Search Results

Author: Waite, Linda J.
Resulting in 44 citations.
1. Berryman, Sue E.
Waite, Linda J.
Women in Nontraditional Occupations: Choice and Turnover
Report R-3106-FF, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1985.
Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R3106/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: RAND
Keyword(s): Employment; Family Influences; Gender Differences; Military Enlistment; Military Personnel; Military Service; Occupational Choice; Occupational Status; Occupations; Transition, Job to Job; Women; Women's Roles; Work Attitudes

This report uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Labor Market Behavior to test a series of hypotheses about characteristics of individuals and their families that influence their occupational preferences and their turnover in the military and in civilian jobs. The study's findings have three important policy implications: (1) Women enlistees have much lower exit rates from the armed forces than their counterparts in civilian jobs; (2) job traditionality does not affect turnover for women in civilian jobs (for a variety of definitions of the traditionality variable and for several alternative specifications of the civilian turnover model); and (3) for women in the military there is no effect of being in a traditionally female or a traditionally male occupation on turnover.
Bibliography Citation
Berryman, Sue E. and Linda J. Waite. "Women in Nontraditional Occupations: Choice and Turnover." Report R-3106-FF, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1985.
2. Desai, Sonalde
Waite, Linda J.
Women's Employment During Pregnancy and After the First Birth: Occupational Characteristics and Work Commitment
American Sociological Review 56,4 (August 1991): 551-556.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096274
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Employment; Family Constraints; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Occupational Segregation; Occupations; Occupations, Female; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Women; Work Attitudes; Work History

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

An investigation of the hypothesis that women choose primarily female occupations because such jobs make it relatively easy & cost-free to withdraw from the labor force during the 2 years immediately following the first pregnancy, the time of greatest psychological & physical strains on working women. Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on a sample of 1,055 US women interviewed in 1979 & 1985 who had a first birth during that time period, & were employed at least 20 hours/week during & following pregnancy. Event-history analyses reveal no effect of occupational sex composition on the likelihood that recent mothers are employed. Occupational characteristics that raise labor force withdrawal costs (eg, high education, wages, job-specific training) & nonmonetary occupational characteristics decrease the probability of women's withdrawal from work. While all women are found to respond to withdrawal costs, women with low work commitment also respond to financial pressure & convenience of the work setting. 4 Tables, 2 Figures, 39 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1991, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Bibliography Citation
Desai, Sonalde and Linda J. Waite. "Women's Employment During Pregnancy and After the First Birth: Occupational Characteristics and Work Commitment." American Sociological Review 56,4 (August 1991): 551-556.
3. Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin
Waite, Linda J.
Housework in the Family Economy: Division of Labor between Wife, Husband, and Children. Also: Work in the Home: The Productive Context of Family Relationships
Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1989 and Albany, Conference on Demographic Perspectives, 1990
Cohort(s): Mature Women, Young Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Attitudes; Children; Family Resources; Housework/Housewives; Husbands; Sex Roles; Sexual Division of Labor; Time Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines how families allocate the labor of their members to the productive activities that constitute housework, focusing on trade-offs between adults and children, and between spouses, using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Mature and Young Women, including questions on responsibility for a series of household tasks, asked in 1982 and 1983. Consistent effects of limitations of the wife's time available for housework are found; both hours of work and disability increase the amount of housework done by husbands and children. Nontraditional attitudes about sex roles in the family also increase the contribution of husbands and children to housework. Finally, families headed by remarried couples share housework in different ways than do others; stepfathers appear less involved in the family division of labor than other men, leaving children to pick up the slack. Clearly, family members can and do substitute for each other in housework economy; how they do so depends on the availability of various members, attitudes, and past family experiences. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.]
Bibliography Citation
Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin and Linda J. Waite. "Housework in the Family Economy: Division of Labor between Wife, Husband, and Children. Also: Work in the Home: The Productive Context of Family Relationships." Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1989 and Albany, Conference on Demographic Perspectives, 1990.
4. Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin
Waite, Linda J.
Nestleaving Patterns and the Transition to Marriage for Young Men and Women
Journal of Marriage and Family 49,3 (August 1987): 507-516.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352196
Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Attitudes; Family Influences; Gender Differences; Life Cycle Research; Marriage; Nestleaving

Young adults have been leaving the parental home at increasingly early ages over recent decades. They have also been delaying marriage. This article argues that the increase in independent living during young adulthood may have caused some of the delay in marriage and examines this question on the basis of data from the NLS of Young Men and Young Women. It tests the hypotheses that: (1) living independently during young adulthood delays marriage; (2) the effects of nonfamily living are smaller for those in group quarters than for others; (3) living away has larger effects if it occurs relatively early in adulthood; and (4) the effects are stronger for women than for men. The results provide some support for these hypotheses, especially among women.
Bibliography Citation
Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin and Linda J. Waite. "Nestleaving Patterns and the Transition to Marriage for Young Men and Women." Journal of Marriage and Family 49,3 (August 1987): 507-516.
5. Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin
Waite, Linda J.
New Families, No Families?: the Transformation of the American Home
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991
Cohort(s): Mature Women, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: University of California Press
Keyword(s): Divorce; Dual-Career Families; Family Formation; Family Structure; Marriage; Sexual Division of Labor

Based on the National Longitudinal Survey data, this 303 page book examines the process of social change, focusing on the effects of marriage and divorce on the family. In the context of the development of egalitarian gender roles, the authors ask whether trends in nonmarriage, nonparenthood, and divorce are leading to a future of "no families" or whether the family can become a sharing partnership thereby forming "new families." The book is a systematic assessment of family patterns that have emerged in the 1970s and 1980s as a result of increased employment of women, divorce, nonfamily living, and declining fertility. Detailed analyses of marriage, parenthood, divorce, the division of household labor, husbands' and children's share in household tasks, and the role of husbands, wives, and children in the domestic economy are provided. Family differences by race, region, and community size are also indicated. In light of broader social and demographic processes that affect the family, future trends, e.g., an increasing number of dual career families and alternative families, are projected.
Bibliography Citation
Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin and Linda J. Waite. New Families, No Families?: the Transformation of the American Home. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991.
6. Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin
Waite, Linda J.
Sex Differences in the Entry into Marriage
American Journal of Sociology 92,1 (July 1986): 91-109.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2779718
Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Marriage; Parental Influences; Sex Roles

Among the many transitions young people make as they enter adulthood, marriage is perhaps the most important. This paper uses data from the NLS of Young Women and Young Men to examine the transition to marriage and how it differs by sex, testing the extent of variation in the desirability of marriage for men and women, and the effects of marriage market factors and marital and nonmarital roles. The design of the analysis allows the effects of these factors to vary over the young adult years. The pattern of findings suggests that recent declines in the marriage rate have not resulted from increased barriers to marriage but from declines in relative preferences for marriage.
Bibliography Citation
Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin and Linda J. Waite. "Sex Differences in the Entry into Marriage." American Journal of Sociology 92,1 (July 1986): 91-109.
7. Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin
Waite, Linda J.
Sex Differences in the Transition to Marriage: Evidence about Change
Report, NICHD. Brown University, Population Studies and Training Center, 1985
Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University
Keyword(s): Marital Satisfaction/Quality

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Prepared for the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Among the many transitions young people make as they enter adulthood, marriage is perhaps the most important. This paper uses data from the NLS Young Women's and Young Men's cohorts to examine the transition to marriage and how it differs by sex, testing the extent of variation in the desirability of marriage for men and women, and the effects of marriage market factors and marital and nonmarital roles. The design of the analysis allows the effects of these factors to vary over the young adult years. The pattern of findings suggest that recent declines in the marriage rate have not resulted from increased barriers to marriage but from declines in relative preferences for marriage.
Bibliography Citation
Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin and Linda J. Waite. "Sex Differences in the Transition to Marriage: Evidence about Change." Report, NICHD. Brown University, Population Studies and Training Center, 1985.
8. Harrison, Scott C.
Waite, Linda J.
Mature Women's Kin Availability and Contact
Sociology and Social Research 71,4 (July 1987): 266-270
Cohort(s): Mature Women
Publisher: Journal has ceased publication, check OCLC - Worldcat for libraries holdings.
Keyword(s): Family Influences; Family Resources; Support Networks; Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The frequency of contact that mature women have with their children, parents, siblings, and in-laws is examined based on data from the NLS of Mature Women, a longitudinal survey of approximately 5,000 females aged 30-44 in 1967 when the panel began. In 1981, the 3,677 respondents remaining (aged 44-59) were asked how often they had face-to-face or telephone contact with the different types of kin. A 7-point scale ranging from daily to never was used to measure frequency of contact. Respondents were most frequently in contact with their children, followed by parents, in-laws, and siblings. More than 95% of each subgroup who had kin were in contact with at least one kin member monthly. It is concluded that these findings may reduce the concern about a lack of family support among the next generation of elderly. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.]
Bibliography Citation
Harrison, Scott C. and Linda J. Waite. "Mature Women's Kin Availability and Contact." Sociology and Social Research 71,4 (July 1987): 266-270.
9. Kobrin, Frances E.
Waite, Linda J.
Effects of Childhood Family Structure on the Transition to Marriage
Journal of Marriage and Family 46,4 (1984): 807-816.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352528
Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Children; Divorce; Family Influences; Family Structure; Marriage; Racial Differences; Teenagers

Increasing rates of divorce mean that many more children than in the past spend part of their childhood in single- parent families. Using data from two national longitudinal surveys of young people, this study explored the effects of family structure during the teenage years on the likelihood of eventual marriage for both males and females. Results suggested that the family patterns children experience when they are growing up continue to have an impact on their own patterns of family formation. However, this effect appeared to affect sons and daughters and blacks and whites somewhat differently. For example, a history of family instability affected black males more fundamentally than black females in that it reduced the overall chances of marriage. The social consequences of nonmarriage are discussed, as are the limitations of the study. Finally, emphasis is placed on the need to examine more broadly the impact of childhood experiences on other aspects of adjustment in adulthood.
Bibliography Citation
Kobrin, Frances E. and Linda J. Waite. "Effects of Childhood Family Structure on the Transition to Marriage." Journal of Marriage and Family 46,4 (1984): 807-816.
10. Kobrin, Frances E.
Waite, Linda J.
Effects of Family Stability and Nestleaving Patterns on the Transition to Marriage
Presented: Detroit, MI, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1983
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Divorce; Family Formation; Family Structure; Marriage; Mothers, Behavior; Nestleaving

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Data from the Young Women cohort of the NLS are used to explore patterns of family formation related to two major areas of change in U.S. family structure: (1) the increasing experience of parental divorce; and (2) decline in age of leaving home. The following two questions are addressed. First, are children who grow up in an intact family more likely to marry at any given age than those who do not? Interpretations of results showing the "heritability" of divorce include a possible reluctance by partners who have experienced divorce as children to invest enough in their marriages to keep them going; it seems plausible that they might also be less willing to take the risk at all. This hypothesis may explain the consistent finding of lower marriage rates for blacks than for nonblacks. Second, are children who leave home early, thus experiencing a "role hiatus" in terms of family relationships, less likely to marry at a given age than those who have not had this experience? While many women go away to school, and so increase their economic alternatives to marriage, many others attend college while living at home, and are thus less exposed to alternative spending patterns, and less likely to experience autonomy and independence before marriage.
Bibliography Citation
Kobrin, Frances E. and Linda J. Waite. "Effects of Family Stability and Nestleaving Patterns on the Transition to Marriage." Presented: Detroit, MI, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1983.
11. Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Klerman, Jacob Alex
Waite, Linda J.
Employment of New Mothers and Child Care Choice: Differences by Children's Age
Journal of Human Resources 27,1 (Winter 1992): 112-133.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145914
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Child Care; Educational Attainment; Employment; Family Income; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Wages

This paper examines the impact of the cost and availability of child care on the employment of women during the first two years following the birth of their first child. Using data from the NLSY, the authors examine the initial choice of child care after childbirth and test the hypothesis that the impact of cost and availability of child care depends on the child's age. Results indicate that: (1) regardless of the point in time at which mothers returned to work, about half of the women studied used relatives to care for their children; (2) the likelihood of working during the two year period decreased as family income increased; (3) living close to one's mother increased somewhat the probability of returning to work in the early post-partum period; and (4) the size of the child care tax credit was strongly and positively related to the likelihood of returning to work.
Bibliography Citation
Leibowitz, Arleen A., Jacob Alex Klerman and Linda J. Waite. "Employment of New Mothers and Child Care Choice: Differences by Children's Age." Journal of Human Resources 27,1 (Winter 1992): 112-133.
12. Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Klerman, Jacob Alex
Waite, Linda J.
Employment of New Mothers and Child Care Choice: Differences by Children's Age
Working Paper RAND Publication RP-119, The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica CA, February 1990.
Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP119/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: RAND
Keyword(s): Child Care; Educational Attainment; Employment; Family Income; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Wages

This paper examines a woman's decisions about when to return to market work in the two years following childbirth and the type of child care she chooses. Own wages relate positively to an early return to work, while higher family income delays return to work. Wages and income did not significantly affect choice of market versus nonmarket child care. Greater child care tax credits increased early return to work (within three months) but had little effect on later labor supply. Contrary to expectations, tax credits did not affect child care choice, but predicted early market reentry.
Bibliography Citation
Leibowitz, Arleen A., Jacob Alex Klerman and Linda J. Waite. "Employment of New Mothers and Child Care Choice: Differences by Children's Age." Working Paper RAND Publication RP-119, The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica CA, February 1990.
13. Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Klerman, Jacob Alex
Waite, Linda J.
Women's Employment During Pregnancy and Following Birth
Report No. NLS 92-11, Washington DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 1992.
Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl920010.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Employment; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Women; Work Histories

During the last three decades, the "working mother" has become the norm rather than a rarity. In 1960, fewer than one in five mothers with children under age six (18.6 percent) were in the labor force. By 1987, this percentage had tripled, reaching 57 percent. Current participation levels for mothers of younger children are even more striking. Fifty-three percent of married mothers with children 1 year old or under are in the labor force Previous research has consistently found that women with young children are less likely to participate in the labor force than those with only older children. Today labor force activity reaches high levels soon after the birth of a child, and many women interrupt work for only short periods of time. Although half the new mothers have returned to work within a year after giving birth, the factors that affect the timing within that year are not well understood. Similarly, the factors that influence how long women work during their pregnanc ies have not been fully explored. The analysis of women's increased work effort during pregnancy and rapid return to work after childbirth call for a research strategy using data that can distinguish among work patterns by month of return to work rather than by year. This paper uses panel data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLS-Y) to examine whether perinatal labor supply is positively related to women's real wages. We also expect to find a negative relation between mothers' work efforts and other household income.
Bibliography Citation
Leibowitz, Arleen A., Jacob Alex Klerman and Linda J. Waite. "Women's Employment During Pregnancy and Following Birth." Report No. NLS 92-11, Washington DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 1992.
14. Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Klerman, Jacob Alex
Waite, Linda J.
Women's Employment During Pregnancy and Following Childbirth
Report N-3392-DOL/NICHD, The RAND Corporation, 1992.
Also: http://www.rand.org/cgi-bin/Abstracts/e-getabbydoc.pl?N-3392
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: RAND
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Employment; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Women; Work History

Labor supply by pregnant women and recent mothers has expanded rapidly in the last quarter century, and particularly in the last 10 years. The greatest increase in the workforce has been among mothers of the youngest children. This paper uses NLSY data and hazard models to examine how long women worked during their first pregnancy, when they returned to work, the determinants of each of these durations, and their correlation. The authors find strong own wage effects, weak income effects, and some evidence of a time trend.

This Note develops and tests a model of labor supply behavior near the birth of a first child. The model postulates that changes in labor supply are related to changes in a woman's reservation wage, since the market wage she is offered is assumed constant over the period. The reservation wage rises over the course of the pregnancy. After the delivery, the presence of an infant raises the value of the mother's time in the home. Thus, labor supply is hypothesized to relate to market wages as well as to factors that influence home productivity. The measures of home productivity include education, marital status, and family income other than the wife's earnings. The authors test this model on data for the 1980s, a time when major changes in labor force behavior occurred. The results support the hypothesis that women with higher wages are more likely to work both during pregnancy and after giving birth. Women with fewer sources of other family income are also more likely to work.

Bibliography Citation
Leibowitz, Arleen A., Jacob Alex Klerman and Linda J. Waite. "Women's Employment During Pregnancy and Following Childbirth." Report N-3392-DOL/NICHD, The RAND Corporation, 1992.
15. Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Waite, Linda J.
Witsberger, Christina
Child Care for Preschoolers: Differences by Child's Age
Demography 25,2 (May 1988): 205-220.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/j472319256077641/
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Child Care; Labor Force Participation; Preschool Children

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Because of the high rates of employment of mothers, a large and increasing number of preschool children receive regular care from someone else. This paper develops and tests hypotheses about choice of child care arrangements for younger and older preschool children using data from the Young Women's cohort. The authors argue that appropriate care depends on the age of the child. It includes both care by the mother and care by a paid provider in the child's home for children aged 0 to 2, and mother care and nursery school or center care for those 3 to 5. Models of the mother's employment and choice of child care are estimated separately for younger and older preschoolers. The results show that need for care, presence of substitutes for the mother, financial resources, and preferences all affect both full-time care by the mother and type of child care chosen by working women, although they affect these two decisions in different ways.
Bibliography Citation
Leibowitz, Arleen A., Linda J. Waite and Christina Witsberger. "Child Care for Preschoolers: Differences by Child's Age." Demography 25,2 (May 1988): 205-220.
16. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Caldwell, Steven B.
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Waite, Linda J.
The Consequences of Early Childbearing: An Analysis of Selected Parental Outcomes Using Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (Parnes)
Working Paper No. 0999-01, The Urban Institute, Washington DC, 1977.
Also: http://www.lib.muohio.edu/multifacet/record/mu3ugb1214129
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: Urban Institute
Keyword(s): Children; Dropouts; Family Size; Fertility; First Birth; Marital Status; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Schooling; Teenagers

Strong differences have been documented between early and late childbearers in education and family size which appear to have enduring consequences for household income and family wellbeing. Young women who bore their first child while l5 or younger completed about 1.9 fewer years of school by age 24 than did their peers who delayed motherhood until 18, and 2.8 fewer years than those waiting until at least age 24 to have their first child. Women having a first birth at age 15 or less had 1.3 more children by age 24 than women having a first birth at ages 21 to 23; women having a first birth at 16 or 17 had 1.0 more children; while women with a first birth at age 18 had 0.6 more children. The relative sizes of these consequences at ages 24 and 27 were estimated using a path analytic model. In a separate analysis of the same data set, the probability of such critical life events as dropping out of school or the labor force in any year was found to be greater if a first birth occurs in that year and if the woman was married or marries in that year. The evidence suggests that early childbearers will not catch up with later childbearers by returning to school; however, their labor force participation does eventually equal that of later childbearers. These results were obtained in a multivariate model in which factors such as region of residence, familial socio-economic background, race, and cohort were controlled.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Steven B. Caldwell, Sandra L. Hofferth and Linda J. Waite. "The Consequences of Early Childbearing: An Analysis of Selected Parental Outcomes Using Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (Parnes)." Working Paper No. 0999-01, The Urban Institute, Washington DC, 1977.
17. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Caldwell, Steven B.
Waite, Linda J.
Teenage Motherhood: Social and Economic Consequences
Working Paper URI 243000, The Urban Institute, Washington DC, 1979
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: Urban Institute
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Educational Attainment; Family Resources; Fertility; First Birth; Marriage; Occupational Status; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Schooling; Teenagers

This report focuses on the effects of early childbearing on the later social and economic status of the mother and her family; specifically, on education, family size, marriage and marital instability, participation in the labor force and earnings, welfare receipt, and poverty. Each of these outcomes has been studied separately. In addition, the interrelationships between these outcomes have been studied within causal models. These models explore the indirect as well as the direct effects of a woman's age at first childbirth.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Sandra L. Hofferth, Steven B. Caldwell and Linda J. Waite. "Teenage Motherhood: Social and Economic Consequences." Working Paper URI 243000, The Urban Institute, Washington DC, 1979.
18. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Waite, Linda J.
Early Childbearing and Educational Attainment
Family Planning Perspectives 9,5 (September-October 1977): 220-225.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2134432
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute
Keyword(s): Child Care; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Dropouts; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Teenagers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

These data show that early childbearing is strongly associated with a lower level of educational attainment, especially among young women attending school at the time of the birth of the first child, even when other factors known to affect educational attainment are taken into account. The negative impact of early childbearing on a woman's educational attainment is probably due to the difficulty and cost of arranging child care and running a household (if the woman heads her own household or is married), to the necessity of earning a living, and, not least, to the pressures she may encounter from family and friends to devote herself to child care. There is no evidence that the young mother is ever able to catch up educationally with her childless peers. In fact, quite the opposite occurs; teenage mothers are unable to catch up and fall further behind their former classmates who have postponed parenthood.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson and Linda J. Waite. "Early Childbearing and Educational Attainment." Family Planning Perspectives 9,5 (September-October 1977): 220-225.
19. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Waite, Linda J.
Marital Dissolution, Early Motherhood and Early Marriage
Social Forces 60,1 (September 1981): 20-40.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2577930
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: University of North Carolina Press
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Marriage; Children; Fertility; First Birth; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Teenagers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The age at which a young woman marries appears to be related strongly to the probability that the marriage remains intact: older couples tend to make more stable pairings than those who wed while quite young. But youthful marriages are often accompanied by youthful childbearing. The effects of the age at which the woman first wed and the age at which she bore her first child on the likelihood that the marriage dissolved during this period were assessed, net of each other and of the characteristics and circumstances of the woman. We found that, among young wives, teenage parenthood did not appear to increase the risk of divorce or separation, whereas teenage marriage significantly raised the probability of disruption. When the analysis was performed separately by race, this pattern held among white wives; however, for black wives, a first birth before the age of 20 was found to increase instability more than a first marriage before that age. The finding that age at first marriage but not age at first birth is significantly related to the probability of marital dissolution appears robust in the total sample: among subsamples of wives all married at about the same age, the age at which they had their first birth did not influence stability of marriages.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson and Linda J. Waite. "Marital Dissolution, Early Motherhood and Early Marriage." Social Forces 60,1 (September 1981): 20-40.
20. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Waite, Linda J.
Caldwell, Steven B.
Hofferth, Sandra L.
The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Educational Attainment
The Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Children; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Fertility; First Birth; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Marriage; Schooling

The impact of a woman's age at the birth of her first child on the amount of schooling she completes was assessed using two national, longitudinal data sets. National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) analyses are based on annual interviews conducted between l968 and l972 with young women aged 14 to 24 in l968. Information on women aged 22 to 52 in l976, both wives and female heads, was obtained from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) interviews, which were conducted between l968 and l976. Results from analyses on both data sets indicate that early childbearing is associated with significant educational losses, even when the impact of family background, educational goals, and age at marriage are statistically controlled. There is some evidence that older women catch up slightly; but in no instance did even half of the women who became mothers at 17 or younger manage to complete high school. Losses appear to be particularly great for white teenage mothers and for young women who marry as teenagers.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Linda J. Waite, Steven B. Caldwell and Sandra L. Hofferth. "The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Educational Attainment." The Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978.
21. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Waite, Linda J.
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Caldwell, Steven B.
The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Marriage, Separation and Divorce
Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Adolescent; Children; First Birth; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Teenagers

The impact of a woman's age at the birth of her first child on marriage, separation and divorce was assessed using two national longitudinal data sets. Analyses are based on annual interviews conducted between l968 and l972 with the Young Women's cohort of the NLS. Information on women aged 22 to 52 in l976, both wives and female heads, was obtained from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) interviews, which were conducted between l968 and l976. A link between early pregnancy and early marriage was confirmed. An issue of greater debate-the associations among early childbearing, early marriage, and subsequent marital dissolution, was explored in varied ways. Analyses indicate that early marriage, rather than an early birth, increases the probability of subsequent marital break- up. Early childbearing does contribute to marital break-up indirectly, however, since pregnancy is a factor that precipitates many teenage marriages.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Linda J. Waite, Sandra L. Hofferth and Steven B. Caldwell. "The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Marriage, Separation and Divorce." Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978.
22. Shortlidge, Richard L. Jr.
Waite, Linda J.
Suter, Larry E.
Changes in Child Care Arrangements of Working Women: 1965-1971
Presented: American Statistical Association, Business and Economic Statistics Section, 1975
Cohort(s): Mature Women
Publisher: American Statistical Association
Keyword(s): Child Care; Mothers; Transportation

Child care arrangements of working mothers in l965 and l97l are compared in order to test hypotheses about the effects of demographic and economic changes on those arrangements. The results show an increased use of day care centers and family day care homes, which may be attributed to federally funded programs. Additional care by fathers and siblings was also observed. However, the following arrangements were significantly reduced: care after school by the mother, care by the mother at work, care in a relative's home, and care in the child's home by a nonrelative. It appears that the further a woman must travel to work, the less likely she is to care for her children.
Bibliography Citation
Shortlidge, Richard L. Jr., Linda J. Waite and Larry E. Suter. "Changes in Child Care Arrangements of Working Women: 1965-1971." Presented: American Statistical Association, Business and Economic Statistics Section, 1975.
23. Spitze, Glenna D.
Waite, Linda J.
Labor Force and Work Attitudes
Sociology of Work and Occupations 7,1 (February 1980): 3-32.
Also: http://wox.sagepub.com/content/7/1/3.abstract
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Earnings; Family Influences; Sex Roles; Work Attitudes; Work Experience

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The authors examine the relationship between work related attitudes held while in school and early labor force experiences. Findings show that neither variable affects the extent of employment during the first four years after schooling is completed. Women with long range work plans usually begin in low status and low paying jobs which possibly have a greater chance for advancement, compared to those who do not plan for later work. During this early period, attitudes and tastes change in response to certain job characteristics. However, strong tastes for market work may influence early labor force behavior which maximize long term benefits of employment and so might affect timing of work, childbearing, and characteristics of beginning jobs.
Bibliography Citation
Spitze, Glenna D. and Linda J. Waite. "Labor Force and Work Attitudes." Sociology of Work and Occupations 7,1 (February 1980): 3-32.
24. Spitze, Glenna D.
Waite, Linda J.
Wives' Employment: The Roles of Husbands' Perceived Attitudes
Journal of Marriage and Family 43,1 (February 1981): 117-124.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/351422
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Children; Employment; Husbands, Attitudes; Husbands, Influence; Marriage; Schooling; Sex Roles; Wives; Wives, Attitudes; Work Attitudes

Using data from the NLS of Young Women, the relations between husbands' perceived attitudes toward their wives' working and the early employment attitudes and behavior of wives are examined. Revisions in husbands' perceived attitudes during the early years of marriage, to conform with wives' employment attitudes and behavior, are found. In turn, wives' employment behavior is influenced by husbands' perceived preferences, but only among black respondents are wives' attitudes influenced by perceived attitudes of husbands. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Spitze, Glenna D. and Linda J. Waite. "Wives' Employment: The Roles of Husbands' Perceived Attitudes." Journal of Marriage and Family 43,1 (February 1981): 117-124.
25. Spitze, Glenna D.
Waite, Linda J.
Young Women's Preferences for Market Work: Responses to Marital Events
Research in Population Economics 3 (1981): 147-166
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: JAI Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Family Resources; First Birth; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Motherhood; Work Attitudes; Work History

The authors examine how women's relative preferences for market work and home work are affected by first marriage, marital dissolution, and first birth. The findings show that first marriage decreases market work preferences through age 24 but not beyond that age. Marital dissolution tends to increase market work preferences for ages 19 through 29. Finally, first birth has no immediate impact; however, 1 to 2 years later there are significant upward revisions in market work preferences.
Bibliography Citation
Spitze, Glenna D. and Linda J. Waite. "Young Women's Preferences for Market Work: Responses to Marital Events." Research in Population Economics 3 (1981): 147-166.
26. Stolzenberg, Ross M.
Waite, Linda J.
Age, Fertility Expectations and Plans for Employment
American Sociological Review 42,5 (October 1977): 769-783.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2094865
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Children; Control; Employment; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Learning Hypothesis; Life Cycle Research; Marital Status; Work Knowledge

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Fertility, female labor force participation, and the relationship between them are key subjects in a number of theoretical and applied areas of sociology. Because sex role norms and the widespread use of birth control devices have given American women much control over their fertility and substantial choice in their labor force activity (or inactivity), understanding the development and interrelationship of labor force participation plans and fertility expectations assumes great importance in understanding actual labor force participation and actual fertility. As a step toward understanding this development, the authors describe and attempt to explain the effect of women's age on the relationship between their labor force participation plans and their fertility expectations. Using data from a national sample of young women aged l9 to 29 in l973 (N=3,589), a strong, linear relationship (r=-.96) was found between women's age and the effect of their plans for labor force participation on the number of children that they expect to bear in their lifetime. An explanation of this finding (called the Learning Hypothesis) is advanced which survives tests against several plausible alternative hypotheses. Policy implications and productive paths for future research are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Stolzenberg, Ross M. and Linda J. Waite. "Age, Fertility Expectations and Plans for Employment." American Sociological Review 42,5 (October 1977): 769-783.
27. Suter, Larry E.
Waite, Linda J.
Changes in Fertility Expectations of Young Women: Evidence from Longitudinal Data
Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1975
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Children; Fertility; Sex Roles; Work Experience; Work History

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper uses tabulations of two questions included in the l97l and l973 interviews of the NLS of Young Women. Several factors believed to account for a decline in the level of birth expectations were examined: changes in work experience and work plans, concern for population growth, and increasing attitudes toward a non-family role for women.
Bibliography Citation
Suter, Larry E. and Linda J. Waite. "Changes in Fertility Expectations of Young Women: Evidence from Longitudinal Data." Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1975.
28. Suter, Larry E.
Waite, Linda J.
Stolzenberg, Ross M.
Birth Expectations and Working Plans of Young Women: Changes in Role Choices
Final Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1976
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Children; Employment; Fertility

The report explores plans of young women for labor force participation, their expectations for childbearing and the relationship between these intentions. Data from the l968 to l973 waves of the NLS of Young Women form the basis for the research. In the first chapter, the short-run stability of young women's reports on the number of children they expect to have in their lifetimes is examined. In the second and third chapters the relationship between young women's childbearing plans and intentions to work at age 35 is explored using nonrecursive models which allow reciprocal causation between work plans and fertility expectations. Planned family size was found to have only a small effect on young women's expectations for employment.
Bibliography Citation
Suter, Larry E., Linda J. Waite and Ross M. Stolzenberg. "Birth Expectations and Working Plans of Young Women: Changes in Role Choices." Final Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1976.
29. Waite, Linda J.
Projecting Female Labor Force Participation From Sex-Role Attitudes
Social Science Research 7,4 (December 1978): 299-318.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0049089X78900169
Cohort(s): Mature Women, Young Women
Publisher: Academic Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Sex Roles; Women's Roles; Work Attitudes

In this paper, evidence on the casual connection between employment of women and sex-role attitudes is presented and evaluated utilizing data from the Mature and Young Women cohorts. The effects of sex-role attitudes on labor force participation are reviewed and changes in sex-role attitudes during the next 15 years are projected. Information on the relationship between sex-role attitudes and labor market activity is used to make tentative projections of female labor force participation to 1990. ... The concept of the "family life cycle" provides a valuable context within which to study labor force participation of married women. This article tests the hypothesis that the process by which wives make the decision to supply labor to the market varies with position in that life cycle. An examination is made of market activity during the early stages of the cycle, from marriage through the completion of childbearing. The effects of the most important determinants of married women's labor force involvement are found to depend on life-cycle stage. Wives who consider their families complete tend to be more responsive to family financial circumstances and the characteristics of the labor market in which they live than do childless women or mothers who expect more children. History of employment is found to be most important in predicting current market activity for mothers who expect more children and least important for those who do not.
Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J. "Projecting Female Labor Force Participation From Sex-Role Attitudes." Social Science Research 7,4 (December 1978): 299-318.
30. Waite, Linda J.
Working Wives and the Life Cycle
American Journal of Sociology 86,2 (September 1980): 272-294.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2778665
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Children; Family Resources; Life Cycle Research; Schooling; Wives; Work History

The concept of the "family life cycle" provides a valuable context within which to study labor force participation of married women. This article tests the hypothesis that the process by which wives make the decision to supply labor to the market varies with position in that life cycle. An examination is made of market activity during the early stages of the cycle, from marriage through the completion of childbearing. The effects of the most important determinants of married women's labor force involvement are found to depend on life-cycle stage. Wives who consider their families complete tend to be more responsible to family financial circumstances and the characteristics of the labor market in which they live than do childless women or mothers who expect more children. History of employment is found to be most important in predicting current market activity for mothers who expect more children and least important for those who do not.
Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J. "Working Wives and the Life Cycle." American Journal of Sociology 86,2 (September 1980): 272-294.
31. Waite, Linda J.
Berryman, Sue E.
Job Stability Among Young Women: A Comparison of Traditional and Nontraditional Occupations
American Journal of Sociology 92,3 (November 1986): 568-595.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2779916
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Job Turnover; Military Training; Mobility; Mobility, Labor Market; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Non-Traditional

This paper explores young women's retention in sex-atypical jobs in the military and in civilian firms. It develops hypotheses about the effects on one-year turnover of sex composition of the occupation in the national labor force. These hypotheses were drawn from several theoretical perspectives on career mobility and the effects of outgroup membership on acceptance. Tests of these hypotheses, using data from the NLSY, provide no evidence that being in a nontraditional occupation increases the chances that a young woman will leave her current employer. The military sector shows a more complex relationship between occupational typicality and women's exit from the services.
Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J. and Sue E. Berryman. "Job Stability Among Young Women: A Comparison of Traditional and Nontraditional Occupations." American Journal of Sociology 92,3 (November 1986): 568-595.
32. Waite, Linda J.
Berryman, Sue E.
Women in Nontraditional Occupations: Comparisons of the Military and Civilian Sectors
Presented: Detroit, MI, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1983
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Job Tenure; Military Training; Mobility, Job; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male; Occupations, Non-Traditional; Variables, Independent - Covariate

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Since the early 1970s, the United States military has dramatically increased its recruitment of women and, to ensure that their promotion possibilities would equal those of men, has adopted a policy of distributing women among all eligible occupations, including some formerly filled only by men. The military has had mixed success in integrating women into these nontraditional jobs. Many women prefer traditional work, in medical, clerical, or administrative specialties. Anecdotal evidence suggests that recruiters sometimes pressure them into nontraditional training slots. Among those women who accept traditionally male jobs, tensions often arise with male coworkers and supervisors, which may explain, in part, the higher attrition rate of women. Attrition studies, though few in number, show high attrition of women from blue-collar, nontraditional jobs in both the military and civilian sectors; nontraditional professional, managerial, and administrative jobs show lower attrition. Hypotheses relating to female attrition rates in nontraditional jobs are developed and tested separately in the civilian and military sectors, using data from the NLSY (1979-1981), which included a special supplement on youth in the military, among them 300 women. A polytomous logit specification is used, allowing women who began the period in nontraditional jobs to: (1) remain in the job or change to another nontraditional job; (2) change to a traditional job; or (3) leave the labor force. Polytomous logit permits assessment of the impact of the independent variables on the probability of making each of these transitions relative to making a reference transition.
Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J. and Sue E. Berryman. "Women in Nontraditional Occupations: Comparisons of the Military and Civilian Sectors." Presented: Detroit, MI, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1983.
33. Waite, Linda J.
Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin
Witsberger, Christina
Nonfamily Living and the Erosion of Traditional Family Orientations Among Young Adults
American Sociological Review 51,4 (August 1986): 541-554.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095586
Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Family Structure; Gender Differences; Sex Roles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Young adults in recent cohorts have been leaving the parental home earlier and marrying later now than they did several decades ago, resulting in an increased period of independent living. This paper explores the consequences of time spent in non-family living, using data from the NLS of Young Men and Young Women. The authors expected that experience in living away from home prior to marriage will cause young adults to change their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, and move them away from a traditional family orientation. They found strong support for this hypothesis for young women; those who lived independently became more likely to plan for employment, lowered their expected family size, became more accepting of employment of mothers, and more non- traditional on sex roles in the family than those who lived with their parents. Non-family living had much weaker effects on young men in the few tests that were performed for them. The paper also addresses the conditions under which living away increases individualism, and discusses the implications of these findings.
Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J., Frances Kobrin Goldscheider and Christina Witsberger. "Nonfamily Living and the Erosion of Traditional Family Orientations Among Young Adults." American Sociological Review 51,4 (August 1986): 541-554.
34. Waite, Linda J.
Harrison, Scott C.
Keeping in Touch: How Women in Mid-life Allocate Social Contacts among Kith and Kin
Social Forces 70,3 (March 1992): 637-654.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2579747
Cohort(s): Mature Women
Publisher: University of North Carolina Press
Keyword(s): Employment; Family Structure; Geographical Variation; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Support Networks

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Among 3,677 surveyed women, aged 44-59, contacts with friends and family depended on the relationship and household structure, followed by distance, resources, and individual predisposition toward maintaining ties. Race, educational attainment, and residence in the South or rural areas affected certain types of contacts. Contains 36 references.
Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J. and Scott C. Harrison. "Keeping in Touch: How Women in Mid-life Allocate Social Contacts among Kith and Kin." Social Forces 70,3 (March 1992): 637-654.
35. Waite, Linda J.
Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Witsberger, Christina
What Parents Pay For: Child Care Characteristics, Quality, and Costs
Journal of Social Issues 47,2 (Summer 1991): 33-48.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb00286.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation
Keyword(s): Child Care; Children; Preschool Children

Although most children whose mothers work receive some non-parental care, this "child care" varies greatly in its features, especially quality. Child development researchers and practitioners have explored in detail the features of child care that provide the best environment for children. However, we know virtually nothing about which parents select "high-quality" care for their children, or which arrangements most often have the features associated with the best outcomes for children. This paper explores these issues, using data from the NLSY. We find that on several dimensions, care in a home--the child's own, a nonrelative's or a relative's--provides features linked to quality care. Our results show, however, that parents do not pay more for any of the features of child care associated in the child development literatures with high quality. Finally, we find that those families with the greatest access to relatives obtain the highest "quality" care. The implications of these results are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J., Arleen A. Leibowitz and Christina Witsberger. "What Parents Pay For: Child Care Characteristics, Quality, and Costs." Journal of Social Issues 47,2 (Summer 1991): 33-48.
36. Waite, Linda J.
Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Witsberger, Christina
What Parents Pay For: Quality of Child Care and Child Care Costs
Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1988
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Child Care; Children; Preschool Children

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Although most children whose mothers work receive some non-parental care, this "child care" varies greatly in its features, especially quality. Child development researchers and practitioners have explored in detail the features of child care that provide the best environment for children. However, we know virtually nothing about which parents select "high-quality" care for their children, or which arrangements most often have the features associated with the best outcomes for children. This paper explores these issues, using data from the NLSY. We find that on several dimensions, care in a home--the child's own, a nonrelative's or a relative's--provides features linked to quality care. Our results show, however, that parents do not pay more for any of the features of child care associated in the child development literatures with high quality. Finally, we find that those families with the greatest access to relatives obtain the highest "quality" care. The implications o f these results are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J., Arleen A. Leibowitz and Christina Witsberger. "What Parents Pay For: Quality of Child Care and Child Care Costs." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1988.
37. Waite, Linda J.
Moore, Kristin Anderson
The Impact of an Early First Birth on Young Women's Educational Attainment
Social Forces 56,3 (March 1978): 845-865.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2577222
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: University of North Carolina Press
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Children; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; First Birth; Motherhood; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Women's Education

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Women who become mothers at an early age tend to accumulate fewer years of schooling than those who delay entry into motherhood. In this paper, the impact of age at first birth on the process of educational attainment of young women is examined using data from the NLS of Young Women for the period 1968 to 1972. The results of this analysis indicate that: (1) the younger the age at first birth, the fewer years of schooling completed, other things equal; (2) the effect of most determinants of educational attainment depends on age at first birth; and (3) the educational decrement caused by an early birth is about half as large for young black women as for their white counterparts.
Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J. and Kristin Anderson Moore. "The Impact of an Early First Birth on Young Women's Educational Attainment." Social Forces 56,3 (March 1978): 845-865.
38. Waite, Linda J.
Spitze, Glenna D.
Young Women's Transition to Marriage
Demography 18,4 (November 1981): 681-694.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/b8n6453728t53wxu/
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Children; Educational Attainment; Marriage; Occupational Status; Parental Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines determinants of timing of marriage for young women by modeling the transition from the single to the married state by age. The authors find that those characteristics of a young woman's parental family that reflect the availability of parental resources tend to decrease the chances of a marriage during the early teens. Chances of marrying appear to decrease with increases in the availability and attractiveness of alternatives to the wife role and in the costs of assuming it.
Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J. and Glenna D. Spitze. "Young Women's Transition to Marriage." Demography 18,4 (November 1981): 681-694.
39. Waite, Linda J.
Stolzenberg, Ross M.
Intended Childbearing and Labor Force Participation of Young Women: Insights from Nonrecursive Models
American Sociological Review 41,2 (April 1976): 235-252.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2094471
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Children; Employment; Family Resources; Fertility; Husbands, Influence; Marital Status; Work Attitudes

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this paper, we investigate young women's fertility expectations and plans for future labor force participation (i.e., plans for labor force participation when they are 35 years old). Our analyses are based on a large national sample of women in their mid twenties (n=3589 after deletion of cases with missing data). The authors found that the number of children a woman plans to bear has only a small effect on the probability that she plans to participate in the labor force when she is 35 years old. However, it was found that a woman's plans to participate in the labor force when she is 35 have a substantial effect on the total number of children she plans to bear in her lifetime. This relationship was found for presently married and for never-married women. That same relationship was found for married women when their husbands' income and their husbands' attitudes toward their labor force participation are included in the model. Methodological implications of these findings for other studies of women's fertility and labor force activity are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J. and Ross M. Stolzenberg. "Intended Childbearing and Labor Force Participation of Young Women: Insights from Nonrecursive Models." American Sociological Review 41,2 (April 1976): 235-252.
40. Waite, Linda J.
Suter, Larry E.
Shortlidge, Richard L. Jr.
Changes in Child Care Arrangements of Working Women from 1965 to 1971
Social Science Quarterly 58,2 (September 1977): 302-311
Cohort(s): Mature Women
Publisher: University of Texas Press
Keyword(s): Child Care; Childhood Education, Early; Mothers

Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J., Larry E. Suter and Richard L. Jr. Shortlidge. "Changes in Child Care Arrangements of Working Women from 1965 to 1971." Social Science Quarterly 58,2 (September 1977): 302-311.
41. Yoon, Young-Hee
Waite, Linda J.
Converging Employment Patterns of Black, White and Hispanic Women: Return to Work after First Birth
Journal of Marriage and Family 56,1 (February 1994): 209-217.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352715
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Demography; Education; Ethnic Differences; Family Income; Fertility; First Birth; Hispanics; Human Capital; Income; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Racial Differences; Work Experience

An earlier version of this article was presented at the 1991 annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Cincinnati, August 23-27. This study examines the determinants of women's return to work following the birth of their first child among white, black and Mexican-origin women to test the general hypothesis that previous racial differentials--observed during the later 1960s and early 1970s--in employment of new mothers have disappeared with changes in overall employment patterns of women. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show the expected pattern. Several important measures of a woman's human capital, such as value of time, job experience, and work role attitudes have similar effects in predicting postnatal labor force participation for the three groups. However, other human capital and demographic factors, especially education, family income other than the woman's earnings, and residence in an urban area affect return to work differently for black and white mothers. The results are tied to changes in job characteristics, the economy, and the family.
Bibliography Citation
Yoon, Young-Hee and Linda J. Waite. "Converging Employment Patterns of Black, White and Hispanic Women: Return to Work after First Birth." Journal of Marriage and Family 56,1 (February 1994): 209-217.
42. Yoon, Young-Hee
Waite, Linda J.
Converging Employment Patterns of Black, White, and Hispanic Women--Return to Work After First Birth
Working Paper, DRU-525-NICHD, Santa Monica CA, The Rand Corporation, October 1993
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: RAND
Keyword(s): Demography; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups; Family Income; Fertility; First Birth; Hispanics; Human Capital; Maternal Employment; Racial Differences; Re-employment; Residence; Work Experience; Work Reentry

This study examines the determinants of women's return to work following the birth of their first child among white, black and Mexican-origin women to test the general hypothesis that previous racial differentials--observed during the later 1960s and early 1970s--in employment of new mothers have disappeared with changes in overall employment patterns of women. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show the expected pattern. Several important measures of a woman's human capital, such as value of time, job experience, and work role attitudes have similar effects in predicting postnatal force participation for the three groups. However, other human capital and demographic factors, especially education, family income other than the woman's earning, and residence in an urban area affect return to work differently for black and white mothers. The results are tied to changes in job characteristics, the economy, and the family.
Bibliography Citation
Yoon, Young-Hee and Linda J. Waite. "Converging Employment Patterns of Black, White, and Hispanic Women--Return to Work After First Birth." Working Paper, DRU-525-NICHD, Santa Monica CA, The Rand Corporation, October 1993.
43. Yoon, Young-Hee
Waite, Linda J.
Converging Employment Patterns of Black, White, and Hispanic Women, Return to Work After First Birth
RAND Publication, RP-299. Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, 1996
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: RAND
Keyword(s): Employment; Ethnic Differences; Family Income; Fertility; First Birth; Hispanic Studies; Human Capital; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Racial Differences; Re-employment; Residence; Work Experience

Originally published in: Journal of Marriage and the Family, v. 56, no. 1, Feb. 1994. This study examines the determinants of womens' return to work following the birth of their first child among white, black and Mexican-origin women to test the general hypothesis that previous racial differentials--observed during the later 1960s and early 1970s--in employment of new mothers have disappeared with changes in overall employment patterns of women. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show the expected pattern. Several important measures of a woman's human capital, such as value of time, job experience, and work role attitudes have similar effects in predicting postnatal force participation for the three groups. However, other human capital and demographic factors, especially education, family income other than the woman's earning, and residence in an urban area affect return to work differently for black and white mothers. The results are tied to changes in job characteristics, the economy, and the family.
Bibliography Citation
Yoon, Young-Hee and Linda J. Waite. Converging Employment Patterns of Black, White, and Hispanic Women, Return to Work After First Birth. RAND Publication, RP-299. Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, 1996.
44. Yoon, Young-Hee
Waite, Linda J.
Women's Return to Work after First Birth: Differences between Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics
Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Statistical Association Annual Meetings, August 1991
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Statistical Association
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; First Birth; Geographical Variation; Hispanics; Marital Status; Psychological Effects; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Sex Roles

Data from the NLSY, 1979-1985, are used to examine factors affecting the probability that women return to work after their first births. Compared are white, black, and Hispanic mothers for three postpartum periods: 0-3 months, 3-11 months, and 12-24 months. Findings show that the pace of return to employment was faster for white than minority mothers. Discrete time hazard models indicate that human capital variables (income, education, prebirth job experience) have similar effects for all three groups. However, white and Hispanic mothers also respond to sex role attitudes, marital status, and age at first birth. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.]
Bibliography Citation
Yoon, Young-Hee and Linda J. Waite. "Women's Return to Work after First Birth: Differences between Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Statistical Association Annual Meetings, August 1991.