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Author: Tienda, Marta

Resulting in 12 citations.

1.	Ahituv, Avner Tienda, Marta
1.	Employment, Motherhood, and School Continuation Decisions of Young White, Black, and Hispanic Women Journal of Labor Economics 22,1 (January 2004): 115-158. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/380405 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Black Studies; Education; Employment; Employment, Youth; Endogeneity; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Life Cycle Research; Minorities; Motherhood; Parenthood; Racial Differences; Schooling; Women; Women's Education; Women's Studies We examine the empirical relationship between early employment activity and school continuation decisions for young American women using a dynamic, sequential discrete-choice framework that estimates schooling, labor supply, and birth decisions jointly, controlling for unobserved heterogeneity and the endogeneity of these life cycle decisions. That the rate of school withdrawal increases as work intensity rises helps explain the higher departure rates of Hispanic girls from secondary school and the premature departure of young black women from college. The disturbing implication is that youth employment induces long-run wage stagnation for early school leavers and potentially increases race and ethnic inequities.
	Bibliography Citation Ahituv, Avner and Marta Tienda. "Employment, Motherhood, and School Continuation Decisions of Young White, Black, and Hispanic Women." Journal of Labor Economics 22,1 (January 2004): 115-158.

2.	Alon, Sigal Donahoe, Debra Tienda, Marta
2.	The Effects of Early Work Experience on Young Women's Labor Force Attachment Social Forces 79,3 (March 2001): 1005-1034. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2675616 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Women; Work Attachment; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this article, we examine women's labor force experience during the early life course in order to assess the conditions conducive to the establishment of stable labor force careers. To represent the complexity of women's work trajectories during young adulthood, we develop a conceptual framework that depicts a broad range of work activity profiles. Empirical results obtained using the NLSY show that three aspects of early experience influence mature women's labor force attachment, namely the amount of experience accumulated; the timing of work experience; and the volatility of that experience. Above and beyond these experience measures, we also find that background factors influence adult women's attachment to the market. The conclusion discusses the policy implications of these results.
	Bibliography Citation Alon, Sigal, Debra Donahoe and Marta Tienda. "The Effects of Early Work Experience on Young Women's Labor Force Attachment." Social Forces 79,3 (March 2001): 1005-1034.

3.	Alon, Sigal Donahoe, Debra Tienda, Marta
3.	The Effects on Early Work Experience on Young Women's Labor Force Attachment Working Paper No. 2000-4, Office of Population Research, Princeton University, June 2000. Also: http://opr.princeton.edu/papers/opr0004.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Office of Population Research, Princeton University Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Employment; Gender Differences; Job Turnover; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Supply; Life Course; Work Attachment; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examines labor force instability during the early life course, to assess conditions conducive to establishment of stable labor force careers, and in turn, whether and how much early experiences influence subsequent outcomes; since 1979; US. Based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Our analyses contribute to the broader debate about whether and how much early labor force experiences influence subsequent labor force outcomes. Within this debate, we make several important refinements. First, we shift the focus from young men to young women. With few exceptions, most studies that attempt to establish links between early work experiences and subsequent adult outcomes focus on men (e.g., Hotz et al., 1997; Meyer and Wise, 1982; Topel and Ward, 1992; for a recent exception, see Chaplin and Hannaway, 1996). There are compelling reasons why the influence of early work experiences on adult market outcomes would differ by sex. The most obvious of these is the timing and influence of family responsibilities on women's work and school options (Ahituv and Tienda, 1997). Second, we broaden the outcome of interest from unemployment (or, the probability of employment at a given age) to the establishment of stable work careers. Third, we consider not only the quantity of early labor force experience, but its timing and quality as well. To this end, we examine how the accumulation of work experience - that is, whether it is acquired continuously or discontinuously - influences adult labor market attachment. Results show that all three aspects of early experience influence mature women's market attachment, namely the amount of experience accumulated; the timing of work experience; and the quality of that experience. Above and beyond these experience measures, we also find that background factors also influence adult women's attachment to the market.
	Bibliography Citation Alon, Sigal, Debra Donahoe and Marta Tienda. "The Effects on Early Work Experience on Young Women's Labor Force Attachment." Working Paper No. 2000-4, Office of Population Research, Princeton University, June 2000.

4.	Alon, Sigal Tienda, Marta
4.	Employment and Wage Consequences of Young Women's Labor Force and Job Transitions Working Paper No. 2000-1, Office of Population Research, Princeton University, May 2000. Also: http://opr.princeton.edu/papers/opr0001.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Office of Population Research, Princeton University Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Employment; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Job Turnover; Life Course; Mobility, Economic; Racial Differences; Transition, Job to Job; Wage Dynamics; Wage Gap; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. By age 30 white women are more likely to be employed, either full or part-time, and to earn more compared to Hispanic and black women. We trace these employment and wage inequalities to young women's early work experiences, in particular work-related transitions. Using the NLSY79 (Work History File) we examine two facets of women's labor market dynamics between ages 16-30, namely transitions between employment and nonemployment, and transitions among employers. Neither labor force instability or job turnover influence women's employment status at age 30, but both aspects of early market dynamism influence wages. We find that a moderate amount of job turnover during young adulthood is an essential component of the career shaping process which enhances women's economic mobility. However, excessive turnover, particularly among young adult women, is economically counterproductive. Young black women experience fewer transitions over the early life course, but our results indicate that they benefit more from both types of transitions compared to white and Hispanic women.
	Bibliography Citation Alon, Sigal and Marta Tienda. "Employment and Wage Consequences of Young Women's Labor Force and Job Transitions." Working Paper No. 2000-1, Office of Population Research, Princeton University, May 2000.

5.	Alon, Sigal Tienda, Marta
5.	Job Mobility and Early Career Wage Growth of White, African-American, and Hispanic Women Social Science Quarterly 86, Supplement s1 (December 2005): 1196-1217. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00342.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Education; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Job Turnover; Mobility, Occupational; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wage Growth; Wages, Women; Work History Objective. This article examines whether and how young women's job mobility influences racial and ethnic wage-growth differentials during the first eight years after leaving school. Methods. We use the NLSY-79 Work History File to simulate the influence of job mobility on the wages of skilled and unskilled workers. Results. African-American and Hispanic women average less job mobility than white women, especially if they did not attend college. Unskilled women who experience frequent job changes during the first four postschool years reap positive wage returns, but turnover beyond the shopping period incurs wage penalties. Job mobility does not appear to boost wage growth for college-educated women. Conclusions. Among unskilled women, race and ethnic wage disparities partly derive from group differences in the frequency of job changes, but unequal returns to job mobility drive the wage gaps for skilled women. We discuss several explanations for these disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
	Bibliography Citation Alon, Sigal and Marta Tienda. "Job Mobility and Early Career Wage Growth of White, African-American, and Hispanic Women." Social Science Quarterly 86, Supplement s1 (December 2005): 1196-1217.

6.	Alon, Sigal Tienda, Marta
6.	Occupational Careers of Young Women Working Paper No. 2000-5, Office of Population Research, Princeton University, August 2000. Also: http://opr.princeton.edu/papers/opr0005.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Office of Population Research, Princeton University Keyword(s): Career Patterns; College Education; Education; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Labor Force Participation; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Attainment; Transition, Job to Job; Women's Education; Work Attachment; Work Experience; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examines differences in timing and frequency of occupational changes by education level, existence of systematic occupational trajectories, and four modal career types based on amount of schooling acquired; since 1979; US. Based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Occupational exchanges are a pervasive feature of the U.S. labor market as millions of persons change their occupation in any given year; the majority do so voluntarily, seeking better pay, job advancement, or improved working conditions. Yet It is unclear what share of these changes are chaotic and which represent leading to a systematic sequence of upward mobility. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (Work History file) we examine the occupational careers of young women and find striking differences in the timing and frequency of occupational changes according to levels of education, particularly between college graduates and those with less than high school education. "Career trees" for most frequent occupational paths reveal that systematic occupational trajectories do exist, although with varying degrees of orderliness. We discover four modal career types based on the amount of schooling acquired. We conclude that the complex nature of women's occupational careers is simplified by our focus on their educational attainment.
	Bibliography Citation Alon, Sigal and Marta Tienda. "Occupational Careers of Young Women." Working Paper No. 2000-5, Office of Population Research, Princeton University, August 2000.

7.	Goldberg, Rachel E. Tienda, Marta Adsera, Alicia
7.	Age at Migration, Family Instability, and Timing of Sexual Onset Social Science Research 63 (March 2017): 292-307. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X15301733 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Gender Differences; Immigrants; Marital Instability; Parental Influences; Sexual Experiences/Virginity This study builds on and extends previous research on nativity variations in adolescent health and risk behavior by addressing three questions: (1) whether and how generational status and age at migration are associated with timing of sexual onset among U.S. adolescents; (2) whether and how family instability mediates associations between nativity and sexual debut; and (3) whether and how these associations vary by gender. We find that first- and second-generation immigrant youth initiate sexual activity later than native youth. Foreign-born youth who migrate after the start of adolescence exhibit the latest sexual onset; boys' sexual behavior is particularly sensitive to age at migration. Parental union stability is protective for first- and second-generation youth, especially boys; however, instability in co-residence with parents accelerates sexual debut for foreign-born girls, and dilutes protections from parental marital stability. Use of a non-English language at home delays sexual onset for immigrant girls, but not boys.
	Bibliography Citation Goldberg, Rachel E., Marta Tienda and Alicia Adsera. "Age at Migration, Family Instability, and Timing of Sexual Onset." Social Science Research 63 (March 2017): 292-307.

8.	Hotz, V. Joseph Xu, Lixin Colin Tienda, Marta Ahituv, Avner
8.	Are There Returns to the Wages of Young Men from Working While in School? JCPR Working Paper 101, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, July 1999. Also: http://www.jcpr.org/wp/WPprofile.cfm?ID=101 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; High School; Schooling; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Wage Growth; Wages, Young Men; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the impacts of work experience acquired while youth were in high school (and college) on young men's wage rates during the 1980s and 1990s. Previous studies have found evidence of sizeable and persistent rates of return to working while enrolled in school, especially high school, on subsequent wage growth. Such findings may represent causal effects of having acquired work experience while still enrolled in school, but they may also be the result of failure to fully account for individual differences in young adults' capacities to acquire such skills and be productive in the work force later in life. We reexamine the robustness of previous attempts to control for unobserved heterogeneity and selectivity. We explore more general methods for dealing with dynamic forms of selection by explicitly modeling the educational and work choices of young men from age 13 through their late twenties. Using data on young men from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, (NLSY79), we find that the estimated returns to working while in high school or college are dramatically diminished in magnitude and statistical significance when one uses these dynamic selection methods. As such, our results indicate a decided lack of robustness to the inference about the effects of working while in school that has been drawn from previous work.
	Bibliography Citation Hotz, V. Joseph, Lixin Colin Xu, Marta Tienda and Avner Ahituv. "Are There Returns to the Wages of Young Men from Working While in School?" JCPR Working Paper 101, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, July 1999.

9.	Hotz, V. Joseph Xu, Lixin Colin Tienda, Marta Ahituv, Avner
9.	Are There Returns to the Wages of Young Men from Working While in School? NBER Working Paper No. 7289, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1999. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W7289 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; High School; Schooling; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Wage Growth; Wages, Young Men; Work Experience This paper examines the impacts of work experience acquired while youth were in high school (and college) on young men's wage rates during the 1980s and 1990s. Previous studies have found evidence of sizeable and persistent rates of return to working while enrolled in school, especially high school, on subsequent wage growth. Such findings may represent causal effects of having acquired work experience while still enrolled in school, but they may also be the result of failure to fully account for individual differences in young adults' capacities to acquire such skills and be productive in the work force later in life. We re-examine the robustness of previous attempts to control for unobserved heterogeneity and selectivity. We explore more general methods for dealing with dynamic forms of selection by explicitly modeling the educational and work choices of young men from age 13 through their late twenties. Using data on young men from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we find that the estimated returns to working while in high school or college are dramatically diminished in magnitude and statistical significance when one uses these dynamic selection methods. As such, our results indicate a decided lack of robustness to the inference about the effects of working while in school that has been drawn from previous work.
	Bibliography Citation Hotz, V. Joseph, Lixin Colin Xu, Marta Tienda and Avner Ahituv. "Are There Returns to the Wages of Young Men from Working While in School?" NBER Working Paper No. 7289, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1999.

10.	Hotz, V. Joseph Xu, Lixin Colin Tienda, Marta Ahituv, Avner
10.	Are There Returns to the Wages of Young Men from Working While in School? Review of Economics and Statistics 84,2 (May 2002): 221-236. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3211773 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Height; High School; Part-Time Work; Wage Rates; Wages, Youth; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the effects of work experience acquired while youth were in high school (and college) on young men's wage rates. Previous studies have found sizeable and persistent rates of return to working while enrolled in school, especially high school, on subsequent wage growth. The extent to which these estimates represent causal effects by assessing the robustness of prior findings to controls for unobserved heterogeneity and sample selectivity are evaluated. More-general econometric methods for dealing with the dynamic of selection and apply them to data on young men from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) are explored. It is found that the estimated returns to working while in high school or college are dramatically diminished in magnitude and are not statistically significant when one applies dynamic selection methods.
	Bibliography Citation Hotz, V. Joseph, Lixin Colin Xu, Marta Tienda and Avner Ahituv. "Are There Returns to the Wages of Young Men from Working While in School?" Review of Economics and Statistics 84,2 (May 2002): 221-236.

11.	Tienda, Marta Alon, Sigal
11.	Diversity, Opportunity and Shifting Meritocracy in Higher Education American Sociological Review 72,4 (August 2007): 487-511. Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/72/4/487.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Affirmative Action; College Enrollment; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Article and on-line Supplement to the article reveal the results of the study by Sigal Alon of Tel Aviv University and Marta Tienda of Princeton University on SAT. The researchers say that eliminating the weight of college entrance exams and using a full-file review to select students using measures of merit will improve campus diversity. According to Alon, the tension between test scores and diversity motivated them to show how affirmative action was required because the weight placed on test scores in admission decisions, especially at selective institutions, rose over time. The writers found that colleges have increasingly based admissions on test scores, creating the need for affirmative action for minorities who tend not to do as well on those tests. Alon and Tienda analyzed data from two national surveys, "High School and Beyond" and "The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth," to track students in their college admissions process and examine the likelihood of their admission using both standardized tests and class rank. They also looked at data from Texas Higher Education Opportunity Projects and used the University of Texas at Austin to examine the impact on minorities' admissions. "If we want to reach a state where we don't need affirmative action, we need to confront and understand the mechanism restricting minorities the opportunity, and the SAT is one of them," says Alon. If universities implement the suggested policy, he says, they will still enroll a diverse student population without compromising academic quality.
	Bibliography Citation Tienda, Marta and Sigal Alon. "Diversity, Opportunity and Shifting Meritocracy in Higher Education." American Sociological Review 72,4 (August 2007): 487-511.

12.	Tienda, Marta Hotz, V. Joseph Ahituv, Avner Frost, Michelle Bellessa
12.	Employment and Wage Prospects of Black, White, and Hispanic Women In: Human Resource Economics and Public Policy: Essays in Honor of Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. C.J. Whalen, ed. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2010: 129-160 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Endogeneity; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups; Geocoded Data; Hispanic Studies; Human Capital; Life Cycle Research; Minorities; Motherhood; Racial Differences; Schooling; Transition, School to Work; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This chapter addresses several questions about young women's employment and wage prospects in the context of the school-to-work transition.
	Bibliography Citation Tienda, Marta, V. Joseph Hotz, Avner Ahituv and Michelle Bellessa Frost. "Employment and Wage Prospects of Black, White, and Hispanic Women" In: Human Resource Economics and Public Policy: Essays in Honor of Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. C.J. Whalen, ed. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2010: 129-160

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