique of path analysis was used to examine an extensive data set. Data were partly derived from a variety of psychological measures administered to a large sample of families in the first months of 1986. The measures included an achievement measure, a receptive language measure, a self-worth and perceived cognitive competence measure, and a home environment measure. Additional data considered in the analysis were developed from selected characteristics of the family units included in the study sample. Assessed characteristics included components of socioeconomic status, family structure (marital status of the mother), maternal educational level, race of the mother, and gender of the subject. The sample was composed of 307 male subjects and 291 female subjects between the ages of 7 and 15 years. The racial composition of the sample was 83 Hispanic, 255 Black, and 260 White subjects. The subjects participated in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in 1986. An important characteristic of the sample was that the majority of the mothers of the subjects gave birth when they were adolescents. As a result of the early pregnancies, the sample was highly representative of a more disadvantaged, less well educated population than the general population of American mothers. Results of the study indicated that the three variables most directly associated with scholastic achievement were family process, maternal education, and perceived cognitive competence. While no gender differences were identified in the analysis, there were significant ethnic differences in the relationships among the predictor variables and school achievement. One particularly significant finding was the importance of maternal education levels in predicting both family process characteristics and school achievement. The influence of maternal education was evident for all three ethnic groups examined in the study. Implications for intervention programs are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
White, Mary Elizabeth. Home Environment, Self-Concept, and School Achievement in a Disadvantaged and Multiethnic Sample. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1991. |
6379. |
White, Nancy E. Wolaver, Amy M. |
Occupation Choice, Information, and Migration Review of Regional Studies 33,2 (December 2003): 142-164. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=12856531&db=aph Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: College of Business Administration, Oklahoma State University Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Migration; Mobility, Occupational; Modeling; Modeling, Probit; Occupational Choice; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine the relationship between occupational and geographical mobility using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data. We develop a theoretical model that is a variation on the Jovanovic experience good model, which allows us to formalize the occupation choice decision. As individuals gain information on their own productivity, they may change occupations and locations. Occupation choice is introduced as an endogenous determinant of migration in recursive bivariate probit models for individuals who make good and bad matches in an occupation. We extend our analysis to feature an additional discussion of the migration-occupation choice relationship by race for both match types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
White, Nancy E. and Amy M. Wolaver. "Occupation Choice, Information, and Migration." Review of Regional Studies 33,2 (December 2003): 142-164.
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6380. |
White, Pär Andersson Awad, Yara Abu Gauvin, Lise Spencer, Nicholas James McGrath, Jennifer J. Clifford, Susan A. Nikiema, Béatrice Yang-Huang, Junwen Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy Markham, Wolfgang Mensah, Fiona van Grieken, Amy Raat, Hein Jaddoe, V. W. V. Ludvigsson, Johnny Faresjö, Tomas EPOCH Collaborative Group |
Household Income and Maternal Education in Early Childhood and Risk of Overweight and Obesity in Late Childhood: Findings from Seven Birth Cohort Studies in Six High-income Countries International Journal of Obesity 46 (2022): 1703-1711. Also: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-022-01171-7 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Keyword(s): Australia, Australian; Britain, British; Canada, Canadian; Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY); Cross-national Analysis; Household Income; Mothers, Education; Netherlands; Obesity; Socioeconomic Background; Sweden, Swedish Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background/objectives: This study analysed the relationship between early childhood socioeconomic status (SES) measured by maternal education and household income and the subsequent development of childhood overweight and obesity. Subjects/methods: Data from seven population-representative prospective child cohorts in six high-income countries: United Kingdom, Australia, the Netherlands, Canada (one national cohort and one from the province of Quebec), USA, Sweden. Children were included at birth or within the first 2 years of life. Pooled estimates relate to a total of N = 26,565 included children. Overweight and obesity were defined using International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-offs and measured in late childhood (8-11 years). Risk ratios (RRs) and pooled risk estimates were adjusted for potential confounders (maternal age, ethnicity, child sex). Slope Indexes of Inequality (SII) were estimated to quantify absolute inequality for maternal education and household income. Results: Prevalence ranged from 15.0% overweight and 2.4% obese in the Swedish cohort to 37.6% overweight and 15.8% obese in the US cohort. Overall, across cohorts, social gradients were observed for risk of obesity for both low maternal education (pooled RR: 2.99, 95% CI: 2.07, 4.31) and low household income (pooled RR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.68, 4.30); between-cohort heterogeneity ranged from negligible to moderate (p: 0.300 to < 0.001). The association between RRs of obesity by income was lowest in Sweden than in other cohorts. Conclusions: There was a social gradient by maternal education on the risk of childhood obesity in all included cohorts. The SES associations measured by income were more heterogeneous and differed between Sweden versus the other national cohorts; these findings may be attributable to policy differences, including preschool policies, maternity leave, a ban on advertising to children, and universal free school meals. |
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Bibliography Citation
White, Pär Andersson, Yara Abu Awad, Lise Gauvin, Nicholas James Spencer, Jennifer J. McGrath, Susan A. Clifford, Béatrice Nikiema, Junwen Yang-Huang, Jeremy Goldhaber-Fiebert, Wolfgang Markham, Fiona Mensah, Amy van Grieken, Hein Raat, V. W. V. Jaddoe, Johnny Ludvigsson, Tomas Faresjö and EPOCH Collaborative Group. "Household Income and Maternal Education in Early Childhood and Risk of Overweight and Obesity in Late Childhood: Findings from Seven Birth Cohort Studies in Six High-income Countries." International Journal of Obesity 46 (2022): 1703-1711.
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6381. |
White, Robert G. |
Maternal Job Displacement and Child School Success Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Job Turnover; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the effects of involuntary job displacement on children's achievement in school. I verify the negative effects of jobloss on children's achievement and show that these effects depend on whether the job displacement was due to a layoff or a firing. I allow for differential jobloss effects by child age to account for children's changing susceptibility to household disruptions during their development. I then consider the duration of jobloss effects over time by explicitly accounting for the duration of time since jobloss. This approach takes explicit account of the age sensitivity of children at different periods of development as well as the time elapsed since experiencing a jobloss. I account for coresiding partners' labor force attachment and further consider the differential effects of jobloss by a measure of family economic insecurity at the time of jobloss. |
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Bibliography Citation
White, Robert G. "Maternal Job Displacement and Child School Success." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
6382. |
White, Roger |
Displacement-Related Earnings Losses Labor Studies Journal 34,2 (June 2009): 219-234 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Income Risk; Insurance; Wage Dynamics; Wage Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The author examines the effectiveness of stylized versions of the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) and Alternative TAA (or wage insurance) programs in reducing displacement-related earnings losses. Wage insurance subsidies and returns to TAA-funded training are applied to estimates of proportional earnings losses, reported by White, that were generated using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data spanning the period from 1979 to 2000. Wage insurance reduces the typical worker's losses by 14.4 percent, while TAA-funded training is estimated to reduce losses by 23.7 percent. However, variation in the time paths and magnitudes of losses produces considerable variation in the effects of these programs across worker types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
White, Roger. "Displacement-Related Earnings Losses." Labor Studies Journal 34,2 (June 2009): 219-234.
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6383. |
White, Roger |
Long-Run Wage and Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers Applied Economics 42,14 (June 2010): 1845-1856. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036840701736206 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; College Graduates; Displaced Workers; Earnings; Gender; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Unions Displacement-related losses are estimated using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data that span the years 1979-2000. The typical displaced worker faces losses of $34,065 during the period 4 years prior through 5 years following displacement. Proportionally, this represents a 10.8% loss compared to earnings of similar nondisplaced workers over the period. Considerable variation in losses is reported across worker types. Union, male, and more mature workers suffer greater losses, respectively, than do their nonunion, female, and younger counterparts. College graduates and high school dropouts are found to suffer lower losses compared to high school diploma holders and those who completed some college. |
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Bibliography Citation
White, Roger. "Long-Run Wage and Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers." Applied Economics 42,14 (June 2010): 1845-1856.
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6384. |
Whitfield, Kendra Betancur, Laura Miller, Portia Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth |
Longitudinal Links between Income Dynamics and Young Adult Socioeconomic and Behavioral Health Outcomes Youth and Society 53,7 (2021): 1181-1210. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0044118X21996382 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Depression (see also CESD); Economic Well-Being; Family Income; Income Dynamics/Shocks Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Longitudinal links between childhood family income and adult outcomes are well documented. However, research on childhood income volatility and young adult outcomes is limited. This study utilizes data from the NLSY (N = 6,410) to examine how childhood family income and income volatility relate to socioeconomic outcomes and mental/behavioral health in emerging adulthood. Results show that lower childhood income was associated with young adult socioeconomic and behavioral health outcomes. Higher income volatility was associated with increased depression and teen parenthood during young adulthood. Additional analyses examining trajectories of income volatility illustrated that children in families with unstable income trajectories (i.e., frequent income losses and gains) showed higher depression scores than those with stable trajectories. These findings suggest that income volatility, not just income level or income loss, is important to consider when studying economic disparities in young adult outcomes. Implications for policies and programs for low-income, high-volatility households are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Whitfield, Kendra, Laura Betancur, Portia Miller and Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal. "Longitudinal Links between Income Dynamics and Young Adult Socioeconomic and Behavioral Health Outcomes." Youth and Society 53,7 (2021): 1181-1210.
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6385. |
Whyman, Mira Lemmon, Megan Teachman, Jay D. |
Non-Combat Military Service in the United States and its Effects on Depression Presented: San Diego, CA, Medical Sociology Undergraduate Roundtable Session, Pacific Sociological Association meeting, April, 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pacific Sociological Association Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Marriage; Military Service; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Scheduled for presentation at the Western Washington University, Scholars Week--Sociology Program, May, 2009. A large body of research has established that military service can have a negative effect on soldiers, especially when they have been exposed to combat, resulting in PTSD and a wide range of other mental health problems. However, very little research examines what positive effect non-combat military service can have on mental health, and more specifically depression. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) we show that men who serve on active duty, and do not see combat, are less likely to experience depression than their civilian and reserve duty counterparts. We suggest that it is the high level of social support available to men serving on active duty that buffers the stresses they experience and therefore reduces the likelihood of an individual developing depression. In addition, veterans enjoy more advantages family life course histories. |
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Bibliography Citation
Whyman, Mira, Megan Lemmon and Jay D. Teachman. "Non-Combat Military Service in the United States and its Effects on Depression." Presented: San Diego, CA, Medical Sociology Undergraduate Roundtable Session, Pacific Sociological Association meeting, April, 2009. |
6386. |
Whyman, Mira Lemmon, Megan Teachman, Jay D. |
Non-Combat Military Service in the United States and Its Effects on Depressive Symptoms Among Men Social Science Research 40,2 (March 2011): 695-703. also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X10002863 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Military Service; Stress; Veterans A large body of research has established that combat has negative effects on the mental health of soldiers, resulting in PTSD and a wide range of related mental health problems. However, very little research examines what effects non-combat military service may have on the mental health of men. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) we show that men who serve on active duty, and do not see combat, are less likely to experience depressive symptoms than their nonveteran and reserve duty counterparts, although this effect tends to dissipate after discharge from the military. We suggest several mechanisms through which active duty military service may act to reduce the likelihood of developing depressive symptoms. [Copyright © Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Whyman, Mira, Megan Lemmon and Jay D. Teachman. "Non-Combat Military Service in the United States and Its Effects on Depressive Symptoms Among Men." Social Science Research 40,2 (March 2011): 695-703.
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6387. |
Wibulpolprasert, Wichsinee |
Wife's Labor Supply and Marital Dissolution: Evidence from the NLSY79 Honors Thesis (B.A.), Department of Mathematics, Duke University, April 15, 2009. Also: http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/1395/Wibulpolprasert,%20Wichsinee.pdf?sequence=1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Mathematics, Duke University Keyword(s): Divorce; Endogeneity; Family Structure; Family Studies; Labor Supply; Life Course; Marital Dissolution; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Undergraduate Research; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In response to the changing family and social structures in the United States, an accurate understanding of mechanisms and the driving forces of marital dissolution is important in many aspects. For one, the knowledge helps policy and law makers to conjecture possible results of the legislation (e.g. unilateral divorce law, child alimony, or child custody), and the welfare system (e.g. welfare benefits to children and women after divorce) on marriages, divorces, and labor supply. Our goal is to provide additional evidence to a debatable issue in labor and family economics: Does married women's labor supply increases [sic] the chance of their future divorces? or is the relationship the other way around? Prior studies have produced conflicting results. We first propose and estimate a dynamic model, namely a divorce hazard analysis, that allows us to predict the risks of marital dissolution at different stages during the marital life course as a function of endogenous wife's labor supply. By estimating the proposed model on a more recent data set, the NLSY79, we hope to address econometrics issues occurred in earlier studies, as well as present new evidence for these competing claims. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wibulpolprasert, Wichsinee. "Wife's Labor Supply and Marital Dissolution: Evidence from the NLSY79." Honors Thesis (B.A.), Department of Mathematics, Duke University, April 15, 2009. |
6388. |
Wiczer, David Geoffrey |
Essays in Macro and Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Skills; Unemployment; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter studies the rate of long-term unemployment, which spiked during the Great Recession. To help explain this, I exploit the systematic and counter-cyclical differences in unemployment duration across occupations. This heterogeneity extends the tail of the unemployment duration distribution, which is necessary to account for the observed level of long-term unemployment and its increase since 2007. This chapter introduces a model in which unemployment duration and occupation are linked; it measures the effects of occupation-specific shocks and skills on unemployment duration. Here, a worker will be paid more for human capital in his old occupation but a bad shock may make those jobs scarce. Still, their human capital partly ``attaches'' them to their prior occupation, even when searching there implies a longer expected duration. Hence, unemployment duration rises and becomes more dispersed across occupations. Redistributive shocks and business cycles, as in the Great Recession, exacerbate this effect. For quantitative discipline, the model matches data on the wage premium to occupational experience and the co-movement of occupations' productivity. The distribution of duration is then endogenous. For comparison's sake, if a standard model with homogeneous job seekers matches the job finding rate, then it also determines expected duration and understates it. That standard model implies just over half of the long-term unemployment in 1976-2007 and almost no rise in the recent recession. But, with heterogeneity by occupation, this chapter nearly matches long-term unemployment in the period 1976-2007 and 70% of its rise during the Great Recession. The second chapter studies the link between wage growth and the match of a worker's occupation and skills. The notion here is that if human capital accumulation depends on match quality, poor matches can have long-lasting effects on lifetime earnings. I build a model that incorporates such a mechanism, in which human capital accumulation is affected by imperfect information about one's self. This informational friction leads to matches in which a worker accumulates human capital more slowly and has weaker earnings growth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wiczer, David Geoffrey. Essays in Macro and Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2013. |
6389. |
Wiebenga, Susan Renee |
A Study of the Work Outcomes of Training and Self-concept: Evidences from NLSY79 Dataset Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Education, Adult; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Self-Esteem; Training, Employee; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Studies investigating the training outcomes of wage and career growth have identified multiple variables which influence wage and career aspirations achievement. The purpose of this study was to explore how the HRD variable of training hours received and personal factor of self-concept, impacted work outcomes of training (wage and career aspirations achievement) while controlling for individual (education level and gender) and workplace (occupation and tenure) characteristics. In particular this study answered the following questions: (1) What is the relationship between the amount of training employees received from the workplace and wage? (2) What is the relationship between the amount of training employees received from the workplace and career aspirations achievement? (3) What is the relationship between employees' self-concept and wage? (4) What is the relationship between employees' self-concept and career aspirations achievement? The results of the correlation analysis supported three of the four research hypothesis. Training was shown to have a positive relationship to the work outcomes of wage and career aspirations achievement. Self-concept was only found to have a positive relationship to career aspirations achievement. Even though training and self-concept were shown to have positive correlations with wage and career aspirations achievement, when the regression analyses were conducted they were shown to have very little direct impact on the amount of variance associated with each of these variables. It appears that it is not the individual variables that impact the work outcomes of wage and career aspirations achievement, but that it is the way these variables interact with the individual and workplace variables that impact the work outcomes. In addition, variables outside of the scope of this study may account for a large portion of the variance in wage and career aspirations achievement. The interaction between the variables in this study, and other variables outside of the scope of this study, are worthy of further investigation. Finally, further study in regards to the interaction of the variables used in this study is required to gain a fuller understanding of how much influence they have on each other and the overall impact on wage and career aspirations achievement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wiebenga, Susan Renee. A Study of the Work Outcomes of Training and Self-concept: Evidences from NLSY79 Dataset. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2007. |
6390. |
Wielgosz, John B. Carpenter, Susan A. |
Effectiveness of Job Search and Job Finding Methods of Young Americans Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Employment, Youth; Job Search This study examines whether particular methods of job search exert a significant influence on the duration of job search and the level of job satisfaction of young Americans. It is well established that informal methods of job search are very important in the job search process. The reasons for this importance, however, are not at all clear. Previous studies that have examined the effectiveness of job search methods have been rather limited. They have tended to use rather narrow definitions of effectiveness and have not adequately controlled for the variety of personal and labor market characteristics that might impinge on method effectiveness. This study attempts to overcome many of these problems. The authors conclude that search methods do indeed significantly influence the duration of job search, with the informal methods performing significantly better than the state employment service. However, no evidence was found to support the often-espoused view that informal methods convey a particular type of intensive and qualitative information which makes for greater job satisfaction. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wielgosz, John B. and Susan A. Carpenter. "Effectiveness of Job Search and Job Finding Methods of Young Americans." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983. |
6391. |
Wielgosz, John B. Carpenter, Susan A. |
The Effectiveness of Alternative Methods of Searching for Jobs and Finding Them: An Exploratory Analysis of the Data Bearing Upon Coping with Joblessness American Journal of Economics and Sociology 46,2 (April 1987): 151-164. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1987.tb01951.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Inc. Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Job Search; Unemployment, Youth Although job search has an impact on both the extent and the duration of unemployment, little is known about the relative effectiveness of alternative job search methods. Using data derived mainly from the 1982 NLSY, job search methods are examined to determine their effect on search duration and job satisfaction. Job search methods do seem to differ significantly in influencing job search duration. In all cases, significantly shorter job search durations were associated with the use of informal channels. Some have held that informal job search channels convey a particular type of qualitative information that produces a better job choice. The data, however, did not support the widely held view that informal job search methods had a positive effect on job satisfaction. The occupation and industry variables appear to be the main variables influencing job satisfaction. [ABI/Inform] |
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Bibliography Citation
Wielgosz, John B. and Susan A. Carpenter. "The Effectiveness of Alternative Methods of Searching for Jobs and Finding Them: An Exploratory Analysis of the Data Bearing Upon Coping with Joblessness." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 46,2 (April 1987): 151-164.
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6392. |
Wiens-Tuers, Barbara A. |
There's No Place Like Home: The Relationship of Nonstandard Employment and Home Ownership over the 1990s American Journal of Economics and Sociology 63,4 (October 2004): 881-896. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1536-7150.2004.00320.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Inc. Keyword(s): Absenteeism; Benefits; Employment, Part-Time; Home Ownership; Labor Market Demographics; Modeling, Logit; Quits; Rural/Urban Differences; Time Use; Work Hours/Schedule Employment stability for many nonstandard workers is tenuous and early research shows some types of nonstandard employment carry long-term consequences in the form of lower wages and fewer benefits over time. This paper seeks to add to the literature by considering another long-term consequence for nonstandard workers: the inability of some nonstandard workers to accumulate assets. The particular asset this paper focuses on is home ownership. Logistic regression results using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 suggest that current and past employment in some nonstandard jobs, especially as a temporary worker, is associated with a lower probability of owning a home. This may have repercussions not only for households with temporary workers but for their community as well, since home ownership has been tied to positive spillovers such as increased social capital and community involvement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wiens-Tuers, Barbara A. "There's No Place Like Home: The Relationship of Nonstandard Employment and Home Ownership over the 1990s." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 63,4 (October 2004): 881-896.
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6393. |
Wiens-Tuers, Barbara A. Hill, Elizabeth T. |
How Did We Get Here from There? Movement into Temporary Employment Journal of Economic Issues 36,2 (June 2002): 303-311. Also: http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/utj/jei/36/jei-36-2-6.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Evolutionary Economics (AFEE) Keyword(s): Employment, Part-Time; Family Studies; Part-Time Work; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examines the shift in the focus of employers from employment stability to employment flexibility. Impact of the growth of the temporary industry and temporary work on employment, uncertainty, and changing norms; Factors which are associated with people entering into temporary work, including an effort to balance family and work; Use of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in the analysis; Discussion of poverty among temporary workers. The paper (see, the .pdf file) was prepared for the annual meeting of the Association for Evolutionary Economics at the Allied Social Science Association meetings in Atlanta, Georgia, January 4–6, 2002 and published in Journal of Economic Issues in 2002. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wiens-Tuers, Barbara A. and Elizabeth T. Hill. "How Did We Get Here from There? Movement into Temporary Employment." Journal of Economic Issues 36,2 (June 2002): 303-311.
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6394. |
Wightman, Patrick |
Parental Experience of Unemployment and Children's Development Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Mental Health; Depression (see also CESD); Parental Influences; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I use the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults Survey (CNLSY) together with a difference-in-difference and fixed-effects research design to investigate the impact of parental job loss and unemployment on children's developmental trajectories. I find that children who experience parental unemployment display higher levels of antisocial and anxious/depressed behavior and that that the magnitude and duration of these responses depend on the age of the child at the time of the employment separation. I find little evidence of a long-term impact on children's cognitive development, i.e. reading and math scores. The magnitude of the association between parental earnings and these outcomes is small and earnings measures fail to mediate the observed job-loss and unemployment effects; the home environment and family relationships appear to be the more likely mechanism. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wightman, Patrick. "Parental Experience of Unemployment and Children's Development." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
6395. |
Wightman, Patrick |
The Effect of Parental Job Loss on Children Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2009. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Job loss is a permanent and common feature of modern economies. While much is known about the impact of job loss on earnings, income, unemployment and consumption, much less attention has been given to the effects that parents' job displacement has on children. Chapter I of this dissertation presents the analytical framework for the empirical analysis that follows in Chapters II and III. Specifically, I describe the pathways potentially linking parental job loss to children's outcomes. These pathways fall into two broad categories, the investment perspective and the family process perspective. In Chapter II, using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) I find that parental job loss between the ages of 0-17 reduces the probability that offspring will graduate from high school by roughly 6 percent. The impact on college attendance, conditional on high school graduation, is more sensitive to controls for parental ability but ranges from 2 to 7 percent. Family income, wealth and government assistance fail to explain the job-loss effect on high school graduation but explain much of the effect on conditional college attendance. The severity of the impact varies by the age of the offspring at the time the displacement occurred. In Chapter III, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adults Cohort (CNLSY) I find that a parental job loss leads to increases in antisocial behavior, anxiety/depression and lower reading scores among children. The age of the child at the time of the displacement has important consequences on the severity and duration of the effect. Household-level fixed effects explain much of this relationship. I conclude Chapter III with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wightman, Patrick. The Effect of Parental Job Loss on Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2009.. |
6396. |
Wilcox, W. Bradford Wang, Wendy Mincy, Ronald B. |
Black Men Making It in America: The Engines of Economic Success for Black Men in America Report, American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and Institute for Family Studies, June 26, 2018. Also: http://www.aei.org/publication/black-men-making-it-in-america-the-engines-of-economic-success-for-black-men-in-america/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Keyword(s): Black Studies; Criminal Justice System; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Marital Status; Military Service; Religious Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This report examines black men's economic standing, the institutional engines of black men's success, the importance of individual agency, and contact with the criminal justice system. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilcox, W. Bradford, Wendy Wang and Ronald B. Mincy. "Black Men Making It in America: The Engines of Economic Success for Black Men in America." Report, American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and Institute for Family Studies, June 26, 2018. |
6397. |
Wilcox, W. Bradford Wolfinger, Nicholas H. |
Soul Mates: Religion, Sex, Love, and Marriage among African Americans and Latinos New York: Oxford University Press, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Ethnic Studies; General Social Survey (GSS); Marriage; Minorities; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); National Survey of Religion and Family Life (NSRFL); Racial Studies; Religion; Sexual Activity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. *Features qualitative interviews and fieldwork across the country as well as national data *Explores the relationship between religion and family life *Examines the largely-ignored element of lived religion in minority communities |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilcox, W. Bradford and Nicholas H. Wolfinger. Soul Mates: Religion, Sex, Love, and Marriage among African Americans and Latinos. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016. |
6398. |
Wilde, Elizabeth T. Y. Batchelder, Lily Ellwood, David T. |
The Mommy Track Divides: The Impact of Childbearing on Wages of Women of Differing Skill Levels NBER Working Paper 16582, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2010. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w16582 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Fertility; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Differentials This paper explores how the wage and career consequences of motherhood differ by skill and timing. Past work has often found smaller or even negligible effects from childbearing for high-skill women, but we find the opposite. Wage trajectories diverge sharply for high scoring women after, but not before, they have children, while there is little change for low-skill women. It appears that the lifetime costs of childbearing, especially early childbearing, are particularly high for skilled women. These differential costs of childbearing may account for the far greater tendency of high-skill women to delay or avoid |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilde, Elizabeth T. Y., Lily Batchelder and David T. Ellwood. "The Mommy Track Divides: The Impact of Childbearing on Wages of Women of Differing Skill Levels." NBER Working Paper 16582, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2010. |
6399. |
Wildeman, Christopher |
Parental Imprisonment, the Prison Boom, and the Concentration of Childhood Disadvantage Demography 46,2 (May 2009): 265-280. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/j0837x05331476t1/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childhood; Disadvantaged, Economically; Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study; Incarceration/Jail; Life Course; Mothers, Incarceration; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although much research has focused on how imprisonment transforms the life course of disadvantaged black men, researchers have paid little attention to how parental imprisonment alters the social experience of childhood. This article estimates the risk of parental imprisonment by age 14 for black and white children born in 1978 and 1990. This article also estimates the risk of parental imprisonment for children whose parents did not finish high school, finished high school only, or attended college. Results show the following: (1) 1 in 40 white children born in 1978 and 1 in 25 white children born in 1990 had a parent imprisoned; (2) 1 in 7 black children born in 1978 and 1 in 4 black children born in 1990 had a parent imprisoned; (3) inequality in the risk of parental imprisonment between white children of college-educated parents and all other children is growing; and (4) by age 14, 50.5% of black children born in 1990 to high school dropouts had a father imprisoned. These estimates, robustness checks, and extensions to longitudinal data indicate that parental imprisonment has emerged as a novel—and distinctively American—childhood risk that is concentrated among black children and children of low-education parents |
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Bibliography Citation
Wildeman, Christopher. "Parental Imprisonment, the Prison Boom, and the Concentration of Childhood Disadvantage." Demography 46,2 (May 2009): 265-280.
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6400. |
Wildsmith, Elizabeth Manlove, Jennifer S. Jekielek, Susan Marie Moore, Kristin Anderson Mincieli, Lisa A. |
Teenage Childbearing Among Youth Born to Teenage Mothers Youth and Society 44,2 (June 2012): 258-283. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/44/2/258.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cognitive Ability; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Family Environment; Family Structure; First Birth; Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Racial Differences; Religion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this article examined how early maternal characteristics, an adolescent’s family environment, and the adolescent’s own attitudes and behaviors were associated with the odds of a nonmarital teenage birth among youth born to teenage mothers. Multivariate analyses indicated that these domains were closely linked. Early maternal characteristics shaped the later family environment of adolescents (parenting quality and home environment), which, in turn, was associated with the attitudes and behaviors of teens that put them at risk of a nonmarital birth. Notably, there was variation in some of the associations by gender. Increased mother’s cognitive ability lowered the risk of a nonmarital birth for boys, but not for girls, whereas fertility expectations were significant for girls, but not for boys. There were no race-ethnic differences in the risk of a teenage birth among girls, although Black boys had a higher risk than White boys. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wildsmith, Elizabeth, Jennifer S. Manlove, Susan Marie Jekielek, Kristin Anderson Moore and Lisa A. Mincieli. "Teenage Childbearing Among Youth Born to Teenage Mothers." Youth and Society 44,2 (June 2012): 258-283.
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6401. |
Wilk, Steffanie Louise |
Cognitive Ability, Person-Job Fit, and Occupational Mobility: a Process Model and Longitudinal Analysis Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Cognitive Ability; Industrial Relations; Job Analysis; Job Rewards; Mobility, Interfirm; Mobility, Labor Market; Modeling; NLS of H.S. Class of 1972; Vocational Guidance This study attempted to develop and test a model of job mobility as a function of congruence between abilities and job complexity. The gravitational hypothesis (McCormick, Jeanneret and Mecham, 1972; McCormick, DeNisi and Staw, 1979), a keystone of this objective, posits that individuals will sort themselves into jobs that are commensurate with their ability level. A first objective of this research was to examine empirically the gravitational hypothesis. A second objective of this study was to examine the effect of fit between ability and job complexity on both (a) satisfaction with the tasks and duties of the job and (b) changes in job complexity over time. This created a triad of key variables: FIT (between ability and job complexity), Job Satisfaction (specifically the facet focusing on the tasks and duties of the job itself), and Job Complexity Changes (including both intra- and inter-organizational mobility). Specifically, this research tested the notion that better fit would lead to higher job satisfaction and fewer job complexity changes. Further, this research examined the indirect effect between fit and job complexity changes through job satisfaction, hypothesizing that higher job satisfaction would lead to fewer job complexity changes. Two national, longitudinal datasets were used to test the hypotheses: the National Longitudinal Study of the Class of 1972 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience--Youth Cohort. Support was found for the gravitational hypothesis. Ability was a predictor of job complexity level over time, even after controlling for variables such as education. As for the linkages between the triad of key variables, only the linkage between ability-job complexity fit and job satisfaction was not supported. The linkage between ability-job complexity fit and changes in job complexity wassupported, where the better the match between ability and job complexity the less likely a change in job complexity in future time periods. The linkage between job satisfaction and job complexity change was supported where the higher the job satisfaction the less likely a change in job complexity. These results have implications for employers, vocational counselors and applicants. Suggestions for improving the ability-job complexity match are provided. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilk, Steffanie Louise. Cognitive Ability, Person-Job Fit, and Occupational Mobility: a Process Model and Longitudinal Analysis. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1995. |
6402. |
Wilk, Steffanie Louise Sackett, Paul R. |
Longitudinal Analysis of Ability-Job Complexity Fit and Job Change Personnel Psychology 49,4 (Winter 1996): 937-967 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Personnel Psychology Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Clare Jellick; High School; Job Patterns; Job Skills; Job Turnover; Mobility, Occupational; Skills; Vocational Guidance Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examined job mobility as a function of congruence between individuals' abilities and their job's complexity, using various analytical techniques. Data were collected from 15,859 12th graders from the National Longitudinal Study of the Class of 1972 and 10,756 participants (aged 15-22 yrs) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience-Youth Cohort. As expected, educational attainment was positively related to a change in job complexity. Also, individuals who worked in full-time jobs were more likely to have a positive change in job complexity over time. There was support for the central proposition that direction of mismatch between ability and job complexity impacts the direction of change in job complexity. The implication of these results for employers, vocational counselors, and applicants is to attempt to gather as much information as possible to make the best possible match early on the in the job search process. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1997 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilk, Steffanie Louise and Paul R. Sackett. "Longitudinal Analysis of Ability-Job Complexity Fit and Job Change." Personnel Psychology 49,4 (Winter 1996): 937-967.
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6403. |
Willen, Alexander Lars Philip |
Essays in Labor and Education Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Collective Bargaining; Noncognitive Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Chapter 3, which is joint work with Michael Lovenheim, we analyze the effect of teacher collective bargaining laws on long-run labor market and educational attainment outcomes, exploiting the timing of passage of duty-to-bargain (DTB) laws across cohorts within states and across states over time. We find robust evidence that exposure to teacher DTB laws worsens the future labor market outcomes of men: in the first 10 years after passage of a DTB law, male earnings decline by $1,974 (or 3.64%) per year and hours worked decrease by 0.43 hours per week. The earnings estimates for men indicate that teacher collective bargaining reduces earnings by $198.1 billion in the US annually. We also find evidence of lower male employment rates. Exposure to DTB laws leads to reductions in the skill levels of the occupations into which male workers sort as well. Effects are largest among black and Hispanic men. Estimates among women are often confounded by secular trend variation, though we do find suggestive evidence of negative impacts among non-white women. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we demonstrate that DTB laws lead to reductions in measured non-cognitive skills among young men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Willen, Alexander Lars Philip. Essays in Labor and Education Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, 2018. |
6404. |
Williams, Benjamin |
Controlling for Ability Using Test Scores Journal of Applied Econometrics 34,4 (June/July 2019): 547-565. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jae.2683 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Monte Carlo; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper proposes a semiparametric method to control for ability using standardized test scores, or other item response assessments, in a regression model. The proposed method is based on a model in which the parameter of interest is invariant to monotonic transformations of ability. I show that the estimator is consistent as both the number of observations and the number of items on the test grow to infinity. I also derive conditions under which this estimator is root‐n consistent and asymptotically normal. The proposed method is easy to implement, does not impose a parametric item response model, and does not require item level data. I demonstrate the finite sample performance in a Monte Carlo study and implement the procedure for a wage regression using data from the NLSY1979. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Benjamin. "Controlling for Ability Using Test Scores." Journal of Applied Econometrics 34,4 (June/July 2019): 547-565.
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6405. |
Williams, Benjamin |
Identification of a Nonseparable Model under Endogeneity Using Binary Proxies for Unobserved Heterogeneity Quantitative Economics 10,2 (May 2019): 527-563. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3982/QE674 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Heterogeneity; Modeling; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, I study identification of a nonseparable model with endogeneity arising due to unobserved heterogeneity. Identification relies on the availability of binary proxies that can be used to control for the unobserved heterogeneity. I show that the model is identified in the limit as the number of proxies increases. The argument does not require an instrumental variable that is excluded from the outcome equation nor does it require the support of the unobserved heterogeneity to be finite. I then propose a nonparametric estimator that is consistent as the number of proxies increases with the sample size. I also show that, for a fixed number of proxies, nontrivial bounds on objects of interest can be obtained. Finally, I study two real data applications that illustrate computation of the bounds and estimation with a large number of items. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Benjamin. "Identification of a Nonseparable Model under Endogeneity Using Binary Proxies for Unobserved Heterogeneity." Quantitative Economics 10,2 (May 2019): 527-563.
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6406. |
Williams, Donald R. |
Consequences in Self-Employment for Women and Men in the United States Labour Economics 7,5 (September 2000): 665-687. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537100000178 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Human Capital; Self-Employed Workers; Wage Effects; Wages, Men; Wages, Women; Women Many self-employed workers return to the wage and salaried sector of the labor market after some time. It is possible that the self-employment spell will lead to lower earnings or earnings growth upon return, due to depreciation of firm or sector-specific human capital. Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLS), this paper examines the effects of spells of self-employment on the future wage and salary sector earnings of male and female workers in the United States. The results indicate substantial penalties arise for women, in terms of returns to experience, while there is little or no impact for men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Donald R. "Consequences in Self-Employment for Women and Men in the United States." Labour Economics 7,5 (September 2000): 665-687.
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6407. |
Williams, Donald R. |
Job Characteristics and the Labor Force Participation Behavior of Black and White Male Youth Review of Black Political Economy 18,2 (Fall 1989): 5-24. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/d81727155129280w/fulltext.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Economic Association Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wages, Reservation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous work regarding the labor force participation of black and white youth has ignored the fact that they may face jobs with different characteristics, such as socioeconomic status or degree of danger. This article examines the effects that such characteristics have on the probability of participation for a sample of black and white males from the National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort. The results suggest that some job characteristics have a significant impact on participation, particularly socioeconomic status. The estimates presented here suggest, however, that racial differences in socioeconomic status probably explain only a small portion of the black-white male youth participation rate differential. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Donald R. "Job Characteristics and the Labor Force Participation Behavior of Black and White Male Youth." Review of Black Political Economy 18,2 (Fall 1989): 5-24.
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6408. |
Williams, Donald R. |
Non-pecuniary Rewards and the Labor Force Participation of Black and White Youth Working Paper [Mimeo], Department of Economics, Kent State University, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Kent State University Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Teenagers; Unemployment, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous work regarding the labor force participation of black and white youth has ignored the fact that they may face jobs with different non-pecuniary characteristics. In this paper, the author extends the standard "second- generation" model of labor force participation to include non-pecuniary rewards, and estimates the effects such rewards have on the probability of participation for a sample of black and white males from the NLSY. The results suggest that job characteristics have a significant impact on participation, and that racial differences in job characteristics explain up to 25 percent of the black-white participation rate differential. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Donald R. "Non-pecuniary Rewards and the Labor Force Participation of Black and White Youth." Working Paper [Mimeo], Department of Economics, Kent State University, 1987. |
6409. |
Williams, Donald R. |
Youth Self Employment: Its Nature and Consequences Small Business Economics 23,4 (November 2004): 323-336. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/r1j542102hn24826/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Self-Employed Workers; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the extent of self-employment, characteristics of the self-employed, and the returns to self-employment experiences for a sample of teenagers and young adults in the United States. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find that the self-employment experience of youth is quite different from that of adults. Consequences of youth self-employment, measured at age 27, suggest both positive and negative effects. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Donald R. "Youth Self Employment: Its Nature and Consequences." Small Business Economics 23,4 (November 2004): 323-336.
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6410. |
Williams, Edwina Mulia, Nina Karriker-Jaffe, Katherine J. Lui, Camillia K. |
Changing Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Heavy Drinking Trajectories through Young Adulthood: A Comparative Cohort Study Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 42,1 (January 2018): 135-143. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acer.13541/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Ethnic Differences; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Methods: Data are from the 1979 (n=10,963) and 1997 (n=8,852) cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Generalized estimating equations were used to model trajectories of heavy drinking frequency from ages 17-31. Racial/ethnic differences were determined using sex-stratified models and three-way interactions of race/ethnicity with age, age-squared and cohort. Results: Racial/ethnic differences in heavy drinking trajectories have changed over time in men and women. In the older NLSY cohort, Hispanic men and Black women surpassed White men's and women's heavy drinking frequency by age 31. This crossover was absent in the younger cohort, where trajectories of all racial-sex groups converged by age 31. Normative trajectories have changed in Hispanics and Whites of both sexes, with a delay in age of peak frequency, and greater levels of heavy drinking in the younger cohort of women. Conclusion: Changes in heavy drinking trajectories over time suggest the need for targeted interventions during young adulthood. While disparities in young adult heavy drinking were no longer apparent in the more recent birth cohort, continued monitoring is important. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Edwina, Nina Mulia, Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe and Camillia K. Lui. "Changing Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Heavy Drinking Trajectories through Young Adulthood: A Comparative Cohort Study." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 42,1 (January 2018): 135-143.
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6411. |
Williams, Kristi Addo, Fenaba Frech, Adrianne |
Family Structure and Outcomes in Emerging Adulthood: How Children Born to Unwed Mothers Fare Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Bias Decomposition; CESD (Depression Scale); Cohabitation; Coresidence; Educational Outcomes; Family Structure; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Marital Status; Mothers, Adolescent; Parents, Single; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research indicates that being raised in a family that does not include both biological parents is associated with a range of poor outcomes in childhood. This literature has focused primarily on children in divorced families. Less is known about the well-being of children born to single mothers, especially when they reach young adulthood. This paper explores how young adults born to single mothers fare in young adulthood, focusing on high school graduating and teen parenthood. Data are from the linked Children and Young Adult sample of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). We find significant differences in the likelihood of graduating from high school and experiencing a teen birth for those born to a never-married versus a married mother. Among those born to single mothers, there are few differences between those who remain in stable, single mother families and those whose mothers marry or cohabit. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Kristi, Fenaba Addo and Adrianne Frech. "Family Structure and Outcomes in Emerging Adulthood: How Children Born to Unwed Mothers Fare." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
6412. |
Williams, Kristi Finch, Brian |
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Early and Nonmarital Fertility, and Women's Health at Midlife Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Fertility; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We develop and test hypotheses about the influence of adverse childhood experiences on two dimensions of family formation--age and marital status at first birth--and consider whether these dimensions of family formation mediate the effect of childhood adversity on women's midlife health. We further posit that exposure and adaptation to childhood adversity, social processes linked to structural disadvantage, may help to explain U.S. race and class disparities in fertility timing and nonmarital childbearing, both of which have been linked to women's health at midlife. Analysis of 35 years of nationally representative panel data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79) indicate that exposure to adverse childhood experiences is significantly associated with earlier age at first birth and with greater odds of having a nonmarital first birth. Results further show that age and marital status at first birth significantly mediate the effect of adverse childhood experiences on women's health at midlife. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Kristi and Brian Finch. "Adverse Childhood Experiences, Early and Nonmarital Fertility, and Women's Health at Midlife." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
6413. |
Williams, Kristi Finch, Brian |
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Early and Nonmarital Fertility, and Women's Health at Midlife Journal of Health and Social Behavior 60,3 (September 2019): 309-325. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022146519868842 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have powerful consequences for health and well-being throughout the life course. We draw on evidence that exposure to ACEs shapes developmental processes central to emotional regulation, impulsivity, and the formation of secure intimate ties to posit that ACEs shape the timing and context of childbearing, which in turn partially mediate the well-established effect of ACEs on women's later-life health. Analysis of 25 years of nationally representative panel data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79; n = 3,893) indicates that adverse childhood experiences predict earlier age at first birth and greater odds of having a nonmarital first birth. Age and marital status at first birth partially mediate the effect of ACEs on women's health at midlife. Implications for public health and family policy aimed at improving maternal and child well-being are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Kristi and Brian Finch. "Adverse Childhood Experiences, Early and Nonmarital Fertility, and Women's Health at Midlife." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 60,3 (September 2019): 309-325.
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6414. |
Williams, Kristi Finch, Brian |
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Marital History, and Midlife Health Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Divorce; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have enduring consequences for health and well-being throughout the life course. We draw on recent evidence that ACEs undermine self-regulation, trust, and the formation of secure intimate ties to posit that ACEs decrease the probability of marriage and increase risk of divorce. Analysis of 35 years of panel data (NLSY79) (n = 5,784) supports the latter hypothesis among white but not black men and women. Importantly, for white women, a substantial portion of the well-established link between divorce and later life health is partly spurious -- explained by the joint effect of ACEs on both marital history and later life health. Controlling for ACEs reduces the estimated effect of divorce on health at age 50 by 25% for white women and 18% for white men. Health differences between the never-married and those in their first marriage at age 50 are not explained by ACEs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Kristi and Brian Finch. "Adverse Childhood Experiences, Marital History, and Midlife Health." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
6415. |
Williams, Kristi Sassler, Sharon Addo, Fenaba Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Early Childbearing, Union Status, and Women's Health at Midlife Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Ethnic Differences; First Birth; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Status; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the prevalence of early and nonmarital childbearing, little is known about their long-term consequences for women’s health. We use data from the NLSY79 and multivariate propensity score matching to examine differences in midlife health between women who had an adolescent or young adult first birth and those whose first birth occurred at later ages. We then estimate the effect of marital status at birth and later marital history on the midlife self-assessed health of women who had an early first birth. Results suggest few negative health consequences of early childbearing except for black women who have their first birth in young adulthood. Among those who have an early first birth, marriage at birth appears beneficial for the midlife health of white women, while marriage after a nonmarital birth may pose health risks for black and Hispanic women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Kristi, Sharon Sassler, Fenaba Addo and Elizabeth C. Cooksey. "Early Childbearing, Union Status, and Women's Health at Midlife." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
6416. |
Williams, Kristi Sassler, Sharon Addo, Fenaba Frech, Adrianne |
First-birth Timing, Marital History, and Women's Health at Midlife Journal of Health and Social Behavior 56,4 (December 2015): 514-533. Also: http://hsb.sagepub.com/content/56/4/514.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; First Birth; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital History/Transitions; Propensity Scores; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite evidence that first-birth timing influences women's health, the role of marital status in shaping this association has received scant attention. Using multivariate propensity score matching, we analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to estimate the effect of having a first birth in adolescence (prior to age 20), young adulthood (ages 20-24), or later ages (ages 25-35) on women's midlife self-assessed health. Findings suggest that adolescent childbearing is associated with worse midlife health compared to later births for black women but not for white women. Yet, we find no evidence of health advantages of delaying first births from adolescence to young adulthood for either group. Births in young adulthood are linked to worse health than later births among both black and white women. Our results also indicate that marriage following a nonmarital adolescent or young adult first birth is associated with modestly worse self-assessed health compared to remaining unmarried. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Kristi, Sharon Sassler, Fenaba Addo and Adrianne Frech. "First-birth Timing, Marital History, and Women's Health at Midlife." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 56,4 (December 2015): 514-533.
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6417. |
Williams, Kristi Sassler, Sharon Frech, Adrianne Addo, Fenaba Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Mothers’ Union Histories and the Mental and Physical Health of Adolescents Born to Unmarried Mothers Journal of Health and Social Behavior 54,3 (September 2013): 278-295. Also: http://hsb.sagepub.com/content/54/3/278.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Health; Age at Birth; CESD (Depression Scale); Cohabitation; Depression (see also CESD); Fertility; Health Factors; Marital History/Transitions; Marital Status; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As nonmarital childbearing becomes a dominant pathway to family formation, understanding its long-term consequences for children’s well-being is increasingly important. Analysis of linked mother-child data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth indicates a negative association of having been born to a never-married mother with adolescent self-assessed health but not with depressive symptoms. We also consider the role of mothers’ subsequent union histories in shaping the adolescent health outcomes of youth born to unmarried mothers. With two exceptions, unmarried mothers’ subsequent unions appear to have little consequence for the health of their offspring during adolescence. Adolescents whose mothers subsequently married and remained with their biological fathers reported better health, yet adolescents whose mothers continuously cohabited with their biological fathers without subsequent marriage reported worse adolescent mental health compared with adolescents whose mothers remained continually unpartnered. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Kristi, Sharon Sassler, Adrianne Frech, Fenaba Addo and Elizabeth C. Cooksey. "Mothers’ Union Histories and the Mental and Physical Health of Adolescents Born to Unmarried Mothers." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 54,3 (September 2013): 278-295.
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6418. |
Williams, Kristi Sassler, Sharon Frech, Adrianne Addo, Fenaba Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Nonmarital Childbearing, Union History, and Women’s Health at Midlife American Sociological Review 76,3 (June 2011): 465-486. Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/76/3/465.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Cohabitation; Fertility; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Status; Mothers, Health; Parents, Single; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite high rates of nonmarital childbearing in the United States, little is known about the health of women who have nonmarital births. We use data from the NLSY79 to examine differences in age 40 self-assessed health between women who had a premarital birth and those whose first birth occurred within marriage. We then differentiate women with a premarital first birth according to their subsequent union histories and estimate the effect of marrying or cohabiting versus remaining never-married on midlife self-assessed health. We pay particular attention to the paternity status of a mother’s partner and the stability of marital unions. To partially address selection bias, we employ multivariate propensity score techniques. Results suggest that premarital childbearing is negatively associated with midlife health for white and black women, but not for Hispanic women. We find no evidence that the negative health consequences of nonmarital childbearing are mitigated by either marriage or cohabitation for black women. For other women, only enduring marriage to the child’s biological father is associated with better health than remaining unpartnered. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER] |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Kristi, Sharon Sassler, Adrianne Frech, Fenaba Addo and Elizabeth C. Cooksey. "Nonmarital Childbearing, Union History, and Women’s Health at Midlife." American Sociological Review 76,3 (June 2011): 465-486.
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6419. |
Williams, Kristi Sassler, Sharon Frech, Adrianne Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Mother's Union History and the Health of Children Born to Single Mothers Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Bias Decomposition; CESD (Depression Scale); Cohabitation; Depression (see also CESD); Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Status; Marriage; Parental Influences; Parents, Single; Unions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the NLSY79 linked mother-child files, we examine whether children born to single mothers who marry or cohabit have better (or worse) psychological and physical health outcomes in early adulthood than those whose mothers remained unmarried. We limit our analysis to first-born children who were born to and lived with a single mother and distinguish mothers' union histories by marital and cohabitation status, dissolution status of the union, and paternity status of partner. Preliminary results indicate that, on average, children born to single mothers receive few mental or physical health benefits in young adulthood if their mothers subsequently marry or cohabit vs. remain unpartnered. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Kristi, Sharon Sassler, Adrianne Frech and Elizabeth C. Cooksey. "Mother's Union History and the Health of Children Born to Single Mothers." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
6420. |
Williams, L. Susan |
City Kids and Country Cousins: Rural and Urban Youths, Deviance, and Labor Market Ties In: Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches. R.T. Michael, ed. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001: pp. 379-413 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Deviance; Drug Use; Runaways; Rural Youth; Rural/Urban Differences Chapter: Examined ways in which the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 and 1979 Cohort (NLSY97 and NLSY79, respectively) contributes to the assessment of trends in youths' illicit activities in both rural and urban areas. The samples consisted of 9,022 Ss (aged 12-18 yrs) from NLSY97 and 12,686 Ss (aged 14-22 yrs) from NLSY79. 11 primary variables were used for the comparative analysis of NLSY97 and NLSY79: drink alcohol, smoke marijuana, destroy property, steal less than $50, steal greater than $50, sell drugs, fight, attack others, run away, suspended, and arrested. Partial support was found to support rural-urban convergence in levels of serious delinquent behavior by youths. It was also found that rural areas exert a unique influence on youth deviance, often in complex, interactive ways. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, L. Susan. "City Kids and Country Cousins: Rural and Urban Youths, Deviance, and Labor Market Ties" In: Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches. R.T. Michael, ed. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001: pp. 379-413
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6421. |
Williams, Trey |
People of Color are More Likely to Work Long, Irregular Hours that Could Lead to Severe Health Issues by Age 50 Fortune, 17 April 2024, RaceAhead Newsletter. Also: https://fortune.com/2024/04/17/black-workers-irregular-schedule-long-hours-health-risk-depression-heart-disease/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Fortune Media IP Limited Keyword(s): Black Studies; Depression (see also CESD); Health Outcomes; Health, Impacts to; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health, Physical; Work Hours, Irregular; Work Hours/Schedule; Work Schedule, Irregular; Worker Health; Working Patterns Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Williams, Trey. "People of Color are More Likely to Work Long, Irregular Hours that Could Lead to Severe Health Issues by Age 50." Fortune, 17 April 2024, RaceAhead Newsletter. |
6422. |
Willis, Amy L. Karnehm |
Adolescent Early Sexual Debut: What Can Parents Do to Postpone It? Presented: Anaheim, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 2001 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Sexual Activity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper I examine the transmission of family social capital from parent to child, as it impacts adolescent sexual initiation prior to age 16. I extend the application of James Coleman's ideas and borrow from the conclusions of Alejandro Portes to integrate social capital theory with parenting practices and theories of adolescent sexual behavior. Using the 1979-1996 mother, child, and young adult data files from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), I examine parenting factors (i.e., shared activities as indicators of the parent-child bond, parental support, and parental control) and child and family characteristics (e.g., maternal education, race/ethnicity father presence, maternal aspirations for child's education) that distinguish teens born to young mothers who have "early sex" (initiate prior to age 16), from those who delay their initiation until or past age 16. As hypothesized, children who reported at least monthly church attendance with their parents at age 10 or 11 are more likely to delay their first sex until at least age 16. However, contrary to expectations, children whose mothers took them to cultural performances were more likely to have had sex before age 16. This level of analysis suggests that early background characteristics may be more important than parental practices in predicting early sexual initiation. This study concludes by suggesting a need for a more intensive examination of the relationship between family interaction processes and early sexual initiation than is possible with a large-scale data set such as the NLSY. |
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Bibliography Citation
Willis, Amy L. Karnehm. "Adolescent Early Sexual Debut: What Can Parents Do to Postpone It?" Presented: Anaheim, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 2001. |
6423. |
Willke, Richard |
An Evaluation of Outcomes for Post-School Participants in Government Employment and Training Programs with Attention to Selectivity Bias In: Pathways to the Future, Volume V: A Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1983, P.Baker, ed., Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Training; Training, Employee; Training, Post-School Chapter One evaluates outcomes for post-school participants in government employment and training programs with special attention given to selectivity bias. |
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Bibliography Citation
Willke, Richard. "An Evaluation of Outcomes for Post-School Participants in Government Employment and Training Programs with Attention to Selectivity Bias." In: Pathways to the Future, Volume V: A Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1983, P.Baker, ed., Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985. |
6424. |
Wills, Jeremiah B. Brauer, Jonathan R. |
Have Children Adapted to Their Mothers Working, or Was Adaptation Unnecessary? Cohort Effects and the Relationship Between Maternal Employment and Child Well-Being Social Science Research 41,2 (March 2012): 425-443. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X11001736 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Part-Time Work; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Drawing on previous theoretical and empirical work, we posit that maternal employment influences on child well-being vary across birth cohorts. We investigate this possibility by analyzing longitudinal data from a sample of children and their mothers drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We introduce a series of age, cohort, and maternal employment interaction terms into multilevel models predicting child well-being to assess whether any potential short-term or long-term effects of early and current maternal employment vary across birth cohorts. Results indicate that maternal employment largely is inconsequential to child well-being regardless of birth cohort, with a few exceptions. For instance, children born in earlier cohorts may have experienced long-term positive effects of having an employed mother; however, as maternal employment became more commonplace in recent cohorts, these beneficial effects appear to have disappeared. We discuss theoretical and methodological implications of these findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wills, Jeremiah B. and Jonathan R. Brauer. "Have Children Adapted to Their Mothers Working, or Was Adaptation Unnecessary? Cohort Effects and the Relationship Between Maternal Employment and Child Well-Being." Social Science Research 41,2 (March 2012): 425-443.
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6425. |
Wilmarth, Melissa Seay, Martin C. Britt, Sonya L. |
Psychology, Money, and Marital Arguments: What Shapes a Woman's Happiness Level? Journal of Financial Planning 28,8 (2015): 42-48. Also: https://www.onefpa.org/journal/Pages/AUG15-Psychology,-Money,-and-Marital-Arguments-What-Shapes-a-Woman%E2%80%99s-Happiness-Level.aspx Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Financial Planning Association Keyword(s): Income; Marital Conflict; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research investigated the association and influence of income contribution, self-esteem, perceived control, and marital arguments on marital happiness among married women. Analysis of a sample of 1,395 married women ages 43 to 53 revealed a negative association between a woman’s relative income contribution and her reported happiness levels. The interplay of results related to arguments about money, chores, and income contribution highlight the potential effects of shifting gender roles due to increased female employment. Findings suggest that being aware of financial and psychological factors that influence the client is important in retaining married clients. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilmarth, Melissa, Martin C. Seay and Sonya L. Britt. "Psychology, Money, and Marital Arguments: What Shapes a Woman's Happiness Level?" Journal of Financial Planning 28,8 (2015): 42-48.
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6426. |
Wilmoth, Daniel R. |
Intelligence and Past Use of Recreational Drugs Intelligence 40,1 (January-February 2012): 15-22. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016028961100119X#sec3 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Drug Use; I.Q.; Intelligence One motivation for trying recreational drugs is the desire for novel experiences. More intelligent people tend to value novelty more highly and may therefore be more likely to have tried recreational drugs. Using data from a national survey, it is shown that intelligence tends to be positively related to the probabilities of having tried alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and several other recreational drugs. Evidence is also presented that those relationships typically disappear or change sign at high levels of intelligence. These patterns persist after accounting for a wide range of personal characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilmoth, Daniel R. "Intelligence and Past Use of Recreational Drugs." Intelligence 40,1 (January-February 2012): 15-22.
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6427. |
Wilson-Figueroa, Maria E. |
Relationship Between Migration Behavior and Poverty Status of Hispanic Youth Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Migration; Poverty The purpose of this research has been to study the migration behavior of poor and nonpoor Hispanic youth in the 1984-86 interval and to identify policy to alleviate the poverty situation of Hispanic youth in the United States. Two data sources were used to conduct the study: the NLSY and the County and City Data Book. These two sources allowed the study and integration of microlevel and macrolevel variables. In addition, the data allowed for the longitudinal measure of migration behavior. Research was carried out in two stages. The first stage was a descriptive of migration rates according to microlevel and macrolevel variables and according to types of migration. This stage also included the testing of hypotheses. The second stage was a multivariate analysis of microlevel and macrolevel predictors of migration of Hispanic youth for the 1984-86 interval. Due to the skewed nature of the data and the dichotomous dependent variable, logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Several models were used to measure the relationships between migration behavior and poverty status of Hispanic youth. Findings show that poor Hispanic youth tend to have lower migration rates than nonpoor Hispanic youth. Geographic areas defined as poor tend to have higher rates of migration than areas defined as nonpoor. Residence in counties with high concentrations of other Hispanics tends to act as an inhibitor of migration for the Hispanic youth in this study. [UMI ADG90-34099] |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilson-Figueroa, Maria E. Relationship Between Migration Behavior and Poverty Status of Hispanic Youth. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, 1990. |
6428. |
Wilson-Figueroa, Maria E. Berry, Eddy Helen Toney, Michael B. |
Migration of Hispanic Youth and Poverty Status: A Logit Analysis Rural Sociology 56,2 (June 1991): 189-203. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1991.tb00431.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Rural Sociological Society Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Migration; Mobility; Occupational Status; Poverty; Unemployment Rate; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The research investigated whether poor Hispanic youth exhibited less migration than nonpoor Hispanic youth. The hypothesis was that migration is a means to escape poverty, although poverty acts as an inhibitor to migration. The data for the study were derived from NLSY and the 1988 County and City Data Book (U. S. Census Bureau). Individual migration between 1984 and 1986 for 1,466 Hispanic respondents who were ages 14-21 in 1979 was the dependent variable. Log linear modeling was used to analyze the data. Microlevel variables (characteristics of respondents) were: sex, occupation status, educational attainment, public assistance, and poverty status. Macrolevel variables (characteristics of counties) were: unemployment rate and percentage of families poor (i.e. below the poverty level). Results showed partial support for the hypothesis, depending on how poverty was defined. Poverty status places limitations on the geographical mobility of Hispanics and may limit their ability to upgrade their socioeconomic status; therefore, policy makers need to concentrate on providing education and training to Hispanic youth. The educational attainment of Hispanics remains below the level of their non-Hispanic counterparts and Hispanics tend to have higher rates of unemployment than whites. Policies should target employment opportunities for Hispanics. [ERIC ED329397] |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilson-Figueroa, Maria E., Eddy Helen Berry and Michael B. Toney. "Migration of Hispanic Youth and Poverty Status: A Logit Analysis." Rural Sociology 56,2 (June 1991): 189-203.
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6429. |
Wilson-Figueroa, Maria E. Berry, Eddy Helen Toney, Michael B. |
Migration of Hispanic Youth and Poverty Status: A Logit Analysis Presented: Louisville, KY, Southern Demographic Association 21st Annual Meeting, October 1990. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED329397&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED329397 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Demographic Association (SDA) Keyword(s): Hispanic Youth; Migration; Minorities, Youth; Modeling, Logit; Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) document, ED329397 is also available at: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED329397&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED329397 The research investigated whether poor Hispanic youth exhibited less migration than nonpoor Hispanic youth. The hypothesis was that migration is a means to escape poverty, although poverty acts as an inhibitor to migration. The data for the study were derived from The Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS/Y) and the 1988 County and City Data Book (U.S. Census Bureau). Individual migration between 1984 and 1986 for 1,466 Hispanic respondents who were ages 14-21 in 1979 was the dependent variable. Log linear modeling was used to analyze the data. Microlevel variables (characteristics of respondents) were: sex, occupation status, educational attainment, public assistance, and poverty status. Macrolevel variables (characteristics of counties) were: unemployment rate and percentage of families poor (i.e., below the poverty level). Results showed partial support for the hypothesis, depending on how poverty was defined. Poverty status places limitations on the geographical mobility of Hispanics and may limit their ability to upgrade their socioeconomic status; therefore, policymakers need to concentrate on providing education and training to Hispanic youth. The educational attainment of Hispanics remains below the level of their non-Hispanic counterparts and Hispanics tend to have higher rates of unemployment than Whites. Policies should target employment opportunities for Hispanics. (KS) |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilson-Figueroa, Maria E., Eddy Helen Berry and Michael B. Toney. "Migration of Hispanic Youth and Poverty Status: A Logit Analysis." Presented: Louisville, KY, Southern Demographic Association 21st Annual Meeting, October 1990. |
6430. |
Wilson, Beth A. |
Repeat Migration in the United States: A Comparison of Black, Hispanic, and White Return and Onward Migrants Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, 2005. DAI-A 66/04, p. 1509, Oct 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Black Studies; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Marital Status; Migration; Migration Patterns; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The primary objective of this study is to examine U.S. repeat migration for blacks, Hispanics, and whites. It investigates the relationships and patterns of these different racial/ethnic groups utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Repeat migration within and across categories of individual characteristics for blacks, Hispanics, and whites, is compared in order to determine if there are differences in the overall rates of repeat migration for these groups, once other factors are controlled. To do this several statistical procedures are utilized, and the results of selected descriptive and logistic analyses are presented. The descriptive statistics control for race/ethnicity and examine patterns within the groups; these findings display important relationships to onward and return migration. The inferential statistical method employed is logistic regression for the sample as a whole, which examines the effects across the groups, and the direction of migration. Where past research has not investigated the complexities of repeat migration in combination with race/ethnicity, there are several notable results from this study. Specifically, this research finds that in terms of onward migration, whites are significantly more likely to move onward than are blacks or Hispanics even after controlling for key socioeconomic factors. Changes in marital status are significantly related to migration, and to the direction of repeat migration; individuals who change from "single to married" are likely to be onward migrants, whereas those who change from "married to single" are likely to be return migrants. This study finds there are differences in rates of return migration by level of education for racial/ethnic groups. Moreover, the relationship between onward migration and employment status is different for Hispanics than blacks and whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilson, Beth A. Repeat Migration in the United States: A Comparison of Black, Hispanic, and White Return and Onward Migrants. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, 2005. DAI-A 66/04, p. 1509, Oct 2005. |
6431. |
Wilson, Beth A. Berry, Eddy Helen Toney, Michael B. |
Breaking New Ground: A Longitudinal Comparison of Onward Migration by Hispanics, Blacks and Whites in the US Population and Society 4,2 (2008):1-27. Also: http://www.ipar.re.kr/journal/pdf/ps4-2-1.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Population and Aging Research Keyword(s): Ethnic Studies; Migration; Minority Groups Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although movement to new and unfamiliar places, referred to as onward migration, is prominent in the conceptualization of migration, this form of migration has seldom been the focus of empirical research. This lack of intense analysis of onward migration is largely a result of the past data limitations. The foremost purpose of the research presented here is to lessen this gap by comparing the odds of onward migration of Hispanics, blacks, and whites in the United States. Goldscheider and Uhlenberg's basic minority group status hypothesis is used to guide the investigation. The minority status hypothesis posits that even when groups that have been assimilated into a society with respect to social and economic characteristics, differences in some social behaviors might persist. Utilizing a panel survey of young adults that is nationally representative of the U.S., NLSY79, this study finds significantly higher odds of onward migration for whites than for Hispanics and blacks, two major minority groups in American society. A secondary purpose of the study is to report the observed relationships between onward migration and thirteen control variables that are introduced to provide a rigorous test of the minority group status hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilson, Beth A., Eddy Helen Berry and Michael B. Toney. "Breaking New Ground: A Longitudinal Comparison of Onward Migration by Hispanics, Blacks and Whites in the US ." Population and Society 4,2 (2008):1-27.
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6432. |
Wilson, Beth A. Berry, Eddy Helen Toney, Michael B. Kim, Young-Taek Cromartie, John B. |
A Panel Based Analysis of the Effects of Race/Ethnicity and Other Individual Level Characteristics at Leaving on Returning Population Research and Policy Review 28,4 (August 2009): 405-428. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/8r38phn7g765jj0q/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Education; Employment; Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Studies; Gender Differences; Migration; Migration Patterns Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Individual level differentials between migrants and nonmigrants are examined to ascertain the likelihood of return migration to a prior residence based on characteristics at the time of departure from place of origin. Analysis focuses on comparisons of Hispanics, blacks and whites, examining the odds of return migration by education, employment status, marital status, home ownership, length of residence, gender, age, and migration interval. The 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) is utilized to identify 13,798 preliminary migrations that may be followed by at least one return migration. Findings indicate a sharp decline in propensity to return migrate as length of absence from origin increases. Regardless of length of time since the preliminary migration, both blacks and Hispanics are more likely to return migrate than are whites. Individuals who resided at place of origin for longer periods before leaving had strikingly higher odds for return migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilson, Beth A., Eddy Helen Berry, Michael B. Toney, Young-Taek Kim and John B. Cromartie. "A Panel Based Analysis of the Effects of Race/Ethnicity and Other Individual Level Characteristics at Leaving on Returning." Population Research and Policy Review 28,4 (August 2009): 405-428.
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6433. |
Wilson, Beth A. Toney, Michael B. Berry, Eddy Helen |
Onward Migration Differentials among Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2006. Also: http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=60651 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Human Capital; Migration; Migration Patterns; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although movement to new and unfamiliar places is prominent in the conceptualization of migration, few studies have detailed differentials specific to onward migration. A larger body of research is focused on return migration, or the movement back to familiar places. This study utilizes the NLSY79 to build on the earlier panel based investigation of repeat migration by DaVanzo and Morrison, whose data did not allow for analysis of possible racial/ethnic differences in forms of repeat migration. Multivariable logistic regression is utilized to examine the characteristics of onward migrants compared across Hispanics, non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites, as well as a variety of human capital variables in the NLSY79. The most important finding of this study is significantly lower rates of onward migration for blacks and Hispanics than for whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilson, Beth A., Michael B. Toney and Eddy Helen Berry. "Onward Migration Differentials among Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2006. |
6434. |
Wilson, Beth A. Toney, Michael B. Berry, Eddy Helen |
Onward Migration Differentials among Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites in the U.S. 1979-2002 Presented: Oakland, CA, Pacific Sociological Association Meeting, March 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pacific Sociological Association Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Human Capital; Migration; Migration Patterns; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. See also, in this bibliography: WILSON, BETH A. TONEY, MICHAEL B. BERRY, E. HELEN Onward Migration Differentials among Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2006. Also: http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=60651 Cohort(s): NLSY79 ID Number: 6331 Publisher: Population Association of America |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilson, Beth A., Michael B. Toney and Eddy Helen Berry. "Onward Migration Differentials among Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites in the U.S. 1979-2002." Presented: Oakland, CA, Pacific Sociological Association Meeting, March 2007. |
6435. |
Wilson, James Q. |
Decline of Marriage The San Diego Union-Tribune, February 17, 2002, Opinion; Pg. G-1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Copley Press Inc. Keyword(s): Childbearing; Family Formation; Gender; Marital Status; Marriage; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: City Journal 12, 1 (Winter 2002). This opinion piece discusses the impact of welfare on marriage. The article utilizes Mark Rosenzweig's study, based on NLSY79 data, which shows that a 10% increase in welfare benefits corresponds to a 12% increase in the likelihood of an out of wedlock birth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilson, James Q. "Decline of Marriage." The San Diego Union-Tribune, February 17, 2002, Opinion; Pg. G-1. |
6436. |
Wilson, James Q. |
The Family Way: Treating Fathers As Optional Has Brought Big Social Costs Wall Street Journal, Opinion Journal, January 7, 2003. Also: http://www.fact.on.ca/news/news0301/wsj030107.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Dow Jones, Inc. Keyword(s): Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Structure; Family Studies; Fathers, Absence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. On the deepest matters of cultural and social affairs, the best guide is to reflect on human experience. This means looking backward at those experiences, and conservatives are more inclined to do this than are liberals. Conservatives get a lot of grief for this. After all, looking backward sometimes means failing to endorse bold and desirable changes. One such change was the guess by a few men in Philadelphia in the 18th century that a government based on a written constitution, federalism, separated powers and carefully defined authority would succeed in rationalizing the need for human freedom with the imperatives of national defense. Another was the argument in the 1960s that legislation endorsing civil rights was a good idea. Both were very good guesses. But in my view these successful examples of looking forward do not bear on cultural and social policy. The Constitutional Convention and the civil rights movement were guesses about how to create new political and legal institutions. Today, however, many of our most important problems are about how we live with one another. To think about these clearly, we must understand our centuries-old experience with love, honor, loyalty, friendship, family and patriotism. These feelings shape child-rearing, decent conduct and personal integrity. Almost everybody wants these things, but many of us try to alter the human emotions that supply them. The past provides guides about how people in fact live and think; the future supplies theories about how people might live and think, provided a variety of assumptions are somehow met. But the assumptions are rarely met. I am struck by how often in the past half-century, looking backward--the conservative way--has provided a better guide to action than has looking forward. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilson, James Q. "The Family Way: Treating Fathers As Optional Has Brought Big Social Costs." Wall Street Journal, Opinion Journal, January 7, 2003. |
6437. |
Wilson, Janet K. |
The Impact of Roles on Involvement in Deviant Behavior During Late Adolescence and Early Adulthood Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1991. Also: http://books.google.com/books/about/The_impact_of_roles_on_involvement_in_de.html?id=w8RnXwAACAAJ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Control; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Teenagers; Variables, Independent - Covariate The major question addressed by the current research project is to what extent the roles that we hold explain differences in rates of involvement in deviant behaviors during the years between adolescence and adulthood. Status integration, social control, and multiple identities theories/perspectives use role statuses as indicators of one's level of integration into society. Each hypothesizes an inverse relationship between level of integration, as reflected by the roles which are held, and level of involvement in delinquent and criminal behavior. The theories/perspectives differ in that status integration addresses the compatibility of roles, social control focuses on the tendency of conventional roles to strengthen the social bond, and multiple identities examines the additive nature of roles. Additional analyses examine the extent to which roles account for the age effect on deviant behavior and whether the impact of roles varies with age. The data for the analyses were collected by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) as part of the NLSY. The present research uses data from the 1980 and 1984 NLSY. Dependent variables are the levels of delinquent and criminal involvement as measured by 11 deviance scales. Roles held, age, and a number of control variables are employed as independent variables. Results from hierarchical regression analyses indicate that social control theory is best able to explain the impact of roles on involvement in deviant behaviors during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. In addition, role statuses account for a large portion of the total variance associated with age. When roles are added to the regression equation, especially for the substance use scales, the amount of explained variance attributable to the age variables is decreased by one-half. Finally, the effect of role statuses varies with age. Specifically, subjects who possess nonnormative role statuses at a young age (i.e., those who are not living with parents, single, nonparents, or students) tend to report increased levels of involvement in other forms of deviant behavior. [UMI 91-33320] |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilson, Janet K. The Impact of Roles on Involvement in Deviant Behavior During Late Adolescence and Early Adulthood. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1991.. |
6438. |
Wilson, Mark Shokraii, Nina H. Antonelli, Angela |
Labor-Health-Education Appropriations: Eliminating Waste and Enhancing Accountability Backgrounder #1212 Report, The Heritage Foundation, August 7, 1998. Also: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Labor/BG1212.cfm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Heritage Foundation Keyword(s): Head Start Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper argues against maintaining or increasing funding for a myriad of federal programs such as Low-Income Home Energy Assistance, Bilingual Education, OSHA, and Federal Regional Education Laboratories. Additionally, the authors advocate that Congress should use NLSY data to evaluate the effectiveness of the Head Start program across a wide range of outcomes (e.g. cognitive, socio-emotional, behavioral, and academic development of its participants) while controlling for such factors as family background and the mother's IQ and level of education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilson, Mark, Nina H. Shokraii and Angela Antonelli. "Labor-Health-Education Appropriations: Eliminating Waste and Enhancing Accountability." Backgrounder #1212 Report, The Heritage Foundation, August 7, 1998. |
6439. |
Wilson, Sarah L. |
Essays on the Determinants of Substance Use and Mental Health Among Mothers and Adolescents Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Clemson University, 2020 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Anxiety; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Births, Repeat / Spacing; Children, Mental Health; Depression (see also CESD); Family Size; Health, Mental/Psychological; Mothers, Health; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the first chapter, I explore the impact of the number of children on maternal depression and drug use. There is an extensive theoretical literature identifying the negative effects of the number of children on the outcomes for mothers. While several studies have examined the effects on labor market and physical health outcomes, little research to date has considered effects on mental health and substance use. In order to perform this analysis, I use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth and a variety of empirical strategies. To address the endogeneity of fertility decisions, I use two natural experiments that exogenously increase the number of children--parity-specific twin births and the gender composition of the first two children. My results provide suggestive evidence that an increase in family size at the third birth parity leads to an increase in a mother's probability of depression. The main findings indicate that a third birth induced by a twin birth or the same-sex composition of the first two children increases a mother's probability of alcohol consumption by about 5.0 percentage points. These estimated effects on alcohol consumption are greater for married mothers. By contrast, I do not find strong evidence of increased marijuana use after the birth of an additional child. Chapter two shifts in focus from exploring the mother's outcomes to evaluating children's mental health outcomes. A large body of theoretical and empirical research explores the causal effect of the number of siblings on various dimensions of children's outcomes. I estimate the impact of increases in sibship size on children's mental disorders using matched mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. Using an instrumental variables technique, my findings provide no substantial evidence in support of the traditional quantity-quality fertility trade-off. By exploiting the panel data and using fixed effects to account for omitted factors, my findings show that an additional younger sibling is detrimental for a child's anxious/depressed index and likelihood of visiting a psychiatrist for a mental disorder. The estimated effects are greater for female and non-black children. This relationship is larger in magnitude in the long-term, as compared to a shorter time horizon. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wilson, Sarah L. Essays on the Determinants of Substance Use and Mental Health Among Mothers and Adolescents. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Clemson University, 2020. |
6440. |
Winder, Katie L. |
Essays on Motherhood, Wages, and Labor Supply Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2007. DAI-A 67/11, May 2007 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Child Care; Fertility; Head Start; Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Propensity Scores; Wage Determination; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This thesis explores the effect of motherhood on women's wages and labor supply decisions. The first essay investigates the motherhood wage penalty, or the unexplained portion of the wage gap between mothers and non-mothers after controlling for observable characteristics. Rather than a causal effect, the observed penalty could be due to the presence of unobserved heterogeneity, endogeneity, or sample selection that bias OLS estimates. To investigate this, I apply the fixed effects estimator with instrumental variables (FE/IV) to panel data from the NLSY for the years 1988-1998. Using mainly state or local variables as instruments to predict fertility and work experience, I find that the motherhood wage penalty becomes insignificant for both white and black women. This finding is confirmed using when mothers are grouped by education or child's age. In addition, the possibility of selection bias into employment is considered using Wooldridge's (1995) technique for panel data. The second essay asks whether government-provided child care increases the employment of mothers. I use NLSY Head Start enrollment data to calculate non-experimental estimators of the average treatment effect of participation on the mother's employment, including matching and weighting on the propensity score. I find no statistically significant effect of the treatment on employment using these methods, a finding confirmed by using several comparison groups. In addition, negative and significant effects are found for white mothers. However, using a regression discontinuity (RD) design resulted in small positive effects of Head Start participation for mothers' employment growth (5%) for some sample restrictions, but no effect using other samples. For those mothers participating in welfare, some sample restrictions using RD resulted in a larger positive effect of Head Start of 8%. The RD estimates differ substantially from those of the matching and weighting estimators, which could suggest that the latter do not fully remove the selection bias. |
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Bibliography Citation
Winder, Katie L. Essays on Motherhood, Wages, and Labor Supply. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2007. DAI-A 67/11, May 2007. |
6441. |
Winder, Katie L. |
Is There a Mommy Track? Occupational Skill and Childbearing Working Paper, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of California - Merced, March 2010. Also: http://faculty.ucmerced.edu/kwinder/research.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California - Merced Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Gender Differences; Job Characteristics; Job Skills; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Occupations; Wage Determination; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It is well established that mothers earn less than childless women, even after controlling for differences in human capital. We investigate whether this is partially due to declines in the skill level of new parents' occupations, and whether a decline can be attributed to within-occupation constraints, e.g. hours or stress. We find little change in math skills for new fathers but a sizable decrease for mothers, particularly women with multiple children and highly educated women, much of which is explained by occupational attributes. This translates into lower wages as well, accounting for up to 10% of the motherhood wage gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Winder, Katie L. "Is There a Mommy Track? Occupational Skill and Childbearing." Working Paper, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of California - Merced, March 2010. |
6442. |
Windle, Michael T. |
A Longitudinal Study of Antisocial Behaviors in Early Adolescence as Predictors of Late Adolescent Substance Use: Gender and Ethnic Group Differences Journal of Abnormal Psychology 99,1 (February 1990): 86-91. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021843X02010301 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Behavioral Problems; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Minorities Data from the National Longitudinal Youth Survey (NLSY) were analyzed to study interrelationships between antisocial behaviors in early adolescence (ages 14-15) and late adolescent alcohol and drug use 4 years later (when adolescents were 18-19). Correlations between classes of antisocial behaviors in early adolescence and substance use in late adolescence were of higher magnitude and more uniform for men than for women; for women, property offenses (e.g., vandalism) in early adolescence were more highly associated with alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, and illicit drug use in late adolescence than with either status offenses or transgressions against persons. Multiple regression analyses indicated that early-adolescent substance involvement was a significant predictor of late-adolescent alcohol and drug use. Additional significant predictors included early adolescent general delinquency, male gender, and non-Black ethnicity. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Windle, Michael T. "A Longitudinal Study of Antisocial Behaviors in Early Adolescence as Predictors of Late Adolescent Substance Use: Gender and Ethnic Group Differences." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 99,1 (February 1990): 86-91.
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6443. |
Windle, Michael T. |
Mate Similarity, Heavy Substance Use and Family History of Problem Drinking Among Young Adult Women Journal of Studies on Alcohol 58,6 (November 1997): 573-580. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Mate_Similarity_Heavy_Substance_Use_and_Family_History_of_Problem_Drinking/459.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Studies; Family History; Hispanics; Marriage; Modeling, Probit; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. OBJECTIVE: This study used data from a national sample of young adult women to evaluate issues about spousal similarity for problem drinking. Paternal and maternal problem drinking were also evaluated in regard to daughters' marriage to a problem drinking spouse, and daughters' problem drinking and substance use. METHOD: Data from over 5,000 young adult women (ages 23-30 yrs) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) archive were used to evaluate associations between marrying a problem-drinking spouse, family history of problem drinking, and women's problem drinking and lifetime marijuana and cocaine use. RESULTS: Findings indicated that black women were less likely to marry a problem-drinking spouse than were Hispanic, Native American or white women. Problem-drinking women were twice as likely to have married a problem-drinking spouse than were non-drinking women, and heavier lifetime marijuana or cocaine use by women was also associated with an almost twofold increase in marrying a problem-drinking spouse. Random effects ordinal probit regression models indicated that, while controlling for major sociodemographic variables (e.g., race, poverty status), maternal, paternal and spousal problem drinking all significantly predicted problem drinking and heavier levels of substance use among the women. CONCLUSIONS: Nonrandom matching of problem drinking among marital partners was indicated in this study and women's problem drinking and substance use practices were predicted by paternal, maternal and spousal problem drinking. The similarity of problem-drinking spouses was not constant across racial/ethnic groups, as black women were less likely to marry a problem- drinking spouse, though racial differences in the age of onset of heavier drinking may have influenced this finding. |
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Bibliography Citation
Windle, Michael T. "Mate Similarity, Heavy Substance Use and Family History of Problem Drinking Among Young Adult Women." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 58,6 (November 1997): 573-580.
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6444. |
Windle, Michael T. |
On The Discriminative Validity of a Family History of Problem Drinking Index With a National Sample of Young Adults Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57,4 (July 1996): 378-386. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/On_the_Discriminative_Validity_of_a_Family_History_of_Problem_Drinking_Inde/335.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Behavioral Problems; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Family History; Psychological Effects; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data on 9,000+ Ss ages 23-30 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth archives were used to test hypotheses relevant to the discriminative validity of a trichotomous family history of problem drinking index utilizing early onset substance use, adolescent antisocial behavior, & lifetime alcohol & illicit drug use as criterion variables. Support for discriminate validity was indicated: the high density familial risk group differed from moderate & low risk groups showing an earlier onset of marijuana use, higher levels of adolescent antisocial behaviors, & higher levels of lifetime marijuana & cocaine use. High & moderate risk groups differed from the low risk group with regard to alcohol use & alcohol disordered problems; however, except for younger females, the high risk group did not differ significantly from the moderate risk group. Hypotheses regarding lower levels of verbal intelligence & academic attainment & higher school dropout rate among the high risk group were not supported. Results support the usefulness of a multigenerational approach & attest to the greater sensitivity of the trichotomous family history of problem drinking over standard dichotomous measures. 4 Tables, 39 References. Adapted from the source document.(Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Windle, Michael T. "On The Discriminative Validity of a Family History of Problem Drinking Index With a National Sample of Young Adults." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57,4 (July 1996): 378-386.
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6445. |
Windle, Michael T. |
Substance Use and Abuse Among Adolescent Runaways: A Four-Year Follow-up Study Journal of Youth and Adolescence 18,4 (August 1989): 331-344. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/f078570076612817/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Dropouts; Gender Differences; Heterogeneity; Illegal Activities; Runaways; Substance Use Using data from the NLSY, runaway status in early adolescence (ages 14-15) was associated with subsequent (four-years later) substance abuse, alcohol problems, and school dropout status. Three runaway categories were formed-- never runaway, runaway once, and runaway two-or-more times. Overall, the repeat runaways reported engaging in higher levels of substance use and abuse than never and once runaways. However, some degree of gender specificity in the relationships for repeat runaways and substance abuse were found. Female repeat runaways were particularly susceptible to abusing illicit drugs (and not alcohol), whereas male repeat runaways manifested a more generalized susceptibility to abusing alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, and other illicit drugs. Whereas substance use and abuse was linearly associated with runaway status, both the one-time and repeat runaways manifested equivalent proportions of school dropouts, and at levels far exceeding never runaways. Results are discussed with regard to the heterogeneous developmental pathways leading toward and away from adolescent runaways. |
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Bibliography Citation
Windle, Michael T. "Substance Use and Abuse Among Adolescent Runaways: A Four-Year Follow-up Study." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 18,4 (August 1989): 331-344.
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6446. |
Windle, Michael T. Blane, Howard T. |
Cognitive Ability and Drinking Behavior in a National Sample of Young Adults Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 13,1 (January-February 1989): 43-48. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00282.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior; Gender Differences; I.Q. Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research explored the relationship of verbal intelligence to alcohol-related problems using data from the NLSY. It was found that while lower verbal intelligence was associated with a lower risk of drinking, it was also associated, amongst those who drink, with a higher risk for alcohol-related problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Windle, Michael T. and Howard T. Blane. "Cognitive Ability and Drinking Behavior in a National Sample of Young Adults." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 13,1 (January-February 1989): 43-48.
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6447. |
Windle, Michael T. Miller, Carol T. |
Antecedents and Correlates of Alcohol, Cocaine, and Alcohol-Cocaine Abuse in Early Adulthood Journal of Drug Education 21,2 (1991): 133-148. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1886049 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Baywood Publishing Co. Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Gender Differences; High School Dropouts; Illegal Activities; Labor Force Participation; Marital Instability; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An abuse typology consisting of nonabusers, alcohol abusers (AAs), cocaine abusers (CAs), and joint alcohol and cocaine abusers (JACAs) was applied to data from the NLSY (N = 12,686, ages 19-26 in 1984) in order to examine prevalence, antecedents, and correlates of substance abuse. Results reveal that white males have a higher incidence of alcohol abuse, but that cocaine and joint alcohol and cocaine abuse cut across gender and ethnic lines. JACAs, followed by CAs, AAs, and nonabusers, showed the highest amount of prior 30-day and lifetime drug use and delinquent activity, and the highest rate of unemployment and marital instability. Further, JACAs had the lowest high school dropout rate but received the highest marks on tests of verbal intelligence. It is speculated that JACAs become underachievers as a result of substance abuse. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.] |
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Bibliography Citation
Windle, Michael T. and Carol T. Miller. "Antecedents and Correlates of Alcohol, Cocaine, and Alcohol-Cocaine Abuse in Early Adulthood." Journal of Drug Education 21,2 (1991): 133-148.
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6448. |
Winship, Christopher |
Education's Effect on Mental Ability Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; College Education; High School Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I use novel methods to estimate the effects of additional high school and college education on respondents' mental ability. Using the NLSY, I construct synthetic cohorts of individuals with different years of final schooling. I then use longitudinal methods to estimate what their mental ability as measured by the AFQT would have been if they had remained in school an additional year. Surprising results are obtained. For individuals in 12th grade, an additional year of schooling would increase their AFQT scores by .208 standard deviations, consistent with previous research. However, 60% of this effect is due to being presently in school, whereas on 40% is "permanent." I conclude that mental ability, at least as measured by the AFQT, appears to be like some kinds of music and athletic ability - there are large innate differences, training is critical to performance, and being "in shape" has a substantial effect on performance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Winship, Christopher. "Education's Effect on Mental Ability." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002. |
6449. |
Winship, Scott |
Early Warning: The Persistence of Cognitive Inequalities at the Start of Schooling M.A. Thesis, Harvard University, 2003 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Academic Development; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); School Entry/Readiness Many parents, policymakers, researchers, and other participants in educational policy debates are concerned with inequality in scholastic outcomes and with achievement gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged children. The federal No Child Left Behind Act will also focus attention on these inequalities. This paper explores the associations between measured child achievement levels at the start of schooling and scholastic outcomes in adolescence. In so doing, it also considers the extent to which earlier inequalities account for unequal outcomes roughly eight years later. Using the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, I first reproduce the finding from an earlier literature in psychology that scores of young children on tests of vocabulary, mathematics, and reading are strongly correlated with adolescent test scores. I also show that high test scores in early childhood are associated with other positive scholastic outcomes in adolescence. There is evidence that these associations vary somewhat for different categories of children, but in nearly all cases, the associations are not much diminished. Finally, I show that where significant adolescent cognitive inequalities exist between categories of children, half or more of the gap in group averages is predictable from cognitive inequalities at the start of schooling. The findings imply a fair amount of mobility within cognitive skill distributions, but also indicate that observers concerned with scholastic inequalities should focus on early childhood education and compensatory or universal measures that attenuate the links between initial and later inequalities. Half or more of adolescent inequality in scholastic achievement (as measured by test scores) can be predicted by test scores at the start of schooling. And there is as much test-score inequality between siblings within the same family as between children in different families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Winship, Scott. Early Warning: The Persistence of Cognitive Inequalities at the Start of Schooling. M.A. Thesis, Harvard University, 2003. |
6450. |
Winslow-Bowe, Sarah E. |
Husbands' and Wives' Relative Earnings: Exploring Variation by Race, Human Capital, Labor Supply, and Life Stage Journal of Family Issues 30,10 (October 2009): 1405-1432. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/30/10/1405.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Human Capital; Labor Supply; Marriage; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Whereas much research has explored the causes and consequences of the gender wage gap, far less has examined earnings differentials within marriage. This article contributes to this literature by utilizing the 2000 wave of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine variation in husbands' and wives' relative income by race/ethnicity, human capital, labor supply, and life stage. The author finds that Black women's disproportionate concentration among high relative earning wives can be attributed more to their greater attachment to paid labor than to their husbands' labor supply. Nonetheless, Black women's odds of earning as much as or more than their husbands are greater than those of White women. In addition, unlike research on the motherhood wage gap more generally, the author finds that the impact of motherhood on women's earnings relative to their husbands can be largely explained by mothers' lower labor supply relative to their childless counterparts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Winslow-Bowe, Sarah E. "Husbands' and Wives' Relative Earnings: Exploring Variation by Race, Human Capital, Labor Supply, and Life Stage." Journal of Family Issues 30,10 (October 2009): 1405-1432.
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6451. |
Winslow-Bowe, Sarah E. |
Husbands' and Wives' Relative Income: Persistence, Variation, and Outcomes Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, 2006. DAI-A 67/03, Sep 2006. Also: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1126791761&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Family Income; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Husbands; Income Distribution; Life Course; Marital Conflict; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although we know much about the strides women have made in closing gender gaps in the public sphere, our knowledge of economic gender gaps within families remains limited. This dissertation expands this body of literature through analyses of panel data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The first section examines variation in couples' earnings patterns at a single point in time by race/ethnicity and overall economic position. The data indicate substantial variation by race and income quartile in couples' single-year earnings patterns, with Black wives more likely than their White counterparts to be either co-providers or primary earners and wives in low-income couples more likely than women in couples in the top income quartile to significantly out earn their husbands. The second section presents analyses of fluctuation in wives' income advantage over a period of consecutive years. While prior research has documented an increase in the population in the percentage of wives earning more than their husbands, analyses of panel data in this dissertation indicate that, where a female income advantage exists in couples, it is overwhelmingly temporary rather than persistent, with less than six percent of wives out earning their husbands for five consecutive years. Moreover, contrary to popular imagery, persistent income advantages are concentrated among Black wives and those at the bottom of the income distribution. A final empirical section examines the relationship between the persistence of wives' income advantage and marital conflict, providing evidence that fluctuation in who holds the income advantage over a period of years---not a persistent advantage on the part of wives---is associated with higher levels of marital conflict in couples. This project aims to rigorously examine taken-for-granted public assumptions about women's progress in closing economic gender gaps. With its focus on dynamic, longitudinal analyses and attention to variation by key demographic, economic and, life course factors, this research fills important gaps in our knowledge of the economics of the family. |
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Bibliography Citation
Winslow-Bowe, Sarah E. Husbands' and Wives' Relative Income: Persistence, Variation, and Outcomes. Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, 2006. DAI-A 67/03, Sep 2006.. |
6452. |
Winslow-Bowe, Sarah E. |
The Persistence of Wives' Income Advantage Journal of Marriage and Family 68,4 (November 2006): 824-842. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00298.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Demography; Earnings, Wives; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Marriage; Wives, Income Recent reports using cross-sectional data indicate an increase in the percentage of wives who outearn their husbands, yet we know little about the persistence of wives' income advantage. The present analyses utilize the 1990 – 1994 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N = 3,481) to examine wives' long-term earnings advantage. Although a significant minority of women outearn their husbands in 1 year, considerably fewer do so for 5 consecutive years. The presence and persistence of wives' income advantage vary by demographic characteristics, economic and human capital measures, and over the individual and marital life course. The findings suggest caution in interpreting women's relative economic gains as signaling absolute progress toward eliminating gender inequality within marriages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Winslow-Bowe, Sarah E. "The Persistence of Wives' Income Advantage." Journal of Marriage and Family 68,4 (November 2006): 824-842.
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6453. |
Winslow, Sarah |
She Earns, He Earns: Exploring Race and Class Variation in Wives' Contributions to Couples' Income Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Earnings, Wives; Economic Well-Being; Gender Differences; Income Level; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In recent years, academic and public debate has arisen over which earnings pattern most accurately characterizes the present and future of American couples. This paper contributes to this growing body of literature by examining race and class variation in wives' contributions to couples' income. Using the 2000 wave of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that black wives are more likely to be co-providers or primary earners than are their white counterparts. While wives in high-earning couples are more likely to be co-providers than are less economically well-off women, women in couples in the lowest income quartile are more likely to be primary earners than are women in the top income quartile. The findings cast doubt on the accuracy of popular accounts characterizing superstar wives as high-powered, high-earning women; they also suggest caution in interpreting relative economic gains among women as signaling absolute progress toward eliminating inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Winslow, Sarah. "She Earns, He Earns: Exploring Race and Class Variation in Wives' Contributions to Couples' Income." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. |
6454. |
Wintfield, Jessica |
Children of Incarcerated Mothers: The Effect of Maternal Incarceration on Child Cognitive, Behavioral and Educational Outcomes Master's Thesis, Georgetown Public Policy Institute, Georgetown University, 2008 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Georgetown Public Policy Institute Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Delinquency/Gang Activity; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Diploma; Incarceration/Jail; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As has been documented, the growing prison population in the United States has increased the number of children who are growing up with a parent in jail or prison. The effect of parental incarceration and maternal incarceration specifically, may be particularly detrimental to child development due to the instability and social stigma that is attached to this particular cause for a parent’s absence from the home. To more fully understand the impact maternal incarceration has on the child, I use the NLSY79 and the associated Child and Young Adult Survey to investigate the effect, if any, of maternal incarceration on the inmate’s child’s cognitive outcomes, behavior and educational attainment. The results of the investigation, however, are largely inconclusive and lead me to suggest that better data collection must be focused on incarcerated women and their children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wintfield, Jessica. Children of Incarcerated Mothers: The Effect of Maternal Incarceration on Child Cognitive, Behavioral and Educational Outcomes. Master's Thesis, Georgetown Public Policy Institute, Georgetown University, 2008. |
6455. |
Wirth, Karen Patricia |
The Career Cost of Children: A Life Course Perspective of the Gender Gap in Occupational Status Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, North Carolina State University, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Gender Differences; Life Course; Occupational Status; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research on the disadvantages that mothers experience and advantages that fathers receive in the workforce have centered on financial penalties; I add to such research by focusing on occupational status. When measured over time, occupational status offers insights into the long-term consequences of children on career trajectories. Using panel data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I analyze the effects of parenthood on occupational status. Applying a life course perspective on family processes and work patterns, I investigate such associations over the life course and look specifically at women and men across three occupational categories. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wirth, Karen Patricia. The Career Cost of Children: A Life Course Perspective of the Gender Gap in Occupational Status. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, North Carolina State University, 2020. |
6456. |
Wirth, Kathleen |
Understanding the Crime Choice - The Role of Market Wages Presented: Durham, NC, Special Edition 2003 Undergraduate Research Symposium, August 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Duke University Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Modeling; Undergraduate Research; Wage Differentials; Wages; Youth Problems Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Following Jeffrey Grogger's 1998 analysis, I utilize a time allocation model to study the responsiveness of youth crime to market wage rates. The decision to commit crime will be considered a labor market phenomenon, influenced by the financial returns it offers in comparison to legal work alternatives. To test the theoretical implications of the model, I use data gathered from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Moreover, I expand on Grogger's model by increasing the sample size and utilizing different measures of criminal involvement and non-wage income. My estimates support Grogger's findings such that the crime choice is motivated by market wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wirth, Kathleen. "Understanding the Crime Choice - The Role of Market Wages." Presented: Durham, NC, Special Edition 2003 Undergraduate Research Symposium, August 2003. |
6457. |
Wise, Akilah |
Complicating Pregnancy Intention: Early Educational Advantage and Likelihood of Unintended Births Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Fertility; First Birth; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Several studies have highlighted the importance of studying contextual factors that are relevant to pregnancy intention patterns. I hypothesized that the role of educational quality and opportunity may place women on divergent fertility trajectories, resulting in differential likelihood of unintended birth. Employing multinomial logistic regression and a novel index of educational advantage, I investigated whether educational advantages in youth are associated with pregnancy intention patterns of first births among a sample of women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY 79). The index is composed of several indicators of early educational advantages. Surprisingly, I found that women with lower educational advantages were less likely to have first births classified as mistimed. Statistical significance of educational advantages remained after the inclusion of educational attainment, lending to the contention that early educational experiences influence later fertility trajectories through multiple pathways, not only through their association with educational attainment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wise, Akilah. "Complicating Pregnancy Intention: Early Educational Advantage and Likelihood of Unintended Births." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
6458. |
Wise, Akilah |
Educational Advantage and Unintended Pregnancy Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, 2015. Also: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/111351 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Michigan Keyword(s): Education; First Birth; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The quantitative study tests whether educational advantage in early life impacts the likelihood of unintended pregnancy among adult females using a nationally representative survey of young adults and multinomial logistic regression. I find that educational advantage predicts pregnancy intention of first births; specifically, high-advantage women were more likely to have their pregnancies classified as unintended. This finding suggests that pregnancy intention differentials by education emerge from early education processes that shape the desire to enter motherhood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wise, Akilah. Educational Advantage and Unintended Pregnancy. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, 2015.. |
6459. |
Wise, Akilah Geronimus, Arline T. Smock, Pamela Jane |
The Best of Intentions: A Structural Analysis of the Association between Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Unintended Pregnancy in a Sample of Mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) Women's Health Issues 27,1 (January-February 2017): 5-13. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049386716302754 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Disadvantaged, Economically; Educational Attainment; First Birth; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Wantedness Methods: Using multivariate regression, we analyze a sample of women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) who had their first births by 1994. We test whether an index measure of educational advantage in youth predicts unintended first birth. Results: Unadjusted results confirm well-documented associations between educational disadvantage and greater likelihood of unintended pregnancy. However, once covariates are controlled, those with high educational advantage in youth are more likely to report their first birth as mistimed (relative risk ratio, 1.57). Discussion: Educational advantage captures expectations about how much education a young woman will obtain before giving birth and is a structural dynamic that precedes proximate factors related to family planning access and behaviors. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need to incorporate structural factors that condition perceptions of pregnancy intention in the study of unintended pregnancy and to critically reevaluate the conceptualization and interpretation of pregnancy intention measures. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wise, Akilah, Arline T. Geronimus and Pamela Jane Smock. "The Best of Intentions: A Structural Analysis of the Association between Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Unintended Pregnancy in a Sample of Mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979)." Women's Health Issues 27,1 (January-February 2017): 5-13.
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6460. |
Wisnicki, Kathleen Sherlock |
The Impact of Maternal Characteristics on Child Academic Achievement as Mediated by Home Environment: A Cohort-Sequential Approach to Latent Growth Modeling Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Los Angeles, 1998. Also: http://en.scientificcommons.org/6149228 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Age at First Birth; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Gender; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Modeling, Multilevel; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Education; Poverty; Welfare Research in child development consistently demonstrates the importance of both maternal and child characteristics and their influence on children's cognitive outcomes. Utilizing data from the NLSY Mother/Child Assessment, this study employs powerful, multivariate statistical methodology to examine growth in children's achievement over time with respect to important background variables. These include both maternal and child characteristics such as Poverty Status, Ethnicity, Gender, Maternal age at birth, Maternal Education, Maternal Support, and Maternal Drinking Behavior. This data set, which consists of data for over 9000 children and their mothers, allows for examination of children's growth at four time points (1986-1992) over a wide range of child ages (5-17). The complex structure of this data set provides a great opportunity to build on previous substantive findings, while demonstrating a cohort-sequential approach to latent variable growth modeling (LGM). Specifically, the LGM framework assumes that there is variable growth modeling (LGM). Specifically, the LGM framework assumes that there is individual variation in both the initial status of an individual and individual variation in growth rate over time. In this approach, random slopes and intercepts are incorporated into the model as latent variables, and growth in achievement is based on these growth parameters as influenced by background characteristics. Further, growth in achievement may be modeled independently for each birth cohort, as in a multiple-group design, allowing for parameter estimates based on the child's age at the time of assessment. In addition, the influences of background variables that change over time, such as poverty status, are examined at each assessment and are estimated for each cohort. Finally, the impact of home environment as a mediator for child outcomes and the manner in which the influence of home environment changes over time are examined. According to the results, aassumptions regarding individual variation in growth and initial status are valid. Further, the modeling sequence clearly demonstrates the need for the inclusion of both time varying and time invariant background variables into the growth model. Although the home mediator did not produce as big an effect on the outcome measure as initially anticipated, its usefulness within the latent variable growth model is easily demonstrated. Overall, this study provided a comprehensive framework for the study of growth over time with encouraging results. The importance of including background variables and the mediator is discussed in terms of relevance to many other applications in Social Science research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wisnicki, Kathleen Sherlock. The Impact of Maternal Characteristics on Child Academic Achievement as Mediated by Home Environment: A Cohort-Sequential Approach to Latent Growth Modeling. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Los Angeles, 1998.. |
6461. |
Witkowski, Kristine M. |
A Multivariate Approach to the Gender Wage Gap Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/101056965 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Children; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Marriage; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study tests various theories about the gender wage gap. Hypotheses cover a broad spectrum of individual and structural constraints on earnings attainment: human capital investment, fertility/marital timing and structure, occupational environment, and the social construction of skill. Utilizing a sample of salaried workers (age 23-29) extracted from the NLSY (N=5171), analyses were conducted on female and male populations and their subgroups of (1) the never- married childless, (2) single parents and (3) married parents. The results show that marriage, age of youngest child, age at first birth, and years married all significantly influence the gender wage gap. The other conceptual groups of variables were found to differentially impact earnings across gender and their marital/fertility disaggregates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Witkowski, Kristine M. "A Multivariate Approach to the Gender Wage Gap." Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992. |
6462. |
Witkowski, Kristine M. Leicht, Kevin T. |
The Effects of Gender Segregation, Labor Force Participation, and Family Roles on the Earnings of Young Adult Workers Work and Occupations 22,1 (February 1995): 48-72. Also: http://wox.sagepub.com/content/22/1/48.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Discrimination; Earnings; Employment; Family Influences; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Male Sample; Occupational Choice; Occupational Segregation; Regions; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Assesses the effects of family role accumulation, earnings atrophy and occupational choice, occupational segregation, and statistical discrimination in relation to gender inequality in earnings among young adults. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1987, provide considerable support for the hypothesis that the effects of current labor force attachment, work experience, and occupational segregation are conditioned by family roles. The negative effects of women's representation within occupations are confined to married parents, although the results for women are consistent with social closure explanations, whereas the results for men are more consistent with status composition explanations of the effects of gender segregation. Analysis also reveals interesting differences in the effects of current and prior labor force attachment that are conditioned by gender and life-course group. The results point to the need for more research that studies the relations hip between labor force activity, occupational segregation, and family roles. 4 Tables, 1 Appendix, 52 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Witkowski, Kristine M. and Kevin T. Leicht. "The Effects of Gender Segregation, Labor Force Participation, and Family Roles on the Earnings of Young Adult Workers." Work and Occupations 22,1 (February 1995): 48-72.
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6463. |
Witteveen, Dirk |
Encouraged or Discouraged? The Effect of Adverse Macroeconomic Conditions on School Leaving and Reentry Sociology of Education published online (24 September 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0038040720960718. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0038040720960718 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); College Enrollment; Cross-national Analysis; Economic Changes/Recession; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Swedish Level of Living Survey Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Existing research generally confirms a countercyclical education enrollment, whereby youths seek shelter in the educational system to avoid hardships in the labor market: the "discouraged worker" thesis. Alternatively, the "encouraged worker" thesis predicts that economic downturns steer individuals away from education because of higher opportunity costs. This study provides a formal test of these opposing theories using data from the United States compared with similar sources from the United Kingdom, Germany, and Sweden. I investigate whether macroeconomic stimuli--including recessions and youth unemployment fluctuations--matter for enrollment decisions. Analyses rely on 10 years of detailed individual-level panel data, consisting of birth cohorts across several decades. Across data sources, results show enrollment persistence in secondary education is stronger in response to economic downturns. These patterns differ sharply for tertiary-enrolled students and those who recently left higher education. Surprisingly, U.S. youths display an increased hazard of school leaving and a decreased hazard of educational reenrollment in response to adverse conditions. In contrast, European youths tend to make enrollment decisions supportive of discouraged-worker mechanisms or insensitivity to adverse conditions. The U.S.-specific encouraged-worker mechanism might be explained by the relative importance of market forces in one's early career and the high costs of university attendance, which induces risk aversion with regard to educational investment. The discussion addresses the consequences for educational inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Witteveen, Dirk. "Encouraged or Discouraged? The Effect of Adverse Macroeconomic Conditions on School Leaving and Reentry." Sociology of Education published online (24 September 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0038040720960718.
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6464. |
Witteveen, Dirk |
Premature Death Risk from Young Adulthood Incarceration The Sociological Quarterly published online (28 June 2021): DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1923379. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00380253.2021.1923379 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Mortality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Drawing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data, a comprehensive treatment model indicates a strong positive influence of incarceration on premature death risk. Models adjust for numerous covariates of mortality, including demographics, family background, and a range of health and behavioral indicators measured during childhood, as well as selection into incarceration (“treatment”). This study expands extant research by observing much longer panel data, closer to the mortality curve. The main treatment effect reveals risk of premature death by one’s mid-fifties being increased by 13.9 percentage-points. Results also indicate that young adulthood incarceration shortens lives equally for Blacks and non-Blacks. |
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Bibliography Citation
Witteveen, Dirk. "Premature Death Risk from Young Adulthood Incarceration." The Sociological Quarterly published online (28 June 2021): DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1923379.
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6465. |
Witteveen, Dirk |
The Trajectory from School to Work. A Study of Life Chances of School Leavers in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Sweden Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, City University of New York, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Cross-national Analysis; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Swedish Level of Living Survey; Transition, School to Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The school-to-work transition is traditionally perceived as a one-time event; moving from education to one's first job. In response to the increased complexity within today’s relationship between education and work, the research in this dissertation takes a different approach to the study of inequality and stratification. It considers the life phase between these two institutions as a trajectory -- a pathway of several years wherein school careers and work careers overlap and interact. Given the longitudinal approach, this study starts with a comparison of patterns of school-to-work trajectories in four distinct welfare state regimes: the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Sweden. By aligning the individual pathways of individuals between age 16 (enrolled in high school) and age 25, social sequence analysis enabled us to reveal sharp differences in school leaving pace, school enrollment, and instability of early work careers. The analyses suggest that the variation in selection and sorting within youth careers can be largely explained by indicators of the different welfare state regimes. Based on comparisons of younger and older birth cohorts there is evidence supporting convergence theory of welfare states – early careers liberal states are becoming less volatile, while those in social-democratic states are becoming more insecure. |
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Bibliography Citation
Witteveen, Dirk. The Trajectory from School to Work. A Study of Life Chances of School Leavers in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Sweden. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, City University of New York, 2018. |
6466. |
Wittig, Deborah Richey |
Transitions in the Life Course and Gender Role Ideology: Stability and Change from Adolescence to Adulthood Ph.D. Dissertation, Mississippi State University, 1998. DAI-A 59/04, p. 1351, Oct 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Gender; Gender Differences; Life Course; Racial Differences; Women's Roles We do not yet have an understanding of how gender role ideology changes over time and which events impact these beliefs. In this research, a socialist feminist perspective is coupled with a life course paradigm to address overall patterns, and individual-level change in gender role ideology using panel data. Patterns of change in gender-role ideology about women, work, and the family were explored using the National Longitudinal Surveys-Youth cohort (NLSY). This panel study consists of a cross-sectional sample of U.S. youth, age 14 to 21 in 1979 when they were first interviewed. Measures of gender-role beliefs were collected in 1979, 1982 and 1987 and these observed variables were used to construct a scale of gender-role ideology, reflecting a continuum ranging from traditional-to-egalitarian beliefs. The analysis consisted of three phases. First, the measurement was tested to determine if gender role ideology was defined the same by gender, race and across time (1979-82-87). It was determined that there were gender and racial variations and differences over time. Second, changes by age-cohort, race, year (1979-82-87), and gender were examined for gender and racial patterns. It was determined that some patterns of change are similar in nature across race and gender while other change is more specific to race and gender categories. Finally, I investigated to determine if life events acted as sources of change in gender role ideology across the transitions of the young adult years. All portions of the analysis were performed separately for women and men by race to examine whether changes in gender-role beliefs appear to occur from similar sources of influence. The author concludes that, to some extent, life course events affect the gender role beliefs of gender and racial populations differently. While there are variations to these generalizations, men tend to be affected most by education while women tend to be affected by both work and educational experiences. Surprisingly, few of the other life course events were significant predictors of change in gender role ideology and further study is indicated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wittig, Deborah Richey. Transitions in the Life Course and Gender Role Ideology: Stability and Change from Adolescence to Adulthood. Ph.D. Dissertation, Mississippi State University, 1998. DAI-A 59/04, p. 1351, Oct 1998. |
6467. |
Witwer, M. |
Health of Infants Born to Teenage Mothers Affected More by Family Background than by Mother's Age Family Planning Perspectives 25,4 (July-August 1993): 191-192. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135934 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Birthweight; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A study of 784 mothers who were part of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) suggests that teenage pregnancy and the adverse health outcomes associated with it appear to be strongly mediated by family background characteristics, factors that were found to be more directly related to infant health risks than the mother's youth alone. The study is discussed. This short item is part of the journal digest - summarizes study reported in Geronimus & Korenman, Amer. J. of Epidemiology, 1993. |
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Bibliography Citation
Witwer, M. "Health of Infants Born to Teenage Mothers Affected More by Family Background than by Mother's Age." Family Planning Perspectives 25,4 (July-August 1993): 191-192.
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6468. |
Witwer, M. |
Pregnancy Risk Lessened For Teenagers with High Educational Aspirations Family Planning Perspectives 25,4 (July/August 1993): 189-190. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135932 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Abortion; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Marriage; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article focuses on how adolescents with high educational expectations are significantly less likely than others to become pregnant, and those who become pregnant are significantly more likely than teenagers with low educational aspirations to have an abortion or to marry before the baby's birth. According to an analysis of data on 1,142 teenagers, those who are more motivated and self-determined and those with positive attitudes toward school are also less likely to have a premarital pregnancy. Adolescent females with high self-esteem are no less likely than others to have a premarital pregnancy, but they are significantly less likely to have a premarital birth, because self-esteem is positively linked with the likelihood of abortion. The analysis of the effects of attitudes and family background characteristics on pregnancy and pregnancy resolution was based on data from non-Hispanic White females who participated in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). NLSY is a multistage, stratified probability sample of 12,686 persons aged 14-21 in 1979. Digest summary of study published by Plotnick in 1992 American Journal of Sociology. |
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Bibliography Citation
Witwer, M. "Pregnancy Risk Lessened For Teenagers with High Educational Aspirations." Family Planning Perspectives 25,4 (July/August 1993): 189-190.
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6469. |
Wojcik, Mark S. Bard, Suzanne Hunt, Edwin |
Training Field Interviewers to Use Computers: A Successful CAPI Training Program Presented: Phoenix, AZ, American Association of Public Opinion Research, May 1991 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: American Home Economics Association, now: American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences Keyword(s): Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI); Interviewing Method; NLS Description; Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The paper focuses on methods of successfully training interviewers to use CAPI (Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing). It reviews the two NLSY CAPI experiments, 1989 in Ohio and 1990 nationwide, and outlines the interviewer training model developed by NORC to implement CAPI for the NLSY. The following topics are discussed: (1) choosing the proper training site, encompassing proper electrical capacity, sufficient number of phone jacks, and secured storage for computers; (2) obtaining proper equipment, such as laptop computers, overhead projectors, and slide projectors; (3) preparing materials including the CAPI training manual; (4) structuring training sessions, consisting of self-study, a 2-day introduction to the NLSY, and a 3-day introduction to CAPI; (5) developing a training approach, including training groups, varied delivery of material, mock interviews, and transmission training; as well as (6) obtaining technical support for the training period, involving programmers, trainers, senior field staff, other interviewers experienced in CAPI. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wojcik, Mark S., Suzanne Bard and Edwin Hunt. "Training Field Interviewers to Use Computers: A Successful CAPI Training Program." Presented: Phoenix, AZ, American Association of Public Opinion Research, May 1991. |
6470. |
Wojtkiewicz, Roger A. |
Counteracting Influences Underlying Gender Differences in Educational Attainment Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Education; Educational Attainment; Marriage; Women's Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In recent decades, the educational attainment of women has increased relative to men. At first glance this change could be attributed to diminishing gender differences in the process of college attainment. One factor which previous research has shown negatively affects women more than men is marriage. While it is true that the average age at marriage has increased for both men and women in recent years, women still marry at younger ages than men. Thus, early marriage still may exert a stronger negative influence on women than men. In my paper, I investigate which other variables compensate for the negative effects of early marriage for women. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wojtkiewicz, Roger A. "Counteracting Influences Underlying Gender Differences in Educational Attainment." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995. |
6471. |
Wojtkiewicz, Roger A. |
Simplicity and Complexity in the Effects of Parental Structure on High School Graduation Demography 30,4 (November 1993): 701-717. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/l5m5214095007u42/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): High School Completion/Graduates; Marital Disruption; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As more and more children experience nonintact families because of nonmarital birth or parental marital disruption, researchers have paid more attention to whether nonintact family experiences have negative effects on later life. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to consider how experiences of parental structure affect chances of high school graduation. The study shows that the negative effects of parental structure are simpler than theoretical notions might suggest. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wojtkiewicz, Roger A. "Simplicity and Complexity in the Effects of Parental Structure on High School Graduation." Demography 30,4 (November 1993): 701-717.
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6472. |
Wojtkiewicz, Roger A. Donato, Katharine M. |
Hispanic Educational Attainment: The Effects of Family Background and Nativity Social Forces 74,2 (December 1995): 559-574. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2580492 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups; Family Background and Culture; Family Structure; Heterogeneity; Hispanics; Parental Influences; Sex Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the 1979-1990 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are drawn on to examine the degree to which foreign birth explains the lower educational attainment of Mexicans & Puerto Ricans compared to whites in the US. Although foreign birth is a partial explanation of group differences, family structure & parental education are more important. However, when considering how the effects of nativity vary across Hispanic groups, it is found that US- born Puerto Ricans are no better off than foreign-born Puerto Ricans. There is also evidence of heterogeneity in the educational experiences of US-born Mexicans: those with foreign-born parents have higher educational attainment than those with US-born parents. 5 Tables, 30 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Wojtkiewicz, Roger A. and Katharine M. Donato. "Hispanic Educational Attainment: The Effects of Family Background and Nativity." Social Forces 74,2 (December 1995): 559-574.
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6473. |
Wolaver, Amy M. White, Nancy E. |
Racial Wage Differences among Young Male Job Changers: The Relative Contribution of Migration, Occupation Change, Site Characteristics, and Human Capital Growth and Change 37,1 (March 2006): 34-59. Also: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2257.2006.00303.x Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky Keyword(s): Black Youth; Employment; Human Capital; Male Sample; Migration; Racial Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We demonstrated racial differences in the relationship between migration, location, and predicted wages for young male workers who have changed employers. An Oaxaca decomposition allowed a measuring of the contributions of migration, occupation change, site features, and human capital to the racial wage gap. Migration decreases black-white wage differences, and wage compensation for site attributes favors white householders. Constraints on occupation choice and migration dampen the ability of blacks to improve wages. Because most job changes occur in the first ten years of a career, these results on young workers give important general insights into the origins and persistence of racial wage gaps. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolaver, Amy M. and Nancy E. White. "Racial Wage Differences among Young Male Job Changers: The Relative Contribution of Migration, Occupation Change, Site Characteristics, and Human Capital." Growth and Change 37,1 (March 2006): 34-59.
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6474. |
Woldoff, Rachael A. |
What We Have and Where We Live: Race, Wealth, and Neighborhood Locational Attainment Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 2003. Also: http://www.ohiolink.edu.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/etd/send-pdf.cgi/Woldoff%20Rachael%20A.%20M.A.pdf?acc%5Fnum=osu1059767902 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: OhioLINK Keyword(s): Black Studies; Census of Population; Ethnic Differences; Family Characteristics; Geocoded Data; Hispanic Studies; Home Ownership; Human Capital; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Residence; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most Americans want to live in quality neighborhoods, but there are great disparities in the characteristics of residential communities across the United States. Why do some households live in better neighborhoods than others? Specifically, why do African American and Latino households live in neighborhoods that are demographically different from those of whites with similar incomes? Part of the answer may be that individual levels of economic resources--such as wealth--improve the chances of living in a neighborhood that is congruent with one's economic profile. This research examines the impact of wealth, other individual characteristics (location, family of origin, human capital, and current family characteristics) on residential neighborhood attributes using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and residential neighborhood data from the U.S. Census. I use OLS regression to study the importance of explanatory variables--particularly wealth--in predicting three forms of locational attainment: neighborhood racial/ethnic composition, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and neighborhood stability. The results show that wealthier individuals have more access to neighborhoods with representative distributions of whites, higher incomes, and greater homeownership. The locational returns to individual characteristics vary by group and outcome, but Latinos have the most consistent locational returns. In general, the findings for Latinos show consistent support for the spatial assimilation model, while the results are more mixed for African Americans. Consistent with place stratification, this study finds that education, employment, and family stability often increase African Americans' spatial assimilation, but not to the same extent as Latinos. Additional support for this model comes from examining wealth, a characteristic that significantly predicts residential location for all groups. Being able to secure a home in a good community is an important goal f or most people in this country. This research has important implications for understanding the determinants of individuals' residential outcomes and the role wealth plays in those outcomes. Given that research has documented racial/ethnic differences in residential outcomes, this research has timely and relevant implications for understanding why the divergences in racial residential patterns are so pronounced and whether racial/ethnic differences in wealth help to explain these patterns. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center: http://newfirstsearch.oclc.org/ |
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Bibliography Citation
Woldoff, Rachael A. What We Have and Where We Live: Race, Wealth, and Neighborhood Locational Attainment. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 2003.. |
6475. |
Woldoff, Rachael A. Ovadia, Seth |
Not Getting Their Money’s Worth: African-American Disadvantages in Converting Income, Wealth, and Education into Residential Quality Urban Affairs Review 45,1 (September 2009): 66-91. Also: http://uar.sagepub.com/content/45/1/66.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Black Studies; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Education; Income; Racial Differences; Residence; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research has established that racial/ethnic residential inequalities in the United States are due to a combination of resource disadvantage and discrimination. This article builds upon past work by using a new dependent variable (census tract median housing value), examining the effects of wealth, and including interactions between race/ethnicity and resources. The authors find that the Black–White gap in neighborhood quality is explained by the combination of Blacks’ relative disadvantage in resources and the smaller benefits they gain from having those resources. In contrast, Latinos who are not recent immigrants are similar to Whites in both neighborhood quality and their ability to translate resources into residential quality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Woldoff, Rachael A. and Seth Ovadia. "Not Getting Their Money’s Worth: African-American Disadvantages in Converting Income, Wealth, and Education into Residential Quality." Urban Affairs Review 45,1 (September 2009): 66-91.
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6476. |
Wolfe, Jerri L. |
Employment Experience and Job Satisfaction of New Mothers Ph.D. Dissertation, Oregon State University, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Employment; Job Patterns; Job Satisfaction; Mothers; Working Conditions In spite of the high family demands associated with having an infant, an increasing number of women are choosing to retain close ties to the labor force during this period. This study explored the employment adjustments and job satisfaction of a group of women who became mothers for the first time. The data for this study were taken from the NLSY. Thirty-one married women who had their first child between the 1981 and 1982 interviews and were employed during both the 1980 and 1982 interviews were the focus of analysis. Two additional groups of women, childless women (n = 171) and women with at least two children (n = 62) were included in the analysis for comparison purposes. Strategies for managing the new responsibilities of parenthood included decreasing hours worked on the job and changing the shift worked. Few other changes were observed in the comparison of pre-pregnancy job characteristics with postchildbirth job characteristics. No change in job satisfaction was found. This stability may be due to the fact that 65 percent of new mothers were attached to one employer during this two year period. Additional analysis revealed that 91 percent of new mothers had only one employer during the year they gave birth. Thus, it appears from these data that the ability to return to the same employer following childbirth may be pivotal in women's decision to return quickly to the labor force. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolfe, Jerri L. Employment Experience and Job Satisfaction of New Mothers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oregon State University, 1987. |
6477. |
Wolfe, Joseph D. |
Age at First Birth and Alcohol Use Journal of Health and Social Behavior 50,4 (December 2009): 395-409. Also: http://hsb.sagepub.com/content/50/4/395.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Alcohol Use; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Multilevel; Parenthood; Stress; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Two theoretical perspectives, role incompatibility and stress proliferation, suggest that age at first birth is associated with alcohol use, but each theory offers distinct predictions about the effect of relatively early parenthood on alcohol use. This study examines the applicability of these perspectives using data spanning over twenty years (1982 to 2002) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Results from fixed effects and multilevel models indicate that people decrease binge drinking surrounding the transition into parenthood regardless of age at first birth. However, relatively young parents increase binge drinking as they age from early to later adulthood, while others decrease drinking. Findings support an integration of the two theoretical perspectives. Role incompatibility best describes the initial effect of parenthood, but predictions drawn from stress proliferation more accurately describe the association between early parenthood and binge drinking into later adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolfe, Joseph D. "Age at First Birth and Alcohol Use." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 50,4 (December 2009): 395-409.
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6478. |
Wolfe, Joseph D. |
Age, Cohort, and Changing Opportunity Structures: Educational Attainment and the Health Limitations of White Women From 1967 to 2012 Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A growing body of research shows that the association between educational attainment and health is at historic highs for white women. Rapid changes in labor force participation, access to high-paying jobs, and gender attitudes have radically altered the meaning of education for women’s lives and their dependence on the education of close kin. Drawing on three nationally representative, longitudinal surveys conducted from 1967 to 2012, this study examines how personal, parental, and spousal education levels contribute to the widening education gap in health limitations for successive cohorts of white women (N = 8,144). Overall, the proportion of women with health limitations did not change appreciably across cohorts, but the analysis uncovered cohort differences in the associations between personal and close kin education and women’s health limitations. Findings identify new sources of health inequalities and demonstrate the utility of opportunity structures in locating and explaining variation in the education-health association. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolfe, Joseph D. "Age, Cohort, and Changing Opportunity Structures: Educational Attainment and the Health Limitations of White Women From 1967 to 2012." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
6479. |
Wolfe, Joseph D. |
Age, Cohort, and Social Change: Parental and Spousal Education and White Women's Health Limitations From 1967 to 2012 Research on Aging 41,2 (February 2019): 186-210. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0164027518800486 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A large body of research finds that the association between educational attainment and health is at historic highs for White women. Rapid changes in labor force participation, access to high-paying jobs, and gender attitudes have radically altered the meaning of education for women's lives and their dependence on the socioeconomic attainments of their families. Drawing on three nationally representative longitudinal surveys conducted from 1967 to 2012, this study examines how personal, parental, and spousal attainments contribute to the widening education gap in health for successive cohorts of White women (N = 8,405). Overall, the health of women did not change substantially across cohorts, but results did uncover cohort differences among low-educated women that were linked to parental and spousal educational attainments and personal earnings. These findings confirm growing educational inequalities in health and demonstrate the importance of historical context and family attainments when examining cohort variation in the education-health relationship. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolfe, Joseph D. "Age, Cohort, and Social Change: Parental and Spousal Education and White Women's Health Limitations From 1967 to 2012 ." Research on Aging 41,2 (February 2019): 186-210.
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6480. |
Wolfe, Joseph D. |
Maternal Alcohol Use Disorders and Depression in Emerging Adulthood: Examining the Relevance of Social Ties, Childhood Adversity, and Socioeconomic Status Psychiatry Research 257 (November 2017): 441-445. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165178116314226 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Depression (see also CESD); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Status (SES) A number of recent studies have found that alcohol use disorders (AUDs) among parents are associated with higher levels of depression in their adult children. However, these studies have not considered whether several important social conditions in childhood help explain this association. Using a large sample of young adults from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adults (NLSY79-CY), this study examines changes in the relationship between maternal AUDs and depression in emerging adulthood after controlling for three clusters of variables related to childhood social ties, adversity, and socioeconomic status. After models adjust for these factors, the association is reduced but maternal AUDs remain a robust predictor of depression in emerging adulthood. These findings highlight the intergenerational consequences of AUDs and the need to develop interventions that supplement children's social support and economic circumstances. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolfe, Joseph D. "Maternal Alcohol Use Disorders and Depression in Emerging Adulthood: Examining the Relevance of Social Ties, Childhood Adversity, and Socioeconomic Status." Psychiatry Research 257 (November 2017): 441-445.
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6481. |
Wolfe, Joseph D. |
The Effects of Maternal Alcohol Use Disorders on Childhood Relationships and Mental Health Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 51,10 (October 2016): 1439-1448. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-016-1264-x Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Health, Mental/Psychological; Mothers, Behavior; Parental Influences; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Siblings; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: Despite millions of children living in the turmoil of their parents' active alcoholism or the aftermath of past abuse, research to date has not (1) provided a comprehensive examination of the effects of maternal alcohol use disorders (AUDs) on children's social ties outside of their relationships with parents, or (2) considered whether the number and quality of childhood social ties alter the effects of maternal AUDs on children's mental health. Method: Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adults, analysis examined the influence of maternal AUDs on the number and quality of children's ties with siblings, extended family and family friends, peers, and neighborhood members. The analysis also considered how children's social ties influenced the association between maternal AUDs and children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Results: Children of alcoholic mothers had similarly sized networks but more distant relationships with siblings and friends, negative interactions with classmates, and isolating neighborhoods. Controlling for these aspects of children's social ties substantially reduced mental health disparities between children of alcoholic mothers and other children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolfe, Joseph D. "The Effects of Maternal Alcohol Use Disorders on Childhood Relationships and Mental Health." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 51,10 (October 2016): 1439-1448.
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6482. |
Wolfe, Joseph D. |
The Financial Correlates of Midlife Obesity American Journal of Preventive Medicine 63,1, S1 (July 2022): S18-S27. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379722001349 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Debt/Borrowing; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Obesity Introduction: This study explored the associations between midlife obesity and an array of common financial stressors related to wealth loss, debt, and bankruptcy. Methods: The analysis was conducted in 2022 with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The final sample included 36,122 observations on 8,059 respondents as they aged from ages 31-39 years in 1996 to ages 51-59 in 2016. Associations between obesity and financial stressors were estimated with logistic regression models adjusting for a comprehensive set of relevant control variables. Results: The analysis found significant relationships between obesity and multiple types of financial stressors, including property debt, unsecured debt, and bankruptcy. Property debt and unsecured debt increased the odds of obesity by 29% and 20%, respectively, and bankruptcy increased the odds of obesity by 43%. Average Marginal Effects (AMEs) in combination with model fit statistics confirmed that these stressors--unsecured debt, property debt, and bankruptcy--were important financial correlates of midlife obesity among the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolfe, Joseph D. "The Financial Correlates of Midlife Obesity." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 63,1, S1 (July 2022): S18-S27.
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6483. |
Wolfe, Joseph D. |
Who's Hurt Most by Economic Shock? Exploring Heterogeneity in the Health-Related Effects of Wealth Loss Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585. Also: https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/4/Supplement_1/585/6036008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research finds evidence of an effect of negative economic shocks on health, but this growing area has not fully investigated variation in this effect. A large number of people from diverse backgrounds experience a substantial financial setback of some type, and differences related to one's gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) may influence the consequences of economic shocks on one's life such that the health-related effects of shocks vary systematically in the U.S. population. Thus, this study aims to identify the effects of multiple economic shocks on health in middle adulthood, and whether the effects of shocks on health vary by one's underlying propensity to experience the shock. The analysis uses newly developed statistical techniques from causal inference literature and over twenty-five years of biographical information from the NLSY-79. Results from the analysis help shed light on important variation in the association between negative economic shocks and health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolfe, Joseph D. "Who's Hurt Most by Economic Shock? Exploring Heterogeneity in the Health-Related Effects of Wealth Loss." Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585.
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6484. |
Wolfe, Joseph D. Baker, Elizabeth H. Scarinci, Isabel C. |
Wealth and Obesity Among US Adults Entering Midlife Obesity 27,12 (December 2019): 2067-2075. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.22625 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Home Ownership; Net Worth; Obesity; Racial Differences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This study examines the relationship between wealth and obesity among adults entering midlife and whether this relationship varies by sex, race, and measure of wealth. Methods: The data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY‐79). Population‐averaged models were used to examine the associations between multiple measures of wealth and obesity among 6,979 respondents while controlling for education, occupation, income, and relevant sociodemographic variables. Results: The analysis found a robust association between wealth and midlife obesity as well as heterogeneity in the wealth‐obesity association across sex, race, and measure of wealth. With the exception of black men, net worth generally had a significant and inverse relationship with obesity. The net worth-obesity association was largest among women and was driven primarily by home value, in addition to savings and debt for black women. Although home value was significant for white men, the components of wealth were generally unrelated to obesity among men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolfe, Joseph D., Elizabeth H. Baker and Isabel C. Scarinci. "Wealth and Obesity Among US Adults Entering Midlife." Obesity 27,12 (December 2019): 2067-2075.
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6485. |
Wolfe, Joseph D. Baker, Elizabeth H. Uddin, Jalal Kirkland, Stephanie |
Varieties of Financial Stressors and Midlife Health Problems, 1996-2016 Journals of Gerontology: Series B 77,1 (January 2022): 149-159. Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab108 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Gerontological Society of America Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Debt/Borrowing; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health, Mental/Psychological; Stress Objective: Financial stressors such as wealth loss, indebtedness, and bankruptcy have gained the attention of public health scholars since the Great Recession. In this study, we extend this area of research by comparing the mental and physical impact of multiple financial stressors during midlife, a pivotal period in the life course for wealth accumulation and disease onset. Methods: With data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (www.nlsinfo.org), an ongoing survey of adult men and women in the U.S., we used logistic regression to estimate the associations between financial stressors and the risk of a psychiatric disorder or high blood pressure diagnosis from ages 31-39 in 1996 to ages 50-59 in 2016 (N = 7,143). Financial stressors include multiple types of wealth loss, debt, and bankruptcy. Results: Even after adjusting for a comprehensive set of confounders, many of the financial stressors we considered had similar associations with the risk of a psychiatric disorder, whereas only debt and bankruptcy were associated with the risk of high blood pressure. The best fitting models for both health outcomes included a simple indicator of indebtedness. Stock losses were not significantly associated with either health outcome. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolfe, Joseph D., Elizabeth H. Baker, Jalal Uddin and Stephanie Kirkland. "Varieties of Financial Stressors and Midlife Health Problems, 1996-2016." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 77,1 (January 2022): 149-159.
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6486. |
Wolfe, Joseph D. Thomeer, Mieke Beth Bauldry, Shawn |
Twentieth Century Change in the Educational Costs of Adolescent Childbearing American Journal of Sociology published online (2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1086/729819 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Women Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Education; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Millennials; Schooling; Women Although studies observe heterogeneity in the effects of adolescent childbearing on schooling, we currently know little about when this pattern emerged or how it changed across cohorts of women who lived in distinct periods of U.S. history. This article identifies the potential origins of effect heterogeneity in the educational costs of adolescent childbearing and extends recent advances in causal inference to detect group differences in heterogeneity. The analysis applies this approach to four cohorts of women from the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) who entered adolescence before, during, and after expansive economic, demographic, and cultural change in the twentieth century. Results suggest that the educational costs of adolescent childbearing, as well as heterogeneity in those costs, increased for women in the latter half of the twentieth century, especially for Millennial women born 1980 to 1984. We conclude that midcentury social changes fundamentally altered the educational costs of adolescent childbearing for women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolfe, Joseph D., Mieke Beth Thomeer and Shawn Bauldry. "Twentieth Century Change in the Educational Costs of Adolescent Childbearing." American Journal of Sociology published online (2023).
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6487. |
Wolfe, Joseph D. Thomeer, Mieke Reczek, Rin |
Age at First Birth and Women's Midlife Health: Cohort and Race Differences Across the 20th Century Social Science & Medicine Volume 331 (August 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116097 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Education; Education, Adult; Life Course; Midlife Health; Mothers; Mothers, Health; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Women; Womens Health We test whether the negative association between socially “early” childbearing and poor health in later adulthood, well-established in prior research, differs across distinct historical contexts in the U.S. We further examine whether socioeconomic status explains this shift in the impact of childbearing timing and poor health and whether there are additional differences across racial groups. To address these questions, we pooled data from two nationally representative longitudinal surveys: the National Longitudinal Surveys’ Mature Women (born 1922–1937) and Youth 1979 (born 1957–1964). Together, these NLS cohorts include women who entered adolescence before and after the major economic, political, and demographic changes in the latter half of the twentieth century that gave women access to socioeconomic structures previously limited to White men. These data thus provide a unique opportunity to test cohort and racial differences. Overall, findings suggest that the negative association of young childbearing, which included adolescent childbearing and childbearing in early 20s, with midlife health grew across the two cohorts, with this largely explained by differences in adult educational attainment. This cohort shift appeared especially large for White women compared to Black women. This study highlights the importance of sociopolitical context in shaping the health consequences of major life events like childbearing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolfe, Joseph D., Mieke Thomeer and Rin Reczek. "Age at First Birth and Women's Midlife Health: Cohort and Race Differences Across the 20th Century." Social Science & Medicine Volume 331 (August 2023).
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6488. |
Wolfe, Scott E. Hoffmann, John P. |
On the Measurement of Low Self-Control in Add Health and NLSY79 Psychology, Crime and Law 22,7 (2016): 619-650. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1068316X.2016.1168428 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Scale Construction; Self-Control/Self-Regulation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Limited attention has been devoted to the dimensionality of the low self-control scales commonly constructed in two nationally representative datasets routinely used to test self-control theory—Add Health and NLSY79. We assess the measurement properties of the low self-control scales by comparing a series of exploratory and confirmatory models that are appropriate for the categorical nature of the observed items, including unidimensional, correlated factors, second-order factor, and bifactor models. Additionally, based on these results we explore the predictive validity of the respective scales on adolescents' delinquent behavior. The results indicate that the low self-control scales in these data have acceptable levels of internal consistency but do not represent unidimensional latent factors. Rather, scales are best represented by a second-order factor structure. When measured this way, our Add Health scale is associated with delinquency in a cross-sectional context and our NLSY79 scale predicts delinquency longitudinally. This study reveals that low self-control is best conceptualized as a multidimensional construct within these data. The results of this study provide guidance to researchers measuring low self-control in either dataset (or other data sources) and inform the larger self-control theory measurement literature. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolfe, Scott E. and John P. Hoffmann. "On the Measurement of Low Self-Control in Add Health and NLSY79." Psychology, Crime and Law 22,7 (2016): 619-650.
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6489. |
Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Education Data in the NLSY79: A Premiere Research Tool Monthly Labor Review 128, 2 (February 2005): 15-20. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/02/art3exc.htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Education; Longitudinal Surveys; NLS Description Social science researchers widely use the NLSY79 schooling data because of its longitudinal nature and range of content. Perhaps the most widely used data in social science research are those related to measures of education; among such measures, years of schooling is the most ubiquitous. A search of the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) Annotated Bibliography yields 1,803 articles, book chapters, dissertations, and so forth, in which either the word "education" or "schooling" appears in the title, abstract, or as a keyword. Of those, more than 1,000 were based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79) data. Researchers' use of education measures found in the NLSY79 spans several social science disciplines, particularly economics and sociology, and, to a lesser extent, psychology. A large number of articles using NLSY79 education measures have appeared in major general audience and specialty journals. (See table 1.) In economics, there were 8 such journals, totaling 78 published articles, and in sociology, 6 journals with 47 articles. In psychology, one journal specializing in child development published five articles, and one medical science journal also published five. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolpin, Kenneth I. "Education Data in the NLSY79: A Premiere Research Tool." Monthly Labor Review 128, 2 (February 2005): 15-20.
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6490. |
Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Estimating a Structural Search Model: The Transition from School to Work Econometrica 55,4 (July 1987): 801-818. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1911030 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Job Search; Modeling; Unemployment; Wages, Reservation This paper presents a job search model that is econometrically implemented using all the restrictions that are implied by job search theory, and it provides a statistical test of those restrictions. The usefulness of this approach is that it provides a check on the internal consistency of the model as revealed by the data; i.e., one can verify the extent to which the internal logic of the theory misrepresents the data. The most interesting experiment is related to the impact of a change in the offer probability schedule on reservation wages and working probabilities. On the whole, working probabilities are not very sensitive to changes in offer probabilities, given the other parameter estimates. It would therefore be misleading to conclude that it is the rarity of offers that causes long durations of unemployment because an increase in offer probabilities alone will not reduce the duration. There exist combinations of parameters which would lead to greater sensitivity of working probabilities to offer probabilities, but evidently those combinations do not fit the data as well as the parameters estimated here. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolpin, Kenneth I. "Estimating a Structural Search Model: The Transition from School to Work." Econometrica 55,4 (July 1987): 801-818.
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6491. |
Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
Estimating a Structural Search Model: The Transition from School to Work Report, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1984 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Job Search; Modeling; Statistical Analysis; Transition, School to Work The purpose of this paper is to present a job search model that is econometrically implemented using all the restrictions that are implied by job search theory and to provide a statistical test of those restrictions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolpin, Kenneth I. "Estimating a Structural Search Model: The Transition from School to Work." Report, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1984. |
6492. |
Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
The Determinants of Black-White Differences in Early Employment Careers: Search, Layoffs, Quits and Endogenous Wage Growth Journal of Political Economy 100,3 (June 1992): 535-560. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2138730 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Job Patterns; Job Search; Layoffs; Mobility; Quits; Transition, School to Work; Unemployment Compensation; Wages; Work Experience; Work Histories This paper studies the transition from school to full-time employment and subsequent labor mobility during the first five post-schooling years for several recent cohorts of black and white male high school graduates, those who graduated from high school between 1978 and 1984. A comparison of the early employment transition process using unique data from the NLSY reveals important differences in the accumulation of work experience for black and white male high school graduates. The most important general findings are as follows: (1) Blacks have higher probabilities of receiving job offers than whites, and a higher layoff probability. History matters in the propensity to receive offers differently by race. While unemployed the probability of receiving an offer increases with work experience for blacks, but decreases for whites; while employed these relationship are reversed. (2) Work experience has a substantially higher payoff for whites than for blacks overall. Specific experience is relatively more important than general experience for blacks while the opposite is true for whites. (3) If blacks faced the same wage offer structure, all else the same, they would accumulate general work experience more rapidly than whites. However, black accepted wages would still be lower than whites. (4) Increasing unemployment compensation benefits, all else the same, has very little effect on whites but substantially increases the propensity for blacks to accept a first job. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wolpin, Kenneth I. "The Determinants of Black-White Differences in Early Employment Careers: Search, Layoffs, Quits and Endogenous Wage Growth." Journal of Political Economy 100,3 (June 1992): 535-560.
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6493. |
Woman's World |
Smoking is Hazardous to Your Wealth Woman's World, April 19, 2005: Page 4 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Bauer Publishing USA Keyword(s): Savings; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Mentions research by Jay Zagorsky using the NLSY79 that finds a net worth for non-smokers double that of smokers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Woman's World. "Smoking is Hazardous to Your Wealth." Woman's World, April 19, 2005: Page 4. |
6494. |
Won, Changhee |
Unionism and Turnover: Exit-Voice Tradeoff, Firm Size, and Spillover Effects Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Older Men, Young Men Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Firm Size; Firms; Grievance System; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Unions; Wages It has been shown in the literature that unionism has a deterrent effect on turnover primarily due to union wage premium and voice mechanism. The exit-voice tradeoff hypothesis was established from the tradeoff between voice and exit. The existing test of the exit-voice tradeoff proposed by Freeman is to show a negative coefficient on the union membership variable when wages are controlled in quit regressions. Whether such a test is valid is in fact questionable. If the union effect is to be regarded as the composite effect that captures all but the union wage effect, and if the composite effect contains other effects as well as the voice effect, then union membership is not merely a proxy for union voice. Based on this criticism, the author proposes another test of the exit-voice tradeoff and incorporates an explicit instrument for union voice, that is, the percentage of union contracts covered by grievance provisions. To identify the more precise effects of union voice, some omitted variables such as firm size, fringe benefits, and tenure are also included which are correlated with unionism. This paper proposes that large nonunion employers faced with the threat of unionization may remain nonunion by mimicking unions on grievance provisions but not on seniority rules. To test the exit-voice tradeoff, a turnover model is used in which a worker quits his current job if the total compensation of the best alternative job exceeds the total compensation of his current job plus the cost of changing jobs. The results from the NLSY, Young Men, and Old Men demonstrate that the exit-voice tradeoff is seen among younger union workers but not among older members. The data also support the argument that large unorganized firms mimic union grievance procedures to deter unionization. |
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Bibliography Citation
Won, Changhee. Unionism and Turnover: Exit-Voice Tradeoff, Firm Size, and Spillover Effects. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1988. |
6495. |
Wong, Cheng |
Woman's Work: Essays on Female Life-Cycle Labor Choices Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Education; Divorce; Fertility; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Labor Force Participation; Occupational Choice; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 1, "The Disappearing Gender Gap: The Impact of Divorce, Wages, and Preferences on Education Choices and Women's Work", quantifies the contributions of many significant changes in the economic and family environment towards explaining the changes in labor force participation and college enrollment rates of women born in the cohorts of 1935 and 1955. It concludes that the higher probability of divorce and the changes in wage structure faced by the 1955 cohort are each able to explain, in isolation, a large proportion (about 60%) of the observed changes in female participation across the two cohorts, while a simple change in preferences can account for the residual. Chapter 2, "Great Expectations? Women's Work and Fertility in the Face of Career Uncertainty", is motivated by the fact that women in different occupations exhibit markedly different patterns of fertility and labor supply over the life-cycle. Women in high-powered occupations tend to give birth later and exhibit a downward-sloping participation profile across the life cycle, while their low- powered counterparts not only give birth earlier but their participation profile is instead upward sloping. Using a life-cycle model in which married households make fertility and female labor supply decisions and learn about their income profile parameters, I find that uncertainty about one's wage growth is key in explaining the different fertility patterns of women, by occupation. High wage penalties due to work interruptions help explain why a significant proportion of professional women do not return to the labor market after exiting upon childbirth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wong, Cheng. Woman's Work: Essays on Female Life-Cycle Labor Choices. Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, May 2012. |
6496. |
Wong, Kelvin Kai Wing |
Living Together -- Essays on Cohabitation Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This thesis studies cohabition behavior in the United States, and proposes two answers as to why cohabitation rate increased in the last four decades. |
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Bibliography Citation
Wong, Kelvin Kai Wing. Living Together -- Essays on Cohabitation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, 2016. |
6497. |
Woo, Hyeyoung |
Motherhood, Timing of a First Birth and Psychological Well-Being Over the Life Course Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Family Structure; Life Course; Motherhood; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. To date, several studies attempted to assess the relationship between having a child and psychological well-being; however their findings are inconsistent. The current study explores how being a parent is associated with women’s psychological well-being over time to address these discrepancies. Additionally, I also estimate the long term effect of age at first birth on well-being to investigate how the association between parental status and well-being varies by the timing of transition to parenthood. Utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 Cohort (NLSY79), the results indicate that parents are more likely to suffer from depression than those who are childless during young adulthood. However, having a child is no longer to be detrimental in mid life. I also found that the association between parenthood and well-being varies by mother’s age at first birth. I discuss implications of the results and acknowledge research limitations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Woo, Hyeyoung. "Motherhood, Timing of a First Birth and Psychological Well-Being Over the Life Course." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2008. |
6498. |
Woo, Hyeyoung |
Parental Status and Psychological Well-Being Among Midlife Adult Women Using the Life Course Perspective Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2008. DAI-A 69/08, Feb 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Motherhood; Parental Marital Status; Well-Being; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The primary goal of this dissertation is to provide a better understanding of how midlife adult women's psychological well-being is shaped by parental status. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this research addresses three specific research aims. The first aim is to explore the relationship between motherhood and psychological well-being by family life stages and the timing of transition to motherhood. The second aim is to examine the role of marriage in the association between parental status and psychological well-being. Finally, the third aim is to account for psychological well-being by parental status, focusing on experiences in labor force participation. To address these aims, this dissertation tests several hypotheses based on the multiple role theory and its modifications and the theories and empirical research centered on the effects of marriage and employment on well-being. The results indicate that mothers are more likely to have lower levels of psychological well-being compared to childless women at earlier family life stages. However, this disadvantage decreases as mothers and their children age. The mother's age at the birth of her first child also plays a role in the trajectories of the level of psychological well-being. Although the negative association between psychological well-being and motherhood appears to decline over time, those who became a mother at earlier ages experience much slower declines compared to those who did not have a first child until their early thirties. It also appears that marital status is an important moderator between parental status and psychological well-being. Motherhood is associated with psychological benefits for the married, but the opposite pattern is found for the never married. Moreover, entering a first marriage is associated with greater improvements in psychological well-being for women with a child compared to childless women. The association between motherhood and psychological well-being also varies depending on the types of marital disruption. Compared to those who remain married, divorce is harmful for women with a child; however, being a widow is detrimental for childless women. Additionally, for both married and never married women, employment is not associated with increases in psychological well-being when it is also combined with motherhood. This research suggests that the association between motherhood and psychological well-being is contingent upon the family life stages, the age at transition to motherhood, and other roles that women hold while being mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Woo, Hyeyoung. Parental Status and Psychological Well-Being Among Midlife Adult Women Using the Life Course Perspective. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2008. DAI-A 69/08, Feb 2009. |
6499. |
Woo, Hyeyoung Kim, Joongbaeck |
Better to Have It All? Work, Family and Their Relationships to Depression Korean Journal of Sociology 46,3 (2012): 163-179. Also: http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/NODE01894884 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Han'guk Sahoehak Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Maternal Employment; Motherhood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While there have been dramatic increases in labor force participation among women with children, our understanding about the psychological consequences of their combined roles of employment and motherhood is limited. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort, this study addresses how the association of employment and motherhood is predictive of women's psychological well-being. Results show that the positive effects of employment on women's psychological well-being are contingent upon motherhood status with partial support for the work and family conflict perspective. In other words, although being employed is favorable for psychological well-being overall, mothers do not appear to enjoy psychological benefits from employment. As for motherhood, while having a child is linked to increased demands in responsibilities, mothers who do not work for pay are not necessarily disadvantaged in terms of their psychological well-being with socioeconomic conditions adjusted. We discuss findings of the study and directions for future study. |
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Bibliography Citation
Woo, Hyeyoung and Joongbaeck Kim. "Better to Have It All? Work, Family and Their Relationships to Depression." Korean Journal of Sociology 46,3 (2012): 163-179.
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6500. |
Woock, Christopher |
Compensating Workers for On-the-Job Injury and Illness Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, July 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Disability; Disabled Workers; Family Income; Income Level; Injuries; Wage Dynamics; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation examines the earnings losses and instability resulting from an on-the-job injury. A unique set of questions in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 that address "work related injury/illness," and its longitudinal structure permit a regression framework to compare the earnings and incomes of injured and uninjured workers over time. In addition to changes in levels, I also estimate the volatility of income for workplace injuries and work limiting disabilities. Chapter 2 results indicate that injured men do not suffer significant initial earnings losses as a result of a workplace injury. A gradual decline in earnings in the years that follow the injury develops, from earnings about 8% less than the uninjured workers the year after injury to almost 16% less five years after injury, with no sign of recovery. In Chapter 3, the annual earnings for the female injured workers in the year of injury are 9.7% less than the uninjured workers. Recovery is quick, as the earnings of the injured female workers return to levels similar to the uninjured workers in the years following injury. Restricting the sample to women who work fulltime results in substantial and persistent earnings losses following injury. For married men in Chapter 4 there is some evidence that their annual family incomes are lower than the uninjured men in the years following injury. In contrast, there is no evidence of any significant relative losses in family income for injured married women. There is some evidence of an added worker effect for the injured men, as the wives experience increases in their annual earnings and annual hours worked. Likewise, for fulltime women there are large losses in total family income, tempered by an increase in the husbands' labor market efforts. Finally, in Chapter 5 I find that while the volatility of total family income is relatively stable for all men, the volatility of family income without disability payments increases in the years following injury or first report of a disability. On the other hand, the volatility of total family income and income before disability payments are consistently stable for the female sample. |
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Bibliography Citation
Woock, Christopher. Compensating Workers for On-the-Job Injury and Illness. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, July 2006. |