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4501. |
Morgan, William R. |
Business Cycle Effects on College Enrollment Behavior In: Pathways to the Future, Volume V: A Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1983, P.Baker, ed., Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Business Cycles; College Enrollment Chapter Three analyzes business cycle effects on college enrollment behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morgan, William R. "Business Cycle Effects on College Enrollment Behavior." In: Pathways to the Future, Volume V: A Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1983, P.Baker, ed., Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985. |
4502. |
Morgan, William R. |
Chapter 4: Schooling Effects on Youth from Public, Catholic and Other Private High Schools In: Pathways to the Future, Volume III: A Final Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1981. Borus, Michael E., ed. Columbus, Ohio: Center for Human Resource Research, 1983. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED236221.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Private Schools Chapter 4 compares the quality of education in public versus private schools. This report is based on data from the 1979, 1980 and 1981 waves of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience. These data were collected for a nationally representative sample of 12,686 youth in 1979, 12,141 in 1980 and 12,195 in 1981. This report contains four analytical chapters. Chapter One investigates those characteristics of jobs that make them desirable to youth. In sum, youth jobs that are satisfying should provide security, genuine skill acquisition, and a healthful work environment. Chapter Two examines the relationship between crime and employment using a model that combines economic and sociological approaches. Chapter Three investigates the effects of two determinants of educational aspirations and delinquent behavior: high school students' participation in their school's informal social system (measured by non-class and non-studying time spent at school) and their expression of positive sentiments towards their schools. The final chapter Chapter 4) tests the findings of Coleman, Hoffer and Kilgore who conclude that public secondary schools provide an inferior education relative to private schools. The clear conclusion was that being in the college preparatory curriculum in either public or private secondary school is much more critical than the type of school for maximizing the two educational outcomes. An executive summary is included. (BW) |
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Bibliography Citation
Morgan, William R. "Chapter 4: Schooling Effects on Youth from Public, Catholic and Other Private High Schools" In: Pathways to the Future, Volume III: A Final Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1981. Borus, Michael E., ed. Columbus, Ohio: Center for Human Resource Research, 1983.
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4503. |
Morgan, William R. |
Learning and Student Life Quality of Public and Private School Youth Sociology of Education 56,4 (October 1983): 187-202. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2112548 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Education, Guidance and Counseling; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; High School Curriculum; Hispanics; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Private Schools; Schooling; Vocational Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Conclusions from the 1981 public-private schooling report of Coleman, Hoffer and Kilgore are mostly not supported using data from the NLSY. With the exception of a slight gain in verbal achievement for Hispanics in private schools, and a slight gain in vocational achievement for white students in public schools, the sectors do not differ in the amount of learning produced, once the appropriate background and curriculum controls are introduced. Attending Catholic school does slightly raise expected educational attainments. Consistent sector differences do appear in the rated quality of student life--instructional quality, discipline, safety, and peer relations are rated higher in private schools, while learning freedom and job counseling opportunities are rated higher in public schools. The discussion emphasizes the crucial difference between learning and quality of student life as criteria for making policy recommendations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morgan, William R. "Learning and Student Life Quality of Public and Private School Youth." Sociology of Education 56,4 (October 1983): 187-202.
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4504. |
Morgan, William R. |
Quantity of Learning and Quality of Life for Public and Private High School Youth In: Youth and the Labor Market. M.E. Borus, ed. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute, 1984: pp. 111-156 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Keyword(s): Education; High School Students Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morgan, William R. "Quantity of Learning and Quality of Life for Public and Private High School Youth" In: Youth and the Labor Market. M.E. Borus, ed. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute, 1984: pp. 111-156
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4505. |
Morgan, William R. |
Sibling Influences on the Career Plans of Male and Female Youth Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Family Structure; Occupational Aspirations; Pairs (also see Siblings); Self-Reporting; Siblings; Transition, School to Work Using as a starting point Olneck's 1977 finding that the adult earnings of brothers are more similar than their common origin status would lead us to expect, this report analyzes the effects of siblings on career aspirations. Data from 5715 respondents who form 2419 sibling groups of two, three or four are used to see how their self- reported career aspirations influenced each other from 1979 to 1982. The principal finding is that brothers, and brothers only, reinforce one another's occupational aspirations during the critical years of occupational identity formation when youth are beginning to make the transition to full-time employment. The apparent absence of a similar socialization mechanism between sisters may be one further hidden barrier to the career development of females. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morgan, William R. "Sibling Influences on the Career Plans of Male and Female Youth." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983. |
4506. |
Morgan, William R. |
The Analysis of NLS Youth in Public and Private Schools: Response to Coleman and Hoffer Sociology of Education 57,2 (April 1984): 122-128. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2112634 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Private Schools; Research Methodology Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Morgan responds to Coleman and Hoffer's critique of his analysis. Contrary to their claims, his analysis used weighted data from a fully representative sample of adequate size. Moreover, the model specification Coleman and Hoffer advocated was in fact estimated and reported in the article. Additional information on the NLSY is reported for the sake of educational researchers considering use of the data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morgan, William R. "The Analysis of NLS Youth in Public and Private Schools: Response to Coleman and Hoffer." Sociology of Education 57,2 (April 1984): 122-128.
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4507. |
Morin, Richard |
Is Eye Color Associated With Alcoholism Abuse? Washington Post, September 16, 2001, Outlook; Pg. B05 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on Jonathan Basset and James Dabb's study of the correlation between eye color and alcohol abuse. Using NLSY data, they find that light-eyed individuals have higher rates of alcohol abuse than dark-eyed individuals. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morin, Richard. "Is Eye Color Associated With Alcoholism Abuse?." Washington Post, September 16, 2001, Outlook; Pg. B05. |
4508. |
Morin, Richard |
It Helps, Even If You Fake It/Property Value Washington Post, Sunday, March 30, 2003, Final Edition, Outlook; Pg. B05. Also: http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A45195-2003Mar28¬Found=true Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Education; Home Ownership; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Newspaper article on study by Donald R. Haurin, professor of economics at Ohio State University, that found that parent home ownership positively affects their children's academic performance. The Study utilized NLSY79 Youth and Child data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morin, Richard. "It Helps, Even If You Fake It/Property Value." Washington Post, Sunday, March 30, 2003, Final Edition, Outlook; Pg. B05. |
4509. |
Morin, Richard |
More Evidence That Lefties Have the Right Stuff Washington Post, August 9, 2006: Pg. A02. Also: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/08/AR2006080801631.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Earnings; Education; Gender Differences; Handedness; Labor Market Demographics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on the work of Ruebeck, Harrington, and Moffit, who studied the correlation between right- and left-handedness and earnings. They found that left-handed men earn more than their right-handed counterparts, while right- and left-handed women earn the same amount. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morin, Richard. "More Evidence That Lefties Have the Right Stuff." Washington Post, August 9, 2006: Pg. A02. |
4510. |
Morin, Richard |
New Facts and Hot Stats from the Social Sciences Washington Post, December 18, 1994, Outlook; Pg. C5 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Economics of Minorities; I.Q.; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on arguments made against Murray and Herrnstein's "The Bell Curve," a study which utilized NLSY79 data. Carnoy's study, based on "much of the same data as Herrnstein and Murray," maintains that Asian-American's high test scores prove that the wage gap is not solely based on race or I.Q. Thomas argues that the NLSY79 data relied on in "The Bell Curve" only tracked people into their twenties, whereas wage disparities based on race typically become more pronounced when an individual is in his or her thirties. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morin, Richard. "New Facts and Hot Stats from the Social Sciences." Washington Post, December 18, 1994, Outlook; Pg. C5. |
4511. |
Morin, Richard |
Spillover Effect Washington Post, April 18, 2002, Outlook; Pg. B05. Also: http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A29295-2002Aug17¬Found=true Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): College Education; College Graduates; Earnings; Economic Well-Being; Economics, Demographic; Economics, Regional; Education; Educational Returns; High School Dropouts Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Article on UCLA economist Enrico Moretti's "spillover effect," the theory that an increase in the proportion of college graduates in an area affects all worker's wages. High school dropouts experienced the greatest gain. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morin, Richard. "Spillover Effect." Washington Post, April 18, 2002, Outlook; Pg. B05. |
4512. |
Morin, Richard |
Unconventional Wisdom: The Marriage Money Gap Washington Post, Sunday, May 25, 2003: Page B05. Also: http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A33612-2003May23¬Found=true Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Economic Well-Being; Family Income; Husbands, Income; Wives, Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Do husbands and wives have the same view of the family's financial situation? This research shows that when couples are asked separately about finances, very different views emerge of income and wealth. Quantifying the gap between husbands' and wives' financial statements shows half of all couples provide family income values that differ by more than 10% and net worth values that differ by more than 30%. The typical husband states the family receives more income each year and holds more gross assets than his wife states. The typical wife reports the family owes more debts than her husband. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morin, Richard. "Unconventional Wisdom: The Marriage Money Gap." Washington Post, Sunday, May 25, 2003: Page B05. |
4513. |
Morin, Richard |
Up in Smoke Washington Post, February 13, 2005: Pg. B05. Also: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18475-2005Feb12.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Assets; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article uses Jay Zagorsky's study on the effect of smoking on wealth. NLSY79 data show that non-smokers have a higher net worth than smokers do. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morin, Richard. "Up in Smoke." Washington Post, February 13, 2005: Pg. B05. |
4514. |
Morin, Richard |
Whence Came the 'Bell Curve' Data Plain Dealer, January 20, 1995, Editorials and Forum; Pg. 11B Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Plain Dealer Publishing Co. Keyword(s): NLS Description Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article discusses the National Longitudinal Survey, its users, its history, and its role in Murray and Herrnstein's "The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life." Professor Randy Olsen of the Center for Human Resources Research, the organization that collects NLS data, is interviewed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morin, Richard. "Whence Came the 'Bell Curve' Data." Plain Dealer, January 20, 1995, Editorials and Forum; Pg. 11B. |
4515. |
Morin, Richard Deane, Claudia |
Welfare Reform Reforms Teens, Study Says Washington Post, (May 28, 2002): A15. Also: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18727-2002May27.html Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior; Birth Rate; Educational Attainment; Household Composition; Legislation; Mothers, Education; Parents, Single; School Dropouts; Teenagers; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Welfare reform has reduced the birth rate among teenage women who are at the greatest risk of going on public assistance, cut their welfare use and lowered their school dropout rate, according to a paper published last week by the National Bureau of Economic Research. Economists Robert Kaestner and June O'Neill of Baruch College in New York also said that teenage mothers were less likely to go on the dole and "more likely to live with a spouse or to live with at least one parent than in the pre-reform era." If confirmed by additional studies, these results suggest that the 1996 act overhauling the welfare system may be doing what parents, government and social agencies have failed to do: change the behaviors of teenagers -- particularly those most at risk of falling into welfare, Kaestner and O'Neill said. They based their conclusions on a detailed analysis of data from the federally funded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. This ongoing series of polls annually samples young people and then reinterviews them in succeeding years. Kaestner and O'Neill were particularly interested in tracking the fortunes of "high risk" girls aged 17 and 19 in the 1979 sample and a group of similarly aged teens in the 1997 survey. Both groups were followed for about three years. High-risk teens were defined as girls who, among other things, lived at age 12 in a family headed by a single female and had a mother with relatively little education. The authors found that 28 percent of the 19-year-olds in the 1979 study group had given birth, compared with 19 percent in the 1997 group. The dropout rate stood at 26 percent among 19-year-olds in the 1979 sample but at 16 percent in the most recent group. About 10 percent of these teens in the earlier study had received welfare, compared with 5 percent in the post-reform group. The study comes at a politically propitious time. The 1996 welfare act expires in the fall. The House recently passed a Republican welfare plan but the Senate has not yet voted on welfare legislation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morin, Richard and Claudia Deane. "Welfare Reform Reforms Teens, Study Says." Washington Post, (May 28, 2002): A15. |
4516. |
Moro, Andrea Tello-Trillo, Sebastian Tempesti, Tommaso |
The Impact of Obesity on Wages: The Role of Personal Interactions and Job Selection Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 33,2 (June 2019): 125-146. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/labr.12145 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Obesity; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Racial Differences; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty We estimate the effects of obesity on wages accounting for the endogenous selection of workers into jobs requiring different levels of personal interactions in the workplace. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 combined with detailed information about occupation characteristics from O*Net, we confirm the results from the literature finding a wage penalty for obese White women. This penalty is higher in jobs that require a high level of personal interactions. Accounting for job selection does not significantly change the estimated wage penalty. |
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Bibliography Citation
Moro, Andrea, Sebastian Tello-Trillo and Tommaso Tempesti. "The Impact of Obesity on Wages: The Role of Personal Interactions and Job Selection." Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 33,2 (June 2019): 125-146.
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4517. |
Morris, Lisa Loux, Stephenie Ziller, Erika Hartley, David |
Rural-Urban Differences in Work Patterns Among Adults with Depressive Symptoms Working Paper No. 38, Maine Rural Health Research Center, Muskie School of Public Service, University of Southern Maine, March 2008. Also: http://muskie.usm.maine.edu/Publications/rural/wp38Depression-Employment.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Muskie School of Public Services Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Health, Mental/Psychological; Insurance, Health; Residence; Rural Areas; Rural/Urban Differences; Stress; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background. Mental illness can be a debilitating condition, making it difficult to fulfill many of life's roles, including that of wage earner. Whether resulting from job-related stress, social or environmental stressors, or other factors, sub-acute mental distress may pose temporary or long-term impairment to role functions, including the ability to earn a living. In rural areas, several factors may exacerbate the threat to normal role functioning posed by mental health problems. Small employers are less likely to have an Employee Assistance Program (EAP) that can respond to such sub-diagnostic problems, and are less likely to offer a mental health insurance benefit. With or without insurance, it is more difficult to find a mental health provider in rural areas, and there is some evidence that rural residents may be less likely to seek such services, due to stigma and fear that their privacy will not be protected. In addition, the job market in rural areas may further exacerbate the problem, with lower wages, fewer job alternatives, and reduced ability to accommodate the special needs of an employee in distress, due to having a smaller, less diversified job market. Despite the importance to both workers and employers of understanding the impact of mental distress on work patterns, there are no studies to date that have examined this from a rural perspective. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a nationally representative survey of adults, this project addresses the issue of poor mental health among young to middle-career rural residents and how their employment may be affected. Specifically, we investigate how depressive symptoms affect employment patterns, and the extent to which such effects differ by rural and urban residence. Findings. Our analysis follows a cohort sample from 1992 through 2004, although the specific findings presented in this paper are based on the 1992 survey data. The sixteen percent of our sample identified as rural differ from the urban sample in that they are more likely to be married, have less education, are less likely to be black or Hispanic, and less likely to have health insurance. For both urban and rural subjects, individuals with depressive symptoms work less than those who are not depressed as indicated by annual weeks worked (42.7 vs. 46.3, p<.001), annual hours worked (1781.6 vs. 1973.0, p<.001), and percent not working in the past year (19.6 vs. 10.5, p < .001). However, our multivariate analysis finds that depressed rural residents have no more difficulty maintaining employment than the urban depressed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morris, Lisa, Stephenie Loux, Erika Ziller and David Hartley. "Rural-Urban Differences in Work Patterns Among Adults with Depressive Symptoms." Working Paper No. 38, Maine Rural Health Research Center, Muskie School of Public Service, University of Southern Maine, March 2008. |
4518. |
Morris, Martina Bernhardt, Annette Handcock, Mark S. Scott, Marc A. |
The Transition to Work in the Post-Industrial Labor Market Working Paper 98-12, Population Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, August 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Population Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Education; Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Re-employment; Transition, School to Work; Unemployment; Wage Differentials; Wage Growth; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Meetings, August 1998 American workers have witnessed striking changes in their jobs and wages during the last three decades. It is no longer simply a matter of growing income inequality, but increasingly deeper changes that go to the root of what it means to have a job and to build a career. Young workers are pessimistic about their chances for upward mobility and education no longer seems a guarantee of success. Workplaces are being restructured, creating anxiety about being laid-off and downsized. The recovery of the 1990s did not prove the cure-all that other recoveries have in the past, and disadvantaged groups in particular are being left behind. There is a growing sense that Americans are working under new rules. The very character of the American employment relationship appears to be changing - in how the workplace is organized, in how workers are matched with jobs, and in how wages and the terms of employment are set. This paper reports on a subset of findings from a larger study of the changes in job and wage mobility over the past 30 years. In this study, we compare two cohorts of young white men, from the National Longitudinal Surveys. The original cohort entered the labor market in the late 1960s at the tail of the economic boom, and was followed through the 70s decade. The recent cohort entered the labor market in the early 1980s after the onset of economic restructuring, and was followed through the early 90s. We observe both cohorts for a full 16 years, at exactly the same ages - respondents are in their late teens and early 20s at the start of the survey, and are in their mid-30s by the end. We can therefore compare the progress of the two cohorts during the initial stages of their careers, but under different economic conditions. It is during this period that workers make the transition from school to work, and lay the groundwork for an eventual long-term relationship wi th an employer. The key finding reported in this paper is that the transition to the labor market has become longer and more volatile. Young workers who do not go on to college are more likely to be intermittently unemployed and to rely on part-time jobs for a greater number of years. This is especially marked among high school dropouts. Those who do go on to college are more likely to work while enrolled and to significantly draw out the period of enrollment. For both groups, it takes longer to find a full-year job than it has in the past. The recent cohort is also less likely to make a single, clean transition to the labor market. Instead, these young workers are more likely to move back and forth between work, unemployment, enrollment, and non-participation. Workers at all levels of education have experienced this greater volatility, but it has been most pronounced among those with less education. There is noticeably more shifting between industries in the recent cohort, at all ages. Some of this is driven by deindustrialization and the shift to service industries, but not all of it. The greater volatility on these dimensions has taken its toll on the work experience that young workers accumulate. Average work experience is similar across the two cohorts. But there is considerably more variability in the amount of work experience that the recent cohort has accumulated, and this holds true across all education groups. Findings from the larger study indicate that this contributes to greater inequality in wages and wage growth for this cohort, trends that are likely to persist over their life course. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morris, Martina, Annette Bernhardt, Mark S. Handcock and Marc A. Scott. "The Transition to Work in the Post-Industrial Labor Market." Working Paper 98-12, Population Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, August 1998. |
4519. |
Morris, Martina Bernhardt, Annette Handcock, Mark S. Scott, Marc A. |
Wage Inequality and Labor Market Segmentation: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study Cohorts Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Labor Market Segmentation; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Wage Equations; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The long term implications of the recent dramatic growth in economic inequality are not well understood. A key question is whether growing cross-sectional inequality is being driven by rising labor market segmentation into winners and losers: some workers with jobs that provide high wages and economic mobility, but others caught in a cycle of dead-end jobs with little opportunity for lifetime wage growth. We analyze the early work histories of two cohorts of young white men from the NLS for evidence of such changes. Both cohorts are 14-22 at entry and are followed for 16 years. The original cohort entered in 1966, the recent in 1979. We find that job instability has risen in the recent cohort, and that their longitudinal age-earnings profiles are becoming more unequal. The evidence suggests that labor market segmentation is rising, and that members of the recent cohort face a lifetime of greater inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morris, Martina, Annette Bernhardt, Mark S. Handcock and Marc A. Scott. "Wage Inequality and Labor Market Segmentation: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study Cohorts." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998. |
4520. |
Morris, Martina Bernhardt, Annette Handcock, Mark S. Scott, Marc A. |
Wage Inequality and Labor Market Segmentation: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study Cohorts Working Paper 98-07, Population Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, April 1998. Also: ftp://ftp.pop.psu.edu/papers/psu-pri/wp9807.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Population Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University Keyword(s): Education; Job Training; Job Turnover; Labor Market Segmentation; Marriage; Unions; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we take up the question of whether there has been a secular rise in job instability among young workers over the past three decades. We compare two NLS cohorts of young white men - the first cohort entering the labor market in the late 60s and throughout the 70s, and the second during the 80s and early 90s. Using longitudinal data on work history and schooling, we find a significant increase in the rate of job changing across the two cohorts. Some of the increase is explained by the trend toward lower marriage rates and longer transitions into the labor market. The economy's shift toward the service sector has also played an important role, although declines in stability have occurred in traditionally unionized industries as well. Together, these factors explain about one-half of the cohort difference. The overall rise in instability has resulted in shorter median tenures. While greater job instability and shorter tenures are not necessarily a bad thing - job changing can be beneficial to wage growth early in the career - we find that young workers in recent years have failed to capture the all-important wage gains that were associated with job changing in the past. This deterioration in wage gains has been felt largely by less educated workers, but inequality in these gains has also increased, for all education groups. In combination, our findings suggest declines in the long-term economic welfare of recent entrants into the labor market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morris, Martina, Annette Bernhardt, Mark S. Handcock and Marc A. Scott. "Wage Inequality and Labor Market Segmentation: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study Cohorts." Working Paper 98-07, Population Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, April 1998. |
4521. |
Morris, Pamela D. |
Club Participation: Effects on Future Household Earning Potential Journal of Legal Economics 13,2 (Spring 2006): 45-78. Also: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5408/is_200604/ai_n21392071/?tag=content;col1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Academy of Economic and Financial Experts: AAEFA Keyword(s): Earnings; Household Income; Household Models; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The article presents a study which hypothesizes that club participation increases future earnings. The study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in 1979 cohort and employs a regression model called Ordinary Least Squares to examine the validity of the hypothesized conceptual model. The study reveals that club participation correlates with higher earnings of American families which affect the decisions of policy makers and promotional tactics of educators. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morris, Pamela D. "Club Participation: Effects on Future Household Earning Potential." Journal of Legal Economics 13,2 (Spring 2006): 45-78.
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4522. |
Morris, Rebecca |
The Effects of Higher Education Tax Benefits and Aid Information on College Decisions B.A. Honors Thesis, Department of Economics, Emory University, 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Department of Economics, Emory University Keyword(s): College Cost; College Enrollment; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Costs; Family Income; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In recent years, tax-based federal aid in the form of the Hope and Lifetime Learning Tax Credits as well as the Tuition Deduction has become a potential funding source for individuals interested in pursuing higher education. This paper analyzes the relationship between post-secondary financial aid distributed through the tax system and the decisions to apply to college, enroll in college, and complete a year of college for dependents between the ages of 18 and 23. Using policy variations in income and benefit limits to estimate the aid's effects, this study finds that the amount of tax benefit an individual is eligible to receive does not increase the probability that an individual decides to apply to college, enroll in college, or a complete a year of college. However, receipt of financial aid information was found to have economically and statistically significant effects for the three college decisions studied, with an associated increase in the probability of enrolling equivalent to 8.5 percentage points, an increase in the probability of applying equivalent to 27 percentage points, and an increase in the probability of completing a year of college equivalent to 17 percentage points. High frequency of discussions with parents about college attendance also resulted in significant increases in the probabilities analyzed in this paper. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morris, Rebecca. "The Effects of Higher Education Tax Benefits and Aid Information on College Decisions." B.A. Honors Thesis, Department of Economics, Emory University, 2013. |
4523. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane |
Child Well-Being in Step-Families and Cohabiting Unions Following Divorce: A Dynamic Appraisal Working Paper, Department of Demography and Graduate Public Policy Institute, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Demography, Georgetown University Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Cohabitation; Divorce; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane. "Child Well-Being in Step-Families and Cohabiting Unions Following Divorce: A Dynamic Appraisal." Working Paper, Department of Demography and Graduate Public Policy Institute, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 1999. |
4524. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane |
Costs of Economic Uncertainty: Child Well-Being in Cohabiting and Remarried Unions Following Parental Divorce Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. INTRODUCTION EXCERPT: The present study takes a first step in addressing this issue [association between marital disruption and children's behavior problems and effect on academic achievement and competence] in a context, unlike most previous studies, that considers both the pre-disruption circumstances of mothers and children as well as the fluid nature of mothers' union statuses following the initial separation or divorce. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane. "Costs of Economic Uncertainty: Child Well-Being in Cohabiting and Remarried Unions Following Parental Divorce." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2000. |
4525. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane |
Divorce Process and Children's Well-Being: a Longitudinal Analysis Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Support; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Divorce; Educational Attainment; Fathers, Absence; Marital Disruption; Marital Dissolution; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Previous research on the consequences of divorce for children has primarily focused on the difficulties that stem from the breakup and its aftermath. Measures of the antecedent processes of disruption generally have been unavailable. The present study examines the effects of the disruption process on two primary measures of child well-being: behavior problems and academic achievement. Data from the Child Supplement of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) were used. The analysis begins with children ages 3 to 13 in 1986 whose parents' marriages are intact. In 1988 children are classified according to whether they are in intact or disrupted families and measures of well-being are reassessed. Within the disrupted group, time since disruption, contact with the non-custodial parent, and receipt of child support, are also examined. Research hypotheses are tested using a series of regression equations. Models are estimated separately by sex. Sample selection biases are estimated and evaluated. Findings indicate that boys undergo additional behavior problems not present in pre-disruption and that father involvement after disruption had little impact on the outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane. Divorce Process and Children's Well-Being: a Longitudinal Analysis. Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1993. |
4526. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane |
Shuffling the Line-Up: How Shifting Household Membership Following Parental Divorce Affects Child Welfare Presented: Washington, DC, Poplation Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Divorce; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Formation; Family Structure; Family Studies; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Remarriage; Stepfamilies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Typically we think of children's living arrangements following parental divorce according to three male partner-centered categories: mother remains single, mother remarries, or mother cohabits.These distinctions obscure other potentially important variations in household membership, however, to which many children are required to adapt. The boundaries of stepfamilies are often very fluid, for example, with step-children joining and departing the household at different points in the union, rather than arriving with the spouse or partner as a "package deal." Of course new unions also sometimes produce children of their own. Because these are issues largely untapped by large-scale empirical research, a much richer demographic picture of shifts in household composition in mother-custody families is needed as well as an understanding of the implications for child-well being. Employing merged mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and up to five observation points per child, the paper uses fixed-effects regression models to examine the influence of changing household membership on children's behavior problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane. "Shuffling the Line-Up: How Shifting Household Membership Following Parental Divorce Affects Child Welfare." Presented: Washington, DC, Poplation Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2001. |
4527. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane Cherlin, Andrew J. |
Divorce Process and Children's Well-Being: A Prospective Analysis Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Divorce; Family Influences; Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Disruption; Marriage; Mobility; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This analysis examines the consequences of marital disruption on the well-being of young children using the NLSY Merged Mother-Child file, a large-scale, longitudinal study that includes both detailed assessments of children and family characteristics. The authors take a prospective approach and account for the family situation before physical separation as well as practical, emotional, and economic changes that accompany divorce for children. Outcomes examined include the Behavior Problems Index (BPI) and three Peabody Individual Achievement sub-tests: mathematics, reading recognition and reading comprehension. The analysis begins with assessments of children whose parents' marriages are intact in 1986. By 1988 children fall into either disrupted or intact groups and their behavior and achievement are reassessed. It was found that negative effects of family disruption on the mathematics and BPI scores of boys are not reduced when prior family characteristics are controlled. In addition, the effect of disruption on mathematics test performance can be partially attributed to changes in the quality of the child's home environment, while downward mobility mediates the effect of divorce on boys' behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane and Andrew J. Cherlin. "Divorce Process and Children's Well-Being: A Prospective Analysis." Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992. |
4528. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane Cherlin, Andrew J. |
The Divorce Process and Young Children's Well-Being: A Prospective Analysis Journal of Marriage and Family 57,3 (August 1995): 800-812. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353933 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Home Environment; Children, Preschool; Children, Well-Being; Divorce; Family Environment; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Disruption; Marital Dissolution; Marital Stability; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) A study was conducted to investigate the consequences of marital disruption for children's behavior problems and academic achievement. Data were drawn from the 1986 and 1988 waves of the Child Supplement of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The findings reveal that, even before predisruption characteristics are introduced into the analysis, there is little effect of marital dissolution on girls. The negative impact of family disruption on boys' behavior problems can be partially attributed to downward mobility after the disruption. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane and Andrew J. Cherlin. "The Divorce Process and Young Children's Well-Being: A Prospective Analysis." Journal of Marriage and Family 57,3 (August 1995): 800-812.
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4529. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane Coiro, Mary Jo |
Parental Conflict and Marital Disruption: Do Children Benefit When High-Conflict Marriages Are Dissolved? Journal of Marriage and Family 61,3 (August 1999): 626-637. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353565 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Home Environment; Children, Well-Being; Divorce; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Conflict; Marital Disruption; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marriage A million children experience divorce each year and some policymakers argue for policies that would make it more difficult for parents to divorce. However being exposed to a high degree of marital conflict has been shown to place children at risk for a variety of problems. Using mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and a prospective design, this research explores two questions: Do the effects of marital disruption on child well-being vary for children whose parents leave high-conflict marriages versus low-conflict marriages? How do children fare when their high-conflict parents remain together? We find that separation and divorce are associated with increases in behavior problems in children, regardless of the level of conflict between parents. However in marriages that do not break up, high levels of marital conflict are associated with even greater increases in children's behavior problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane and Mary Jo Coiro. "Parental Conflict and Marital Disruption: Do Children Benefit When High-Conflict Marriages Are Dissolved?" Journal of Marriage and Family 61,3 (August 1999): 626-637.
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4530. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane Coiro, Mary Jo Blumenthal, Connie |
Marital Disruption, Conflict, and the Well Being of Children and Youth Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. Revised August 1994; Child Trends paper 94-12. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Divorce; Educational Attainment; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Fathers, Absence; Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income; Marital Disruption; Marital Stability; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent studies using prospective data have revealed that many of the problems experienced by children of divorce can be traced to experiences that actually predated the break-up. Family conflict is key among the predisruption factors that affect child well-being. In this paper we examine whether the effect of marital disruption on children and young adults depends on the quality of the parental marriage prior to the disruption. We use longitudinal data from two complementary national-level data bases--the National Survey of Children to examine postdisruption well-being in young adulthood, and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - Supplement to examine outcomes among school-aged children. Because of documented differences in the way that boys and girls respond to psychosocial stress, we conduct our analyses separately by sex. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane, Mary Jo Coiro and Connie Blumenthal. "Marital Disruption, Conflict, and the Well Being of Children and Youth." Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. Revised August 1994; Child Trends paper 94-12. |
4531. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. Ritualo, Amy R. |
Parenting After Divorce: Remarriage and Cohabitation from the Perspective of Children Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Children, Well-Being; Cohabitation; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Disruption; Parents, Non-Custodial; Parents, Single; Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. One million children per year experience the break-up of their parent's marriages, but divorce is only one link in a complex chain of events that may potentially affect child well-being. While children spend some time in single parent families following marital disruption, most divorced adults eventually enter new relationships. While remarriage is common, many new unions are non-marital. Neither the pattern of these often transitory relationships from the perspective of children nor their implications for child well-being are well documented in existing research. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths child-mother data' this paper profiles maternal post-marital unions (remarriages and cohabitations) as experienced by children. We also explore the implications that alternative living arrangements following divorce have for the quality of the home environment provided to children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane, Frank F. Jr. Furstenberg and Amy R. Ritualo. "Parenting After Divorce: Remarriage and Cohabitation from the Perspective of Children." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997. |
4532. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. Ritualo, Amy R. |
Road to Remarriage: A Prospective Study of Child Well-Being Following Divorce Working Paper, Washington DC: Department of Demography and Graduate Public Policy Institute, Georgetown University and Philadelphia PA: Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Demography, Georgetown University Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Cohabitation; Divorce; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Given the prevalence of divorce and the prominence of concerns about family structure in political debates, reassessing the implications of remarriage and post-divorce cohbitation for children is critical. Available studies have not adequately addressed either the possibility of pre-existing differences prior to divorce or the lingering effects of the divorce process when children in step-families are compared to those in two-parent nuclear families. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth mother-child data, we take a prospective approach using a pre-disruption measure of child well-being as our basis for ascertaining the effect of remarriage. We examine how children in step-families compare to their counterparts whose divorced mothers took other routes following the initial disruption including entering cohabiting unions or remaining single. Net of controls for time since disruption and the number of maternal union transitions experienced by the child, we discover remarriage is associated with fewer behavior problems than is remaining "stably" divorced, although the statisitical significance of the estimated coefficient is marginal. We found some support for the hypothesis that the more favorable economic standing of remarried families accounts for part of remarriage's salutary effect. Finally, we found no statisitcal difference between remarriage and cohabitation following divorce from the perspective of children's behavior problems, net of controls. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane, Frank F. Jr. Furstenberg and Amy R. Ritualo. "Road to Remarriage: A Prospective Study of Child Well-Being Following Divorce." Working Paper, Washington DC: Department of Demography and Graduate Public Policy Institute, Georgetown University and Philadelphia PA: Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 1999. |
4533. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane Glei, Dana A. |
Assessing Family Strengths in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - Child Supplement Working Paper, Washington DC: Child Trends, June 1993. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/15/2e/82.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Child Trends, Inc. Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Family Studies; Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Labor Market Outcomes; Marital Stability; Methods/Methodology; Mothers, Income; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Siblings; Wage Rates; Work Hours/Schedule ED415994 In this paper we develop and estimate a factor model of the earnings, labor supply, and wages of young men and young women, their parents and their siblings. We estimate the model using data on matched sibling and parent-child pairs from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience. We measure the extent to which a set of unobserved parental and family factors that drive wage rates and work hours independently of wage rates lead to similarities among family members in labor market outcomes. We find strong family similarities in work hours that run along gender lines. These similarities are primarily due to preferences rather than to labor supply responses to family similarities in wages. The wage factors of the father and mother influence the wages of both sons and daughters. A 'sibling' wage factor also plays an important role in wage determination. We find that intergenerational correlations in wages substantially overestimate the direct influence of fathers, and especially mothers, on wages. This is because the father's and mother's wage factors are positively correlated. The relative importance for the variance in earnings of the direct effect of wages, the labor supply response induced by wages, and effect of hours preferences varies by gender, and by age in the case of women. For all groups most of the effect of wages on earnings is direct rather than through a labor supply response. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane and Dana A. Glei. "Assessing Family Strengths in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - Child Supplement." Working Paper, Washington DC: Child Trends, June 1993. |
4534. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane Moore, Kristin Anderson Meyers, David E. |
Maternal Age at First Birth and Children's Behavior and Cognitive Development Presented: Bethesda, MA, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Behavioral Development; Fathers, Absence; Fertility; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) The aim of this paper is to further illuminate the processes through which an early birth affects child well-being. Since it is not possible to capture the developmental status and well-being of a child with a single indicator, such as an IQ score, most child experts prefer a developmental profile that covers a breadth of dimensions or domains. For this reason, this study examines the effect of the mother's age at first birth on three measures related to the child's cognitive development and academic achievement -- the reading and mathematics sub-scales of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test cognitive, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) -- and one measure of social behavior -- the child's score on the mother-rated Behavior Problems Index (BPI). The study uses a national-level sample of children and limits its analysis to first borns to eliminate the possible confounding influence of birth order. The explicit assumption of the present study is that the consequences of being born to a teenage mother do not derive from the mother's age per se, but are largely the product of the correlates of early child-bearing such as low maternal education and father absence, some of which reflect selectivity into early motherhood and some of which are consequences of the timing of her first birth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane, Kristin Anderson Moore and David E. Meyers. "Maternal Age at First Birth and Children's Behavior and Cognitive Development." Presented: Bethesda, MA, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992. |
4535. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane Myers, David E. Winglee, Marianne |
Effects of Maternal Work and Child Care During the First Three Years of Life on Children's Cognitive Abilities Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990. Working Paper, Decision Resources Corporation, July 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; General Assessment; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This analysis focuses on the effects of mothers' work, the type of child care arrangements, and the relationship of the care-giver to the child during the first three years of life on children's cognitive development. Children's experiences during each of these years, as well as their cumulative experiences in all three years, are analyzed. Data on children from the Child Supplement of the 1986 NLSY who range in age from zero to seven years old are used. This analysis lends support to earlier studies that have shown that maternal work itself generally has no effect on children's cognitive test performance, and when an effect is observed among children of low-income mothers, it is positive. It was found that significant effects of maternal work and child care observed in the first year are largely positive, although these positive effects are not observed in the second or the third years. In the year-2 and year-3 analyses, the authors found minimal effects of mothers' work intensity, inconsistent effects of child care, and no significant difference in the cognitive test performance of children with working and non-working mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane, David E. Myers and Marianne Winglee. "Effects of Maternal Work and Child Care During the First Three Years of Life on Children's Cognitive Abilities." Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990. Working Paper, Decision Resources Corporation, July 1990. |
4536. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane Ritualo, Amy R. |
Routes to Children's Economic Recovery after Divorce: Are Cohabitation and Remarriage Equivalent? American Sociological Review 65,4 (August 2000): 560-580. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657383 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Children, Poverty; Cohabitation; Disability; Divorce; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Economic Changes/Recession; Family Income; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Remarriage; Stepfamilies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Are maternal cohabitation and remarriage equivalent routes to the economic recovery of children and their mothers following parental divorce and separation? Unlike previous studies that have been primarily cross-sectional in design, this study uses panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement to make both absolute and relative comparisons of potential economic returns. Also investigated is how income from spouses and partners is combined with income from other sources to support children, and the extent to which economic hardship over time relates to mothers' union experiences. Findings show that while in absolute terms, remarriage is economically more advantageous than cohabitation, cohabitation and remarriage are equivalent in their ability to restore family income to prior levels. Cohabiting mothers start off in a weaker economic position prior to divorce, however, and continue to rely on income from employment and AFDC to a greater extent than do remarried mothers. Over time, cohabitation, even when it results in a stable union, is a comparatively poor mechanism for maintaining economic recovery for the children of divorce. The extent of economic difficulties experienced by children whose mothers "unstably" remarry is also demonstrated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane and Amy R. Ritualo. "Routes to Children's Economic Recovery after Divorce: Are Cohabitation and Remarriage Equivalent?" American Sociological Review 65,4 (August 2000): 560-580.
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4537. |
Morrison, Donna Ruane Ritualo, Amy R. |
Starting Over: How Children Fare in Remarriages and Cohabiting Unions Following Divorce Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Cohabitation; Divorce; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Involvement; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Marital Disruption; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Remarriage; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. For children in maritally disrupted families, separation and divorce are often only the first of numerous changes in family structure to which they will need to adjust. Each time a mother and her children *start over* there are potential difficulties for children. Although available evidence suggests that children in step-families fare no better and possibly even worse than children whose mothers remain single following divorce we know virtually nothing about how the experience of mothers' cohabiting unions affects child well-being. Moreover, the implications of multiple transitions has been rarely studied. This paper examines the implications for child well-being of changes in family structure (remaining single, remarriage and cohabitation) in the aftermath of divorce, paying particular attention to the factors that enhance or undermine children's adjustment to them. We employ dynamic measures of children's post-disruption family structures that trace their mothers' union experiences from the initial separation or divorce to up to eight years later. |
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Bibliography Citation
Morrison, Donna Ruane and Amy R. Ritualo. "Starting Over: How Children Fare in Remarriages and Cohabiting Unions Following Divorce." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998. |
4538. |
Moscarini, Giuseppe Vella, Francis |
Occupational Mobility and Employment Reallocation: Evidence from the NLSY79 Working Paper, Department of Economics, Yale University, September 2003. Also: http://www.econ.yale.edu/~mosca/mobility.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Yale University Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Education; Human Capital; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate an empirical model of individual occupational mobility over the period 1984 to 1992 for a sample of youth from the NLSY79. We define occupational mobility at the 3-digit level, a finer disaggregation than typically employed, as we believe this more directly corresponds to a career. We focus on isolating the impact of two measures of human capital, formal education and work experience, on the occupational mobility of young workers who have only fairly recently entered the labor market. We employ a semi-parametric double index based estimator for discrete choice models, which allows a flexible relationship between the human capital variables and occupational mobility. We find statistically, and economically, strong negative effects from both formal education and work experience on occupational mobility. Most strikingly, we find that both effects appear to be of a similar magnitude, illustrating the occupation-specific nature of post high school education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Moscarini, Giuseppe and Francis Vella. "Occupational Mobility and Employment Reallocation: Evidence from the NLSY79." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Yale University, September 2003. |
4539. |
Mossakowski, Krysia N. |
A Social Psychological Perspective of Racial/Ethnic Inequality in Wealth Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Assets; Ethnic Differences; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Racial Differences; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Our knowledge remains limited about why there are large racial/ethnic differences in wealth among the middle class in the United States. Owning a home and having positive net worth (i.e., more assets than debts) are important aspirations for the middle class because they signify wealth. This study uses a social psychological perspective to explore whether the effects of earlier psychological dispositions on these indicators of wealth differ for Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites. Results reveal that a stronger sense of personal control over life and higher self-esteem significantly increase the odds of achieving positive net worth and homeownership, controlling for race/ethnicity, other demographics, educational attainment, current employment, income, and the socioeconomic status of the family of origin. Moreover, interaction effects indicate that the influence of internal locus of control on wealth is stronger for Whites than Blacks. Overall, this study’s findings suggest that the journey between social origins and destinations does not simply need socioeconomic resources, but also psychological resources that come from within the self-concept of the individual. The public policy and mental health implications for the Black middle class are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mossakowski, Krysia N. "A Social Psychological Perspective of Racial/Ethnic Inequality in Wealth." Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012. |
4540. |
Mossakowski, Krysia N. |
Disadvantaged Family Background and Depression among Young Adults in the United States: The Roles of Chronic Stress and Self-Esteem Stress and Health 31,1 (February 2015): 52-62. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smi.2526/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Parental Influences; Poverty; Self-Esteem; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Stress Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although several longitudinal studies have demonstrated that having a disadvantaged family background is a risk factor for subsequent symptoms of depression, few studies have examined the mediating mechanisms that explain this long-term relationship. Thus, this study uses US national longitudinal data and integrates social stress theory with the life course perspective by focusing on two mediating mechanisms--the chronic stress of poverty and self-esteem during the transition to adulthood. Results reveal that self-esteem largely mediates the inverse relationship between parental education and levels of depressive symptoms in young adulthood. However, the inverse relationship between parental occupational prestige and depressive symptoms among young adults is not mediated by self-esteem, but rather long durations of poverty across 16 years. Overall, these findings suggest that different components of family socioeconomic status can leave a lasting imprint on mental health via the self-concept and the chronic stress of poverty throughout the journey to adulthood. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mossakowski, Krysia N. "Disadvantaged Family Background and Depression among Young Adults in the United States: The Roles of Chronic Stress and Self-Esteem." Stress and Health 31,1 (February 2015): 52-62.
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4541. |
Mossakowski, Krysia N. |
Dissecting the Influence of Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status on Mental Health in Young Adulthood Research on Aging 30,6 (November 2008): 649-671. Also: http://roa.sagepub.com/content/30/6/649.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Family Background and Culture; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Poverty; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Studies have provided contradictory findings about the influence of race and ethnicity on mental health. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 to 1992), this study examines the extent to which multiple dimensions of past and present socioeconomic status explain the influence of race and ethnicity on depression in young adulthood. Results indicate that Blacks and Hispanics have significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms than Whites, which supports social stress theory These racial and ethnic differences are partially explained by family background and wealth, and substantially explained by the duration of poverty across 13 years of the transition to adulthood. Moreover, the robust depressive effect of past poverty duration is independent of present socioeconomic status and family background. Overall, this study was inspired by the life-course perspective and highlights the importance of wealth and histories of poverty for understanding racial and ethnic mental health disparities among young adults in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Research on Aging is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Mossakowski, Krysia N. "Dissecting the Influence of Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status on Mental Health in Young Adulthood." Research on Aging 30,6 (November 2008): 649-671.
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4542. |
Mossakowski, Krysia N. |
Is the Duration of Poverty and Unemployment a Risk Factor for Heavy Drinking? Social Science and Medicine 67,6 (September 2008): 947-955. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027795360800258X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Health, Mental/Psychological; Life Course; Poverty; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Stress; Unemployment Research on the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on heavy drinking of alcohol has provided contradictory findings. A limitation of the literature is that studies have primarily measured SES at one point in time. Inspired by the life course perspective and sociological research on chronic stress, this study uses data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-1992 wave) to examine whether the duration of poverty and unemployment is a risk factor for heavy drinking. Results from logistic and ordinary least squares regression analyses demonstrate that longer durations of poverty and involuntary unemployment across a span of 13 years significantly predict being a heavy drinker and more frequent heavy drinking at ages 27-35 years. These effects are independent of gender, age, race/ethnicity, marital status, prior heavy drinking, and present SES. Overall, this study contributes to the literature that histories of poverty and involuntary unemployment have lasting effects on heavy drinking. More studies should use longitudinal data to explore the temporal dimension of SES. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mossakowski, Krysia N. "Is the Duration of Poverty and Unemployment a Risk Factor for Heavy Drinking?" Social Science and Medicine 67,6 (September 2008): 947-955.
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4543. |
Mossakowski, Krysia N. |
Racial/Ethnic Inequality in Wealth during Young Adulthood and Midlife: A Social-psychological Perspective of the Middle Class American Behavioral Scientist 56,5 (May 2012): 728-746. Also: http://abs.sagepub.com/content/56/5/728.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Home Ownership; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Psychological Effects; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Our knowledge remains limited about why there are large racial/ethnic differences in wealth among the middle class in the United States. Owning a home and having positive net worth (i.e., more assets than debts) are important aspirations for the middle class because they signify wealth. This study uses a social-psychological perspective and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to explore whether the effects of psychological dispositions on these indicators of wealth differ for Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites. Results reveal that having a stronger sense of personal control over life and higher self-esteem significantly increase the odds of achieving positive net worth and homeownership, independent of demographics, educational attainment, current employment, income, and the socioeconomic status of the family of origin. Moreover, interaction effects indicate that the influence of internal locus of control on wealth is stronger for Whites than Blacks. Overall, this study’s findings suggest that the journey between social origins and destinations does not simply need socioeconomic resources, but also psychological resources that come from within the self-concept of the individual. The public policy and mental health implications for the Black middle class are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mossakowski, Krysia N. "Racial/Ethnic Inequality in Wealth during Young Adulthood and Midlife: A Social-psychological Perspective of the Middle Class." American Behavioral Scientist 56,5 (May 2012): 728-746.
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4544. |
Mossakowski, Krysia N. |
Socioeconomic Gradient in Mental Health: Exploring the Transition to Adulthood Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 2005. DAI-A 66/06, p. 2392, Dec 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Mobility; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Informed by a life course perspective, my dissertation focuses on the life stage of young adulthood to evaluate the influence of socioeconomic status on depressive symptoms and heavy drinking. I use the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth data to advance our understanding of the social origins of mental health disparities for young adults in the United States. I find that many dimensions of socioeconomic status have significant relationships with mental health in young adulthood, and I add to the literature that wealth has one of the most powerful effects. Furthermore, my longitudinal analyses demonstrate how the past can leave an imprint on mental health through family socioeconomic background and the dynamics of long-term socioeconomic disadvantage and intergenerational mobility. Finally, I investigate whether the timing of the transition to adulthood, life-course expectations, and the self-concept contribute to the mental health variation of young adults, and help to explain the enduring influence of family background. Overall, I conclude that a life course perspective of socioeconomic status is essential to understanding the human costs of inequality in society. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mossakowski, Krysia N. Socioeconomic Gradient in Mental Health: Exploring the Transition to Adulthood. Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 2005. DAI-A 66/06, p. 2392, Dec 2005. |
4545. |
Mossakowski, Krysia N. |
The Influence of Past Unemployment Duration on Symptoms of Depression Among Young Women and Men in the United States American Journal of Public Health 99,10 (October 2009): 1826-1832. Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/short/99/10/1826 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Family Background and Culture; Health, Mental/Psychological; Socioeconomic Background; Stress; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives. I examined whether unemployment while looking for a job and being out of the labor force while not seeking work have distinct effects on symptoms of depression among young women and men in the United States. I also investigated whether past unemployment duration predicts depressive symptoms. Methods. I used ordinary least squares regression to analyze data from the 1979–1994 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results. Cross-sectional results suggested that current unemployment status and out-of-the-labor-force status were significantly associated with depressive symptoms at ages 29 through 37 years. The association between being out of the labor force and depressive symptoms was stronger for men. Longitudinal results revealed that past unemployment duration across 15 years of the transition to adulthood significantly predicted depressive symptoms, net of demographics, family background, current socioeconomic status, and prior depressive symptoms. However, duration out of the labor force did not predict depressive symptoms. Conclusions. Longer durations of unemployment predict higher levels of depressive symptoms among young adults. Future research should measure duration longitudinally and distinguish unemployment from being out of the labor force to advance our understanding of socioeconomic mental health disparities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mossakowski, Krysia N. "The Influence of Past Unemployment Duration on Symptoms of Depression Among Young Women and Men in the United States." American Journal of Public Health 99,10 (October 2009): 1826-1832.
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4546. |
Mossakowski, Krysia N. |
Unfulfilled Expectations and Symptoms of Depression among Young Adults Social Science and Medicine 73,5 (September 2011): 729-736. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798639 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Labor Force Participation; Parenthood This study uses the life course perspective and data from 16 waves of the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979–1994) to examine whether unfulfilled expectations about educational attainment, employment, marriage, and parenthood are risk factors for subsequent symptoms of depression among young adults in the United States. Results from ordinary least squares regression analyses indicate that achieving a lower level of education than expected, becoming a parent unexpectedly, and being out of the labor force unexpectedly at ages 19–27 predict higher levels of depressive symptoms at ages 29–37, adjusting for demographics, family background, and earlier mental health. These effects do not significantly vary by gender, age, race/ethnicity, or family background, and are not explained by being selected out of the labor force for long durations because of mental or physical illness, attending school, keeping house, or other reasons. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on stress and mental health by acknowledging people’s expectations about the markers of adulthood, and advances our understanding of why the timing of transitions in people’s lives can have long-term mental health consequences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mossakowski, Krysia N. "Unfulfilled Expectations and Symptoms of Depression among Young Adults." Social Science and Medicine 73,5 (September 2011): 729-736.
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4547. |
Mossakowski, Krysia N. |
Why is There a Long-term Relationship between Disadvantaged Family Background and Symptoms of Depression? Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Parental Influences; Poverty; Self-Esteem; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An extensive literature has documented that disadvantaged parental socioeconomic status earlier in life has harmful mental health consequences. What warrants further inquiry is why. Using social stress theory and data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study highlights mediating mechanisms from the transition to adulthood that help to explain why there is a long-term relationship between disadvantaged family background and symptoms of depression at ages 29 to 37. Results indicate that levels of self-esteem at ages 15 to 23 substantially explain the inverse relationship between parental education and subsequent levels of depressive symptoms. The depressive effect of low parental occupational prestige is largely explained by cumulative exposure to poverty status across 16 years. Overall, the implications of these findings are that policymakers and social welfare interventions should target self-esteem enhancement and the prevention of poverty spells during the journey to adulthood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mossakowski, Krysia N. "Why is There a Long-term Relationship between Disadvantaged Family Background and Symptoms of Depression?" Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010. |
4548. |
Motamedi, Mehrnous |
Three Essays on the Economics of the Family Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Crime; Sexual Behavior; Siblings; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The goal of this dissertation is to apply empirical methodologies to analyze various topics in economics of education and health economics, which have clear policy implications. Chapter 2 provides evidence of whether child spacing affects the likelihood of engaging in certain risky behaviors. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979, I investigate the association between birth spacing and engaging in risky or deviant behaviors, such as smoking, unprotected intercourse, theft, and violence. I attempt to identify exogenous variation in in child spacing stemming from whether one has a twin and parents' age difference, and my estimates show significant declines in engaging in risky behaviors for all these four risky activities as birth spacing increases. |
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Bibliography Citation
Motamedi, Mehrnous. Three Essays on the Economics of the Family. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2017. |
4549. |
Mott, Frank L. |
A View from the Cradle: Household and Parental Characteristics and Behaviors from the Perspective of Young Children Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Behavior; Child Care; Children; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Hispanics; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Poverty This report uses data from the 1984 (sixth wave) survey of the NLSY to describe the household structure and parental characteristics of about 4,400 children born to a national cross-section of American mothers 19 to 27 years of age. About 80 percent of these children were under the age of six and most of the rest were between ages six and nine. These children are representative of the first thirty percent of all children born to a typical contemporary cohort of American women entering the childbearing years. The children in this survey include about the first twenty-five percent of children born to white women, the first forty percent to Hispanic women, and the first fifty percent to black women. The home environment of the older children, those of school age, is typical of the home environment of younger elementary school age children who were born to adolescent mothers. The home environment of those below school age may be considered as representative of the homes of a normal cross-section of children, mostly born to women between the ages of 18 and 25. This study profiles the home situation of a national cross-section of children and, as the study details, suggests results considerably different from those which are typically presented using cross-sectional data for adult respondents. It focuses on the 95 percent of all children who are living with their mother. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "A View from the Cradle: Household and Parental Characteristics and Behaviors from the Perspective of Young Children." Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1986. |
4550. |
Mott, Frank L. |
Absent Fathers and Child Development: Emotional and Cognitive Effects at Ages Five to Nine Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Development; Children, Adjustment Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Divorce; Fathers, Absence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Marriage; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care This monograph presents the following information in eight chapters: An introduction and overview of the issues on marriage, divorce, and parental presence including a child's view of family. The research sample: who are the study children? Paternal presence and absence in the early years of life including patterning and availability of father substitutes. Differences between father-present and father-absent families. Paternal absence and childrens' behavior problem. Father's absence and child cognition: the cognitive assessments of father's absence and cognition. Father's absence and the home environment including individual home attributes and behaviors, and a child development summary. The last chapter includes a synthesis of what has been found and what it might mean. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. Absent Fathers and Child Development: Emotional and Cognitive Effects at Ages Five to Nine. Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1993. |
4551. |
Mott, Frank L. |
Child Care Use During the First Year of Life: Linkages with Early Child Development Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1989 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Child Care; Children; General Assessment; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Maternal Employment; Memory for Location; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Tests and Testing This paper has two interrelated objectives. First, it highlights the advantages and disadvantages of using a large sample national data set such as the NLSY child data for research on the consequences of early child care. Second, the strengths of such a large national data set have been utilized to examine whether or not there are any apparent overt consequences of early-in-life child care for the early childhood cognitive, social and physiological development of children. The three child outcome measures utilized were the Memory for Location (MEMLOC), Motor and Social Development (MSD), and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test assessments (PPVT). As a generalization, it may be concluded that only limited overall associations are found between the various non-maternal child care arrangements and the MEMLOC and MSD child assessment outcomes. That is, non-maternal child care seems to have only limited effect--either positive or negative--on subsequent early child development. However, early child care does seem to be linked with subsequent performance on the PPVT. In particular, infant girls who receive early non-maternal care subsequently score higher on the PPVT than infant girls who received only maternal care. None of these non-maternal care advantages accrue to young boys. While not identical in terms of patterning or statistical strength, somewhat similar gender differences appear for the MEMLOC assessment. While not exactly a mirror image, evidence consistent with the above may also be extracted from some of the MSD equa- tions. There is systematic evidence that boys with a health problem fare better on the MSD assessment if their first year care arrangements are limited to maternal care. Other relative care, nonrelative care, and in and out of home non-maternal care discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "Child Care Use During the First Year of Life: Linkages with Early Child Development." Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1989. |
4552. |
Mott, Frank L. |
Data on Mothers and Children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Labor Market Experience Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1987 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Children; Data Quality/Consistency; Mothers; NLS Description These tables are intended to provide potential NLSY data users with some general information about the NLSY data set as well as a variety of sample sizes delimiting various subsets of the NLSY mother and child populations as of the 1986 survey round. The statistics in this report are unweighted sample estimates which may help prospective researchers determine whether or not the sample is appropriate for meeting their research needs. The tabulations should not be viewed as being representative of any national population group. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "Data on Mothers and Children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Labor Market Experience." Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1987. |
4553. |
Mott, Frank L. |
Developmental Effects of Infant Care: The Mediating Role of Gender and Health Journal of Social Issues 47,2 (Summer 1991): 139-158. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb00292.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Care; Child Development; Child Health; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Gender Differences; General Assessment; Geographical Variation; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Household Structure; Maternal Employment; Memory for Location; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) This research used the 1986 Merged Child-Mother Data File from the NLSY to explore how various forms of infant care in a child's first year were linked with scores at ages one-to-four on the Memory for Location, Motor and Social Development, and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test measures. The extent to which these linkings were mediated by an infant's health and gender was examined and important distinctions were noted. In particular, healthy infant girls received some cognitive advantage by being cared for extensively by caretakers other than their mother during infancy, whereas infant boys with health problems gained socioemotionally by spending more time with their mothers. More generally, it was concluded that usually, the average young child's ability to cope intellectually and socioemotionally (as measured on the above scales) is not affected in major ways either positively or negatively by the generic nature of his or her child care arrangement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "Developmental Effects of Infant Care: The Mediating Role of Gender and Health." Journal of Social Issues 47,2 (Summer 1991): 139-158.
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4554. |
Mott, Frank L. |
Do Fathers Make a Difference? The Determinants and Consequences of Fathers' Absence from the Home of Younger Children Book Prospectus, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, October 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Children; Children, Home Environment; Fathers, Absence; Marital Dissolution; Marital Instability; Mothers The traditional American family, encompassing two parents and two children represents only a modest proportion of all family units. This phenomenon is a reflection of many social, economic and demographic forces, not the least of which are the extraordinary recent increases in marital dissolution and the tendency of substantial proportions of women to have and raise children not only outside of formal marriage arrangements, but without having the father of the child (or children) present. While there is no doubt that raising children in a socially and psychologically less privileged environment has negative consequences for mother and children, the extent to which this is true for the contemporary generation of fatherless American children is at least partially open to question. Much of the available academic literature which examines the determinants and consequences--for mother and child--of marital "disruption" is based on intellectual and empirical premises more attuned to the family and social structure of prior generations. Thus, the implied consequences of fatherless homes are often based on somewhat dated notions of normative "correctness". To some extent, the tendency for many researchers to remain wedded to traditional concepts and methods is linked with data constraints. Most data sources are quite limiting in terms of defining relationship processes over time, because most research has focused on the association between the legal form of the parental relationship and its effect on the children rather than concentrating on the parent-child relationship. This research uses a unique data set, the NLSY, to explore several issues: First, the family experiences of children from their perspective and second, the independent effect of various father absence family forms on a child's intellectual and emotional development. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "Do Fathers Make a Difference? The Determinants and Consequences of Fathers' Absence from the Home of Younger Children." Book Prospectus, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, October 1991. |
4555. |
Mott, Frank L. |
Early Fertility Behavior Among American Youth: Evidence from the 1982 NLS of Labor Force Behavior of Youth Presented: Dallas, TX, American Public Health Association, November 13-17, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Behavior; Childbearing; Deviance; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Fertility; Sexual Activity; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article, using data from the fourth interview round (1982) of the NLSY, investigates the fertility and fertility related characteristics of the sample. First births, contraception use, desire to have children, sexual activity and abortion likelihood are all investigated, along with their relationship to age, color, educational aspirations, parents' education, religion, self esteem, drug use, socioeconomic status, and career orientations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "Early Fertility Behavior Among American Youth: Evidence from the 1982 NLS of Labor Force Behavior of Youth." Presented: Dallas, TX, American Public Health Association, November 13-17, 1983. |
4556. |
Mott, Frank L. |
Evaluation of Fertility Data and Preliminary Analytical Results from the 1983 (Round 5) Survey of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Work Experience of Youth Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Fertility; First Birth; High School Dropouts; Household Composition; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior In the present report, the evaluations carried out with respect to the 1983 NLSY data were selectively updated and a number of analyses focusing on specific substantive issues were presented. A major objective of these analyses, which focused on (1) early school leaving and fertility, (2) early parity progression, and (3) fertility expectations, was to clarify issues relating to the quality of those data and to convey to other researchers some of the unique aspects of this longitudinal data set. All of these analyses have been revised and are available in revised form from the CHRR. One other major focus of the data evaluation was to examine the quality of the abortion records by comparing the original abortion reports with results from a confidential abortion reporting scheme in the 1984 survey round. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "Evaluation of Fertility Data and Preliminary Analytical Results from the 1983 (Round 5) Survey of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Work Experience of Youth." Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1985. |
4557. |
Mott, Frank L. |
Fertility-Related Data in the 1982 National Longitudinal Survey of Work Experience of Youth: An Evaluation of Data Quality & Some Preliminary Analytical Results Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda MD, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Behavior; Birth Rate; Child Care; Contraception; Data Quality/Consistency; Fertility; Male Sample; Methods/Methodology; Sexual Activity; Teenagers; Wantedness The quality of the fertility related data in the 1982 round of the NLSY is evaluated, and highlights of findings from these fertility data are summarized. The study specifies the potential magnitude of reporting errors, how these potential error levels are related to characteristics of the respondents, and the procedures used to clean up the fertility records. Differentials in period and cohort birth rates are also examined, as are sexual activity and contraception, birth wantedness, and pregnancy outcomes for selected respondent characteristics within cross tabular and multivariate frameworks. The multivariate results suggest the utility of a variety of background factors and more proximate respondent attitudes and behaviors for investigating a variety of adolescent and young adult fertility related attitudes and behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "Fertility-Related Data in the 1982 National Longitudinal Survey of Work Experience of Youth: An Evaluation of Data Quality & Some Preliminary Analytical Results." Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda MD, 1983. |
4558. |
Mott, Frank L. |
Looking Backward: Post Hoc Reflections on Longitudinal Surveys In: Looking at Lives: American Longitudinal Studies of the Twentieth Century. E. Phelps, F. F. Furstenberg, Jr., and A. Colby eds. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Life Course; Longitudinal Surveys; Overview, Child Assessment Data The impact of long-term longitudinal studies on the landscape of 20th century social and behavioral science cannot be overstated. The field of life course studies has grown exponentially since its inception in the 1950s, and now influences methodologies as well as expectations for all academic research. Looking at Lives offers an unprecedented "insider's view" into the intentions, methods, and findings of researchers engaged in some of the 20th century's landmark studies. In this volume, eminent American scholars -- many of them pioneers in longitudinal studies -- provide frank and illuminating insights into the difficulties and the unique scientific benefits of mounting studies that track people's lives over a long period of time. Looking at Lives includes studies from a range of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, and education, which together cover a span of more than fifty years. The contributors pay particular attention to the changing historical, cultural, and scientific context of their work, as well as the theoretical and methodological changes that have occurred in their fields over decades...[Copyright, Russell Sage Foundation, 2002] |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "Looking Backward: Post Hoc Reflections on Longitudinal Surveys" In: Looking at Lives: American Longitudinal Studies of the Twentieth Century. E. Phelps, F. F. Furstenberg, Jr., and A. Colby eds. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002
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4559. |
Mott, Frank L. |
Male Data Collection: Inferences from the National Longitudinal Surveys Report, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, February 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Fertility; Gender Differences; Marriage; NLS Description; Sample Selection Contents of this report include the following sections: Male data collection: Inferences from the NLSY. History of the NLS. Some caveats and data collection insights. Selecting the NLSY sample. Survey round completion rates: gender variations. Issues relating to item non-completion. Comparing spousal responses: NLSY couples married in 1979. Insights regarding gender differences in marriage and fertility reports. Gender differences in the timing of selected sections in the 1994 NLSY79 survey round, Summary and recommendations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "Male Data Collection: Inferences from the National Longitudinal Surveys." Report, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, February 1998. |
4560. |
Mott, Frank L. |
Paternal Absence from the Home: Consequences for Early Childhood Cognitive Development Presented: Santa Monica, CA, RAND Conference on Economic and Demographic Aspects of Intergenerational Relations, 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Fathers; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Gender Differences; General Assessment; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Tests and Testing This study uses data from the 1979 through 1986 waves of the NLSY and linked child assessment data to explore associations between a father's absence from the home and the cognitive development of children between the ages of three and seven. The research describes in detail linkages between various paternal-absence family forms (e.g., visitation in comparison with a "new man" present in comparison with no man present; father never present in comparison with father previously present) and a child's scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the PIAT reading recognition, comprehension and mathematics assessments controlling for a wide range of maternal and post-paternal absence family factors, testing a number of hypotheses suggested by the literature as potentially important predictors of child cognitive development. This includes (but is not limited to) examining the relevance of father presence or absence per se, the extent to which a visiting father or a new man in the home can moderate (or exacerbate) the effect of a biological father's non-residence and whether a father's recent absenting in comparison with never having been present makes a difference. Gender and racial variations are explored. Among the results: (1) a father's absence from the home shows only limited association with younger children's cognitive development even without any controls for background factors which can be anticipated to be associated both with father's absence and child cognition; (2) controlling for child behavior problems does not affect the association between father's absence and cognition in any way; (3) father's absence does not appear to adversely impact on young boys mathematical competence (it does adversely effect black girls); and (4) there is systematic evidence that continuing contact with an absent biological father is a preferable situation for white girls in comparison with living in an environment which includes a new man in the home. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "Paternal Absence from the Home: Consequences for Early Childhood Cognitive Development." Presented: Santa Monica, CA, RAND Conference on Economic and Demographic Aspects of Intergenerational Relations, 1992. |
4561. |
Mott, Frank L. |
Selected Mother and Child Tabulations from the 1984 (Sixth Wave) Survey of the National Longitudinal Survey of Work Experience of Youth Report, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, July 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Children; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Fathers, Absence; Fertility; First Birth; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Income; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences These tabulations, based on the 1984 NLSY, provide potential data users with sample sizes and some basic statistics relating to the fertility experience and fertility profiles of the young women in the sample. Comparisons are made with Current Population Survey results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "Selected Mother and Child Tabulations from the 1984 (Sixth Wave) Survey of the National Longitudinal Survey of Work Experience of Youth." Report, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, July 1986. |
4562. |
Mott, Frank L. |
Sons, Daughters and Fathers' Absence: Differentials in Father-Leaving Probabilities and in Home Environments Journal of Family Issues 15,1 (March 1994): 97-128. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/15/1/97.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Leaving; Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this research examines the extent to which the presence or absence of biological fathers from the home is associated with gender differences in the presence or absence of children and gender differences in the home environment encountered by children. For a large national sample of children between the ages of 5 and 9, the results suggest that for White families: (a) fathers are more likely to be present in the home if the child is male; and (b) home environmental advantages that boys appear to have in two-parent households are not apparent in female-headed households. For White families, White single parenthood is clearly linked with a poorer quality environment; nonetheless, it is more equalitarian in terms of boys and girls being similarly socialized. The results for Black children are less systematic, although there is some suggestion that girls lose a modest relative advantage in home environment that they have over boys in father-present homes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "Sons, Daughters and Fathers' Absence: Differentials in Father-Leaving Probabilities and in Home Environments." Journal of Family Issues 15,1 (March 1994): 97-128.
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4563. |
Mott, Frank L. |
The Impact of Father's Absence from the Home on Subsequent Cognitive Development of Younger Children: Linkages Between Socio-Emotional and Cognitive Well-Being Presented: Pittsburgh, PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Well-Being; Fathers, Absence; General Assessment; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the 1979 through 1988 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and accompanying child supplements to explore linkages between a father's absenting himself from the home during a child's early years of life and subsequent socio-emotional and cognitive development (as measured by scores on a Behavior Problems index and PIAT mathematics and reading assessments. The children in the sample were all born between the 1979 and 1983 survey rounds to a national sample of women who were 14 to 21 on January 1, 1979; the children were between five and eight years of age. Systematic patterns of socio-emotional and cognitive disadvantage associated with a fathers absence per se were most pronounced for white boys. Additionally, for all except black girls, father-absent children who did not have access to a significant father figure scored lower than their counterparts on a Behavior Problems index. From a statistical perspective, significant associations between overall detrimental behavior problem scores and lesser cognitive development were found; however, in a substantive sense, these linkages were modest. To the extent that emotional-cognitive linkages are mediated by father's absence, commonalities are most likely to reflect common socio-economic origins-linked with maternal education, intelligence and economic well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "The Impact of Father's Absence from the Home on Subsequent Cognitive Development of Younger Children: Linkages Between Socio-Emotional and Cognitive Well-Being." Presented: Pittsburgh, PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1992. |
4564. |
Mott, Frank L. |
The Impact of Father's Absence from the Home on Subsequent Maternally Reported Behavior Problems of Younger Children Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Children; Children, Behavioral Development; Fathers; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Influence; Gender Differences; General Assessment; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences This paper focuses specially on the consequences of the father's absence for how a child scores on an overall Behavior Problems Index as well as how he or she scores on a number of subscales of this assessment which purport to measure a children's tendencies to be antisocial, anxious-depressed, headstrong, hyperactive, dependent or to be excessively involved in peer conflict. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "The Impact of Father's Absence from the Home on Subsequent Maternally Reported Behavior Problems of Younger Children." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1991. |
4565. |
Mott, Frank L. |
The Pace of Repeated Childbearing among Young American Mothers Family Planning Perspectives 18,1 (January-February 1986): 5-7+9-12. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135193 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; First Birth; Hispanics; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Wantedness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Women who give birth at ages 16 and younger are more likely to bear a second child within the next two years than women who have their first child at ages 17-18 or at ages 19-22. However, there are important racial and ethnic differences in the likelihood of rapid repeated childbearing. Among whites, age at first birth has little effect on the proportions who have a second birth quickly; but among blacks, it has a significant inverse effect, with younger women more likely than older women to have a second child quickly. At nearly all ages at first birth, Hispanic mothers are more likely than either whites or blacks to have a second birth soon after the first. While the youngest black mothers (16 and under) are more likely than the youngest whites to have a rapid second birth, the oldest white mothers (19-22) are more likely than the oldest blacks. Socioeconomic background, marital status at first birth, and wantedness of the first birth also affect the pace of repeated childbearing. Compared with young mothers whose own mothers are high school graduates, those whose mothers are dropouts are more likely to have a second child within two years. Multivariate analysis is used to determine whether age at first birth independently affects the probability of a rapid second birth once the effect of parental education, marital status, wantedness of the first birth and other variables are controlled. The analysis shows that age at first birth exerts a significant independent effect on the pattern of repeated childbearing among all women, and that major racial and ethnic variations remain in that pattern. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "The Pace of Repeated Childbearing among Young American Mothers." Family Planning Perspectives 18,1 (January-February 1986): 5-7+9-12.
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4566. |
Mott, Frank L. |
The Patterning of Female Teenage Sexual Behavior and its Relationship to Early Fertility Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, May 1984 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Behavior; Contraception; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; Religious Influences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Wantedness Revised version of a paper presented to the Annual Meetings of the American Public Health Association, Dallas TX, November 1983. This paper uses data from the 1979 through 1982 rounds of the NLSY to examine the relevance of early background and more proximate factors as determinants of a range of fertility related outcomes for a nationally representative sample of young American women between the ages of 17 and 20 in 1982. The principal objective was to determine whether or not the patterning of these fertility-related outcomes (which include sexual activity, contraception, early pregnancy or childbirth, abortion, wantedness of first birth or pregnancy) fell into any coherent framework. The results are strongly consistent with the notion that generalizable anti-natalist behavior patterns can be related to seemingly disparate social and psychological origins. More traditional background orientation such as religiousity and stable family background are associated with early anti-natalist tendencies as are less traditional orientations such as striving for post-graduate education or viewing non-home roles for women as desirable. However, the mechanisms whereby lower fertility is achieved varies between young women who have these different orientations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. The Patterning of Female Teenage Sexual Behavior and its Relationship to Early Fertility. Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, May 1984. |
4567. |
Mott, Frank L. |
When Is a Father Really Gone: Patterning of Father-Child Contact in Father-Absent Homes of Young Children Born to Adolescent and Young Adult Mothers Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1989 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Fathers and Children; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Influence; Household Composition This research utilizes data from the 1979 through 1986 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Work Experience of Youth to (1) examine the dynamics of father's presence/absence during a child's first few years of life and (2) consider the extent to which overt father present/absence statistics mask a continuing contact with the child's father or other potential father figure. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "When Is a Father Really Gone: Patterning of Father-Child Contact in Father-Absent Homes of Young Children Born to Adolescent and Young Adult Mothers." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1989. |
4568. |
Mott, Frank L. |
When is a Father Really Gone? Paternal-Child Contact in Father-Absent Homes Demography 27,4 (November 1990): 499-517. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/v537607144253572/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Fathers and Children; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Influence; Household Composition Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Utilizing data from the 1979-1986 NLSY, this paper examines the dynamics of father's presence-absence during a child's first few years of life and considers the extent to which overt father presence/absence statistics mask a continuing contact with potential father/father figures. This includes tendencies of children to have frequent contact with "absent" fathers or to have a "new" father figure in the home--be he a spouse or partner of the child's mother or some other designated adult "father figure." The paper documents the extent to which (1) substantial proportions of children born to younger mothers never have had a biological father residing in the home, (2) "net" levels of fathers' absence at various post birth points mask significant "gross" flows of fathers in and out, and (3) large proportions of children in homes where the biological father is not present have potentially significant contact with absent fathers or new father figures, be they spouses or partners of the child's mother or some other significant adult. Racial differences in these patterns are considered. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. "When is a Father Really Gone? Paternal-Child Contact in Father-Absent Homes." Demography 27,4 (November 1990): 499-517.
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4569. |
Mott, Frank L. Baker, Paula C. |
Evaluation of the 1989 Child-Care Supplement in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Report NLS 92-6, Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 1989. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl890020.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Child Care; Contraception; Data Quality/Consistency; Mothers; Research Methodology This report assesses a variety of data quality issues in the special 1989 NLSY child care supplement. Funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, the 1989 round of the NLSY included a special data collection designed to obtain maternal reports of current and usual child care arrangements and to assess the following three data quality issues: (1) the extent to which information collected on primary and secondary child care arrangements accurately reflects all child care use; (2) the extent to which mothers were able to reconstruct a retrospective of every child care arrangement used for at least 10 hours per week since the date of last interview; and (3) the validity and usefulness of a set of questions dealing with the mother's attitudes towards child care and the flexibility of available child care arrangements in meeting unusual or emergency situations. Data were collected from 347 mothers who were interviewed during the first month of the survey round. The report summarizes results of the special survey and presents recommendations for future child care data collections. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and Paula C. Baker. "Evaluation of the 1989 Child-Care Supplement in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Report NLS 92-6, Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 1989. |
4570. |
Mott, Frank L. Baker, Paula C. |
Evaluation of the 1989 Child-Care Supplement in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Child Care; Data Quality/Consistency; Mothers |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and Paula C. Baker. "Evaluation of the 1989 Child-Care Supplement in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1989. |
4571. |
Mott, Frank L. Baker, Paula C. Haurin, R. Jean Marsiglio, William |
Fertility Related Data in the 1982 National Longitudinal Survey of Work Experience of Youth: An Evaluation of Data Quality and Some Preliminary Analytical Results Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Abortion; Behavior; Birth Rate; Child Care; Contraception; Deviance; Fertility; Male Sample; Methods/Methodology; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Wantedness This report evaluates the quality of the fertility-related data in the 1982 round of the NLSY and summarizes highlights of findings from these fertility data. The evaluation indicates that the overall quality of the female live birth information is equivalent to that of the Current Population Survey, that the abortion data is significantly under-reported, and that the other fertility-related information appears equivalent in quality to that of other available data. The quality of the male birth records are inferior to those of the female respondents and should be used with greater care by fertility researchers using this data set. The report specifies the potential magnitude of reporting errors, how these potential error levels are related to characteristics of the respondents, and the procedures used to clean up the fertility records. The analytical sections of the report examine differentials in period and cohort birth rates, sexual activity and contraception, birth wantedness, and pregnancy outcomes for selected respondent characteristics within cross-tabular and multivariate frameworks. Characteristics considered include race and ethnicity, religion, education, and various aspects of family stability, social class, and geographic residence. The multivariate results suggest the utility of a variety of background factors and more proximate respondent attitudes and behaviors for investigating a variety of adolescent and young adult fertility-related attitudes and behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L., Paula C. Baker, R. Jean Haurin and William Marsiglio. "Fertility Related Data in the 1982 National Longitudinal Survey of Work Experience of Youth: An Evaluation of Data Quality and Some Preliminary Analytical Results." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983. |
4572. |
Mott, Frank L. Fondell, Michelle M. Hu, Paul N. Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
The Determinants of First Sex by Age 14 in a High-Risk Adolescent Population Family Planning Perspectives 28,1 (January-February 1996): 13-18. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135957 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Demography; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Sexual Activity; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A study using data for mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and their children aged 14 or older indicates that, after accounting for a wide range of demographic and socioeconomic antecedents, children are significantly more likely to become sexually active before age 14 if their mother had sex at an early age and if she has worked extensively. In addition, early sexual debut is eight times as likely among black boys as among non-Hispanic white boys. Children who use controlled substances at an early age are more than twice as likely to have sex before age 14 as those who do not, although the type of substance having an effect is different for girls (cigarettes) and boys (alcohol). Church attendance is an important determinant of delayed sexual activity but only when a child's friends attend the same church. (Full text available online from EBSCO.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L., Michelle M. Fondell, Paul N. Hu, Lori Kowaleski-Jones and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "The Determinants of First Sex by Age 14 in a High-Risk Adolescent Population ." Family Planning Perspectives 28,1 (January-February 1996): 13-18.
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4573. |
Mott, Frank L. Fondell, Michelle M. Hu, Paul N. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Determinants of First Sex by Age 14 in a High Risk Adolescent Population Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research and Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, April 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Family Characteristics; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Behavior; Psychological Effects; Racial Differences; Religious Influences; Sexual Activity; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance Use This research uses data for children age 13 and over from the 1988, 1990 and 1992 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth child data collection to clarify the importance of a wide range of family and child socio-economic, psychological and physiological priors as predictors of having had sex prior to age fourteen for a high risk national population. The results suggest that while many standard socio-economic and attitudinal priors are not significant predictors, several maternal and child antecedents are highly significant: extensive maternal employment over the child's life is independently associated with above average early sexual activity. Being black is a significant predictor--but only for boys. From an intergenerational perspective, having had a mother who was sexually active at an early age is a robust predictor of a child's early sex. Independent of all other attributes and behaviors. Surprisingly, no cross-generational links between maternal age at menarche and either daughters age at puberty or first sex or within-generational connections between daughter's puberty and age at first sex were found. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L., Michelle M. Fondell, Paul N. Hu and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Determinants of First Sex by Age 14 in a High Risk Adolescent Population." Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research and Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, April 1995. |
4574. |
Mott, Frank L. Fondell, Michelle M. Hu, Paul N. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
The Determinants of Delayed Sexual Activity in a High Risk Adolescent Population Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research and Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, March 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Behavior; Sexual Activity; Socioeconomic Factors In this paper we use some unique longitudinal data for a national sample of high risk young adolescents to temporally examine how various dimensions of a child's background may be linked with subsequent early sexual activity. In particular, we consider the extent to which family and maternal attributes, and child personal behaviors and attitudes may be predictive of subsequent sexual activity. We additionally explore the extent to which early sexual intercourse by a youth may be associated with similar early behavior by his or her mother a generation earlier. For daughters, we are able to clarify whether this intergenerational transmission appears to be independent of any propensities by the mother or daughter to have reached menarche at an early age. We essentially incorporate a variety of social and psychological perspectives into our research design. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L., Michelle M. Fondell, Paul N. Hu and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "The Determinants of Delayed Sexual Activity in a High Risk Adolescent Population." Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research and Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, March 1995. |
4575. |
Mott, Frank L. Gryn, Thomas A. |
Evaluating Male Fertility Data: Who Reports Consistently and What are the Analytical Implications? Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Education; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Fertility; Racial Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We follow a national sample of over 4,000 men from the 1979 (when they were 14-22 years old) to 1998 through 18 interview rounds using unique longitudinal data, describing their cumulative as well as cross-sectional fertility profiles (both before and after "cleaning" the data) and partially explaining the reasons for inconsistencies in reports over that interval. We document inconsistencies in reporting over that interval, and, using tabular and multivariate perspectives, clarify some of the characteristics of poorer reporters. In this regard, we provide a number of strong inferences regarding the reasons for differentials in reporting over time - both misreporting or inconsistencies in reporting - in dates of birth as well as actual acknowledgement of the existence of specific children. Factors considered (e.g.) in this examination include race/ethnicity, education, age at birth of child as well as parents' age, parental presence at birth as well as over the child's life. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and Thomas A. Gryn. "Evaluating Male Fertility Data: Who Reports Consistently and What are the Analytical Implications?" Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2001. |
4576. |
Mott, Frank L. Haurin, R. Jean |
Inter-Relatedness of Age at First Intercourse, Early Pregnancy, Alcohol, and Drug Use Among American Adolescents Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Intercourse; Alcohol Use; Behavioral Problems; Childbearing; Deviance; Fertility; Gender Differences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Substance Use This research describes the patterns of initiation into drugs, alcohol, and early sexual activity for a cohort of young men and women reaching maturity in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Preliminary results indicate that while substantial proportions of youth have used marijuana prior to their 16th birthday, much smaller proportions have tried harder substances, with males generally showing higher rates of initiation at all ages than females. Comparisons with alcohol use highlight the sensitivity of initiation patterns to the definition of substance usage employed. Multivariate results suggest a variety of significant independent linkages between family background factors and these early adolescent behaviors. The direction of effects is generally consistent across the alcohol, marijuana, and other drug-use outcomes. Where divergences occur, they tend to emphasize the different influences on early sexual activity as compared to early substance use. Early use of alcohol and m arijuana are also shown to have significant associations with early sexual activity for all race/gender groups independent of family background factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and R. Jean Haurin. "Inter-Relatedness of Age at First Intercourse, Early Pregnancy, Alcohol, and Drug Use Among American Adolescents." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1987. |
4577. |
Mott, Frank L. Haurin, R. Jean |
Linkages Between Sexual Activity and Alcohol and Drug Use Among American Adolescents Family Planning Perspectives 20,3 (May-June 1988): 128-136. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135701 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Alcohol Use; Behavioral Problems; Deviance; Drug Use; Fertility; Gender Differences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research describes the patterns of initiation into drug and alcohol use, and early sexual activity for a cohort of young men and women reaching maturity in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Results indicate that while substantial proportions of youth have used marijuana prior to their 16th birthday, much smaller proportions have tried harder substances or experienced sexual intercourse, with males generally showing higher rates of initiation at all ages than females. Comparisons between various levels of alcohol use highlight the sensitivity of initiation patterns to the definition of substance usage employed. This research emphasizes the general nonparticipation or singularity of participation in these adolescent behaviors, with only modest percentages of youth experiencing multiple events at early ages or in proximity to one another. However, for those youth who do use one or more substances at a given age, the likelihood is greater that they will soon become sexually active. While the converse is also true, it is more so for girls than boys, suggesting stronger linkages among these activities for females. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and R. Jean Haurin. "Linkages Between Sexual Activity and Alcohol and Drug Use Among American Adolescents." Family Planning Perspectives 20,3 (May-June 1988): 128-136.
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4578. |
Mott, Frank L. Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Gender Variations in the Associations Between Father's Absence from the Home and Children's Behavior: Sensitivity to Life Cycle Stage Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Children, Behavioral Development; Fathers, Absence; Gender Differences; Household Composition; Life Cycle Research; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Poverty; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research uses the 1979 through 1990 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and its complementary child assessment data to explore the shorter and longer term implications of a father's absence for the behavior of national sample of white children who are nine to eleven years of age in 1990. A particular focus of the research is to explore gender variations in the effects of father's absence on the behavior of this sample of about 500 children. The results suggest that (1) there is systematic evidence of strong associations between a fathers absence and a child's behavior in the shorter and longer run, with particular strong effects in the years immediately following the fathers departure. (2) More modest effects are found for girls than for boys. In this regard, there is no evidence of behavioral deterioration among girls compared to boys in the later childhood period -- either for children whose father has been absent for a lengthy time period or for children whose father left in the later childhood period. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L., Lori Kowaleski-Jones and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Gender Variations in the Associations Between Father's Absence from the Home and Children's Behavior: Sensitivity to Life Cycle Stage." Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. |
4579. |
Mott, Frank L. Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Paternal Absence and Child Behavior: Does a Child's Gender Make a Difference? Journal of Marriage and Family 59,1 (February 1997): 103-118. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353665 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Fathers, Absence; Gender Differences; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Self-Esteem A study was conducted to examine the shorter and longer implications of a father's absence from the home for the behavior of a national sample of 482 white children aged 9-11 years in 1990, focusing in particular on gender differences in these longer and shorter term effects. Findings indicate that more modest effects of a father's absence are found for girls than are for boys, although the gender variations typically are not statistically significant. In addition, contrary to expectations, this modest behavioral gender difference appears for both externalization and internalization subscores. Furthermore, boys and girls seem to react similarly and negatively to the presence of a new man in the home. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L., Lori Kowaleski-Jones and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Paternal Absence and Child Behavior: Does a Child's Gender Make a Difference?" Journal of Marriage and Family 59,1 (February 1997): 103-118.
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4580. |
Mott, Frank L. Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Paternal Absence and Child Behavior: Does Child Gender Make a Difference? Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Children, Behavioral Development; Fathers, Absence; Gender Differences; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Self-Esteem This research uses data from the 1979 through 1990 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and its complementary child assessment data to explore the shorter and longer implications of a father's absence from the home. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L., Lori Kowaleski-Jones and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Paternal Absence and Child Behavior: Does Child Gender Make a Difference?" Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1996. |
4581. |
Mott, Frank L. Marsiglio, William |
Early Childbearing and Completion of High School Family Planning Perspectives 17,5 (September-October 1985): 234-237. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135098 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Fertility; First Birth; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data are presented documenting the extent of high school completion among current 20-26 year old women. Women who have a child before completion are far less likely to eventually obtain a secondary credential than women who postpone childbearing until their 20s. Among women who complete high school but bear a child prior to the date of high school accreditation, almost 40 percent obtain their credential through the GED program. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and William Marsiglio. "Early Childbearing and Completion of High School." Family Planning Perspectives 17,5 (September-October 1985): 234-237.
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4582. |
Mott, Frank L. Maxwell, Nan L. |
Early Fertility Behavior of Non-College Bound Youth: Trends and Consequences Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1981 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior; Fertility; First Birth; Household Composition Using data from the 1976 NLS Young Women's cohort and the 1979 NLSY, this study compares the early childbearing behavior of young women in the late 1960s and 1970s. It contrasts separately for black and white non-college bound women the percentages who had a first birth while still in high school, their family situations, socioeconomic characteristics, access to income support, employment situations and their future employment intentions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and Nan L. Maxwell. "Early Fertility Behavior of Non-College Bound Youth: Trends and Consequences." Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1981. |
4583. |
Mott, Frank L. Maxwell, Nan L. |
School-Age Mothers: 1968-1979 Family Planning Perspectives 13,6 (November-December 1981): 287-292. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2134593 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Children; Dropouts; Fertility; High School Completion/Graduates; Household Composition; Mothers; Mothers, Behavior; Teenagers; Unemployment; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1968 NLS of Young Women and the 1979 NLSY, this study compares the early childbearing behavior of young women in the late 1960s and 1970s. It contrasts separately for black and white non-college bound women the percentages who had a first birth while still in high school, their family situations, socioeconomic characteristics, access to income support, employment situations and their future employment intentions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and Nan L. Maxwell. "School-Age Mothers: 1968-1979." Family Planning Perspectives 13,6 (November-December 1981): 287-292.
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4584. |
Mott, Frank L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Adolescents At Risk: Family Predictors Of Problem Behaviors Final Report for Grant Apr 000961, Office of Population Affairs, Department of Health & Human Services, September 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Bias Decomposition; Child Development; Family History; Family Influences; Family Studies; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Gender Differences; Life Course; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Sexual Activity; Siblings This report synthesizes our work on grant APR 000961, entitled "Adolescents at Risk--Family Predictors of Problem Behaviors". This grant used a life course perspective to explore the family origins of child and adolescent problem behaviors. The availability of a longitudinal data file, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, enabled us to follow national samples of youth who are disproportionately from high risk backgrounds, from mid-childhood well into adolescence, examining the family antecedents and concomitants of troublesome behaviors. This report summarizes our findings from the full body of research which has been completed under this grant. In this final report, our approach is to systematically clarify how a variety of early family behaviors and attributes may or may not contribute to a developmental process whereby some youths succeed emotionally and intellectually, whereas others follow a more erratic developmental path. All of the findings we report in this summary represent independent effects, after a wide range of family and maternal priors have been taken into account. Major findings are summarized in 8 components. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Adolescents At Risk: Family Predictors Of Problem Behaviors." Final Report for Grant Apr 000961, Office of Population Affairs, Department of Health & Human Services, September 1996. |
4585. |
Mott, Frank L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Linkages Between Early Childhood Family Structure, Socio-Economic Well-Being and Middle-Childhood Socio-Emotional Development Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Children, Well-Being; Depression (see also CESD); Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Household Composition; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Poverty; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research uses family and child outcome data from the 1979 through 1990 rounds of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth to explore associations between infant and early childhood family structure, socio-economic well-being and parent-child interaction patterns and evidence of subsequent behavior problems by the same children in the immediate pre-adolescent years. The children we follow in this research all have been born between the 1979 and 1982 survey rounds and thus will be between the ages of 8 and 11 as of the 1990 survey point. This sample of approximately 1300 children includes an over-representation of black youth. The separate black and white samples are sufficiently large to permit sample stratification as necessary. The outcome variables we focus on are a well-established nationally-normed behavior problems scale and six behavior problems subscales which measure anxiousness-depression, peer conflict, hyperactivity, headstrong behavior, dependency, and anti-social behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Linkages Between Early Childhood Family Structure, Socio-Economic Well-Being and Middle-Childhood Socio-Emotional Development." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993. |
4586. |
Mott, Frank L. Mott, Susan H. |
Attitude Consistency Among American Youth Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Fertility; Sex Roles This study uses data from the NLSY, a representative sample of about 12,000 American youth who were 14 to 21 years of age in l979, to examine the extent of congruence between the attitudes of young men and women about the appropriate roles for women and their own fertility expectations. The study hypothesizes that women, whites, older youth, and youth expecting to complete higher education should show greater independent associations between their women's role attitudes and their fertility expectations. The results support these hypotheses and the verified hypotheses are consistent with the notions that: (1) youth for whom attitudes toward women's roles and fertility expectations have more direct relevance, particularly in the short run, exhibit greater congruence between their values and expectations; and (2) youth who are less assimilated into the socioeconomic mainstream exhibit less congruence between their values and expectations, primarily because the variability in women's role attitudes exceeds the variability in fertility expectations and because youth who are less assimilated express more traditional values. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and Susan H. Mott. "Attitude Consistency Among American Youth." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1982. |
4587. |
Mott, Frank L. Mott, Susan H. |
Level and Stability of Young Adult Fertility Preferences Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Fertility This paper utilizes the 1979 and 1983 rounds of the NLSY to examine the level and stability of the fertility preferences of a nationally representative sample of young males and females aged 14 to 22 in 1979. The results demonstrate the importance of micro-level longitudinal data for measuring and interpreting trends in the fertility expectations of young adults. Findings indicate that, while in the aggregate mean fertility expectations decline with maturation for all subsets of young adults, at the individual level, maturation is associated with an upward movement in fertility expectations. In addition, this tendency is most pronounced for better educated white women, a substantial portion of the total pool. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and Susan H. Mott. "Level and Stability of Young Adult Fertility Preferences." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985. |
4588. |
Mott, Frank L. Quinlan, Stephen V. |
Children of the NLSY: 1988 Tabulations and Summary Discussion Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, March 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Child Development; Children; Data Quality/Consistency; General Assessment; NLS Description; Overview, Child Assessment Data This report, designed for persons interested in learning more about the Children of the NLSY data set as well as those researchers actively working with these data, provides detailed information on the 1988 data collection including: (1) basic demographic characteristics of the sample of children and NLSY mothers; (2) a discussion of the thirteen assessments administered during the 1986 and 1988 surveys to the mother and child samples; (3) distributions of the normed and raw child assessment scores including completion rates for each assessment; and (4) within- and cross-year correlations for selected assessments as of 1988. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and Stephen V. Quinlan. "Children of the NLSY: 1988 Tabulations and Summary Discussion." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, March 1991. |
4589. |
Mott, Frank L. Quinlan, Stephen V. |
Maternal-Child Health Data from the NLSY: 1988 Tabulations and Summary Discussion Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, October 1991. Also: http://www.nlsinfo.org/usersvc/Child-Young-Adult/Maternal-Child_Health_Data_From_the_NLSY.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Children; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Mothers; Mothers, Education; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes This report includes detailed information as of the 1988 survey round on the pre- and post-natal health care status of women with respect to the periods preceding and following the births of all their children. This includes (but is not limited to) information about prenatal care utilization, substance use during pregnancy, amnio/sonogram use, weight gain, the infant's birth weight, gestation length, sick and well care during the first year of life and infant feeding practices. The report includes selected analytically useful crosstabulations as well as charts and figures. Tabulations are presented by race/ethnicity, maternal education and poverty status. In addition, data are provided on the health status of all the children as of the 1988 survey date. The report includes a brief narrative discussion as well as an appendix precisely defining all of the health inputs including data limitations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and Stephen V. Quinlan. "Maternal-Child Health Data from the NLSY: 1988 Tabulations and Summary Discussion." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, October 1991. |
4590. |
Mott, Frank L. Quinlan, Stephen V. |
Participation in Project Head Start: Determinants and Possible Intermediate-Term Consequences Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1992. Also: http://www.nlsinfo.org/usersvc/Child-Young-Adult/MottQuinlan1991-HeadStart.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; General Assessment; Head Start; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; Temperament This research uses data from the 1988 Merged Child-Mother File of the NLSY to present: (1) summary statistics on Head Start enrollment; (2) multivariate analyses examining the independent predictors of Head Start enrollment; and (3) multivariate analyses examining the extent to which enrollment in a Head Start program may have impacted on a child's behavior and verbal and reading skills over a two year (1986-1988) period, controlling for a full range of background factors including behavior problems and verbal ability at the initiation of participation in the program. The sample of children examined have been born to a nationally representative sample of women age 23 to 30 in 1988. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and Stephen V. Quinlan. "Participation in Project Head Start: Determinants and Possible Intermediate-Term Consequences." Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1992. |
4591. |
Mott, Frank L. Quinlan, Stephen V. |
Participation in Project Head Start: Determinants and Possible Short-Term Consequences Report, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, July 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Head Start; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) This report presents multivariate analyses examining the extent to which enrollment in a Head Start program over a two-year period may have impacted children's behavior and verbal and reading skills. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Frank L. and Stephen V. Quinlan. "Participation in Project Head Start: Determinants and Possible Short-Term Consequences." Report, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, July 1992. |
4592. |
Mott, Joshua Adam |
Familial and Behavioral Antecedents of Children's Injuries Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Accidents; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Health; Children, Health Care; Children, Home Environment; Children, Well-Being; Event History; Family Environment; Family Influences; Gender Differences; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Injuries; Job Satisfaction; Modeling; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Health; Socioeconomic Status (SES) This research uses a national longitudinal sample of children (the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth) to make two new contributions to our understanding of the antecedents of children's injuries. First, it employs path analysis to examine both family and behavioral influences on injuries, factors which have previously been analyzed separately, within the context of each other. Second, it employs event-history techniques to identify risk factors that may operate only at specific ages in childhood. Measures of the dependent variable are based on retrospective maternal reports. Injuries requiring any medical attention (including hospitalization) and those requiring hospitalization were analyzed separately. Family environmental variables tap issues of family structure, socio-economic status and maternal job satisfaction, the quality of parent-child interaction, the home physical environment, maternal health and maternal behaviors prior to the birth of the child. Children's externalizing, injury-related, behaviors are measured using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). This study finds that, especially in middle childhood, externalizing behaviors were predictive of children's injuries. Externalizing behavior played a stronger role in the etiologyof boys' injuries than girls' injuries, confirming prior work. This may, in part, explain gender differences in risk. As expected, but not previously documented, strongest relationships between the family environment and children's injuries that existed independent of externalizing behavior appeared at younger ages. Consistent with child developmental theory, cognitive and emotional family support contributed to "safe" behavioral development in children. This was found to be the case at all ages. As found in prior work, having one or more injuries in a given year was predictive of injuries in subsequent years. However, the pattern of repeating injuries disappeared with the addition of multivariate cont rols. This new finding suggests that persisting familial and behavioral factors may largely account for injury repetition in children. This research points to useful avenues for future research by concluding that: (1) viewing childhood in broad age groupings masks meaningful variation in the timing and patterning of risk, and, (2) models designed to explain externalizing behavior in children also provide a useful framework for examining children's injuries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Joshua Adam. Familial and Behavioral Antecedents of Children's Injuries. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1996. |
4593. |
Mott, Joshua Adam |
Family and Household Predictors of Injury Repetition Among Children in the United States Working Paper, Health Policy and Research Center, The University of Illinois at Chicago, March 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago Keyword(s): Accidents; Behavioral Problems; Child Health; Children, Home Environment; Children, Well-Being; Family Structure; Family Studies; Health Factors; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Structure; Injuries Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. OBJECTIVES. This study examined whether the repetition of reported medically attended injuries among children in the United States is related to the children's access to formal medical care. This study also examined the degree to which socioeconomic indicators and physical household risk factors of children defined as "injury repeaters" are different from those of other children. SETTING. A sample of children was taken from a national longitudinal survey in the United States for whom detailed child injury data were available in 1988 and 1990. Two-thousand and thirty-six children aged 4 to 12 in 1988 were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Since initiated in 1979, the NLSY has retained 91% of its respondents and is representative of a broader national sample of children. METHODS. Using multiple logistic regression techniques, fully controlled, stratified analyses examined whether injury repetition (defined as having reported injuries at both the 1988 and 1990 survey points) was related to the children's level of insurance coverage, family socioeconomic indicators, and household risk characteristics. RESULTS. The odds ratio reflecting the likelihood of injury in 1990 that was associated with having been injured in 1988 was significantly larger among the non-privately insured (OR = 4.55, 95% confidence interval = 2.22, 9.36) than among the privately insured (OR= 1.33, 95% CI =.83, 2.12). Injury repeaters were also more likely than other children to live in cluttered (p = .009) or dark (p = .017) home environments. CONCLUSIONS. Injury repetition cannot be "explained away" by the increased financial access to health care of some children. On the contrary, children with less financial access to care remained at greatest risk of injury repetition after multivariate control for differences in family background. These results also suggest that injury repeaters may share high risk home physical environments which set them apart from other children, and which potentially can be targeted among children who present to medical facilities with injuries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Joshua Adam. "Family and Household Predictors of Injury Repetition Among Children in the United States." Working Paper, Health Policy and Research Center, The University of Illinois at Chicago, March 1998. |
4594. |
Mott, Joshua Adam |
Family Environment, Child Behavior, and Child Injury Propensity Presented: Indianapolis, IN, Health and Families Conference, November 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Accidents; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Care; Child Health; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Well-Being; Family Background and Culture; Family Environment; Fathers, Absence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Injuries; Mothers, Health; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Joshua Adam. "Family Environment, Child Behavior, and Child Injury Propensity." Presented: Indianapolis, IN, Health and Families Conference, November 1994. |
4595. |
Mott, Joshua Adam |
Personal and Family Predictors of Children's Medically Attended Injuries that Occurred in the Home Injury Prevention 5,3 (September 1999): 189-193. Also: http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/5/3/189.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Child Health; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Injuries Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This study examined the independent contributions of demographic, behavioral, and environmental antecedents of pediatric medically attended injuries that occurred in the home. Setting: Two thousand and thirty six American children aged 4-12 in 1988 were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Method: Multiple logistic regression was used to examine whether having a medically attended injury that occurred in the home in 1990 was related to environmental, behavioral, and demographic indicators measured in 1988. To account for individual differences in access to care, results were stratified within samples of children that had, and had not, demonstrated a prior ability to access the medical care system for injury treatment. Results: Among children who did not access the medical care system for injury treatment in 1988, measures of home environmental risk factors did not distinguish those injured at home from those not injured at home in 1990. However, among children who did access the medical care system for injury treatment in 1988, indicators of "dark" (relative risk 4.68, p=0.019) and "cluttered" (relative risk 4.31, p=0.038) home environments became significantly and independently associated with home injuries in 1990. Conclusion: If not accounted for in data collection or analyses, individual differences in non-financial barriers to medical care may lead to an underestimation of the influences of important home environmental risk factors for medically attended injuries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Joshua Adam. "Personal and Family Predictors of Children's Medically Attended Injuries that Occurred in the Home." Injury Prevention 5,3 (September 1999): 189-193.
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4596. |
Mott, Joshua Adam |
Personal and Family Predictors of Children's Medically Attended Injuries that Occurred in the Home Working Paper, Health Policy Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, April 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago Keyword(s): Child Health; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Injuries Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This study examined the independent contributions of demographic, behavioral, and environmental antecedents of pediatric medically attended injuries that occurred in the home. Setting: Two thousand and thirty six American children aged 4-12 in 1988 were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Method: Multiple logistic regression was used to examine whether having a medically attended injury that occurred in the home in 1990 was related to environmental, behavioral, and demographic indicators measured in 1988. To account for individual differences in access to care, results were stratified within samples of children that had, and had not, demonstrated a prior ability to access the medical care system for injury treatment. Results: Among children who did not access the medical care system for injury treatment in 1988, measures of home environmental risk factors did not distinguish those injured at home from those not injured at home in 1990. However, among children who did access the medical care system for injury treatment in 1988, indicators of "dark" (relative risk 4.68, p=0.019) and "cluttered" (relative risk 4.31, p=0.038) home environments became significantly and independently associated with home injuries in 1990. Conclusion: If not accounted for in data collection or analyses, individual differences in non-financial barriers to medical care may lead to an underestimation of the influences of important home environmental risk factors for medically attended injuries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Joshua Adam. "Personal and Family Predictors of Children's Medically Attended Injuries that Occurred in the Home." Working Paper, Health Policy Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, April 1999. |
4597. |
Mott, Joshua Adam |
Repetition of Medically Attended Injuries Among Children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: An Issue of Access or Risk? Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Accidents; Child Health; Children, Health Care; Children, Well-Being; Injuries Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mott, Joshua Adam. "Repetition of Medically Attended Injuries Among Children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: An Issue of Access or Risk?" Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997. |
4598. |
Moulton, Jeremy G. Graddy-Reed, Alexandra Lanahan, Lauren |
Beyond The EITC: The Effect of Reducing the Earned Income Tax Credit on Labor Force Participation National Tax Journal 69,2 (June 2016): 261-284. Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.17310/ntj.2016.2.01 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Benefits, Child Tax; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Labor Force Participation We examine variation in the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) program when households lose eligibility due to children aging out of the program. This change in eligibility offers a framework for assessing whether the aim of the program of increasing work incentives extends beyond the time recipients qualify for the EITC. We estimate the impact of reducing the EITC on mothers' labor force participation using a combination of difference-in-differences and household fixed effects models, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The results indicate that some of those who most likely qualify for the EITC (unmarried, less educated mothers) leave the workforce when they lose the benefit. |
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Bibliography Citation
Moulton, Jeremy G., Alexandra Graddy-Reed and Lauren Lanahan. "Beyond The EITC: The Effect of Reducing the Earned Income Tax Credit on Labor Force Participation." National Tax Journal 69,2 (June 2016): 261-284.
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4599. |
Moulton, Jeremy Grant Graddy-Reed, Alexandra Lanahan, Lauren |
Growing Up and Getting Less: The Effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit On Labor Force Participation Using An Individual Level Fixed Effects Model Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Earned Income Tax Credit program (EITC) has grown to become the largest cash transfer poverty reduction program in the United States. Past research has focused on a difference-in-differences approach to study the effect of the program on the labor supply of eligible workers, especially that of single mothers. But such an approach is known to be subject to selection bias. To circumvent these potential design issues we instead employ a within comparison research design to assess the effect of the program on labor supply. Using the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we examine the effect of the EITC program on labor supply for households with children who “age out” of EITC qualifying child eligibility. Estimates using the full sample of women with two children indicate a 2.1 percentage point increase in female labor force participation when one child qualifies and a 2.7 percentage point increase when both qualify in comparison to when none of their children qualify. Stratifying the results by education and marital status, we find evidence of an even greater effect for unmarried mothers with less than a high school education: 14.3 and 23.2 percentage point increases in female labor force participation for one qualifying child and two qualifying children, respectively. We also employ an instrumental variable approach using number of qualifying children as an instrument for EITC amount that reflects a 0.011 percentage point increase in female labor supply for each dollar of EITC received, however, these results are not statistically significant. This paper applies a new method to evaluating the effectiveness of the EITC program and shows that the program can increase female labor force participation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Moulton, Jeremy Grant, Alexandra Graddy-Reed and Lauren Lanahan. "Growing Up and Getting Less: The Effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit On Labor Force Participation Using An Individual Level Fixed Effects Model." Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013. |
4600. |
Mouw, Ted |
Sequences of Early Adult Transitions: How Variable Are They, and Does It Matter? In: On the Frontier of Adulthood: Theory, Research, and Public Policy. R. Settersten, Jr., F. Furstenberg, Jr., and R. Rumbaut, eds., Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Family Income; First Birth; Gender Differences; Life Course; Nestleaving; Poverty; Transition, Adulthood; Transition, School to Work In this chapter in On the Frontier of Adulthood, Mouw uses longitudinal data to follow 5,464 youth interviewed in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) between 1979 and 1998 as they traverse the paths into adulthood. The youth were between ages 16 and 22 in 1979, and were interviewed each year between ages 22 and 35. Mouw examines whether the timing and sequence of these experiences affect later economic and psychological well-being, such as self-reported happiness and depression, family income, poverty, and education. A longitudinal study examines the sequencing of traditional markers of the transition to adulthood like leaving home, finishing school, entering employment, marrying, and having a child and considers the impact of orderly/disorderly sequences on adult outcomes. Life-history data for persons aged 22 to 35 were taken from the 1979-98 waves of the annual National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The focus was on how many different pathways to adulthood there are, whether the transition has become less structured over time, and how different pathways affect adult outcomes. Monothetic divisive algorithm was used to divide the data into six pathways that explained 41.6% (males) and 41.8% (females) of the variance in life-course transitions. Although these pathways to adulthood definitely correlate with adult outcomes, the effect was substantially smaller than might be expected, and largely dependent on the time of each transition. It is noted that the pathway to adulthood has little impact on poverty, income, happiness, and depression. The policy implications are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mouw, Ted. "Sequences of Early Adult Transitions: How Variable Are They, and Does It Matter?" In: On the Frontier of Adulthood: Theory, Research, and Public Policy. R. Settersten, Jr., F. Furstenberg, Jr., and R. Rumbaut, eds., Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2005
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4601. |
Mouw, Ted |
Social Capital and Finding a Job: Do Contacts Matter? American Sociological Review 68,6 (December 2003): 868-898. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1519749 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Employment; Human Capital; Job Search; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Attainment; Social Capital; Social Contacts/Social Network Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Does social capital affect labor market outcomes? The prevalent use of job contacts to find work suggests that "who you know" is an important means of getting a good job. Network theories of social capital argue that well-connected workers benefit because of the job information and influence they receive through their social ties. Although a number of studies have found a positive relationship between measures of social capital and wages and/or occupational prestige, little is known about the causal effect of social networks on labor market outcomes. Four data sets are used to reassess findings on the role of social capital in the labor market. A test of causality is proposed based on the argument that if social capital variables do have a causal effect on job outcomes, then workers with high levels of social capital should be more likely to use contacts to find work, all else being equal. Results suggest that much of the effect of social capital in the existing literature reflects the tendency for similar people to become friends rather than a causal effect of friends' characteristics on labor market outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mouw, Ted. "Social Capital and Finding a Job: Do Contacts Matter?" American Sociological Review 68,6 (December 2003): 868-898.
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4602. |
Mouw, Ted Kalleberg, Arne L. |
Stepping Stone versus Dead End Jobs: Occupational Pathways out of Working Poverty in the NLSY 1979-2006 Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Mobility, Economic; Occupational Prestige; Occupations; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we test for the existence of pathways of upward mobility for low wage workers by studying patterns of intragenerational occupational mobility in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) from 1979-2006. We argue that stepping stone links of upward mobility between specific pairs of occupations can be identified by whether or not the accumulation of experience increases the probability of movement between these occupations. In contrast, a dead end job is one which both pays low wages and where the accumulation of occupational experience reduces the probability of upward mobility. We use two data sets to detect potential stepping stone links between occupations. First, we measure the skill similarity between occupations using data on occupational skill requirements from the O*NET occupational database. Second, we use data on occupational mobility from matched samples of the Current Population Survey (CPS) to identify possible career ladders based on either significant one-way flows between occupations or positive age effects on occupational transitions. We test these links using data on career histories from the NLSY. A key aspect of our approach is an empirical strategy that simultaneously models wage mobility (a dichotomous indicator of low versus high pay) and occupational mobility (among detailed 3-digit occupations). In order to estimate our models with detailed occupations and multiple observations for each individual, we first randomly sample from the choice set of occupations and then use a latent-class conditional logit model (Train 2008) to allow for individual heterogeneity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mouw, Ted and Arne L. Kalleberg. "Stepping Stone versus Dead End Jobs: Occupational Pathways out of Working Poverty in the NLSY 1979-2006." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010. |
4603. |
Mouw, Ted Kalleberg, Arne L. Schultz, Michael A. |
"Stepping-Stone" Versus "Dead-End" Jobs: Occupational Structure, Work Experience, and Mobility Out of Low-Wage Jobs American Sociological Review 89,2 (March 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224241232957 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Occupational; Mobility, Wage; Wage Levels; Wages; Wages, Low Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Does working in a low-wage job lead to increased opportunities for upward mobility, or is it a dead-end that traps workers? In this article, we examine whether low-wage jobs are "stepping-stones" that enable workers to move to higher-paid jobs that are linked by institutional mobility ladders and skill transferability. To identify occupational linkages, we create two measures of occupational similarity using data on occupational mobility from matched samples of the Current Population Survey (CPS) and data on multiple dimensions of job skills from the O*NET. We test whether work experience in low-wage occupations increases mobility between linked occupations that results in upward wage mobility. Our analysis uses longitudinal data on low-wage workers from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) and the 1996 to 2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). We test the stepping-stone perspective using multinomial conditional logit (MCL) models, which allow us to analyze the joint effects of work experience and occupational linkages on achieving upward wage mobility. We find evidence for stepping-stone mobility in certain areas of the low-wage occupational structure. In these occupations, low-wage workers can acquire skills through work experience that facilitate upward mobility through occupational changes to skill and institutionally linked occupations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mouw, Ted, Arne L. Kalleberg and Michael A. Schultz. ""Stepping-Stone" Versus "Dead-End" Jobs: Occupational Structure, Work Experience, and Mobility Out of Low-Wage Jobs." American Sociological Review 89,2 (March 2024).
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4604. |
Mroz, Thomas Li, Guo |
A Monte Carlo Study of Migration and Child Educational Production: Aggregated vs. Disaggregated Resource Modeling Working Paper, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), February 2013. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2225473 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Common Core of Data (CCD); Educational Outcomes; Endogeneity; Geocoded Data; Migration Patterns; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); School Characteristics/Rating/Safety Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the sensitivity of estimates on various assumptions about aggregation in modeling the school's effect in child educational production. Building a structural model to control the endogeneity of school qualities in the production function, the authors uses Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the performance of a "correct" aggregation educational production model versus simple aggregation educational production model in estimating school resources' effect on academic outcome. Comparion of both specifications to the benchmark model without aggregation shows that the simple aggregation of school resources over a geographic area causes serious specification errors, and thus generate biased estimates for the marginal contribution of the school resources to test scores. Fortunately, such biasedness can be minimized by using the "correct" aggregation specification. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mroz, Thomas and Guo Li. "A Monte Carlo Study of Migration and Child Educational Production: Aggregated vs. Disaggregated Resource Modeling." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), February 2013. |
4605. |
Mroz, Thomas Savage, Timothy Howard |
The Long-Term Effects of Youth Unemployment The Journal of Human Resources 41,2 (Spring 2006): 259-293. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40057276 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Unemployment; Youth Problems Using NLSY data, we examine the long-term effect of youth unemployment on later labor market outcomes. Involuntary unemployment may yield sub-optimal investments in human capital in the short run. A theoretical model of dynamic human capital investment predicts a rational "catch-up" response. Using semiparametric techniques to control for the endogeneity of prior behavior, our estimates provide strong evidence of this response. We also find evidence of persistence in unemployment. Combining our semiparametric estimates with a dynamic approximation to the lifecycle, we find that unemployment experienced as long ago as ten years continues to affect earnings adversely despite the catch-up response. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mroz, Thomas and Timothy Howard Savage. "The Long-Term Effects of Youth Unemployment." The Journal of Human Resources 41,2 (Spring 2006): 259-293.
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4606. |
Mueller-Smith, Michael |
Essays in the Economics of Crime and Discrimination Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Discrimination, Sexual Orientation; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The second chapter develops a framework to consider the interplay between discrimination and concealment of minority status in the context of sexual orientation and shows empirical evidence from the United States on the large magnitudes of concealment costs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mueller-Smith, Michael. Essays in the Economics of Crime and Discrimination. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2015. |
4607. |
Mukhopadhyay, Sankar |
Do Employers Discriminate against Obese Employees? Evidence from Individuals Who Simultaneously Work in Self-employment and Paid Employment Economics and Human Biology 42 (August 2021): 101017. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X21000411 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Discrimination, Body weight; Discrimination, Employer; Obesity; Racial Differences; Self-Employed Workers; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty We test whether the lower wages of obese employees result from employer discrimination using a novel empirical strategy. Using data from two nationally representative surveys from the US, we analyze the wages of individuals who simultaneously work in paid employment and self-employment. While lower productivity and customer discrimination against obese individuals may affect wages in both types of jobs, employer discrimination cannot affect the wages of solo entrepreneurs. Our estimates suggest that, even after controlling for productivity (proxied by their concurrent wage in self-employment), white women (men) who are obese earn 11.4% (9.7%) less than their healthy-weight counterparts in their paid employment jobs. We also find that white women (but not men) who are overweight earn 9.1% less than their healthy-weight counterparts. We do not find any evidence of significant bodyweight discrimination among black and Hispanic workers. These results suggest that white workers, especially white women, are likely to face bodyweight discrimination in their workplaces. We report the results for a series of robustness checks to rule out alternative explanations, such as reverse causality, differences in healthcare costs, and occupation-specific customer discrimination. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mukhopadhyay, Sankar. "Do Employers Discriminate against Obese Employees? Evidence from Individuals Who Simultaneously Work in Self-employment and Paid Employment." Economics and Human Biology 42 (August 2021): 101017.
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4608. |
Mukoyama, Toshihiko Zhang, Gang |
Jobs Before College Completion and Career Building of Young Workers Through Job Switching Macroeconomic Dynamics 23 (2019): 2892-2940. Also: https://doi:10.1017/S1365100517000992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): College Graduates; Employment, In-School; Occupations; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We analyze job switching and wage growth of young workers, separately considering the jobs experienced by workers before and after college completion. These two groups of jobs consist of very different occupational compositions. Workers with many jobs before college completion (JBCC) and with little or no job experiences before college completion have similar subsequent wage paths. These facts can be interpreted that JBCC contribute less to career building compared to the ones after college completion. If we disregard all JBCC, the number of jobs that are experienced by workers before age 35 are about three jobs fewer than the total number of jobs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mukoyama, Toshihiko and Gang Zhang. "Jobs Before College Completion and Career Building of Young Workers Through Job Switching." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23 (2019): 2892-2940.
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4609. |
Mulia, Nina Karriker-Jaffe, Katherine J. Witbrodt, Jane Bond, Jason Williams, Edwina Zemore, Sarah E. |
Racial/Ethnic Differences in 30-year Trajectories of Heavy Drinking in a Nationally Representative U.S. Sample Drug and Alcohol Dependence 170 (1 January 2017): 133-141. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871616309826 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Ethnic Differences; Life Course; Racial Differences Background: Racial/ethnic minorities bear a disproportionate burden of alcohol-related problems in the U.S. It is unknown whether this reflects harmful patterns of lifecourse heavy drinking. Prior research shows little support for the latter but has been limited to young samples. We examine racial/ethnic differences in heavy drinking trajectories from ages 21 to 51. Methods: Data on heavy drinking (6+ drinks/occasion) are from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 9,468), collected between 1982 and 2012. Sex-stratified, generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to model heavy drinking frequency trajectories as a function of age with a cubic curve, and interactions of race with age terms were tested to assess racial/ethnic differences. Models adjusted for time-varying socioeconomic status and marital and parenting status; predictors of trajectories were examined in race- and sex-specific models. Results: White men and women had similarly steep declines in heavy drinking frequency throughout the 20s, contrasting with slower declines (and lower peaks) in Black and Hispanic men and women. During the 30s there was a Hispanic-White crossover in men's heavy drinking curves, and a Black-White female crossover among lifetime heavy drinkers; by age 51, racial/ethnic group trajectories converged in both sexes. Greater education was protective for all groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mulia, Nina, Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe, Jane Witbrodt, Jason Bond, Edwina Williams and Sarah E. Zemore. "Racial/Ethnic Differences in 30-year Trajectories of Heavy Drinking in a Nationally Representative U.S. Sample." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 170 (1 January 2017): 133-141.
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4610. |
Mulia, Nina Witbrodt, Jane Karriker-Jaffe, Katherine J. Li, Libo Lui, Camillia K. Zapolski, Tamika |
Education Matters: Longitudinal Pathways to Midlife Heavy Drinking in a National Cohort of Black Americans Addiction 117,8 (August 2022): 2225-2234. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15882 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Black Studies; Educational Attainment; Life Course; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Aims: To estimate longitudinal pathways from childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) to educational attainment and midlife heavy drinking in Black Americans in order to identify potential points of early intervention to reduce risk for alcohol-related problems in adulthood. Design, Setting, Participants: Data are from 1,299 Black Americans in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, followed from 1979 (ages 15-19) through 2012. Given gender differences in factors related to education and alcohol outcomes, gender-stratified path models were analyzed. Measurements: Youth socioeconomic indicators included parental education (approximating childhood SEP) and adolescent poverty duration. Education-related measures included high-poverty school, perceived school safety, academic problems, suspension from school, educational expectations, and educational attainment. Adulthood measures included repeated unemployment, poverty duration, and mean frequency of heavy drinking (6+ drinks/day) in young adulthood and midlife. Covariates included age, dual-parent household, marital status, early drinking onset, and family history of alcohol problems. Findings: For both genders, two main pathways originating from low childhood SEP flowed to educational attainment through (1) educational expectations and (2) suspension, and from educational attainment to midlife heavy drinking (total indirect effect = 0.131 (95% confidence interval [CI]: .072-.197) for women, and 0.080 (.035-.139) for men). For both genders, adolescent poverty (standardized βs >.135), academic problems (βs >.220), and school suspension (βs >.165) were significantly (ps <.05) related to lower educational expectations. In adulthood, educational attainment was indirectly protective against midlife heavy drinking through its significant effects (ps <.05) on young adult heavy drinking for both genders (βs < -.200) and economic hardships for women (βs < -.290). Conclusions: Low childhood socio-economic position among black Americans appears to be associated with subsequent, adverse socio-economic and school experiences that lead to lower educational attainment and, ultimately, greater heavy drinking at mid-life. Interventions that mitigate these earlier, adverse experiences might have indirect effects on mid-life heavy drinking. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mulia, Nina, Jane Witbrodt, Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe, Libo Li, Camillia K. Lui and Tamika Zapolski. "Education Matters: Longitudinal Pathways to Midlife Heavy Drinking in a National Cohort of Black Americans." Addiction 117,8 (August 2022): 2225-2234.
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4611. |
Mulligan, Casey B. |
Galton versus the Human Capital Approach to Inheritance Journal of Political Economy 107,6 (December 1999): S184-S224. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250108 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Human Capital; Inheritance; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) A century ago, Francis Galton proposed a simple yet powerful model of inheritance. Gary Becker's human capital model is often used to analyze important empirical and policy questions, but does it dominate Galton's from a positive point of view? I derive nine implications of the human capital approach that are distinct from Galton's. Evidence from the PSID, SCF, and NLSY micro data sets as well as results reported in previous literatures suggest that four of the unique implications are refuted. Two implications are verified, and mixed results are obtained for three others. Some extensions of economics recently developed by Becker and others, when applied to inheritance, may improve economics' predictions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mulligan, Casey B. "Galton versus the Human Capital Approach to Inheritance." Journal of Political Economy 107,6 (December 1999): S184-S224.
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4612. |
Mulligan, Casey B. Rubinstein, Yona |
Selection, Investment, and Women's Relative Wages over Time Quarterly Journal of Economics 123,3 (August 2008): 1061-1110. Also: http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/123/3/1061.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Gender Differences; I.Q.; Skills; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wage Growth; Wages, Women In theory, growing wage inequality within gender should cause women to invest more in their market productivity and should differentially pull able women into the workforce. Our paper uses Heckman's two-step estimator and identification at infinity on repeated Current Population Survey cross sections to calculate relative wage series for women since 1970 that hold constant the composition of skills. We find that selection into the female full-time full-year workforce shifted from negative in the 1970s to positive in the 1990s, and that the majority of the apparent narrowing of the gender wage gap reflects changes in female workforce composition. We find the same types of composition changes by measuring husbands' wages and National Longitudinal Survey IQ data as proxies for unobserved skills. Our findings help to explain why growing wage equality between genders coincided with growing inequality within gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Mulligan, Casey B. and Yona Rubinstein. "Selection, Investment, and Women's Relative Wages over Time." Quarterly Journal of Economics 123,3 (August 2008): 1061-1110.
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4613. |
Mulligan, Casey B. Rubinstein, Yona |
Selection, Investment, and Women's Relative Wages Since 1975 NBER Working Paper No. W11159, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Gender Differences; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wage Growth; Wages, Women In theory, growing wage inequality within gender should cause women to invest more in their market productivity and should differentially pull able women into the workforce, thereby closing the measured gender gap even though women's wages might have grown less than men's had their behavior been held constant. Using the CPS repeated cross-sections between 1975 and 2001, we use control function (Heckit) methods to correct married women's conditional mean wages for selectivity and investment biases. Our estimates suggest that selection of women into the labor market has changed sign, from negative to positive, or at least that positive selectivity bias has come to overwhelm investment bias. The estimates also explain why measured women's relative wage growth coincided with growth of wage inequality within-gender, and attribute the measured gender wage gap closure to changing selectivity and investment biases, rather than relative increases in women's earning potential. Using PSID waves 1975-93 to control for the changing female workforce with person-fixed effects, we also find little growth in women's mean log wages. Finally, we make a first attempt to gauge the relative importance of selection versus investment biases, by examining the family and cognitive backgrounds of members of the female workforce. PSID, NLS, and NLSY data sets show how the cross-section correlation between female employment and family/cognitive background has changed from "negative" to "positive" over the last thirty years, in amounts that might be large enough to attribute most of women's relative wage growth to changing selectivity bias. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mulligan, Casey B. and Yona Rubinstein. "Selection, Investment, and Women's Relative Wages Since 1975." NBER Working Paper No. W11159, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2005. |
4614. |
Mullin, Charles H. |
A Rational Choice Based Model of Teenage Childbearing Working Paper, Vanderbilt University, January 1999. Also: http://www.vanderbilt.edu/econ/mullin/research/cq_theory/child_quality_theory.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Vanderbilt University Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Bargaining Model; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Health; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I construct a model of marriage, labor-force participation, and childbearing in which women's decisions depend on whether they foresee themselves marrying. Those who intend to marry have an increased incentive to delay their childbearing and to invest more resources in their children born in wedlock. Furthermore, the model has three novel implications concerning child wellbeing. First, a fall in the returns to marriage, regardless of the cause, has deleterious effects on children. Second, an increase in the bargaining power of women with respect to marriage can lead to a decrease in average child quality. Third, as women's marital prospects increase, the average quality of children born out of wedlock will decrease. This model produces testable implications of women's behavior as a function of their marital prospects. I test these implications with data on women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths (NLSY) and the 1940 through 1990 US censuses. In general, I am unable to reject the implications of the model. Although the power of some of these tests is low, others do provide statistically significant support of the model. However, I am unable to rule out some alternative explanations of the data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mullin, Charles H. "A Rational Choice Based Model of Teenage Childbearing." Working Paper, Vanderbilt University, January 1999. |
4615. |
Mullin, Charles H. |
A Re-Evaluation of Teenage Childbearing Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1998. DAI-A 59/07, p. 2626, Jan 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Fertility; Marriage; Maternal Employment; Sex Ratios First, I construct a model of marriage, labor-force participation, and childbearing in which women make different decisions depending on whether they foresee themselves marrying. Those that intend to marry choose to delay their childbearing and invest more resources in their children. Furthermore, women who bear children both in and out of wedlock invest more resources in their in-wedlock children. I test the marriage market implications of the model with data on women from the NLSY and sex ratios constructed from the 1990 Census. In general, I do not reject the implications of the model. Second, I exam the casual effect of early childbearing on women on their children. I use the natural experiment of miscarriages to control for the self-selection into early motherhood. Since not all miscarriages are random, I cannot point identify the effect with this instrument. However, I show under general conditions that this instrumental variable estimator provides upper bounds on the casual effects of not delaying childbearing, while the traditional OLS estimator provides lower bounds of these casual effects. Additionally, I apply results developed in Horowitz and Manski (1995) on identification with data from contaminated samples in conjunction with the miscarriage data to construct bounds on the effect of early childbearing. Both bounding techniques produce qualitatively similar results: The casual effect of not delaying childbearing for young women and their children is small, and the best inference, although not statistically significant, indicate that it is positive. These results are strongest for women under 18 years of age. In other words, forcing teenagers to delay there childbearing worsens their and their children's expected outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mullin, Charles H. A Re-Evaluation of Teenage Childbearing. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1998. DAI-A 59/07, p. 2626, Jan 1999. |
4616. |
Mullin, Charles H. |
Bounding Causal Effects With Contaminated and Censored Data: Reassessing the Impact of Early Childbearing on Children Working Paper # 00-W39, Vanderbilt University, September 2000. Also: http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Econ/monstaweaver/workpaper/vu00-w39.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Vanderbilt University Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Home Environment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Empirical researchers commonly use instrumental variable (IV) assumptions to identify treatment effects. However, the credibility of these assumptions are often questionable. In this paper, we consider what can be learned when the assumptions necessary for point identification are violated in two specific ways. First, we allow the data to be contaminated, meaning that the exclusion restrictions of the IV estimator hold for only a fraction of the sample. Second, we allow for the data to be censored. After relaxing these assumptions point identification is no longer feasible, but we are able to construct sharp bounds of the treatment effect. In particular, we show that miscarriages can be seen as generating a contaminated and censored sample with which to analyze the impact of a mother's age at conception on the subsequent development of her child. Utilizing the aforementioned bounds, we are able to demonstrate that for non-black children, a delay in their mother;s age at first birth is detrimental to their well being. We use for our analysis the 978 women in the NLSY who reported a pregnancy before their 18th birthday. Of those pregnancies, 723 resulted in births, 185 terminated in abortions and 70 ended in miscarriages. After adjusting for population weights, these numbers imply that 73 percent of non-miscarried pregnancies are brought to term in our sample....We use the following assessments of children: birth weight, the Peabody Individual Achievement Tests (PIATs), the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), the behavioral problem indices (BPI), and measures of the child's home environment. The first four of these categories are child outcomes, while the last, home environment, provides indices of inputs into the child. All outcomes except birth weight are measured in percentile scores, normalized such that a higher score is better and, where appropriate, scores have been adjusted for cohort and age at the time of measurement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mullin, Charles H. "Bounding Causal Effects With Contaminated and Censored Data: Reassessing the Impact of Early Childbearing on Children." Working Paper # 00-W39, Vanderbilt University, September 2000. |
4617. |
Mumford, Kevin J. |
Efficiency Cost of Child Tax Benefits Paper No, 1220, Krannert School of Management, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana, November 2008. Also: http://www.krannert.purdue.edu/programs/phd/Working-paper-series/Year-2008/1220.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Krannert School of Management, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Keyword(s): Benefits; Benefits, Child Tax; Family Formation; Family Models; Family Resources; Family Size; Fertility; Income; Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Taxes; Time Use; Wives, Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Families with children receive preferential treatment in the U.S. federal income tax. Over the past 15 years, the real value of child tax benefits approximately doubled reaching nearly $1,900 per child in 2006. This paper examines the efficiency cost of providing child tax benefits. A representative agent model is used to show how the efficiency cost of providing child tax benefits depends on labor supply and fertility elasticities. The model reveals that cross-price substitution effect for labor supply and children is of primary importance in calculating the efficiency cost. However, there are no estimates of this parameter in the literature. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to estimate this parameter. The estimated cross-price substitution effect implies that children and time spent outside of employment are complements. This implies that the full cost of providing child tax benefits is larger than the reported tax expenditure. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mumford, Kevin J. "Efficiency Cost of Child Tax Benefits." Paper No, 1220, Krannert School of Management, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana, November 2008. |
4618. |
Mumford, Kevin J. |
Income Tax Treatment of Families with Children Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 2007. DAI-A 68/06, Dec 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Benefits; Children; Family Formation; Family Models; Family Resources; Family Size; Family Studies; Fertility; Taxes; Time Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation advances our knowledge of both how families with children are treated in the tax code and how they should be treated. It documents how child tax benefits in the US federal income tax have changed over time and how they vary with family size, income, marital status and other characteristics. It strongly suggests that there are important child tax benefit features that are not understood by policy makers. US child tax benefits cover a large percentage of the estimated cost of raising children and are similar in value to the child subsidy programs of other developed countries. The optimal tax treatment of families with children is first considered from the point of view of economic efficiency and then redistribution. The efficiency implications of child tax benefits are derived from a representative agent model. The key finding is that child tax benefits are not optimal if children and leisure (time not spent doing market work) are complements or weak substitutes. Estimation of the demand for children using data on female labor supply and birth histories in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth implies that children and leisure are complements. Thus, the addition of other distortions (such as externalities) to the model is needed to reverse the finding that a child tax is optimal. Numerical examples of models with multiple agents show that the time cost of raising children is important in determining the distribution of the tax treatment of children. Time series methods are used on US tax and fertility data from 1913 to 2005 to estimate the fertility response to child tax benefits. Findings suggest that fertility responds with a two-year lag and that the increase in the US fertility rate over the past 10 years is partially due to increases in the value of child tax benefits. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mumford, Kevin J. Income Tax Treatment of Families with Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 2007. DAI-A 68/06, Dec 2007. |
4619. |
Mumford, Kevin J. |
Income Tax Treatment of Families with Children Working Paper, Department of Economics, Purdue University, November 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Purdue University Keyword(s): Benefits; Children; Family Formation; Family Models; Family Resources; Family Size; Family Studies; Fertility; Maternal Employment; Taxes; Time Use; Wives, Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Families with children receive preferential treatment in the U.S. federal income tax. Over the past 15 years, the real value of child tax benefits approximately doubled reaching nearly $1,900 per child in 2006. This paper examines the efficiency cost of providing child tax benefits. A representative agent model is used to show how the efficiency cost of providing child tax benefits depends on labor supply and fertility elasticities. The model reveals that cross-price substitution effect for labor supply and children is of primary importance in calculating the efficiency cost. However, there are no estimates of this parameter in the literature. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to estimate this parameter. The estimated cross-price substitution effect implies that children and time spent outside of employment are complements. This implies that the full cost of providing child tax benefits is larger than the reported tax expenditure. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mumford, Kevin J. "Income Tax Treatment of Families with Children." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Purdue University, November 2008. |
4620. |
Munasinghe, Lalith Roshan |
Expectations Matter: Job Prospects And Turnover Dynamics Labour Economics 13,5 (October 2006): 589-609. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537105000138 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Heterogeneity; Job Satisfaction; Job Search; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Labor Market Outcomes This paper presents evidence on the effects of worker expectations on labor turnover, a topic largely ignored in the voluminous literature on labor mobility. Two survey instruments related to expected job duration and chances of promotion in the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth are used to analyze the role of job prospects in predicting turnover dynamics. The key empirical finding is that workers with favorable job assessments have a lower and flatter tenure-turnover profile—i.e. the well-known negative structural relationship between the turnover rate and job tenure-than their counterparts with less favorable job assessments. This finding is consistent with search-and-matching theories that explicitly incorporate heterogeneity of prior beliefs about match quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR; Copyright 2006 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Munasinghe, Lalith Roshan. "Expectations Matter: Job Prospects And Turnover Dynamics." Labour Economics 13,5 (October 2006): 589-609.
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4621. |
Munasinghe, Lalith Roshan |
Studies in the Dynamics of Labor Turnover Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1995. DAI-A 56/03, p. 1068, Sep 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Human Capital Theory; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Labor Economics Workers with longer tenure are less likely to turn over. This is a well known fact. The best known explanations for why individual turnover propensities decline with work experience at a firm, are derived from human capital theory and job matching theory. These explanations, however, assume that workers have uniform assessments of their future job prospects. Therefore, such assessments are excluded from consideration as possible determinants of turnover behavior. The inclusion of workers' prior assessments enables us to better explain mobility patterns. Differences in assessments of future job prospects, such as training opportunities or match quality, can explain observed differences in the time distribution of labor turnover across many worker and job characteristics. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth are used to test implications of the differing prior information hypothesis on labor mobility. The empirical findings are largely consistent with this hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Munasinghe, Lalith Roshan. Studies in the Dynamics of Labor Turnover. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1995. DAI-A 56/03, p. 1068, Sep 1995. |
4622. |
Munasinghe, Lalith Roshan Sicherman, Nachum |
Wage Dynamics and Unobserved Heterogeneity: Time Preference or Learning Ability? NBER Working Paper No. 11031, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w11031.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Modeling; Wage Differentials; Wage Growth; Wage Rates A large portion of the variation in wages and wage growth rates among individuals is due to "unobserved" heterogeneity, and the source of individual heterogeneity is typically attributed to data limitations and/or the unobservability of certain productivity related factors. In this paper we develop a test that discriminates between two inherently unobservable sources of heterogeneity (both of which can clearly account for the variation in wages and wage growth rates): learning ability and workers' inter-temporal preferences (discounting). We apply this test to the large observed differences in wages and wage growth rates between smokers and non-smokers. The evidence supports the discounting hypothesis. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to test their model. They find that the interaction term in their equations are negative, that the result supports the time preference alternative, and that the result is robust across several model specifications and controls. Thus, they conclude that research on the sources of individual discount rates would be a fruitful direction for wage research to follow. |
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Bibliography Citation
Munasinghe, Lalith Roshan and Nachum Sicherman. "Wage Dynamics and Unobserved Heterogeneity: Time Preference or Learning Ability?" NBER Working Paper No. 11031, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. |
4623. |
Munasinghe, Lalith Roshan Sicherman, Nachum |
Why Do Dancers Smoke? Smoking, Time Preference, and Wage Dynamics Eastern Economic Journal 32,4 (Fall 2006): 595-616. Also: http://web.holycross.edu/RePEc/eej/Archive/Volume32/V32N4P595_616.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Keyword(s): Occupations; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Time Preference; Wage Dynamics; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The focus of the paper is on smoking and wage dynamics. Our main objective is to first empirically assess the correlation between smoking and wage growth over the life cycle, and second, to ask whether the estimated correlation between smoking and wage dynamics is consistent with the above time preference argument. Admittedly, our analysis of smoking and wage growth does not focus on dancers per se, and the intention of the opening paragraph is simply to motivate the hypothesis that individual discount rates may be a potentially important source of the observed differences in wage growth prospects among careers. Hence we need to address two key questions. First, what are the correlations between smoking and wage dynamics? Second, is smoking a reasonable proxy for an individual's discount rate? |
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Bibliography Citation
Munasinghe, Lalith Roshan and Nachum Sicherman. "Why Do Dancers Smoke? Smoking, Time Preference, and Wage Dynamics." Eastern Economic Journal 32,4 (Fall 2006): 595-616.
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4624. |
Munasinghe, Lalith Roshan Sigman, Karl |
A Hobo Syndrome? Mobility, Wages, and Job Turnover Labour Economics 11,2 (April 2004): 191-219. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537103000757 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Job Search; Job Turnover; Mobility, Interfirm; Mobility, Labor Market; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wage Effects; Wage Growth; Wages We present an analysis of labor mobility as a predictor of wages and job turnover. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth show that workers with a history of less frequent job changes (stayers) earn higher wages and change jobs less frequently in the future than their more mobile counterparts (movers). These mobility effects on wages and turnover are stronger among more experienced workers, are highly robust across various model specifications, and persist despite corrections for unobserved individual fixed effects. In the second half of the paper we present a simple two period stochastic model of job mobility to study wages across movers and stayers. The model, incorporating salient features of human capital and job search, shows that whether stayers earn more than movers depend on the distribution of outside wage offers and firm-specific wage growth rate. Incorporating heterogeneity of wage growth rates among jobs increases the likelihood that stayers earn more than movers. [Copyright 2004 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Munasinghe, Lalith Roshan and Karl Sigman. "A Hobo Syndrome? Mobility, Wages, and Job Turnover." Labour Economics 11,2 (April 2004): 191-219.
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4625. |
Munday, Amber |
Neighborhood Effects and the Development of Cognitive Ability: A Re-examination of The Bell Curve Honors Project Paper 78, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 2001. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/78 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); I.Q.; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Schooling; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. "The average black and white differ in IQ at every level of socioeconomic status..." state Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray in 1994's controversial book, The Bell Curve (269). Implicit in this statement is the idea that blacks are genetically less intelligent than whites, and it is because of this, that the gap in black and white median incomes persists. Herrnstein and Murray believe that the portion of IQ, as measured by the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), that is influenced by environmental factors is virtually irrelevant. This is due to the fact that less intelligent people live in less desirable environments because of their lower earning potential. My research provides a more optimistic conclusion regarding the future earnings potential of the youth of the rmdisadvantaged. Regression analysis shows that AFQT scores are, in fact, dependent on neighborhood characteristics, especially measures of school quality. The data also show that poor neighborhood conditions affect whites as well as blacks. The resulting implications suggest that the racial divergence in AFQT scores, and the future earnings that they predict, could be the culminating result of the years of segregation of blacks into areas with poorer neighborhood conditions, rather than a function of some genetic difference. Policy implications of this research support the need to equalize public schools and other neighborhood conditions in order to provide equal opportunities for all. |
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Bibliography Citation
Munday, Amber. "Neighborhood Effects and the Development of Cognitive Ability: A Re-examination of The Bell Curve." Honors Project Paper 78, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 2001. |
4626. |
Munk, Robert Owen |
Essays on Business Ownership and Self-Employment Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2016. Also: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:116346 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: OhioLINK Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Entrepreneurship; Marriage; Self-Employed Workers; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation contains three chapters on self-employment and business ownership. In the first chapter, I re-examine the earnings differential between self- and wage-employed men. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that the timing and (voluntary or involuntary) nature of men's transitions into self-employment are important determinants of whether they receive wage-gains. I find that when a man transitions from wage-employment to self-employment voluntarily and early in his career, his wage is predicted to increase contemporaneously by 31%. The magnitude of this increase is 2.6 times larger than the predicted wage change associated with a voluntary, early-career transition to a new wage job. Conversely, I find that when a man transitions from wage-employment to self-employment involuntarily and late in his career, his predicted wage decreases contemporaneously by 18%. The magnitude of this decrease is larger than the predicted 13% wage decrease associated with an involuntary, late career transition to a new wage job. In the second chapter, motivated by the finding that partnered men and women are more likely to become business owners than are their single counterparts, I ask whether the observed marriage and cohabitation effects are a result of partner income. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I first show that when partner income is included as a control, the marriage and cohabitation effects decrease substantially for women, while the effects persist for men. Second, I show that the marriage and cohabitation effects vary with partner income for women but not men. For example, a woman whose husband's income is in the fifth quintile is 1.9 times more likely to transition to business ownership than a woman whose husband’s income is in the second quintile for men. On the other hand, a married man with a high-income wife is no more or less likely to transition to business ownership than a married man with a low-income wife. In the third chapter, re-examine Lazear's (2005) jack-of-all-trades theory. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I ask, what are the wage gains associated with a self-employed worker's prior occupational experience? Overall, I find results consistent with Lazear's theory, which suggests that the returns to occupational specialization are substantially larger for wage workers than the self-employed. I predict that self-employed workers with ten years of prior occupational experience earn a wage that is only 3.2% greater than do self-employed workers with two years of prior occupational experience. However, for wage workers I predict that the wage gains associated with a ten year increase in prior occupational experience (zero to ten years) is 2.1 times larger than the wage gains associated with a two year increase (zero to two years) in prior occupational experience. |
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Bibliography Citation
Munk, Robert Owen. Essays on Business Ownership and Self-Employment. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2016.. |
4627. |
Munnich, Elizabeth L. |
Essays in Health Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Notre Dame, 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Achievement; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The final chapter investigates the effect of the age difference between siblings (spacing) on educational achievement. Because spacing may be endogenous, we use an instrumental variables strategy that exploits variation in spacing driven by miscarriages. The results indicate that a one-year increase in spacing increases test scores for older siblings by about 0.17 standard deviations. These results are larger than ordinary least squares estimates, suggesting that failing to account for the endogeneity of spacing may understate its benefits. For younger siblings, we find no causal impact of spacing on test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Munnich, Elizabeth L. Essays in Health Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Notre Dame, 2013. |
4628. |
Munshi, Kaivan Wilson, Nicholas |
Identity and Occupational Choice in the American Midwest Working Paper, Economics Department, Indiana University, April 2007. Also: http://www.indiana.edu/~econdept/workshops/Spring_2007_Papers/Munshi_midwest1.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Indiana University Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Immigrants; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Demographics; Mobility; Occupational Choice; Religion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper draws a connection between ethnic labor market networks in the American Midwest when it was first being settled, the local identity that emerged endogenously to support these networks, and occupational mobility today. Individuals born in counties with greater ethnic fractionalization in 1860, which we expect to be associated with stronger local identity, are significantly less likely to hold professional jobs, which come with greater geographical mobility, in 2000. A further connection is made between local identity and a particular social institution – the church – to explain the persistence of identity over multiple generations. We expect local identity to be positively correlated with the performance of the local church, which supports and is supported by this cultural trait, and as predicted, counties with greater ethnic fractionalization in 1860 are associated with greater religious participation over many years in the future. |
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Bibliography Citation
Munshi, Kaivan and Nicholas Wilson. "Identity and Occupational Choice in the American Midwest." Working Paper, Economics Department, Indiana University, April 2007. |
4629. |
Munshi, Kaivan Wilson, Nicholas |
Identity, Parochial Institutions, and Occupational Choice: Linking the Past to the Present in the American Midwest NBER Working Paper 13717, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2008. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w13717.pdf Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Immigrants; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Demographics; Mobility, Labor Market; Occupational Choice; Religion This paper documents the presence of non-economic career motivations in the U.S. labor market, explores reasons why such motivations could arise, and provides an explanation for why they might have persisted across many generations. The analysis links ethnic (migrant) labor market networks in the American Midwest when it was first being settled, the local identity or attachment to place that emerged endogenously to maintain the integrity of these networks, and occupational choice today. While fractionalization may adversely affect the performance of secular institutions, ethnic competition in the labor market could at the same time have strengthened within-group loyalty and parochial institutions. These values and their complementary institutions, notably the church, could have mutually reinforced each other over many overlapping generations, long after the networks themselves had ceased to be salient. Counties with greater ethnic fractionalization in 1860 are indeed associated with steadily increasing participation in select religious denominations historically dominated by the migrants all the way through the twentieth century. Complementing this result, individuals born in high fractionalization counties are significantly less likely to select into geographically mobile professional occupations and, hence, to migrate out of their county of birth, despite the fact that these counties are indistinguishable from low fractionalization counties in terms of local public good provision and economic activity today. |
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Bibliography Citation
Munshi, Kaivan and Nicholas Wilson. "Identity, Parochial Institutions, and Occupational Choice: Linking the Past to the Present in the American Midwest." NBER Working Paper 13717, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2008. |
4630. |
Murali, Srinivasan |
Essays in Macroeconomics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Job Skills; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Occupational Information Network (O*NET) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 1 titled Job Specialization and Labor Market Turnover explores the secular decline in the labor market turnover over the recent decades. Even though there is a growing empirical literature documenting the decline of labor market turnover over time, there is still no consensus on the underlying economic factors driving this decline. This paper contributes to this gap in the literature. I analyze the role of an increase in the specialization of jobs in accounting for this decline. Combining individual level worker data from NLSY79 and NLSY97 with data on skills from the ASVAB and O*NET, I estimate a standard Mincerian wage regression augmented with an empirical measure of mismatch. I find that jobs on average are specialized and that specialization has increased by 14 percentage points post 1995. To quantify the impact of this increasing job specialization on labor market turnover, I build an equilibrium search and matching model with two-sided ex-ante heterogeneity. Workers have different skill endowments and jobs have different skill requirements. The specialization of a job measures the impact of mismatch on match productivity. I show that as jobs become more specialized, my model is able to explain over 20\% of the observed decline in labor market turnover. As job specialization increases, well-matched firms and workers choose to remain in their matches longer. This leads to an increase in the proportion of well-matched workers and firms, which in turn results in a decline in labor market turnover. |
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Bibliography Citation
Murali, Srinivasan. Essays in Macroeconomics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2018. |
4631. |
Murdock, Deroy |
How Private Education Gives Graduates a Leg Up on Life Insight on the News, 18,28, (August 5, 2002): 44-46. Also: http://www.insightmag.com/news/2002/08/05/FairComment/How-Private.Education.Gives.Graduates.A.Leg.Up.On.Life-258203.shtml Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Times Corporation Keyword(s): College Education; Education; Education, Secondary; Educational Attainment; Private Schools; Schooling; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Murdock, Deroy. "How Private Education Gives Graduates a Leg Up on Life." Insight on the News, 18,28, (August 5, 2002): 44-46. |
4632. |
Murnane, Richard J. Willett, John B. Boudett, Kathryn Parker |
Do High School Dropouts Benefit from Obtaining a GED? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 17,2 (Summer 1995): 133-147 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Employment; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Dropouts; Income; Wage Dynamics; Wage Growth; Wages, Young Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 1979 through 1991 are used to demonstrate that acquisition of the General Educational Development (GED) credential is associated with an increase in the rate of wage growth for male high school dropouts. (SLD) |
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Bibliography Citation
Murnane, Richard J., John B. Willett and Kathryn Parker Boudett. "Do High School Dropouts Benefit from Obtaining a GED?" Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 17,2 (Summer 1995): 133-147.
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4633. |
Murnane, Richard J. Willett, John B. Boudett, Kathryn Parker |
Do Male Dropouts Benefit from Obtaining a GED, Postsecondary Education, and Training? Evaluation Review 23,5 (October 1999): 475-503 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Dropouts; Schooling, Post-secondary; Skills; Training; Training, Employee; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The authors use longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to investigate whether the wage trajectories of male high school dropouts are affected by the acquisition of the General Educational Development (GED) credential, by postsecondary education, and by training. The authors show that acquisition of the GED results in wage increases for dropouts who left school with weak skills, but not for dropouts who left high school with stronger skills. College and training provided by employers are associated with higher wages for male dropouts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Murnane, Richard J., John B. Willett and Kathryn Parker Boudett. "Do Male Dropouts Benefit from Obtaining a GED, Postsecondary Education, and Training?" Evaluation Review 23,5 (October 1999): 475-503.
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4634. |
Murnane, Richard J. Willett, John B. Boudett, Kathryn Parker |
Does a GED Lead to More Training, Post-Secondary Education, and Military Service for School Dropouts? Industrial and Labor Relations Review 51,1 (October 1997): 100-116. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2525037 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Military Service; Military Training; Schooling, Post-secondary; Training Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for the years 1979-1991 is used to investigate how school dropouts' acquisition of a General Educational Development certificate (GED) affected the probability that they would obtain training, post-secondary education, or military service. It is found that the probability that a dropout participated in post-secondary education or non-company training was greater after GED receipt than before for both men and women. Still, less that 1/2 of GED recipients obtained post-secondary education or training by age 26. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM. |
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Bibliography Citation
Murnane, Richard J., John B. Willett and Kathryn Parker Boudett. "Does a GED Lead to More Training, Post-Secondary Education, and Military Service for School Dropouts?" Industrial and Labor Relations Review 51,1 (October 1997): 100-116.
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4635. |
Murnane, Richard J. Willett, John B. Boudett, Kathryn Parker |
Does Acquisition of a GED Lead to More Training, Post-Secondary Education, and Military Service for School Dropouts? NBER Working Paper No. 5992, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1997. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Military Service; Modeling, Probit; School Dropouts; Schooling, Post-secondary; Training This paper uses longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine whether acquisition of a GED increases the probability that male and female school dropouts obtain training, post-secondary education, or military service. Random effects probit models are used to account for both the dichotomous nature of the dependent variables and non-zero correlations among error terms pertaining to different years of data for the same individual. We find that acquisition of a GED increases the probability that school dropouts obtain post-secondary education and the probability that they obtain non-company training defined as training provided by government or by proprietary schools. However, it is still the case that the majority of GED recipients obtain no post-secondary education or training through the age of 26. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5992 |
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Bibliography Citation
Murnane, Richard J., John B. Willett and Kathryn Parker Boudett. "Does Acquisition of a GED Lead to More Training, Post-Secondary Education, and Military Service for School Dropouts?" NBER Working Paper No. 5992, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1997. |
4636. |
Murnane, Richard J. Willett, John B. Braatz, Margaret Jay Duhaldeborde, Yves |
Do Different Dimensions of Male High School Students' Skills Predict Labor Market Success a Decade Later? Evidence from the NLSY Economics of Education Review 20,4 (August 2001): 311-320. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027277570000056X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Skills; Wage Gap; Wages; Wages, Men This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine whether measures of the skills of male teenagers predict their wages at ages 27 and 28. Three types of skills are examined: academic skills, skill at completing elementary mental tasks quickly and accurately, and self-esteem. Psychological literature supports the position that self-esteem may predict subsequent wages because it predicts the ability to work productively in groups and perseverance in the face of adversity. The results show that all three types of skills play roles in predicting subsequent wages. The different skills are of differing importance in explaining gaps between the average wages of White males and those of Black males and Hispanic males. Copyright: 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Murnane, Richard J., John B. Willett, Margaret Jay Braatz and Yves Duhaldeborde. "Do Different Dimensions of Male High School Students' Skills Predict Labor Market Success a Decade Later? Evidence from the NLSY." Economics of Education Review 20,4 (August 2001): 311-320.
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4637. |
Murphy, Audrey Lin |
The Effect of Delayed Childbearing on the Motherhood Wage Penalty Ph.D. Dissertation, The Florida State University, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Fertility; First Birth; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Mothers, Income; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of my dissertation is to study the impact of delayed childbearing on the motherhood wage penalty. Independently, both delayed childbearing and the motherhood wage penalty have been well documented in academic studies. However there has been a lack of research on these two topics together. Therefore this study will look to see if delaying the birth of a first child leads to a woman receiving a lower wage penalty. I will look for differences in the effect of delaying childbearing in different race groups, compare the effect of a second child, and the spacing of the first and second child. This study will use the NLSY 79, to study the effect of delayed childbearing on the motherhood wage penalty. This will allow for the study to include both a panel data approach and a cross sectional approach. There will be five general models used. The first two, OLS and fixed effects model, have been used in the majority of the wage penalty papers. The third model type, a selection model, has recently begun to be used more in wage penalty papers. This model will allow for the inclusion of women who are currently not employed into the model instead of dropping them from the sample. The fourth model, an instrumental variable model, instruments for age at first birth with naturally occurring birthing shocks. The last model, the double selection model, takes into account the selection into motherhood and employment simultaneously. |
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Bibliography Citation
Murphy, Audrey Lin. The Effect of Delayed Childbearing on the Motherhood Wage Penalty. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Florida State University, 2011. |
4638. |
Murray, Charles A. |
Implications of the Secular Rise in IQ for Convergence of Black and White IQ Scores (Also titled: The Secular Increase in IQ and Longitudinal Changes in the Magnitude of the Black-White Difference: Evidence from the NLSY) Presented: Vancouver, BC, Behavior Genetics Association 29th Annual Meeting, July 4, 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Family Influences; Genetics; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The secular and international rise in IQ has been widely interpreted as evidence that black and white IQ scores may be expected to converge over time. The present study first examines the logic behind this position, then explores the consistency of that logic with data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY), a large national sample that has been followed since 1979. Elaborating Jensen's procedure (A.R. Jensen, 1973, Educability and Group Differences, Methuen), the analyses focus on sibling pairs and mother-offspring pairs within the NLSY. For the sibling analysis, a sample of blacks and whites are matched on IQ and on parental education, occupation, and income. For the mother-offspring analysis, a sample of black and white mothers are matched on IQ and their own education and family income. Parallel analyses of the IQs of the comparison siblings and of the offspring are conducted. Despite equivalent means and variance on IQ and the socioeconomic variables in the black and white reference samples, the IQs of the comparison siblings and of the offspring regressed to means with a black/white difference of 16.9 IQ points (sibling sample) and 21.6 IQ points (mother-offspring sample). Alternative possibilities for reconciling these findings with the secular rise in IQ are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Murray, Charles A. "Implications of the Secular Rise in IQ for Convergence of Black and White IQ Scores (Also titled: The Secular Increase in IQ and Longitudinal Changes in the Magnitude of the Black-White Difference: Evidence from the NLSY)." Presented: Vancouver, BC, Behavior Genetics Association 29th Annual Meeting, July 4, 1999. |
4639. |
Murray, Charles A. |
Inequality Taboo Commentary Magazine 120,2 (September 2005): 13-22. Also: http://www.commentarymagazine.com/production/files/murray0905.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Commentary Keyword(s): Gender Differences; I.Q.; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most of the following discussion describes reasons for believing that some group differences are intractable. I shift from "innate" to "intractable" to acknowledge how complex is the interaction of genes, their expression in behavior, and the environment. "Intractable" means that, whatever the precise partitioning of causation may be (we seldom know), policy interventions can only tweak the difference at the margins. I will focus on two sorts of differences: between men and women and between blacks and whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Murray, Charles A. "Inequality Taboo." Commentary Magazine 120,2 (September 2005): 13-22.
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4640. |
Murray, Charles A. |
IQ and Income Inequality in a Sample of Sibling Pairs from Advantaged Family Backgrounds Presented: Atlanta, GA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Family Background and Culture; Family Income; I.Q.; Income; Income Level; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Siblings; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. "The Bell Curve" (Richard Herrnstein and Murray, 1994) presented data on the independent effect of IQ on a wide variety of social and economic outcomes for members of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). To control for socioeconomic background, we constructed an index using the standard three indicators: parental education, occupation, and income. Among the many threads in the response to "The Bell Curve," the following question arose: How much would the independent effect of IQ have been attenuated if a broader set of family background variables had been used as controls? To test this, Sanders Korenman and Christopher Winship conducted a fixed-effects analysis of the large number of siblings within the NLSY, in effect controlling not just for socioeconomic status, but for everything in the shared environment of the family. The results were that "[w]ith a few exceptions, the fixed-effects estimates for AFQT [the cognitive test used in the NLSY] are remarkably similar to the standard OLS and logit estimates" (Korenman and Winship, 2000 p.146). The independent effect of IQ is robust across methods. |
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Bibliography Citation
Murray, Charles A. "IQ and Income Inequality in a Sample of Sibling Pairs from Advantaged Family Backgrounds." Presented: Atlanta, GA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2002. |
4641. |
Murray, Charles A. Herrnstein, Richard J. |
Races Differ On IQ Tests, Studies Show American and British Whites Score Lower Than East Asians Rocky Mountain News, December 21, 1994, News; Ed. F; Pg. 34A Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Denver Publishing Company Keyword(s): I.Q.; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The authors argue that racial differences in I.Q. are detectable and that these differences cannot be sufficiently explained away by socio-economic factors or test-bias critiques. NLSY79 data is cited as evidence of 1.2 standard deviations between black and white I.Q. scores, even when utilizing the "largest and most carefully selected national sample." |
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Bibliography Citation
Murray, Charles A. and Richard J. Herrnstein. "Races Differ On IQ Tests, Studies Show American and British Whites Score Lower Than East Asians." Rocky Mountain News, December 21, 1994, News; Ed. F; Pg. 34A. |
4642. |
Musick, Kelly Brand, Jennie E. Davis, Dwight R. |
How College Shapes Union Formation Processes Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; College Education; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Returns; Marriage; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent work by Brand and colleagues demonstrates variation in the effects of education on economic returns to schooling (Brand and Xie Forthcoming) and fertility (Brand and Davis 2009). College has a greater (positive) effect on economic outcomes and a more deterring effect on fertility among those least likely to attend and complete their degrees, i.e., among those with the fewest socioeconomic advantages. We extend recent lines of inquiry into differential college effects and ask how they apply to union formation. Using data from the 1979 NLSY, we find that college effects are strongest in encouraging marriage and discouraging cohabitation among socially advantaged men and women with the highest propensity to attend college (cohabitation differences statistically significant for men only). These results question an “affordability” model of marriage positing the largest effects of college where the economic gains are greatest. The implications of our results for the changing meaning of marriage and cohabitation are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Musick, Kelly, Jennie E. Brand and Dwight R. Davis. "How College Shapes Union Formation Processes." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
4643. |
Musick, Kelly Brand, Jennie E. Davis, Dwight R. |
Variation in the Relationship Between Education and Marriage: Marriage Market Mismatch? Journal of Marriage and Family 74,1 (February 2012): 53-69. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00879.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): College Education; College Enrollment; Marriage; Propensity Scores; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Educational expansion has led to greater diversity in the social backgrounds of college students. We ask how schooling interacts with this diversity to influence marriage formation among men and women. Relying on data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N =3,208), we use a propensity score approach to group men and women into social strata and multilevel event history models to test differences in the effects of college attendance across strata. We find a statistically significant, positive trend in the effects of college attendance across strata, with the largest effects of college on first marriage among the more advantaged and the smallest—indeed, negative—effects among the least advantaged men and women. These findings appear consistent with a mismatch in the marriage market between individuals’ education and their social backgrounds. |
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Bibliography Citation
Musick, Kelly, Jennie E. Brand and Dwight R. Davis. "Variation in the Relationship Between Education and Marriage: Marriage Market Mismatch?" Journal of Marriage and Family 74,1 (February 2012): 53-69.
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4644. |
Musick, Kelly Edgington, Sarah |
Re-Examining Women's Wages and Fertility: Has the Relationship Changed over Time? Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009. Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=91935 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Care; Childbearing; Earnings; Employment; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The opportunity cost or cost-of-time perspective posits that the higher wages and better employment opportunities of the more educated make time out of the labor force for childbearing and child rearing more costly. Increased options to combine work and family, however, undermine assumptions of this model and may weaken or even reverse the negative relationship between wages and fertility. We use rich longitudinal data from two cohorts of U.S. women to explore change in the relationship between wages and fertility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Musick, Kelly and Sarah Edgington. "Re-Examining Women's Wages and Fertility: Has the Relationship Changed over Time?" Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009. |
4645. |
Musick, Kelly Edgington, Sarah |
Underachieving Fertility: Education, Life Course Factors, and Cohort Change Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=72106 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Education; Education; Fertility Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Youth to examine cohort change in the relationship between fertility intentions, completed fertility, and education. While all women tend to fall short of their childbearing intentions, the gap between intended and realized fertility is greatest among the college educated. We examine what accounts for women's inability to meet their childbearing intentions, focusing in particular on how such factors differ by women's education, and whether these factors have changed over time. A common explanation of the education gap in fertility is the better employment opportunities of the more educated, which make time out of the labor force for children more costly. Increasingly, however, more educated women can substitute income for time in child care; their better marriage market opportunities may also mean more help from spouses. Have these changes led to increases the ability of college-educated women to meet their fertility intentions? |
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Bibliography Citation
Musick, Kelly and Sarah Edgington. "Underachieving Fertility: Education, Life Course Factors, and Cohort Change." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
4646. |
Musick, Kelly England, Paula A. |
Class and Education Differences in Planned and Unplanned Fertility Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. Also: http://paa2005.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=51699 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Contraception; Education Indicators; Fertility; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Class and education differentials in levels of fertility are longstanding. In recent decades, class and education differentials in the timing of fertility have widened, with higher status women increasing age at first birth much more than lower status women. In this paper, we examine three potential factors explaining socioeconomic differences in fertility: 1) the value women place on children; 2) opportunity costs; and 3) contraceptive efficacy. Using data from over twenty years of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we describe patterns of planned and unplanned childbearing among women from different class backgrounds and with varying levels of own education. We use competing hazard models to examine the role of socioeconomic status in planned and unplanned fertility, and we explore the extent to which the association between socioeconomic status and fertility is mediated by childbearing ideals, opportunity costs, and consistency of contraceptive use. |
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Bibliography Citation
Musick, Kelly and Paula A. England. "Class and Education Differences in Planned and Unplanned Fertility." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. |
4647. |
Musick, Kelly England, Paula A. Edgington, Sarah Kangas, Nicole |
Education Differences in Intended and Unintended Fertility Social Forces 88,2 (December 2009): 543-572. Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/summary/v088/88.2.musick.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Abortion; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Contraception; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Racial Differences; Sexual Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a hazards framework and panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2004), we analyze the fertility patterns of a recent cohort of white and black women in the United States. We examine how completed fertility varies by women's education, differentiating between intended and unintended births. We find that the education gradient on fertility comes largely from unintended childbearing, and it is not explained by child-bearing desires or opportunity costs, the two most common explanations in previous research. Less-educated women want no more children than the more educated, so this factor explains none of their higher completed fertility. Less-educated women have lower wages, but wages have little of the negative effect on fertility predicted by economic theories of opportunity cost. We propose three other potential mechanisms linking low education and unintended childbearing, focusing on access to contraception and abortion, relational and economic uncertainty, and consistency in the behaviors necessary to avoid unintended pregnancies. Our work highlights the need to incorporate these mechanisms into future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Musick, Kelly, Paula A. England, Sarah Edgington and Nicole Kangas. "Education Differences in Intended and Unintended Fertility." Social Forces 88,2 (December 2009): 543-572.
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4648. |
Musick, Kelly Mare, Robert D. |
Family Structure, Intergenerational Mobility and the Reproduction of Poverty: Evidence for Increasing Polarization? Demography 41,4 (November 2004): 629-649. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/f317q7n734t4471g/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Structure; Fertility; Inheritance; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Modeling; Parenthood; Parents, Single; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A substantial body of research has demonstrated links between poverty and family structure from one generation to the next, but has left open key questions about the implications of these associations for aggregate-level change. To what extent does intergenerational inheritance affect trends in poverty and single parenthood over time and, in particular, trends in the relative economic positions of single-parent and two-parent families? This article examines how patterns of intergenerational inheritance play out in the population over the long run, using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys and a model of population renewal that takes into account intergenerational mobility and differential fertility across groups that are defined by poverty status and family structure. Our results suggest that current rates of intergenerational inheritance have little effect on population change over time. They account for only a small share of the recent historical change in poverty and family structure and play no role in exacerbating existing economic disparities by family structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Musick, Kelly and Robert D. Mare. "Family Structure, Intergenerational Mobility and the Reproduction of Poverty: Evidence for Increasing Polarization?" Demography 41,4 (November 2004): 629-649.
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4649. |
Musick, Kelly Mare, Robert D. |
Recent Trends in the Inheritance of Poverty and Family Structure Working Paper CCPR-002-04, California Center for Population Research, Los Angeles, 2004. Also:http://escholarship.org/uc/item/9th763q5 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: California Center for Population Research (CCPR) Keyword(s): Family Structure; Fertility; Inheritance; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Modeling; Parenthood; Parents, Single; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates trends in the interdependence of poverty and family structure from one generation to the next, focusing specifically on mothers and daughters. This aspect of the mobility process has not been explored, despite widespread concern about the life chances of children in poor single-parent families and dramatic changes in the distributions of poverty and family structure in recent decades. We examine origin-by-destination status along the two dimensions of poverty and family structure, using rich panel data and loglinear models to parse out the associations between poverty and family structure within and across generations. Our results show that the intergenerational associations between poverty and family structure are strong, but operate through largely independent pathways. Net of the correlation between poverty and family structure within a generation, the intergenerational transmission of poverty is significantly stronger than the intergenerational transmission of family structure, and neither childhood poverty nor family structure affects the other in adulthood. Finally, despite important changes in the distributions of poverty and family structure, we find no evidence of change in the processes of intergenerational inheritance over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Musick, Kelly and Robert D. Mare. "Recent Trends in the Inheritance of Poverty and Family Structure." Working Paper CCPR-002-04, California Center for Population Research, Los Angeles, 2004. Also:http://escholarship.org/uc/item/9th763q5. |
4650. |
Must, Aviva Gortmaker, Steven L. Dietz, William H. |
Risk Factors for Obesity in Young Adults: Hispanics, African Americans and Whites in the Transition Years, Age 16-28 Years Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 48,3-4 (1994): 143-156. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0753332294901031 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Masson Pub. USA, Inc. Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Black Youth; Epidemiology; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Obesity; Social Environment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies have suggested that late adolescence may represent a critical period in the development of lifelong obesity, but representative prospective studies in this age group are lacking. The analytic cohort consisted of a representative sample from the United States of 11,591 Hispanic, African American, and white youths interviewed as part of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Significant differences in obesity measures were observed among the six race-sex groups. Compared to whites of the same sex, the prevalence of obesity in 1981 was significantly higher among Hispanic males (12.0 vs 8.6%, P < 0.05) and African American females (14.2% vs 7.3%, P > 0.001) and lower among African American males (6.4% vs 8.6%, P > 0.005). Five-year cumulative incidence of obesity (1981-1986) was highest in Hispanic males, Hispanic females and African American females. Among those ages studied both in 1981 and in 1986, a secular trend towards increased prevalence of obesity was observed over the five-year period (10.6% in 1981, 13.6% in 1986, P > 0.0001). Multivariate analyses failed to identify behavioral or sociodemographic factors that operated similarly in all race-sex groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Must, Aviva, Steven L. Gortmaker and William H. Dietz. "Risk Factors for Obesity in Young Adults: Hispanics, African Americans and Whites in the Transition Years, Age 16-28 Years." Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 48,3-4 (1994): 143-156.
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4651. |
Mustafa, Shoumi |
Three Essays on College Enrollment, Completion and Labor Market Returns Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Ohio State University, 2003. Also: http://www.ohiolink.edu.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/etd/send-pdf.cgi/Mustafa%20Shoumi.pdf?acc%5Fnum=osu1056376339 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): College Education; College Enrollment; Endogeneity; Financial Assistance; Higher Education; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences; Tuition Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Effects of Financial Aid on College Completion I examine effects of grant aid and education loan amounts on the college completion decision of students attending four-year colleges. The goal is to determine whether a given amount of financial aid reduces the dropout probability, and whether it has differential effects when given as grants versus loans. Using data from the Second Follow-up Survey of the 1994 Beginning Post-secondary Students Longitudinal Study, I estimate a probit model of the college dropout decision, accounting for the endogeneity of grant and loan amounts. My estimates show that grants reduce the dropout probability although loans do not affect individuals' college completion decisions. The result suggests that current federal government policies of promoting loans as the main form of financial aid (in higher education) are not consistent with the stated objective of increasing access to college. Education loans are found to influence college quality choices of meritorious students from low to middle income families. The Effects of State Characteristic College Enrollment I examine how state policies on tuition, grant aid and appropriations influence high school graduates' two-year versus four-year college attendance decisions. Using data from 1994-99 October Supplements of the Current Population Survey, I estimate a multinomial logit model of college choice. My estimates show that higher four-year college tuition motivates prospective students to attend two-year colleges. I also find positive effects of two-year college appropriations on two-year college attendance. These results illustrate the on-going interaction of state policies and individual decisions. In recent years, increased earnings of college educated individuals have resulted in large increases in college enrollments. States have adjusted to the enrollment pressure by raising four-year college tuition. In response, students have switched to two-year colleges, requiring states to allocate larger amounts to such colleges. Reconciling Estimates of Labor Market Returns to College Quality Rapid increases in the cost of attending higher quality colleges have contributed to a growing literature on the relationship between college quality and student earnings. In a group of nine such studies, analysts find positive earnings effects of college quality but fail to agree on its magnitude. Because these studies differ with respect to a variety of methodological and data related issues, it is not possible to ascertain how each of these differences influences the estimates. I consider a large set of factor that distinguish the studies and examine the sensitivity of the estimates to each of the factors, using two large micro data sets, the First Follow-up Survey of the Baccalaureate and Beyond Study and the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. My estimates show that college quality effects differ between blacks and whites, college graduates and dropouts and also between young and older students. I also find that correcting for the endogeneity of college quality variables increases estimates of college quality effects, implying that costs of attendance constrain individuals' college quality choices. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mustafa, Shoumi. Three Essays on College Enrollment, Completion and Labor Market Returns. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Ohio State University, 2003.. |
4652. |
Mustre-Del-Rio, Jose |
Job Duration and the Cleansing and Sullying: Effects of Recessions Working Paper No. RWP 12-08, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, December 2012. Also: http://www.kansascityfed.org/publicat/reswkpap/pdf/rwp12-08.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Job Search; Job Tenure Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Models of on-the-job search imply that recessions both cleanse and sully the labor market by hastening the termination of low quality matches and stifling the formation of better matches. This paper evaluates these predictions using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) under the hypothesis that match duration reflects quality. The results provide no systematic evidence of the cleansing effect, but do support the sullying effect. This suggests that match quality is procyclical. As predicted by theory, this procyclicality is driven by the decline in quality of matches found through job-to-job transitions during recessions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mustre-Del-Rio, Jose. "Job Duration and the Cleansing and Sullying: Effects of Recessions." Working Paper No. RWP 12-08, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, December 2012. |
4653. |
Mustre-Del-Rio, Jose |
Job Duration over the Business Cycle Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 51,6 (September 2019): 1691-1711. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jmcb.12565 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Job Patterns; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) suggests that the cyclicality of job duration depends on the worker's prior and future employment status. For example, among matches formed with previously nonemployed workers, those that end with the worker returning to nonemployment display procyclical duration. In contrast, matches that end because the worker switches to another job have countercyclical duration. Moreover, differences in starting wages do not account for these patterns. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mustre-Del-Rio, Jose. "Job Duration over the Business Cycle." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 51,6 (September 2019): 1691-1711.
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4654. |
Mustre-Del-Rio, Jose |
Lessons for the Aggregate Labor Market from Employment and Turnover Patterns Across Workers Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Rochester, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Employment; Job Patterns; Job Turnover; Labor Supply; Labor Turnover Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Economists often analyze economies populated by identical agents due to their tractability. However, this practice leads to discrepancies between individual and aggregate level observations. Most prominently, these models overlook large differences in behavior and outcomes across workers. This dissertation fills this gap by examining the implications of individual employment and turnover patterns for the aggregate labor market. The first chapter of this dissertation analyzes turnover differences across workers over the business cycle and their implications for overall job duration. Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of The Youth (NLSY) 1979-2006 suggests that average (overall) job duration is pro-cyclical, once controlling for worker composition. At the exit margin, jobs ending in recessions are of systematically shorter duration than jobs ending in booms. This result however is driven by high turnover workers who disproportionately account for exits in a recession. At the entry margin, jobs starting in recessions are expected to be of shorter duration. This result is not compositional. Recessions tend to increase the likelihood of any new job ending even when accounting for worker heterogeneity. The second chapter of this dissertation explores the implications of individual labor supply heterogeneity for the aggregate labor supply elasticity. It presents a heterogeneous agent economy with indivisible labor where agents differ in their disutility of labor and market skills. The model is estimated via indirect inference using observations on average employment and wage rates across individuals in the NLSY. The elasticity of aggregate employment in the model is 0.71, which is low compared to the literature. The results suggest that the previous literature generates large aggregate labor supply elasticities by ignoring individual labor supply differences. The third chapter is a natural extension of the second. It addresses what are the resulting aggregate e mployment fluctuations in an economy where agents differ in their labor supply. The results of this chapter suggest that allowing for individual labor supply heterogeneity has profound cyclical effects. The model predicts that aggregate employment fluctuations are small because individuals with very inelastic labor supply contribute disproportionately to overall employment over the business cycle |
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Bibliography Citation
Mustre-Del-Rio, Jose. Lessons for the Aggregate Labor Market from Employment and Turnover Patterns Across Workers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Rochester, 2011. |
4655. |
Mustre-Del-Rio, Jose |
Wealth and Labor Supply Heterogeneity Review of Economic Dynamics 18,3 (July 2015): 619-634. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094202514000519 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Economic Dynamics Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Labor Supply; Modeling; Wages; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the importance of ex-ante heterogeneity for understanding the relationship between wealth and labor supply when markets are incomplete. An infinite horizon model is estimated where labor supply is indivisible and households are ex-ante heterogeneous in their labor disutility and market skills. The model replicates key features of the distribution of employment, wages, and wealth observed in the data. Importantly, it reverses the prediction that employment falls with wealth, a pervasive feature of models without ex-ante heterogeneity. A byproduct of the model's empirical performance is that it implies labor supply responses to unanticipated wages changes (e.g., Frisch elasticities) that are a half to two-thirds of those recovered from models with only ex-post heterogeneity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mustre-Del-Rio, Jose. "Wealth and Labor Supply Heterogeneity." Review of Economic Dynamics 18,3 (July 2015): 619-634.
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4656. |
Mutambudzi, Miriam |
An Examination of the Effects of Occupational Trajectories and Psychosocial Characteristics of Work on Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Birth Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Connecticut, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Birthweight; Ethnic Differences; Health Factors; Hispanics; Maternal Employment; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Health disparities are a major public health concern, as are adverse reproductive health outcomes. One of the most persistent health disparities between blacks and whites is that of adverse birth outcomes. This research aimed to evaluate whether racial/ethnic differences in occupational substantive complexity (SC) trajectories were a significant contributor to racial/ethnic disparities in low birth weight (LBW) and preterm delivery (PTD). In addition, this research evaluated racial/ethnic disparities in occupational pathways and the effects on pregnancy outcomes of work that does not fully engage prior education. This was a longitudinal study that analyzed secondary data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79), combined with occupational characteristics data from the Occupational Information Resource Center (O*NET). Data analysis involved descriptive analysis as well as generalized linear models (GLM) and generalized estimated equations (GEE), which were constructed to examine the associations between outcome and predictor variables, and to estimate the risk of LBW and PTD. Additionally, structural equation modeling (SEM) and general growth mixture models (GGMM) were employed to determine the main effects of longitudinal occupational trajectories relative to educational attainment on LBW and PTD, with particular attention to racial differences. The results of LBW analysis supported the study hypothesis. Minority mothers were over represented in low SC trajectories, and black mothers in particular showed an increased risk of giving birth to a LBW infant. Furthermore, foreign-born Hispanic mothers showed favorable outcomes in comparison to their US-born counterparts. The findings also supported the hypothesis of mediation by SC trajectories of the association between education and LBW. PTD results were inconclusive. Black mothers had an increased risk of PTD as hypothesized, however the mediating effects of SC trajectories were greater for Hispanics. This study is of great relevance to the field of Public Health, as it is adding to the body of knowledge on how disparities in birth outcomes may in part be a consequence of occupational characteristics, which in themselves are expressions, and results of deeper disparities. Additionally with more women working during the course of their pregnancy, this study will be beneficial to women's reproductive health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mutambudzi, Miriam. An Examination of the Effects of Occupational Trajectories and Psychosocial Characteristics of Work on Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Birth Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Connecticut, 2012. |
4657. |
Mutambudzi, Miriam Meyer, John D. |
Construction of Early and Midlife Work Trajectories in Women and Their Association With Birth Weight American Journal of Public Health 104,S1 (February 2014): S58-S64. Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301401 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Birthweight; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Occupational Information Network (O*NET) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives. We derived trajectories of the substantive complexity (SC) of work across mid-adult life in women and determined their association with term birth weight. SC is a concept that encompasses decision latitude, active learning, and ability to use and expand one’s abilities at work. Methods. Using occupational data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and O*NET work variables, we used growth mixture modeling (GMM) to construct longitudinal trajectories of work SC from the ages of 18 to 34 years. The association between work trajectories and birth weight of infants born to study participants was modeled using generalized estimating equations, adjusting for education, income, and relevant covariates. Results. GMM yielded a 5-class solution for work trajectories in women. Higher work trajectories were associated with higher term birth weight and were robust to the inclusion of both education and income. A work trajectory that showed a sharp rise after age 24 years was associated with marked improvement in birth weight. Conclusions. Longitudinal modeling of work characteristics might improve capacity to integrate occupation into a life-course model that examines antecedents and consequences for maternal and child health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mutambudzi, Miriam and John D. Meyer. "Construction of Early and Midlife Work Trajectories in Women and Their Association With Birth Weight." American Journal of Public Health 104,S1 (February 2014): S58-S64.
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4658. |
Muthen, Bengt O. |
Methodological Issues In Random Coefficent Growth Modeling Using a Latent Variable Framework: Applications to the Development of Heavy Drinking in Ages 18-37 In: Multivariate Applications in Substance Use Research: New Methods for New Questions. J. Rose, et al., eds. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2000: 113-140 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Family Background and Culture; Heterogeneity; Home Environment; Longitudinal Data Sets; Modeling; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Research Methodology; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Muthen, Bengt O. "Methodological Issues In Random Coefficent Growth Modeling Using a Latent Variable Framework: Applications to the Development of Heavy Drinking in Ages 18-37" In: Multivariate Applications in Substance Use Research: New Methods for New Questions. J. Rose, et al., eds. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2000: 113-140
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4659. |
Muthen, Bengt O. Muthen, Linda K. |
Integrating Person-Centered and Variable-Centered Analyses: Growth Mixture Modeling With Latent Trajectory Classes Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24,6 (June 2000): 882-891. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02070.x Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior, Antisocial; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Modeling, MIxture Models/Finite Mixture Models Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: Many alcohol research questions require methods that take a person-centered approach because the interest is in finding heterogeneous groups of individuals, such as those who are susceptible to alcohol dependence and those who are not. A person-centered focus also is useful with longitudinal data to represent heterogeneity in developmental trajectories. In alcohol, drug, and mental health research the recognition of heterogeneity has led to theories of multiple developmental pathways. Methods: This paper gives a brief overview of new methods that integrate variable- and person-centered analyses. Methods discussed include latent class analysis, latent transition analysis, latent class growth analysis, growth mixture modeling, and general growth mixture modeling. These methods are presented in a general latent variable modeling framework that expands traditional latent variable modeling by including not only continuous latent variables but also categorical latent variables. Results: Four examples that use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data are presented to illustrate latent class analysis, latent class growth analysis, growth mixture modeling, and general growth mixture modeling. Latent class analysis of antisocial behavior found four classes. Four heavy drinking trajectory classes were found. The relationship between the latent classes and background variables and consequences was studied. |
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Bibliography Citation
Muthen, Bengt O. and Linda K. Muthen. "Integrating Person-Centered and Variable-Centered Analyses: Growth Mixture Modeling With Latent Trajectory Classes." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24,6 (June 2000): 882-891.
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4660. |
Muthen, Bengt O. Muthen, Linda K. |
The Development of Heavy Drinking and Alcohol-Related Problems from Ages 18 to 37 in a U. S. National Sample Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61,2 (March 2000): 290-300. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Early_Alcohol_Use_Rural_Residence_and_Adult_Employment/2226.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; College Education; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Family Background and Culture; Family History; Gender; High School Dropouts; Racial Differences; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Investigated the influence of individual background variables on the development of heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems by examining data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a general population sample (7,859 Ss) that contains information on alcohol use for the ages 18-37 yrs. Background variables included gender, ethnicity, family history of problem drinking, early onset of drinking, high school dropout, and college education. The study used a multivariate outcome approach that focused on individual variation in trajectories over age. The statistical analysis used random coefficients in a latent variable framework. Across-age changes in the importance of the influence of background variables on the outcomes were modeled using varying center points. A key finding is that dropping out of high school has no effect on alcohol-related problems for individuals in their mid-20s, but is associated with significantly increased levels of alcohol-related problems for individuals in their mid-30s. In contrast, going on to college is associated with lower levels of heavy drinking when individuals reach their late twenties and their thirties. Strong gender and ethnicity effects seen in the twenties diminish when individuals reach their thirties. ((c) 2000 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Muthen, Bengt O. and Linda K. Muthen. "The Development of Heavy Drinking and Alcohol-Related Problems from Ages 18 to 37 in a U. S. National Sample." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61,2 (March 2000): 290-300.
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4661. |
Myadze, Theresa I. |
Inactivity and Activity Among Young Black and White Non-Hispanic Men Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Discrimination; Education; Health Care; Labor Force Participation; Local Area Unemployment; Local Labor Market; Racial Differences; Residence; Unemployment The prevalence of nonemployment, among young black men has been increasingly attributed to supply-side explanations. This thesis uses NLS data in examining how a variety of supply, demand, and control variables influence chronic nonemployment among both young black and white men. Because poor performance in the labor market could lead to voluntary nonemployment, an assessment is also made of how selected variables affect what may be regarded as an ideal activity--full-time, year-round, nonpoverty wage work. The results indicate that such demand side factors as central-city status and the local unemployment rate had no significant impact on chronic nonemployment. However, proximity to jobs i.e., local employment rate, did affect the likelihood of full-time, year-round, nonpoverty wage work. As such, facilitating local economic growth remains in stabilizing demand for black labor and in improving the quality of jobs available. The results indicate that the incidence of full-time work among both races may also improve with the accessibility to vocational-technical training, health care, union jobs, and higher education, among others. Chronic nonemployment among both races seems to be heavily determined by education. Nonemployment among blacks is also determined by such supply variables as government training, household composition at age fourteen, presently residing with one's parent(s), and recent union status. It is likely that accessibility to stable, quality jobs, not just jobs per se, should reduce chronic nonemployment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Myadze, Theresa I. Inactivity and Activity Among Young Black and White Non-Hispanic Men. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1990. |
4662. |
Myers, Samuel L., Jr. |
Unintended Impacts of Sentencing on Family Structure Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Divorce; Drug Use; Family Characteristics; Family Environment; Family Structure; Household Composition; Incarceration/Jail; Marriage; Parents, Single; Racial Differences; Sex Ratios; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Underclass Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This 24-month project was motivated by theoretical and empirical findings suggesting that sentencing reforms and punitive prison sanctions may have adverse impacts on families. The hypothesis that we tested using different data sets and different time periods and different measures of family structure was that imprisonment has had the unintended consequence of destabilizing families, particularly black families. To test the hypothesis, we designed three research modules that would each examine the relationship between family structure and incarceration, but using different measures and data sets. The first module merged the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 1965 and 1994 with the Urban Institute 1980 and 1990 Underclass Database and the 1984 and 1993 National Correctional Report Program data set for counties to measure the impact of inmate admissions and releases on female-headed families, female family headship and out-of-wedlock births. In the second module, we merged data from the Current Population Survey for 1985 and 1995 with state-level data to measure the Darity-Myers sex ratio and expected welfare income and their relationship to family structure, sentencing guidelines, and minimum sentences for drug-related crimes. Finally, Module C used data collected from inmates entering the Minnesota prison system in 1997 and 1998 and information from the Minnesota Crime Survey and the 1990 Census to assess any connections between incarceration and family structure. In summary, we found little support for the theoretically plausible hypothesis that there are strong unintended impacts of imprisonment policies on family structure. |
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Bibliography Citation
Myers, Samuel L., Jr. "Unintended Impacts of Sentencing on Family Structure." Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2000. |
4663. |
Myers, Samuel L., Jr. Wilkins, Roy |
Unintended Impacts of Sentencing Guidelines on Family Structure, Revised Technical Report Revised Technical Report, Document No 194339, Submitted to The National Institute of Justice, April 2002. Also: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/194339.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Criminal Justice Reference Service Keyword(s): Black Family; Black Studies; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Family Constraints; Family Decision-making/Conflict; Family Models; Family Structure; Family Studies; Geocoded Data; Incarceration/Jail; Modeling, Fixed Effects; State-Level Data/Policy; Underclass Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Executive Summary This project was motivated by theoretical and empirical findings that suggest sentencing reforms and punitive prison sanctions may have adverse impacts on families. The hypothesis that we test using different data sets, different time periods and different measures of family structure is: imprisonment has had the unintended consequence of destabilizing families, particularly black families. The underlying theoretical premise is that strong, stable two-parent families are related to the state of the marriage market. When there are large numbers of marriageable men relative to unmarried women, fewer female-headed families will form. But imprisonment reduces the supply of marriageable men, according to this theory. Thus, the central hypothesis is that when there is a change in sentencing policies that increases imprisonment there will be a corresponding reduction in the supply of marriageable men and an increase in the incidence of female-headed families. To test our hypothesis we designed three research models to examine the relationship between family structure and incarceration, but using different measures and datasets. The goals was to see if testing for the same impacts using different data would confirm our theory that changing sentencing policies has adversely affected families. The first model (Module A) merged the National Longitudinal Survey on Youth (NLSY) for 1985 and 1994 with the Urban Institute's 1980 and 1990 Underclass Database (UDB) and the 1984 and 1993 National Correctional Report Program (NCRP) data set for counties. It measured the impact of inmate admissions and releases on female-headed families, female family headship, and out of wedlock births. Module B merged data from the Current Population Survey for 1985 and 1995 with state level data to measure the Darity-Myers sex ratio and expected welfare income and to measure their relationship to family structure, sentencing guidelines, and minimum sent e nces for drug related crimes. Finally, Module C used data collected from inmates entering the Minnesota prison system in 1997 and 1998, information from the Minnesota Crime Survey, and the 1990 Census to assess any connections between incarceration and family structure. While the results of the project support parts of the underlying theory, the conclusion that imprisonment increases female-headed families is not strongly supported. Using the NLSY data set, we find few statistically significant impacts of prison admissions on different measures of family structure. And in the model specifications where we do find statistically significant impacts of admissions on family structure, e.g., in fixed effects models for 1994, the results emerge for states without sentencing guidelines but not for states with guidelines. The lack of strong and robust support for unintended impacts of sentencing guidelines on family structure may be a result of how we have measured the intervening influences of imprisonment. We looked at admissions rates and release rates and the ratio of admissions rates to release rates. It is possible that an examination of the number of admissions or releases will change these conclusions. But the main finding using the NLSY data set is that there are no strong or robust indicators of the adverse impacts of sentencing reforms on family structures. When we looked at the replication of the Darity-Myers model of sex-ratios and family structures we again find little support for the adverse impacts of sentencing reforms on family structures. We find unequivocal support for the underlying model that links sex-ratios to family structure. But we find ironically that sex-ratios in recent years are slightly higher tor blacks in sentencing guidelines states than there are in non-sentencing guidelines states. In states with mandatory minimum sentences for drug-related crimes the sex-ratios are not much different from those of states without manda to r y minimums. As a result, we do not find consistent evidence that sentencing guidelines or mandatory minimum sentences adversely affect family structure, despite very strong and consistent evidence that lower supplies of marriageable men are associated with higher incidences of female-headed families. There are some minor differences in the responsiveness of family structures to sex-ratios in states with different sentencing policies and there is a small impact of drug enforcement policies on black (but not white) family structures. These impacts should be explored further in future research. We hoped to examine in greater detail one state with a long history of sentencing reforms and the impacts of local community factors on inmate family structure. We wanted to know whether the aspects of locations that lose marriageable males due to incarceration were more important in explaining the family structures left behind by prisoners than the characteristics of the prisoners themselves. If sentencing reforms adversely affect local neighborhoods then one would expect these effects to translate into differences in family structures faced by inmates who come from these communities. We find, however, that the local impacts are small. Far more of the variance in inmate family structures is explained by individual inmate demographics than location characteristics. In summary, then, we have looked at three different data sets at different points in time and using different notions of family structure and we find little consistent support for the theoretically plausible hypothesis that there are strong unintended impacts of imprisonment policies on family structures. |
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Bibliography Citation
Myers, Samuel L., Jr. and Roy Wilkins. "Unintended Impacts of Sentencing Guidelines on Family Structure, Revised Technical Report." Revised Technical Report, Document No 194339, Submitted to The National Institute of Justice, April 2002. |
4664. |
Myers, Steven C. Byrne, Dennis M. King, Randall H. Stratton, Richard W. |
Employment Outcomes of Hispanic Youth: An Analysis of Labor Market Behavior Final Report, Employment and Training Administration, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Employment; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Language Problems; Schooling; Teenagers; Vocational Training; Work History This volume is the result of an extensive investigation of the labor market position of Hispanic youth across both employment and non-work dimensions. An oversampling of Hispanics in the l979 NLSY provided a fresh new body of data for the study. Answers to the following three broad research questions were sought: How are Hispanic youth faring in the labor market? How do they compare to their non-Hispanic counterparts? How may their position in the labor market be improved? Part one addresses issues of enrollment and educational choice, hours of work, earnings, and occupational attainment. Part two resolves some serious methodological issues regarding the proper manner of analysis of the non-employment experiences of youth, estimates probabilities of moving from work to non- work (and vice versa), the duration of spells of nonwork, and estimates the subsequent wage gain. |
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Bibliography Citation
Myers, Steven C., Dennis M. Byrne, Randall H. King and Richard W. Stratton. "Employment Outcomes of Hispanic Youth: An Analysis of Labor Market Behavior." Final Report, Employment and Training Administration, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1982. |
4665. |
Myerson, Joel Rank, Mark R. Raines, Fredric Q. Schnitzler, Mark A. |
Race and General Cognitive Ability: The Myth of Diminishing Returns to Education Psychological Science 9,2 (March 1998): 139-142. Also: http://pss.sagepub.com/content/9/2/139.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Educational Status; Ethnic Differences; Racial Differences Assessed the impact of education on racial differences in general cognitive ability by using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. This study is a nationally representative survey of 12,686 males and females who were 14-21 yrs old as of January 1, 1979 when the study began. To control for attrition during the educational process, the scores of individuals who ultimately attained the same level of education but who were tested at different points in their educational careers were compared. Information from the 1989 round of interviews was used to determine Ss' educational attainment. One analysis was conducted on the data from individuals who graduated from high school but obtained no further schooling, and who had completed 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 yrs of schooling at the time they were tested. A 2nd analysis examined the data from individuals who ultimately graduated from college but received no post graduate training, and who had completed between 8-16 yrs of education at the time of testing. Analyses revealed that education can have a strong positive effect on cognitive ability in both whites and blacks. Findings contradict the hypothesis that racial differences in intelligence are relatively imputable. ((c) 1998 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Myerson, Joel, Mark R. Rank, Fredric Q. Raines and Mark A. Schnitzler. "Race and General Cognitive Ability: The Myth of Diminishing Returns to Education." Psychological Science 9,2 (March 1998): 139-142.
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4666. |
Mykerezi, Elton |
Three Essays on the Well-Being of Vulnerable Populations Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University (Virginia Tech), 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Black Studies; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX); Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Human Capital; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Poverty; Wage Growth; Wage Rates; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation is composed of three essays that measure the impact of social programs and policies on the wellbeing of their target populations. The first essay entitled "The Wage Impact of Historically Black College and University Attendance" examines the impact of attending a Historically Black College or University on the wages of Blacks attending HBCUs versus other four year colleges or universities using a sample of Blacks from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979). The study finds no initial advantage to HBCU attendance for black men, but a 1.4 to 1.6 percentage point higher growth rate in subsequent wages is associated with the attendance of an HBCU as opposed to other four year colleges. This faster growth rate translates in a net discounted HBCU earnings gain of 8.9 to 9.6 percent over a 16 year period following college attendance. The study finds no advantage or disadvantage to HBCU attendance for Black females. The second essay entitled "Transient and Chronic Poverty in the US: The Role of the Food Stamp Program" examines the unique and common determinants of short-term intra-annual transient poverty and chronic poverty, as well as the differential response of each state of poverty to Food Stamp Program (FSP) use. The study employs dynamic expenditure-based poverty measures using quarterly data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (2001-2004). The major finding is that FSP use reduces transient poverty, but the study finds no significant impact of FSP use on chronic poverty. The common causes of both states of poverty are low human capital, minority status and involuntary unemployment of the household head. Changes in family composition during the year is only associated with higher transient poverty. The third essay entitled "Food Insecurity and the Food Stamp Program" examines the determinants of food insecurity in the US, as well as its response to Food Stamp Program use with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1995-1999). The study finds that FSP use reduces household food insecurity, and that the program impact is greater for households that experience more severe insecurity. In addition the study finds that higher risk tolerance as well as a preference for smoking cigarettes increase household food insecurity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mykerezi, Elton. Three Essays on the Well-Being of Vulnerable Populations. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University (Virginia Tech), 2007. |
4667. |
Mykerezi, Elton Marko, Monika Aultman, Stephen |
The Impact of Perceived Race Discrimination in the Labor Market on the Criminal Activity of African American Youth Working Paper, Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, November 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota Keyword(s): Crime; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We study the impact that perceived race discrimination in the labor market has on the subsequent criminal activity of young African Americans using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979). Results indicate that perceived discrimination in the labor market yields sizable increases in the incidence and intensity of property crimes among African American men. We find no evidence of an impact on violent crimes for men or on crime in general for women. These results are robust to different assumptions regarding respondent refusals to self report crime and other empirical specification issues. |
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Bibliography Citation
Mykerezi, Elton, Monika Marko and Stephen Aultman. "The Impact of Perceived Race Discrimination in the Labor Market on the Criminal Activity of African American Youth." Working Paper, Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, November 2008. |
4668. |
Mykerezi, Elton Milis, Bradford F. |
The Wage Earnings Impact of Historically Black Colleges and Universities Southern Economic Journal 75,1 (July 2008): 173-187. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/a/sej/ancoec/v751y2008p173-187.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Allen Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Black Studies; College Education; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Wage Models; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The impact on wages from blacks' attendance of historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) versus other colleges is examined using geo-coded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data. The paper reconciles seemingly conflicting findings in previous studies by estimating wage profiles over time, rather than by estimating wages at a single point in time. Estimates indicate that black males show no initial wage advantage as a result of HBCU attendance, but their wages increase 1.4-1.5% faster per year after attending HBCUs compared to other colleges. This faster growth generates discounted career earnings from HBCU attendance that are 9.6% higher for HBCU attendees and 8.9% higher for the average four-year college black student. For black females, HBCU attendance has no significant impact on initial wages or on subsequent wage growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Mykerezi, Elton and Bradford F. Milis. "The Wage Earnings Impact of Historically Black Colleges and Universities." Southern Economic Journal 75,1 (July 2008): 173-187.
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4669. |
Na, In-Gang |
Three Empirical Essays in Labor Markets Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Collective Bargaining; College Dropouts; College Graduates; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Displaced Workers; Family Background and Culture; Labor Market Demographics; Local Labor Market; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Parental Influences; Unemployment; Unions; Wage Differentials The thesis consists of three empirical essays in labor markets. Essay I: The effect of Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) on unemployment. This paper examined the effectiveness of WARN of 1988, using three most recent CPS's Displaced Workers Supplements data. I used difference-in-differences method for estimating the WARN effect. The findings are that there was no evidence that the WARN act affected the probability of getting advance notice, the probability of avoiding positive spells of unemployment, and the hazard rate of re-employment duration. Essay II: The union membership wage premium for employees covered by collective bargaining agreements. Using Current Population Survey data for 1983 to 1991, this paper analyzes whether there is a union membership wage premium among private sector employees covered by union contracts. Following the union-nonunion wage differentials literature, cross-section as well as longitudinal empirical estimation strategies are utilized. The cross-section estimates suggest a union membership wage premium of 10 to 18 percent while the longitudinal estimates are smaller. Significant differences in this premium, as well as in membership rates conditional upon coverage, across various demographic subgroups are also documented. Essay III: An empirical analysis of hazard rates of college graduation and dropout. This paper examines the effects of waiting duration to college enrollment, and the effects of family background and local labor market conditions on the hazard rates of college graduation and dropout. A bivariate two-period competing risks hazard model is used, which allows for two distinct durations (waiting duration to first college enrollment and college duration until exit) and two competing risks of college exit (graduation and dropout). The data used in this paper are derived from National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth (NLSY). The results in dicate that waiting duration to college enrollment increases (decreases) the hazard rate of college dropout (college graduation). The family background variables such as education levels and occupation of parents are found to be important determinants of the hazard rates of college graduation and college dropout. It is also found that higher unemployment rates decrease the hazard rate of college graduation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Na, In-Gang. Three Empirical Essays in Labor Markets. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1996. |
4670. |
Nabeel, Alsalam Ogle, Laurence T. Fischer, Gayle E. Rogers, Gayle Thompson |
The Condition of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement, National Center for Education Statistics, Washington DC: U.S. Department of Education, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Education Keyword(s): Children, Adjustment Problems; Dropouts; Education Indicators; Educational Attainment; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Diploma; Hispanics; Income; Labor Market Outcomes The current status of education for 1993 is presented in the form of education "indicators"--key data that measure the health of education, monitor important developments, and show trends in major aspects of education. The 60 indicators have been divided into 6 areas: (1) access, participation, and progress; (2) achievement, attainment, and curriculum; (3) economic and other outcomes of education; (4) size, growth and output of educational institutions; (5) climate, classrooms, and diversity in educational institutions; and (6) human and financial resources of educational institutions. The report includes the text, tables, and charts for each indicator plus the technical supporting data, supplemental information, and data sources. Indicators on issues in elementary and secondary education are integrated with those on issues in postsecondary education to reflect the continuity of educational experiences. New indicators include the following: (1) age of first graders; (2) participation in adult education; (3) educational attainment of Hispanics, by recency of migration; (4) course taking in college for recent graduates and for recently graduated full-time teachers; (5) education and labor-market outcomes of high school diploma and GED graduates; (6) health characteristics of adults, by years of schooling; (7) participation in school decision making; (8) time in the classroom; and (9) international comparisons of reading literacy. (MFL) Some data are from the NLSY. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nabeel, Alsalam, Laurence T. Ogle, Gayle E. Fischer and Gayle Thompson Rogers. "The Condition of Education." Office of Educational Research and Improvement, National Center for Education Statistics, Washington DC: U.S. Department of Education, 1993. |
4671. |
Nah, Myungkyun |
The Male-Female Wage Gap: A Test of Becker's Hypothesis Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1991. Also: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=747144941&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1314210795&clientId=3959 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Sexual Division of Labor; Wage Determination; Wage Gap This study examines the impact of marital status (which affects the household division of labor) on the wage rates of married men, single men, single women, and married women, all of whom demonstrate strong labor force attachment. According to Becker's hypothesis, being married depresses women's wage rate because household responsibilities reduce time and energy for market work. Wage equations were estimated using data from both the NLSY and the NLS of Young Women. Findings indicate that for whites, marriage and household responsibilities are not critical determinants of wage gap. Both married and single women have something in common which depresses their wages relative to those of men. In addition, wage gap analysis indicates that about 61 percent of the wage gap between married men and women and 37 percent of the gap between married men and single women is not explained by human capital characteristics and other variables included in the wage equations. This finding suggests that married women may be more discriminated against than single women or that the wage gap between married men and married women may be more affected by unmeasured factors than that between married men and single women. For blacks, findings were not consistent across equations and comparison groups. In one equation, married women's wage was lower than that of black married men, but black single women's was not--a finding that supports Becker's hypothesis. However, the wages of black single men and women were not significantly higher than those of black married women. While most findings do not support Becker's hypothesis that marriage and household responsibilities depress the wages of married women compared to other groups, they do not rule out the possibility that the anticipation of marriage leads women to make different choices than men. Occupational choices and attitudes may both lead to lower wages for women compared to men regardless of their marital status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nah, Myungkyun. The Male-Female Wage Gap: A Test of Becker's Hypothesis. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1991.. |
4672. |
Nam, Jaehyun |
Does Economic Inequality Constrain Intergenerational Economic Mobility? The Association Between Income Inequality During Childhood and Intergenerational Income Persistence in the United States Social Indicators Research published online (3 January 2021): DOI: 10.1007/s11205-020-02579-2. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-020-02579-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Socioeconomic Background; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, I examine the association between income inequality and intergenerational income mobility in the United States. This study finds that rising income inequality is associated with strengthening the importance of parental family income to child's income. Particularly, the evidence that greater income inequality decreases intergenerational income mobility is clearer when interstate migration problems are addressed. This evidence indicates that income inequality matters since it hinders the equal opportunity to succeed, especially for children from low-income families. If equality of opportunity is a value for policymakers, it provides justification for policy interventions and government efforts to reduce income inequality. A number of sensitivity tests confirm that the main results are robust and reliable. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nam, Jaehyun. "Does Economic Inequality Constrain Intergenerational Economic Mobility? The Association Between Income Inequality During Childhood and Intergenerational Income Persistence in the United States." Social Indicators Research published online (3 January 2021): DOI: 10.1007/s11205-020-02579-2.
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4673. |
Nam, Jaehyun |
Government Spending During Childhood and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States Children and Youth Services Review 100 (May 2019): 332-343. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740918310491 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; State-Level Data/Policy; Welfare This study examines the effects of government spending during childhood on the association between income inequality and intergenerational income mobility. I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data with state-level measures of income inequality and per-capita total government spending that includes federal, state and local expenditures on education, public welfare, and health care. The 4824 parents-children pairs are used for the analysis. This study provides evidence that additional government spending contributes to promoting intergenerational income mobility. Moreover, government spending moderates the effects of income inequality on intergenerational income mobility. This evidence indicates that government spending plays a role in preventing the decrease in intergenerational income mobility by offsetting the consequences of income inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nam, Jaehyun. "Government Spending During Childhood and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States." Children and Youth Services Review 100 (May 2019): 332-343.
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4674. |
Nam, Jaehyun |
Intergenerational Income Mobility, Income Inequality, and Government Investment in the United States Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Income; Geocoded Data; Income Distribution; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, I first examine the association between intergenerational income mobility and income inequality in the United States, and then examine intergenerational income mobility with respect to income inequality and government spending. This study finds that rising income inequality acts to strengthen the importance of parental family income to child's income. Particularly, the evidence that higher income inequality decreases intergenerational income mobility is clearer when migration problems are addressed. This study extends to include government spending and provides evidence that additional government spending contributes to promoting intergenerational income mobility. Moreover, government spending moderates the effects of income inequality on intergenerational income mobility. This evidence indicates that government spending plays a role in blunting the decrease in intergenerational income mobility by offsetting the consequences of income inequality. A number of sensitivity tests confirm that the main results are robust and reliable. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nam, Jaehyun. "Intergenerational Income Mobility, Income Inequality, and Government Investment in the United States." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
4675. |
Nam, Jaehyun |
Intergenerational Mobility, Inequality and Government Investment in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, Columbia University, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Family Income; Geocoded Data; Income Level; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Given the widely-accepted finding that countries with greater income inequality also experience less income mobility across generations (Corak, 2013; Krueger, 2012), it is expected that American mobility has decreased with rising income inequality in recent decades (Aaronson & Mazumder, 2008; Corak, 2013; Mazumder, 2012). However, mobility has remained unchanged (Chetty, Hendren, Kline, Saez, & Turner, 2014), and is unresponsive to changes in income inequality (Bloome, 2015). These findings raise questions as to why intergenerational income mobility in the U.S. has not fallen during the periods when income inequality has sharply risen. To address these questions, the dissertation focuses on two aims. The first aim is to examine the association between intergenerational income mobility and income inequality in the United States. The second aim is to examine intergenerational income mobility with respect to income inequality and government spending. The main data for this dissertation come from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). The basic sample includes 4,824 parents-children pairs. I aggregate the state-level data from several different resources such as the IRS's Statistics of Income, U.S. Census of Governments, and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The state-level sample includes 220 state-year observations. Overall, the intergenerational elasticity (IGE) of income is about 0.43, and the analysis indicates that the US in reality is highly immobile, especially when looking at the extreme income groups of the bottom and the top. This study finds that rising income inequality acts to strengthen the importance of parental family income to child's income. Particularly, the evidence that higher income inequality decreases intergenerational income mobility is clearer when migration problems are addressed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nam, Jaehyun. Intergenerational Mobility, Inequality and Government Investment in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, Columbia University, 2017. |
4676. |
Namerow, Pearila Brickner Kalmuss, Debra S. |
Subsequent Childbearing Among Teenage Mothers: The Determinants of a Closely Spaced Second Birth Family Planning Perspectives 26,4 (July-August 1994): 149-153+159. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2136238 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Educational Status; Ethnic Groups; Family Background and Culture; Marital Status; Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Education; Parental Marital Status; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Socioeconomic Factors; Wantedness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth reveal that approximately one-quarter of teenage mothers have a second child within 24 months of their first birth. The prevalence of closely spaced second births is greatest (31%) among young women whose first birth occurred prior to age 17. Teenage mothers' characteristics before the first birth (such as race or ethnicity and parents' level of education) and at the time of the first birth (such as years of schooling completed and whether their first birth was wanted) influence whether they have a rapid second birth. For example, those with more educated parents are less likely than others to have had a closely spaced second birth. In addition, young mothers who obtain additional schooling in the period after their first birth are less likely to have a closely spaced second birth, while those who marry are more likely to have a rapid second birth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Namerow, Pearila Brickner and Debra S. Kalmuss. "Subsequent Childbearing Among Teenage Mothers: The Determinants of a Closely Spaced Second Birth." Family Planning Perspectives 26,4 (July-August 1994): 149-153+159.
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4677. |
Namingit, Sheryll |
Essays on How Health and Education Affect the Labor Market Outcomes of Workers Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Kansas State University, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Employment; Insurance, Health; Labor Market Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using NLSY79 data, the third essay tests whether the source of health insurance creates incentives for newly-diagnosed workers to remain sufficiently employed to maintain access to health insurance coverage. I compare labor supply responses to new diagnoses of workers dependent on their own employment for health insurance with the responses of workers who are dependent on their spouse's employer for health insurance coverage. I find that workers who depend on their own job for health insurance are 1.5-5.5 percentage points more likely to remain employed and for those employed, are 1.3-5.4 percentage points less likely to reduce their labor hours and are 2.1-6.1 percentage points more likely to remain full-time workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Namingit, Sheryll. Essays on How Health and Education Affect the Labor Market Outcomes of Workers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Kansas State University, 2017. |
4678. |
Nandi, Alita |
Essays on the Economics of Marriage [Electronic Resource] Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2007. Also: http://www.ohiolink.edu.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/etd/send-pdf.cgi/Nandi%20Alita.pdf?acc%5Fnum=osu1167179888 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Education; Household Income; Marriage; Racial Differences; Welfare; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent U.S. policies that promote marriage have prompted researchers to reexamine the reasons behind black marriage rates being lower than white marriage rates. In the first essay, "The Role of Education in the Marital Decisions of Blacks and Whites" I ask how much of the black-white marriage gap would be eliminated if racial differences in schooling attainment were reduced. I use data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to simultaneously estimate schooling and marriage models. I find that increasing the schooling of black men by one year increases the predicted probability of marriage (by age 35) by more than 5%. The estimated effect is much smaller for white men and black women, and it is negative for white women. Using these estimated coefficients, I predict that eliminating black-white differences in schooling (which I simulate by assigning all blacks the mean schooling of their white counterparts) would decrease the gap in marriage probabilities by 17% for men and 4.5% for women. I conclude that public policy designed to increase education can have small but nontrivial effects on the black-white marriage gap. In the second essay, "Women's Economic Gains from Employment, Marriage and Cohabitation" I ask which of the mechanisms--employment, marriage or cohabitation--leads to greater economic gains, especially for women predisposed towards poverty. Using data from the NLSY79, I estimate a fixed-effects model of household income (adjusted for household composition) to assess the within-person gains associated with changes in employment and marital status; I allow the effects of employment on household income to differ for single, cohabiting, and married women. First I predict that the log household income of single, nonemployed, "poor" (those who ever received welfare) women increases by 0.80, if they enter a cohabiting union, 1.04 if they marry, 0.76 if they work part-time (1000 hours/year), and 1.16 if they work full-time (2000 hours/year). Next I find that the expected gains from cohabitation, marriage and employment for nonpoor women are greater than those for their poor counterparts. For any of the transitions, the poor-nonpoor difference in predicted gains declines as the initial employment levels increase. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nandi, Alita. Essays on the Economics of Marriage [Electronic Resource]. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2007.. |
4679. |
Nandi, Alita |
The Role of Education in Marital Decisions of Blacks and Whites Working Paper, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, September 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Marriage; Modeling; Racial Differences; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent U.S. policies that promote marriage have prompted researchers to reexamine the reasons for the dramatic difference in marriage rates of blacks and whites. Black marriage rates are more than 20% lower than white marriage rates. In this paper, I examine how much of the black-white marriage gap is due to differences in their schooling. In particular, I ask how much of the marriage gap would be eliminated if the racial differences in schooling attainment were reduced. I use data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to simultaneously estimate schooling and marriage models. I find that increasing the schooling of black men by one year increases the predicted probability of marriage (by age 35) by more than 5%. The estimated effect is much smaller for white men and black women, and it is negative for white women. Using these estimated schooling coefficients, I predict that elimination of black-white differences in schooling (which I simulate by assigning all blacks the mean schooling of their white counterparts) would decrease the gap in marriage probabilities by 17% for men and 4.5% for women. I conclude that public policy designed to increase education can have small but nontrivial effects to increase black marriage rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nandi, Alita. "The Role of Education in Marital Decisions of Blacks and Whites." Working Paper, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, September 2005. |
4680. |
Nandi, Alita |
The Role of Education in Marital Decisions of Blacks and Whites Presented: London, England, 9th World Congress of the Econometric Society, August 2005. Also: http://eswc2005.econ.ucl.ac.uk/ESWC/2005/Prog/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Econometric Society Keyword(s): Education; Marriage; Racial Differences; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Blacks have lower marriage rates and lower average schooling than whites. I estimate a static model of marriage and schooling simultaneously to identify the causal effect of schooling on their marriage probabilities. I find that schooling ultimately increases the marriage probabilities of all but white women. The schooling coefficient is significant for men only and its magnitude is 6% and 1.3% for black and white men, respectively. If all black men are assigned 18 years of schooling, then their marriage rate becomes higher than that of white men. This emphasizes the role of schooling in marriages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nandi, Alita. "The Role of Education in Marital Decisions of Blacks and Whites." Presented: London, England, 9th World Congress of the Econometric Society, August 2005. |
4681. |
Nandi, Alita |
Women's Economic Gains from Employment, Marriage and Cohabitation Presented: Budapest, Hungary, 62nd European Meeting of the Econometric Society: Joint With the 22nd Annual Congress of the European Economic Association, August 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Econometric Society Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Education; Education, Secondary; Household Income; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences; Welfare; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In "Women's Economic Gains from Employment, Marriage and Cohabitation" I ask which of the mechanisms--employment, marriage or cohabitation--leads to greater economic gains, especially for women predisposed towards poverty. Using data from the NLSY79, I estimate a fixed-effects model of household income (adjusted for household composition) to assess the within-person gains associated with changes in employment and marital status; I allow the effects of employment on household income to differ for single, cohabiting, and married women. First I predict that the log household income of single, nonemployed, "poor" (those who ever received welfare) women increases by 0.80, if they enter a cohabiting union, 1.04 if they marry, 0.76 if they work part-time (1000 hours/year), and 1.16 if they work full-time (2000 hours/year). Next I find that the expected gains from cohabitation, marriage and employment for nonpoor women are greater than those for their poor counterparts. For any of the transitions, the poor-nonpoor difference in predicted gains declines as the initial employment levels increase. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nandi, Alita. "Women's Economic Gains from Employment, Marriage and Cohabitation." Presented: Budapest, Hungary, 62nd European Meeting of the Econometric Society: Joint With the 22nd Annual Congress of the European Economic Association, August 2007. |
4682. |
Nardone, Thomas Veum, Jonathan R. Yates, Julie A. |
Measuring Job Security Monthly Labor Review 120,6 (June 1997): 26-33. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1997/06/art3abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Event History; Job Search; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Self-Employed Workers The Bureau of Labor Statistics has collected some information that can be used to analyze job security in the United States. In periodic supplements to the Current Population Survey, individuals are asked about job tenure. In February 1995, the Bureau conducted the first supplement designed to obtain more information on contingent jobs and alternative employment arrangements. In this article, data from recent CPS supplements are used to examine the quality and the nature of variables that are utilized to measure job security. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nardone, Thomas, Jonathan R. Veum and Julie A. Yates. "Measuring Job Security." Monthly Labor Review 120,6 (June 1997): 26-33.
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4683. |
Nasir, Zafar Mueen |
The Effect of Naturalization on the Earnings Profiles of Young Workers Ph.D. Dissertation, Kansas State University, 1997. Also: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9736782 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Census of Population; Immigrants; Labor Economics; Migration; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wage Growth (See also, Nasir, Zafar M. as alternative spelling for author's name.) Prior studies suggest that immigrants assimilate into the labor market by acquiring skills such as language proficiency, familiarity with the host country's culture, and contacts in the labor market, thereby promoting rapid wage growth. In most of these studies, years since migration is used to capture the assimilation process. This study investigates whether naturalization also facilitates assimilation. In particular, the study examines whether naturalization leads to higher wages, either immediately or by accelerating wage growth. Reasons for any wage gains are also explored. The study incorporates two different data sets, U.S. census data from 1980 and National Longitudinal Survey data (youth cohort) from 1979 to 1991. The main results are derived from NLSY data. Furthermore, because of the longitudinal information in the NLSY data, the fixed-effects estimation procedure is used to net out the effects of unobservable personal fixed characteristics of immigrants which, if not accounted for, could bias estimates of returns to observable characteristics. The estimates from the fixed-effects model are then compared with estimates based on pooled NLSY data and 1980 census data. All models are estimated separately for male and female immigrants to determine the effect of naturalization by gender. Based on 1980 census data, estimated returns to citizenship amount to 1 percent for males and 4 percent for females. The NLSY data, which is restricted to younger immigrants who come from a different mix of countries, indicate a substantially larger reward for citizenship. The panel estimate is lower for females than the pooled estimate, suggesting that female immigrants who naturalized tend to have positive unmeasured personal characteristics, but panel and pooled estimates are comparable for males. The estimates reveal that time spent in the U.S. labor market as a citizen, even after standardizing for years since migration, is associated with higher wages for both male and female immigrants. The premium increases with years since naturalization. Our results further suggest that, for male immigrants, naturalization operates through experience and tenure by increasing returns to these attributes following citizenship, with the dominant role played by experience. For female immigrants, naturalization steepens the experience-earnings profile following citizenship. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nasir, Zafar Mueen. The Effect of Naturalization on the Earnings Profiles of Young Workers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Kansas State University, 1997.. |
4684. |
National Center for Education Statistics |
Education and Labor Market Outcomes of High School Diploma and GED Graduates: Indicator of the Month Indicator No. 34, Washington DC, National Center for Education Statistics, January 1994. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED366658.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Education Keyword(s): Children, Adjustment Problems; Dropouts; Education Indicators; Educational Attainment; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Diploma; Income; Labor Market Outcomes The Condition of Education is an annual compendium report to Congress which describes the current status and recent progress of education in the United States. This report is extracted from the Condition of Education 1993, A. Nabeel et al, eds., Washington DC, 1993: 90-91 Differences in educational and labor market outcomes across groups completing high school at different ages and by different means (e.g., graduation, GED) may result from a variety of factors, including those that influence a person to leave school early. For a high school dropout, an estimate of the value of completing high school is the difference between outcomes of those who have graduated either by passing the GED examination or by returning to school and those who have not completed high school. By 1990, young adults with a GED were more likely to have attended either a third or fourth year of high school than other dropouts. For both males and females, those who did not attain a high school diploma before age 20 did not do as well as a group in the labor market as those who did. Females who took advantage of a second chance to complete high school usually had higher annual earnings than those who did not, and those who received a diploma or GED before age 20 were more likely to be employed. |
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Bibliography Citation
National Center for Education Statistics. "Education and Labor Market Outcomes of High School Diploma and GED Graduates: Indicator of the Month." Indicator No. 34, Washington DC, National Center for Education Statistics, January 1994. |
4685. |
National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics |
Counting the Labor Force Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1979. Also: http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2891355 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, Older Men, Young Men Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Labor Force Participation; Statistical Analysis The National Commission of Employment and Unemployment Statistics submits is final report, 'Counting the Labor Force.' The report was prepared in accordance with the requirements of Public Law 94-444. We considered that the nation is served by a comprehensive labor force data system expertly prepared by a cadre of dedicated public servants. But if the statistics are to reflect changing economic conditions and meet policy needs, periodic revisions and improvements are necessary. This report pinpoints where enrichment and upgrading can be achieved at reasonable costs. |
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Bibliography Citation
National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics. Counting the Labor Force. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1979.. |
4686. |
National Health and Medical Research Council |
National Clinical Guidelines For Weight Control and Obesity Management in Children and Adolescents Draft, Department of Communications, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, Australia, September 2002. Also: http://www.asso.org.au/profiles/profs/reportsguides/obesity/379 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Health and Medical Research Council Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Children, Health Care; Obesity; Television Viewing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. These Guidelines cite obesity studies by Gortmaker et al. (1996) and Strauss (2000), both of which utilize Children of the NLSY79 data. An explanatory excerpt from the Guidelines is as follows: These Guidelines for Weight Control and Obesity Management in Children and Adolescents are the result of a comprehensive assessment of the current scientific evidence and provide detailed evidence-based guidance for assessing and managing overweight and obesity in Australia. They have been published separately from the Guidelines for Weight Control and Obesity Management in Adults because the health and psychosocial factors pertaining to the treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are very different. Treatment of these conditions in this age group is expected to become increasingly common as greater numbers of children and adolescents fall into the categories of overweight and obese, and the publication of guidelines specifically for children and adolescents emphasises the importance of appropriate clinical practice in this area. The guidelines themselves highlight important health concerns associated with overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence, as well as the associated future health risks. |
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Bibliography Citation
National Health and Medical Research Council. "National Clinical Guidelines For Weight Control and Obesity Management in Children and Adolescents." Draft, Department of Communications, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, Australia, September 2002. |
4687. |
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |
Social Inequalities in Occupational Health and Health Services NTIS Report: PB2005104912, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington DC, 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Ethnic Differences; Health Care; Hispanics; Injuries, Workplace; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Working Conditions The aims of this exploratory research project were to determine whether there are disparities in the occurrence of occupational injuries and illnesses and in associated medical care for work-related disorders, based on workers' race , ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES). The study s hypothesis was that nonwhites, Hispanics, and those with low socioeconomic status (as measured by indicators such as income, education, and home ownership) have a disproportionately high incidence of occupational injuries and illnesses, receive inferior medical care, have a greater likelihood of being exposed to workplace hazards, have greater disability and slower return-to work, and are less likely to receive workers' compensation benefits compared to workers without those selected sociodemographic characteristics. A secondary objective of this project was to test a novel method of studying these issues that is based on performing secondary analysis of existing data from three national population-based surveys of patients and health care providers, the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), the National Longitudinal Study on Youth (NLSY), and the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS). |
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Bibliography Citation
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. "Social Inequalities in Occupational Health and Health Services." NTIS Report: PB2005104912, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington DC, 2005. |
4688. |
National Research Council Institute of Medicine |
Integrating Federal Statistics on Children Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1995. Also: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309052491/html/R1.html#pagetop Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Children; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; NLS Description "Interest in monitoring and understanding the lives of children has grown rapidly in recent years. Fueled in part by growing pressure to hold public programs accountable for outcomes, as well as by mounting concerns about the instability and apparently worsening problems that characterize the lives of many children, those who shape our nation's child policies are increasingly looking to the federal statistical system for answers to complex questions about the development of children in today's society. At the same time, the nation is contemplating a major shift in responsibility for several major children's programs from the federal to state governments. Such a shift will place even greater demands on the capacity of national data to track and release in a timely fashion information on the effects on children's well-being of this major redirection of public resources. In it in this context that the Committee on National Statistics and the Board on Children and Families of the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine convened a workshop to examine the adequacy of federal statistics on children and families. Through a series of background papers, discussants' remarks, and participant discussions, the workshop provided a forum for a preliminary assessment of the strengths and shortcomings of existing and proposed federal statistical data sources, particularly with respect to their capacity to fill the most pressing information needs of those who formulate, implement, and analyze policies for children." |
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Bibliography Citation
National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Integrating Federal Statistics on Children. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1995.. |
4689. |
Navarro, Salvador Zhou, Jin |
Identifying Agent's Information Sets: An Application to a Lifecycle Model of Schooling, Consumption and Labor Supply Review of Economic Dynamics 25 (April 2017): 58-92. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094202517300297 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Economic Dynamics Keyword(s): Assets; College Education; High School Completion/Graduates; Household Income; Life Cycle Research; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We adapt the insight of Cunha et al. (2005) to develop a methodology that distinguishes information unknown to the econometrician but forecastable by the agent from information unknown to both, at each point in an agent's lifecycle. Predictable variability and uncertainty have different implications in terms of welfare, especially when markets are incomplete. We apply our procedure in the context of an incomplete markets lifecycle model of consumption, labor supply, and schooling decisions, when borrowing limits arise from repayment constraints. Using microdata on earnings, hours worked, schooling choices, and consumption of white males in the US, we infer the agent's information set. We then estimate the model using the identified agent's information set. We find that 52% and 56% of the variance of college and high school log wages respectively are predictable by the agent at the time schooling choices are made. When we complete the market, college attendance increases from 48% to 59%, about half of this increase is due to uncertainty, and the other half because of the borrowing limits. To illustrate the importance of assumptions about what is forecastable by the agent, we simulate a minimum wage insurance policy under different assumptions about the information available to the agents in the model. When we allow for asymmetric information between the insurance institution and the individual, adverse selection turns profits negative. Consumer welfare, however, increases by about 28% when we give individuals access to their estimated information set regardless of asymmetries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Navarro, Salvador and Jin Zhou. "Identifying Agent's Information Sets: An Application to a Lifecycle Model of Schooling, Consumption and Labor Supply." Review of Economic Dynamics 25 (April 2017): 58-92.
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4690. |
Nawakitphaitoon, Kritkorn |
Occupational Human Capital and Wages: The Role of Skills Transferability Across Occupations Journal of Labor Research 35,1 (March 2014): 63-87. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12122-013-9172-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Human Capital; Occupational Investment; Occupations; Skills; Wage Determination; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the effect of accumulated human capital, and particularly occupational human capital, on the workers’ wages. Unlike previous studies that apply occupational tenure as a proxy for occupational human capital, this paper applies the concept of Shaw’s (1984) occupational human capital to capture the transferability of occupational skills and estimates a new measure of occupational human capital, so-called occupational investment. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) from 1979 to 2000, the key findings of this paper suggest that occupational skills from the previous jobs can also affect the workers’ wages at the current job and that occupational investment is one of the important sources of wages supporting the Shaw’s original work on wage determination. Specifically, 5 years of (3-digit) occupational investment relative to current occupational tenure could lead to a wage increase of 7.7 to 18.4 %. I also find that the general labor market experience accounts for a large share of workers’ wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nawakitphaitoon, Kritkorn. "Occupational Human Capital and Wages: The Role of Skills Transferability Across Occupations." Journal of Labor Research 35,1 (March 2014): 63-87.
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4691. |
Nawakitphaitoon, Kritkorn |
Occupational Human Capital: Its Role and Implication for Earnings Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Earnings; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Occupational Investment; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation research examines the role of occupational human capital in the determination of workers' wages and earnings losses following job displacement. In it, I explain the important role of occupational skills transferability in the labor market. The first chapter develops and estimates the measure of skills transferability applying two approaches. The first approach is based on Shaw's (1984) method, and the second one is based on Ormiston's (2006) method. The main difference between Shaw's (1984) and Ormiston's (2006) approaches is that Shaw's (1984) transferability matrix is a market-based approach, which reflects market as well as technical conditions. In particular, Shaw (1984) estimates skills transferability by examining an actual occupational change, arguing that there will be greater occupational mobility between jobs that have greater rates of skills transferability. On the other hand, Ormiston's (2006) skills transferability is estimated based on the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) shared across occupations. The accuracy of this estimate will be important for the subsequent two chapters, in which I examine the determinants of workers' wages over the lifecycle and earnings losses due to job displacement. The second chapter studies the effect of occupational human capital on the workers' wages. Unlike previous studies that apply occupational tenure as a proxy for occupational human capital, this chapter applies the concept of Shaw's (1984) occupational human capital to capture the transferability of occupational skills and estimates a new measure of occupational human capital, so-called occupational investment . Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) from 1979 to 2000, the key findings of this chapter suggest that occupational skills from previous jobs can also affect workers' wages at the current job and that occupational investment is one of the important sources of wages supporting Shaw's original work on wage determination. Specifically, five years of (3-digit) occupational investment relative to the current occupational tenure could lead to a wage increase of 7 to 16 percent. I also find that the general labor market experience accounts for a large share of workers' wages. The third chapter investigates the role of occupational human capital in explaining variations in earnings losses following job displacement. Unlike previous studies on job displacement, this chapter uses a continuous measure of occupational skills transferability, developed in Chapter 1, to measure the similarity between the pre- and post-displacement occupations of reemployed displaced workers. Using the 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010 Displaced Worker Survey (DWS), the main finding is that post-displacement earnings losses are highly correlated with the degree of similarity between pre- and post-displacement occupations. Displaced workers who find jobs in occupations similar to their previous jobs suffer smaller earnings losses than those who find less similar occupations. This relationship is non-linear in that higher skills transferability reduces the earnings losses at a decreasing rate. Overall, this dissertation examines the measurement and outcomes of occupational human capital to support the idea that occupational skills are transferable across occupations and that skills transferability can help to explain workers' wages over the lifecycle and earnings losses associated with job displacement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nawakitphaitoon, Kritkorn. Occupational Human Capital: Its Role and Implication for Earnings. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2012. |
4692. |
Nazarov, Zafar |
Maternal Input Choices and Child Cognitive Development: Testing for Reverse Causality RAND Working Paper WR-813, Rand Corporation, November 2010. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1721101 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Achievement; Child Care; Maternal Employment; Parental Investments; Parents, Single; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Welfare This paper assesses whether the results of child achievement tests affect maternal employment and the child-care choices of mothers with prekindergarten children. To test this hypothesis, it first incorporates into Bernal and Keane's (2010) model the mother's imperfect knowledge of the child's cognitive ability endowment and possible mechanisms through which the mother may learn the child's endowment. Then it uses a quasi-structural approach to form approximations to the mother's employment and child-care decision rules and jointly estimate them with the child cognitive development production function and wage equation. Using a sample of single mothers from the NLSY79, it finds evidence that maternal employment and child-care decisions are sensitive to past achievement scores. In particular, a mother whose child has taken the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test before entering kindergarten and whose child's standardized test score is above a certain threshold intends to use child care more and work more part-time hours immediately after observing the child's performance on the achievement test. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nazarov, Zafar. "Maternal Input Choices and Child Cognitive Development: Testing for Reverse Causality." RAND Working Paper WR-813, Rand Corporation, November 2010. |
4693. |
Nazarov, Zafar |
Maternal Input Choices and Child Cognitive Development: Testing for Reverse Causality Applied Economics Letters 26,20 (2019): 1659-1663. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504851.2019.1591588 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Achievement; Child Care; Maternal Employment; Parental Investments; Parents, Single; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) I assess whether the results of child achievement tests affect maternal employment and the child-care choices of mothers with prekindergarten children. To test this hypothesis, I use a quasi-structural approach to form approximations to the mother's employment and child-care decision rules and jointly estimate them with the child cognitive development production function and wage equation. Using a sample of single mothers from the NLSY79, I find evidence that maternal employment and child-care decisions are sensitive to past achievement scores. In particular, a mother whose child has taken the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test before entering kindergarten and whose child's standardized test score is above a certain threshold intends to use childcare more and work more part-time hours immediately after observing the child's performance on the achievement test. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nazarov, Zafar. "Maternal Input Choices and Child Cognitive Development: Testing for Reverse Causality." Applied Economics Letters 26,20 (2019): 1659-1663.
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4694. |
Neal, Derek A. |
Interindustry Variation in Wages and Turnover Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Industrial Training; Mobility; Skilled Workers; Skills; Transfers, Skill; Wage Models In the 1960's, human capital theorists explained inter-industry variation in wages and turnover by arguing that firms in high-wage industries invest heavily in firm-specific training. However, recent papers by efficiency wage theorists offer a different interpretation. Efficiency wage models illustrate circumstances that might induce firms to ration jobs and provide wage rents for their workers. Therefore, advocates of efficiency wage models view the negative correlation between wages and turnover across industries as evidence of job rationing in high-wage industries. This thesis develops a model of training choice that offers an alternative explanation for the negative correlation between wages and turnover across industries. The insight of the model is that, among trained workers who switch industries, the most able workers must forfeit compensation for the largest stocks of industry-specific skills. Since costs of industry switching rise with worker ability, the probability of industry switching declines with ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Neal, Derek A. Interindustry Variation in Wages and Turnover. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 1992. |
4695. |
Neal, Derek A. |
The Complexity of Job Mobility Among Young Men NBER Working Paper No. 6662, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6662 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Life Cycle Research; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Aspirations; Work History Examines how complexity changes during a worker\'s life cycle, and workers' concerns with his or her match with career and employer; based on work history data about 3,003 cases from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). |
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Bibliography Citation
Neal, Derek A. "The Complexity of Job Mobility Among Young Men." NBER Working Paper No. 6662, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998. |
4696. |
Neal, Derek A. |
The Complexity of Job Mobility Among Young Men Journal of Labor Economics 17,2 (April 1999): 237-261. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/209919 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Job Search; Labor Economics; Mobility, Occupational The model of job search involves both employer matches and career matches. Workers may change employers without changing careers but cannot search over possible lines of work while working for one employer. The optimal policy implies a two-stage search strategy in which workers search over types of work first. The patterns of job changes observed in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth supports this two-stage search policy. Among male workers who are changing jobs, those who have previously changed employers while working in their current career are much less likely to change careers during the current job change. |
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Bibliography Citation
Neal, Derek A. "The Complexity of Job Mobility Among Young Men." Journal of Labor Economics 17,2 (April 1999): 237-261.
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4697. |
Neal, Derek A. |
The Effect of Catholic Secondary Schooling on Educational Attainment NBER Working Paper No. 5353, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1995. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5353 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Education, Secondary; Educational Attainment; Minorities; Minority Groups; Schooling Based on data from the National Catholic Educational Association and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this paper provides a detailed analysis of the effect of Catholic secondary schooling on high-school graduation rates and also examines Catholic schooling's effect on college graduation rates and future wages. The paper uses data from the National Catholic Educational and the Survey of Churches and Church Membership to construct measures of access to Catholic secondary schooling for each county in the United States. These measures of access provide potential instruments for Catholic school attendance. The results indicate that Catholic secondary schools are geographically concentrated in urban areas and that Catholic schooling greatly increases educational attainment among urban minorities. The gains from Catholic schooling are modest for urban whites and negligible for suburban whites. Related analyses suggest that urban minorities benefit greatly from access to Catholic schooling primarily because the public schools available to them are quite poor. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5353 |
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Bibliography Citation
Neal, Derek A. "The Effect of Catholic Secondary Schooling on Educational Attainment." NBER Working Paper No. 5353, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1995. |
4698. |
Neal, Derek A. |
The Link Between Ability and Specialization: An Explanation for Observed Correlations Between Wages and Mobility Rates Journal of Human Resources 33,1 (Winter 1998): 173-200. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146318 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Job Turnover; Mobility; Modeling; Skilled Workers; Training; Training, Occupational; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels; Wage Rates Wage levels and turnover rates are negatively correlated across types of employment, and this fact is often interpreted as evidence that high-wage jobs are rationed. A simple training model illustrates, however, that this correlation may arise because able workers have an incentive to choose highly specialized jobs. In any job, the most able workers possess the most valuable stocks of specific skills and therefore face the highest mobility costs. Thus, able workers may have a comparative advantage in specialized employments. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth provide an opportunity to evaluate the merits of the training model developed here. Data on worker training and mobility provide support for several implications of the model. The model also provides new ways to interpret existing results in the literature on interindustry wage differentials. |
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Bibliography Citation
Neal, Derek A. "The Link Between Ability and Specialization: An Explanation for Observed Correlations Between Wages and Mobility Rates." Journal of Human Resources 33,1 (Winter 1998): 173-200.
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4699. |
Neal, Derek A. |
The Measured Black-White Wage Gap among Women Is Too Small NBER Working Paper No. 9133, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2002. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w9133.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Census of Population; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Income; Labor Supply; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wages; Wages, Women; Women Taken as a whole, the literature on black-white wage inequality suggests that racial gaps in potential wages are much larger among men than women, and further that one can accurately assess black-white gaps in potential wages among women without accounting for black-white differences in patterns of female labor supply. This paper challenges both pieces of this conventional wisdom. I provide several estimates of the black-white gap in potential wages for the year 1990 using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a panel data set that includes persons born between 1957 and 1964. I exploit data on wages and income sources for years before and after 1990 to develop imputation methods that allow me to adjust measures of the black-white wage gap among women for racial differences in selection patterns. Among young adult employed women in 1990, the Census, Current Population Surveys, and NLSY data yield median log wage gaps of -.11, -.16, and -.18 respectively. Based on several different imputation procedures, I estimate that the median black-white gap in log potential wages among women in the NLSY is apporoximately -.25. |
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Bibliography Citation
Neal, Derek A. "The Measured Black-White Wage Gap among Women Is Too Small." NBER Working Paper No. 9133, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2002. |
4700. |
Neal, Derek A. |
The Measured Black-White Wage Gap Among Women Is Too Small Journal of Political Economy 112,S1 (February 2004): S1-S28. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/379940 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Black Studies; Minorities; Minority Groups; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wages; Wages, Women; Women; Women's Studies Existing work suggests that black-white gaps in potential wages are much larger among men than women and further that black-white differences in patterns of female labor supply are unimportant. However, panel data on wages and income sources demonstrate that the modal young black woman who does not engage in market work is a single mother receiving government aid whereas her white couterpart is a married mother receiving support from a working spouse. The median black-white gap in log potential wages among young adult women in 1990 was likely at least 60 percent larger than the gap implied by reported earnings and hours worked in the Current Population Surveys. |
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Bibliography Citation
Neal, Derek A. "The Measured Black-White Wage Gap Among Women Is Too Small." Journal of Political Economy 112,S1 (February 2004): S1-S28.
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4701. |
Neal, Derek A. Johnson, William R. |
The Role of Pre-Market Factors in Black-White Wage Differences Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Chicago, March 23, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Chicago Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Discrimination, Job; Family Background and Culture; Minorities; Racial Differences; School Progress; Wage Differentials; Wage Effects; Wage Equations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many attempts to measure the wage effects of current labor market discrimination against minorities include controls for worker productivity that (1) could themselves be affected by discrimination and (2) are very imprecise measures of worker skill. The resulting estimates of residual wage gaps may be biased. Our approach is a parsimoniously specified wage equation which controls for skill with the score of a test administered as teenagers prepared to leave high school and embark on work careers or postsecondary education. This test score is a racially unbiased measure of the skills and abilities these teenagers were about to bring to the labor market. This research finds that this one test score explains all of the black-white gap for young women and much of the gap for young men, a bigger share than has been found by many other studies. For today's young adults, the black-white wage gap is primarily due to a skill gap, which in turn can be traced, at least in part, to observable differences in children's family backgrounds and local environments. We have suggestive evidence that school quality contributes to the skill gap for males. While the results do not deny the existence of labor market discrimination, skill gaps play such a large role that we believe future research should focus on the obstacles black children face in acquiring productive skill. |
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Bibliography Citation
Neal, Derek A. and William R. Johnson. "The Role of Pre-Market Factors in Black-White Wage Differences." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Chicago, March 23, 1994. |
4702. |
Neal, Derek A. Johnson, William R. |
The Role of Pre-Market Factors in Black-White Wage Differences NBER Working Paper No. 5124, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1995. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5124 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Family Background and Culture; Labor Market Segmentation; Racial Differences; Schooling, Post-secondary; Skills; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap Many attempts to measure the wage effects of current labor market discrimination against minorities include controls for worker productivity that (1) could themselves be affected by market discrimination and (2) are very imprecise measures of worker skill. The resulting estimates of residual wage gaps may be biased. Our approach is a parsimoniously specified wage equation which controls for skill with the score of a test administered as teenagers prepared to leave high school and embark on work careers or post-secondary education. Independent evidence shows that this test score is a racially unbiased measure of the skills and abilities these teenagers were about to bring to the labor market. We find that this one test score explains all of the black-white wage gap for young women and much of the gap for young men. For today's young adults, the black-white wage gap primarily reflects a skill gap, which in turn can be traced. at least in part, to observable differences in the family backgrounds and school environments of black and white children. While our results do provide some evidence of current labor market discrimination, skill gaps play such a large role that we believe future research should focus on the obstacles black children face in acquiring productive skills. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5124 |
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Bibliography Citation
Neal, Derek A. and William R. Johnson. "The Role of Pre-Market Factors in Black-White Wage Differences." NBER Working Paper No. 5124, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1995. |
4703. |
Nedanov, Bogdan |
Adult and Child Obesity, Evidence from the NLSY Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Delaware, 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Gender Differences; Height; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Job Characteristics; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Health; Obesity; Occupational Choice; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The dissertation consists of two separate essays. The first essay expands on the work by Kelly et al. (2011). The goal is to estimate the long term effects of initial occupational choice on an individual's weight status. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to estimate OLS and probit models, using overweight and obesity dummy variable indicators as the dependent variables. We also estimate several different two stage models, where occupational choice is considered to be endogenous and is identified using parental blue collar work indicator, the county per capita personal income and several labor market characteristics, all of which are measured at the time of the initial occupational choice. We find that whenever blue collar work choice is treated as exogenous, its effect on the long run respondent's weight status is not statistically significant. Using instrumental variables to identify occupational choice yield statistically significant results and suggests that initial blue collar work is associated with an increase of 17.3%-40.1% (18.3%-45.8%) in the probability of overweight (obese). The second essay focuses on identifying and quantifying the predictors of child/adolescent obesity. We expand on the work of Classen and Hokayem (2005) and Stifel and Averett (2009). We use the NLSY together with the Child and Young Adults dataset (a separate survey which follows the children of the mothers in the NLSY). First, a probit is estimated, using adolescent overweight and obesity indicators as the dependent variables. The explanatory variables include respondent, mother, household, and geographical controls. Several specifications are estimated, either using current (adolescent) or childhood covariates. We find that the main predictors of child obesity are the mother's obesity status, gender, race, birth-weight, signs of psychological depression, family income, and maternal education. We then estimate OLS and quantile regressions using child/adolescent BMI z-scores as the dependent variable. We find that for many of the variables the estimated coefficients vary substantially depending on the location of the child in the BMI distribution. For instance in our regressions 1 unit increase in the mother's BMI is associated with an increase in BMI of 0.036 (0.215) units if the child is in the 5th (95th) percentile of the BMI distribution. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nedanov, Bogdan. Adult and Child Obesity, Evidence from the NLSY. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Delaware, 2013. |
4704. |
Neiss, Michelle Rowe, David C. Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
Does Education Mediate the Relationship Between IQ and Age of First Birth? A Behavioural Genetic Analysis Journal of Biosocial Science 34,2 (April 2002): 259-275. Also: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?decade=2000&jid=JBS&volumeId=34&issueId=02&iid=99800 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior; Childhood Residence; Education; Genetics; I.Q.; Intelligence; Kinship; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study presents a multivariate behavioural genetic analysis of the relationship between education, intelligence and age of first birth. Analyses investigated the mediational role of education in explaining the relationship between intelligence and age of first birth at both the phenotypic and behavioural genetic level. The data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a nationally representative survey that included genetically informative full- and half-sibling pairs (n = 1423 pairs). Respondents were aged 14 to 22 when contacted in 1979. Heritability estimates were 0.32, 0.50 and 0.06 for IQ, education and age of first birth, respectively. Shared environment estimates were 0.35, 0.23 and 0.20 respectively. Common genetic and shared environmental factors were substantial in explaining the relationship between intelligence and education, and also education and age of first birth. Education partially mediated the relationship between intelligence and age of first birth only in the phenotypic analyses. After considering the genetic and shared environmental factors that influence all three variables, evidence for mediation was less convincing. This pattern of results suggests that the apparent mediational role of education at the phenotypic level is in fact the result of underlying genetic and shared environmental influences that affect education, IQ and age of first birth in common. |
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Bibliography Citation
Neiss, Michelle, David C. Rowe and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "Does Education Mediate the Relationship Between IQ and Age of First Birth? A Behavioural Genetic Analysis." Journal of Biosocial Science 34,2 (April 2002): 259-275.
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4705. |
Nestel, Gilbert |
Military Service and Civilian Wages: Another Look Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Attrition; Earnings; Military Service; Military Training; Transfers, Skill; Wages Youth when asked why they joined the All-Volunteer Force (AVF) often mention the educational opportunities the services provide and the possibility of acquiring specific occupational skills through military training programs. They not only expect this training will be beneficial while serving but that it will also be transferable and valued by civilian employers upon separation. A statistical analysis of the hourly earnings in survey week 1982 among former female enlistees showed that there was no difference in pay between those who previously served and those with no military experience. Among the men with prior service, however, those who failed to complete their initial tour averaged about 11 percent less in pay, and those who completed their tour about 7 percent less earnings than their never-served reference group. Neither group of former male enlistees was at a disadvantage when the universe was restricted to the 1976 and 1977 entry cohorts. Thus the disadvantage in pay experienced by former male enlistees appears to be mainly a short-run occurrence. There is also evidence that enlistees who report some transferability of military experience to civilian jobs average higher hourly earnings than those who report these experiences are service specific. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nestel, Gilbert. "Military Service and Civilian Wages: Another Look." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983. |
4706. |
Nestel, Gilbert Ricciuti, Kara E. |
Mother Love Through Mother's Milk: Can it Protect Against Pneumonia? Proceedings, Social Statistics Section, American Statistical Association. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association, 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Birth Order; Breastfeeding; Child Health; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Status; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Mothers, Education; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) comprised the set of observations that were analyzed in this paper. About 96 percent of the original sample of women were reinterviewed in 1986, with the majority of sample losses explained by the elimination of the military sample after 1984. Thus the female respondents interviewed in 1986 should be representative of the universe of civilian women between 21 and 29 years of age, and their birth histories should closely approximate all live births to women born between 1957 and 1965. To more easily access this information, a 1986 child-mother file was developed with each live birth of the female respondent as the unit of analysis. A limited number of main illnesses were precoded for the convenience of the interviewers, but the large clustering of responses in the "other" code category prompted a further review by the senior author of each affected questionnaire, and a subsequent expansion of the codes to encompass other illnesses. The availability of detailed dated information on the mother's choice of food and the dating of the different health problems of her child provided the information needed for a month-by-month history of these events. Cox's proportional hazards model was used to estimate the risk of a transition to hospitalized pneumonia for the entire sample of singleton births and for the subsample of white singleton births only. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nestel, Gilbert and Kara E. Ricciuti. Mother Love Through Mother's Milk: Can it Protect Against Pneumonia? Proceedings, Social Statistics Section, American Statistical Association. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association, 1994. |
4707. |
Nestel, Gilbert Santos, Richard |
CPS-NLS Differences in Labor Force Characteristics of Youth: Another Look Proceedings, Business and Economic Statistics Section, American Statistical Association (1981): 122-125 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Research Methodology; Unemployment, Youth CPS estimates of the size of the youth labor force continue to differ from estimates derived from other data sources. Analysis of the 1979 NLSY data indicated more extensive attachment to the labor force by youth 16-21 than corresponding CPS estimates. These differences have been attributable in the past largely to differences in reporting unit (proxy versus self-respondent). However, a recent study by the Methods Division of the Bureau of the Census revealed only minor differences by respondent type. This study examines other factors such as type of interview, rotation bias and characteristic of jobs that could explain these differences. The data analyzed come from the March 1979 CPS and 1979 NLSY surveys. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nestel, Gilbert and Richard Santos. "CPS-NLS Differences in Labor Force Characteristics of Youth: Another Look." Proceedings, Business and Economic Statistics Section, American Statistical Association (1981): 122-125.
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4708. |
Nesterenko, Anna |
Intermittent Employment Histories and Labor Market Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State Univeristy of New York (SUNY) - Stony Brook, May 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, SUNY-Stony Brook Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Earnings; Employment History; Job Satisfaction; Job Tenure; Labor Market Outcomes; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation examines the effects of prior employment histories on subsequent labor market outcomes. Job satisfaction, tenure, promotion opportunities, earnings and non-pecuniary benefits can all be considered as desirable outcomes of the labor market activities. From this list, labor earnings provide a tangible way to evaluate labor market outcomes through remuneration for the work, and are the focus of this dissertation. Empirical analysis is performed using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a nationally representative sample of men and women, interviewed from 1979 to 2006. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nesterenko, Anna. Intermittent Employment Histories and Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State Univeristy of New York (SUNY) - Stony Brook, May 2009. |
4709. |
Neumark, David B. |
Duration Analysis of Birth Intervals and Underlying Fertility Behavior Special Studies Paper 226. Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Board Keyword(s): Behavior; Childbearing; Fertility This paper studies the fertility behavior underlying estimates of duration or hazard models from NLSY data on first birth intervals, in particular the meaning of the estimated effects of exogenous demographic variables on the hazard rate. Most simply, the question is whether these effects represent variation in planned or expected birth intervals, or instead direct effects on the probability of birth. Utilization of data on timing expectations, along with the demographic variables, allows this question to be answered. The conclusion is that timing plans or expectations are the dominant empirical determinant of actual first birth durations. An implication of this, with important consequences for family policy, is that the source of high fertility among young women with certain demographic characteristics is more the result of their plans and expectations than of "mistakes" (or deviations of actual from expected timing). |
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Bibliography Citation
Neumark, David B. Duration Analysis of Birth Intervals and Underlying Fertility Behavior. Special Studies Paper 226. Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1987. |
4710. |
Neumark, David B. |
Effects of Minimum Wages on Teenage Employment, Enrollment, and Idleness ERIC Document No. ED397241; Clearinghouse No. CE072034; August 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ERIC Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Employment, In-School; Employment, Youth; High School; Higher Education; Minimum Wage; Teenagers; Unemployment; Vocational Education; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A study described the effects of minimum wages on teenagers by using individual-level panel data on school and work transitions of teenagers. Panel data from 1979-92 measuring transitions among alternative employment and enrollment activities of teenagers were obtained from matched Current Population Surveys data sets. Findings indicated that higher minimum wages had significant negative effects on the employment prospects of less skilled teens. In addition, increases in the minimum wage were associated with an earlier age for leaving school. These employment changes were not evenly distributed across all youth, but were concentrated among those youths with the worst employment prospects. Younger idle youths (ages 16-17) had an almost 6 percentage point increase in their changes of continued idleness compared to older idle youths (ages 18-19). The effect of higher minimum wages was even stronger for minority youths. If they were idle before the minimum wage was raise d, they w ould have a higher probability of continuing to be idle. The relationship between a teen worker's wage and the new minimum markedly affected the employment outcome. Teens employed with wages below the new minimum showed a higher probability of becoming unemployed. (Appendixes include previous research on substitution hypothesis, the data set, the econometric framework and estimation, additional evidence on queuing, information on the robustness of the results, and a list of 32 references.) (YLB) |
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Bibliography Citation
Neumark, David B. "Effects of Minimum Wages on Teenage Employment, Enrollment, and Idleness." ERIC Document No. ED397241; Clearinghouse No. CE072034; August 1995. |
4711. |
Neumark, David B. |
Gender Differentials in the Labor Force: Measurement, Causes, and Probes Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1987. DAI-A 49/05, p. 1234, Nov 1988. Also: http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/pqdweb?index=0&did=753736421&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1264784574&clientId=3959 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Childbearing; Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Sex; Earnings; Family Influences; Fertility; Gender Differences; Human Capital Theory; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Pairs (also see Siblings); Parental Influences; Rural/Urban Differences; Siblings This dissertation analyzes gender differences in the labor force. Its principal goal is to identify the underlying sources of the differentials, and to estimate their quantitative importance. The first essay addresses the estimation of wage discrimination. It considers the linkage of these estimates, using the "decompositions" introduced by Oaxaca (1973), to theoretical models of discriminatory behavior. A model of employer discrimination is used to derive conditions under which these widely used estimates are valid measures of discrimination. That this approach is more generally useful is demonstrated by showing that different assumptions about the nature of employers' discriminatory behavior lead to alternative estimates of wage discrimination. The second essay studies the role of the family in determining earnings and various dimensions of human capital, focusing in particular on gender differences. The essay asks whether the finding of Bound, Griliches and Hall (1986), of "symmetric" treatment by the family of male and female offspring in determining ability and schooling, carries over when extended to the accumulation of labor force experience. Somewhat ambiguous findings emerge, due to the difficulty of identifying parameters capturing all of the possible channels of influence. In one version of the model, significant family effects on labor force experience for both men and women are found, and these effects are very dissimilar by gender. In a second version, the dissimilarity is attenuated. The third essay studies the factor that is probably most responsible for male-female labor force differentials, the childbearing role of women. It focuses on the timing and spacing of fertility; the potential relationships between these variables and labor market outcomes are indicated in research by Bloom (1987). The broad issue it addresses is whether women choose birth intervals, or instead choose fertility control strategies entailing risks of a birth over time. The empirical results suggest that the first type of behavior is dominant. More strongly, the results show that much of the effects of demographic and other characteristics on the risk of a birth, found in "reduced form" hazard model estimates, are due to the relationship between these characteristics and expected duration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Neumark, David B. Gender Differentials in the Labor Force: Measurement, Causes, and Probes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1987. DAI-A 49/05, p. 1234, Nov 1988.. |
4712. |
Neumark, David B. |
The Effects of Minimum Wages on (Almost) Everything? A Review of Recent Evidence on Health and Related Behaviors Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations published online (6 February 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1111/labr.12263 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Depression (see also CESD); Diet; Exercise; Health Behaviors; Health Outcomes; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health, Physical; Minimum Wage; Obesity; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Suicide I review and assess the evidence on minimum wage effects on health outcomes and health-related behaviors. The evidence on physical health points in conflicting directions, leaning toward adverse effects. Research on effects of diet and obesity sometimes points to beneficial effects, whereas other evidence indicates that higher minimum wages increase smoking and drinking and reduce exercise (and possibly hygiene). In contrast, there is evidence that higher minimum wages reduce suicides, partly consistent with the evidence of positive or mixed effects on other measures of mental health/depression. Overall, policy conclusions that minimum wages improve health are unwarranted or at least premature. |
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Bibliography Citation
Neumark, David B. "The Effects of Minimum Wages on (Almost) Everything? A Review of Recent Evidence on Health and Related Behaviors." Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations published online (6 February 2024).
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4713. |
Neumark, David B. |
Youth Labor Markets in the United States: Shopping Around vs. Staying Put Review of Economics and Statistics 84,3 (August 2002): 462-482. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3211564 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Endogeneity; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics; Mobility, Labor Market; Skills; Teenagers; Wages, Adult; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The need for school-to-work programs or other means of increasing early job market stability is predicated on the view that the "chaotic" nature of youth labor markets in the United States is costly because workers drift from one job to another without developing skills, behavior, or other characteristics that in turn lead to higher adult earnings. However, there is also ample evidence that workers receive positive returns to job shopping. This paper asks whether youths in unstable jobs early in their careers suffer adverse labor market consequences as adults. Its specific contribution is to account for the endogenous determination of early job stability and adult wages as outcomes of a job search/job shopping process. Labor market conditions in the early years in the labor market are used as instrumental variables for the job stability experienced during those years. The instrumental variables estimates generally point to substantial positive effects of early job stability on adult wages in contrast to OLS estimates, which indicate little or no relationship. |
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Bibliography Citation
Neumark, David B. "Youth Labor Markets in the United States: Shopping Around vs. Staying Put." Review of Economics and Statistics 84,3 (August 2002): 462-482.
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4714. |
Neumark, David B. Blackburn, McKinley L. |
Are OLS Estimates of the Return to Schooling Biased Downward? Another Look Unpublished paper. Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Endogeneity; Fertility; Schooling; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine evidence on omitted-ability bias in estimates of the economic return to schooling, using proxies for unobserved ability. We consider measurement error in these ability proxies and the potential endogeneity of both experience and schooling, and examine wages at labor market entry and later. Including ability proxies reduces the estimate of the return to schooling, and instrumenting for these proxies reduces the estimated return still further. Instrumenting for schooling leads to considerably higher estimates of the return to schooling, although only for wages at labor market entry. This estimated return generally reverts to being near (although still above) the OLS estimate if we allow experience to be endogenous. In contrast, for observations at least a few years after labor market entry, the evidence indicates that OLS estimates of the return to schooling that ignore omitted ability are, if anything, biased upward rather than downward. |
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Bibliography Citation
Neumark, David B. and McKinley L. Blackburn. "Are OLS Estimates of the Return to Schooling Biased Downward? Another Look." Unpublished paper. Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 1992. |
4715. |
Neumark, David B. Taubman, Paul |
Why Do Wage Profiles Slope Upwards? Tests of the General Human Capital Model NBER Working Paper No. 4688, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1994. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W4688 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Human Capital Theory; Wage Growth; Wage Levels; Wage Theory; Work Experience This paper presents tests of the Lazear contract, human capital, and forced-saving explanations of rising wage profiles. The human capital model of general investment implies that the ratio of the present value of the earnings stream of investors to that of non-investors equals one. In contrast, the Lazear model implies that the ratio of the present value of the earnings stream for those on rising profiles to those on flat profiles exceeds one, while the forced-saving model implies that this ratio is below one. One test exploits a weaker form of this implication, that those with higher rates of growth of wages, all else the same, have lower initial wages. The forced-saving hypothesis also predicts a negative correlation between wage levels and rates of growth, while the Lazear model could generate a positive correlation. The evidence points to a correlation that is either positive or zero, consistent with the Lazear model but neither the human capital nor the forced-saving model. A second test makes direct use of the implications for present values. Under a variety of assumptions regarding discount rates and wage equation specifications, the results provide no evidence consistent with the forced-saving hypothesis, unless discount rates are near zero. But the calculations are somewhat inconclusive regarding the human capital and Lazear hypotheses; each receives some support depending on the assumed discount rate and wage equation specification. Nonetheless, under a variety of assumptions this test provides evidence supporting the Lazear hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Neumark, David B. and Paul Taubman. "Why Do Wage Profiles Slope Upwards? Tests of the General Human Capital Model." NBER Working Paper No. 4688, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1994. |
4716. |
New, Michael |
Using Survey Data to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Anti-Abortion Legislation Presented: New Orleans, LA, Southern Political Science Association, 2007 Annual Meeting, January 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New School for Social Research Keyword(s): Abortion; Data Analysis; Data Quality/Consistency; Medicaid/Medicare; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A number of academic and policy studies indicate that many regulations on abortion including Medicaid funding restrictions, parental involvement laws, and informed consent laws result in reductions in abortion rates. However, some are skeptical of these findings because there are some flaws with how the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) and Center for Disease Control (CDC) both collect and report abortion data. Specifically the CDC relies upon states for data and as such there is little consistency in either the reporting or the collection mechanism. Furthermore some argue that infrequency of AGI data limits its usefulness to researchers. An alternative way of analyzing the impact of anti-abortion legislation would be through the use of surveys. Survey data could be especially useful in analyzing the impact of parental involvement laws since there are a number of surveys which explore the behavior and sexual activity of America's youth. Furthermore, this sort of data could reveal potential differences in the effects of parental consent and parental notification laws, a subject which has been largely ignored by the existing academic literature. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey will be used in this study. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Conference Papers -- Southern Political Science Association is the property of Southern Political Science Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
New, Michael. "Using Survey Data to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Anti-Abortion Legislation." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Southern Political Science Association, 2007 Annual Meeting, January 2007. |
4717. |
Newman, Sandra J. Holupka, Scott Robie, Amy Vernon-Russell, Laura |
The Effects of Affordable Housing on Children's Well-Being: Phase Two Report, Institute for Policy Studies, Johns Hopkins University, 2010. Also: http://ips.jhu.edu/pub/The-Effects-of-Affordable-Housing-on-Children-s-Well-Being-Phase-Two Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Policy Studies, Johns Hopkins University Keyword(s): Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; Children, Well-Being; Home Ownership; Neighborhood Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Support from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Purpose and Approach Housing affordability is currently viewed as the most significant housing challenge. Over the last two decades the housing component of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) grew 35 percent faster than the general CPI. According to the 2008 State of the Nation’s Housing report, nearly one-quarter of renter households paid more than 50 percent of their incomes for rent in 2006. Housing affordability problems could have deleterious effects on children’s well-being by reducing the resources the family can invest in their children, or by increasing the stress on parents. On the other hand, places with higher-priced housing tend to have better schools and lower crime rates, which could benefit children. In the earlier phase of this study, we tested models using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) database, along with its Child Development Supplements (CDS). In this second phase, we are extending our examination of the association between housing affordability and children’s outcomes by analyzing a second national longitudinal survey database, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY). Results The PSID-CDS analysis suggests that children growing up in higher-priced housing markets fare no worse than those in lower-priced markets. There were no negative associations between housing prices and academic achievement, behavior or health. Nor was there any indication that parents living in higher-priced markets are more personally or emotionally stressed. Initial results from the NLSY analysis closely mirror those from the PSID-CDS. There is little indication that children growing up in high-priced housing markets suffer cognitive achievement deficits or have behavior problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Newman, Sandra J., Scott Holupka, Amy Robie and Laura Vernon-Russell. "The Effects of Affordable Housing on Children's Well-Being: Phase Two." Report, Institute for Policy Studies, Johns Hopkins University, 2010. |
4718. |
Newton, Katherine |
Examining the Impact of Military Experience on Crime: Issues of Race and the Life Course Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Akron, 2018 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Crime; Life Course; Military Service; Racial Differences; Stress Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Upon returning home from serving, military members experience several hardships including posttraumatic stress disorder, substance and alcohol use, and a higher risk of involvement in crime. There has long been an interest in criminology pertaining to the relationship of military experience and crime. However, the research examining this relationship is largely inconsistent and is made even more unclear when taking combat and race into account. In this dissertation, I address these issues and use a quasi-experimental methodological technique that aims to overcome these inconsistencies. Using life course perspective and data derived from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Child and Young Adult sample (NLSY-CYA) 1986-2014, I examine the impact serving in the military has on individuals and how this varies by race. I do this by first matching individuals based on demographics, cognitive predictors, and childhood experiences and behaviors to obtain propensity scores where the binary treatment indicator is military experience (treatment) and no military experience (control). Then, I examine criminal offending differences between military members and civilians. Finally, I examine just the military sample to develop a greater understanding of the military experience and how combat and race impacts crime. This dissertation contributes not only to the literature in criminology and the life course perspective but also to military research and race literature. |
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Bibliography Citation
Newton, Katherine. Examining the Impact of Military Experience on Crime: Issues of Race and the Life Course. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Akron, 2018. |
4719. |
Nguimkeu, Pierre Denteh, Augustine Tchernis, Rusty |
On the Estimation of Treatment Effects with Endogenous Misreporting NBER Working Paper No. 24117, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2017. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w24117 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Geocoded Data; Modeling, OLS; Obesity; Program Participation/Evaluation; Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly Food Stamps); Underreporting Participation in social programs is often misreported in survey data, complicating the estimation of the effects of those programs. In this paper, we propose a model to estimate treatment effects under endogenous participation and endogenous misreporting. We show that failure to account for endogenous misreporting can result in the estimate of the treatment effect having an opposite sign from the true effect. We present an expression for the asymptotic bias of both OLS and IV estimators and discuss the conditions under which sign reversal may occur. We provide a method for eliminating this bias when researchers have access to information related to both participation and misreporting. We establish the consistency and asymptotic normality of our estimator and assess its small sample performance through Monte Carlo simulations. An empirical example is given to illustrate the proposed method. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nguimkeu, Pierre, Augustine Denteh and Rusty Tchernis. "On the Estimation of Treatment Effects with Endogenous Misreporting." NBER Working Paper No. 24117, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2017. |
4720. |
Nickoll, Rebecca A. |
The Effects of Parental Work Characteristics and Maternal Nonemployment on Children's Reading and Math Achievement M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, Summer 1995. Also: http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Effects_of_Parental_Work_Characteris.html?id=xNtcNwAACAAJ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Cognitive Development; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Underemployment This study examines how parental work characteristics as well as maternal nonemployment affect children's reading and math achievement. I argue that parents who perform complex work will encourage self-direction and cognitive achievement in their children. My sample consists of children 9-12 years-old in 1992 (N=1067) from the 1992 NLSY Merged Child-Mother Data who have valid scores on the Reading Recognition and Math Peabody Individual Achievement Tests. Child background characteristics, as well as maternal cognitive skills and spouse's education are important predictors of both reading and math outcomes. Results show that the effects of maternal nonemployment vary by maternal education, child sex, and marital status, while the effects of maternal occupational complexity vary by child sex and extent of employment. Finally, I suggest possible avenues for future research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nickoll, Rebecca A. The Effects of Parental Work Characteristics and Maternal Nonemployment on Children's Reading and Math Achievement. M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, Summer 1995.. |
4721. |
Nickoll, Rebecca A. Parcel, Toby L. |
The Effects of Parental Work Characteristics and Maternal Nonemployment on Children's Reading and Math Achievement Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Divorce; Marital Status; Marriage; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using 1992 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Merged Child-Mother Data of children ages 9-12 (N = 1,067) who have valid scores on the Reading & Math Peabody Individual Achievement Tests, examines how parental work characteristics & maternal nonemployment affect children's reading & math achievement, arguing that parents who perform complex work will encourage self-direction & cognitive achievement in their children. It is found that child background characteristics, as well as maternal cognitive skills & spouse's education, are important predictors of both reading & math outcomes. Results also show that the effects of maternal nonemployment vary by maternal education, child sex, & marital status, while the effects of maternal occupational complexity vary by child sex & the extent of employment. Possible avenues for future research are suggested. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Nickoll, Rebecca A. and Toby L. Parcel. "The Effects of Parental Work Characteristics and Maternal Nonemployment on Children's Reading and Math Achievement." Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996. |
4722. |
Nielsen, Eric R. |
Achievement Gap Estimates and Deviations from Cardinal Comparability Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2015-040. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, May 2015. Also: http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2015.040 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Federal Reserve Board Keyword(s): Achievement; Educational Longitudinal Study (ELS:2002); Methods/Methodology; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT This paper assesses the sensitivity of standard empirical methods for measuring group differences in achievement to violations in the cardinal comparability of achievement test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nielsen, Eric R. "Achievement Gap Estimates and Deviations from Cardinal Comparability." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2015-040. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, May 2015. |
4723. |
Nielsen, Eric R. |
Ordinal Estimation Of Income-Achievement Gaps Working paper, Becker Friedman Institute Initiative, University of Chicago, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Chicago Keyword(s): Academic Development; Achievement; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Family Income; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper develops ordinal methods to test for changes in the relative academic performance of youth from high-income and low-income households. Applied to the NLSY79 and NLSY97 surveys, these ordinal methods show that the difference in academic achievement between youth from high and low-income households narrowed substantially between 1980 and 1997. In contrast, methods relying on the cardinal comparability of test scores suggest that the gap did not change between these two surveys. The cardinal assumption is not necessary and leads to incorrect inference in this important, real-world setting. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nielsen, Eric R. "Ordinal Estimation Of Income-Achievement Gaps." Working paper, Becker Friedman Institute Initiative, University of Chicago, April 2013. |
4724. |
Nielsen, Eric R. |
Ordinal Estimation of Income-Achievement Gaps and Adult Outcome Inequality Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Chicago, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Academic Development; Achievement; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Income; Income Level; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper discusses various methods for assessing group differences in academic achievement using only the ordinal content of achievement test scores. Researchers and policymakers frequently use test-score data to draw conclusions about achievement differences between various populations. Such investigations almost always use methods that rely on the cardinal comparability of (standardized) achievement test scores. This paper shows that relying on cardinal methods can lead to conclusions about changes in inequality that are not supported by the ordinal information contained in test scores. Applied to the NLSY79 and NLSY97 surveys, commonly-employed, cardinal methods suggest that the gap in academic achievement between adolescents from high-income and low-income households did not change. In contrast, ordinal methods indicate that this gap narrowed substantially between these two cohorts. The relative improvement in reading achievement is driven both by an adverse shift in the distribution of scores among high-income students and an improvement in the distribution of scores among low-income students. Therefore, any weighting scheme that places more value on higher test scores must conclude that the reading gap between high and low-income students narrowed over time. The situation for math achievement is more complex. Nevertheless, low-income students in the middle deciles of the low-income math achievement distribution unambiguously gained relative to their high-income counterparts. These findings appear to contradict much of the literature on recent trends in parental spending on children by income class. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nielsen, Eric R. Ordinal Estimation of Income-Achievement Gaps and Adult Outcome Inequality. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Chicago, 2014. |
4725. |
Nielsen, Eric R. |
The Income-Achievement Gap and Adult Outcome Inequality Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2015-041. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, May 2015. Also: http://www.federalreserve.gov/econresdata/feds/2015/files/2015041pap.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Federal Reserve Board Keyword(s): Achievement; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Family Income; Methods/Methodology; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT This paper discusses various methods for assessing group differences in academic achievement using only the ordinal content of achievement test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nielsen, Eric R. "The Income-Achievement Gap and Adult Outcome Inequality." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2015-041. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, May 2015. |
4726. |
Nielsson, Ulf Steingrimsdottir, Herdis |
The Signalling Value of Education across Genders Empirical Economics 54,4 (June 2018): 1827-1854. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00181-017-1264-z Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Discrimination, Sex; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines gender discrimination and the possibility that education is more important for signalling ability among women than men. As social networks tend to run along gender lines and managers in the labour market are predominantly male, it may be more difficult for women to signal their ability without college credentials. The Lang and Manove (Am Econ Rev 101(4):1467-1496, 2011) model of racial discrimination and educational sorting is applied to examine the gender gap in schooling attainment. The model is empirically estimated for whites, blacks and Hispanics separately, with the results among whites consistent with education being more valuable to women due to signalling. For 90% of the whites in the sample women choose a higher level of education, given their ability, than men. Women on average obtain 0.5–0.7 extra years of schooling compared to men with the same ability score. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nielsson, Ulf and Herdis Steingrimsdottir. "The Signalling Value of Education across Genders." Empirical Economics 54,4 (June 2018): 1827-1854.
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4727. |
Nievar, M. Angela Luster, Thomas |
Developmental Processes in African American Families: An Application of McLoyd's Theoretical Model Journal of Marriage and Family 68,2 (May 2006): 320-331. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00255.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Cognitive Development; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Conflict; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Racial Differences In accordance with McLoyd's model of African American children's development, we examined the linkages among family income, maternal psychological distress, marital conflict, parenting, and children's outcomes in early and middle childhood, using a sample of 591 African American children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Income during early childhood had a direct effect on behavior problems and reading recognition in middle childhood. Income also had an indirect effect on the child outcomes via maternal psychological distress and parenting. In a comparison of African American and White families, marital conflict predicted children behavior problems only in White families. Findings suggest that family psychological and material resources influence parenting as well as behavioral and cognitive outcomes for African American children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Nievar, M. Angela and Thomas Luster. "Developmental Processes in African American Families: An Application of McLoyd's Theoretical Model." Journal of Marriage and Family 68,2 (May 2006): 320-331.
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4728. |
Nigmatullin, Eldar Ayratovich |
Estimation of Markov Decision Processes in the Presence of Model Uncertainty Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2003. Also: http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/ER/detail/hkul/2921331 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Bayesian; Data Analysis; Demography; Markov chain / Markov model; Modeling; Neighborhood Effects; Statistical Analysis The Bayesian approach provides a coherent framework for accounting for model uncertainty and it takes form of Bayesian model averaging (BMA) when there are finitely many models under consideration. In my first essay I develop the BMA technique for moment conditions models. My work extends the existing theory on BMA that has been limited to the parametric case. I develop a methodology, grounded in information theoretic and Bayesian arguments, which allows implementation of the BMA technique by means of nonparametric likelihood methods in situations when all information that is available comes in the form of moments conditions. Moment conditions models arise naturally in the context of estimation of Markov decision processes because first-order conditions for agents' optimization problem produce population moment conditions. I consequently consider an application of my methodology to the problem of optimal portfolio choice in the presence of partial predictability of assets returns. In my second essay I analyze the effects of neighborhood interactions on the pre-marital fertility decisions by women of NLSY79 in the framework of Cox proportional hazards. The empirical analysis finds that out-of-wedlock fertility dynamics vary systematically with neighborhood characteristics when counties of residence are taken as individuals' neighborhoods. I find the contextual effects to be well pronounced. The data do not reveal the presence of significant endogenous social interactions. The empirical analysis indicates the presence of significant uncertainty in the choice of explanatory variables. Bayesian model averaging is applied both to account for model uncertainty and the subsequent inference. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nigmatullin, Eldar Ayratovich. Estimation of Markov Decision Processes in the Presence of Model Uncertainty. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2003.. |
4729. |
Nitsche, Natalie |
A Couple-Perspective on Fertility Outcomes: Do Relative Resources Matter for First and Second Births? Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Fertility; First Birth; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Income Level; Labor Supply Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. McDonald (2000) has suggested that socio-economic gender equity within couples is a crucial component in women’s fertility decisions. Empirically, however, little is known about how couple dynamics are influencing fertility outcomes. This paper examines if gender equity, measured as relative levels of income, education, and labor market supply, affects the transition to first and second births in the US. While studies have investigated the effect of the gendered division of household labor on birth transitions, I argue that it is problematic as an indicator of intra-couple gender equity because research has shown that the division of household labor is itself an outcome of relative resources in couples. Using the NLSY79, this paper will use Cox regression models to understand how relative resources, absolute resources, and their interaction affect the timing and likelihood of first and second births in first unions using a competing risk design to account for the competing event of union dissolution. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nitsche, Natalie. "A Couple-Perspective on Fertility Outcomes: Do Relative Resources Matter for First and Second Births?" Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
4730. |
Nitsche, Natalie |
Examining Fertility from a Couple-Perspective: Do Relative Resources Matter for First and Second Births? Presented: Stockholm, Sweden, European Population Conference (EPC), June 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: European Association for Population Studies (EAPS) Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Childbearing; Cross-national Analysis; Educational Attainment; First Birth; Gender Attitudes/Roles; German Family Survey; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Income Level; Modeling, Fixed Effects; National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. McDonald (2000) has suggested that socio-economic gender equity within couples is a crucial component in women’s fertility decisions and that its investigation will contribute to understanding low fertility in the Western world today. Empirically, however, little is known about how couple dynamics are influencing fertility outcomes. This paper examines if gender equity, measured as relative levels of income, education, work hours, and occupational status, affects the transition to first and second births in the US and Germany. While studies have investigated the effect of the gendered division of household labor on birth transitions, I argue that it is problematic as an indicator of intra-couple gender equity because research has shown that the division of household labor is itself an outcome of relative resources in couples. Using the NLSY79, the NSFH, the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), and the German Family Survey, this paper will use event history and fixed effects models to understand how relative resources, absolute resources, and their interaction affect the timing and likelihood of first and second births in couples. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nitsche, Natalie. "Examining Fertility from a Couple-Perspective: Do Relative Resources Matter for First and Second Births?" Presented: Stockholm, Sweden, European Population Conference (EPC), June 2012. |
4731. |
Nitsche, Natalie |
Fertility, Education, and Couple Dynamics: Three Essays on Childbearing Behavior in the United States and Germany Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Husbands; Socioeconomic Factors; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The third chapter uses the NLSY79 to investigate the relationship between relative socio-economic resources and birth hazards among married US couples. The data don't contain time use measures, which means that the division of housework could not been included. The models, however, control for gender role preferences of the wives. In this chapter, the analyses are set up in a competing risk framework, to allow for the competing risk of union dissolution. Similar to the results on Germany in chapter two, the findings show that relative education is significantly related to second birth hazards, with highly educated homogamous couples displaying higher second birth transition rates. Relative income and gendered work arrangements appear, in contrast, not to have any significant association with first or second birth hazards in this cohort of married US couples. The latter two chapters contribute new evidence to a young but growing literature that examines couple-level effects on fertility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nitsche, Natalie. Fertility, Education, and Couple Dynamics: Three Essays on Childbearing Behavior in the United States and Germany. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2014. |
4732. |
Nitsche, Natalie Hayford, Sarah R. |
Preferences, Partners, and Parenthood: Linking Early Fertility Desires, Marriage Timing, and Achieved Fertility Demography published online (12 November 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00927-y. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-020-00927-y Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Educational Attainment; Family Size; Fertility; Motherhood; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the United States, underachieving fertility desires is more common among women with higher levels of education and those who delay first marriage beyond their mid-20s. However, the relationship between these patterns, and particularly the degree to which marriage postponement explains lower fertility among the highly educated, is not well understood. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort to analyze differences in parenthood and achieved parity for men and women, focusing on the role of marriage timing in achieving fertility goals over the life course. We expand on previous research by distinguishing between entry into parenthood and average parity among parents as pathways to underachieving, by considering variation in the impact of marriage timing by education and by stage of the life course, and by comparing results for men and women. We find that women with a bachelor's degree who desired three or more children are less likely to become mothers relative to women with the same desired family size who did not attend college. Conditional on becoming mothers, however, women with at least a bachelor's degree do not have lower completed family size. No comparable fatherhood difference by desired family size is present. Postponing marriage beyond age 30 is associated with lower proportions of parenthood but not with lower parity among parents. Age patterns are similar for women and men, pointing at social rather than biological factors driving the underachievement of fertility goals. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nitsche, Natalie and Sarah R. Hayford. "Preferences, Partners, and Parenthood: Linking Early Fertility Desires, Marriage Timing, and Achieved Fertility." Demography published online (12 November 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00927-y.
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4733. |
Nitsche, Natalie Hayford, Sarah R. |
Preferences, Partners, and Parenthood: Linking Early Fertility Desires, Union Formation Timing, and Achieved Fertility Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Marriage; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Gender Differences; Motherhood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Our paper addresses education and gender differences in the realization of early-life fertility desires, focusing on the role of union formation timing in achieving fertility goals over the life course. In particular, we investigate the effect of first union-postponement on realizing higher parity fertility desires at age 43. While it is known that 'underachieving' occurs more often among the higher educated and among those who postpone first marriage and parenthood beyond age 25, it is not yet well understood how the effect of union formation timing on fertility may differ by desired number of children and educational attainment. Using data from the NLSY79, first findings indicate a delay of first marriage and lower incidences of motherhood among college educated women desiring three or more compared to those desiring two children. Also, among the college educated, marrying after age 30 is associated with a sharp decline in motherhood, but not fatherhood. Note: A similar paper was also presented at Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nitsche, Natalie and Sarah R. Hayford. "Preferences, Partners, and Parenthood: Linking Early Fertility Desires, Union Formation Timing, and Achieved Fertility." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
4734. |
Nitsche, Natalie Hayford, Sarah R. |
The Impact of Early Fertility Desires on Union Formation and Timing Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Family Formation; Fertility; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While it is well known that early fertility desires affect childbearing behavior, it is not yet understood whether these early preferences may also affect women's union formation behavior. Drawing on data from the NLSY79, our study extends the literature by investigating whether the desired number of children during early adulthood is linked to whether and when women form stable unions over the course of their lives. We furthermore investigate whether this preference-behavior relationship varies across educational attainment and may be one missing link to understanding educational differentials in family formation behavior. First findings indeed show a significant relationship between these early desires and subsequent marriage behavior. Women who desire to remain childless marry less often, and significantly later than their counterparts who desire to become mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nitsche, Natalie and Sarah R. Hayford. "The Impact of Early Fertility Desires on Union Formation and Timing." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
4735. |
Nitz, Katherine |
Children of Adolescent Mothers: Gender Differences in the Transmission of Problem Behavior Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Children; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Gender Differences; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the NLSY, factors influencing the occurrence of problem behaviors in 3,307 adolescent mothers and their first born children were examined. Results of logistic regression indicate that by far the quality of the home environment was the best predictor of problem behaviors for both boys and girls. In contrast, maternal deviance in 1980 was a relatively strong predictor of problem behaviors in 1986 for girls, but not for boys. Results are discussed in relation to the environmental and psychological factors that may buffer the transmission of problem behaviors across generations for both boys and girls. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nitz, Katherine. "Children of Adolescent Mothers: Gender Differences in the Transmission of Problem Behavior." Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991. |
4736. |
Nixon, Lucia A. Robinson, Michael D. |
The Educational Attainment of Young Women: Role Model Effects of Female High School Faculty Demography 36,2 (May 1999): 185-194. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/lx8241053l218162/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; High School; High School Students; Role Models; Teachers/Faculty; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. To test for the presence of role model effects of female high school faculty and professional staff on young women in high school, we estimate several models of educational attainment for young women using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Exposure to female high school faculty and professional staff has a positive impact on the educational attainment of young women. This result, combined with our finding that female faculty and professional staff have no significant impact on the educational attainmnet of young men, supports a female role model hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nixon, Lucia A. and Michael D. Robinson. "The Educational Attainment of Young Women: Role Model Effects of Female High School Faculty." Demography 36,2 (May 1999): 185-194.
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4737. |
Nock, Steven L. |
The Consequences of Premarital Fatherhood American Sociological Review 63,2 (April 1998): 250-263. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657326 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cohabitation; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Fatherhood; Fertility; Marital Status; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Parents, Single; School Completion; Siblings; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Little is known about the consequences of premarital fatherhood. Few never married fathers live with their children. Nevertheless there are good reasons to expect that these men's lives are influenced by their paternity For example, men who experience premarital births are less likely to marry and more likely to cohabit, both of which are associated with lower levels of socioeconomic attainment. I use the first 15 years of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the socioeconomic consequences of premarital fatherhood. Results based on hazards models and fixed-effects analyses suggest that men who have children before marriage leave school earlier, have lower earnings, work fewer weeks per year. and are more likely to live in poverty than comparable men who did not father children before marriage. These consequences of premarital fatherhood are partially the result of self selection effects, although many such effects appear to be caused by delayed marriages and/or higher rates of cohabitation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nock, Steven L. "The Consequences of Premarital Fatherhood." American Sociological Review 63,2 (April 1998): 250-263.
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4738. |
Nofziger, Stacey |
How Well Can a Childhood Measure of Self-Control Predict Deviance Across Time? Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, November 2006 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birth Order; Crime; Discipline; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Injuries; Mothers, Behavior; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Punishment, Corporal; Risk-Taking; Scale Construction; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Substance Use; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Since the publication of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime (1990), self-control theory has been rigorously investigated. A recent meta-analysis (Pratt and Cullen 2000) found that in spite of the multiple ways researchers have measured the core concept, different types of samples, and both cross-sectional and longitudinal research strategies, this theory does significantly predict a wide range of juvenile and adult behaviors. One important argument in this theory is that the characteristic of self-control develops early in life and remains relatively stable throughout the life course. This study examines whether this premise is supported by using a measure of self-control from early childhood to predict several forms of criminal and analogous behaviors across time. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth � Child and Young Adult Sample (NLSY-CYA) this study measures the self-control of children when they are 5 or 6 years old. This measure of self-control is then used to predict juvenile delinquency at various ages, including drug and alcohol use and early or unsafe sexual behaviors, as well as deviant activities at older ages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nofziger, Stacey. "How Well Can a Childhood Measure of Self-Control Predict Deviance Across Time?" Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, November 2006. |
4739. |
Nofziger, Stacey |
The "Cause" of Low Self-Control Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 45,2 (May 2008): 191-223. Also: http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/45/2/191.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birth Order; Crime; Discipline; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Injuries; Mothers, Behavior; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenting Skills/Styles; Punishment, Corporal; Risk-Taking; Scale Construction; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Self-control theory is one of the most tested theories within the field of criminology. However, one of the basic assumptions of the theory has remained largely ignored. Gottfredson and Hirschi stated that the focus of their general theory of crime is the "connection between the self-control of the parent and the subsequent self-control of the child" (1990:100). However, no study to date has specifically tested this relationship. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study finds that mothers with low self-control do indeed produce children with lower self-control. To begin to understand the mechanism responsible for this relationship, several parenting practices used by the mothers are examined. The analysis shows that the self-control of the mother influences her choice of punishments, as well as having moderate impacts on how she supervises her children. In turn, higher supervision and several choices of punishments affect the development of self-control in the child. This study therefore provides support for a vital, yet previously unexamined, piece of the general theory of crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] One of the most extensively debated and empirically tested theories in criminology is Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime (1990). However, one basic assertion of the theory has not been tested. Gottfredson and Hirschi specifically state that "the major 'cause' of low self-control thus appears to be ineffective child-rearing" (1990: 97). If parents fail to instill self-control within their children, delinquency is likely to result. Producing self-control in children requires a great deal of consistent effort. It is expected that parents who lack self-control will not be particularly adept at instilling self-control in their children (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990: 101). Surprisingly, the crucial role of parental self-control in the development of juvenile self-control, and ultimately juvenile delinquency, has not been examined. (Author summary: This project will use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth – Child and Young Adult data to begin to fill this void. These data include information from the females who were part of the original NLSY79 cohort as well as from their children. A measure of the mothers' self-control is developed using items such as their aspirations, their involvement in criminal activities, early and unsafe sexual activity, and alcohol and substance use. The children's self-control is measured by items such as being in an accident or having an injury in the last year, the children's scores from interviewer assessments on temperament, social development, and behavior problems scales, self-reported behavior problems at school, educational expectations, and a series of items assessing risk taking behaviors and attitudes.) Copyright of Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Nofziger, Stacey. "The "Cause" of Low Self-Control." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 45,2 (May 2008): 191-223.
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4740. |
Nofziger, Stacey |
The "Cause" of Low Self-Control: Testing the Relationship Between Mothers' and Children's Self-Control Presented: Toronto, ON, Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, November 2005 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birth Order; Crime; Discipline; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Injuries; Mothers, Behavior; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Punishment, Corporal; Risk-Taking; Scale Construction; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. One of the most extensively debated and empirically tested theories in criminology is Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime (1990). However, one basic assertion of the theory has not been tested. Gottfredson and Hirschi specifically state that "the major 'cause' of low self-control thus appears to be ineffective child-rearing" (1990: 97). If parents fail to instill self-control within their children, delinquency is likely to result. Producing self-control in children requires a great deal of consistent effort. It is expected that parents who lack self-control will not be particularly adept at instilling self-control in their children (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990: 101). Surprisingly, the crucial role of parental self-control in the development of juvenile self-control, and ultimately juvenile delinquency, has not been examined. This project will use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth – Child and Young Adult data to begin to fill this void. These data include information from the females who were part of the original NLSY79 cohort as well as from their children. A measure of the mothers' self-control is developed using items such as their aspirations, their involvement in criminal activities, early and unsafe sexual activity, and alcohol and substance use. The children's self-control is measured by items such as being in an accident or having an injury in the last year, the children's scores from interviewer assessments on temperament, social development, and behavior problems scales, self-reported behavior problems at school, educational expectations, and a series of items assessing risk taking behaviors and attitudes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nofziger, Stacey. "The "Cause" of Low Self-Control: Testing the Relationship Between Mothers' and Children's Self-Control." Presented: Toronto, ON, Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, November 2005. |
4741. |
Nofziger, Stacey Newton, Katherine |
Parenting and Self-Control across Three Generations Presented: New Orleans LA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Children, Behavioral Development; Grandchildren; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parenting Skills/Styles; Self-Control/Self-Regulation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. According to self-control theory, the primary means of developing self-control is through good parenting practices. While some recent work has pointed to potential biological patterns in self-control, most studies find that different monitoring and discipline practices are crucial components for instilling self-control in children. This study examines how self-control is connected to parenting over three generations. Using data from the NLSY79 and the NLSY-CYA, this study examines how self-control of the women in the original cohort influences their parenting styles, which in turn impacts the self-control and later parenting practices of their children, leading finally to differing levels of self-control in their grandchildren. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nofziger, Stacey and Katherine Newton. "Parenting and Self-Control across Three Generations." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2016. |
4742. |
Nofziger, Stacey Newton, Katherine |
Self-control, Parental Crime, and Discipline across Three Generations Deviant Behavior 39,12 (2018): 1533-1551. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01639625.2017.1410616 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Crime; Discipline; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Structural Equation; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Self-Control/Self-Regulation The objective of this study is to examine the relationships between self-control, parental crime, and use of discipline across three generations. Data spanning 30 years from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, are analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. This study focuses on whether different types of discipline used by parents predict the self-control of each successive generation. We also examine whether self-control and criminal activities of parents are predictive of parenting and resulting self-control of children. We find that discipline has a weak relationship to self-control but that parental crime and self-control do relate to the self-control of later generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nofziger, Stacey and Katherine Newton. "Self-control, Parental Crime, and Discipline across Three Generations." Deviant Behavior 39,12 (2018): 1533-1551.
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4743. |
Nolan, Jennifer A. |
Religion Factors Impact on Health Utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting & Exposition, December 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Religious Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates the relationships between religiosity factors and self-rated physical and mental health outcomes (SF-12) utilizing the NLSY79 (a national U.S. dataset that follows individuals (1979 to present) on life course changes (N= 12686)). For this study, the subcohort of aged forty and over (n=5588) will be analyzed. The hypothesized pathways of social support and lifestyle/behavior will be tested as possible mediating pathways to explain the relationship between religiosity and health. Religion may buffer the impact of stress on health by offering a social support network. Religious attitudes may affect health through encouraging healthy lifestyles or health related behavior for improved well being. Preliminary results from multiple regression, reveal that increasing religious attendance ranging from several times a year to once a week is associated with better physical health than those that never attended (p<0.05). Educated males (p=0.002) with large family size (p=0.079) and higher net family income (p=0.010) were also more likely to have better physical health. (overall model significance F= 10.275, p<0.000). Frequency of religious attendance greater than once a week was not associated with better physical health (p=0.207). More religious variables such as affiliation, spouse attendance, frequency couples argue about religion and father-child religious participation will be included in subsequent models as well as testing religiosity's effect on mental health. Longitudinal analysis will be performed to analyze the change in health status over time from exposure to religiosity. The mediating and modifying effects of social support and lifestyle behavior will be analyzed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nolan, Jennifer A. "Religion Factors Impact on Health Utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79)." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting & Exposition, December 2005. |
4744. |
Nolan, Jennifer A. |
Religious Participation Effects on Mental and Physical Health Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2005. DAI-B 67/01, Jul 2006. Also: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1068239901&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Religious Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first section of the dissertation provides a review of the literature, conceptual distinctions between religiousness and spirituality, and four key hypothesized pathways identified and categorized from the literature, posited to explain the effects of religious participation on health. The second section investigates the relationship of religious participation to physical health, mental health and depression and the mediating behavioral pathway of cigarette and alcohol use. The study focuses on a sample of 2,102 individuals followed from 1979 to 2000, utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79). The main findings are the following. Cross-sectional analysis revealed a positive U-shaped relationship between religious attendance and physical health in the year 2000, controlling for sociodemographic variables of gender, race, marital status, education, number of children living in a household, work amount, and income. Attendance levels of once per week to infrequent were related to better physical health scores. Attendance among individuals of low socio-economic status (SES) was associated with better physical health compared with no attendance. African Americans reported better mental health and lower depression scores with higher attendance levels compared to no attendance; Caucasians showed the opposite trend. Examining the data longitudinally from 1982 to 2000, early attendance in young adulthood was found to be positively associated with better mental health and less depression in mid-adulthood, controlling for key sociodemographic variables. The behavior of cigarette smoking frequency was a mediator between the relationship of religious attendance and depression, controlling for key sociodemographic variables. Alcohol abuse/dependency and heavy drinking showed evidence of mild mediation. Attendance in young adulthood was protective against alcohol abuse/dependency, heavy drinking and smoking in mid-adulthood. In addition, the dissertation includes the development of a framework for future qualitative analysis of exploratory interviews with professionals at international humanitarian organizations on how religious beliefs and practices of a targeted population are taken into account in health projects. Major themes explored are conceptualizations of religiousness, spirituality and health, theorized mediating pathways, field experiences and institutional policies. Overall this research provides evidence to support the relationship between religious participation and mental health, depression and physical health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nolan, Jennifer A. Religious Participation Effects on Mental and Physical Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2005. DAI-B 67/01, Jul 2006.. |
4745. |
Nonoyama, Atsuko Simpson, Pippa Gossett, Jeffrey M. Stokes, C. Shannon |
Maternal Employment in Early Childhood and the Risk of Overweight in Adolescence Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Health; Maternal Employment; Obesity; Weight; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. During the years when childhood obesity increased, types of food consumed by children have also changed drastically due partly to a rise in employment among young mothers who had little time for shopping and cooking nutritious meals. Furthermore, the impact of maternal employment may have been larger in already disadvantaged populations. This study evaluates: 1) whether maternal employment in infancy and early childhood predicts being overweight in adolescence, and 2) whether the effect of maternal employment on adolescent obesity is more pronounced among low-income households. Data come from women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and their children. Preliminary findings do not indicate that the number of hours mothers worked during the first five years of life predicts elevated risks of obesity at ages 15 or 16, and this finding holds regardless of the poverty status of the household. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nonoyama, Atsuko, Pippa Simpson, Jeffrey M. Gossett and C. Shannon Stokes. "Maternal Employment in Early Childhood and the Risk of Overweight in Adolescence." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. |
4746. |
Nonoyama, Atsuko Stokes, C. Shannon Santell, Ross Simpson, Pippa Gossett, Jeffrey M. |
Effects of Mother's Employment in Early Childhood on the Risk of Overweight in Adolescence: Regional Comparisons In: Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Innovation and Development Grants in Economics Program: Executive Report, USDA Economic Research Service Report, US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, October 2006. Also: http://srdc.msstate.edu/ridge/files/recipients/04_atsuko_final.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Maternal Employment; Obesity; Weight; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study used data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and from the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults. The study estimated whether the average number of hours mothers worked per week during their children's early childhood (measured at 4 years old) affected the children's chances of becoming overweight in adolescence (measured at either 15 or 16). To assess geographic variations in this association, a multivariate logistic regression model was estimated for each of four U.S. regions: Northeast, North Central, South, and West. An indepth analysis was conducted for only the South because it has the highest prevalence of overweight children. The total sample included 1,874 children (777 for the South) born between 1979 and 1985, overrepresenting racial minority and economically disadvantaged groups. Control variables used in logistic regression models included hours the mother worked during her child's adolescence, mother's body mass index (BMI), whether the mother was a teenager when the child was born, whether the mother was single in the child's early childhood, years of education the mother completed by the time her child became an adolescent, sex and race of the child, household income, and urban residence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nonoyama, Atsuko, C. Shannon Stokes, Ross Santell, Pippa Simpson and Jeffrey M. Gossett. "Effects of Mother's Employment in Early Childhood on the Risk of Overweight in Adolescence: Regional Comparisons." In: Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Innovation and Development Grants in Economics Program: Executive Report, USDA Economic Research Service Report, US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, October 2006. |
4747. |
Noonan, Mary Christine |
A Cross-Cohort Analysis of the Effects of Parenthood on Employment for Women and Men Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Employment; Fatherhood; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-1998, Young Women 1968-1983 and Young Men 1966-1981, this study examines the effect of parenthood on the paid employment of young men and women over time. In view of women's increased labor force attachment, recent cohorts of women may be less likely to interrupt their work lives (or at lest for a shorter period) after childbirth than later cohorts. Furthermore, as recent cohorts of men become more involved in family responsibilities and childcare, they may be more likely than later cohorts to reduce their time in the labor force in response to the demands of parenthood. In the first stage of the analysis, estimates are made to determine if employment responses to parenthood have been changing or remaining stable across time for both men and women. Next, decomposition analysis is performed to determine whether cohort differences are due to changes in the composition of cohorts or to behavioral changes across cohorts. Implications of the findings discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Noonan, Mary Christine. "A Cross-Cohort Analysis of the Effects of Parenthood on Employment for Women and Men." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2000. |
4748. |
Noonan, Mary Christine |
How Much Does the Long Term Cost of a Work Interruption Influence Women's Employment Behavior Surrounding First Birth? Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Economic Changes/Recession; Employment; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Income; Re-employment; Wages, Women; Work Reentry Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Economic theory states that a woman will allocate time to employment only if the value of her time in the labor force exceeds the value she places on her time at home. Previous research examining women's employment behavior around the time of childbirth has measured the value of market time, or the cost of a work interruption, with current earnings. This measure is incomplete, however, because the cost of a work interruption involves more than simply the loss of current earnings. Future earnings will also be reduced as a result of a work interruption because of wage depreciation and forgone wage appreciation occurring during the interruption period. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I create a measure of the long-term cost of an employment break for each woman into the sample, and then test whether it predicts a woman's employment behavior surrounding the first birth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Noonan, Mary Christine. "How Much Does the Long Term Cost of a Work Interruption Influence Women's Employment Behavior Surrounding First Birth?" Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 2001. |
4749. |
Noonan, Mary Christine |
The Changing Effects of Parenthood On Men's and Women's Employment Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, 2001. DAI-A 62/10 p.3577, April 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Employment; Fatherhood; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Parenthood; Wage Effects This dissertation examines trends in men's and women's employment behavior around the time of first childbirth, and in doing so contributes to the sociological literature on gender roles, labor markets, and social change. I use data from multiple cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys and employ a range of analytic methods, including decomposition analysis and fixed-effects regression techniques. The first part of the dissertation examines trends in the parenthood-employment relationship for both men and women. Results show that men's employment patterns around the time of childbirth show no significant change; employment for both cohorts of men remains at consistently high levels in the months surrounding childbirth. Recent cohorts of women continue to withdraw from the labor force around the time of their first birth, although they work longer into pregnancy and return to work sooner after childbirth than early cohorts of women. In the second part of the dissertation, I develop a measure of the long-term costs of a work interruption and test whether it predicts women's employment behavior at the time of first birth. Results show that while the average short-term cost of a one-year employment break is $17,000, the average long-term cost is over $80,000. Put differently, over the long term, a woman who takes a one-year break will earn only 67% of what a comparable woman would earn who had not taken a break. Both the short and long-term costs have significant negative effects on the likelihood of women taking one-year employment breaks around the time of their first childbirth; however, the effect of the short-term cost appears to be stronger. The final part of the dissertation assesses whether changes in the magnitude and effect of the long-term costs of an employment break help explain trends in women's employment around the time of childbirth. Results show that the average long-term cost of an employment break has increased considerably over time and does account for a substantial portion of the increase in women's employment. The long-term cost has a negative effect on women's employment behavior at the time of first birth in both cohorts, however the effect has remained relatively stable over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Noonan, Mary Christine. The Changing Effects of Parenthood On Men's and Women's Employment. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, 2001. DAI-A 62/10 p.3577, April 2002. |
4750. |
Noonan, Mary Christine Glass, Jennifer L. |
The Hard Truth about Telecommuting Monthly Labor Review 135,6 (June 2012): 38-45. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2012/06/art3exc.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Telecommuting; Work Experience; Work Hours/Schedule; Work, Atypical Telecommuting has not permeated the American workplace, and where it has become commonly used, it is not helpful in reducing work-family conflicts; telecommuting appears, instead, to have become instrumental in the general expansion of work hours, facilitating workers’ needs for additional worktime beyond the standard workweek and/or the ability of employers to increase or intensify work demands among their salaried employees. |
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Bibliography Citation
Noonan, Mary Christine and Jennifer L. Glass. "The Hard Truth about Telecommuting." Monthly Labor Review 135,6 (June 2012): 38-45.
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4751. |
Noonan, Mary Christine Wang, Minglu |
Marriage Versus Employment: Comparing Antipoverty Strategies for Mothers Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Annual Meetings of the Population Association of America, March-April 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Income; Poverty; Racial Differences; Re-employment; Wages, Women; Work Reentry Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In recent years, several studies have shown that married women are much less likely than are single women to live in poverty. Another body of research has shown that women's employment, not surprisingly, is also negatively related to poverty. However, little is known about the role of marriage compared to the role of labor force participation in alleviating poverty among women. This issue is important because current debates over welfare policy center on whether work participation requirements should be increased and/or whether the government should actively encourage marriage among low-income single mothers. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2002) to analyze the impact of transitions into and out of marriage and employment on the likelihood of being poor among a sample of women. Two separate models estimate the impact of marriage and employment on short-term poverty and long-term poverty. Also, models are estimated separately by race because of important racial differences in the labor market and marriage market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Noonan, Mary Christine and Minglu Wang. "Marriage Versus Employment: Comparing Antipoverty Strategies for Mothers." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Annual Meetings of the Population Association of America, March-April 2006. |
4752. |
Noonan, Mary Christine Wang, Minglu |
Marriage Versus Employment: Comparing Antipoverty Strategies for Mothers Working Paper, Department of Sociology, University of Iowa, September 2005. Also: http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=61531 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Iowa Keyword(s): Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Income; Poverty; Racial Differences; Re-employment; Wages, Women; Work Reentry Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In recent years, several studies have shown that married women are much less likely than are single women to live in poverty. Another body of research has shown that women's employment, not surprisingly, is also negatively related to poverty. However, little is known about the role of marriage compared to the role of labor force participation in alleviating poverty among women. This issue is important because current debates over welfare policy center on whether work participation requirements should be increased and/or whether the government should actively encourage marriage among low-income single mothers. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2002) to analyze the impact of transitions into and out of marriage and employment on the likelihood of being poor among a sample of women. Two separate models estimate the impact of marriage and employment on short-term poverty and long-term poverty. Also, models are estimated separately by race because of important racial differences in the labor market and marriage market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Noonan, Mary Christine and Minglu Wang. "Marriage Versus Employment: Comparing Antipoverty Strategies for Mothers." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, University of Iowa, September 2005. |
4753. |
Norberg, Karen |
Dads and Cads: Parental Cohabitation and the Human Sex Ratio at Birth Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Formation; Family Structure; Gender; Parental Influences; Sex Ratios Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Evolutionary theory predicts that parents may bias the sex ratio of their offspring according to environmental conditions. Here, I test the prediction that parents may tend to produce males under conditions forecasting two-parent care, and females under conditions forecasting one-parent care. Using individual-level longitudinal data pooled from four public-use US surveys, I find that parents who were living with an opposite-sex partner or spouse were more likely to have a male child than parents who were living apart. The effect is small, but statistically significant (p < .0001). It is discernable when comparisons are made among sibling within the same family (OR 1.17, p |
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Bibliography Citation
Norberg, Karen. "Dads and Cads: Parental Cohabitation and the Human Sex Ratio at Birth." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003. |
4754. |
Norberg, Karen |
Effects of Daycare Reconsidered NBER Working Paper No. 6769, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6769 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Child Health; Children, Illness; Disability; Maternal Employment; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Re-employment; Temperament; Work History Abstract: Do children of employed mothers differ from other children, even before mother's (re)entry to the labor force? Preexisting differences among children may be an alternative explanation for many apparent daycare outcome effects. Data from the 1994 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were available for 6603 singleton infants followed from birth. Mothers of children with intrauterine growth retardation, birth defects, or extended hospitalization at birth began working significantly later after the birth of the child, and mothers of infants with higher development scores and more difficult temperament, and mothers of healthy premature infants, began working significantly earlier. The associations with newborn health persisted when the comparisons were made among siblings. The magnitudes of the effects were large enough to have practical importance. After controlling for both observed and unobserved differences between families, a mother was only 50% as likely to have been employed at all in the first five years after the birth of a high risk infant. About 20% of low-income newborns in the sample were classified as problems may therefore have resulted in a 10% lower labor force participation rate among low-income mothers of children under five. Examines the possibility that infant health, temperament, and development may have significant effects on mothers' employment; focuses on work history, timing of job (re)entry, allocation of household resources, and four indicators of newborns' health; 1980-94, chiefly; US. Based on data for 6,603 infants followed from birth, from the 1994 wave of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Norberg, Karen. "Effects of Daycare Reconsidered." NBER Working Paper No. 6769, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998. |
4755. |
Norberg, Karen |
Effects of Daycare Reconsidered Presented: Cambridge, MA, Meeting of the Well-Being of Children Program of the National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Care; Child Development; Child Health; Disability; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Health; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Pre/post Natal Health Care; Re-employment; Temperament; Work History Examines the effects of infant health, temperament, and development on mothers' employment; focuses on work history, timing of job (re)entry, allocation of household resources, and four indicators of newborns' health; 1980-94, chiefly; US: birthweight; prematurity; weight for gestational age; birth defect or extended hospitalization at birth. Based on data for 6,603 infants followed from birth, from the 1994 wave of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Norberg, Karen. "Effects of Daycare Reconsidered." Presented: Cambridge, MA, Meeting of the Well-Being of Children Program of the National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1998. |
4756. |
Norberg, Karen |
Partnership Status and the Human Sex Ratio at Birth NBER Working Paper 10920, National Bureau Of Economic Research, November 2004. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w10920.pdf Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Family Formation; Family Structure; Fertility; Gender; National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP); National Survey of American Families (NSAF); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Sex Ratios If two-parent care has different consequences for the reproductive success of sons and daughters, then natural selection may favor adjustment of the sex ratio at birth according to circumstances that forecast later family structure. In humans, this partnership status hypothesis predicts fewer sons among extra-pair conceptions, but the rival "attractiveness" hypothesis predicts more sons among extra-pair conceptions, and the "fixed phenotype" hypothesis predicts a constant probability of having a son, regardless of partnership status. In a sample of 86,436 human births pooled from five US population-based surveys, I find 51.5% male births reported by respondents who were living with a spouse or partner before the child's conception or birth, and 49.9% male births reported by respondents who were not (X2=16.77, d.f. = 1, p<.0001). The effect was not explained by paternal bias against daughters, by parental age, education, income, ethnicity, or by year of observation, and was larger when comparisons were made between siblings. To my knowledge, this is the first direct evidence for conditional adjustment of the sex ratio at birth in humans, and could explain the recent decline in the sex ratio at birth in some developed countries. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Norberg, Karen. "Partnership Status and the Human Sex Ratio at Birth." NBER Working Paper 10920, National Bureau Of Economic Research, November 2004. |
4757. |
Norberg, Karen |
Partnership Status and the Human Sex Ratio at Birth Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences 271,1555 (November 22, 2004): 2403-2410. Also: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/271/1555/2381 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Royal Society of London Keyword(s): Family Formation; Family Structure; Fertility; Gender; National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP); National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Sex Ratios Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. If two-parent care has different consequences for the reproductive success of sons and daughters, then natural selection may favour adjustment of the sex ratio at birth according to circumstances that forecast later family structure. In humans, this partnership-status hypothesis predicts fewer sons among extra-pair conceptions, but the rival 'attractiveness' hypothesis predicts more sons among extra-pair conceptions, and the 'fixed-phenotype' hypothesis predicts a constant probability of having a son, regardless of partnership status. In a sample of 86 436 human births pooled from five US population-based surveys, I found 51.5% male births reported by respondents who were living with a spouse or partner before the child's conception or birth, and 49.9% male births reported by respondents who were not (chi(2)=16.77 d.f.=1 p<0.0001). The effect was not explained by paternal bias against daughters, by parental age, education, income, ethnicity or by year of observation, and was larger when comparisons were made between siblings. To my knowledge, this is the first direct evidence for conditional adjustment of the sex ratio at birth in humans, and could explain the recent decline in the sex ratio at birth in some developed countries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Norberg, Karen. "Partnership Status and the Human Sex Ratio at Birth." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences 271,1555 (November 22, 2004): 2403-2410.
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4758. |
Norberg, Karen Pantano, Juan |
Cesarean Sections and Subsequent Fertility Working Paper, Washington University in St. Louis, January 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington University Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Birth Rate; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Demographic and Health Surveys; Fertility; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Cesarean sections are rising all over the world and may, in some countries, soon become the most common delivery mode. A growing body of medical literature documents a robust fact: women undergoing cesarean sections end up having less children. While this medical literature conjectures that this is mostly due to a physiological channel, we adopt a more economic approach to guide our empirical examination of the link between c-sections and subsequent fertility. Exploiting several data sources and adopting a variety of empirical strategies we show that in addition to plausible biological constraints, maternal choices after a cesarean seem to be playing an important role in shaping the negative association between c-sections and subsequent fertility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Norberg, Karen and Juan Pantano. "Cesarean Sections and Subsequent Fertility." Working Paper, Washington University in St. Louis, January 2013. |
4759. |
Norberg, Karen Pantano, Juan |
Cesarean Sections and Subsequent Fertility Journal of Population Economics 29,1 (January 2016): 5-37. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00148-015-0567-7 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Contraception; Demographic and Health Surveys; Fertility; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Cesarean sections are rising all over the world and may, in some countries, soon become the most common delivery mode. A growing body of medical literature documents a robust fact: women undergoing cesarean sections end up having less children. Unlike most of the medical literature, which assumes that this association is mostly working through a physiological channel, we investigate a possible channel linking c-section and subsequent fertility through differences in maternal behavior after a c-section. Using several national and cross-national demographic data sources, we find evidence that maternal choice is playing an important role in shaping the negative association between cesarean section and subsequent fertility. In particular, we show that women are more likely to engage in active contraception after a cesarean delivery and conclude that intentional avoidance of subsequent pregnancies after a c-section seems to be responsible for part of the negative association between c-sections and subsequent fertility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Norberg, Karen and Juan Pantano. "Cesarean Sections and Subsequent Fertility." Journal of Population Economics 29,1 (January 2016): 5-37.
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4760. |
Nord, Christine Winquis Zill, Nicholas Prince, Cynthia Clarke, Sally |
Developing an Index of Educational Risk from Health and Social Characteristics Known at Birth Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 71, 2 (Winter 1994): 167-187. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: New York Academy of Medicine Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Development; Child Health; Childhood Education, Early; Children, Health Care; Children, Well-Being; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Education Indicators; Health Factors; Marital Status; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; School Entry/Readiness; Substance Use The goal of the work described in this report was to develop a new child health index that could be reported annually by the National Education Goals Panel for each of the 50 States, as well as for local areas. This index would serve as an indicator of health conditions at birth that relate to children's readiness to learn upon school entry. The new standard birth certificate adopted by nearly all states in 1989 contains more than a dozen items of information that are potentially useful for this purpose. The availability of these data make it possible to sum across the individual health factors to form a composite index made up of factors with demonstrated relevance to later educational performance for all children born in a given year in a given geographical area. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nord, Christine Winquis, Nicholas Zill, Cynthia Prince and Sally Clarke. "Developing an Index of Educational Risk from Health and Social Characteristics Known at Birth." Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 71, 2 (Winter 1994): 167-187.
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4761. |
Nord, Roy D. Schmitz, E. J. Weiland, T. A. |
Propensity and the Enlistment Decision Technical Report No. 723, Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences Keyword(s): Behavior; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Military Enlistment; Military Service; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing Enlistment intentions, educational expectations, and sociodemographic factors were examined in the context of their pairwise relationship to the enlistment decision. A model was developed relating enlistments to stated intentions and other variables. This model was then statistically estimated from a sample from the National Longitudinal Survey. Logistic regression was used to predict enlistments from information on intentions and backgrounds. Findings indicated that enlistees in the armed forces experienced an increase in educational expectations not reflected in the general population. A considerable shift was found among enlistees with respect to original enlistment intentions. Enlistment intentions or propensity was the strongest explanatory factor in predicting enlistment. Such factors as educational intentions, race, gender, and test score also contributed substantially (and independently of propensity) to explaining enlistment behavior. A positive change in propensity over time had a positive effect on enlistment probability above and beyond the effect of propensity measured at a single point in time. The effect of Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) scores on the probability of enlistment was positive, but the size of this effect diminished as AFQT increased. A desire for training beyond high school but outside of college was a good predictor of enlistment probability. [ERIC ED-282060] |
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Bibliography Citation
Nord, Roy D., E. J. Schmitz and T. A. Weiland. "Propensity and the Enlistment Decision." Technical Report No. 723, Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1986. |
4762. |
Nordin, Martin Rooth, Dan-Olof |
Increasing Returns to Schooling by Ability? A Comparison Between US and Sweden* Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008. Also: http://client.norc.org/jole/SOLEweb/822P.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Cross-national Analysis; Educational Status; Higher Education; Schooling; Sweden, Swedish Using US survey data (NLSY) and Swedish register data the relationship between returns to schooling and ability is estimated separately for each country. A significant and positive relationship is found for Sweden, but not for US. The purpose of this study is to propose an explanation to why such differences might occur. While many studies have focused on whether credit constraints results in inefficiencies in the schooling market our study answers the opposite question; if weak credit constraints lead to inefficiencies, i.e. in too much use of the schooling system by the wrong people. We argue that the US schooling system is more effectively sorting out less productive investments in education than the Swedish schooling system, and therefore it is an imperfect allocation of individuals going to higher education in Sweden that make a relationship between returns to schooling and ability to be observed in Sweden but not in the US. Since the relationship between returns to schooling and ability is the same when the schooling systems of the two countries are more similar, i.e., at lower levels of education, is indicative of that our hypothesis can be correct. The empirical findings in this study are of course not convincing evidence on its own. But the results, and the common differences in IV and OLS returns to schooling estimates, suggests and agrees with such an explanation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nordin, Martin and Dan-Olof Rooth. "Increasing Returns to Schooling by Ability? A Comparison Between US and Sweden*." Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008. |
4763. |
Norgaard, Katherine Ellen |
A Study of the Relationship Between Self Esteem and Heavy Use of Cannabis Among Women Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Structure; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Sex Roles This study encompassed a national, multi-stage random probability sample from the NLSY. The study focused on the female portion of the sample, although comparisons were sometimes made with the male sample. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between heavy use of cannabis and self-esteem, labor force participation, family structure and school attendance. A Chi('2) statistic, two-way ANOVA with two follow-up procedures (the Scheffe and a contrast of sets) were performed. The results yielded findings which indicated that differences exist along both ethnic and gender lines. The hypothesis that a positive relationship exists between low self-esteem and heavy use of cannabis does not hold for minority women. Rather, the relationship is positive for white women. Interestingly, the contrast of sets indicated significant differences in self-esteem among the women studied. Hispanic women scored lower on self-esteem than did black or white women.In addition, women scored significantly lower than men on this measure. Furthermore, the second hypothesis concerning the relationship of heavy use of cannabis and labor force participation was not significant for minority women. The relationship was significant for the white female sample. School attendance and heavy use of cannabis are related among black women and unrelated among Hispanic women. In addition, among the white female respondents the findings indicate a strong relationship among these two variables. Lastly, the findings for the relationship between heavy use of cannabis and disrupted family structure were diverse. For Hispanic women there was an inverse relationship. Among black women there was no relationship. Furthermore, the findings for white women indicated a positive relationship between heavy use of cannabis and disrupted family structure. These results illustrate that people who use marijuana heavily vary according to both psychological and sociological characteristics as well as sexual and racial status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Norgaard, Katherine Ellen. A Study of the Relationship Between Self Esteem and Heavy Use of Cannabis Among Women. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1983. |
4764. |
Northwestern University |
Early Academic Skills, Not Behavior, Best Predict School Success Science Daily, November 19, 2007. Also: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071112182442.htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Science Daily Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); British Cohort Study (BCS); Children, Academic Development; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Entry/Readiness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Children entering kindergarten with elementary math and reading skills are the most likely to do well in school later, even if they have various social and emotional problems, say researchers who examined data from six studies of close to 36,000 preschoolers. Children's attention-related skills also mattered, the researchers found. |
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Bibliography Citation
Northwestern University. "Early Academic Skills, Not Behavior, Best Predict School Success." Science Daily, November 19, 2007. |
4765. |
Nsiah, Christian |
Unemployment and Compensating Wages: An Analysis of Shift Work Journal of Economics and Finance 34,2 (April 2010): 142-149. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12197-009-9093-3 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Labor Market Demographics; Shift Workers; Wage Rates; Work Hours/Schedule; Work, Atypical Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Compensating wages have been documented for a number of job attributes including working non-standard hours. Using data that aggregates across occupations, our analysis confirms a wage premium for working night shifts. However, the compensating wage is greater in areas where unemployment is low, suggesting that employers are less pressured to compensate for night shifts when employment opportunities are relatively scarce. If this result holds for other undesirable work characteristics, such as risk of death on the job, then weak labor markets will have lower compensating wages in general. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nsiah, Christian. "Unemployment and Compensating Wages: An Analysis of Shift Work ." Journal of Economics and Finance 34,2 (April 2010): 142-149.
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4766. |
Nsiah, Christian DeBeaumont, Ronald Ryerson, Annette |
Motherhood and Earnings: Wage Variability by Major Occupational Category and Earnings Level Journal of Family and Economic Issues 34,2 (June 2013): 224-234. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10834-012-9323-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Earnings; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Occupations; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research has indicated that women with children earn less than their childless counterparts. In addition, recent research has found that the motherhood wage penalty may be most severe for low-income earners. Using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979), we test two hypotheses. First, are there occupational differences in the motherhood wage penalty? Second, are there occupational differences in the relative wage penalty experienced by low and high wage mothers? Our results indicated that mothers in sales occupations are penalized at a significantly higher rate than mothers in non-sales occupations, while mothers in blue-collar occupations were penalized the least. Furthermore, the wage cost of motherhood was greatest amongst the highest earners in sales occupations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nsiah, Christian, Ronald DeBeaumont and Annette Ryerson. "Motherhood and Earnings: Wage Variability by Major Occupational Category and Earnings Level." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 34,2 (June 2013): 224-234.
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4767. |
Nunley, John M. Seals, Richard Alan |
The Effects of Household Income Volatility on Divorce American Journal of Economics and Sociology 69,3 (July 2010): 983-1010. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1536-7150.2010.00731.x/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Inc. Keyword(s): Divorce; Earnings; Household Income; Income Dynamics/Shocks We extend the literature on the effects of earnings shocks on divorce by identifying separately the effects of transitory and permanent household income shocks and by allowing the shocks to have asymmetric effects across education and racial groups. The econometric evidence suggests negative (positive) transitory household income shocks increase (decrease) the probability of divorce, while there is only weak evidence that positive (negative) permanent household income shocks raise (lower) the probability of divorce. Some differences in the effects of household income shocks on divorce propensities arise for subsamples selected by education and race. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nunley, John M. and Richard Alan Seals. "The Effects of Household Income Volatility on Divorce." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 69,3 (July 2010): 983-1010.
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4768. |
Nunn, Ryan D. |
Three Essays on Estimation with Unpriced Amenities Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Michigan, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Job Search; Modeling; Taxes; Unemployment Insurance; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Variation in the quality of job matches is an important determinant of workers' search decisions and the distribution of wages. I develop a structural search model that allows job match quality to depend on unpriced job amenities as well as monetary productivity, permitting match quality estimation that is robust to both unobserved amenities and selection. I estimate the model with wage and tenure data from the 1979 NLSY, finding that the standard deviation of job amenities is nearly as large as that of monetary productivity. I then use the model to investigate the welfare consequences of wage taxation and unemployment insurance. Traditional estimates of deadweight loss from wage taxation are increasingly overstated as job amenity dispersion rises. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nunn, Ryan D. Three Essays on Estimation with Unpriced Amenities. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Michigan, 2012. |
4769. |
Nutting, Andrew W. |
Height and Adult Alcohol Consumption Atlantic Economic Journal 48 (2020): 115-129. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11293-020-09660-8 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: International Atlantic Economic Society Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Height Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research has found that shorter men have significantly worse life outcomes than taller men. Using the 1979 version of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this paper uses maximum likelihood estimations to test whether these worse outcomes translate into shorter men drinking more heavily. Results show that, at ages 29-47, taller men are more likely to drink alcohol, but among drinkers, shorter men drink more often and are more likely to binge drink. Among women, there is no significant relationship between height and alcohol consumption. There are different relationships between height and male alcohol consumption according to education level. Among non-college-graduate men, those who were taller in adolescence are more likely to drink alcohol, but among drinkers, shorter men drink more often and are more likely to binge drink. Among college-graduate men, taller men are more likely to drink alcohol and, among drinkers, binge drink more often. Controlling for earnings, education, cognitive ability, and marital status (factors that previous research has found to be correlated with male height) explains some of the relationship between height and alcohol consumption among male non-college-graduates, but not much, and actually intensifies relationships between height and binge drinking among male college graduates. Controlling for late-adolescent drinking behavior does not explain relationships between height and heavier adult drinking, indicating that the relationship between male height and drinking behavior develops in adulthood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Nutting, Andrew W. "Height and Adult Alcohol Consumption." Atlantic Economic Journal 48 (2020): 115-129.
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4770. |
O'Connor, M. L. |
Men Who Father Children Out of Wedlock Face Reduced Odds of Marrying and Increased Socioeconomic Hardship Family Planning Perspectives 30,5 (September-October 1998): 248-249. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2991613 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Fathers and Children; Fertility; Income; Marital Status; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Digest. According to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, men who father children outside of marriage are more likely to be at a social disadvantage, will attain less education and earn less money, and be out of work more often. Subsequent marriage does not totally counterbalance the effects of premarital fatherhood. COPYRIGHT 1998 Alan Guttmacher Institute |
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Bibliography Citation
O'Connor, M. L. "Men Who Father Children Out of Wedlock Face Reduced Odds of Marrying and Increased Socioeconomic Hardship." Family Planning Perspectives 30,5 (September-October 1998): 248-249.
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4771. |
O'Halloran, Patrick L. |
Gender Differences in Formal On-The-Job Training: Incidence, Duration, and Intensity Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 22,4 (December 2008): 629-659. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9914.2008.00427.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Sex; Gender Differences; Training, On-the-Job This paper explores whether there is a gender gap in the incidence, duration, intensity, and number of events of on-the-job training. Overall, women appear to receive a higher incidence of on-the-job training whereas men receive on-the-job training of longer duration. Including measures intended to capture the extent of labor force attachment and expected tenure fails to reduce the gender gap in the duration of on-the-job training. Therefore, the gender gap in the duration of on-the-job training must be attributed to differences in unobserved worker characteristics that differ by gender or discrimination. |
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Bibliography Citation
O'Halloran, Patrick L. "Gender Differences in Formal On-The-Job Training: Incidence, Duration, and Intensity." Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 22,4 (December 2008): 629-659.
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4772. |
O'Halloran, Patrick L. |
Performance Pay and Employee Turnover Journal of Economic Studies 39,6 (2012): 653-674. Also: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/01443581211274601 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Job Turnover; Performance pay Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this paper is to explore how various performance related pay (PRP) schemes influence employee turnover. It also tests whether profit sharing has a differential impact on turnover in comparison to other forms of PRP. |
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Bibliography Citation
O'Halloran, Patrick L. "Performance Pay and Employee Turnover." Journal of Economic Studies 39,6 (2012): 653-674.
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4773. |
O'Halloran, Patrick L. |
Union Coverage, Membership and Performance-Related Pay: Are Piece Rates Different? National Institute Economic Review 226,1 (November 2013): R30-R41. Also: http://ner.sagepub.com/content/226/1/R30.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Performance pay; Unions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper revisits a literature on the links between unionisation and performance-related pay (PRP), which offers a disparate set of results. Part of the reason for this is the usual inability to distinguish between different types of PRP and the lack of rich panel data containing such measures. Analysis of panel data containing six separate PRP schemes reveals that union members are less likely to receive PRP in general and less likely to receive bonus payments, stock options, or profit sharing than non-members. Furthermore, profit sharing is negatively related to both union membership and coverage. However, union members or those covered by a union contract are more likely to be paid piece rates, providing further evidence that piece-rate pay differs from other forms of PRP. Copyright © 2013 by National Institute of Economic and Social Research |
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Bibliography Citation
O'Halloran, Patrick L. "Union Coverage, Membership and Performance-Related Pay: Are Piece Rates Different?" National Institute Economic Review 226,1 (November 2013): R30-R41.
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4774. |
O'Keefe, Patrick Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
A Simulation Study of Bootstrap Approaches to Estimate Confidence Intervals in DeFries-Fulker Regression Models (with Application to the Heritability of BMI Changes in the NLSY) Behavior Genetics 50 (2020): 127-138. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10519-020-09993-9 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The univariate bootstrap is a relatively recently developed version of the bootstrap (Lee and Rodgers in Psychol Methods 3(1): 91, 1998). DeFries-Fulker (DF) analysis is a regression model used to estimate parameters in behavioral genetic models (DeFries and Fulker in Behav Genet 15(5): 467-473, 1985). It is appealing for its simplicity; however, it violates certain regression assumptions such as homogeneity of variance and independence of errors that make calculation of standard errors and confidence intervals problematic. Methods have been developed to account for these issues (Kohler and Rodgers in Behav Genet 31(2): 179-191, 2001), however the univariate bootstrap represents a unique means of doing so that is presaged by suggestions from previous DF research (e.g., Cherny et al. in Behav Genet 22(2): 153-162, 1992). In the present study we use simulations to examine the performance of the univariate bootstrap in the context of DF analysis. We compare a number of possible bootstrap schemes as well as more traditional confidence interval methods. We follow up with an empirical demonstration, applying results of the simulation to models estimated to investigate changes in body mass index in adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data. |
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Bibliography Citation
O'Keefe, Patrick and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "A Simulation Study of Bootstrap Approaches to Estimate Confidence Intervals in DeFries-Fulker Regression Models (with Application to the Heritability of BMI Changes in the NLSY)." Behavior Genetics 50 (2020): 127-138.
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4775. |
O'Neill, Bryn Alexandra |
Connecting the Dots: An Economic Study of Parental Factors Shaping Early Childhood Cognitive Development Business and Economics Honors Paper 6, Ursinus College, 2014. Also: http://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=bus_econ_hon Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Digital Commons at Ursinus College Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Care; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Parental Influences; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Regions; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates how maternal and paternal employment status and educational attainment, coupled with parental time and educational inputs such as toys, books, etc. devoted to children, have impacted young children's cognitive development in the U.S. Cognitive development comprises the intellectual and conscious thinking growth that begins in infancy. It involves problem solving, reasoning and memory aptitudes and is tested for throughout each year of childhood in various ways. The impact of the use of external childcare in lieu of parental time on development is also evaluated. This paper will outline reviewed literature, a theoretical model, data discussion, model construction and verification, results, and conclusive findings of the research. |
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Bibliography Citation
O'Neill, Bryn Alexandra. "Connecting the Dots: An Economic Study of Parental Factors Shaping Early Childhood Cognitive Development." Business and Economics Honors Paper 6, Ursinus College, 2014. |
4776. |
O'Neill, Dave M. O'Neill, June E. |
Lessons for Welfare Reform: An Analysis of the AFDC Caseload and Past Welfare-to-Work Programs Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Benefits; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earnings; Income; Labor Force Participation; Welfare; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using CPS and NLSY data, O'Neill and O'Neill explore patterns of welfare use, and focus on the duration of welfare participation both in single episode and multiple spells. Here they also examine correlates of short-term and long-term participation. Using personal characteristics as their criteria, the authors identify the population groups most likely to encounter problems with the newly-imposed time limits on benefits. They also identify factors associated with work experience, earnings and incomes of those who exited welfare, and potential market earnings of those who remain on welfare. |
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Bibliography Citation
O'Neill, Dave M. and June E. O'Neill. Lessons for Welfare Reform: An Analysis of the AFDC Caseload and Past Welfare-to-Work Programs. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1997. |
4777. |
O'Neill, June E. |
Catching Up: The Gender Gap in Wages, Circa 2000 Presented: Washington, DC, Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, January 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Employment; Gender Differences; Wage Gap; Wages, Women; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The transition of women in to the U.S. labor market was surely one of the most profound economic and social changes of the 20th century. In 1900 about 20 percent of women were in the labor force. This percentage rose to about 34 in 1950 and reached 61 percent in 2000; not far below the 75-percent participation rate of men. A key element in this change was the dramatic rise in market work among married women with children under the age of 18, whose labor-force participation increased from a rate of 18 percent in 1950 to 71 percent in 2000. However, for much of the last 50 years the rise in women's labor-force activity and its growing convergence with that of men, did not appear to be matched by a narrowing of the gender gap in pay...Through the years the gender gap in wages frequently has been a source of public concern and a puzzle to researchers. In this paper, I examine evidence from the Current Population Survey and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) on recent trends and current sources of the gender gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
O'Neill, June E. "Catching Up: The Gender Gap in Wages, Circa 2000." Presented: Washington, DC, Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, January 2003. |
4778. |
O'Neill, June E. |
Gender Gap in Wages, circa 2000 American Economic Review 93,2 (May 2003): 309-315. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=10016000&db=buh Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Gender Differences; Modeling; Skills; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examines evidence from the Current Population Survey and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on trends and sources of the gender gap in wages in the United States in 2000. Factors underlying gender differences in skills; Major changes that have occurred in the gender differential in earnings-related characteristics in the 1979-2001 period; Highlights of the model specifications. |
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Bibliography Citation
O'Neill, June E. "Gender Gap in Wages, circa 2000." American Economic Review 93,2 (May 2003): 309-315.
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4779. |
O'Neill, June E. |
Recent Trends and Current Sources of the Gender Wage Gap in the U.S. Presented: Buch, Germany, IZA/SOLE Transatlantic Meeting of Labor Economists, June 2003. Also: http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/events/transatlantic/papers_2003/oneil.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Gender Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Between 1983 and 2001 the female to male hourly wage ratio increased from 70% to 80%. I use the Current Population Survey (CPS) outgoing rotation groups, merged with data on occupational characteristics, to identify basic sources of that trend and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort (NLSY79) to analyze in more depth the gender gap for workers ages 35-43 in 2000. The CPS analysis indicates that gender differences in basic demographic variables accounted for a larger share of the unadjusted wage gap in the 1980s than in the 1990s, primarily because of convergence in schooling. Years of work experience are not measured in the CPS. However, I infer that the gender gap in actual work experience is likely to have continued to narrow in the 1990s (it is known to have narrowed in the 80's) because women's returns to potential experience continued to increase relative to men's; and this was a significant factor in narrowing the unadjusted wage gap. (My inference is based on the presumption that the return to potential experience in part reflects the ratio of actual to potential experience.) However, women and men continue to be employed in quite different occupations. As other factors have converged, occupational characteristics, reflecting features that are compatible with women's dual home/market roles, account for a larger component of the wage gap. Adjusted for male-female differences in demographic, workplace and occupational characteristics, the female/male wage ratio rose from 84% in 1983 to 90% in 2001. |
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Bibliography Citation
O'Neill, June E. "Recent Trends and Current Sources of the Gender Wage Gap in the U.S." Presented: Buch, Germany, IZA/SOLE Transatlantic Meeting of Labor Economists, June 2003. |
4780. |
O'Neill, June E. |
The Role of Human Capital in Earnings Differences Between Black and White Men Journal of Economic Perspectives 4,4 (Autumn 1990): 25-45. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1942720 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Census of Population; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Human Capital Theory; Racial Differences; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines some of the factors behind the continuing earnings differentials for black and white men. After tracing some of the historical factors impacting blacks' acquisition of human capital, specifically schooling, from the late 1800s through the 1980s, the author details the earnings disparities that persisted, regardless of educational attainment or region, for black men during the period 1940-1980. Two factors that are thought to have impacted on the rise in relative earnings of black men during these forty years, improvements in the quality of schooling and a decline in labor market discrimination against blacks, are discussed. Utilizing data from the NLSY on respondents' AFQT scores, school records and earnings, the author examines whether the continuing differences in educational achievement as measured by the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) which have persisted for blacks regardless of the number of years of schooling completed explain the earnings disparity between blacks and whites. It was found that: (1) scores on the AFQT showed a positive correlation with wages, holding schooling constant; (2) the effect of AFQT scores was larger for blacks than for whites; and (3) the standard measures of schooling quality studied had no effect on the wages of the young men studied. |
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Bibliography Citation
O'Neill, June E. "The Role of Human Capital in Earnings Differences Between Black and White Men." Journal of Economic Perspectives 4,4 (Autumn 1990): 25-45.
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4781. |
O'Neill, June E. Hill, M. Anne |
Gaining Ground, Moving Up: The Change in the Economic Status of Single Mothers Under Welfare Reform Civic Report 35, Center for Civic Innovation, Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, March 2003. Also: http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/cr_35.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Manhatten Institute Keyword(s): Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Ethnic Differences; Fertility; Maternal Employment; Minimum Wage; Parents, Single; Poverty; Racial Differences; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Section I, we examine poverty rates for single mothers and their families, before and after welfare reform. We find that poverty declined to record lows in the post-welfare reform period for all groups of single mothers, including those from racial and ethnic minorities and those with limited education who had sharply reduced their welfare participation from relatively high levels. Using panel data restricted to welfare leavers, we also find that poverty declined among single mothers who left welfare after welfare reform, and that a woman?s likelihood of being poor continued to decline with the passage of time. In short, the poverty data show that single mothers substantially increased their incomes by leaving welfare and going to work. In Section II, we detail changes in the work participation of single mothers and find that both the percentage employed and the intensity of employment increased dramatically in the post-reform period. We update and expand our earlier analysis of the determinants of work participation to include additional variables (such as the Earned Income Tax Credit) and again find that welfare reform was the most important factor explaining the rise in employment in the post-reform years, accounting for more than 40% of the employment gains. In Section III, we examine the annual and hourly earnings of all single mothers as well as those who left welfare. We find that single mothers, on average, earned $11.60 per hour in 2001, considerably more than the minimum wage. In fact, only 4% of working single mothers earned at or below the minimum; and even among those who are high school dropouts, only 8% were at or below the minimum. More importantly, we find that mothers who leave welfare, like workers generally, earn more per hour for each year they remain at work, and their hourly pay is further enhanced for each year they stay with the same employer. Finally, in Section IV, we examine inflation-adjusted changes in total income and its components for single mother households from 1993?2000. We find that the gain from increased earnings far outweighed the loss in welfare benefits, resulting in a 29% rise in single mothers? own cash income between 1993 and 2000, even after averaging in those reporting zero cash income. Similar gains were experienced by single mothers at all levels, even those who had dropped out of high school. |
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Bibliography Citation
O'Neill, June E. and M. Anne Hill. "Gaining Ground, Moving Up: The Change in the Economic Status of Single Mothers Under Welfare Reform." Civic Report 35, Center for Civic Innovation, Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, March 2003. |
4782. |
O'Neill, June E. O'Neill, Dave M. |
The Declining Importance of Race and Gender in the Labor Market: The Role of Employment Discrimination Policies Washington, DC: AEI Press, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Labor Force Participation; Legislation; Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Declining Importance of Race and Gender in the Labor Market provides historical background on employment discrimination and wage discrepancies in the United States and on government efforts to address employment discrimination. It examines the two federal institutions tasked with enforcing Title VII and the 1964 Civil Rights Act: the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP). It also provides a quantitative analysis of racial and gender wage gaps and seeks to determine what role, if any, the EEOC and the OFCCP had in narrowing these gaps over time and analyzes the data to determine the extent of employment discrimination today. |
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Bibliography Citation
O'Neill, June E. and Dave M. O'Neill. The Declining Importance of Race and Gender in the Labor Market: The Role of Employment Discrimination Policies. Washington, DC: AEI Press, 2012. |
4783. |
O'Neill, Susan Elizabeth Sher, Kenneth J. Jackson, Kristina M. Wood, Phillip K. |
Dimensionality of Alcohol Dependence in Young Adulthood: Current versus Lifetime Symptomatology Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64,4 (July 2003): 495-500. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Dimensionality_of_Alcohol_Dependence_in_Young_Adulthood_Current_versus_Lif/1271.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: The factor structure of alcohol dependence was investigated using exploratory factor analysis, specifically contrasting models of alcohol dependence based on lifetime symptom endorsement to models based on current (i.e., past-year) symptom endorsement. Method: Data from the 1989 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were analyzed. DSM-IV alcohol dependence was assessed in this large community sample of current drinkers and lifetime drinkers, representative of both men and women, and ranging in age from 24 to 32. Sixteen items assessing the seven criteria of DSM-IV alcohol dependence were employed. Results: A single-factor model accounted for most of the observed relationships. However, evidence of additional dimensions, characterized by tolerance and impaired control symptoms, was also identified. Conclusions: Our findings do not support the historical tendency of distinguishing physiological (as indicated by tolerance or withdrawal symptoms) from nonphysiological dependence. Most importantly, factor solutions derived from items based on past-year symptom endorsement were consistent with those derived from items based on lifetime symptom endorsement in samples of both current drinkers and lifetime drinkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
O'Neill, Susan Elizabeth, Kenneth J. Sher, Kristina M. Jackson and Phillip K. Wood. "Dimensionality of Alcohol Dependence in Young Adulthood: Current versus Lifetime Symptomatology." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64,4 (July 2003): 495-500.
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4784. |
Oates, Gary L. |
Self-Esteem Enhancement Through Fertility? Addressing Issues of Socio-Economic Prospects, Gender, and Mutual Influence Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Divorce; Gender Differences; Marriage; Parenthood; Self-Esteem; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, examines whether or not parenthood (as measured by number of children) enhances one's self-esteem, whether the effect of parenthood on self-esteem is stronger among the less socioeconomically privileged & among women, & whether there is evidence of mutual influence in the relationship between parenthood & self-esteem. Results indicate that parenthood does not influence the self-esteem of men, & wields a modest negative effect on the self-esteem of women. The latter effect, however, appears to be a spurious consequence of the relationship between both variables & socioeconomic prospects, a variable that displays a strong positive correlation with self-esteem, & a strong negative correlation with number of children. There is no evidence that having children enhances the self-esteem of those who are less socioeconomically privileged, or any other class of individuals. Results are also more consistent with the notion that parenthood influences self-esteem, rather than the reverse. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Oates, Gary L. "Self-Esteem Enhancement Through Fertility? Addressing Issues of Socio-Economic Prospects, Gender, and Mutual Influence." Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996. |
4785. |
Oates, Gary L. |
Self-Esteem Enhancement Through Fertility? Socioeconomic Prospects, Gender, and Mutual Influence American Sociological Review 62,6 (December 1997): 965-973. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657350 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Fertility; Gender Differences; LISREL; Self-Esteem; Sex Roles; Siblings; Social Emotional Development; Social Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), using a LISREL model to examine whether having children influences one's self-esteem, whether the effect of children on self-esteem is stronger among the less socioeconomically privileged and among women, and whether there is evidence of mutual influence in the relationship between having children and self-esteem. I find that the number of children does not affect self-esteem; this holds true for both women and men, and for different socioeconomic groups. There is no evidence of nonlinearity in the relationship between number of children and self-esteem. Further, self-esteem does not affect whether men or women have children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oates, Gary L. "Self-Esteem Enhancement Through Fertility? Socioeconomic Prospects, Gender, and Mutual Influence." American Sociological Review 62,6 (December 1997): 965-973.
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4786. |
Oddo, Vanessa M. Chen Zhuan, Castiel Andrea, Sarah B. Eisenberg-Guyot, Jerzy Peckham, Trevor Jacoby, Daniel Hajat, Anjum |
Changes in Precarious Employment in the United States: A Longitudinal Analysis Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health published online (7 December 2020): DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3939. Also: https://www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=3939 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Nordic Association of Occupational Safety and Health (NOROSH) Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Racial Differences; Work Hours/Schedule; Work, Atypical; Work, Contingent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This longitudinal study aimed to measure precarious employment in the US using a multidimensional indicator. Methods: We used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1988-2016) and the Occupational Information Network database to create a longitudinal precarious employment score (PES) among 7568 employed individuals over 18 waves (N=101 290 observations). We identified 13 survey indicators to operationalize 7 dimensions of precarious employment, which we included in our PES (range: 0-7, with 7 indicating the most precarious): material rewards, working-time arrangements, stability, workers' rights, collective organization, interpersonal relations, and training. Using generalized estimating equations, we estimated the mean PES and change over time in the PES overall and by race/ethnicity, gender, education, income, and region. Results: On average, the PES was 3.17 [standard deviation (SD) 1.19], and was higher among women (3.34, SD 1.20), people of color (Hispanics: 3.24, SD 1.23; non-Hispanic Blacks: 3.31, SD 1.23), those with less education (primary: 3.99, SD 1.07; high school: 3.43, SD 1.19), and with lower-incomes (3.84, SD 1.08), and those residing in the South (3.23, SD 1.17). From 1988 to 2016, the PES increased by 9% on average [0.29 points; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26-0.31]. While precarious employment increased over time across all subgroups, the increase was largest among males (0.35 points; 95% CI 0.33–0.39), higher-income (0.39 points; 95% CI 0.36-0.42) and college-educated (0.37 points; 95% CI 0.33-0.41) individuals. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oddo, Vanessa M., Castiel Chen Zhuan, Sarah B. Andrea, Jerzy Eisenberg-Guyot, Trevor Peckham, Daniel Jacoby and Anjum Hajat. "Changes in Precarious Employment in the United States: A Longitudinal Analysis." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health published online (7 December 2020): DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3939.
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4787. |
Oddo, Vanessa M. Zhuang, Castiel Chen Dugan, Jerome A. Andrea, Sarah B. Hajat, Anjum Peckham, Trevor Jones-Smith, Jessica C. |
Association between Precarious Employment and BMI in the United States Obesity published online (21 December 2022): DOI: 10.1002/oby.23591. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.23591 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Employment, Intermittent/Precarious Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: There is growing recognition that precarious employment is an important determinant of health, which may increase BMI through multiple mechanisms, including stress. It was investigated whether increases in precarious employment were associated with changes in BMI in the United States. Methods: Data were from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth adult cohort (1996-2016) (N = 7280). Thirteen indicators were identified to operationalize seven dimensions of precarious employment (range: 0-7, 7 indicating most precarious): material rewards, working-time arrangements, stability, workers' rights, collective organization, interpersonal relationships, and training. The precarious employment-BMI association was estimated using linear regression models and an instrumental variables approach; state- and individual-level firm sizes were the instruments for precarious employment. Models also included individual and year fixed effects and controlled for age, marital status, education, region, and industry. Results: The average precarious employment score (PES) was 3.49 (95% CI: 3.46–3.52). The PES was the highest among Hispanic (4.04; 95% CI: 3.92-4.15) and non-Hispanic Black (4.02; 95% CI: 3.92-4.12) women with lower education. A 1-point increase in the PES was associated with a 2.18-point increase in BMI (95% CI: 0.30-4.01). |
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Bibliography Citation
Oddo, Vanessa M., Castiel Chen Zhuang, Jerome A. Dugan, Sarah B. Andrea, Anjum Hajat, Trevor Peckham and Jessica C. Jones-Smith. "Association between Precarious Employment and BMI in the United States." Obesity published online (21 December 2022): DOI: 10.1002/oby.23591.
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4788. |
Odland, John Bailey, Adrian John |
Regional Outmigration Rates and Migration Histories: A Longitudinal Analysis Geographical Analysis 22,2 (April 1990): 158-170 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Ohio State University Press Keyword(s): Migration; Regions The basis of associations between regional in-migration rates and regional out- migration rates is investigated by treating regional populations as a mixture of sub-populations with different migration histories. Differences in the lengths of residence in a region between persons with recent migration histories and persons without such histories are sufficient to account for patterns of association between in-migration rates and out-migration rates in subsequent periods. Empirical analyses of the lengths of residential sojourns for young adults indicate that recent histories of in-migration may account for an appreciable portion of the variation in regional out-migration rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Odland, John and Adrian John Bailey. "Regional Outmigration Rates and Migration Histories: A Longitudinal Analysis." Geographical Analysis 22,2 (April 1990): 158-170.
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4789. |
Odriozola, Juan |
Essays in Inequality Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Arizona State University, 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Wages; Wantedness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the first part of this dissertation, I show what the role of unwanted childbirth is on women's wages and education. I document that on average, mothers whose first childbirth was unwanted have lower levels of education, lower wages, and have their first childbirth at younger ages compared to the rest of the mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Odriozola, Juan. Essays in Inequality. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Arizona State University, 2022. |
4790. |
Oertel, Ronald |
College Entry, Dropout and Re-Enrollment: The Role of Tuition and Labor Market Conditions Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Bayesian; College Cost; College Education; College Enrollment; Education, Adult; Human Capital; Modeling; Skills; Tuition Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Industrial realignment in the United States, in part stemming from liberalized international trade, has motivated policymakers to encourage 'lifelong learning' and skill retooling. In light of these discussions it is important to understand current college going behavior, with a particular focus on college entry or re-entry at older ages, which is already a nontrivial phenomenon. I estimate a dynamic stochastic discrete choice model of schooling and labor force participation decisions over the life-cycle on a sample drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). Employing value function interpolation methods in solving the dynamic programming problem, I estimate the model by Maximum Likelihood. My estimates fit the observed patterns reasonably well. I then ask how enrollment behavior would change in response to alterations in people's opportunities, including subsidies targeted at individuals already in the labor market. One such simulation shows that even a policy that fully eliminates tuition for persons with at least one year of work experience will raise the number of individuals who obtain a college degree by only 2.4%. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oertel, Ronald. College Entry, Dropout and Re-Enrollment: The Role of Tuition and Labor Market Conditions. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. |
4791. |
Oertel, Ronald |
Sensitivity of School Re-enrollment to Market Conditions and the Cost of Attendance Working Paper, Department of Economics, The University of North Carolina, November 22, 2006. Also: http://www.roa.unimaas.nl/seminars/pdf2007/oertel.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Keyword(s): College Dropouts; College Education; College Enrollment; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Life Cycle Research; Wage Equations; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Industrial realignment, in part stemming from liberalized international trade, has motivated policymakers to encourage 'lifelong learning' and skill retooling. In light of these discussions it is important to understand current reenrollment behavior, already a nontrivial phenomenon. I estimate a dynamic stochastic discrete choice model of schooling and labor force participation decisions over the life-cycle on a sample drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). I use the estimates to simulate the effects of tuition subsidies restricted to individuals who are returning to school after an absence. I find that even large targeted subsidies induce only modest changes in reenrollment and earnings. The most important contributors to this result are the very large negative effects of accumulated time out of school and of prior labor force participation on the consumption value of schooling. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oertel, Ronald. "Sensitivity of School Re-enrollment to Market Conditions and the Cost of Attendance." Working Paper, Department of Economics, The University of North Carolina, November 22, 2006. |
4792. |
Oertel, Ronald |
The Effect of Tuition and Labor Market Conditions on College Entry, Dropout and Re-enrollment Working Paper, Department of Economics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, December 2, 2007. Also: http://www.unc.edu/~oertel/Job_paper.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Keyword(s): Bayesian; College Dropouts; College Education; College Enrollment; Human Capital; Modeling; Tuition; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Industrial realignment in the United States, in part stemming from liberalized international trade, has motivated policymakers to encourage 'lifelong learning' and skill retooling. In light of these discussions it is important to understand current college going behavior, with a particular focus on college entry or re-entry at older ages, which is already a nontrivial phenomenon. I estimate a dynamic stochastic discrete choice model of schooling and labor force participation decisions over the life-cycle on a sample drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). Employing value function interpolation methods in solving the dynamic programming problem, I estimate the model by Maximum Likelihood. My estimates fit the observed patterns reasonably well. I then ask how enrollment behavior would change in response to alterations in people's opportunities, including subsidies targeted at individuals already in the labor market. One such simulation shows that even a policy that fully eliminates tuition for persons with at least one year of work experience will raise the number of individuals who obtain a college degree by only 2.4%. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Oertel, Ronald. "The Effect of Tuition and Labor Market Conditions on College Entry, Dropout and Re-enrollment." Working Paper, Department of Economics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, December 2, 2007. |
4793. |
Oettinger, Gerald S. |
Does High School Employment Affect High School Academic Performance? Industrial and Labor Relations Review 53,1 (October 1999): 136-151. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2696166 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Employment, In-School; Employment, Youth; Racial Differences; School Performance This paper analyzes how school year employment affected high school academic performance among a sample of young people surveyed between 1979 and 1983. Regular employment at modest weekly hours was associated with higher grades within each grade level, but between grade transitions into and out of employment were accompanied by very slight performance declines and gains, respectively. While the average effect of school year employment was quite small, extensive school year employment had a large, statistically significant negative impact on the academic performance of racial minorities. Summer employment did not affect grades, suggesting that school year employment affected grades by "crowding out" study time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oettinger, Gerald S. "Does High School Employment Affect High School Academic Performance?" Industrial and Labor Relations Review 53,1 (October 1999): 136-151.
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4794. |
Oettinger, Gerald S. |
Does the Sibling Correlation in Economic Status Vary Across Families and Sibling Pairs? Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, April 25, 1999. Also: http://www.nber.org/~confer/99/lssi99/oetti.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Family Environment; Pairs (also see Siblings); Siblings; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate sibling correlations in educational attainment and cognitive ability and to investigate whether these correlations vary systematically with family or sibling pair characteristics. Similar to previous authors, I estimate raw sibling correlations of .46-.57 for educational attainment and .62-.67 for cognitive ability and I find that observable differences in family background between families can account for less than half of these correlations. An analysis of the residual sibling correlations in status shows that the degree of sibling resemblance varies systematically with characteristics of the family and the sibling pair. In particular, sibling correlations in status appears to be U-shaped in father's education (a proxy for family permanent income), implying that siblings from middle income families have less similar outcomes than siblings from both rich and poor families. There is also some evidence that the sibling correlation in status is smaller for siblings far apart in age, which suggests that time-varying components of family environment have a non-trivial impact on eventual socioeconomic status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oettinger, Gerald S. "Does the Sibling Correlation in Economic Status Vary Across Families and Sibling Pairs?" Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, April 25, 1999. |
4795. |
Oettinger, Gerald S. |
Learning in Labor Markets: Models of Discrimination and School Enrollment and Empirical Tests Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Continuing Education; Employment, In-School; Learning Hypothesis; Life Cycle Research; Transition, School to Work; Wage Differentials This thesis develops and tests a variety of models of symmetric learning in the labor market. Each model is motivated by a different empirical regularity in labor market data--the wage gap between observationally equivalent blacks and whites re-enrollment in school after extended interruption in attendance and transitions from part-time to full-time enrollment in college--for which existing theory offers no accepted explanation. Auxiliary predictions are derived for each of the learning models and are tested using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The first essay develops and tests a simple dynamic model of statistical discrimination in the labor market. The present model has a number of empirical implications. The second essay presents evidence from the NLSY that contrary to the prediction of a basic life cycle model of earnings the transition from school to work is frequently characterized by extended interruptions in attendance and subsequent re-enrollment. The third essay presents evidence from the NLSY that part-time enrollment in college and simultaneous enrollment and employment among college students are quite common. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries Rm. 14-0551 Cambridge MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Oettinger, Gerald S. Learning in Labor Markets: Models of Discrimination and School Enrollment and Empirical Tests. Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. |
4796. |
Oettinger, Gerald S. |
Seasonal and Sectoral Patterns in Youth Employment Monthly Labor Review 123,4 (April 2000): 6-12. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/04/art2full.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Education; Education Indicators; Educational Attainment; Statistical Analysis; Unemployment, Youth The seasonal and sectoral patterns in youth unemployment are examined using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLYS79). The panel structure and detailed educational data in the NLSY79 allow youths to be reliably distinguished by educational attainment and current enrollment status. Copyright: Copyright Superintendent of Documents Apr 2000. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oettinger, Gerald S. "Seasonal and Sectoral Patterns in Youth Employment." Monthly Labor Review 123,4 (April 2000): 6-12.
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4797. |
Oettinger, Gerald S. |
Sibling Similarity in High School Graduation Outcomes: Causal Interdependency or Unobserved Heterogeneity? Southern Economic Journal 66,3 (2000): 631-648. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061429 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Family Background and Culture; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Diploma; Siblings; Simultaneity This paper uses data on age-adjacent sibling pairs from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test for causal interdependencies between the high school graduation outcomes of older and younger siblings. Even after controlling for observable background characteristics, the graduation probability of an individual whose sibling graduated from high school exceeds the graduation probability of an individual whose sibling did not graduate by a large amount. However, this difference does not measure the causal effect of sibling graduation because of unobserved family factors and genuine simultaneity in the determination of all siblings' graduation outcomes. To measure the causal effect of sibling achievement on own achievement, I specify models in which sibling achievement is endogenous and estimate these models by two-stage methods using sibling-specific background characteristics as instruments. The evidence indicates that older sibling achievement has a positive causal effect on younger sibling achievement but that younger sibling achievement has no significant influence on older sibling achievement. These results are consistent with a model of intrafamily allocation in which parents learn about child endowments sequentially. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oettinger, Gerald S. "Sibling Similarity in High School Graduation Outcomes: Causal Interdependency or Unobserved Heterogeneity?" Southern Economic Journal 66,3 (2000): 631-648.
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4798. |
Oettinger, Gerald S. |
Statistical Discrimination and the Early Career Evolution of the Black-White Wage Gap Journal of Labor Economics 14,1 (January 1996): 52-78. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2535324 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Discrimination; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Labor Economics; Modeling; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap A simple dynamic model of statistical discrimination is developed and tested. The model improves on earlier static models both by allowing ex ante uncertainty about worker productivity to be resolved as on-the-job performance is observed and by generating several testable empirical implications. These predictions are tested using a sample of young men from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, producing mixed evidence for the model. The main empirical result is that no black- white wage gap exists at labor force entry but that one develops as experience accumulates, mainly because blacks reap smaller gains from job mobility. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM 13362.00 |
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Bibliography Citation
Oettinger, Gerald S. "Statistical Discrimination and the Early Career Evolution of the Black-White Wage Gap." Journal of Labor Economics 14,1 (January 1996): 52-78.
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4799. |
Oettinger, Gerald S. |
The Effects of Sex Education on Teen Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy Journal of Political Economy 107,3 (June 1999): 606-644. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250073 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Sex Education; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Experiences/Virginity; Siblings; Teenagers This paper empirically examines the relationship between enrollment in sex education and subsequent sexual behavior for U.S. teenagers during the 1970s. The estimates indicate that enrollment in sex education was associated with earlier sexual activity for females in this cohort. Sex education also was associated with earlier pregnancy for some groups of females, but these effects are smaller and not always statistically significant. For both types of transitions, the effect of sex education appears to have been larger for women with fewer alternative sources of sexual information. In contrast, sex education had much less impact on male transitions into sexual activity. Within-family analyses using sibling data reveal qualitatively similar patterns. Overall, the evidence suggests that sex education in the 1970s had some causal impact on teen sexual behavior, probably in significant part by providing information that enabled teens to alter the risks of sexual activity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oettinger, Gerald S. "The Effects of Sex Education on Teen Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy." Journal of Political Economy 107,3 (June 1999): 606-644.
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4800. |
Office of Technology Assessment |
Performance Standards for Secondary School Vocational Education Background Paper, Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States, Washington DC, April 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Education; Education, Secondary; Educational Returns; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing; Training; Training, Occupational; Training, Off-the-Job; Vocational Training This background paper analyzes the quality of vocational programs in terms of workplace requirements and occupational preparation of students. NLSY data is utilized to evidence that ASVAB scores are valid indicators of labor market success. Specifically, that for "men in the National Longitudinal Survey sample, there is a very substantial economic return to technical knowledge as measured by these subtests, largely because men with vocational education are likely to take jobs in the mechanical, blue collar, and manufacturing sectors in which employers value technical knowledge." |
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Bibliography Citation
Office of Technology Assessment. "Performance Standards for Secondary School Vocational Education." Background Paper, Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States, Washington DC, April 1989. |
4801. |
Ogunro. Nola |
Three Essays on the Black White Wage Gap Ph.D. Dissertation, UKnowledge Paper 747, College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, 2009. Also: http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/747 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: California Center for Population Research (CCPR) Keyword(s): Annual Survey of Jails (ASJ); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Human Capital; Incarceration/Jail; Wage Determination; Wage Differentials; Wage Dynamics; Wage Gap; Wage Models Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. During the 1960s and early 1970s, the black – white wage gap narrowed significantly, but has remained constant since the late 1980s. The black – white wage gap in the recent period may reflect differences in human capital. A key component of human capital is labor market experience. The first chapter of this dissertation examines how differences in the returns and patterns of experience accumulation affect the black – white wage gap. Accounting for differences in the nature of experience accumulation does not explain the very large gap in wages between blacks and whites. Instead, the wage gap seems to be driven by constant differences between blacks and whites which may represent unobserved differences in skill or the effects of discrimination. The second chapter of the dissertation examines the role of discrimination in explaining the wage gap by asking whether statistical discrimination by employers causes the wages of never incarcerated blacks to suffer when the incarceration rate of blacks in an area increases. I find little evidence that black incarceration rates negatively affect the wages of never incarcerated blacks. Instead, macroeconomic effects in areas with higher incarceration rates play a more important role in explaining the variation in black wages. The third and final chapter of the dissertation examines the black – white wage gap and its determinants across the entire wage distribution to determine if the factors that are driving the wage gap vary across the distribution. I find that at the top of the conditional distribution, differences in the distribution of characteristics explain relatively more of the black – white wage gap than differences in the prices of characteristics. At the bottom of the conditional distribution, differences in the distribution of characteristics explain relatively more of the wage gap—although this finding varies across different specifications of the model. The primary data used for the analysis com es from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youths (NLSY). The NLSY data is merged with data on county incarceration rates from the Annual Survey of Jails (ASJ). |
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Bibliography Citation
Ogunro. Nola. Three Essays on the Black White Wage Gap. Ph.D. Dissertation, UKnowledge Paper 747, College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, 2009.. |
4802. |
Oh, Gyeongseok Connolly, Eric J. |
The Role of Depressive Symptoms between Neighbourhood Disorder, Criminal Justice Contact, and Suicidal Ideation: Integrating an Ecological Stress Model with General Strain Theory Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 32,1 (February 2022): 35-47. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbm.2229 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Criminal Justice System; Depression (see also CESD); Drug Use; General Strain Theory; Neighborhood Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Aims: Our aim was to examine whether depressive symptoms mediate association between perceived neighbourhood disorder, future criminal justice contact, and future suicidal ideation. Methods: We grounded this research in primary arguments derived from General Strain Theory (GST). Data were drawn from structured self-reports in surveys of over 2000 young adult participants from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, who are the offspring born to the women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Information on neighbourhood disorder and depressive symptoms were used from the 2012 data collection period, while information on criminal justice contact and suicidal ideation were drawn from the 2014 period. Structural equation modelling was used to examine both direct and indirect pathways between neighbourhood disorder, depression, contact with the justice system, and suicidal ideation from 2012 to 2014. Results: Depressive symptoms were found to partially mediate the effect of perceived neighbourhood disorder on future criminal justice contact, with the strength of this effect varying across categories of race/ethnicity. The association between perceived neighbourhood disorder and suicidal ideation was fully mediated by depressive symptoms. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oh, Gyeongseok and Eric J. Connolly. "The Role of Depressive Symptoms between Neighbourhood Disorder, Criminal Justice Contact, and Suicidal Ideation: Integrating an Ecological Stress Model with General Strain Theory." Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 32,1 (February 2022): 35-47.
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4803. |
Oh, Hyunsu |
Have Asians Really Achieved Labor Market Equity with Whites? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Sciences, University of California, Merced, 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Job Promotion; Racial Equality/Inequality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Chapter 3 reveals that Asians are more likely than whites to receive nonmanagerial internal promotions, controlling for demographic and work characteristics. But non-managerial promotions and human capital acquisition for Asians did not lead to comparable rates of subsequent managerial promotion. Instead, controlling for past promotions, whites were considerably more likely than Asians to receive managerial promotions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oh, Hyunsu. Have Asians Really Achieved Labor Market Equity with Whites? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Sciences, University of California, Merced, 2022. |
4804. |
Oh, Sae Hyun |
The Effect of Economic Conditions at High School Graduation Year on Short and Long Run Labor Market Outcomes M.S. Thesis, Department of Economics, Tufts University, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Economic Changes/Recession; High School Completion/Graduates; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A decade after the Great Recession, the major news media often reports continuing America's long economic malaise and the statistics proves that people especially with low-income have not gotten out of the slow recovery of the labor market. This paper studies how economic conditions affect newly graduated high school students and how long would the effect last on their incomes, employment status and educational attainment differently based on family income background. I verify the existence of the persistent effect of economic conditions using two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression analysis using samples from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. I measure the "scarring effect" of economic conditions at the year of high school graduation on hourly wage rates of males who are from low-income households in the long run, and on extensive margin and college enrollment of low-income females within 5 years after high school graduation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oh, Sae Hyun. The Effect of Economic Conditions at High School Graduation Year on Short and Long Run Labor Market Outcomes. M.S. Thesis, Department of Economics, Tufts University, 2017. |
4805. |
Oh, Sehun DiNitto, Diana M. Powers, Daniel A. |
A Longitudinal Evaluation of Government-sponsored Job Skills Training and Basic Employment Services among U.S. Baby Boomers with Economic Disadvantages Evaluation and Program Planning 82 (October 2020): 101845. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014971892030149X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Earnings; Employment History; Job Skills; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Training Job skills training is a cost-effective strategy for improving employment among individuals who have low income and employment barriers, but few U.S. government-sponsored employment program participants have received such training. To better understand long-term gains from job skills training, this study compared employment and earnings trajectories between program participants who received job skills training and those who received basic services only. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we estimated 33-year employment and earnings trajectories among U.S. baby-boomer cohorts while accounting for baseline group heterogeneity using inverse propensity score weighting. We found increases in employment rates over the life course, especially among Black women. Job skills training also increased earnings by up to 69.6 % compared to basic services only. Despite the long-term gains in employment and earnings, job skills training participation is not sufficient to address gender as well as racial and ethnic gaps in full-time employment. Findings reinforce the importance of incorporating job skills training as an essential service element of government-sponsored employment programs to improve long-term labor market outcomes among Americans with economic disadvantages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oh, Sehun, Diana M. DiNitto and Daniel A. Powers. "A Longitudinal Evaluation of Government-sponsored Job Skills Training and Basic Employment Services among U.S. Baby Boomers with Economic Disadvantages." Evaluation and Program Planning 82 (October 2020): 101845.
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4806. |
Oh, Sohae |
Three Essays in Demand Analysis Ph.D. Dissertation, North Carolina State University, 2022 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD); Television Viewing; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Chapter 2, a simple model of parental utility maximization subject to the money and time budget constraints is suggested to derive Marshallian parental demand functions for two types of child upbringing activities (violin lessons and screen time). After the Slutsky decomposition, I show that parental demand for children's screen time corresponds to the case similar to Giffen good. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY) and Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD), I first estimate the wage equation based on the Heckman's two-step correction procedure and then empirically decompose the total effect of an increase in wage rate on the parental demand for screen time into the substitution effect and income effect. I found that the substitution effect is positive and the income effect is negative and that the negative income effect dominates the substitution effect. Hence our results shows that the empirical findings in the public health and psychology literature can be reconciled with the theoretical predictions of the standard economic labor-leisure trade-off paradigm. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oh, Sohae. Three Essays in Demand Analysis. Ph.D. Dissertation, North Carolina State University, 2022. |
4807. |
Oh, Sohae Eve Vukina, Tomislav |
Estimating Parental Demand for Children's Screen Time in a Model of Family Labor Supply International Advances in Economic Research published online (13 September 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s11294-022-09854-7. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11294-022-09854-7 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Activities, After School; Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD); Family Environment; Television Viewing; Time Use; Wage Equations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In a novel approach to model the demand for the children's screen time as the result of a parent's optimal labor-leisure choice, the study used a simple model of parental utility maximization subject to the money and time budget constraints to derive Marshallian parental demand functions for two types of child upbringing activities: time-intensive (violin lesson) and time-saving (video games). After the Slutsky decomposition, parental demand for children's screen time was shown to be similar to a Giffen good. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development data, the wage equation was first estimated based on Heckman's two-step correction procedure. Then, the total effect of an increase in wage rate on the parental demand for screen time was empirically decomposed into the substitution effect and the income effect. The study findings indicate that the substitution effect is positive, the income effect is negative, and the negative income effect dominates the substitution effect. We add to the existing literature by showing that the empirical findings in the public health and psychology literature can be reconciled with the theoretical predictions of the standard economic labor-leisure trade-off paradigm. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oh, Sohae Eve and Tomislav Vukina. "Estimating Parental Demand for Children's Screen Time in a Model of Family Labor Supply." International Advances in Economic Research published online (13 September 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s11294-022-09854-7.
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4808. |
Ohlemacher, Stephen |
Study Finds that Marriage Builds Wealth and Divorce Destroys It The Associated Press, January 18, 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Associated Press Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital Stability; Marriage; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Associated Press story discussing Jay Zagorsky's research. Reproduced in the following sources: It Pays to Stay Married, The Statesman (India), January 19, 2006, A200601184C-FCCA-GNW. Marriage Found to Build Wealth, The Capital (Annapolis, MD), January 18, 2006, INSIDE; Pg. A3. Staying Married Worth It, Townsville Bulletin, January 20, 2006, News; Pg. 3. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ohlemacher, Stephen. "Study Finds that Marriage Builds Wealth and Divorce Destroys It." The Associated Press, January 18, 2006. |
4809. |
Ohlemacher, Stephen Tinsley, Jesse |
Teens' Allowances Often Well-Paid; Survey Shows Amount Typically $50 Per Week Plain Dealer, December 22, 1999, Metro; Pg. 1B Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Plain Dealer Publishing Co. Keyword(s): Allowance, Pocket Money; Family Studies; Transfers, Parental; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on Jay Zagorsky's study of NLSY data which indicated that the "typical" allowance of allowance receiving teens is $50 per week. The article buttresses Zogorsky's findings with quotes from Cleveland area teens. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ohlemacher, Stephen and Jesse Tinsley. "Teens' Allowances Often Well-Paid; Survey Shows Amount Typically $50 Per Week." Plain Dealer, December 22, 1999, Metro; Pg. 1B. |
4810. |
Oi, Katsuya |
The Sense of Control, Cumulative Advantages and Disadvantages from Status Attainment and Stress Moderation Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Stress Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The present study extends the literature on one of the most important personality traits for health, known as the sense of control (SOC), which governs two path ways that link childhood environments and adult health: status attainment and stress moderation. The SOC influences health by inducing the accumulation and mobilization of necessary resources (e.g., health knowledge). In addition, cumulative exposure to stress over the life course can be buffered through a SOC over life, directly interacting with the individual health trajectory. To articulate these ideas, the present study addresses the following questions: 1) Does age at change in the SOC matter to health? 2) How does the individual trajectory of the SOC determine important life outcomes with significant health consequences? ; 3) Is change in perceived stress a function of concurrent change in the SOC throughout the life course? We address these questions by drawing from several data sources: The Aging, Status and Sense of Control (ASSC), and The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). With latent change score modeling (LCSM), the first question is addressed by estimating and comparing the effect size of age-specific latent change in the SOC on health. The second question adds educational attainment and late career outcomes between the SOC trajectory and health. The third question is addressed by modeling dual latent change between perceived stress and the SOC. Preliminary results are supportive to my expectations, suggesting the two significant pathways wherein the SOC generates cumulative advantages and disadvantages to health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oi, Katsuya. "The Sense of Control, Cumulative Advantages and Disadvantages from Status Attainment and Stress Moderation." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
4811. |
Ojeda, Christopher |
The Two Income‐Participation Gaps American Journal of Political Science 62,4 (October 2018): 813-829. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajps.12375 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): General Social Survey (GSS); Income; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Political Attitudes/Behaviors/Efficacy; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Voting Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Scholars have long attributed the income‐participation gap--which is the observation that the rich participate in politics more than the poor--to income‐based differences in the resources, recruitment, mobilization, and psychology underpinning political behavior. I argue that these explanations require a longer time horizon than the empirical evidence permits. Education, for example, typically ends in young adulthood and so cannot logically mediate the effect of income on participation in late adulthood. To resolve this temporal problem, I propose that there are two income‐participation gaps: one based on current economic status and another on childhood economic history. I situate this argument in a developmental framework and present evidence for it using six studies. The results, while mixed at times, indicate that there are two gaps, that the size of each gap changes over the life course, and that their joint effect creates a larger income‐participation gap than estimated by prior research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ojeda, Christopher. "The Two Income‐Participation Gaps." American Journal of Political Science 62,4 (October 2018): 813-829.
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4812. |
Ojeda, Christopher Hatemi, Peter K. |
Accounting for the Child in the Transmission of Party Identification American Sociological Review 80,6 (December 2015): 1150-1174. Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/10/09/0003122415606101.full#sec-4 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): American National Election Studies (ANES); Attitudes; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences; Political Attitudes/Behaviors/Efficacy; Voting Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The transmission of party identification from parent to child is one of the most important components of political socialization in the United States. Research shows that children learn their party identification from their parents, and parents drive the learning process. The vast majority of studies thus treats children as passive recipients of information and assumes that parent-child concordance equals transmission. Rather than relying on a single pathway by which parents teach children, we propose an alternative view by focusing on children as active agents in their socialization. In so doing, we introduce a two-step model of transmission: perception then adoption. Utilizing two unique family-based studies that contain self-reported measures of party identification for both parents and children, children's perceptions of their parents' party affiliations, and measures of the parent-child relationship, we find children differentially learn and then choose to affiliate, or not, with their parents. These findings challenge several core assumptions upon which the extant literature is built, namely that the majority of children both know and adopt their parents' party identification. We conclude that there is much to be learned by focusing on children as active agents in their political socialization. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ojeda, Christopher and Peter K. Hatemi. "Accounting for the Child in the Transmission of Party Identification." American Sociological Review 80,6 (December 2015): 1150-1174.
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4813. |
Oka, Yoshiko |
Essays on Entrepreneurship Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, City University of New York, 2023 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Entrepreneurship; Geocoded Data; Noncognitive Skills; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation explores the determinants of successful entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial entry. It consists of three chapters. Chapter 1 estimates the effect of regional concentrations of related industrial firms and business owners' cognitive and non-cognitive traits on their business survival. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the County Business Patterns, I find that incorporated businesses that operate in a location where similar businesses are clustered together have a significantly higher chance of survival. However, the effect of location appears to be insignificant for unincorporated businesses. On the other hand, the results show that businesses that are created by risk-loving individuals are more likely to fail regardless of the business formation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oka, Yoshiko. Essays on Entrepreneurship. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, City University of New York, 2023. |
4814. |
Okamoto, Dina G. |
Identifying the Determinants of Gender-Atypical Occupational Choice Among Men and Women Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Children; Discrimination, Sex; Gender Differences; Human Capital Theory; Marital Status; Occupational Choice; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Non-Traditional; Part-Time Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A national probability sample taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is used to explore the factors that influence the gender-atypical occupational choices of men & women. Using the theoretical frameworks of human capital theory & sex role socialization, & building on past research, hypotheses about the sex composition of men's & women's occupations are derived & tested. Hypotheses derived from the theoretical frameworks received mixed support from OLS regressions. It was found that, for men, education, a high % female (F) in mother's or father's occupation, perceptions of sex discrimination, & high % F in aspired & expected occupation increase the nontraditionality of occupational outcomes. For women, liberal gender role attitudes decrease the traditionality of their occupational outcome, while having children, being married, working part-time, & high % F in aspired occupation increase the traditionality of their occupational outcome. (Co pyright 19 96, Sociolo gical Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Okamoto, Dina G. "Identifying the Determinants of Gender-Atypical Occupational Choice Among Men and Women." Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996. |
4815. |
Okamoto, Dina G. England, Paula A. |
Is There a Supply Side to Occupational Sex Segregation? Sociological Perspectives 42,4 (Winter 1999): 557-583. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1389574 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Gender; Job Aspirations; Occupational Choice; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male; Sexual Division of Labor; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction We examine evidence for supply-side explanations of occupational sex segregation, using the 1979-93 NLSY. Supply-side explanations, such as those derived from neoclassical economic theory and gender socialization, look to individual characteristics of workers, such as values, aspirations, and roles, to explain occupational outcomes. Contrary to human capital theory, we find no tendency for individuals with early plans for employment intermittency or more actual breaks in employment to work in predominantly female occupations. This suggests that women who anticipate breaks in employment do not choose female occupations because of lower wage penalties for time out of the labor force. A second neoclassical view, from the theory of compensating differentials, posits that women sacrifice some pay for "mother-friendly" features of jobs. Consistent with this, white and Latina mothers are in more female jobs than are nonmothers, but the opposite is true for African-American women. The gender socialization perspective posits a long-term effect of gendered attitudes and aspirations formed in youth. Consistent with this, we find that those aspiring to or expecting to work in predominantly female jobs are in more heavily female jobs fourteen years later. Also, for women (but not men), more liberal gender role attitudes predicts working in a more sex-typical occupation. For men (but not women), having had either a father or mother who worked in a female occupation predicts working in a more heavily female occupation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Okamoto, Dina G. and Paula A. England. "Is There a Supply Side to Occupational Sex Segregation?" Sociological Perspectives 42,4 (Winter 1999): 557-583.
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4816. |
Oklah, Montaser J. |
Effects of Labor Unions on the Wages of Youth Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oklahoma, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Collective Bargaining; Employment, Youth; Unions; Wages, Youth Empirical estimation of the union's wage effects for the NLSY is provided. The total union's wage effect is divided into two separate effects. The first is termed the "bargaining effect" and represents the differential between the wage received by a nonunion worker in a collective bargaining unit and the wage paid to a comparable worker not covered by a collective bargaining agreement. It is this effect that offers a measure of the bargaining or monopoly power of labor unions effects on wages. The second effect is the "membership effect" representing the wage differential between union and nonunion workers within a collective bargaining agreement. This effect characterizes the Collective Voice/Institutions Response (CV/IR) effect of labor unions on wages. Such effect is attributed to the economic benefits that unions procure to their members. [UMI ADG87-13828] |
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Bibliography Citation
Oklah, Montaser J. Effects of Labor Unions on the Wages of Youth. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oklahoma, 1987. |
4817. |
Okumura, Tsunao Usui, Emiko |
Concave-Monotone Treatment Response and Monotone Treatment Selection: With an Application to the Returns to Schooling Quantitative Economics 5,1 (March 2014): 175-194. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3982/QE268/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Statistical Analysis; Treatment Response: Monotone, Semimonotone, or Concave-monotone Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper identifies sharp bounds on the mean treatment response and average treatment effect under the assumptions of both the concave-monotone treatment response (concave-MTR) and the monotone treatment selection (MTS). We use our bounds and the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to estimate mean returns to schooling. Our upper-bound estimates are substantially smaller than (i) estimates using only the concave-MTR assumption of Manski (1997), and (ii) estimates using only the MTR and MTS assumptions of Manski and Pepper (2000). Our upper-bound estimates fall in the range of the point estimates given in previous studies that assume linear wage functions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Okumura, Tsunao and Emiko Usui. "Concave-Monotone Treatment Response and Monotone Treatment Selection: With an Application to the Returns to Schooling." Quantitative Economics 5,1 (March 2014): 175-194.
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4818. |
Okumura, Tsunao Usui, Emiko |
Do Parents' Social Skills Influence Their Children's Sociability? B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 14,3 (January 2014): 1081-1116. Also: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bejeap.2014.14.issue-3/bejeap-2013-0077/bejeap-2013-0077.xml?format=INT Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, School-Age; Children, Temperament; Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Choice; Parenting Skills/Styles; Shyness; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Social Capital; Temperament; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article uses the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) to examine the effect of parents' social skills on their children's sociability. Similar to many other national surveys, this survey lacks detailed information on parents. To remedy this deficiency, we construct a measure of parents' sociability skills based on their occupational characteristics extracted from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT). Even after controlling for a variety of background characteristics, including cognitive skills, we find that the sociability relationships between fathers and sons and between mothers and daughters remain statistically significant. We find that the dollar value to the sons of a given increase in their fathers' sociability is one-sixth of the value to the sons of the same standard-deviation increase in their fathers' education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Okumura, Tsunao and Emiko Usui. "Do Parents' Social Skills Influence Their Children's Sociability?" B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 14,3 (January 2014): 1081-1116.
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4819. |
Okumura, Tsunao Usui, Emiko |
Do Parents' Social Skills Influence Their Children's Sociability? PIE/CIS Discussion Paper No. 466, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University Repository, March 2010. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/p/hit/piecis/466.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Hitotsubashi University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, School-Age; Children, Temperament; Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Extracurricular Activities/Sports; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Choice; Parenting Skills/Styles; Shyness; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Social Capital; Temperament; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Several studies find that social skills are important determinants of labor market outcomes, including occupation and wages. This paper examines the causal effect of parents' social skills on children's sociability, using the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). This survey, like some other national surveys, lacks detailed information on parents; to remedy this deficiency we use occupational characteristics from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) to proxy for parental skills. By utilizing various measures of social skills, we find that parents' social skills have a positive effect on children's sociability along gender lines. |
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Bibliography Citation
Okumura, Tsunao and Emiko Usui. "Do Parents' Social Skills Influence Their Children's Sociability?" PIE/CIS Discussion Paper No. 466, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University Repository, March 2010. |
4820. |
Okumura, Tsunao Usui, Emiko |
Intergenerational Correlations of Skills Presented: Boston, MA, Annual Meetings of The Society of Labor Economists (SOLE), May 2009. Also: client.norc.org/jole/soleweb/9238.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, School-Age; Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Extracurricular Activities/Sports; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Choice; Parenting Skills/Styles; Shyness; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Social Capital; Temperament A number of studies have found that social skills (e.g., communication, interpersonal interactions, and leadership skills) are important determinants of labor market outcomes, including occupation and wages. This paper examines whether social skills are linked across generations; and whether a child's occupational choice is determined by his/her parent's abilities and personality traits. There are few studies on the intergenerational transmission of adult social skills due to a lack of data on parents' social skills. To resolve this problem, we use occupational characteristics from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) to proxy for the parents' skills. Also utilized is the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). A model of intergenerational skill following is presented. Subsequently, by constructing the appropriate measure of social skills, we find that social skills link across generations along the gender line. The correlation coefficient is computed, which measures the closeness of the direction of the multidimensional parent-child skill vectors. Skill correlation is found for father-son pairs, and the correlation is greater for whites than for blacks. White sons earn a wage premium for working in occupations that require similar skills to their fathers; whereas, black sons incur a wage penalty. This implies a transfer of occupationally-related human capital for whites, but not for blacks. Evidence for nepotism is found, when sons earn a wage premium for working in the same occupation as their fathers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Okumura, Tsunao and Emiko Usui. "Intergenerational Correlations of Skills." Presented: Boston, MA, Annual Meetings of The Society of Labor Economists (SOLE), May 2009. |
4821. |
Okumura, Tsunao Usui, Emiko |
Intergenerational Transmission of Skills and Differences in Labor Market Outcomes for Blacks and Whites IZA Discussion Paper No. 9662, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), January 2016. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp9662.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Earnings; Fathers and Sons; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Occupations; Racial Differences; Skills; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates, theoretically and empirically, differences between blacks and whites in the U.S. concerning the intergenerational transmission of occupational skills and the effects on sons' earnings. The father-son skill correlation is measured by the correlation coefficient (or cosine of the angle) between the father's skill vector and the son's skill vector. The skill vector comprises an individual's occupational characteristics from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT). According to data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), white sons earn higher wages in occupations that require skills similar to those of their fathers, whereas black sons in such circumstances incur a wage loss. A large portion of the racial wage gap is explained by the father-son skill correlation. However, a significant unexplained racial wage gap remains at the lower tail of the wage distribution. |
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Bibliography Citation
Okumura, Tsunao and Emiko Usui. "Intergenerational Transmission of Skills and Differences in Labor Market Outcomes for Blacks and Whites." IZA Discussion Paper No. 9662, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), January 2016. |
4822. |
Okunade, Albert A. Wunnava, Phanindra V. |
Availability of Health Insurance and Gender Differences in “Job-Lock” Behavior: Evidence from NLSY Journal of Forensic Economics 15,2 (Spring/Summer 2002): 195-204. Also: http://www.journalofforensiceconomics.com/doi/abs/10.5085/0898-5510-15.2.195 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of Forensic Economics Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Benefits, Insurance; Clare Jellick; Gender Differences; Insurance, Health Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Okunade, Albert A. and Phanindra V. Wunnava. "Availability of Health Insurance and Gender Differences in “Job-Lock” Behavior: Evidence from NLSY." Journal of Forensic Economics 15,2 (Spring/Summer 2002): 195-204.
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4823. |
Olatunji, Anane Nokware |
The Effects of High School Employment on Educational Attainment Among Hispanic American Youths Master's Thesis, Tulane University, February 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Employment, In-School; Employment, Youth; Ethnic Differences; High School Diploma; High School Students; Hispanics; School Completion As a result of the growing service economy increasing numbers of adolescents hold jobs while attending high school. Consequently, social scientists have addressed the concern that teenage employment might undermine educational achievement. This paper investigates whether the effects of teenage employment on high school completion and educational attainment by age 25 are different for Hispanic youths compared to non- Hispanic White adolescents. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I examine the effects of working on the odds of completing high school and on educational attainment in general among Mexican American and Puerto Rican students I find that Mexican American students who work are somewhat disadvantaged in terms of high school completion but not in educational attainment overall. I report other effects of teenage employment that are consistent with previous research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Olatunji, Anane Nokware. The Effects of High School Employment on Educational Attainment Among Hispanic American Youths. Master's Thesis, Tulane University, February 1998. |
4824. |
Olatunji, Anane Nokware |
The Relationship Between Work Experience and Well-Being among Mexican-Origin Youths Ph.D. Dissertation, Sociology, Tulane University, 2000. Also: http://libguides.tulane.edu/content.php?pid=61023&sid=1305180 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Attainment; Hispanic Studies; Income; Self-Esteem; Work Experience This research explores the relationships between work experience and self-esteem, delinquency, educational attainment, and future income among youths of Mexican descent. Social scientists have addressed the concern that teenage work experience might undermine the emotional well-being of adolescents as well as their investment in education. Despite what appears to be a propensity for early labor market participation among adolescents of Mexican-origin, investigators have focused little attention on the effects of employment vis-a-vis this segment of the population. But the question remains an important one in light of demographic projections for population growth among Hispanics, the majority of whom claim Mexican ancestry, as well as their relatively low rate of high school completion. Using multivariate regression techniques and data from two distinct national surveys, I find that for U.S.-born youths of Mexican descent early work experience lowers self-esteem, increases delinquency, stymies educational attainment, but increases income gains over the long-run. In contrast, among Mexican immigrant adolescents, employment increases self-esteem, reduces delinquency, and enhances high school completion as well as future earnings. That outcomes for the former group more closely resemble those for non-Hispanic White adolescents than Mexican immigrants, suggests that U.S.-born youths of Mexican descent may suffer adverse effects from assimilation processes that Mexican culture appears to nullify. |
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Bibliography Citation
Olatunji, Anane Nokware. The Relationship Between Work Experience and Well-Being among Mexican-Origin Youths. Ph.D. Dissertation, Sociology, Tulane University, 2000.. |
4825. |
Oldham, Greg R. Gordon, Benjamin I. |
Job Complexity and Employee Substance Use: The Moderating Effects of Cognitive Ability Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40,3 (September 1999): 290-306. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2676353 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Cognitive Ability; Drug Use; Job Requirements; Job Rewards; Job Satisfaction; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the extent to which individuals' general cognitive ability influences relations between the complexity of their jobs and their use of four different substances: cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine. We tested this possibility using 1992 and 1982 data sets from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (Center for Human Resource Research 1993). The 1992 data set included 7,112 individuals and measures of all four substances. The 1982 set included 8,548 individuals and a measure of alcohol use only. Our results showed that for three of the substances (cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana), individuals responded differently to job complexity as a function of their cognitive ability. Specifically, for individuals low in cognitive ability, the more complex their jobs, the greater their use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana. On the other hand, for those with high cognitive ability, the more complex their jobs, the lower their use of these substances. Results also showed that cognitive ability had no significant impact on the association between job complexity and cocaine use. In sum, our findings suggest that providing employees with jobs that are compatible with their general cognitive ability may result in lower levels of licit and illicit substance use. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oldham, Greg R. and Benjamin I. Gordon. "Job Complexity and Employee Substance Use: The Moderating Effects of Cognitive Ability." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40,3 (September 1999): 290-306.
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4826. |
Olsen, Norma K. |
Labor Supply of Young GED Recipients Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Labor Supply The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between holding a GED credential and the labor supply by 1985 of young married people in the United States. The relationship was examined through the application of an explicit theory of labor supply derived from labor economic theory and practice. This theory provided a model of how individuals make choices between work and leisure and about the number of hours they will devote to each. The responses of 9,136 married members of the NLSY, a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized youths in the United States, were used to examine the relationship and to permit the generalization of results to the population of married United States young adults. It was uncertain whether a relationship exists between holding a GED credential and labor supply. However, other factors besides holding a GED credential were found to influence labor supply. Nonlabor income was found to be negatively correlated with the number of hours a person contributes to work, while the market wage correlated positively with hours worked. This study documents the existence of factors, other than schooling, which influence labor supply. The recommendations from these findings suggest that planners and policy makers of education for work realize that these other factors must be considered in their evaluation of educational programs. It is imperative that career counselors as well as potential GED test examinees be aware that obtaining a GED credential may not lead directly to employment outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Olsen, Norma K. Labor Supply of Young GED Recipients. Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1989. |
4827. |
Olsen, Patrick |
Husbands, Wives See Finances Differently Red Eye (Chicago Tribune), June 6, 2003 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Chicago Tribune Keyword(s): Earnings; Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Economic Well-Being; Family Income; Husbands, Income; Income; Wives, Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Newspaper article on research showing that when couples are asked separately about finances, very different views emerge of income and wealth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Olsen, Patrick. "Husbands, Wives See Finances Differently." Red Eye (Chicago Tribune), June 6, 2003. |
4828. |
Olsen, Randall J. |
Effects of Computer Assisted Interviewing on Data Quality Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1991 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI); Data Quality/Consistency; Interviewer Characteristics; Interviewing Method; NLS Description While paper and pencil is the traditional mode of in-person data collection, computer assisted personal interviewing is emerging. Evaluation analysts must decide how to collect their data and whether data collected by computer are comparable to data collected using paper and pencil. Using data from two experiments with parallel paper and pencil and computer assisted modes from Rounds 11 and 12 of the NLSY, it was found that computer assisted interviewing suppresses the most common kinds of interviewer error, but otherwise has no significant effect upon the data collected in a large longitudinal interview. Interviewer characteristics and whether the interview is done by telephone are more important factors than the use of a computer. |
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Bibliography Citation
Olsen, Randall J. "Effects of Computer Assisted Interviewing on Data Quality." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1991. |
4829. |
Olsen, Randall J. |
Measuring Economic Dependency for Children: Persistence of Poverty Across Generations Statement to the Subcommittee on Social Security and Family Policy, Senate Finance Committee, United States Senate, March 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Senate Committee on Finance Keyword(s): Absenteeism; Child Development; Children; Gender Differences; General Assessment; Geographical Variation; Household Structure; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Racial Differences; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In his testimony before the Senate Finance Committee's Subcommittee on Social Security and Family Policy, Professor Olsen addresses the need for relevant indicators to assist policy makers in identifying those factors related to continued economic dependency or poverty across generations. He discusses the availability of multigenerational data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY). These permit not only analysis of poverty over time for this representative group of 12,000 young American men and women but assist in pinpointing characteristics of the youths' family background, high school environment, and community likely to affect the probability that these young Americans and their children will be able to move out of poverty. Professor Olsen identifies the following four factors as related to reductions in poverty persistence measured at two points in time (1979 and 1988): (1) greater educational attainment of a young person's mother; (2) presence of two parents in the household; (3) attendance at high schools which reported, for the young men studied, lower absenteeism rates and, for young women, fewer numbers of economically disadvantaged students; and (4) residence in a community with low rates of unemployment, crime and welfare recipiency. The impact of persisting poverty on child development is also examined using detailed information on the cognitive, socioemotional, and behavioral development of children born to women in the NLSY sample. In his concluding remarks, Professor Olsen stresses the need for continued funding for such national data collection efforts as the NLSY which provide a wealth of information for policy analysis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Olsen, Randall J. "Measuring Economic Dependency for Children: Persistence of Poverty Across Generations." Statement to the Subcommittee on Social Security and Family Policy, Senate Finance Committee, United States Senate, March 1991. |
4830. |
Olsen, Randall J. |
Perspectives on Longitudinal Surveys Presented: Montreal, Canada, Conference on Longitudinal Social and Health Surveys in an International Perspective, January 2006. Also: http://www.ciqss.umontreal.ca/Longit/index.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Women Publisher: Conference on Longitudinal Social and Health Surveys in an International Perspective Keyword(s): Digit Span (also see Memory for Digit Span - WISC); Event History; General Assessment; Geocoded Data; Longitudinal Data Sets; NLS Description; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Olsen, Randall J. "Perspectives on Longitudinal Surveys." Presented: Montreal, Canada, Conference on Longitudinal Social and Health Surveys in an International Perspective, January 2006. |
4831. |
Olsen, Randall J. |
Problem of Respondent Attrition: Survey Methodology is Key Monthly Labor Review 128,2 (February 2005): 63-70. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/02/art9exc.htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Attrition; Longitudinal Surveys; Methods/Methodology Longitudinal surveys will suffer from attrition and nothing will change that; however, years of lessons learned in the field show that straightforward survey methodology can minimize the impact of losing respondents. The central problem of longitudinal surveys is attrition. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in 1979 (NLSY79), which this issue of the Monthly Labor Review features, is the gold standard for sample retention against which longitudinal surveys are usually measured. However, we cannot understand how the NLSY79 has done so well without considering what was done differently in the other cohorts of the NLS and what we have learned by formal evaluations of attrition aversion measures that evolved over a quarter century of field work. The lessons here are hard-won and, to some, unconventional. Background The NLS began in 1965 at the urging of an Assistant Secretary of Labor, Daniel Patrick Moynihan. He believed that although the Current Population Survey provided crucial snapshots of the Nation's labor force and labor market, the Nation needed a data source that was more dynamic and capable of tracking the long-run evolution of careers. The task of starting the study went to Howard Rosen at the Department of Labor, who enlisted Herb Parnes from Ohio State University, to assemble a team, design the surveys, and analyze the data. This team comprised representatives from the Census Bureau, Ohio State University, and the Department of Labor. The original plan was to follow the cohorts for 5 years to study some of the pressing questions of the time—the shrinking labor force participation rate of older men, the problem of youth unemployment and the transition from school to work, and the growing labor force participation of women whose children were entering school, leading to steady growth in the number of working mothers. Childcare was an important issue along with the problem of how the family would pay for a college education for the children of the baby boom. |
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Bibliography Citation
Olsen, Randall J. "Problem of Respondent Attrition: Survey Methodology is Key." Monthly Labor Review 128,2 (February 2005): 63-70.
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4832. |
Olsen, Randall J. |
The National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience Merged Child-Mother Data Journal of Human Resources 24,2 (Spring 1989): 336-339. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145861 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): General Assessment; Longitudinal Data Sets; NLS Description; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Tests and Testing This article describes the new child data currently being distributed by the Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University. In 1986, a battery of child assessment instruments was administered to the approximately 5,000 children born to mothers of the NLSY cohort. These child assessment measures included: (1) measures of the home environment and mother-child relationship; (2) measures of early verbal ability of young children; (3) memory tests; (4) math ability; (5) reading ability and comprehension; (6) temperament and behavior problems; (7) the child's self-perception of academic ability and sense of self-worth; and (8) motor and social development. These data are distributed as a Child Assessment Raw Item File. In addition, data from these child assessment were combined with data collected on the NLSY mothers during the 1979-1986 surveys to form a Merged Child-Mother File. This second data set contains information on the mother's family of origin, marital history, income, health history as well as information on each child's family background, family employment and education history, household composition, pre- and post-natal health care, child care experiences, and selected items from the 1986 child assessments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Olsen, Randall J. "The National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience Merged Child-Mother Data." Journal of Human Resources 24,2 (Spring 1989): 336-339.
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4833. |
Olsen, Randall J. |
The Relation Between the Rate of Return to Tenure, Earnings Growth, and Job Switching Presented: San Diego, CA, Western Economics Association Meetings, 1990. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Illegal Activities; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Mobility; Quits; Racial Differences; Substance Use; Wages The problem of estimating the rate of return to job-specific versus general human capital is attacked by specifying a model for the duration of job holdings based upon an underlying Weiner process for the evolution of the wage rate on the incumbent job, and another Weiner process for the wage on the best alternative job. The model jointly estimates job duration and the change in starting wages across job holdings. Drift in the incumbent wage process reveals the rate of return to job-specific plus general human capital, whereas the drift in the alternative wage reflects only the return to general human capital. The model estimates the importance of firm behavior that might reflect bonding to retard mobility. The duration of job holdings and the presence of incomplete spells for the duration until a voluntary job change become an essential part of separating the return to job-specific versus general human capital. |
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Bibliography Citation
Olsen, Randall J. "The Relation Between the Rate of Return to Tenure, Earnings Growth, and Job Switching." Presented: San Diego, CA, Western Economics Association Meetings, 1990.. |
4834. |
Olsen, Randall J. |
The Relation Between the Rate of Return to Tenure, Earnings Growth, and Job Switching In: Survival Analysis: State of the Art. J. Klein and P. Goel, eds., Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992: 435-448 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Olsen, Randall J. "The Relation Between the Rate of Return to Tenure, Earnings Growth, and Job Switching" In: Survival Analysis: State of the Art. J. Klein and P. Goel, eds., Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992: 435-448
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4835. |
Olsen, Randall J. Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Measuring Internal Migration Prospectively Using Longitudinal Data In: Selected Topics in Migration Studies. F.D. Bean and S.K. Brown, eds., Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2023: 217-219 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Migration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Internal migration may be defined as a change in residence from one geographical unit to another. |
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Bibliography Citation
Olsen, Randall J. and Elizabeth C. Cooksey. "Measuring Internal Migration Prospectively Using Longitudinal Data" In: Selected Topics in Migration Studies. F.D. Bean and S.K. Brown, eds., Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2023: 217-219
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4836. |
Olson, Jeremy |
Weight Gain More Likely for Women After Marriage, Men After Divorce StarTribune.com, August 22, 2011, Local. Also: http://www.startribune.com/local/blogs/128189853.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Star Tribune Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Divorce; Gender Differences; Marriage; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marriage and divorce are both "weight shocks" that can cause men and women to gain or lose weight, according to a new study by Ohio State researchers. But a closer look found the risk of extreme weight gain (21 pounds or more) was greater for women within two years of marriage, and greater for men within two years of divorce. Daddy-O: A kick-start forum on parenting and family life |
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Bibliography Citation
Olson, Jeremy. "Weight Gain More Likely for Women After Marriage, Men After Divorce." StarTribune.com, August 22, 2011, Local. |
4837. |
Olukotun, Oluwatoyin Williams, Joni S. Zhou, Zhipeng Akinboboye, Olaitan Egede, Leonard E. |
The Association between History of Incarceration and Heart Disease: Adults from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Health and Place 75 (May 2022): 102808. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353829222000697 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Health, Chronic Conditions; Incarceration/Jail This was a study of 12,686 adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 dataset. History of incarceration was the predictor and defined as any episode of incarceration in a correctional institution. The outcome, heart disease, was defined as self-reported diagnosis of heart disease. Covariates included: Demographic factors (age, race, sex, place of residence, and marital status), lifestyle and clinical factors (drug use, body mass index (BMI), early life health limitation, cigarette smoking, and binge drinking), and socioeconomic factors (poverty status, educational attainment, and employment status). Pooled logistic regression models with generalized estimating equation approach (GEE) were used to model the relationship between history of incarceration and heart disease. In the unadjusted analyses, a history of incarceration was significantly associated with an increased odds of heart disease (OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.40, 3.75). This relationship persisted after adjusting for demographic (OR 3.46; 95% CI 2.06, 5.85) and lifestyle and clinical factors (OR 3.46; 95% CI 2.03, 5.88) and socioeconomic factors (OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.25, 3.67). In this sample of adults, a history of incarceration was significantly associated with heart disease, after adjusting for demographic, lifestyle and clinical factors, and socioeconomic factors. These findings suggest that exposure to incarceration may heighten susceptibility to heart disease. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms through which incarceration impacts cardiovascular health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Olukotun, Oluwatoyin, Joni S. Williams, Zhipeng Zhou, Olaitan Akinboboye and Leonard E. Egede. "The Association between History of Incarceration and Heart Disease: Adults from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Health and Place 75 (May 2022): 102808.
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4838. |
Omer, Valeriu Altai |
Wage Growth, Search And Experience: Theory And Evidence Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2005. DAI-A 66/12, Jun 2006. Also: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1051259591&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): High School Completion/Graduates; Labor Economics; Mobility; Unemployment; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The early careers of male high school graduates in the US are characterized by high mobility and significant wage growth, facts documented extensively in the literature. Using a sample of male high school graduates from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), I document that about 44% of individual's increase in wages during the first ten years of his career occurs during job transitions, while the remaining 56% occurs within jobs. Motivated by this observation, this thesis addresses the question how much of the wage growth during an individual's early career is due to on-the-job search. To this end, a search model with on-the-job search and exogenous accumulation of general and job-specific experience is estimated using the simulated method of moments. Taking the estimated model parameters as a benchmark, the contribution of search on the job to wage growth is measured as the percentage decrease in wage growth resulting from shutting down worker's access to job offers while employed. The estimated wage growth due to on-the-job search is 60%, which is 14% larger than the observed wage growth between jobs. The difference between the two is due to the presence of job-specific experience. Specifically, the model estimates that about one fourth of a worker's experience accumulated during the first 5 years of his career consists of job-specific experience. I analyze two types of labor market policies that affect worker mobility and wage growth. Firstly, endowing the worker with more general experience prior to his career enhances labor mobility without a permanent effect on wages. Moreover, if the worker expects instead job-specific training on each job held during his early career, his job mobility increases and the effect on wages is permanent. Secondly, numerical simulations indicate that unemployment benefits conditional on worker's accumulated experience are welfare improving. |
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Bibliography Citation
Omer, Valeriu Altai. Wage Growth, Search And Experience: Theory And Evidence. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2005. DAI-A 66/12, Jun 2006.. |
4839. |
Omori, Yoshiaki |
Job Shopping Behavior of Young Men Working Paper, Storrs CT: Department of Economics, University of Connecticut, November 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Connecticut Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Heterogeneity; Job Search; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Transition Rates, Activity to Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using bimonthly job duration data of young men taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I estimate the job-to-job and job-to-nonemployment transition hazards by a semiparametric competing risks model which controls for unobserved heterogeneity fixed over time within individual. Both hazards increase with job tenure during the first two months and decrease subsequently, consistent with models of job matching in which worker's performance after hiring provides useful information on the quality of a match. |
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Bibliography Citation
Omori, Yoshiaki. "Job Shopping Behavior of Young Men." Working Paper, Storrs CT: Department of Economics, University of Connecticut, November 1994. |
4840. |
Omori, Yoshiaki |
Work History and Mobility Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Graduates; Earnings; Job Tenure; Mobility; Work Experience; Work Histories Young workers are an unknown entity when they enter the job market. Information on the quality of workers gets revealed in an asymmetric fashion between the current employer and the prospective employer. Higher quality workers would gain if they could offer reliable information to employers, but they often fail because they cannot provide any evidence of their higher quality until they establish their work history. This study introduces a strategic model that focuses on this asymmetric information and the role played by the work history in information spill-over. The model offers the following set of implementations: (1) The expected hazard rate is nonincreasing in both tenure and experience. (2) Among workers who are seemingly identical to employers at the time of their market entry, the less productive ones are more likely to move. (3) Tenure and expected productivity are positively correlated among workers who are seemingly identical at the time of their market entry, holding experience constant--i.e., the oldest workers in a firm are the most productive among those who were indistinguishable at the time of their market entry. (4) The wage increases in tenure, holding experience constant. (5) Current earnings and future earnings are positively correlated across a group of individuals who are seemingly identical at the time of their market entry. (6) The variance of the earnings distribution for seemingly identical workers grows in experience first and then becomes constant with or without holding tenure constant. (7) The variance of the earnings distribution of equally productive workers who are also seemingly identical will first increase in experience and decrease later with or without holding tenure constant. Due to data constraints, the empirical study focuses on implications (5) and (6). Using data from NLSY and NLS of YoungMen, evidence consistent with these implications is found among college graduates in professional and managerial occupations. [UMI ADG90-33570] |
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Bibliography Citation
Omori, Yoshiaki. Work History and Mobility. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1990. |
4841. |
Onda, Chikara |
Climate, Jobs, and Inequity: Models of Worker Mobility and Distribution Under Carbon Pricing Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Economic Changes/Recession; Expectations/Intentions; Job Characteristics; Taxes; Wage Equations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Employment impacts are front of mind in debates on carbon pricing among policy makers and in the popular press. Key in this debate is extent to which workers in contracting emissions-intensive industries will be able to find work elsewhere, and the magnitude of their earnings losses. Moreover, to the extent that workers in emissions-intensive industries are disproportionately lower-income--or if such industries are unique in being sources of high-paying jobs for those with comparatively less education--this could also be an equity issue. Yet, the CGE models underlying policy decisions are usually ill-suited for examining employment impacts in the disaggregated manner that the above concerns would demand. I therefore present an empirically grounded method to introduce imperfect labor mobility into a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework in Chapter 2, using sector-specific human capital and non-pecuniary preferences. Specifically, a one-period CGE model is linked and iteratively solved with an econometrically estimated labor model of sectoral choice involving worker characteristics and predicted wages based on sector-specific skills accumulated through experience. This setup allows me to introduce imperfect labor mobility in two ways. First, workers have sector-specific experience, which enter the wage equation and introduce lost wages upon moving across sectors. Second, individuals' choices over the work alternatives are based on a random utility framework in which workers' preferences are affected by demographic and household characteristics, in addition to the wages obtained in that sector. I apply this linked CGE--microsimulation model of imperfect labor mobility to an analysis of the impact of a carbon tax on the U.S. economy in Chapter 3. I find that a carbon tax set at a central estimate of the social cost of carbon leads to a modest change in aggregate employment, ranging from a 0.06% reduction to a 0.04% gain (71,000 jobs lost to 42,000 jobs gained), depending on revenue recycling assumptions, though the impact is much larger in the fossil fuel extraction sector, where both wages and employment fall. Though imperfect labor mobility is welfare-reducing, the revenue recycling assumptions drive the distributional outcomes. In particular, rebating the carbon tax revenue on a per-capita basis is highly progressive, as found in the literature. On the other hand, using the revenue to fund a carbon tax cut is the most efficient and leads to a slight increase in employment relative to the no-policy case. The microsimulation structure of the model allows me to evaluate a set of illustrative retraining programs. I find that though such programs increase the welfare of retrained workers, the low responsiveness of sectoral choice to wages means that gains are small and largely from modest increases in coal wages, rather than a movement into the target sectors. This said, fossil-fuel workers represent such a small share of the overall workforce that such a program can be funded while still leaving the vast majority of revenue for other uses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Onda, Chikara. Climate, Jobs, and Inequity: Models of Worker Mobility and Distribution Under Carbon Pricing. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 2020. |
4842. |
Ong, Pinchuan |
Essays in Labor and Applied Microeconomics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Northwestern University, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Australia, Australian; British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Child Support; Cross-national Analysis; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Swiss Household Panel; Wage Dynamics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first essay estimates the Frisch elasticity, sometimes known as the wage elasticity of labor supply in response to anticipated wage changes. Despite its importance in macroeconomic and public finance models, its estimation requires a setting that is difficult to find; as a result, we have little quasi-experimental evidence on its magnitude. In the essay, I explain why child support---tax-like payments from noncustodial parents towards custodial parents in cases of divorce and nonmarital births---satisfies the two key features lacking in almost all settings that other researchers have looked at in the past. Specifically, we require that individuals anticipate their future effective wage in advance, satisfied because it is common knowledge that child support payments end on emancipation of the youngest eligible child, and exogeneity, satisfied if we believe that the ages of these children (who live away from the payers) do not directly affect the labor supply decision. Exploiting these two features, I estimate the Frisch elasticity in an event study design using individual-level panel data from four countries. Empirically, I find that the observed child support rate that fathers face drops to nearly zero upon emancipation of the children; correspondingly, these fathers increase their work hours and earnings at this time. Based on these results, I estimate Frisch elasticities of 0.7 to 0.8 on the intensive margin and 0.1 to 0.2 on the extensive margin. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ong, Pinchuan. Essays in Labor and Applied Microeconomics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Northwestern University, 2020. |
4843. |
Ong, Sor Fern |
Authors Fear US May Not Be Able To Compete In Future The Straits Times, October 23, 1994, Sunday Plus; Pg. 1,2 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Singapore Press Holdings Keyword(s): I.Q.; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on Murray and Herrnstein's study of race and I.Q. in "The Bell Curve." Drawing on data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Herrnstein and Murray contend that intelligence is more important than socioeconomic status (SES) in affecting social variables, e.g., income, poverty, crime, and illegitimacy. Herrnstein and Murray also explore the intellectual difference between the races, arguing that IQ tests are not racially biased, blacks have lower IQ scores than whites, and those of low intelligence end up with low SES. Herrnstein and Murray conclude that the US is increasingly divided into a cognitive elite and a mass of ordinary citizens. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ong, Sor Fern. "Authors Fear US May Not Be Able To Compete In Future." The Straits Times, October 23, 1994, Sunday Plus; Pg. 1,2. |
4844. |
Opitz, Wolfgang |
Impacts of Welfare Receipt and Family Disruption on Children Presented: Baltimore, MD, Population Association of America Meetings, 1989 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Children; Marital Disruption; Mothers; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This working paper uses data on mothers and children from the NLSY and 1986 child assessments to examine the impact of welfare receipt on child development. Specifically examined is the relationship of AFDC histories to: (1) the relationship of motor and social development scores of children aged 3 and 4; and (2) reported behavior problems of children aged 4 and older. It was found that, for children ages 3 and 4, motor and social development scores are higher among children who had continuous welfare histories than are scores among children who had discontinuous histories. Statistically significant greater behavior problems are observed among children with discontinuous AFDC histories compared with children with either no AFDC or continuous AFDC history. Plans for future research are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Opitz, Wolfgang. "Impacts of Welfare Receipt and Family Disruption on Children." Presented: Baltimore, MD, Population Association of America Meetings, 1989. |
4845. |
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid |
Cohabiting and Marriage During Young Men's Career-Development Process Demography 40,1 (February 2003): 127-149. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/b375408371723548/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Cohabitation; Event History; Male Sample; Marriage; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using recently released cohabitation data for the male sample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, first interviewed in 1979, I conducted multinomial discrete-time event-history analyses of how young men's career-development process affects both the formation and the dissolution of cohabiting unions. For a substantial proportion of young men, cohabitation seemed to represent an adaptive strategy during a period of career immaturity, whereas marriage was a far more likely outcome for both stably employed cohabitors and noncohabitors alike. Earnings positively affected the entry into either a cohabiting or marital union but exhibited a strong threshold effect. Once the men were in cohabiting unions, however, earnings had little effect on the odds of marrying. Men with better long-run socioeconomic prospects were far more likely to marry from either the noncohabiting or cohabiting state, and this was particularly true for blacks. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid. "Cohabiting and Marriage During Young Men's Career-Development Process." Demography 40,1 (February 2003): 127-149.
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4846. |
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid |
Cohabiting and Marriage Formation During Young Men's Career Development Process On-Line Working Paper Series: CCPR-004-02 , California Center for Population Research, University of California - Los Angeles, September 2002. Also: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/85d3283r Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: California Center for Population Research (CCPR) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Cohabitation; Event History; Male Sample; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Revised version of a paper presented at the 2001 PAA annual meetings. Using recently released cohabitation data for NLSY79 males, this study conducts multinomial discrete-time event history-analyses of how young men's career development process affects both the formation and dissolution of cohabiting unions. For a substantial proportion of young men, cohabitation seems to represent an adaptive strategy during a period of career immaturity, as measured by employment instability, while marriage was a far more likely outcome for both stably employed cohabitors and noncohabitors alike. Earnings positively affected the entry into either a cohabiting or marital union and exhibited a strong threshold effect. However, consistent with a selectivity argument, once cohabiting, earnings had little effect on the odds of marrying out of a cohabitation although higher earnings did discourage separations among whites. Men with better long-run socioeconomic prospects, i.e., the college educated, were far more likely to marry from either the noncohabiting or cohabiting state and this was particularly true for blacks. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid. "Cohabiting and Marriage Formation During Young Men's Career Development Process." On-Line Working Paper Series: CCPR-004-02 , California Center for Population Research, University of California - Los Angeles, September 2002. |
4847. |
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid Kalmijn, Matthijs |
Life-Cycle Jobs Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 14 (1995): 1-38 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: JAI Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Job Patterns; Job Status; Life Cycle Research; Mobility, Social; Racial Differences; Stratification; Unions Based on occupation and industry data from the 1% 1970 Public Use Sample, a life-cycle job typology is used to distinguish youthful "stopgap" jobs from career jobs. Census and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data indicate that stopgap jobs represent a life-cycle phenomenon for both black and white male youths, although more so for whites. Stopgap employment increased for young white males between 1970-1980 but decreased for blacks. Education and experience variables make a substantial contribution to the steep age gradient of stopgap employment and are important in explaining black-white differences in this age pattern in 1970 as well as the 1970-1980 changes. Implications of these differences for the youth labor market are explored. The extensive employment of more educated whites in low-level stopgap jobs places less educated youth (black and white) at a competitive disadvantage. Furthermore, factors that negatively affect the labor market position of nondisadvantaged youths may indirectly affect the employment position of low-skilled youth. 6 Tables, 4 Figures, 1 Appendix, 20 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid and Matthijs Kalmijn. "Life-Cycle Jobs." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 14 (1995): 1-38.
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4848. |
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid Kalmijn, Matthijs Lim, Nelson |
Men's Career Development and Marriage Timing During a Period of Rising Inequality Working Paper, University of California - Los Angeles and Utrecht University, October 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Earnings; Education Indicators; Event History; Job Analysis; Marriage; Racial Differences; Schooling; Transition Rates, Activity to Work; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid, Matthijs Kalmijn and Nelson Lim. "Men's Career Development and Marriage Timing During a Period of Rising Inequality." Working Paper, University of California - Los Angeles and Utrecht University, October 1996. |
4849. |
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid Kalmijn, Matthijs Lim, Nelson |
Men's Career Development and Marriage Timing During a Period of Rising Inequality Demography 34,3 (August 1997): 311-330. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/x91g23831up18126/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Earnings; Education Indicators; Event History; Job Analysis; Marriage; Racial Differences; Schooling; Transition Rates, Activity to Work; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Based on data from 1979-1990 NLSY interviews, we investigate the implications of rising economic inequality for young men's marriage timing. Our approach is to relate marriage formation to the ease or difficulty of the career-entry process and to show that large race/schooling differences in career development lead to substantial variations in marriage timing. We develop measures of current career "maturity" and of long-term labor-market position. Employing discrete-time event-history methods, we show that these variables have a substantial impact on marriage formation for both blacks and whites. Applying our regression results to models based on observed race/schooling patterns of career development, we then estimate cumulative proportions ever married in a difficult versus an easy career-entry process. We find major differences in the pace of marriage formation, depending on the difficulty of the career transition. We also find considerable differences in these marriage timing patterns across race/schooling groups corresponding to the large observed differences in the speed and difficulty of career transitions between and within these groups. ©2000-2002 JSTOR |
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Bibliography Citation
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid, Matthijs Kalmijn and Nelson Lim. "Men's Career Development and Marriage Timing During a Period of Rising Inequality." Demography 34,3 (August 1997): 311-330.
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4850. |
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid Kalmijn, Matthijs Lim, Nelson Lew, Vivian |
Men's Career Development and Marriage Timing: Race and Schooling Differences Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Earnings; Educational Returns; Event History; Job Analysis; Marriage; Racial Differences; Schooling; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Based upon data from 1979-1990 NLSY interviews, this study investigates how the ease or difficulty of young men's transition to a mature working life affects first-marriage timing. We develop measures of career "maturity" and of current as well as long-term earnings position and, employing discrete-time event-history methods, show that these have a substantial impact on marriage formation for both blacks and whites. Using our regression results, we then estimate cumulative proportions ever-married under two career-entry scenarios: a "difficult" vs. an "easier" career-entry process. We find major differences in the pace of marriage formation, depending on the difficulty of the career transition. We also find considerable differences in these marriage timing patterns across race-schooling groups, corresponding to the large observed differences m the speed and difficulty of career transitions among these groups. In conclusion, we argue that studying men's career-entry process can make an important contribution to understanding trends and differentials in marriage timing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid, Matthijs Kalmijn, Nelson Lim and Vivian Lew. "Men's Career Development and Marriage Timing: Race and Schooling Differences." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996. |
4851. |
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid Lewin, Alisa |
Race and the Role of Economic Independence in Women's Marriage Formation Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Economic Independence; Economics of Gender; Event History; Heterogeneity; Labor Market Demographics; Marriage; Racial Differences; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a discrete-time event history methodology on the 1979-1990 panel of black and non-Hispanic white women from the NLSY we examine the hypothesis that the desirability of marriage is less for women with economic alternatives to marriage. First we investigate whether women in a better potential and actual labor-market position are less likely to marry. Then the paper goes on to analyze the role of welfare in marriage behavior, focusing on black women. We describe the heterogeneous nature of the cohorts' AFDC experience over the years and our event history analysis then explores the implications of this for marriage formation. We go on to examine the confounding of the effects of AFDC dependency and labor-market position. Finally, the paper investigates how attractive the marital. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid and Alisa Lewin. "Race and the Role of Economic Independence in Women's Marriage Formation." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995. |
4852. |
Oropesa, R. S. Lichter, Daniel T. Anderson, Robert N. |
Marriage Markets and the Paradox of Mexican Nuptiality Journal of Marriage and Family 56,4 (November 1994): 889-907. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353601 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Blue-Collar Jobs; Disadvantaged, Economically; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Heterogeneity; Hispanics; Marriage; Minorities; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Current research on the retreat from marriage emphasizes the economic underpinnings of family formation, especially among disadvantaged minorities. The paradox of Mexican nuptiality is that first marriage rates among Americans are similar to those among Anglos, despite circumstances that closely approximate those of African Americans. Using event histories constructed from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study extends previous analyses by investigating the roles of structural (e.g., pool of marriageable men) and cultural (e.g., familism) factors in the marriage transitions of 3,853 Mexican American, African American, and Anglo women. The results support three main conclusions. First, similarities are outweighed by differences in the marriage process these groups. Second, cultural indicators do not group differences. Third, the unique aspects of the marriage process among Mexican Americans cannot be fully understood without taking their generational heterogeneity into account. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oropesa, R. S., Daniel T. Lichter and Robert N. Anderson. "Marriage Markets and the Paradox of Mexican Nuptiality." Journal of Marriage and Family 56,4 (November 1994): 889-907.
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4853. |
Orth, Ulrich |
The Family Environment in Early Childhood Has a Long-term Effect on Self-esteem: A Longitudinal Study from Birth to Age 27 Years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 114,4 (April 2018): 637-655. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-06114-001 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Childhood; Family Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Self-Esteem A better understanding is needed of the factors that shape the development of individual differences in self-esteem. Using a prospective longitudinal design, this research tested whether the family environment in early childhood predicts self-esteem in later developmental periods. Data came from a nationally representative U.S. sample of 8,711 participants, who reported on their self-esteem biannually from age 8 to 27 years. Moreover, during the participants' first 6 years of life, biannual assessments of their mothers provided information on the quality of the home environment (covering quality of parenting, cognitive stimulation, and physical home environment), quality of parental relationship, presence of father, maternal depression, and poverty status of the family. The analyses were conducted using nonlinear regression analyses of age-dependent correlation coefficients, which were controlled for the effects of child gender and ethnicity. The results suggested that the family environment in early childhood significantly predicted self-esteem as the children grew up. Although the effects became smaller with age, the effects were still present during young adulthood. The largest effects emerged for quality of home environment. Moreover, the results suggested that the effects of home environment, presence of father, and poverty are enduring, as indicated by a nonzero asymptote in the time course of effects from age 8 to 27 years. Finally, quality of home environment partially accounted for the effects of the other predictors. The findings suggest that the home environment is a key factor in early childhood that influences the long-term development of self-esteem. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Orth, Ulrich. "The Family Environment in Early Childhood Has a Long-term Effect on Self-esteem: A Longitudinal Study from Birth to Age 27 Years." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 114,4 (April 2018): 637-655.
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4854. |
Orth, Ulrich Clark, D. Angus Donnellan, M. Brent Robins, Richard W. |
Testing Prospective Effects in Longitudinal Research: Comparing Seven Competing Cross-Lagged Models Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120,4 (April 2021): 1013-1034. Also: https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2020-54836-001.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Depression (see also CESD); Modeling; Modeling, Structural Equation; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Statistical Analysis In virtually all areas of psychology, the question of whether a particular construct has a prospective effect on another is of fundamental importance. For decades, the cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) has been the model of choice for addressing this question. However, CLPMs have recently been critiqued, and numerous alternative models have been proposed. Using the association between low self-esteem and depression as a case study, we examined the behavior of seven competing longitudinal models in 10 samples, each with at least four waves of data and sample sizes ranging from 326 to 8,259. The models were compared in terms of convergence, fit statistics, and consistency of parameter estimates. The traditional CLPM and the random intercepts cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) converged in every sample, whereas the other models frequently failed to converge or did not converge properly. The RI-CLPM exhibited better model fit than the CLPM, whereas the CLPM produced more consistent cross-lagged effects (both across and within samples) than the RI-CLPM. We discuss the models from a conceptual perspective, emphasizing that the models test conceptually distinct psychological and developmental processes, and we address the implications of the empirical findings with regard to model selection. Moreover, we provide practical recommendations for researchers interested in testing prospective associations between constructs and suggest using the CLPM when focused on between-person effects and the RI-CLPM when focused on within-person effects. |
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Bibliography Citation
Orth, Ulrich, D. Angus Clark, M. Brent Donnellan and Richard W. Robins. "Testing Prospective Effects in Longitudinal Research: Comparing Seven Competing Cross-Lagged Models." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120,4 (April 2021): 1013-1034.
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4855. |
Ortiz, Eduardo Berry, Eddy Helen Lee, Sang Lim Toney, Michael B. |
Internal Migration of Mexican and Other Hispanics: Comparisons of Primary and Repeat Migration in the United States Presented: Portland, OR, Pacific Sociological Association Meeting, April 2008. Also: http://www.pacificsoc.org/2006/03/2008-annual-mee.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pacific Sociological Association Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups; Hispanics; Migration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ortiz, Eduardo, Eddy Helen Berry, Sang Lim Lee and Michael B. Toney. "Internal Migration of Mexican and Other Hispanics: Comparisons of Primary and Repeat Migration in the United States." Presented: Portland, OR, Pacific Sociological Association Meeting, April 2008. |
4856. |
Ortiz, Eduardo Berry, Eddy Helen Toney, Michael B. Lee, Sang Lim |
Effects of Socioeconomic Factors on the Migration of Mexicans and Other Hispanics within the United States: A Comparison across Primary and Repeat Migration Types Presented: Seattle WA, Pacific Sociological Association Annual Meeting, March 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pacific Sociological Association Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Migration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses multinomial logistic regression to compare the primary and repeat migration of Mexicans with Hispanics of other national origins. Repeat migration is broken into three categories for the multinomial analysis. In our basic model Mexicans are much more likely to make return migrations than are other Hispanics but these differences are reduced to non-significance when socioeconomic factors and duration of residence are included in Model 4. Mexicans and other Hispanics who have never migrated are equally likely to make a primary migration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ortiz, Eduardo, Eddy Helen Berry, Michael B. Toney and Sang Lim Lee. "Effects of Socioeconomic Factors on the Migration of Mexicans and Other Hispanics within the United States: A Comparison across Primary and Repeat Migration Types." Presented: Seattle WA, Pacific Sociological Association Annual Meeting, March 2011. |
4857. |
Ortiz, Eduardo Lee, Sang Lim Berry, Eddy Helen Toney, Michael B. |
Descriptive Comparisons of the Internal Migration of Mexican Heritage vs. Other Heritage Hispanics in the United States Population and Society 6,1 (May 2010): 31-62. Also: http://www.ipar.re.kr/journal/pdf/ps6-1-2.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Population and Aging Research Keyword(s): Geographical Variation; Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Migration; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [Editor's note: This article may never have been published. It is listed in only one of the authors CV's as "In Preparation for Population and Society." The on-line journal "Population and Society cannot currently be found. The Population Research Laboratory (PRL) at Utah State University lists a similar title: Ortiz, Eduardo, Sang Lim Lee, E. H. Berry, and M. B. Toney. 2010. "Comparative Longitudinal Internal Migration of U.S. Mexican, Puerto Rican and Other Hispanics.” Population and Society (in press).] Hispanics are the most rapidly growing ethnic group in the United States. Past research has shown socioeconomic differences between Hispanics from different national origins and suggests that various aspects of Hispanic migration within the U.S. might differ depending on that national origin. Utilizing the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) permits the first descriptive comparison of rates of primary and repeat migration of Mexican heritage Hispanics with other Hispanic groups. Analysis of repeat migration focuses on comparisons of return and onward migration. The comparisons of Mexican Hispanics with other Hispanics reveal little differences between these national origin groupings in rates of primary, return and onward migration. Rates of primary migration for Mexicans and other Hispanics are low and vary little from the overall rates of 3.6 percent to 4.3 percent across thirty subgroups identified by sociodemographic characteristics. Although the rates of return and onward migration are higher than primary migration rates, differences between Mexican and other Hispanic groups are not very large. Reporting the lack of differences is important since prior research suggested major differences were likely. What appear to be different between Mexican heritage and other Hispanic heritage groups are the geographic origins from which each group emigrates and to which each group immigrates. Because migration de stinati on is closely associated with location of jobs but also with the location of co-nationals, future research should include multivariate analysis and incorporate theoretical perspectives that help understand this migration of Hispanic groups in the U.S.. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ortiz, Eduardo, Sang Lim Lee, Eddy Helen Berry and Michael B. Toney. "Descriptive Comparisons of the Internal Migration of Mexican Heritage vs. Other Heritage Hispanics in the United States." Population and Society 6,1 (May 2010): 31-62.
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4858. |
Ortiz, Vilma |
Generational Status, Family Background, and Educational Attainment Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Youth In: Latino College Students. M. Olivas, ed. New York, NY: Teachers College, 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Teachers College Press Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; High School Dropouts; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses data from the NLSY to compare the educational attainment of first-, second-, and third-generation- Hispanic youth to that of non-Hispanic white youth while controlling for family background. It was found that: (1) Hispanic youth are considerably more educationally disadvantaged than non-Hispanic white young people; (2) both disadvantaged family backgrounds and generational status work as explanatory factors; and (3) the impact of parent's education on educational attainment is less strong among the second generation than among other generational groups or non-Hispanic whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ortiz, Vilma. "Generational Status, Family Background, and Educational Attainment Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Youth" In: Latino College Students. M. Olivas, ed. New York, NY: Teachers College, 1986
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4859. |
Ortiz, Vilma Santana Cooney, Rosemary |
Sex-Role Attitudes and Labor Force Participation among Young Hispanic Females and Non-Hispanic White Females Social Science Quarterly 65,2 (June 1984): 392-400 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas Press Keyword(s): Attitudes; Hispanics; Labor Force Participation; Sex Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ortiz, Vilma and Rosemary Santana Cooney. "Sex-Role Attitudes and Labor Force Participation among Young Hispanic Females and Non-Hispanic White Females." Social Science Quarterly 65,2 (June 1984): 392-400.
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4860. |
Ostbye, Truls Malhotra, Rahul Landerman, Lawrence R. |
Body Mass Trajectories Through Adulthood: Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort (1981-2006) International Journal of Epidemiology 40,1 (February 2011): 240-250 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Body Mass Index (BMI); Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Obesity; Racial Differences; Urbanization/Urban Living Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background Most studies describing change in body mass through adulthood model an 'average' trajectory bearing the same functional form in the underlying population. Latent-class growth modelling has revealed the presence of several underlying body mass/obesity trajectory groups among children and adolescents, but has not been applied to capture adult body mass trajectories. We apply the technique to identify adult body mass trajectory groups, risk factors for group membership and (time-varying) modifiers of trajectory level within each group, and assess association between group membership and important health outcomes in midlife. Methods Body mass trajectory groups, from age 18 to 49 years, were identified using latent-class growth modelling based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (n=9681). Role of gender, race/ethnicity and age cohort as risk factors for group membership, and of highest grade of education completed, years of urban living, years in employment, years in poverty and years married as modifiers of trajectory level was evaluated. Results Four trajectory groups, 'normal weight', 'overweight', 'late adulthood obesity' and 'early adulthood obesity' were identified. Males, Blacks and those born later had higher odds of being in the three latter groups. More education and years married lowered the trajectory within each group. The prevalence of most health outcomes was lowest in the 'normal weight' group, somewhat greater in the 'overweight' group, greater again in the 'late adult obesity group' and highest in the 'early adulthood obesity' group. Conclusion Regular body mass index screening and monitoring in early adult life may identify a person as belonging to one of these four groups early, and allow the individual and health-care providers opportunities to initiate behavioural or other interventions better tailored to the specific group |
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Bibliography Citation
Ostbye, Truls, Rahul Malhotra and Lawrence R. Landerman. "Body Mass Trajectories Through Adulthood: Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort (1981-2006)." International Journal of Epidemiology 40,1 (February 2011): 240-250.
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4861. |
Osterman, Paul |
Is There a Problem with the Youth Labor Market and If So How Should We Fix It?: Lessons for the U. S. from American and European Experience Working Paper, Sloan School, MIT, Cambridge MA, February, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sloan School of Management, MIT Keyword(s): Inner-City; Job Training; Manpower Programs; Manpower Research; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The employment difficulties facing American youth have long been at the center of labor market policy. In the early 1960's the initial emphasis of the Manpower Development and Training Act upon "mainstream" adults was quickly shifted to a focus on inner city youth. Much, if not most, of the job training associated with the War on Poverty aimed at youth with Neighborhood Youth Corp, the Job Corp, and the summer jobs program leading the way. In recent years youth have had to compete with welfare recipients for resources but young workers still receive a disproportionate fraction of attention nd funding. Although often characterized as youth programs in fact these interventions were more specialized and were typically aimed at poor, often minority, youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Osterman, Paul. "Is There a Problem with the Youth Labor Market and If So How Should We Fix It?: Lessons for the U. S. from American and European Experience." Working Paper, Sloan School, MIT, Cambridge MA, February, 1992. |
4862. |
Ou, Lu Chow, Sy-Miin Ji, Linying Molenaar, Peter C.M. |
(Re)evaluating the Implications of the Autoregressive Latent Trajectory Model Through Likelihood Ratio Tests of Its Initial Conditions Multivariate Behavioral Research 52,2 (2017): 178-199. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00273171.2016.1259980 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Family Income; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Monte Carlo The autoregressive latent trajectory (ALT) model synthesizes the autoregressive model and the latent growth curve model. The ALT model is flexible enough to produce a variety of discrepant model-implied change trajectories. While some researchers consider this a virtue, others have cautioned that this may confound interpretations of the model's parameters. In this article, we show that some--but not all--of these interpretational difficulties may be clarified mathematically and tested explicitly via likelihood ratio tests (LRTs) imposed on the initial conditions of the model. We show analytically the nested relations among three variants of the ALT model and the constraints needed to establish equivalences. A Monte Carlo simulation study indicated that LRTs, particularly when used in combination with information criterion measures, can allow researchers to test targeted hypotheses about the functional forms of the change process under study. We further demonstrate when and how such tests may justifiably be used to facilitate our understanding of the underlying process of change using a subsample (N = 3,995) of longitudinal family income data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ou, Lu, Sy-Miin Chow, Linying Ji and Peter C.M. Molenaar. "(Re)evaluating the Implications of the Autoregressive Latent Trajectory Model Through Likelihood Ratio Tests of Its Initial Conditions." Multivariate Behavioral Research 52,2 (2017): 178-199.
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4863. |
Owens, Jayanti |
Habits That Make, Habits That Break: Early Childhood Behavior Problems and the Gender Gap in Education in the United States Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Attention/Attention Deficit; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over the past three decades, females in the United States have comprised a growing majority of high school and college graduates. An understudied explanation for this female attainment advantage is females' lower levels of self-regulation problems and social problems. With macro-level social shifts, including gender parity in parental investments in children and the opening of the labor market for women, males' long-standing behavioral disadvantage in childhood may now translate into lower levels of educational attainment compared to females. Using newly-available, prospective panel data on a national sample of children followed from birth in the 1980's through much of their twenties, results show that the life-course origins of today's female advantage in attainment trace back to females' lower levels of early childhood behavior problems. Early behavior problems shape and are shaped by educational achievement and social context but pathways differ for males and females, as does the timing of educational transitions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Owens, Jayanti. "Habits That Make, Habits That Break: Early Childhood Behavior Problems and the Gender Gap in Education in the United States." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
4864. |
Owens, Jayanti |
Social Class, Gender, and Children's Behavior Problems across Two Decades Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Attention/Attention Deficit; Family Influences; Gender Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prevalence of diagnosed childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has increased seven-fold in the U.S. since 1987, with a growing absolute gap between boys and girls. Prevalence of clinical levels of ADHD symptoms is most over-represented among low-SES boys. It is unclear whether rising prevalence reflects true changes in underlying symptoms. Using two national samples of children across two decades, this study finds that the gender gap in ADHD-linked behaviors has emerged even between the low-SES (but not high-SES) children with the lowest behavior problems. A large portion of the growing gap among the worst-behaved low- and high-SES children is explained by family and health shifts. Strikingly, almost none of the growing gender gap among the best-behaved low-SES children is explained by family and health shifts. Findings suggest the growing gap among low-income children's behavior problems is related to changing perceptions of behaviors for this well-behaved segment of low-SES boys. |
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Bibliography Citation
Owens, Jayanti. "Social Class, Gender, and Children's Behavior Problems across Two Decades." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
4865. |
Owens, Mark F. Baum, Charles L., II |
The Effects of Federal Housing Assistance on Exiting Welfare and Becoming Employed for Welfare Recipients Journal of Poverty 13,2 (2009): 130-151. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10875540902841705 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Employment; Labor Force Participation; Poverty; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Unemployment; Welfare Welfare reform's success in encouraging employment may be affected by the federal housing program because many households receive welfare and housing assistance. Housing assistance could discourage employment because housing subsidies are reduced proportionally with earnings; alternatively, it could encourage employment by increasing stability and allowing more resources to be allocated toward employment-related expenses. We examine housing assistance's effects on exiting welfare and becoming employed. Remaining on welfare is positively associated with receiving housing assistance, but fixed effects models suggest this is due to correlation with unmeasured factors rather than a causal effect. We find little association between housing assistance and employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Owens, Mark F. and Charles L. Baum. "The Effects of Federal Housing Assistance on Exiting Welfare and Becoming Employed for Welfare Recipients." Journal of Poverty 13,2 (2009): 130-151.
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4866. |
Owens, Mark F. Baum, Charles L., II |
The Effects of Welfare Vehicle Asset Rules on Vehicle Assets Applied Economics 44,13 (May 2012): 1603-1619. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036846.2010.548783 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Assets; Legislation; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Before 1996, households were typically ineligible for welfare if they had assets worth more than $1000, where $1500 from each vehicle's value was excluded from this determination. However, the 1996 welfare reform act began allowing states to increase their asset limits and vehicle exclusions. This may prompt low-income households to reallocate resources to or from vehicles. We examine the effects of state vehicle asset rules on vehicle assets. Results show that liberalizing asset rules increases vehicle assets and that this increase is driven largely by eligible individuals increasing vehicle assets, with no evidence indicating that ineligible individuals reduce vehicle assets to become eligible. |
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Bibliography Citation
Owens, Mark F. and Charles L. Baum. "The Effects of Welfare Vehicle Asset Rules on Vehicle Assets." Applied Economics 44,13 (May 2012): 1603-1619.
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4867. |
Oyer, Paul |
Salary or Benefits? NBER Working Paper No. 11817, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11817.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Benefits; Child Care; Firm Size; Firms; Insurance, Health; Modeling Employer-provided benefits are a large and growing share of compensation costs. In this paper, I consider three factors that can affect the value created by employer-sponsored benefits. First, firms have a comparative advantage (for example, due to scale economies or tax treatment) in purchasing relative to employees. This advantage can vary across firms based on size and other differences in cost structure. Second, employees differ in their valuations of benefits and it is costly for workers to match with firms that offer the benefits they value. Finally, some benefits can reduce the marginal cost to an employee of extra working time. I develop a simple model that integrates these factors. I then generate empirical implications of the model and use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test these implications. I examine access to employer-provided meals, child-care, dental insurance, and health insurance. I also study how benefits are grouped together and differences between benefits packages at for-profit, not-for-profit, and government employers. The empirical analysis provides evidence consistent with all three factors in the model contributing to firms' decisions about which benefits to offer. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oyer, Paul. "Salary or Benefits?" NBER Working Paper No. 11817, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. |
4868. |
Oyer, Paul Schaefer, Scott |
Litigation Costs and Returns to Experience American Economic Review 92,3 (June 2002): 683-705. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/00028280260136318 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Discrimination; Discrimination, Employer; Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We develop a model linking maximum damage awards available to plaintiffs in wrongful termination lawsuits, workers' propensity to sue as a function of experience, and returns to experience. Using Equal Employment Opportunity Commission data on protected-worker discrimination complaints and labor-market data from the Current Population Survey, we examine how returns to experience among protected workers changed around the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1991. We show that employers' reactions to employment protections may induce redistributive effects. Furthermore, these effects operate not merely across groups of differing protected status, but also within groups of identical protected status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Oyer, Paul and Scott Schaefer. "Litigation Costs and Returns to Experience." American Economic Review 92,3 (June 2002): 683-705.
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4869. |
Ozturk, Orgul Demet Chyi, Hau |
The Effects of Single Mothers' Welfare Participation and Work Decisions on Children's Attainments Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, February 5, 2006. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1238160 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Maternal Employment; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research examines the effects of mothers welfare and work decisions on their children's attainments using a random effect instrumental variables (REIV) estimator. The estimator employs sibling comparisons in a random effect framework and an instrumental variables approach to address the unobserved heterogeneity that may influence mothers work and welfare decisions. The identification comes from the variation in mothers different economic incentives that arises from the AFDC benefit structures across U.S. states. I focus on children who were born to single mothers with twelve or fewer years of schooling. The short-run child attainments under consideration are the Peabody Individual Achievement Test math and reading recognition scores from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. Long-run attainments are a child's number of years of schooling by age 25 and his or her early adulthood labor income, drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The REIV estimates imply that, relative to no welfare participation, participating in welfare for one to three years provides up to a 5 percentage point gain in a child's Picture Individual Achievement Test (PIAT) scores. The negative effect of childhood welfare participation on adult earnings found by others is not significant if one accounts for mothers work decisions. At the estimated values of the model parameters, a mothers number of years of work contributes between $3,000 and $7,000 1996 dollars to her child's labor income, but has no significant effect on the child's PIAT test scores. Finally, children's number of years of schooling are relatively unresponsive to mothers work and welfare participation choices. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ozturk, Orgul Demet and Hau Chyi. "The Effects of Single Mothers' Welfare Participation and Work Decisions on Children's Attainments." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, February 5, 2006. |
4870. |
Ozturk, Orgul Demet Chyi, Hau |
The Effects of Single Mothers' Welfare Participation and Work Decisions on Children's Attainments Presented: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, University of Amsterdam, Annual Meetings of the European Association of Labour Economists, September 18-20, 2008. Also: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10110/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Amsterdam Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Maternal Employment; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research examines the effects of mothers' welfare and work decisions on their children's attainments using a random effect instrumental variables (REIV) estimator. The estimator employs sibling comparisons in a random effect framework and an instrumental variables approach to address the unobserved heterogeneity that may influence mothers' work and welfare decisions. The identification comes from the variation in mothers' different economic incentives that arises from the AFDC benefit structures across U.S. states. We focus on children who were born to single mothers with twelve or fewer years of schooling. The short-run child attainments under consideration are the Peabody Individual Achievement Test math and reading recognition scores from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. Long-run attainments are a child's number of years of schooling by age 25 and his or her early adulthood labor income, drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The REIV estimates imply that, relative to no welfare participation, participating in welfare for one to three years provides up to a 5 percentage point gain in a child's Picture Individual Achievement Test (PIAT) scores. The negative effect of childhood welfare participation on adult earnings found by others is not significant if one accounts for mothers' work decisions. At the estimated values of the model parameters, a mother's number of years of work contributes between $3,000 and $7,000 1996 dollars to her child's labor income, but has no significant effect on the child's PIAT test scores. Finally, children's number of years of schooling are relatively unresponsive to mothers' work and welfare participation choices. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ozturk, Orgul Demet and Hau Chyi. "The Effects of Single Mothers' Welfare Participation and Work Decisions on Children's Attainments." Presented: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, University of Amsterdam, Annual Meetings of the European Association of Labour Economists, September 18-20, 2008. |
4871. |
Ozturk, Orgul Demet Chyi, Hau |
Welfare and Work Participation of Single Mothers and Children's Cognitive Development Working Paper, Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, February 2007. Also: hauchyi.googlepages.com/workwelfare.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of Soutn Carolina Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Maternal Employment; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The effects of single mothers' welfare participation and work decisions on children's outcomes are important. First, theories and empirical studies regarding the effects of mothers' work on children's attainments yield ambiguous findings. Second, participating in AFDC also exhibits a negative statistical relationship with the participating children's possible outcomes of all sorts in the data. We develop a dynamic structural model of a single mother's work and welfare participation decisions while their children are young. This model is used to measure the effects of mothers' decisions on children's attainments in the short run. Using NLSY79 children's PIAT Math test scores as a measure of attainment, we find that single mother's work and welfare use in the first five years of her child's life both have positive effect on her child's outcome, but this effect declines by the initial ability. The higher the potential ability of child, the lower the positive impact work and welfare have. In fact, in case of welfare the effect is negative if child has more than about median initial ability.. Furthermore, we find that work requirement reduces a single mother's use of welfare. However, the net effect of work requirement on a child's test score depends on whether mother's work brings in enough labor income to compensate for the loss of welfare benefits. We also look at the implications of welfare eligibility time limit, child bonus, and maternal leave, on child's outcome. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ozturk, Orgul Demet and Hau Chyi. "Welfare and Work Participation of Single Mothers and Children's Cognitive Development." Working Paper, Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, February 2007. |
4872. |
Ozturk, Orgul Demet Chyi, Hau |
Welfare and Work Participation of Single Mothers and Children's Cognitive Development Presented: Chicago, IL, European Society for Population Economics, June 14-16, 2007. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: European Society for Population Economics (ESPE) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Maternal Employment; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The effects of single mothers' welfare participation and work decisions on children's outcomes are important. First, theories and empirical studies regarding the effects of mothers' work on children's attainments yield ambiguous findings. Second, participating in AFDC also exhibits a negative statistical relationship with the participating children's possible outcomes of all sorts in the data. We develop a dynamic structural model of a single mother's work and welfare participation decisions while their children are young. This model is used to measure the effects of mothers' decisions on children's attainments in the short run. Using NLSY79 children's PIAT Math test scores as a measure of attainment, we find that single mother's work and welfare use in the first five years of her child's life both have positive effect on her child's outcome, but this effect declines by the initial ability. The higher the potential ability of child, the lower the positive impact work and welfare have. In fact, in case of welfare the effect is negative if child has more than about median initial ability.. Furthermore, we find that work requirement reduces a single mother's use of welfare. However, the net effect of work requirement on a child's test score depends on whether mother's work brings in enough labor income to compensate for the loss of welfare benefits. We also look at the implications of welfare eligibility time limit, child bonus, and maternal leave, on child's outcome. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Ozturk, Orgul Demet and Hau Chyi. "Welfare and Work Participation of Single Mothers and Children's Cognitive Development." Presented: Chicago, IL, European Society for Population Economics, June 14-16, 2007. |
4873. |
Ozturk, Orgul Demet Chyi, Hau |
Welfare and Work Participation of Single Mothers and Children's Cognitive Development Presented: New Orleans, LA, Southern Economic Association, November 19-21, 2007. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Maternal Employment; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Welfare The effects of single mothers' welfare participation and work decisions on children's outcomes are important. First, theories and empirical studies regarding the effects of mothers' work on children's attainments yield ambiguous findings. Second, participating in AFDC also exhibits a negative statistical relationship with the participating children's possible outcomes of all sorts in the data. We develop a dynamic structural model of a single mother's work and welfare participation decisions while their children are young. This model is used to measure the effects of mothers' decisions on children's attainments in the short run. Using NLSY79 children's PIAT Math test scores as a measure of attainment, we find that single mother's work and welfare use in the first five years of her child's life both have positive effect on her child's outcome, but this effect declines by the initial ability. The higher the potential ability of child, the lower the positive impact work and welfare have. In fact, in case of welfare the effect is negative if child has more than about median initial ability.. Furthermore, we find that work requirement reduces a single mother's use of welfare. However, the net effect of work requirement on a child's test score depends on whether mother's work brings in enough labor income to compensate for the loss of welfare benefits. We also look at the implications of welfare eligibility time limit, child bonus, and maternal leave, on child's outcome. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ozturk, Orgul Demet and Hau Chyi. "Welfare and Work Participation of Single Mothers and Children's Cognitive Development." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Southern Economic Association, November 19-21, 2007. |
4874. |
Pabilonia, Sabrina Wulff Ward-Batts, Jennifer |
The Effect of Child Gender on Parents' Labor Supply: An Examination of Natives, Immigrants, and their Children Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008. Also: http://client.norc.org/jole/SOLEweb/806P.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC Keyword(s): Census of Population; Children; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Gender; Immigrants; Labor Supply; Marital Stability; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parents, Behavior Research has shown that child gender affects household behavior in both developing and developed countries. Child gender affects many aspects of parents' behavior, including labor supply, marital stability, and time spent with children. Research using PSID and NLS data has found conflicting results on the direction, but in both cases, that child gender affects parents' labor supply. We explore whether parents' apparent bias may be attributable to culture, which changes slowly but may have developed in response to economic incentives, such as a higher return on investment in sons, or old age support provided by a son. We use data from the CPS, PSID, and NLS to examine U.S. parents with a young child to determine whether having a son rather than a daughter has a significant effect on parents' labor supply and whether the culture of immigrants or racial/ethnic subgroups results in different effects of child gender across groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pabilonia, Sabrina Wulff and Jennifer Ward-Batts. "The Effect of Child Gender on Parents' Labor Supply: An Examination of Natives, Immigrants, and their Children." Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008. |
4875. |
Pace, Garrett T. Shafer, Kevin M. |
Divorce, Cohabitation and Remarriage: The Association of (Step)Children and Adult Depression Presented: San Diego CA, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Depression (see also CESD); Divorce; Remarriage; Stepfamilies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Method: Data were from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), a nationally representative sample of adults born between 1957 and 1965. Data were collected annually until 1994 and biannually since. Respondents (n = 1,561) had each divorced at T1 (age 27-37), and were continuously divorced (27%), cohabiting (12%), or remarried (61%) at T2 (age 40 or 50). Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale (CES-D) and dichotomized as “high depressive symptoms” and “low depressive symptoms.” Children were categorized as stepchild in household, biological child from previous relationship in household, or new child with partner. Data were analyzed using logistic regression with odds ratios. Results: Respondents tended to experience less depressive symptoms during their new relationship than previously during divorce. Also, compared to the continuously divorced, cohabiting and remarried respondents had approximately 38% lower odds of high depressive symptoms (p < .05). Those who had a new child with their new partner while a stepchild was already present in the home were 4.614 times more likely to have high depressive symptoms than those without children (p < .01). Respondents who had a new child in the first year of their new relationship had a very low likelihood of depressive symptoms; however, the odds increased by 10.4% for each year they waited to have a new child together. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pace, Garrett T. and Kevin M. Shafer. "Divorce, Cohabitation and Remarriage: The Association of (Step)Children and Adult Depression." Presented: San Diego CA, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2013. |
4876. |
Pace, Garrett T. Shafer, Kevin M. |
Parenting and Depression: Differences Across Parental Roles Journal of Family Issues 36,8 (June 2015): 1001-1021. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/36/8/1001.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Children; Depression (see also CESD); Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenthood; Parenting Skills/Styles; Stepfamilies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Few empirical studies have examined the association between parenthood and psychological well-being. Using NLSY79 data (n = 6,297), we examined how various parental roles, or specific parent–child relationship types, were associated with depressive symptoms in adults. We hypothesized that less traditional and more complex parental roles would be associated with higher depressive symptoms. Ordinary least squares regression results revealed that having a stepchild was associated with higher depressive symptoms, regardless of the stepchild’s residential status. Additionally, certain combinations of parental roles were a risk factor for depressive symptoms, including having a biological child residing in the home and another biological child residing outside the home simultaneously, a biological child and a stepchild residing together (with or without a new biological child), and having more than two combined parental roles in general. Findings suggested certain parental roles are indeed associated with higher depressive symptoms, while others may be null relationships. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pace, Garrett T. and Kevin M. Shafer. "Parenting and Depression: Differences Across Parental Roles." Journal of Family Issues 36,8 (June 2015): 1001-1021.
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4877. |
Pacheco, Julianna Kreitzer, Rebecca |
Adolescent Determinants of Abortion Attitudes: Evidence from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Public Opinion Quarterly 80,1 (Spring 2016): 66-89. Also: http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/80/1/66.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Abortion; Attitudes; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Parental Influences; Religious Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The stability of abortion opinions suggests that pre-adult factors influence these attitudes more than contemporaneous political events. Surprisingly, however, we know little about the origins of abortion opinions, no doubt because the majority of research focuses on cross-sectional analyses of patterns across cohorts. We use a developmental model that links familial and contextual factors during adolescence to abortion attitudes years later when respondents are between 21 and 38 years old. Findings show that religious adherence and maternal gender role values are significant predictors of adult abortion opinions, even after controlling for contemporaneous religious adherence and the respondents’ own views on gender roles. Adolescent religious adherence matters more than religious denomination for adult abortion attitudes. The results have important implications for future trends in abortion attitudes in light of declining religiosity among Americans. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pacheco, Julianna and Rebecca Kreitzer. "Adolescent Determinants of Abortion Attitudes: Evidence from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Public Opinion Quarterly 80,1 (Spring 2016): 66-89.
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4878. |
Pacholok, Shelley L. Heimdal, Kristen R. |
Explaining Differences in the Timing of First Births Among Young Adults: Contextual Effects Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Neighborhood Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the relationship between race, marital status and the timing of first births among young adults using NLSY data. Racial differences in marital status at first birth, and the timing of first births, are well established in the literature. The timing of first births is earlier for Blacks relative to Whites, and Blacks are more likely to experience a first birth outside of marriage. This paper focuses on potential explanations for these differences. Specifically, we examine family background variables and neighborhood characteristics. Respondent characteristics such as level of education and fertility expectations are also considered. Employing event history analysis we find that family background variables and neighborhood characteristics do have a significant effect on the risk (hazard) of experiencing a first birth. We conclude with a discussion of the results and highlight possible avenues for future work in this area. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pacholok, Shelley L. and Kristen R. Heimdal. "Explaining Differences in the Timing of First Births Among Young Adults: Contextual Effects." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2003. |
4879. |
Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo |
Adolescent Alcohol and Marijuana Consumption: Is there Really a Gateway Effect? NBER Working Paper No. 6348, National Bureau of Economic Research, January, 1997. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6348 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Drug Use; Heterogeneity; Modeling; Substance Use This research analyzes the contemporaneous and intertemporal relationship between the demands for alcohol and marijuana by youths and young adults. A general theory of multi-commodity habit formation is developed and tested using data from the 1983-1984 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. An Adjusted Tobit specification is employed for estimating the empirical model. Habit persistence is distinguished from unobserved heterogeneity through a reduced form instrumental variable technique. The results show that higher beer prices significantly reduce the demand for both alcohol and marijuana, indicating a contemporaneous complementarity between these two substances even after controlling for commodity-specific habit formation. Further, prior use of alcohol and cigarettes significantly increases the likelihood of currently using marijuana, providing evidence in support of the gateway hypothesis. Full-text available on-line:http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6348 |
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Bibliography Citation
Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo. "Adolescent Alcohol and Marijuana Consumption: Is there Really a Gateway Effect?" NBER Working Paper No. 6348, National Bureau of Economic Research, January, 1997. |
4880. |
Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo |
Does Increasing the Beer Tax Reduce Marijuana Consumption? Journal of Health Economics 17,5 (October 1998): 557-585. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629697000398 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Economics, Demographic; Modeling; Substance Use; Taxes Previous studies suggest that alcohol and marijuana are economic substitutes, so recent policies restricting the availability of alcohol have led to an increase in the amount of marijuana consumed. Using micro-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate individual demand equations for alcohol and marijuana, a study finds that alcohol and marijuana are economic complements, not substitutes. Further, the study finds that increases in the federal tax on beer will generate a larger reduction in the unconditional demand for marijuana than for alcohol in percentage terms. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo. "Does Increasing the Beer Tax Reduce Marijuana Consumption?" Journal of Health Economics 17,5 (October 1998): 557-585.
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4881. |
Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo |
Women and Substance Use: Are Women Less Susceptible to Addiction? American Economic Review 87,2 (May 1997): 454-459. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2950967 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Addiction; Gender Differences; Substance Use; Women's Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A study examines the intertemporal demands for alcohol and marijuana of men and women using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to see if women are less susceptible to addition than men after accounting for possible multi-commodity habit formation. Results from reduced-form demand equations reveal that, although both men and women exhibit signs of multi-commodity habit formation, the cross-drug effects significantly influence quantity consumed for women only. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo. "Women and Substance Use: Are Women Less Susceptible to Addiction?" American Economic Review 87,2 (May 1997): 454-459.
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4882. |
Padilla, Christina Hines, Caitlin Ryan, Rebecca M. |
Infant Temperament, Parenting and Behavior Problems: Variation by Parental Education and Income Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 70 (July-September 2020): 101179. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193397320301714 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Income; Parental Influences; Parents, Behavior; Siblings; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Temperament Although research has linked infants' negative temperamental characteristics with later behavior problems, it has not accounted for unobserved heterogeneity in this association, nor has it examined potential variation by socioeconomic status. Using data from the Child and Young Adult Supplement of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the present study compares behavioral outcomes at age 5 (mean age = 60.6 months) of siblings who differed with regard to infant temperament (N = 3480). Associations between temperament and parenting behavior, and the role parenting behavior plays in those associations, were also explored. Findings indicate that negative reactivity predicts greater internalizing behavior problems consistently across the socioeconomic distribution, whereas negative reactivity predicts externalizing behavior problems only among children from the lowest education group. Moreover, negative reactivity predicts less optimal parenting behavior, and consistently by education and income. No evidence emerged that parenting explains links between temperament and child behavior or variation in links by education or income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Padilla, Christina, Caitlin Hines and Rebecca M. Ryan. "Infant Temperament, Parenting and Behavior Problems: Variation by Parental Education and Income." Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 70 (July-September 2020): 101179.
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4883. |
Padilla, Yolanda Chavez |
Determinants of Hispanic Poverty in the Course of the Transition to Adulthood Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 19,4 (November 1997): 416-432. Also: http://hjb.sagepub.com/content/19/4/416.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Family Background and Culture; Hispanic Studies; Migration; Migration Patterns; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examines the conditions during the transition to adulthood that affect the probability of poverty among Hispanics. Data from the 1988 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show that factors associated with the socioeconomic resources of the family of origin & individual aptitude at the adolescent state, as well as educational & migration decisions made in the course of transition to adulthood, influence the risk of falling into poverty in young adulthood. On the other hand, although adolescent background is important, the unique placement of young adults in the current labor market also structures their poverty outcomes. 4 Tables, 30 References. Adapted from the source document. |
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Bibliography Citation
Padilla, Yolanda Chavez. "Determinants of Hispanic Poverty in the Course of the Transition to Adulthood." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 19,4 (November 1997): 416-432.
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4884. |
Padilla, Yolanda Chavez |
The Effect of Geographic Mobility on the Socioeconomic Achievement of Young Hispanic Men Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1993. Also: http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/dis/infoserv/catalog/detail/106287 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Demography; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Hispanics; Life Cycle Research; Mobility; Mobility, Social; Poverty; Welfare This study examines Hispanic geographic mobility in the context of the socioeconomic life cycle. It incorporates rich information on family background and examines its effects on geographic mobility and social mobility as well as on socioeconomic achievement. The objective of the analysis is to expand micro level research on the role of internal migration in improving the economic status of Hispanics. This is done by focusing on how family background conditions the propensity to migrate during young adulthood and in turn how migration decisions affect economic achievement net of the effects of social origins. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience-Youth Cohort. |
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Bibliography Citation
Padilla, Yolanda Chavez. The Effect of Geographic Mobility on the Socioeconomic Achievement of Young Hispanic Men. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1993.. |
4885. |
Padilla, Yolanda Chavez |
The Influence of Family Background on the Educational Attainment of Latinos New England Journal of Public Policy 11,2 (Spring-Summer 1996): 25-48 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: John W. McCormack Institute of Public Affairs Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Family Influences; Fathers, Influence; Hispanics; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examines the family background & late childhood factors influencing the educational attainment of 49 Latino males ages 14-17, drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience - Youth Cohort, 1978-1988. Findings show that family background & resources, ie, father's income & education, number of siblings, educational resources in the home, & national origin, have a strong effect on the total years of schooling completed. However, social psychological attributes, cognitive ability, parental socialization, & time of immigration & generational status have a significant effect on education independent of social origins. Second-generation Latino men achieve greater educational success than immigrants, but third-generation Latino men show a marked lack of progress. Controlling for social origins & generation, it is demonstrated that Puerto Ricans acquire, on average, 1 full year less schooling than men of Mexican origin. Overall, the full model explain s 44% of the variance in the level of educational attainment of young Latino men. 8 Tables. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Padilla, Yolanda Chavez. "The Influence of Family Background on the Educational Attainment of Latinos ." New England Journal of Public Policy 11,2 (Spring-Summer 1996): 25-48.
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4886. |
Padilla, Yolanda Chavez Boardman, Jason D. Hummer, Robert A. Espitia, Marilyn |
Is the Mexican American "Epidemiologic Paradox" Advantage at Birth Maintained through Early Childhood? Social Forces 80,3 (March 2002): 1101-1123. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3086467 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Development; Health Care; Hispanics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Immigrants; Mothers, Education; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine the influence of the relative good health at birth in the Mexican American population on their subsequent well-being. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Child Data (NLSY-CD), we conduct a comparative analysis of child development among Mexican American, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white children ages 3 and 4 (N = 3,710). We use the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) as our operationalization of child development. Descriptive results suggest that, unlike the relative similarity in the rates of low birth weight between the white and Mexican American populations, Mexican Americans have much lower developmental outcomes. Multivariate analysis shows that birth weight is not a powerful predictor of child development, nor does it explain pronounced racial and ethnic differences. Mother's education, poverty, and immigrant status of parents remain significantly more important in the developmental process of all children in our sample. |
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Bibliography Citation
Padilla, Yolanda Chavez, Jason D. Boardman, Robert A. Hummer and Marilyn Espitia. "Is the Mexican American "Epidemiologic Paradox" Advantage at Birth Maintained through Early Childhood?" Social Forces 80,3 (March 2002): 1101-1123.
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4887. |
Paek, Eunjeong |
Does Overwork Attenuate the Motherhood Earnings Penalty among Full-Time Workers? Work, Employment and Society published online (6 November 2021): DOI: 10.1177/09500170211041293. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09500170211041293 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Earnings; Motherhood; Racial Differences; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines whether working long hours alters the motherhood earnings penalty in the context of the United States. The author uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2014) to model the annual earnings penalty mothers incur per child in the United States. The results support that working long hours (50+ hours per week) reduces the negative effect of motherhood on earnings for white women. Once we control for human capital and labour supply, however, there is no difference in the effect of children on earnings between full-time workers and overworkers. For black full-time workers and overworkers, having an additional child has little effect on earnings. The findings suggest that although overwork appears to attenuate the earnings penalty for white mothers, white mothers who work long hours exhibit a smaller penalty because they already have high levels of human capital and supply a great amount of labour. |
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Bibliography Citation
Paek, Eunjeong. "Does Overwork Attenuate the Motherhood Earnings Penalty among Full-Time Workers?" Work, Employment and Society published online (6 November 2021): DOI: 10.1177/09500170211041293.
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4888. |
Paek, Eunjeong |
Long Work Hours and the Effect of Motherhood on Earnings Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Studies have found that working long hours can play an important role in gender inequality, but the impact of working long hours on the motherhood penalty remains largely unknown. This study examines whether working long hours alters the motherhood penalty. On the one hand, overwork could have a protective effect on mothers' earnings by signaling work commitment or increasing the autonomy to reduce unpaid work. On the other hand, overwork could exacerbate the motherhood penalty by intensifying work-family conflict or introducing normative discrimination. The author uses the data from the NLSY to model the earnings penalty. The results support that among white women, mothers who work long hours have a lower penalty than full-time workers. Once controlling for human capital and work effort, however, working long hours loses its protective effect. The findings suggest that overwork itself may not be protective, but mothers who work long hours may experience the smaller penalty because of positive selection. |
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Bibliography Citation
Paek, Eunjeong. "Long Work Hours and the Effect of Motherhood on Earnings." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
4889. |
Paez Huaroto, Noelia Ruth |
Two Essays in Labor and Public Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Texas A&M University, 2010. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Childbearing; Endogeneity; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation studies the effects of female labor market participation on fertility spacing in U.S., and the impact of special language programs on academic achievement of English language learners in Texas public schools. The first essay studies the relationship between labor market participation and childbirth spacing. I construct a simple dynamic discrete-choice model to theoretically develop several implications. My model's key prediction is that while continuously working women would like to smooth the stream of children (longer spacing), those who transitorily drop out of the labor force would want to do the opposite (shorter spacing). Empirically testing the predictions of the model requires a serious effort to deal with endogeneity of the labor market participation around the time of the births. I propose to use a set of simulated marginal tax schedules and unemployment rate as instruments for labor market participation. Using National Longitudinal Survey Youth (NLSY) data I find that the current participation effect is positive and motivates working women to delay the second birth three to five years, while the future participation effect is negative and encourages women who transitorily drop out of the labor force due to childbearing to have their second child one to two years earlier. These participation effects on spacing become stronger with fewer years of education, lower non labor income, lower complete fertility, and early motherhood. The second essay studies the impact of special language programs on academic achievement of English language learners in Texas public schools. A considerable proportion of Hispanic students are classified as English Language Learners (ELL) and might have difficulty performing ordinary classwork in English. There is evidence that students designated as ELL are considerably behind the rest of the student population with respect to meeting the proficiency requirements under No Child Left Behind . Using student-level TAKS testing data and campus-level data for years 2003-2009, I study the effects of Bilingual and ESL programs on academic achievement of Texas public school students. Program effects are identified by following achievement gains of several cohorts of students across grade, using individual and school fixed effects. Results show that academic performance of ELL students improves with bilingual program participation. Bilingual effects on achievements gains in the reading test are higher for English language learners (between 0.08 and 0.15 standards deviations); bilingual effect in reading is greater than in math; and bilingual effect in sixth grade exceeds the bilingual effect in fourth and fifth grades. There is also evidence that changing programs from bilingual to ESL or from bilingual to regular can result in lower achievements grades. |
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Bibliography Citation
Paez Huaroto, Noelia Ruth. Two Essays in Labor and Public Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Texas A&M University, 2010.. |
4890. |
Pagan, Jose A. Cardenas, Gilberto |
The Role of Occupational Attainment, Labor Market Structure, and Earnings Inequality on the Relative Earnings of Mexican Americans: 1986-1992 Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 19,3 (August 1997): 243-267. Also: http://hjb.sagepub.com/content/19/3/243 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Hispanic Studies; Immigrants; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Occupational Attainment; Wage Gap; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article analyzes how the 1990-1991 recession and recent changes in U.S. immigration laws may have affected the employment and earnings of Mexican Americans. Using data from the 1986 and 1992 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 2,091), the authors attempt to explain the decline in real earnings experienced by Mexican Americans during this period. The relative earnings of Mexican American males (females) fell from 92.41% (7767%) in 1986 to 82.54% (74.71%) in 1992. Although Mexican Americans seem to be relatively concentrated in low-paying occupations, recent changes in the U.S. wage structure may have worked to offset the observed decrease in relative earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pagan, Jose A. and Gilberto Cardenas. "The Role of Occupational Attainment, Labor Market Structure, and Earnings Inequality on the Relative Earnings of Mexican Americans: 1986-1992." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 19,3 (August 1997): 243-267.
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4891. |
Pagan, Jose A. Davila, Alberto |
Obesity, Occupational Attainment, and Earnings Social Science Quarterly 78,3 (September 1997): 756-770 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas Press Keyword(s): Benefits; Benefits, Fringe; Discrimination; Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Sex; Economics of Discrimination; Economics of Gender; Economics of Minorities; Obesity; Wage Differentials; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pagan, Jose A. and Alberto Davila. "Obesity, Occupational Attainment, and Earnings." Social Science Quarterly 78,3 (September 1997): 756-770.
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4892. |
Pagan, Jose A. Davila, Alberto |
On-the-Job Training, Immigration Reform, and the True Wages of Native Male Workers Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 35,1 (January 1996): 45-58. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1996.tb00394.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Job; Immigrants; Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA); Training, On-the-Job; Unemployment Rate, Regional; Unions; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An attempt to assess the 1986 Immigration Reform & Control Act's (IRCA) impact on the "true" earnings of native workers, ie, observed wages & compensation received in the form of on-the-job training (OJT). Data from the 1983-1992 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth suggest that IRCA reduced the true wages of male natives most likely to be mistaken as unauthorized. Mexican Americans suffered the largest decline in post-IRCA OJT. It is concluded that antidiscrimination policies following recent immigration reform have not fully protected some US natives against unintended IRCA-related employment discrimination ... Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Pagan, Jose A. and Alberto Davila. "On-the-Job Training, Immigration Reform, and the True Wages of Native Male Workers." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 35,1 (January 1996): 45-58.
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4893. |
Paikoff, Roberta L. |
Influence of Grandparent Care on the Verbal and Mathematical Performance of 6-7 Year-Olds Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Children, Academic Development; General Assessment; Grandparents; Household Composition; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the current study, early experiences with grandparent care and co-residence are examined in association with verbal and mathematical performance in a national sample of six- and seven-year-olds. Effects of child care experience (including primarily maternal, grandparent, sister or center care) during the first three years of life and of residing with a grandparent during the first year of life upon performance on the PPVT-R and PIAT math were examined separately by race for black and white children. A number of sociodemographic factors (including poverty status, mother marital status, employment, cognitive performance, and teenage versus non-teenage mother) were examined as control variables. For black children of both teenage and non-teenage mothers, living in a home above the poverty level for two or more of the first three years of life was associated with better performance on both the PPVT-R and the PIAT. For whites, the interaction of child care experience with having a teenage mother and with grandparent co-residence were both associated with performance on the PPVT-R. Results suggest that grandparent care may be beneficial for black children and for white children of teenage mothers. White children of non-teenage mothers, however, appear not to benefit from grandparent care. |
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Bibliography Citation
Paikoff, Roberta L. "Influence of Grandparent Care on the Verbal and Mathematical Performance of 6-7 Year-Olds." Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991. |
4894. |
Painter, Matthew A. II |
Get a Job and Keep It! High School Employment and Adult Wealth Accumulation Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 28,2 (June 2010): 233-249. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562410000132 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Assets; Employment, Part-Time; High School Employment; Home Ownership; Human Capital; Transition, Adulthood; Wealth; Work Experience Wealth inequality receives substantial scholarly attention, but mounting evidence suggests that childhood and adolescent traits and experiences contribute to financial disparities in the United States. This study examines the relationship between adolescent labor force participation and adult wealth accumulation. I argue that employed high school students gain practical life skills, abilities, and knowledge from work experience and business exposure that shape investment decisions and affect overall net worth. I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort, to empirically explore this idea. This study extends the wealth literature by identifying adolescent employment as an important mechanism that improves adult net worth and financial well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Painter, Matthew A. II. "Get a Job and Keep It! High School Employment and Adult Wealth Accumulation ." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 28,2 (June 2010): 233-249.
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4895. |
Painter, Matthew A. II |
High School Employment and Adult Wealth Accumulation M.A. Thesis, Ohio State University, 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Costs; Employment, In-School; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Wealth; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Wealth inequality receives substantial scholarly attention, but the processes underlying this financial disparity have only been recently explored. This study examines the relationship between early labor force participation and wealth accumulation. I argue that high school employment develops human capital, improves educational attainment, and ultimately increases adult wealth. Through work experience and business exposure, employed high school students develop practical life skills, knowledge, abilities, and resources that shape educational attainment, career outcomes, and adult financial decision making. These processes then shape investment decisions and overall net worth. I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to study these ideas empirically. This study extends the wealth literature by identifying an important adolescent process that has the potential to improve adult net worth and well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Painter, Matthew A. II. High School Employment and Adult Wealth Accumulation. M.A. Thesis, Ohio State University, 2005. |
4896. |
Painter, Matthew A. II Frech, Adrianne Williams, Kristi |
Nonmarital Fertility, Union History, and Women's Wealth Demography 52,1 (February 2015): 153-182. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-014-0367-9 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cohabitation; Fertility; First Birth; Marital Stability; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use more than 20 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to examine wealth trajectories among mothers following a nonmarital first birth. We compare wealth according to union type and union stability, and we distinguish partners by biological parentage of the firstborn child. Net of controls for education, race/ethnicity, and family background, single mothers who enter into stable marriages with either a biological father or stepfather experience significant wealth advantages over time (more than $2,500 per year) relative to those who marry and divorce, cohabit, or remain unpartnered. Sensitivity analyses adjusting for unequal selection into marriage support these findings and demonstrate that race (but not ethnicity) and age at first birth structure mothers' access to later marriage. We conclude that not all single mothers have equal access to marriage; however, marriage, union stability, and paternity have distinct roles for wealth accumulation following a nonmarital birth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Painter, Matthew A. II, Adrianne Frech and Kristi Williams. "Nonmarital Fertility, Union History, and Women's Wealth." Demography 52,1 (February 2015): 153-182.
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4897. |
Painter, Matthew A. II Shafer, Kevin M. |
Children, Family Size Change, and Household Wealth Trajectories Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=70861 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Family Size; Hispanics; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Racial Differences; Transition, Adulthood; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Wealth inequality continues to play an increasingly important role in the overall American stratification picture. Previous research tends to examine early childhood and adolescent processes that influence adult wealth accumulation to the exclusion of influential adult life course effects. One important aspect of adulthood is having children and the transition to parenthood, which can affect numerous outcomes, including wealth trajectories. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort (NLSY79), and latent-growth curve modeling techniques, we look at the direct effect of family size on wealth and at potential family-size threshold effects in wealth accumulation. Furthermore, we assess racial and ethnic differences between Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics in the effect of family size on wealth. Finally, we disaggregate net worth into its two component parts, financial and non-fungible wealth in order to evaluate the effect of family size and family change on each resource pool. |
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Bibliography Citation
Painter, Matthew A. II and Kevin M. Shafer. "Children, Family Size Change, and Household Wealth Trajectories." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
4898. |
Painter, Matthew A. II Shafer, Kevin M. |
Children, Race/Ethnicity, and Marital Wealth Accumulation in Black and Hispanic Households Journal of Comparative Family Studies 42,2 (March 2011): 145-169. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/41604430 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Dr. George Kurian Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Family Size; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Racial Differences; Transition, Adulthood; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As wealth inequality in the United States continues to grow, family characteristics have become increasingly important to researchers' understanding of changes in wealth inequality over time. One aspect of adulthood is having children and transitioning to parenthood, which can affect numerous outcomes, including wealth trajectories. Due to widely-recognized structural constraints, black and Hispanic households generally have fewer financial resources to draw upon when they begin to have children. Therefore, existing racial/ethnic wealth inequality may increase when minority families have children. We use growth curve modeling techniques to analyze a sample of continuously married couples from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort. Results suggest that children affect family financial resources in different ways and that this effect varies by race and ethnicity. These findings improve our understanding of how a similar family event-having children-within families contributes to divergent financial outcomes between families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Painter, Matthew A. II and Kevin M. Shafer. "Children, Race/Ethnicity, and Marital Wealth Accumulation in Black and Hispanic Households." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 42,2 (March 2011): 145-169.
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4899. |
Painter, Matthew A. Vespa, Jonathan Edward |
The Role of Cohabitation in Asset and Debt Accumulation During Marriage Journal of Family and Economic Issues 33,4 (December 2012): 491-506. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10834-012-9310-7?null Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Assets; Cohabitation; Debt/Borrowing; Marriage; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research has found that married individuals who cohabited only once before marriage with their future spouse (i.e., “spousal cohabiters”) have a distinctive financial advantage: they accumulate more wealth over time than individuals who married without ever cohabiting (i.e., “directly married”). Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and growth curve models, the present study attempts to identify the source of spousal cohabiters’ wealth advantage. We find that marriage is associated with gains for financial and nonfinancial wealth, increasing home equity, and decreasing debt over time. Spousal cohabiters begin marriage with more debt than the directly married. Conditional on education, income, and other key factors, spousal cohabiters pay down their debt faster and generate greater home equity over time thereby accumulating more wealth than the directly married. This pattern of financial behavior among spousal cohabiters explains some, but not all, of their financial advantage over married persons who never cohabited prior to marrying. Given the increasing prevalence of cohabitation among young adults, these results offer important insights into the long-term economic outcomes associated with premarital cohabitation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Painter, Matthew A. and Jonathan Edward Vespa. "The Role of Cohabitation in Asset and Debt Accumulation During Marriage." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 33,4 (December 2012): 491-506.
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4900. |
Pais, Jeremy |
Competing Sources of Earnings Inequality: A Comparison of Variance Components Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 28,3 (September 2010): 359-373. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562410000430 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Earnings; Stratification; Wage Differentials Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study partitions competing sources of earnings variation into four components: a component for individual-level factors, a component for transitory factors, a component for occupational factors, and a component for geographic factors. From these variance components intraclass correlation coefficients are calculated and compared within and across seven ascriptive statuses: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Latino, women, men, foreign-born and U.S. born statuses. Among those of age 25 to middle adulthood, the results indicate that the transitory component is the largest source of variation in earnings, followed by individual-level factors. Occupational factors and geographic factors combined account for nearly the amount of earnings variation as individual-level factors. The omission of these socio-structural factors inflates the size of the individual-level variance component by over 35 percent. Counter to expectations, the variance profiles are remarkably similar across ascriptive statuses. Indeed, the variance profiles for whites and blacks are nearly identical. Modest differences in intraclass correlation coefficients are found between men and women. Relative to men, less of the variation in earnings for women is attributed to individual-level factors, and slightly more of the variation in earnings for women is attributed to occupational factors and transitory factors. This research draws attention to universal theories of earnings inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pais, Jeremy. "Competing Sources of Earnings Inequality: A Comparison of Variance Components." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 28,3 (September 2010): 359-373.
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4901. |
Pais, Jeremy |
Cumulative Structural Disadvantage and Racial Health Disparities: The Pathways of Childhood Socioeconomic Influence Demography 51,5 (October 2014): 1729-1753. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-014-0330-9 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Background; Workers Ability Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Cumulative structural disadvantage theory posits two major sources of endogenous selection in shaping racial health disparities: a race-based version of the theory anticipates a racially distinct selection process, whereas a social class-based version anticipates a racially similar process. To operationalize cumulative structural disadvantage, this study uses data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in a Latent Class Analysis that demographically profiles health impairment trajectories. This analysis is used to examine the nature of selection as it relates to racial differences in the development of health impairments that are significant enough to hinder one's ability to work. The results provide no direct support for the race-based version of cumulative structural disadvantage theory. Instead, two key findings support the social class-based version of cumulative disadvantage theory. First, the functional form of the different health trajectories are invariant for whites and blacks, suggesting more racial similarly in the developmental process than anticipated by the race-based version of the theory. The extent of the racial disparity in the prevalences across the health impairment trajectories is, however, significant and noteworthy: nearly one-third of blacks (28 %) in the United States experience some form of impairment during their prime working years compared with 18.8 % of whites. Second, racial differences in childhood background mediate this racial health disparity through the indirect pathway of occupational attainment and through the direct pathway of early-life exposure to health-adverse environments. Thus, the selection of individuals into different health trajectories, based largely on childhood socioeconomic background, helps explain racial disparities in the development of health impairments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pais, Jeremy. "Cumulative Structural Disadvantage and Racial Health Disparities: The Pathways of Childhood Socioeconomic Influence." Demography 51,5 (October 2014): 1729-1753.
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4902. |
Pais, Jeremy |
Disparate Trajectories of the Effects of Health on Work Participation: A Latent Class Growth Approach Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Disability; Disabled Workers; Health Factors; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research on racial and ethnic disparities in the area of health and work are limited by the simple way functional health trajectories are conceptualized. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this project will use a novel latent class growth analysis to capture the multifaceted connections between health and work participation that transpire over the life course. By capturing the different types of functional health trajectories, this project will improve our assessment of the extent, magnitude, and cause of the racial and ethnic disparities in health and in work participation. This study will also advance core theoretical arguments concerning how social factors at the individual and community level affect racial and ethnic health/work disparities. As a result, we will gain new knowledge about how and why health limitations unequally affect the ability of minorities and whites to participate in work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pais, Jeremy. "Disparate Trajectories of the Effects of Health on Work Participation: A Latent Class Growth Approach." Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012. |
4903. |
Pais, Jeremy |
Individual and US County Determinants of Repeat Migration: a Comparison of Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics Population, Space and Place 20,6 (August 2014): 512-527. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/psp.1784/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Census of Population; Ethnic Differences; Migration; Migration Patterns; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Contemporary internal migration trends in the US raise questions about the role of community characteristics in shaping individual-level migration propensities among different racial and ethnic groups. To examine this issue more closely, this research incorporates key county-level characteristics into a study of repeat migration. With data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth merged with US census data, this study found that heavily populated counties and counties with large concentrations of employment in manufacturing industries reduce the odds of primary outmigration, onward migration to other locations, and return migration to a previous county of residence. Counties with a high degree of natural amenity retain longstanding white residents. Net of individual unemployment, the county-level unemployment rate hinders primary and onward migration among whites. In support of the cultural constraints hypothesis – a hypothesis that anticipates divergent community-level effects for minority and majority group members – whites are more likely to engage in repeat migration from counties with smaller shares of non-Hispanic white population whereas blacks are more likely to engage in repeat migration from areas with larger shares of non-Hispanic white population. Whites and blacks are more likely to move out of counties with larger shares of foreign-born population. The share of neither non-Hispanic white population nor foreign-born population affects Hispanic repeat migration propensities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pais, Jeremy. "Individual and US County Determinants of Repeat Migration: a Comparison of Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics." Population, Space and Place 20,6 (August 2014): 512-527.
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4904. |
Pais, Jeremy |
Multiethnic Labor Markets and Socioeconomic Mobility: A Career Trajectory Perspective Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, State University of New York at Albany, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Ethnic Differences; Geocoded Data; Labor Market Demographics; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Social; Modeling, Multilevel; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Social Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the United States, high rates of immigration have once again raised important questions concerning the effect of ethnic diversity on patterns of socioeconomic mobility and levels of inequality between racial and ethnic groups. However, despite the potential effect of immigration and ethnic diversity on racial and ethnic stratification within multiethnic societies, research has yet to provide an examination of the impact of these factors on patterns of social mobility over the life course. While prior research focuses extensively on metropolitan area characteristics related to contemporaneous race and ethnic labor market disparities, the primary contribution of this research is to examine the multiethnic aspects of communities that affect the career trajectories of American workers. Applying cross-classified multilevel growth curve models to data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and U.S. Census Bureau, this research provides a comprehensive assessment of the social forces causing differential patterns of intragenerational socioeconomic mobility among race, ethnic, and gender groups in the contemporary era of mass immigration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pais, Jeremy. Multiethnic Labor Markets and Socioeconomic Mobility: A Career Trajectory Perspective. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, State University of New York at Albany, 2011. |
4905. |
Pais, Jeremy |
Socioeconomic Background and Racial Earnings Inequality: A Propensity Score Analysis Social Science Research 40,1 (January 2011): 37-49. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X10001328 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): College Graduates; Economics of Minorities; Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Socioeconomic Background; Underclass; Wage Gap Does a racial earnings gap exist among individuals who come from similar childhood socioeconomic backgrounds? Is the racial earnings gap larger or smaller for those from higher or lower socioeconomic origins? This research addresses these questions by taking a counterfactual approach to estimating the residual racial pay gap between non-Hispanic black and white men from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The findings indicate that the racial earnings gap is larger among those from lower-middle class and working class childhood backgrounds than among those from upper-middle class backgrounds, for whom the racial pay gap is indistinguishable from zero. Compared to their more advantaged counterparts, black men from lower-middle and working class backgrounds have more difficulty rising above their socioeconomic origins relative to white men from similar social class backgrounds. Racial earnings equality among those from upper-middle class backgrounds suggests that the high levels of racial inequality often observed among those with college and professional degrees may in fact reflect heterogeneous childhood socioeconomic backgrounds among the college educated--backgrounds that continue to have an effect on earnings despite individual academic achievements. [Copyright ©raci Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Pais, Jeremy. "Socioeconomic Background and Racial Earnings Inequality: A Propensity Score Analysis." Social Science Research 40,1 (January 2011): 37-49.
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4906. |
Pais, Jeremy |
The Effects of U.S. Immigration on the Career Trajectories of Native Workers, 1979–2004 American Journal of Sociology 119,1 (July 2013): 35-74. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/10.1086/671326 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Census of Population; Earnings; Immigrants; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis While earlier work primarily examines the point-in-time effects of immigration on the earnings of native workers, this article focuses more broadly on the effects of immigration on native workers’ career trajectories. Cross-classified multilevel growth-curve models are applied to 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and U.S. Census Bureau data to demonstrate how people adjust to changing local labor market conditions throughout their careers. The key findings indicate that substitution and complementary effects depend on the stage of the worker’s career. At entry into the labor market, high levels of immigration have a positive effect on the career paths of young native-born adults. However, negative contemporaneous effects to natives’ earnings tend to offset positive point-of-entry effects, a finding that suggests job competition among natives is greater in areas of high immigrant population concentration. These results raise questions about whether foreign-born workers need to be in direct competition with natives for there to be substitution effects. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pais, Jeremy. "The Effects of U.S. Immigration on the Career Trajectories of Native Workers, 1979–2004." American Journal of Sociology 119,1 (July 2013): 35-74.
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4907. |
Pallas, Aaron M. |
Federal Data on Educational Attainment and the Transition to Work In: Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics and Board on Children and Families, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995: pp. 122-155. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309052491/html/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Children, Well-Being; Educational Attainment; Overview, Child Assessment Data In this paper, I examine federal data on an important dimension of children's well-being: children's progress through school and into the labor force. A key challenge faced by all societies is the task of providing children with the personal qualities that enable them to become productive adult members of society...I argue that the analysis of the ways in which American youth negotiate the transition to adulthood reflects an important tension between individual trajectories and the role of social institutions. Institutionally based data are often not reflective of the set of pathways that individuals travel as they become adults. Conversely, studies of individuals independent of the organizational and institutional contexts in which they are situated may not reveal the important role that schools and employers play in structuring educational attainment and the transition into the labor force. I suggest, therefore, a need for a set of data collection mechanisms that balance data on individuals and on institutions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pallas, Aaron M. "Federal Data on Educational Attainment and the Transition to Work" In: Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics and Board on Children and Families, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995: pp. 122-155.
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4908. |
Palmer, Kyle W. |
Participation in Secondary Vocational Education and its Relationship to Training-Related Placement and Unemployment Rates Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Missouri - Columbia, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education, Secondary; Educational Returns; Employment; Transition, School to Work; Vocational Education This study examined data from the NLSY and the Bureau of Labor Statistics' State unemployment rates for the years 1979 through 1986. These data were used to establish the following variables: level of participation in secondary vocational education, degree of training-related placement and unemployment rates. A General Linear Model ANOVA followed by Least Squares Means post-hoc analyses were used to test the relationship between a student's level of participation in secondary vocational education and the degree of training-related placement. Analysis of covariance was used to re-test this relationship while controlling for unemployment rates. Findings showed that about 23.5% of the graduates, who were available for work prior to pursuing further training, held jobs related to their training but only 2.5% of these graduates were considered to be in jobs directly related to their training. In contrast, of the graduates available for work prior to pursuing further training, 93% were working. Overall, this study found significant (at the 0.05 level) systematic relationships between the graduates' level of participation in secondary vocational education and their degree of training-related placement. In general, graduates who had a higher level of participation tended to have a higher degree of training-related placement. Finally, this study also found significant systematic relationships between level of participation and degree of training-related placement after controlling for unemployment rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Palmer, Kyle W. Participation in Secondary Vocational Education and its Relationship to Training-Related Placement and Unemployment Rates. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Missouri - Columbia, 1989. |
4909. |
Palmieri, James Lee |
Extended Family Living Arrangements and Their Effects on Young Women Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Breastfeeding; Child Care; Child Health; Cognitive Development; Endogeneity; Family Structure; Family, Extended; Health Care; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Modeling; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre/post Natal Health Care; Teenagers; Welfare Current welfare reform proposals frequently require single teenage mothers to live with family members in order to receive benefits. Nevertheless, the economic effects family members have on teenage mothers are not well known. The first essay assesses the effects of postnatal living arrangements of teenage mothers on their future wages, annual hours of work and welfare recipiency. I use a polytomous choice selection rule to control for the possible endogeneity of the postnatal living arrangement. While living with family members has little effect on future wages or hours of work, family members reduce the frequency of welfare recipiency. To what extent do family members affect child development? The second essay of my dissertation examines the effects that postnatal living arrangements have on the children of teenage mothers. Specifically, I examine the influences of postnatal living arrangements on cognitive development and preventive infant care. Overall, living with family members has small, negative effects on cognitive development. Moreover, sharing a home with family members negatively influences the probability that a child will receive basic preventive health care. I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for my dissertation, with supplemental housing cost data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. |
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Bibliography Citation
Palmieri, James Lee. Extended Family Living Arrangements and Their Effects on Young Women. Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 1995. |
4910. |
Pan, Chen |
The Role of Education/Economic Prospects in Timing of First Marriage and First Birth in the U.S. and South Korea Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Clark University, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Marriage; Cross-national Analysis; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Korea, Korean; Labor Force Participation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this dissertation, I examine and compare the effects of three key economic prospects – education attainment, employment status and real earnings – on the timing of first marriage and first child in the U.S. and South Korea, respectively. Both age at first marriage and age at first birth rose rapidly after the 1960s in the United States. In South Korea, these ages were even higher. The marriage rates drop sharply, while total fertility rates fall below replacement fertility levels in both countries. The increasing delay of first marriage and first child has been accompanied by growth in the educational attainment and real earnings, as well as growth in the labor force participation rates of women. To my knowledge, this is the first to offer such a comparison between the U.S. and South Korea, linking the relationship between labor market position and both marriage and fertility behaviors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pan, Chen. The Role of Education/Economic Prospects in Timing of First Marriage and First Birth in the U.S. and South Korea. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Clark University, 2015. |
4911. |
Pan, Siyu |
Essays on Housing and Locational Choices Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Georgia State University, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Georgia State University Keyword(s): Asthma; Environment, Pollution/Urban Density; Geocoded Data; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Migration; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 1 provides an important implication for epidemiology, as it implies a naive estimation of the adverse effect of air pollution on health will be biased, as people sort based on air quality differences. This paper provides direct evidence that air-pollution-related health shocks change how a household evaluates clean air and, as a result, incentivize relocation towards better air quality. I employ a spatial equilibrium model, in which a household chooses a county to live in based on the county-level characteristics including air pollution. Using NLSY79 data, I create a panel tracking respondents' respiratory health shocks and county-level location for over three decades. The estimates from a multinomial mixed logit model support the hypothesis that households move toward cleaner air after a female adult is diagnosed with asthma or becomes pregnant. I find that households react more strongly to a new asthma diagnosis for an adult than to a child's diagnosis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pan, Siyu. Essays on Housing and Locational Choices. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Georgia State University, 2020. |
4912. |
Pan, Siyu |
Health, Air Pollution, and Location Choice Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 119 (May 2023): 102794. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0095069623000128 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Asthma; Environment, Pollution/Urban Density; Geocoded Data; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Migration This paper provides evidence that air-pollution-related health conditions change how households evaluate clean air and, as a result, incentivize them to relocate to locations with better air quality. The evidence implies that naive estimations of the adverse effect of air pollution on health are biased, as people sort on air quality differently depending on their health. I employ a spatial-equilibrium model in which households choose a county to live in based on county-level characteristics including air pollution. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, I create a panel tracking respondents' respiratory health shocks and county-level location for over three decades. The estimates from a multinomial mixed logit model support the hypothesis that households move to cleaner-air locations after an adult is diagnosed with asthma. I find that households react more strongly to an asthma diagnosis for an adult than to a child's diagnosis. The estimated median increase in marginal willingness to pay for a one-unit reduction in Air Quality Index after a diagnosis of adult-onset asthma is $157-$830 (in constant 1982-84 dollars). |
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Bibliography Citation
Pan, Siyu. "Health, Air Pollution, and Location Choice." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 119 (May 2023): 102794.
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4913. |
Pandey, Shanta Zhan, Min Kim, Youngmi |
Bachelor's Degree for Women with Children: A Promising Pathway to Poverty Reduction Equal Opportunities International 25,7 (2006): 488-505. Also: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/0261-0159.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Educational Attainment; Mothers, Education; Poverty; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose – In spite of the War on Poverty programs of the 1960s and the economic boom of the 1990s, poverty remains consistently high among families with children in the USA. The main source of income for these families is employment, which is largely a function of educational attainment. The purpose of this paper is to turn to aggregate and individual level data and demonstrate the power of college education in economic well-being of women with children. Design/methodology/approach – A nationally representative sample of single and married mothers was retrieved and the role of education in economic well-being of these women was examined using descriptive, bi-variate, and multiple ordinal logistic regression. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pandey, Shanta, Min Zhan and Youngmi Kim. "Bachelor's Degree for Women with Children: A Promising Pathway to Poverty Reduction ." Equal Opportunities International 25,7 (2006): 488-505.
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4914. |
Panis, Constantijn W. A. Lillard, Lee A. Upchurch, Dawn M. |
Implications of Family Formation for Educational Attainment Among Young Women Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Education Indicators; Educational Attainment; Event History; Fertility; Marriage; Methods/Methodology; Modeling; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; School Completion; Schooling; Women's Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper analyzes educational choices made by young women in the United States. The focus is on the consequences of family formation outcomes (fertility and marriage) for schooling decisions. In order to address the issue of selectivity among women who bear children and/or get married while in school, we develop a model in which schooling, fertility, and marriage decisions are considered jointly. The empirical model of schooling explicitly recognizes that decisions to proceed in school are taken sequentially, over time. We use the precise timing of events in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to determine the effects on schooling continuation decisions. The relative timing of pregnancies, marriage dates, and graduation dates are used to gain insight into the directions of causality and the magnitude of the effects. |
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Bibliography Citation
Panis, Constantijn W. A., Lee A. Lillard and Dawn M. Upchurch. "Implications of Family Formation for Educational Attainment Among Young Women." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995. |
4915. |
Papps, Kerry Liam |
Effects of Divorce Risk on the Labour Supply of Married Couples Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=70935 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Divorce; Life Cycle Research; Marital Status; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper presents a model of lifetime utility maximization in which expectations of future marital transitions play a role in the determination of work hours. Married people with spouses who earn more are predicted to devote additional time to the labour market when they are confronted with a high likelihood of divorce and vice versa. Similarly, work hours should be positively associated with marriage probability for single people who expect to marry a higher earning spouse. These predictions are tested using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Marriage and divorce probabilities are calculated from proportional hazard models and are included in regressions of annual hours. Married women are found to work more when they face a high divorce probability. This relationship holds both over an individual's life-cycle and across people with different inherent risks of divorce and is robust to the use of alternative marital transition measures. |
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Bibliography Citation
Papps, Kerry Liam. "Effects of Divorce Risk on the Labour Supply of Married Couples." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
4916. |
Papps, Kerry Liam |
Female Labour Supply and Spousal Education IZA Discussion Paper No. 5348. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), November 2010. Also: http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=5348 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Husbands; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Three hypotheses are given to explain why a married woman's work hours might be related to her husband's education, even controlling for his wage rate. Data for a single cohort of women from the NLSY 1979 suggest that women's work hours are positively related to spousal education at the time of marriage but also fall more rapidly over time after marriage among those with the most educated husbands. Cross-sectional data from the CPS for 1980-2010 indicate that the latter effect appears to have increased since 2000. Both men's and women's preferences for a traditional division of labour within the household are found to be negatively related to the husband’s education among newlyweds but to rise faster over the course of a marriage when the husband is highly educated. Overall, the results provide evidence consistent with both marital sorting on the basis of attitudes to female work and changes in tastes that are influenced by marital quality. Little support is found for the argument that spousal education measures non-market productivity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Papps, Kerry Liam. "Female Labour Supply and Spousal Education." IZA Discussion Paper No. 5348. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), November 2010. |
4917. |
Papps, Kerry Liam |
Productivity Spillovers Within Families and Firms Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2008. DAI-A 69/02, Aug 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Census of Population; Divorce; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Labor Supply; Life Course; Marriage; Wage Determination Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Economists have traditionally assumed that people's productivity in the labor market is determined solely by the choices they make over the course of their lifetime and have paid relatively little attention to the possibility that productivity might be influenced by the attributes and decisions of the people they live and work with. This dissertation reports evidence that such productivity spillovers exist, both within households and within firms. The first chapter examines whether a person's work hours are influenced by his/her likelihood of changing marital state. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 are used and three different methods for measuring the probability of marriage and divorce are employed. Consistent with theoretical predictions, married women are found to work more when they face a high probability of divorce. This relationship holds both over an individual's life-cycle and across people with different inherent risks of divorce. The second chapter explores whether team-mate performance influences individual performance and salaries in Major League Baseball. Team-mates may inflate a player's output in a single year or they may have a lasting influence on his performance. Evidence of these effects, which are termed spillovers and learning, respectively, are found among both pitchers and non-pitchers. Pitchers are more likely to post low earned run averages if other pitchers on their team achieve low earned run averages in the same season or the previous season. Batters tend to have high batting averages if their team-mates had high batting averages in the previous season. Team performance measures are found to have some direct influence on salary, however they operate largely indirectly, by augmenting individual performance. Finally, the third chapter examines the effects coworker ability has on wages in the wider labor market, using matched employer-employee data that have been constructed by the United States Census Bureau. The average levels of education and tenure among a person's co-workers are found to have a positive effect on wages, indicating the presence of human capital spillovers. Coworker tenure has a bigger impact on new entrants to a firm. Co-worker education has a larger effect on highly-educated women but not men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Papps, Kerry Liam. Productivity Spillovers Within Families and Firms. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2008. DAI-A 69/02, Aug 2008. |
4918. |
Paquette, Danielle |
No, Millennials Aren’t Killing Stable Employment Washington Post, August 28, 2017, Wonkblog. Also: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/08/28/no-millennials-arent-killing-stable-employment/?utm_term=.5840bae8e5d2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Job Tenure; Job Turnover Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A new report from the Bureau of Labor Statistics suggests the older generation wasn't that much more rooted than the younger one. People born between 1957 and 1964, the later end of the baby boom, held an average of 11.9 jobs from age 18 to age 50, according to the Economic News Release from BLS, released August 24, 2017. |
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Bibliography Citation
Paquette, Danielle. "No, Millennials Aren’t Killing Stable Employment." Washington Post, August 28, 2017, Wonkblog. |
4919. |
Parcel, Toby L. Campbell, Lori A. |
Can the Welfare State Replace Parents? Children's Cognition in the United States and Great Britain Social Science Research (1 November 2016): DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.10.009. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X16302617 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Britain, British; Child Health; Cognitive Ability; Cross-national Analysis; Family Structure; Maternal Employment; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) In recent years we have learned a great deal about how families influence child outcomes in the United States (U.S.). We know that family social capital is important in promoting both child cognition and social adjustment (Dufur et al., 2013 and Dufur et al., 2008); that fathers play a vital role in promoting child well-being (Coltrane, 1996 and Marsiglio and Roy, 2012); and that marital disruption can be detrimental to child and adolescent development (Amato, 2010 and Kim, 2011). We know much less, however, about whether these same findings hold in countries outside the U.S., and whether similar processes are at work cross-culturally. We address this deficit by studying the determinants of children's cognition in both the U.S. and Great Britain (G.B.). Classic sociological findings suggest that child cognition is important because it predicts school success, an important precursor of placement in western stratification systems (Crouse et al., 1979). Lower levels of cognition, even among younger children, are associated with subsequent reduced high school graduation rates, lower probabilities of college enrollment and lower levels of academic achievement (Jencks, 1979 and Sewell and Hauser, 1975). Thus, children's cognition has implications for long-term socioeconomic success. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Lori A. Campbell. "Can the Welfare State Replace Parents? Children's Cognition in the United States and Great Britain." Social Science Research (1 November 2016): DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.10.009.
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4920. |
Parcel, Toby L. Dufur, Mikaela J. |
Capital at Home and at School: Effects on Child Social Adjustment Presented: Chicago, IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Child School Survey 1994-1995; Children, Adjustment Problems; Home Environment; Human Capital; Schooling; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Argues for the usefulness of analyzing school & family social capital, human capital, & physical capital as parallel concepts & investigates the effects of family & school social capital on child behavioral problems, controlling for human & physical capital in both contexts. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth merged Mother-Child Data for 1992 & 1994, to which indicators of the children's schools for 1993-1995 have recently been added, are used to study 1,833 children in grades 1-8 for 1992 & 1994. Findings demonstrate that school social capital effects on child behavior are modest in size, while family social capital, school human capital, & family physical capital effects are stronger. Tests of interactive effects suggest that certain types of capital can help to compensate for negative circumstances in children's home or school lives or can work together to boost the positive effects of each type of capital. Implications for which forms of capital investment are most likely to promote child adjustment are discussed. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Mikaela J. Dufur. "Capital at Home and at School: Effects on Child Social Adjustment." Presented: Chicago, IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1999. |
4921. |
Parcel, Toby L. Dufur, Mikaela J. |
Capital at Home and at School: Effects on Student Achievement Social Forces 79,3 (March 2001): 881-911. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2675612 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Child School Survey 1994-1995; Children, Academic Development; Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Educational Attainment; Family Characteristics; Family Income; Family Influences; Schooling; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We investigate the effects of both family and school capital on student math and reading achievement. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) merged Child-Mother Data for 1992 and 1994, to which indicators of capital in the children's schools for 1993-94 and 1994-95 have recently been added. We study children who attended first through eighth grades in both 1992 and 1994, with samples of 2034 for math achievement and 2203 for reading recognition. Findings suggest that school capital effects are modest in size while family capital effects are stronger; combinations of school and family capital boost or modify additive findings. We sketch directions for future research and discuss the usefulness of analyzing school and family capital as parallel concepts. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Mikaela J. Dufur. "Capital at Home and at School: Effects on Student Achievement." Social Forces 79,3 (March 2001): 881-911.
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4922. |
Parcel, Toby L. Geschwender, Laura Ellen |
Explaining Regional Variation in Verbal Facility Among Young Children Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): General Assessment; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Race; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Regions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Earlier version presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Cincinnati OH, August 1991. Data from the 1986 survey of NLSY mothers' children suggest that southern children aged 3-6 score close to 9 points lower than children in the North Central states on PPVT-R, a standardized test of receptive vocabulary, while children in the Northeast and West score close to children in the North Central states. We argue that regional variation in demographic composition. and in patterns of familial interaction as influenced by regional variations in subculture account for the findings. Descriptive analyses reveal regional differences in maternal characteristics and attitudes, family composition, parental working conditions. and children's home environments, most suggesting Southern disadvantage. Multivariate analyses suggest that regional variation in maternal race and ethnicity; maternal mental ability; maternal background, socialization, and church attendance; maternal working conditions; children's home environments; and child gender account for the differences. We comment on the importance of familial social capital in contributing to regional inequality in cognitive outcomes. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Laura Ellen Geschwender. "Explaining Regional Variation in Verbal Facility Among Young Children." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 1991. |
4923. |
Parcel, Toby L. Geschwender, Laura Ellen |
Explaining Southern Disadvantage in Verbal Facility Among Young Children Social Forces 73,3 (March 1995): 841-872. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2580549 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Health; Children, Home Environment; Family Characteristics; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Mothers, Race; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Regions; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data on children from the 1986 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) suggest that children aged 3 to 6 from the Deep South score lower than children in the north central states on PPVT-R, a standardized test of receptive vocabulary, while children in the Northeast and West and Border South score close to children in the north central states. We argue that regional variation in demographic composition/social class, and in patterns of family social capital as influenced by regional variations in subculture account for the findings. Descriptive analyses reveal regional differences in maternal characteristics and attitudes, family composition, parental working conditions, and children's home environments, most suggesting southern disadvantage. Multivariate analyses suggest that regional variation in maternal race and ethnicity account for the observed differences among girls. Among boys, these factors--in addition to maternal background, socialization, and very frequent church attendance; maternal working conditions; and children's home environments--contribute to explaining the differences. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Laura Ellen Geschwender. "Explaining Southern Disadvantage in Verbal Facility Among Young Children." Social Forces 73,3 (March 1995): 841-872.
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4924. |
Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Child Home Environment as a Mediating Construct Between SES and Child Outcomes Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 1989. Also: http://www.nlsinfo.org/usersvc/Child-Young-Adult/ParcelMenaghanHOME1989.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Children, Home Environment; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As part of a larger project predicting child outcomes as a function of mothers' working conditions and child care arrangements, the authors develop measures of children's home environments and investigate their relations with other key variables. Children's home environment is viewed as a critical intervening variable between maternal working conditions and household economic status, on the one hand, and children's social and cognitive child outcomes. Using the NLSY begun in 1979, and its 1986 survey of female respondents' children, measures are developed from subsets of items from Bradley and Caldwell's HOME measures. The authors derive a set of scales that reflect the three major concepts underlying the original measures -- cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and physical environment. Factor-based scales are constructed for two age groups, three to five years (N = 1,391), and 6 years and older (N = 1,218); the three components are also combined to yield an overall measure of the quality of the child's home environment. As expected, higher parental education, better occupational conditions, and more adequate economic resources are associated with better home environments. In turn, better child environments are related to stronger cognitive performance and fewer behavior problems. As with the complete HOME scales, relationships with SES indicators are statistically significant but only moderate in size. The derived measures of home environment provide information that is not captured by structural indicators; the authors view them as important tools for multivariate investigation of the ways in which place in the social structure comes to exert its influence on the development of subsequent generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Child Home Environment as a Mediating Construct Between SES and Child Outcomes." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 1989. |
4925. |
Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Early Parental Work, Family Social Capital, and Early Childhood Outcomes American Journal of Sociology 99, 4 (January 1994): 972-1009. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2781737 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Care; Child Development; Child Health; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Fathers, Absence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Self-Esteem; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Wages Uses data from the 1986 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to evaluate the impact of parental working conditions on both a cognitive & a social child outcome among a national sample of employed mothers with children ages 3-6. Results indicate that current maternal working conditions affect children's verbal facility, but paternal work hours in the early years have significant effects on children's behavior problems. Mothers' current occupational complexity interacts with her resources & employment characteristics to influence both cognitive & social outcomes. It is concluded that adequate parental resources contribute to the forms of family social capital useful in facilitating positive child outcomes, but that findings of negative effects of maternal work in the child's first year have been overgeneralized. 5 Tables, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix, 70 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Early Parental Work, Family Social Capital, and Early Childhood Outcomes." American Journal of Sociology 99, 4 (January 1994): 972-1009.
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4926. |
Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Effects of Low-Wage Employment on Family Well-Being The Future of Children Welfare to Work 7,1 (Spring 1997). Also: http://www.futureofchildren.org/pubs-info2825/pubs-info_show.htm?doc_id=72223 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Princeton - Brookings Keyword(s): Child Development; Children, Well-Being; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Wage Levels; Wages, Women; Welfare; Well-Being; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Assumptions about the processes that link a mother's employment to the development of her child must underlie expectations about how children may fare when their mothers move from welfare dependence into employment. This article explores the idea, mentioned in the research overview by Zaslow and Emig in this journal issue, that the working conditions such as ages, work hours, and task complexity that mothers experience on the job can influence their behavior as parents and shape the home environments they provide for their children. This article discusses the significance of home environments for children's intellectual and emotional development and considers how home surroundings change when mothers begin jobs that are more rewarding or less rewarding. The authors conclude that, while maternal employment is not necessarily harmful, if welfare recipients find only low-wage, stressful jobs, working may prose costly for both family and child well being. The authors recommend that welfare-to-work programs devote attention to (1) assisting mothers to obtain more complex work at good wages, (2) helping mothers understand the role home environments play in shaping children's development, and (3) encouraging parents to make their children's home surroundings as positive as possible. Copyright 1997 by Center for the Future of Children. The David and Lucile Packard Foundation. All rights reserved. Also available in .pdf format: http://www.futureofchildren.org/usr_doc/vol7no1ART11.pdf |
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Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Effects of Low-Wage Employment on Family Well-Being." The Future of Children Welfare to Work 7,1 (Spring 1997).
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4927. |
Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Effects of Maternal Working Conditions in the First Year of Life on PPVT Among 3-6 Year Old Children: Estimates from Longitudinal Models Presented: Prague, Czech Republic, Meetings of the International Sociological Association's Research Committee on Social Stratification (RC28), 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: International Sociological Association Keyword(s): Child Care; General Assessment; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Current arguments suggest that the child's first year is critical, since both maternal employment outside the home/maternal working conditions and non-maternal child care may be detrimental. The authors analyze the effects of maternal/working conditions in the child's first year, the nature of child care arrangements in the first year, and family configuration as they impact PPVT-R for 3-6 year olds of mothers, who have worked at any point in the child's life (N-1107) using data from the NLSY and Child Supplements for 1986 Analyses using LISREL suggest the extent to which such variables in the child's first year impact analogous constructs at the time of assessment, and whether both have independent effects on PPVT-R. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Effects of Maternal Working Conditions in the First Year of Life on PPVT Among 3-6 Year Old Children: Estimates from Longitudinal Models." Presented: Prague, Czech Republic, Meetings of the International Sociological Association's Research Committee on Social Stratification (RC28), 1991. |
4928. |
Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Effects of Maternal Working Conditions in the First Year of Life on PPVT-R Among 3-6 Year Olds: Evidence from the NLSY Presented: Seattle, WA, International Sociological Association's Research Committee on Social Stratification (RC28) Biennial Meetings, April 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: International Sociological Association Keyword(s): Child Care; General Assessment; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Current arguments suggest that the child's first year is critical, since both maternal employment outside the home/maternal working conditions and non-maternal child care may be detrimental. The authors analyze the effects of maternal/working conditions in the child's first year, the nature of child care arrangements in the first year, and family configuration as they impact PPVT-R for 3-6 year olds of mothers ,who have worked at any point in the child's life (N-1107) using data from the NLSY and Child Supplements for 1986 Analyses using LISREL suggest the extent to which such variables in the child's first year impact analogous constructs at the time of assessment, and whether both have independent effects on PPVT-R. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Effects of Maternal Working Conditions in the First Year of Life on PPVT-R Among 3-6 Year Olds: Evidence from the NLSY." Presented: Seattle, WA, International Sociological Association's Research Committee on Social Stratification (RC28) Biennial Meetings, April 1991. |
4929. |
Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Familial Social Capital and Children's Behavior Problems: Differences Between Dual Earner and Male Earner Families Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Family Structure; General Assessment; Household Composition; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Maternal Employment; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Siblings; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We argue that social capital that inheres in the relationships between parents and children should be associated with internalization of social nomms in children. Changes in parental working conditions and family circumstances should affect children's social adjustment because such factors affect the fommation and use of social capital in families. We study variations in children's behavior problems in a sample of 524 6-8 year old children in married couple families in 1988 derived from the National Longitudinal Survey's Youth Cohort Child Mother data 1986 and 1988. We find that higher levels of maternal mastery, and more positive home environments protect children against behavior problems. Analyses of change in behavior problems also suggest that 1986 levels of paternal complexity have protective effects, while the birth of additional siblings and the lowest levels of matemal paid work hours place children at risk. We interpret these findings to suggest specific mechanisms through which family social capital promotes norm transmission across generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Familial Social Capital and Children's Behavior Problems: Differences Between Dual Earner and Male Earner Families." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1991. |
4930. |
Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Family Social Capital and Children's Behavior Problems Social Psychology Quarterly 56,2 (June 1993):120-135. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2787001 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Family Structure; General Assessment; Household Composition; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Maternal Employment; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We argue that social capital that inheres in the relationships between parents and children should be associated with internalization of social norms in children. Changes in parental working conditions and family circumstances should affect children's social adjustment because such factors affect the formation and use of social capital in families. We study variations in children's behavior problems in a sample of 524 6-8 year old children in married couple families in 1988 derived from the National Longitudinal Survey's Youth Cohort Child Mother data 1986 and 1988. We find that higher levels of maternal mastery, and more positive home environments protect children against behavior problems. Analyses of change in behavior problems also suggest that 1986 levels of paternal complexity have protective effects, while the birth of additional siblings and the lowest levels of maternal paid work hours place children at risk. We interpret these findings to suggest specific mechanisms through which family social capital promotes norm transmission across generations. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Family Social Capital and Children's Behavior Problems." Social Psychology Quarterly 56,2 (June 1993):120-135.
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4931. |
Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Gender Differences in Developmental Patterns of Child Behavior Problems: Evidence from the Children of the NLS Youth Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1988 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Gender Differences; General Assessment; Marital Disruption Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines age by gender interactions in patterns of behavioral problems for 4-15 year old children of the NLSY mothers. The authors derive reliable and valid measures of behavioral problems at three levels of generality: narrow band groupings, wide band groupings, and an overall measure. Looking at the stressor of divorce, it was found that differences in behavior problems by mothers' marital status are greatest among preschool boys and diminish with age, while among girls, differences by maternal marital status are small during the preschool years but increase at later ages. The authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using data from large surveys to test hypotheses relevant to child development. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Gender Differences in Developmental Patterns of Child Behavior Problems: Evidence from the Children of the NLS Youth." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1988. |
4932. |
Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Maternal Working Conditions and Child Verbal Facility: Studying the Transmission of Intergenerational Inequality from Mothers to Young Children [Revised Version] Presented: Utrecht, The Netherlands, Meetings of the International Sociological Association's Research Committee on Social Stratification (RC28), April 1989 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: International Sociological Association Keyword(s): Affirmative Action; Child Care; Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Temperament; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Maternal Working Conditions and Child Verbal Facility: Studying the Transmission of Intergenerational Inequality from Mothers to Young Children [Revised Version]." Presented: Utrecht, The Netherlands, Meetings of the International Sociological Association's Research Committee on Social Stratification (RC28), April 1989. |
4933. |
Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Maternal Working Conditions and Children's Verbal Facility: Studying the Intergenerational Transmission of Inequality from Mothers to Young Children Social Psychology Quarterly 53,2 (June 1990): 132-147. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2786675 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; Family Background and Culture; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Tests and Testing; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the intergenerational transmission of inequality from mothers to young children by investigating the effects of maternal working conditions on children's verbal facility. The authors argue that the better paying the mother's job and the more substantively complex the work activities in her occupation, the higher the child's measured verbal facility. The researchers also expect a nonlinear relationship between maternal work hours and verbal facility. They argue that children's experiences at home and in non-maternal care arrangements mediate the effects of working conditions on the dependent variable. A sample of 697 3-6 year old children matched to currently employed mothers in the 1986 NLSY are studied. Verbal facility is measured with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), a measure of receptive vocabulary. The hypotheses are generally supported, even when family characteristics and mother's and child's background are controlled, although non-maternal care arrangements do not impact PPVT. The paper concludes with a discussion of directions for future research including extensions to additional child outcomes, incorporation of paternal working conditions into similar models, and investigation of these processes with more elaborate longitudinal models. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Maternal Working Conditions and Children's Verbal Facility: Studying the Intergenerational Transmission of Inequality from Mothers to Young Children." Social Psychology Quarterly 53,2 (June 1990): 132-147.
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4934. |
Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Measuring Behavioral Problems in a Large Cross Sectional Survey: Reliability and Validity for Children of the NLS Youth Working Paper, Columbus OH: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, September 1988. Also: http://www.nlsinfo.org/usersvc/Child-Young-Adult/ParcelMenaghanBPI1988.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Data Quality/Consistency; General Assessment; Methods/Methodology; Scale Construction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many developmental psychologists have studied the patterning of child behavior with samples of fewer than 200 children. Studies reporting findings from samples of 30 to 60 are not uncommon. Although replication of findings contributes some evidence for external validity, these investigations cannot entirely overcome limitations inherent in small samples. Until recently large data sets were rarely available. By the autumn of 1987 new resource with which to study child development became available. This resource is a survey of the 5,876 children of mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey's Youth Cohort, where the survey of the children contains a number of age appropriate measures of cognitive and social development. While some child outcome measures were included in the survey, time restrictions in a cross-sectional survey format precluded that possibility for other measures. It cannot be assumed that subsets of scales have identical measurement properties to those of the original measures. This study reports the first investigation of the measurement properties of one of these measures, a subset of items from the Child Behavior Checklist developed by Thomas Achenbach (1978). After describing the nature of the Youth Cohort itself and origins of the survey of children, the study describes the scaling procedures used to construct measures from the items, reports these measures' reliabilities, and describes initial evidence suggesting validity. The conclusion discusses the advantages of using these measures for study of certain research questions central to the field of child development, as well as limitations inherent in the resource. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Measuring Behavioral Problems in a Large Cross Sectional Survey: Reliability and Validity for Children of the NLS Youth." Working Paper, Columbus OH: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, September 1988. |
4935. |
Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Mothers' Careers and Child Development: Evidence from the NLS Youth Presented: Madrid, Spain, 12th World Congress of Sociology, July 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: International Sociological Association Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; Exits; General Assessment; Hispanics; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Race; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. What are the effects of maternal working conditions and child care arrangements on child outcomes? Current arguments suggest that the first year of the child's life is a particularly critical time for development, a time when both maternal absence due to employment outside the home and alternative care arrangements may be detrimental. This paper analyzes the effects of maternal working conditions the mother experienced in the first year of the child's life, the nature of child care arrangements the child experienced then, and family configuration during that time as they impact PPVT for 3-6 year olds of mothers who have worked at any point in the child's life (N=1107). The authors find that work hours is non-linearly related to PPVT, such that intermediate working hours has more negative effects than higher or lower total number of hours; additional analysis suggests that repeated entrances and exits from employment in the child's first year may be detrimental. Child care arrangement characteristics have no effects. It was also found that home environment positively affects PPVT, while numbers of older siblings negatively affect PPVT. When maternal race and measured mental ability (AFQT) are controlled, the authors find that PPVT is strongly associated with race, with children of black, Mexican, and non-Mexican Hispanic mothers having lower PPVT scores than children of white mothers. Maternal AFQT positively affects PPVT. The authors conclude that more analysis is required to specify the mechanism through which the timing and duration of maternal employment in the first year may be affecting child PPVT. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Mothers' Careers and Child Development: Evidence from the NLS Youth." Presented: Madrid, Spain, 12th World Congress of Sociology, July 1990. |
4936. |
Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Parental Work, Family Social Capital, and Early Childhood Outcomes Presented: Prague, Czech Republic, Meetings of the International Sociological Association's Research Committee on Social Stratification (RC28), 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: International Sociological Association Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Children; Children, Academic Development; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Current arguments suggest that the child's first year is critical, since both maternal employment outside the home, maternal working conditions and non-maternal child care may be detrimental. The authors analyze the effects of maternal and paternal working conditions in the child's first year, the nature of child care arrangements, and family configuration--in the first year of life and at the time of assessment--on PPVT-R for 3-6-year-olds of mothers who worked at the time of assessment (N=795) using data from the NLSY and the Child Supplement for 1986. It was found that maternal wages in 1986 and paternal wages in the first year positively impact PPVT-R, and that both maternal and paternal work hours in 1986 have a curvilinear relationship with PPVT-R: overtime hours are detrimental while fathers' full-time work and mothers' high part-time hours are advantageous. The child's home environment and several maternal and child background characteristics also impact PPVT-R. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Parental Work, Family Social Capital, and Early Childhood Outcomes." Presented: Prague, Czech Republic, Meetings of the International Sociological Association's Research Committee on Social Stratification (RC28), 1991. |
4937. |
Parcel, Toby L. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Parents' Jobs and Children's Lives ISBN: 0-202-30483-3. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Aldine de Gruyter Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Care; Child Development; Child Health; Children; Children, Adjustment Problems; Education; Family Studies; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Marriage; Maternal Employment; Occupational Prestige; Occupations, Female; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Regions; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Socioeconomic Background; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Published as part of the Sociology and Economics Controversy and Integration series (Paula S. England, George Farkas, and Kevin Lang, series editors), this book examines the effects of parents' occupational and economic conditions on the social development of their young children, using the 1986 and 1988 National Longitudinal Survey's Child-Mother data set. Discussion includes how parents' jobs directly affect the home environments they create for their children and influence child cognition and social adjustment. The impact of parents' social background and resources on child outcomes is also discussed. Drawing on sociology, economics, and developmental psychology, the book concludes with theoretical and policy implications of the research. The 8 Chapters are preceded by a Foreword by Paula England and followed by an Appendix: Supplemental Child Care Arrangements: Determinants and Consequences. (1) How Do Parents' Jobs Affect Children's Lives? (2) Data, Samples, and Variables. (3) Parents' Jobs and Children's Home Environments. (4) Parents' Jobs and Children's Cognition. (5) Parents' Jobs and Children's Behavior Problems. (6) Early Parental Work, Family Social Capital, and Early Childhood Outcomes. (7) The Cumulative Effects of Work and Family Conditions on Cognitive and Social Outcomes: Early, Recent, and Current Effects Reconsidered. (8) Conclusions: Work, Family, and Young Children's Lives. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. Parents' Jobs and Children's Lives. ISBN: 0-202-30483-3. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, 1994. |
4938. |
Parcel, Toby L. Nickoll, Rebecca A. Dufur, Mikaela J. |
The Effects of Parental Work and Maternal Nonemployment on Children's Reading and Math Achievement Work and Occupations 23,4 (November 1996): 461-483. Also: http://wox.sagepub.com/content/23/4/461.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Child Health; Children, Academic Development; Cognitive Development; Education; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. James Coleman's theory regarding family social capital and Mel Kohn's ideas regarding work and personality suggest that parental work may affect child cognition. Using a sample of 1,067 nine- to twelve-year-old children of working and non-working mothers from the 1992 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's Child-Mother data set, it was found that the most important determinants of children's reading and math achievement were characteristics of the children and parents themselves. Paternal work hours had some effects on math achievement, and maternal work influenced reading achievement under some conditions. Policies allowing parents of either sex to schedule work flexibly may facilitate child cognitive achievement. Copyright Sage Publications Inc. 1996. Fulltext online. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parcel, Toby L., Rebecca A. Nickoll and Mikaela J. Dufur. "The Effects of Parental Work and Maternal Nonemployment on Children's Reading and Math Achievement." Work and Occupations 23,4 (November 1996): 461-483.
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4939. |
Pardue, Melissa |
In Defense of Marriage The Heritage Foundation, June 30, 2003. Also: http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/ed070203a.cfm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: The Heritage Foundation Keyword(s): Children, Well-Being; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This opinion piece argues in favor of President Bush's proposal to fund marriage-skills education programs by iterating socio-economic benefits of marriage. A Heritage Foundation analysis of NLSY79 data showing that a "stable marriage dramatically improves the emotional well being of children" is cited. Also appears July 02, 2003, THe Fox New Channel: http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,90770,00.html. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Pardue, Melissa. "In Defense of Marriage." The Heritage Foundation, June 30, 2003. |
4940. |
Parent, Daniel |
Incentives? The Effect of Profit Sharing Plans Offered by Previous Employers on Current Wages Economics Letters 83,1 (April 2004): 37-43. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176503003239 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Benefits; Benefits, Fringe; Skills; Wage Effects; Wages Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data, I investigate the relationship between wages and the use of profit sharing plans by current and past employers. I find a significant wage effect of profit sharing plans in previous jobs. Also, controlling for past plans eliminates the wage effect of current plans. [Copyright 2004 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Parent, Daniel. "Incentives? The Effect of Profit Sharing Plans Offered by Previous Employers on Current Wages." Economics Letters 83,1 (April 2004): 37-43.
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4941. |
Parent, Daniel |
Industry-Specific Capital and the Wage Profile: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Journal of Labor Economics 18,2 (April 2000): 306-323. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/209960 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Firms; Industrial Classification; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wages Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-96) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1981-91), I seek to determine whether there is any net positive return to tenure with the current employer once we control for industry-specific capital. Including total experience in the industry as an additional explanatory variable, I show that the return to seniority is markedly reduced using GLS while it virtually disappears using IV-GLS, at both the one-digit and three-digit levels. Therefore, it seems that what matters most for the wage profile in terms of human capital is industry-specificity, not firm-specificity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parent, Daniel. "Industry-Specific Capital and the Wage Profile: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics." Journal of Labor Economics 18,2 (April 2000): 306-323.
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4942. |
Parent, Daniel |
Methods of Pay and Earnings: A Longitudinal Analysis Industrial and Labor Relations Review 53,1 (October 1999): 71-86. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2696162 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Children; Schooling; Wage Effects; Wages; Work Experience Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1988-90), the author investigates the relationship between methods of pay, including piece rates and bonuses, and the level and variance of wages. Among men, piece rate workers earned a premium compared to other workers, but the evidence on bonuses is mixed. The author finds evidence that female piece rate workers earned more than other female workers once a control variable for the presence of dependents is interacted with the piece rate variable. With controls for the wage effects of schooling and experience, unobserved worker productivity is found to have accounted for most of the wage variance among both male and female piece rate workers; wage variance among workers not having explicit pay for performance schemes, in contrast, was predominantly due to other factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parent, Daniel. "Methods of Pay and Earnings: A Longitudinal Analysis." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 53,1 (October 1999): 71-86.
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4943. |
Parent, Daniel |
Wages and Mobility: the Impact of Employer-Provided Training Journal of Labor Economics 17,2 (April 1999): 298-317. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/209922 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Mobility; Training, On-the-Job; Wages, Youth Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this article examines the impact of employer-provided training on the wage profile and on the mobility of young workers. The main results are that: 1. training with the current employer has a positive effect on the wage, 2. employers seem to reward skills acquired through training with previous employers as much as skills they provide themselves, and 3. part of the skills acquired through training programs provided by the current employer seem to be fairly specific as they are shown to reduce mobility, even after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parent, Daniel. "Wages and Mobility: the Impact of Employer-Provided Training." Journal of Labor Economics 17,2 (April 1999): 298-317.
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4944. |
Parey, Matthias |
Essays in the Economics of Education and Microeconometrics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University College London (UCL), London, January 2010. Also: http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/20002/1/20002.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University College London Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Body Mass Index (BMI); Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Returns; Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Outcomes; Mobility, Labor Market; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Progress; Variables, Instrumental; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This thesis employs microeconometric methods to understand determinants and effects of individual behavior relating to educational choice and consumer demand. Chapter 2 studies the intergenerational effects of maternal education on a range of children's outcomes, including cognitive achievement and behavioral problems. Endogeneity of maternal schooling is addressed by instrumenting with schooling costs during the mother's adolescence. The results show substantial intergenerational returns to education. The chapter studies an array of potential channels which may transmit the effect to the child, including family environment and parental investments. The following chapter 3 investigates the effect of studying abroad on international labor market mobility later in life for university graduates. As source of identifying variation, this work exploits the introduction and expansion of the European ERASMUS student exchange program. Studying abroad significantly increases the probability of working abroad, and the chapter provides evidence on the underlying mechanisms. Chapter 4 compares labor market outcomes between firm-based apprenticeships and full-time vocational schooling alternatives, exploiting the idea that variation in apprenticeship availability affects the opportunities individuals have when they grow up. The chapter documents how variation in vacancies for apprenticeships affects educational choice. The results show that apprenticeship training leads to lower unemployment rates at ages 23 to 26, but there are no significant differences in wages. Chapter 5 develops a new approach to the measurement of price responsiveness of gasoline demand and deadweight loss estimation. It uses shape restrictions derived from economic theory to match a desire for flexibility with the need for structure in the welfare analysis of consumer behavior. Using travel survey data, the chapter shows that these restrictions remove the erratic behavior of standard nonparametric approaches. Investigating price responsiveness across the income distribution, the middle income group is found to be the most responsive. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parey, Matthias. Essays in the Economics of Education and Microeconometrics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University College London (UCL), London, January 2010.. |
4945. |
Parish, William L. Hao, Lingxin Hogan, Dennis P. |
Family Support Networks, Welfare, and Work Among Young Mothers Journal of Marriage and Family 53,1 (February 1991): 203-215. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353144 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Child Care; Coresidence; Divorce; Family Studies; Financial Assistance; Household Composition; Labor Force Participation; Marriage; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Adolescent; Racial Differences; Welfare Examines the impact of assistance offered by kin networks on young mothers, their labor market participation, & income support in the form of welfare, drawing on National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Force Behavior, Youth Survey data from 1,787 black & white mothers ages 19-26 with at least one coresident child in 1984. It is found that kin networks extending beyond the nuclear family improve the quality of life for some young mothers by offering child care & financial assistance. Black mothers receive more child care, but less income, assistance from kin than do white mothers. For both blacks & whites, income & child care support from kin diminishes as mothers enter their early 20s & establish households separate from their parents. Findings also suggest that nearby working kin, but not kin-provided child care, increase mother's labor market work. 4 Tables, 2 Figures, 47 References. S. Davies-Netzley (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Parish, William L., Lingxin Hao and Dennis P. Hogan. "Family Support Networks, Welfare, and Work Among Young Mothers." Journal of Marriage and Family 53,1 (February 1991): 203-215.
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4946. |
Park, Heejung Martin, William |
Effects of Risk Tolerance, Financial Literacy, and Financial Status on Retirement Planning Journal of Financial Services Marketing published online (16 November 2021): DOI: 10.1057/s41264-021-00123-y. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41264-021-00123-y Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Financial Literacy; Income; Risk Perception; Savings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study, we investigate the effects of retirement planning on the economic and psychological factors of consumers using a large sample drawn from the 2012 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Specifically, we examine the combined impact of risk tolerance, financial literacy, savings, income, and debt on consumers' retirement planning behavior. Risk tolerance, financial literacy, income, and savings are all found to have positive relationships with retirement planning, though debt has no significant relationship with retirement planning. Also, higher levels of risk tolerance weaken the relationship between savings and retirement planning. Implications of these findings for the literature and the financial planning industry are provided as well as directions for future research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Park, Heejung and William Martin. "Effects of Risk Tolerance, Financial Literacy, and Financial Status on Retirement Planning." Journal of Financial Services Marketing published online (16 November 2021): DOI: 10.1057/s41264-021-00123-y.
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4947. |
Park, Hyunjoon Sandefur, Gary D. |
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Voluntary and Involuntary Job Mobility Among Young Men Social Science Research 32,3 (September 2003): 347-376. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X02000637 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Black Studies; Clare Jellick; Ethnic Differences; Hispanic Studies; Male Sample; Migration; Minorities Using the 1979-1994 waves of the NLSY-79 data, this study investigates racial/ethnic differences in the rates of voluntary and involuntary job mobility among young men. We find that there is no significant difference among racial/ethnic groups in the likelihood of voluntary job changing. However, blacks do suffer from job instability in that their likelihood of leaving jobs involuntarily is much higher than that of whites or Hispanics. Within the Hispanic population, Mexicans are more likely to experience involuntary job separation compared to whites, though they are not as likely to do so as are blacks. The results confirm the importance of separately analyzing the mechanisms and processes of voluntary and involuntary mobility in order to understand better the disadvantages of some groups in career development. |
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Bibliography Citation
Park, Hyunjoon and Gary D. Sandefur. "Racial/Ethnic Differences in Voluntary and Involuntary Job Mobility Among Young Men." Social Science Research 32,3 (September 2003): 347-376.
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4948. |
Park, Kiwoong Yang, Tse-Chuan |
The Long-term Effects of Self-Esteem on Depression: The Roles of Alcohol and Substance Use During Young Adulthood The Sociology Quarterly 58,3 (2017): 429-446. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00380253.2017.1331718 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Depression (see also CESD); Gender Differences; Self-Esteem; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979, this study examines the roles of alcohol and substance use as mediators in the mechanism between self-esteem and depression, and investigates whether the mechanism works for both men and women. Results demonstrate that alcohol and substance use during young adulthood mediates the effect of self-esteem on depression among men. Furthermore, self-esteem during young adulthood remains a determinant of high depression in middle adulthood. However, we did not find evidence to support that same mechanism among women. Our findings provide insight into how self-esteem affects depression over the transition from young to middle adulthood, and elucidate potential gendered responsivity to low self-esteem. |
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Bibliography Citation
Park, Kiwoong and Tse-Chuan Yang. "The Long-term Effects of Self-Esteem on Depression: The Roles of Alcohol and Substance Use During Young Adulthood." The Sociology Quarterly 58,3 (2017): 429-446.
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4949. |
Park, Seonyoung |
Returning to School for Higher Returns Economics of Education Review 30,6 (December 2011): 1215-1228. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775711001099 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Modeling, Fixed Effects; Risk-Taking; Schooling; Wage Rates; Wages On the basis of those respondents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) who change jobs with an intervening period of education reinvestment, the conventional assumption of linearity of log wages in years of schooling is strongly rejected: a typical reinvestment for the 1980 through 1993 period is associated with a rise of about 3.5 percentage points in the estimated return to an additional year of schooling. The estimated marginal rate of return generally rises in the former education level, and reaches the maximum at 15 years of the former level (therefore 16 years of education after reinvestment), where an additional year of investment is associated with a rise in real hourly rate of pay by approximately 20%. Evidence also shows that, while the level of individuals’ risk tolerance affects significantly the probability of returning to school, correcting for sample selectivity makes little difference in the results. Findings in the current paper survive a variety of robustness tests. The current cohort-based evidence is more helpful than existing evidence from cross-sectional data to individuals making schooling decisions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Park, Seonyoung. "Returning to School for Higher Returns." Economics of Education Review 30,6 (December 2011): 1215-1228.
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4950. |
Park, Seonyoung |
Returns to Human Capital and Explaining the Recent Decline of Married Women's Labor Supply: A Cohort Approach Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Human Capital; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Essay Two focuses on how returns change as individuals increase human capital investment over the course of their work career. On the basis of those respondents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) who change jobs with an intervening period of education reinvestment, the conventional assumption of linearity of log wages in years of schooling is strongly rejected. The estimated marginal rate of return generally rises in the former education level, and reaches the maximum at 15 years of the former level (therefore 16 years of education after reinvestment), where an additional year of investment is associated with a rise in real hourly rate of pay by approximately 20 percent. The current cohort-based evidence is more helpful than existing evidence from cross-sectional data to individuals making schooling decisions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Park, Seonyoung. Returns to Human Capital and Explaining the Recent Decline of Married Women's Labor Supply: A Cohort Approach. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2013. |
4951. |
Park, Seonyoung Shin, Donggyun |
Explaining Procyclical Male-Female Wage Gaps Economics Letters 88,2 (August 2005): 231-235. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176505001126 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Occupational Choice; Occupations; Wages; Work Hours/Schedule Our analysis based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for the 1978-1999 period concludes that men's greater representation in cyclical occupational groups, such as craftsmen, operatives, and laborers, more than accounts for the gap between men and women in the cyclicality of real wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Park, Seonyoung and Donggyun Shin. "Explaining Procyclical Male-Female Wage Gaps." Economics Letters 88,2 (August 2005): 231-235.
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4952. |
Park, Sung S. |
Changing Times and Places: First Home-Leaving Among Late Baby Boomers and Early Millennials During the Transition to Adulthood Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Coresidence; Family Background and Culture; Residence, Return to Parental Home/Delayed Homeleaving; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper seeks to understand how and why intergenerational coresidence between young adults and their parents has changed in the last 35 years. While it is well-known that homeleaving among "Millennials" is delayed, few studies have conducted a cross-cohort analysis using longitudinal data to examine the dynamics of homeleaving over historical time, assessing the importance of not only individual demographic and socioeconomic traits, as well as family background, but also contextual variables associated with youths' geographic location. Using the NLSY79 and the NLSY97, I study the timing and routes of first homeleaving for late Baby Boomers (1961-1964) and early Millennials (1980-1984). [Also presented at Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017] |
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Bibliography Citation
Park, Sung S. "Changing Times and Places: First Home-Leaving Among Late Baby Boomers and Early Millennials During the Transition to Adulthood." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
4953. |
Park, WooRam |
Essays on the Returns to Higher Education Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Cognitive Ability; College Education; College Graduates; Labor Force Participation; Occupations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The third and final chapter of my dissertation, "The Effect of Higher Education on the Careers of Workers", examines the effect of college education on individuals' subsequent careers. As documented by recent literature, college graduation plays a direct role in revealing an individual's ability to labor market. Thus, the ability of college graduates is more directly observed than the ability of high school graduates in the labor market. I examine whether this difference in ability revelation between college and high school graduates has an implication on their career after they enter the job market. I build a model that yields testable implications regarding the effect of college education on ability revealing activity, given the role of college education in ability revelation. Using the NLSY79 data, I empirically confirm the prediction of the model. In particular, I find that high ability high school graduates more actively engage in ability revealing activities than high ability college graduates. Overall, the results coincide with the predictions of the model, implying that the difference in ability revelation has a large implication on understanding different careers of high school and college graduates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Park, WooRam. Essays on the Returns to Higher Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2013. |
4954. |
Parker, Brandy R. Fry, Sarah V. |
Not Without a Price: The Influence of Conviction on Illegal Earnings Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Crime; Criminal Justice System; Earnings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research on the effectiveness of criminal justice sanctions as a deterrent for crime is mixed but tends to suggest sanctions have either a null or criminogenic effect on future offending. Moreover, a growing literature documents negative impacts of criminal justice sanctions on the acquisition of conventional capital. This is problematic because conventional capital acquisition should promote desistance from crime, leading to the question of whether sanctions promote persistence or desistance from crime, and whether a lack of success in conventional pursuits encourages selection into and success in criminal labor markets. Bridging research on sanctions, blocked opportunities, crime and the life course, and criminal achievement we ask two questions. First, do sanctions influence selection into and success in illegal earnings? Second, if an association between sanctions and illegal earnings exists, can it be partially explained by a lack of conventional capital acquisition? We use waves 2 through 7 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) to address our research questions. Findings reveal criminal conviction to be a consistent and powerful predictor of both selection into and the amount earned through illegal activities among late adolescent and young adult males. Moreover, part of the association between the two appears to work through a lack of accumulated conventional capital, though indicators of criminal capital and embeddedness also help explain the link between sanctions and illegal earnings. Results are discussed in light of policy and theoretical implications. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parker, Brandy R. and Sarah V. Fry. "Not Without a Price: The Influence of Conviction on Illegal Earnings." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
4955. |
Parker, Douglas A. Harford, Thomas C. Rosenstock, Irwin M. |
Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Sexual Risk-Taking Among Young Adults Journal of Substance Abuse 6,1 (1994): 87-93. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899328994901171 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of Soutn Carolina Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Education; Family Income; Sexual Activity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examines the relationship between alcohol, other drugs, and sexual risk-taking among 12,069 younger adults. It uses 1979-1984 data from a National Longitudinal Survey of Youth conducted by the Department of Labor. In 1979, respondents were aged 14-21 years. Analysis showed that the use of alcohol and other drugs was related to sexual risk-taking among both men and women after controlling for age, education, family income, and other variables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parker, Douglas A., Thomas C. Harford and Irwin M. Rosenstock. "Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Sexual Risk-Taking Among Young Adults." Journal of Substance Abuse 6,1 (1994): 87-93.
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4956. |
Parker, Kathleen |
Wage-Gap Equation is Calculated on Spurious Assumptions Denver Post, April 15, 2001, Perspective; Pg. D-04 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Denver Post Keyword(s): Sex Equality; Wage Rates; Wages; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This opinion piece cites June O'Neil's study "Why The Gender Gap in Wages Narrowed in the 1980s," which utilizes NLSY 79 data, to argue against the existence of gender-based wage inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parker, Kathleen. "Wage-Gap Equation is Calculated on Spurious Assumptions." Denver Post, April 15, 2001, Perspective; Pg. D-04. |
4957. |
Parks-Yancy, Rochelle |
Antecedents of Managerial and Professional Career Trajectories and Their Differential Effects on Blacks and Whites: Gaining Parity Through Human and Social Capital Academy of Management Proceedings (2002): A1-A6. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=7516568&db=buh Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academy of Management Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Human Capital; Income Distribution; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research has shown that blacks and whites do not have the same level of success in managerial and professional careers. On average, whites gain higher salaries and rewards and obtain jobs that have greater responsibility and authority than blacks. While there has been extensive research on the effects family socioeconomic status (SES) (Blau & Duncan, 1967) and human capital (Durham et. al., 1995) on labor market outcomes, there has not been sufficient attention given to the effects of social capital on blacks compared to whites (Seibert et. al., 2001). This paper explores the effects of social capital on income differences between blacks and whites, net of the effects of socioeconomic background and human capital, for a sample of young adults. While extensive research has documented the labor market outcomes for blacks and whites, there is relatively limited research on blacks in managerial and professional careers. Prior research specifically on blacks has looked at the career progress of blacks who participated in the youth development program, ABC (A Better Chance), (Zweigenhaft & Domhoff, 1991), racial and gender differences in performance assessments (Smith et. al., 2001) and minorities' success in corporate management (DiTomaso &Thompson, 1988). The data were from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). These data are ideal for this study because its longitudinal format enables the study of careers over time and contains measures that can be used as indicators of family SES, human capital, and social capital. This study focused on the time frame of 1988-1998, chosen because the youngest of the respondents in 1979 (aged 14) would have been at an age to have completed college (if they attended) and be employed in full-time work in 1988. Survey questions included as measures in this paper were not necessarily asked of the respondents every year. The sample size for the analysis herein included 221 blacks and 537 whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parks-Yancy, Rochelle. "Antecedents of Managerial and Professional Career Trajectories and Their Differential Effects on Blacks and Whites: Gaining Parity Through Human and Social Capital." Academy of Management Proceedings (2002): A1-A6.
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4958. |
Parks-Yancy, Rochelle |
The Effects of Social Group Membership and Social Capital Resources on Careers Journal of Black Studies 36,4 (March 2006): 515-545. Also: http://jbs.sagepub.com/content/36/4/515.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Earnings; Employment; Gender Differences; Minorities; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a nationally representative sample, this study looks at the effects of race, gender, and social capital resources on two career measures: (a) earnings and (b) promotions. The author finds that blacks suffer a social capital deficit relative to whites and that men and whites' career advantages accumulate over time, whereas blacks' disadvantages accumulate, as well. Thus, race, gender, and social capital resources contribute to unequal career trajectories, and these results generalize to the U.S. population. |
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Bibliography Citation
Parks-Yancy, Rochelle. "The Effects of Social Group Membership and Social Capital Resources on Careers." Journal of Black Studies 36,4 (March 2006): 515-545.
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4959. |
Parsons, Donald O. |
The Job Search Behavior of Employed Youth Review of Economics and Statistics 73,4 (November 1991): 597-604. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109398 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Gender Differences; Job Search; Marital Status; Quits; Racial Differences; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An employed worker's search strategies include: 1. employed-not searching, 2. employed-searching, and 3. unemployed-searching, which requires that the worker quit work in order to search. Under plausible assumptions on search costs, the optimal algorithm involves a dual reservation wage strategy. The probability of on-the-job search increases as the current wage decreases relative to the distribution of alternative wages. If the wage is sufficiently low, the searcher quits to search, substituting time for financial outlays. Estimates based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth indicate that these calculations characterize the search strategies of young workers. The simulations indicate that, as own wage increases from 30% below the mean wage to 30% above it, quitting-to-search falls from 10.7% to 5.2% among males and from 14.8% to 5% among females. Searching on-the-job decreases as well, although less dramatically. (ABI/Inform) |
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Bibliography Citation
Parsons, Donald O. "The Job Search Behavior of Employed Youth." Review of Economics and Statistics 73,4 (November 1991): 597-604.
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4960. |
Paschall, Katherine W. Gershoff, Elizabeth Thompson Kuhfeld, Megan |
A Two Decade Examination of Historical Race/Ethnicity Disparities in Academic Achievement by Poverty Status Journal of Youth and Adolescence 47,6 (June 2018): 1164-1177. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-017-0800-7 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Children, Poverty; Ethnic Differences; Family Income; Household Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research on achievement gaps by race/ethnicity and poverty status typically focuses on each gap separately, and recent syntheses suggest the poverty gap is growing while racial/ethnic gaps are narrowing. In this study, we used time-varying effect modeling to examine the interaction of race/ethnicity and poverty gaps in math and reading achievement from 1986-2005 for poor and non-poor White, Black, and Hispanic students in three age groups (5-6, 9-10, and 13-14). We found that across this twenty-year period, the gaps between poor White students and their poor Black and Hispanic peers grew, while the gap between non-poor Whites and Hispanics narrowed. We conclude that understanding the nature of achievement gaps requires simultaneous examination of race/ethnicity and income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Paschall, Katherine W., Elizabeth Thompson Gershoff and Megan Kuhfeld. "A Two Decade Examination of Historical Race/Ethnicity Disparities in Academic Achievement by Poverty Status." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 47,6 (June 2018): 1164-1177.
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4961. |
Paserman, Marco Daniele |
Essays on Job Search and Hyperbolic Discounting Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Economics--Harvard University, 2000. Also: http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/pqdweb?index=0&did=732228431&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1253549325&clientId=3959 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Exits; Job Search; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Unemployment; Unemployment Duration; Wages, Reservation Abstract available on microfilm through "http://proquest.umi.com" |
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Bibliography Citation
Paserman, Marco Daniele. Essays on Job Search and Hyperbolic Discounting. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Economics--Harvard University, 2000.. |
4962. |
Paserman, Marco Daniele |
Job Search and Hyperbolic Discounting: Structural Estimation and Policy Evaluation IZA Discussion Paper No. 997, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), January 2004. Also: ftp://repec.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp997.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Job Search; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration; Wages, Reservation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper estimates the structural parameters of a job search model with hyperbolic discounting and endogenous search effort. It estimates quantitatively the degree of hyperbolic discounting, and assesses its implications for the impact of various policy interventions aimed at reducing unemployment. The model is estimated using data on unemployment spells and accepted wages from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The likelihood function explicitly incorporates all the restrictions implied by the optimal dynamic programming solution to the model. Both observed and unobserved heterogeneity are accounted for. The results point to a substantial degree of hyperbolic discounting, especially for low and medium wage workers. The structural estimates are also used to evaluate alternative policy interventions for the unemployed. Estimates based on a model with exponential discounting may lead to biased inference on the economic impact of policies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Paserman, Marco Daniele. "Job Search and Hyperbolic Discounting: Structural Estimation and Policy Evaluation." IZA Discussion Paper No. 997, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), January 2004. |
4963. |
Paserman, Marco Daniele |
Job Search and Hyperbolic Discounting: Structural Estimation and Policy Evaluation Economic Journal 118,531 (August 2008): 1418-1452. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02175.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Royal Economic Society (RES) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Employment; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Job Search; Mobility; Modeling; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration; Wage Levels; Wages; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article estimates the degree of hyperbolic discounting in a job search model quantitatively, using data on unemployment spells and accepted wages from the NLSY. The results point to a substantial degree of hyperbolic discounting for low and medium wage workers. The structural estimates are then used to evaluate alternative policy interventions aimed at reducing unemployment. The estimated effects of a given policy can vary by up to 40%, depending on the assumed type of time discounting. Some interventions may raise the long-run utility of hyperbolic workers, and at the same time reduce unemployment duration and lower government expenditures. |
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Bibliography Citation
Paserman, Marco Daniele. "Job Search and Hyperbolic Discounting: Structural Estimation and Policy Evaluation." Economic Journal 118,531 (August 2008): 1418-1452.
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4964. |
Passmore, David L. |
A Measurement Model for Labor Force Attachment of Youth Journal of Technical and Vocational Education 4 (1987): 45-60 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Digital Library and Archives (DLA), Virginia Tech Keyword(s): Work Attachment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Passmore, David L. "A Measurement Model for Labor Force Attachment of Youth." Journal of Technical and Vocational Education 4 (1987): 45-60.
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4965. |
Passmore, David L. |
Employment of Young GED Recipients GED Research Brief No 14, American Council on Education, Washington, DC: GED Testing Service, 1987. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED291894.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: GED Institute Keyword(s): Employment; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Dropouts; Labor Force Participation; Tests and Testing; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A study used the NLSY to determine the labor market consequences for young people of acquiring a General Educational Development (GED) degree in 1985. Three major consequences of receiving a GED were examined: labor force participation, employment status, and hourly wages. The analysis showed that GED recipients had greater chances of being labor force participants than young people without GEDs or high school diplomas. High school graduates were more likely to be participants than were GED recipients. Moreover, the more time that elapsed after obtaining a GED or a high school diploma, the greater the chance that a youth was a labor force participant. As was observed with labor force participation, the chances of being employed were much greater in 1985 for young high school graduates than for GED recipients or youths with neither a GED nor a high school diploma. Interpretation of annual salaries from hourly wages indicated that the typical GED recipient would have earned in 1985 about $780 more than a youth without a GED or diploma, but $1,340 less than a youth with a high school diploma. Further research is needed to determine what the GED means to employers, to GED recipients and aspirants, and to the general public. [ERIC ED291894] |
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Bibliography Citation
Passmore, David L. "Employment of Young GED Recipients." GED Research Brief No 14, American Council on Education, Washington, DC: GED Testing Service, 1987. |
4966. |
Passmore, David L. |
Epidemiology of Work Injuries among Former Participants in Vocational Education Presented: Ellenville, NY, Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Educational Research Association, October 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Northeastern Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Education, Secondary; Vocational Education; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A study examined whether, holding work experience and sex constant, exposure to vocational education during secondary school was related to incidence of nonfatal work-related injuries. Data were from the 1987 and 1988 annual National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience interviews of young adults who were between 14 and 21 years old on January 1, 1979. Point and interval estimates of the cumulative incidence of nonfatal work-related injuries were determined. Estimates of injury incidence were derived by assuming that the underlying distribution of work-related injuries was Poisson. The relative risks of work-related injury were estimated by secondary school curriculum participation pattern using linear Poisson regression procedures through a computing algorithm. Findings showed the cumulative incidence of work-related injuries reported was 9,049 injuries/100,000 work years of exposure to injury risk. Work-related injuries were more likely among males than females and less likely among young people in the upper two-thirds of the distribution of work experience. Participation in vocational education was not related to the relative risk of work-related injury. Three possible explanations were considered: (1) imprecision of measures of injury incidence and participation in vocational education; (2) employment in occupations not related to training; and (3) misspecification of the model of injury incidence. (41 references) (YLB) |
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Bibliography Citation
Passmore, David L. "Epidemiology of Work Injuries among Former Participants in Vocational Education." Presented: Ellenville, NY, Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Educational Research Association, October 1991. |
4967. |
Passmore, David L. Ay, Unal Geer, Edward Marshall |
Reliability of the Knowledge of the World of Work Test Journal of Studies in Technical Careers 4,4 (Fall 1982): 309-311. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ266719&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ266719 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Southern Illinois University Press Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Earnings; Employment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Satisfaction; Teenagers; Tests and Testing; World of Work Test Eric Document: EJ266719 A recent study of the need for teaching youth about the labor market concluded that underprivileged youth lack information common to their more privileged counterparts. This brief note looks carefully at the statistics employed by that study. |
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Bibliography Citation
Passmore, David L., Unal Ay and Edward Marshall Geer. "Reliability of the Knowledge of the World of Work Test." Journal of Studies in Technical Careers 4,4 (Fall 1982): 309-311.
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4968. |
Passmore, David L. Ay, Unal Rockel, Sheryl Wade, Barbara |
Employment Conditions of Youths Whose Use of English is Limited Journal for Vocational Special Needs Education 5 (Fall 1982): 3-8 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of Vocational Education Special Needs Personnel Keyword(s): Work Knowledge; World of Work Test Limited English use among 16 through 21-year olds in l979 was associated with lower rates of employment, pay, and job status, and with higher rates of unemployment than for the youth population in general. |
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Bibliography Citation
Passmore, David L., Unal Ay, Sheryl Rockel and Barbara Wade. "Employment Conditions of Youths Whose Use of English is Limited." Journal for Vocational Special Needs Education 5 (Fall 1982): 3-8.
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4969. |
Passmore, David L. Ay, Unal Rockel, Sheryl Wade, Barbara |
Health and Youth Employment Applied Economics 15,6 (December 1983): 715-729. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036848300000061 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Chapman & Hall Keyword(s): Duncan Index; Earnings; Employment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Health Factors; High School Completion/Graduates; Hispanics; Language Problems; Marital Status; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The employment of 6.4 percent of United States teenagers and young adults is limited by their health. These young people are less likely to have jobs than youths without health problems. Also, they work fewer hours per week than the youth average, although they earn as much per hour as youth without health limitations. Differences in satisfaction and prestige which youths enjoy from their jobs are not related to the presence of health conditions. Youths who reported health conditions lasting their entire lives are more likely to have jobs than young people recently acquiring their conditions. These relationships are derived from analyses of responses of 11,412 civilian noninstitutionalized youths to the l979 NLSY. |
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Bibliography Citation
Passmore, David L., Unal Ay, Sheryl Rockel and Barbara Wade. "Health and Youth Employment." Applied Economics 15,6 (December 1983): 715-729.
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4970. |
Passmore, David L. Mohamed, Dominic A. |
Application of Logistic Regression Techniques in Survey Research Journal of Vocational Education Research 9,1 (Winter 1984): 1-9. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ302280&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ302280 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Vocational Education Research Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Job Status; Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences Describes the workings of a simple two-way table of employment status by sex and extends this table to include school enrollment status by sex, race, and high school graduation status using logistic regression techniques. (JOW) [ERIC EJ302280] |
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Bibliography Citation
Passmore, David L. and Dominic A. Mohamed. "Application of Logistic Regression Techniques in Survey Research." Journal of Vocational Education Research 9,1 (Winter 1984): 1-9.
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4971. |
Patel, Diane B. Lynch, Jamie L. Mott, Frank L. |
Good Parenting: Do Younger Parents Learn from Their Mothers? Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=71422 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Health; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Behavior; Transfers, Parental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In ongoing research, we are utilizing a unique data set, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 cohort) and their Young Adult children, to explore cross generational connections in the propensity of young men and women at adolescent and young adult ages to follow parenting practices evidenced by their mothers a generation earlier. Our particular focus will be to contrast their mother's child-raising behaviors (NLSY79) for their children in the 1980s with how these young women and men (NLSY Young Adults) are currently raising the children in their households, as evidenced using the HOME scale (Caldwell and Bradley 1984). In addition to describing these cross generational connections, we will focus on the extent to which these connections may retain their independence in a multivariate context after controlling for a wide range of factors available in the data set that might be considered to be independently linked with parenting behaviors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Patel, Diane B., Jamie L. Lynch and Frank L. Mott. "Good Parenting: Do Younger Parents Learn from Their Mothers?" Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
4972. |
Patel, Payal H. Sen, Bisakha |
Teen Motherhood and Long-Term Health Consequences Maternal and Child Health Journal 16,5 (July 2012): 1063-1071. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/h106j82n80062753/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Health Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The objective of this article is to examine the association of teen motherhood and long-term physical and mental health outcomes. The physical and mental health components (PCS and MCS) of the SF-12 Healthy Survey in the NLSY79 health module were used to assess long-term health outcomes of women who experienced teenage motherhood. Various familial, demographic, and environmental characteristics were indentified and controlled for that may have predicted teen motherhood and long-term health outcomes. The two comparison groups for teen mothers were women who experienced teen-pregnancy only and women who were engaged in unprotected sexual activity as a teenage but did not experience pregnancy. Multivariate ordinary least squares regression was used for analysis. The average PCS and MCS for teen mothers was 49.91 and 50.89, respectively. Teen mothers exhibited poorer physical health later in life compared to all women as well as the comparison groups. When controlling for age, teen mothers had significantly lower PCS and MCS scores compared to all other women. Furthermore, when controlling for familial, demographic, and environmental characteristics, teen mothers exhibited significantly lower PCS and MCS scores. When comparing teen mothers to the two comparison groups, PCS was not statistically different although MCS was significantly lower in the teen-pregnancy group. Teen motherhood does lead to poorer physical health outcomes later in life. On the other hand, poorer mental health outcomes in later life may be attributed to the unmeasured factors leading to a teen pregnancy and not teen motherhood itself. Additional research needs to be conducted on the long-term consequences of teen motherhood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Patel, Payal H. and Bisakha Sen. "Teen Motherhood and Long-Term Health Consequences." Maternal and Child Health Journal 16,5 (July 2012): 1063-1071.
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4973. |
Pati, Susmita Hashim, Kyleen Brown, Brett Fiks, Alexander G. Forrest, Christopher B. |
Early Identification of Young Children at Risk for Poor Academic Achievement: Preliminary Development of a Parent-Report Prediction Tool BMC Health Services Research 11 (2011): 197. Also: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/11/197 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: BMC - BioMed Central Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Care; Childhood Education, Early; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Motor and Social Development (MSD); Neighborhood Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Television Viewing; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: Early school success is clearly related to later health. A prediction index that uses parent report to assess children's risk for poor academic achievement could potentially direct targeted service delivery to improve child outcomes. Methods: We obtained risk factors through literature review and used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Child Files to examine the predictive associations of these factors with academic achievement scores. Results: Twenty predictors were identified including four strong predictors (maternal education, child gender, family income, and low birth weight). Significantly, 12 predictors explained 17-24% of score variance. Conclusions: Parent-reported factors provide predictive accuracy for academic achievement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pati, Susmita, Kyleen Hashim, Brett Brown, Alexander G. Fiks and Christopher B. Forrest. "Early Identification of Young Children at Risk for Poor Academic Achievement: Preliminary Development of a Parent-Report Prediction Tool." BMC Health Services Research 11 (2011): 197.
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4974. |
Patil, Divya |
The Association Between Maternal Work Precarity and Infant Low Birth Weight in a Nationally Representative Cohort of Women in the United States Master's Thesis, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 2018 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Birthweight; Job Characteristics; Maternal Employment; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As a larger proportion of women enter and remain in the workforce, consideration should be given to how work characteristics can affect pregnancy outcomes. We investigated the association between maternal work precarity and delivery of a low birth weight infant. Data on work characteristics and covariates were collected from 2,871 women enrolled in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and outcome information was obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Children Cohort. Work precarity was characterized as a composite measure of four work characteristics (material rewards [score 0-2], working time arrangements [score 0-2], collective organization [score 0-1], and employability opportunities [score 0-1]) and was categorized into three groups labeled low (0-2), medium (3), and high (4-6) based on the number of characteristics that a participant had. Low birth weight was defined as weight less than 2500 grams at birth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Patil, Divya. The Association Between Maternal Work Precarity and Infant Low Birth Weight in a Nationally Representative Cohort of Women in the United States. Master's Thesis, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 2018. |
4975. |
Patil, Divya Enquobahrie, Daniel A. Peckham, Trevor Seixas, Noah Hajat, Anjum |
Retrospective Cohort Study of the Association between Maternal Employment Precarity and Infant Low Birth Weight in Women in the USA Epidemiology 10,1 (January 2020): DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029584. Also: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/1/e029584 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Birthweight; Ethnic Differences; Income Level; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Poisson (IRT–ZIP); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Racial Differences; Unions; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: To investigate the association between maternal employment precarity and infant low birth weight (LBW), and to assess if this association differs by race/ethnicity. Methods: Data were collected from 2871 women enrolled in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adult Cohort. Employment precarity was evaluated using a summary variable that combined several employment attributes: availability of employer-sponsored insurance, income, long shifts, non-daytime shifts, availability of employer sponsored training or educational benefits and membership in a union or collective bargaining unit. Employment precarity scores (a sum of the number of negative employment attributes) were categorised into low (0–2), medium (3) and high (4-6). LBW was defined as weight less than 2500 g at birth. Modified Poisson models were fit to calculate risk ratios and 95% CIs and adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, nativity, prepregnancy body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking during pregnancy and infant year of birth. We assessed effect modification by maternal race/ethnicity using a composite exposure-race variable. Results: Women with high employment precarity had higher risk of a LBW delivery compared with women with low employment precarity (RR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.98). Compared to non-Hispanic/non-black women with low employment precarity, non-Hispanic black women (RR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.72 to 4.15), Hispanic women (RR: 2.53; 95% CI: 1.54 to 4.16) and non-Hispanic/non-black women (RR: 1.46; 95% CI: 0.98 to 2.16) with high employment precarity had higher risk of LBW. |
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Bibliography Citation
Patil, Divya, Daniel A. Enquobahrie, Trevor Peckham, Noah Seixas and Anjum Hajat. "Retrospective Cohort Study of the Association between Maternal Employment Precarity and Infant Low Birth Weight in Women in the USA." Epidemiology 10,1 (January 2020): DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029584.
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4976. |
Patrick, Carlianne Stephens, Heather Weinstein, Amanda |
Born to Care (or Not): How Gender Role Attitudes Affect Occupational Sorting Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations published online (11 January 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1111/labr.12261 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Adolescence; Care Occupations; Childhood; Gender; Gender Equality/Inequality; Gender Gap; Gender Role Attitudes; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Female; Wage Gap Occupation segregation explains a significant portion of the gender wage gap, with women working in lower paid female-dominated occupations. We examine how childhood and adolescent exposure to gender biased norms about work influence this occupational sorting. We document that early life exposure to traditional gender role attitudes, which view women's role as caretakers, increase women's likelihood of employment in care occupations and decrease the likelihood for men, thereby increasing the gender care occupation gap. A decomposition of the factors affecting this sorting shows that a primary channel is through differences in the choice of post-secondary field of study or major. Our results suggest that traditional gender role attitudes may work to segment the labor market for men and women and contribute to the gender wage gap. This suggests that more egalitarian gender role attitudes which increase the share of men entering care occupations would increase wages for both men and women, lowering the gender wage gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Patrick, Carlianne, Heather Stephens and Amanda Weinstein. "Born to Care (or Not): How Gender Role Attitudes Affect Occupational Sorting." Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations published online (11 January 2024).
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4977. |
Patrick, Carlianne Stephens, Heather Weinstein, Amanda |
Where Are all the Self-employed Women? Push and Pull Factors Influencing Female Labor Market Decisions Small Business Economics 46,3 (March 2016): 365-390. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-015-9697-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Entrepreneurship; General Social Survey (GSS); Geocoded Data; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Regions; Self-Employed Workers; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research focuses on factors that influence self-employment participation, in part because entrepreneurship has been associated with economic growth. This literature has tended to focus only on men or the comparison of women to men, while ignoring substantial heterogeneity in employment decisions among women. By investigating the impact of individual, household, and local economic and cultural characteristics on the labor market outcomes of different groups of women, we get a more comprehensive picture of their self-employment decision. Recognizing self-employment as one of multiple labor market choices, we use multinomial logit and two confidential, geocoded micro-level datasets to study women's career choices in urban areas. We find that the effects of various push and pull factors differ between married and unmarried women. In particular, more progressive gender attitudes pull married women into self-employment, while household burdens associated with children push them into self-employment. For unmarried women, the local business climate and individual characteristics have the strongest influence. In both cases, the motivations for women are quite different than men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Patrick, Carlianne, Heather Stephens and Amanda Weinstein. "Where Are all the Self-employed Women? Push and Pull Factors Influencing Female Labor Market Decisions." Small Business Economics 46,3 (March 2016): 365-390.
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4978. |
Pattillo-McCoy, Mary Heflin, Colleen M. |
Poverty in the Family: Siblings of the Black and White Middle Class Presented: Chicago, IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Black Studies; Educational Attainment; Employment; Family Structure; Income; Kinship; Poverty; Racial Differences; Siblings; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Tests the generalizability of qualitative findings of class diversity in the family networks of middle-class African Americans, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to assess the socioeconomic characteristics of siblings of middle-class blacks & whites. Bivariate analyses of three middle-class samples, drawn on the basis of income, occupation, & education, show race differences in the income, poverty status, public assistance receipt, employment, family composition, & educational attainment of siblings. Multivariate analysis reveals that having been poor as an adolescent reduces the effect of being African American on having a poor sibling & on having a sibling receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children, capturing the intergenerational component of poverty, as well as the recency of the black middle class. It is argued that the disparate family contexts in which middle-class blacks & whites are embedded have ramifications for their relative well-being & contribute to the fragility of the former. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Pattillo-McCoy, Mary and Colleen M. Heflin. "Poverty in the Family: Siblings of the Black and White Middle Class." Presented: Chicago, IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1999. |
4979. |
Pattillo-McCoy, Mary Heflin, Colleen M. |
Poverty in the Family: Siblings of the Black and White Middle Class IPR Working Paper WP-98-20, Institute for Policy Research - Northwestern Unversity, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Policy Research - Northwestern University - (formerly Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Black Studies; Educational Attainment; Employment; Family Structure; Kinship; Poverty; Racial Differences; Siblings; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article is motivated by qualitative findings of class diversity in the family networks of middle class African Americans. To test the generalizeability of the qualitative data, we use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to assess the socio-economic characteristics of siblings of middle class blacks and whites. We draw three middle class samples based on income, occupation and education. Bivariate analyses of the three samples show race differences in the income, poverty status, public assistance receipt, employment, family composition, and educational attainment of siblings. In the multivariate analysis, we find that having been poor as an adolescent reduces the effect of being African American on having a poor sibling and on having a sibling receiving AFDC, capturing the intergenerational component of poverty, as well as the recency of the black middle class. We argue that the disparate family contexts in which middle class blacks and whites are embedded have ramifications for their relative well-being, and contribute to the fragility of the former. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pattillo-McCoy, Mary and Colleen M. Heflin. "Poverty in the Family: Siblings of the Black and White Middle Class." IPR Working Paper WP-98-20, Institute for Policy Research - Northwestern Unversity, 1998. |
4980. |
Pavan, Ronni |
Career Choice and Wage Growth Journal of Labor Economics 29,3 (July 2011): 549-587. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/full/10.1086/659346 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Human Capital; Industrial Classification; Occupations; Wage Growth In this article, I present structural estimates of a search model that flexibly incorporates general human capital accumulation along with career and firm choice, where a career is empirically identified as a combination of industry and occupation. I use these estimates to empirically distinguish between the relative importance of various factors for generating wage growth over the life cycle. Evidence presented in the article highlights the importance of considering the two-stage search process that originates from the model. In particular, I demonstrate that previous instrumental variables methods dramatically underestimate the importance of firm-specific matches for wage growth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pavan, Ronni. "Career Choice and Wage Growth." Journal of Labor Economics 29,3 (July 2011): 549-587.
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4981. |
Pavan, Ronni |
On the Production of Skills and the Birth-Order Effect Journal of Human Resources 51,3 (1 August 2016): 699-726. Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/51/3/699.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Birth Order; Cognitive Ability; Parental Investments; Siblings First-born children tend to outperform their younger siblings on measures such as cognitive exams, wages, educational attainment, and employment. Using a framework similar to Cunha and Heckman (2008) and Cunha, Heckman, and Schennach (2010), this paper finds that differences in parents' investments across siblings can account for more than one-half of the gap in cognitive skills among siblings. The study's framework accommodates for endogeneity in parents' investments, measurement error, missing observations, and dynamic impacts of parental investments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pavan, Ronni. "On the Production of Skills and the Birth-Order Effect." Journal of Human Resources 51,3 (1 August 2016): 699-726.
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4982. |
Pavetti, Ladonna Ann |
Against The Odds: Steady Employment Among Low-Skilled Women Report, Urban Institute, Washington, D.C., July 1, 1997. Also: http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=406999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Urban Institute Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Family Characteristics; Poverty; Racial Differences; Transition, Welfare to Work; Welfare To provide insights into what states may need to do to help low-skilled women make the transition from welfare to work, the author examined the characteristics and employment patterns of low-skilled women who achieved steady employment by their late twenties. Data for this analysis are from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth. The paper discusses current research on this topic, employment outcomes for low-skilled women, paths to steady employment, family characteristics associated with steady employment, and the implications for welfare reform. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pavetti, Ladonna Ann. "Against The Odds: Steady Employment Among Low-Skilled Women." Report, Urban Institute, Washington, D.C., July 1, 1997. |
4983. |
Pavetti, Ladonna Ann |
How Much More Can They Work? Setting Realistic Expectations for Welfare Mothers Report to the Annie E. Casey Foundation, The Urban Institute, Washington DC, July 1997. Also: http://www.urban.org/publications/406998.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Urban Institute Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Assets; Children; Employment; Family Income; Income Level; Mothers; Mothers, Income; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare; Women; Work Experience The social safety net for low-income families is currently undergoing a radical transformation. For the last 61 years, families with children with limited income and assets were entitled to ongoing cash assistance from the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program. Now,in a rapidly growing number of states, families with limited income or assets can only receive cash assistance if they agree to look for work or work in exchange for the receipt of government assistance. This transformation of the social safety net for low-income families with children began with the implementation of numerous state welfare reform demonstration projects. 1 The shift was codified into federal law with the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996. PRWORA eliminated the AFDC program and replaced it with a block grant to states to establish a Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. Although PRWORA provides states with considerable flexibility to decide what support they will provide to families in need of assistance, TANF is clearly intended to emphasize short-term, employment-related assistance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pavetti, Ladonna Ann. "How Much More Can They Work? Setting Realistic Expectations for Welfare Mothers." Report to the Annie E. Casey Foundation, The Urban Institute, Washington DC, July 1997. |
4984. |
Pavetti, Ladonna Ann |
The Dynamics of Welfare and Work: Exploring The Process By Which Women Work Their Way Off Welfare Ph.D. Dissertation, The John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, May, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Mothers, Income; Parents, Single; Skills; Welfare; Women's Studies; Work Experience; Work Reentry In this research, I use quantitative data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and qualitative data from extensive interviews with working and non-working low-income single mothers in the Boston area to conduct an in-depth analysis of the dynamics of welfare and work. I find that, contrary to popular belief, many women on welfare are quite willing to work. However, work provides a permanent exit from welfare for a relatively small percentage of women who ever enter the welfare system. When using monthly data, I find that work is the most common reason why women leave the welfare rolls, accounting for 45 percent of all exits from welfare. The majority of these exits occur rapidly--60 percent of women who leave welfare for work do so within a year after beginning a spell of welfare. However, many of these exits end just as quickly as they begin. About 40 percent of all women who leave welfare for work return to welfare within the first year after leaving. By the end of five years, two-thirds of all women who leave welfare for work will have returned to the welfare system. When I examine the experiences of a beginning cohort of recipients and account for multiple spells of welfare receipt, I find that only about 30 percent of women will leave welfare for a work exit that lasts for two years or longer by the end of the five-year period beginning with their initial welfare receipt. Another 30 percent manage to leave welfare for a relatively permanent exit through means other than work. The remaining 40 percent never leave the welfare rolls or leave only for short periods of time and then return. Many of the women who stay on welfare for long periods of time appear to do so because their labor market prospects are so grim. These women have a very poor mastery of basic skills as measured by the Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT); fewer than half complete high school. In addition, very few enter the welfare system with any recent work experience. Copyright Dissertation Abstracts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pavetti, Ladonna Ann. The Dynamics of Welfare and Work: Exploring The Process By Which Women Work Their Way Off Welfare. Ph.D. Dissertation, The John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, May, 1993. |
4985. |
Pavetti, Ladonna Ann Acs, Gregory P. |
Moving Up, Moving Out or Going Nowhere? A Study of the Employment Patterns of Young Women and the Implications for Welfare Mothers Report, Washington DC, The Urban Institute, October, 1996. Also: http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=406697 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Urban Institute Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Clare Jellick; Educational Returns; Employment History; Job Patterns; Transitional Programs; Wage Growth; Wages, Women; Welfare; Work Experience The welfare reform bill passed by the 104th Congress and signed by President Clinton represents an ambitious attempt to eliminate long-term dependence on public aid. The success of the Personal Responsibility and Opportunities for Work Reconciliation Act (PROWRA) rests on the ability to move women off the welfare roles and into jobs. Conventional wisdom holds that women on welfare will be better off in the long run if they take a job, any job, even if it means having less money to spend on their and their children's needs. Underlying this thinking is the belief that women who take low paying jobs will eventually move up to higher paying jobs either with their current employers or by changing employers. To investigate the employment patterns of young women, we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We construct quarterly employment histories for all the women in our sample beginning at age 19 and continuing through age 27. For each quarter, we determine whether a woman holds (1) a good job (a job paying at least $8/hour for at least 35 hours a week); (2) a bad job, (3) no job but does not receive welfare; or (4) no job and receives welfare. We then examine the probabilities of moving from one employment state to another over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pavetti, Ladonna Ann and Gregory P. Acs. "Moving Up, Moving Out or Going Nowhere? A Study of the Employment Patterns of Young Women and the Implications for Welfare Mothers." Report, Washington DC, The Urban Institute, October, 1996. |
4986. |
Pavetti, Ladonna Ann Acs, Gregory P. |
Moving Up, Moving Out, or Going Nowhere? A Study of the Employment Patterns of Young Women and the Implications for Welfare Mothers Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 20,4 (Autumn 2001): 721-736. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pam.1025/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Conventional wisdom holds that women on welfare will be better off in the long run if they take a job, even if it means initially having less money to spend on their and their children needs. Underlying this thinking is the belief that women who take low-paying jobs will eventually move up to higher paying jobs either with their current employer or by changing employers. This paper examines the employment transitions of young women focusing oil the likelihood that women who turn to the welfare system for support will make the transition from low-paying to high-paying jobs. The data are drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey, of Youth (NLSY). Based on the experiences of women who never received welfare, all estimated one-quarter of young women who received welfare could be firmly established in jobs paying more than $9.50 an hour by ages 26 and 27. An additional 40 percent would work steadily but in low-paying jobs, and more than one-third would work only, sporadically. (C) 2001 by the Association for Public Policy, Analysis and Management. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pavetti, Ladonna Ann and Gregory P. Acs. "Moving Up, Moving Out, or Going Nowhere? A Study of the Employment Patterns of Young Women and the Implications for Welfare Mothers." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 20,4 (Autumn 2001): 721-736.
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4987. |
Payne, Krista K. |
Marital Timing and Earnings over the Life Course Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, 2012. Also: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:49843 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: OhioLINK Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Earnings; Gender Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using twenty waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, spanning twenty-four years, this study examines the economic antecedents of marital timing and the effect of marrying early, on-time, or late on individual earnings over time separately by gender. |
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Bibliography Citation
Payne, Krista K. Marital Timing and Earnings over the Life Course. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, 2012.. |
4988. |
Pear, Veronica |
The Role Of Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences And Race In Intergenerational High-Risk Smoking Behaviors Presented: Miami FL, Society for Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiologic Research Annual Meeting, June 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Society for Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiologic Research Keyword(s): Adolescent Health; Child Health; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Health; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Racial Differences; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are associated with increased risk of smoking in children and adults, and have recently been associated with both prenatal smoking and next-generation child smoking. We assessed three exposure-outcome associations: (1) maternal ACE and prenatal smoking; (2) maternal ACE and early initiation of smoking in children; and (3) prenatal smoking and early initiation of smoking in children, modified by maternal ACE. We also tested these associations for effect modification by maternal race/ethnicity. Our study sample consisted of 4,775 mother-child dyads from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and its partner study, the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults survey. We analyzed three ACE exposures (physical abuse, household alcohol abuse, and household mental illness), prenatal smoking status, and age of smoking initiation in their children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pear, Veronica. "The Role Of Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences And Race In Intergenerational High-Risk Smoking Behaviors." Presented: Miami FL, Society for Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiologic Research Annual Meeting, June 2016. |
4989. |
Pear, Veronica Petito, Lucia C. Abrams, Barbara |
The Role of Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Race in Intergenerational High-Risk Smoking Behaviors Nicotine and Tobacco Research 19,5 (1 May 2017): 623-630. Also: https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/19/5/623/3590443 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Carfax Publishing Company ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Health; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Introduction: A history of adversity in childhood is associated with cigarette smoking in adulthood, but there is less evidence for prenatal and next-generation offspring smoking. We investigated the association between maternal history of childhood adversity, pregnancy smoking, and early initiation of smoking in offspring, overall and by maternal race/ethnicity. Methods: Data on maternal childhood exposure to physical abuse, household alcohol abuse, and household mental illness, prenatal smoking behaviors, and offspring age of smoking initiation were analyzed from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79, n = 2999 mothers) and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults Survey (NLSYCYA, n = 6596 children). Adjusted risk ratios were estimated using log-linear regression models. We assessed multiplicative interaction by race/ethnicity for all associations and a three-way interaction by maternal exposure to adversity and race/ethnicity for the association between prenatal and child smoking. Results: Maternal exposure to childhood physical abuse was significantly associated with 39% and 20% increased risks of prenatal smoking and child smoking, respectively. Household alcohol abuse was associated with significantly increased risks of 20% for prenatal smoking and 17% for child smoking. The prenatal smoking–child smoking relationship was modified by maternal exposure to household alcohol abuse and race. There were increased risks for Hispanic and white/other mothers as compared to the lowest risk group: black mothers who did not experience childhood household alcohol abuse. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pear, Veronica, Lucia C. Petito and Barbara Abrams. "The Role of Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Race in Intergenerational High-Risk Smoking Behaviors." Nicotine and Tobacco Research 19,5 (1 May 2017): 623-630.
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4990. |
Pearce, Lisa D. Davis, Shannon N. |
How Early Life Religious Exposure Relates to the Timing of First Birth Journal of Marriage and Family 78,5 (October 2016): 1422-1438. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12364/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Marriage; Cohabitation; Family Size; First Birth; Religious Influences This article examines intermediary processes explaining how religious socialization and involvement early in life are related to the timing of first births for women in the United States. The theory of conjunctural action forms the basis for hypotheses for how religious schemas and materials operate to influence birth timing. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data and event history methods, the study finds evidence for expected family size, work-family gender ideology, educational attainment and enrollment, cohabitation, and age at marriage as mediators of associations between early life religious exposure (affiliation and attendance) and the timing of nonmaritally and maritally conceived first births. These findings corroborate other research identifying the long reach of religious socialization and involvement in youth, elucidate some of the pathways for these connections, and motivate further work to understand linkages between religion and family behaviors in the United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pearce, Lisa D. and Shannon N. Davis. "How Early Life Religious Exposure Relates to the Timing of First Birth." Journal of Marriage and Family 78,5 (October 2016): 1422-1438.
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4991. |
Pearce, Lisa D. Davis, Shannon N. |
Religion, Work-Family Gender Ideology, and Fertility Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America (PAA) Annual Meetings, March-April 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Formation; Fertility; Gender Differences; Religion; Religious Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Given evidence suggesting (1) that religiosity and work-family gender ideology are related to childbearing; and (2) variance in religious institutions' promotion of gendered patterns of family organization, this paper explores whether work-family gender ideology is a mechanism through which religious affiliation and/or practice influences childbearing. Using NLSY79 data, we evaluate how childhood religious affiliation, adult religious service attendance, and attitudes towards gendered family roles relate to the hazard of first premarital and marital births. We find that work-family gender ideologies somewhat mediate the elevated risk of a premarital birth for those raised Evangelical Protestant but not the negative relationship between religious service attendance and the risk of a premarital birth. Work-family gender ideology is negatively related to timing of first marital birth and does not mediate observed religion-fertility relationships. Our findings further elucidate relationships between religion and family formation and how attitudes toward gendered family organization might factor in the process. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pearce, Lisa D. and Shannon N. Davis. "Religion, Work-Family Gender Ideology, and Fertility." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America (PAA) Annual Meetings, March-April 2006. |
4992. |
Pearlman, Jessica Anne |
Gender Differences in the Impact of Job Mobility on Earnings: The Role of Occupational Segregation Social Science Research 74 (August 2018): 30-44. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X17304660 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Earnings; Gender Differences; Occupational Segregation In recent years, researchers have begun to explore the extent to which the impact of switching firms (inter-firm mobility) on wages varies between men and women. Using data from the NLSY79 from 1979 to 2012, this paper extends existing research by exploring how occupational segregation and individual level factors contribute to gender differences in the impact of voluntary inter-firm mobility on wages. The paper also examines how patterns vary depending on education level. Findings suggest that men without a college education receive greater wage gains from voluntary inter-firm mobility than similarly educated women although there is no overall gender difference for individuals with a bachelor' degree. The wage returns to voluntary inter-firm mobility for both men and women increase as a function of the male representation in the occupation. For individuals without a college education, the male premium to voluntary inter-firm mobility is largest in highly male dominated occupations. However, women with a bachelor's degree employed in highly male dominated occupations use voluntary inter-firm mobility to narrow the gender wage gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pearlman, Jessica Anne. "Gender Differences in the Impact of Job Mobility on Earnings: The Role of Occupational Segregation." Social Science Research 74 (August 2018): 30-44.
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4993. |
Pearlman, Jessica Anne |
Occupational Mobility for Whom?: Education, Cohorts, the Life Course and Occupational Gender Composition, 1970-2010 Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 59 (February 2019): 81-93. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027656241830009X Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Women Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Census of Population; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Female Over the past 50 years, occupational segregation by gender has markedly declined in the United States. This paper uses data from the decennial censuses and the National Longitudinal Surveys from 1967 to 2013 to explore how trends over time in the occupational gender composition of women's jobs vary according to educational attainment. The paper also examines the relative contributions of inter-generational and intra-generational occupational mobility to changes in occupational gender composition over time for high school educated women and women with a bachelor's degree. The findings indicate that for women with a bachelor's degree, declines in the likelihood of working in a female dominated occupation are primarily due to changes across cohorts. High school educated women experience smaller changes across cohorts but are more likely than women with a bachelor's degree to move to gender integrated occupations over the course of their careers. Fixed effects models show that the changes over the life course reflect changes in the gender composition of individual women's occupations rather than changes in the composition of the labor force. Both occupational mobility across and within broad groups of occupations contribute to changes in the occupational gender composition for high school educated women; for women with a bachelor's degree, mobility across broad groups of occupations is most important. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pearlman, Jessica Anne. "Occupational Mobility for Whom?: Education, Cohorts, the Life Course and Occupational Gender Composition, 1970-2010." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 59 (February 2019): 81-93.
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4994. |
Pearlman, Jessica Anne |
Occupational Mobility, Gender and Class in the United States, 1965-2015 Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2016 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Mobility, Interfirm; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three papers. The first paper examines the impact of inter-firm mobility on wage trajectories of three birth cohorts of young male workers, focusing on how the relationship between mobility and wages has changed from 1965-2013. A key element of this analysis is exploring how occupational mobility might moderate the impact of inter-firm mobility on wages. A second element of this analysis examines how educational attainment moderates the impact of inter-firm mobility on wages and how this may have changed over time, concurrent with rising wage returns to education. The second paper also examines the relationship between inter-firm mobility and wages and the extent to which occupational mobility and educational attainment might moderate this impact. The second paper takes a life course perspective, examining a single cohort of men and women from ages 18-55, over the years 1979-2012. This paper explores the extent to which the relationships between inter-firm mobility, occupational mobility, education and wages vary over the life course, as a function of the duration of time since the mobility event and between men and women. This paper also explores the extent to which gender differences are due to the behavior and treatment of individual women and men as well as opposed to their occupational location in the labor market. The third paper examines the extent to which mobility by women between occupations with different levels of female representation have changed over time since 1965. The paper explores transitions between 'male dominated,' 'female dominated' and 'integrated' occupations as well as transitions between occupations of any degree of gender representation to other occupations with a varying greater or lesser degrees of gender representation than the first. The paper uses 4 birth cohorts of women, with a range of birth years from 1923-1984, analyzing data from 1965-2013. The paper analyzes the extent to which the probability of the various transitions as well as the relationship between education level and the probability of specific transitions has changed over time. In addition, the paper explores the relationship between macro-economic conditions and the likelihood of these transitions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pearlman, Jessica Anne. Occupational Mobility, Gender and Class in the United States, 1965-2015. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2016. |
4995. |
Pederson, Anna M. Zimmerman, Scott C. Torres, Jacqueline M. Schmidt, Laura A. Kim, Ye Ji Glymour, M. Maria |
Using an Online Panel to Crosswalk Alternative Measures of Alcohol Use as Fielded in Two National Samples Pubmed published online (2023 Sep 14). Also: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.23295501v1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Alcohol Use, Impact on Health; Health Factors; Measurement Errors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Accurate estimation of the health effects of drinking is hampered by inconsistent phrasing of questions about alcohol use in commonly-used health surveys (e.g., HRS, NYLS79), and measurement error in brief self-reports of drinking. We fielded an online survey to a diverse pool of respondents, assessing two versions of alcohol use questions. We used the measurement survey responses to evaluate correspondence across question versions and create a crosswalk between versions of alcohol questions from two different nationally representative studies of middle-aged adults. The measurement model can also be used to incorporate measurement error correction. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pederson, Anna M., Scott C. Zimmerman, Jacqueline M. Torres, Laura A. Schmidt, Ye Ji Kim and M. Maria Glymour. "Using an Online Panel to Crosswalk Alternative Measures of Alcohol Use as Fielded in Two National Samples." Pubmed published online (2023 Sep 14).
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4996. |
Pellizzari, Michele |
Do Friends and Relatives Really Help in Getting a Good Job? CEP Discussion Paper 0623, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, March 2004. Also: http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp0623.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics & Political Science Keyword(s): Firms; Job Characteristics; Job Search; Social Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Informal contacts are extensively used by both firms and workers to find jobs and fill vacancies. The common wisdom in the economic literature is that jobs created through this channel are of better quality and pay higher wages than jobs created through formal methods. This paper explores the empirical evidence for European countries using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) and discovers a large cross-country as well as cross-industry variation in the wage differentials between jobs found through informal and formal methods. Across countries and industries wage premiums and wage penalties to finding jobs through personal contacts are equally frequent. This paper argues that such variation can be explained by looking at firms' recruitment strategies. In labour markets where employers invest largely informal recruitment activities, matches created through this channel are likely to be of average better quality than those created through informal networks. A simple theoretical model is used to show that employers invest more in recruitment for high productivity jobs and for positions that require considerable training. The empirical predictions of the theory are successfully tested using industry-level data on recruitment costs. Data from the US is provided for comparison using the NLS. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pellizzari, Michele. "Do Friends and Relatives Really Help in Getting a Good Job?" CEP Discussion Paper 0623, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, March 2004. |
4997. |
Pellizzari, Michele |
Do Friends and Relatives Really Help in Getting a Good Job? Industrial and Labor Relations Review 63,3 (April 2010): Article 7. Also: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1362&context=ilrreview Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; European Community Household Panel (ECHP); Job Search; Wage Effects The available empirical evidence on the wage effect of finding jobs through informal contacts is mixed. This author theorizes that, depending upon the efficiency of formal search methods, the use of personal contacts can lead either to a wage premium or to a wage penalty. Using data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), the author finds new evidence to suggest that across many of the countries in the European Union, premiums and penalties to finding jobs through personal contacts are equally frequent and are of about the same size. Such cross-country variation seems to reflect differences in the efficiency of formal search channels. In particular, the wage effect of finding jobs through personal contacts is higher in countries with more labor market intermediaries. Differences-in-differences estimates based on the Italian liberalization of the labor recruitment industry confirm this result. |
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Bibliography Citation
Pellizzari, Michele. "Do Friends and Relatives Really Help in Getting a Good Job?" Industrial and Labor Relations Review 63,3 (April 2010): Article 7.
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4998. |
Peltola, Pia Kristiina |
Mothers' Level of Attachment to the Labor Market Following the Birth of a Second Child Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland - College Park, 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Work Reentry Increased employment of mothers with infants has prompted an avalanche of studies about how mothers balance paid work and family. Most of that research has focused on how the birth of the first child impacts mothers' employment. Less is known about what happens after the birth of a second child. Combining the life course perspective with the classic labor supply theory and employing the 1979-1998 NLSY data, this study examines how mothers balance paid work and family when they have two children. Some comparisons are made between the first and a second birth. The first comparison, the survival distribution of mothers' return to market work, finds no significant difference in the rate at which mothers return to employment after the first and a second birth. The results of Cox hazard models show some similarities and some differences in the determinants for the timing of return to paid work after the two births. They also highlight the importance of considering the impact of past life experiences on current decisions. Results of the competing risk models show that some predictors for full time and part time returns differ. This study also examines what mothers' employment is like after returning to paid work by examining mothers' employment hours during the preschool years of the second child. Very different employment patterns are observed between those who began working full time and those who started part time. The changes in employment hours during this period would be missed without longitudinal data. The large number of mothers dropping out of the labor force over the five-year period suggests that reports focusing on the return to market work only overestimate mothers' economic activity. Fluctuations in the employment hours underline the dynamic nature of the balancing act: the equilibrium keeps shifting as children grow older, and mothers keep readjusting and chasing the optimal balance between care work and market work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Peltola, Pia Kristiina. Mothers' Level of Attachment to the Labor Market Following the Birth of a Second Child. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland - College Park, 2004. |
4999. |
Peng, Handie |
The Effects of Maternal Employment on the Initiation of Adolescent Risky Behaviors Working Paper, Department of Economics, Emory University, August 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Department of Economics, Emory University Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Age at First Intercourse; Alcohol Use; Body Mass Index (BMI); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the effects of maternal employment on the initiation of adolescent risky behaviors using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979 (NLSY79) and its children and young adult supplement. I find that maternal employment after the first few years of the child’s life has a positive and significant impact on the initiation of alcohol, cigarette and marijuana consumption as well as sexual activity during adolescence. These effects remain significant when the average maternal employment over the child’s life is used as the explanatory variable. Subgroup analyses indicate that the positive and significant results appear to be driven mostly by households with higher socioeconomic status. I construct the variables about risky behavior initiation from both NLSY79 Children and NLSY79 YA. Maternal employment measures are collected from NLSY79. All the other explanatory variables come from NLSY79, NLSY79 Children, or NLSY79 YA. The time period this study covers is 1984 to 2008 with biennial availability after 1994. |
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Bibliography Citation
Peng, Handie. "The Effects of Maternal Employment on the Initiation of Adolescent Risky Behaviors." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Emory University, August 2012. |
5000. |
Peng, Tai |
Educational Experiences and Labor Market Outcomes of Youth Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Employment, Youth; Gender Differences; Income; Job Satisfaction; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences; Schooling; Vocational Training This study was designed to determine the effects of educational experience on labor market outcomes of youth. The sample for this study consisted of 1,643 respondents (17 to 21 years of age) from the NLSY. The major conclusions were: (1) The economic outcomes were higher for young men than for young women. However, young women were more likely to experience job satisfaction than young men. (2) The number of weeks employed and income were greater for whites than for non-whites. There was no difference between whites and non-whites with regard to wages and job satisfaction. (3) The father's occupation and educational attainment, and the mother's educational attainment had slight direct effect on the labor market outcomes of youths but mostly the effects were indirect. The father's occupation and the parents' educational attainment had a direct influence on the educational experiences of youths. The family reading index had a positive direct effect on the number of weeks employed and the wages of young men. (4) Schooling had a positive direct effect on the economic outcomes of youths. However, schooling had a negative direct effect on the job satisfaction of youths. The effect of schooling on the employability of youths was greater for non-whites than for whites. The effect of schooling on the income of youths was greater for young men than for young women. (5) Student performance in high school was positively related to the number of weeks employed and job satisfaction of youths. (6) Academic training in high school did little to improve the economic outcomes and job satisfaction of youths. (7) Vocational training caused an increase in the number of weeks of employment for young women but a decrease for young men. Vocational education improved earning potential ability and the ability of youth to be employed early in the labor market. Moreover, vocational education had a positive direct effect on job satisfaction of young women. [UMI ADG87-28061] |
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Bibliography Citation
Peng, Tai. Educational Experiences and Labor Market Outcomes of Youth. Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1987. |