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Author: Hardesty, Constance L.

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1.	Wenk, Deeann L. Hardesty, Constance L.
1.	Effects of Residence, Family Background and Household Structure on the Educational Attainment of Young Adults In: Investing in People: The Human Capital Needs of Rural America. L.S. Beaulieu and D. Mulkey, eds. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Perseus Books Group Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Geographical Variation; High School Completion/Graduates; Household Structure; Regions; Residence; Rural/Urban Differences; Schooling; Urban and Regional Planning Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite overall rises in the U.S., educational levels have been persistently lower in rural areas and in the south than in urban areas and the north. This study uses a modified status attainment approach to explore the influence of residence on high school completion and college attendance. Two questions are posed: (1) Does residence have an important effect on educational attainment after controlling for individual characteristics, family background and household structure? (2) Do the effects of family background and household structure vary by residence? A subsample of 3,854 men and women aged 14 to 22 in 1979 taken from the NLSY is used for analysis. Residence is measured as north/south and urban/rural residence at the time of expected high school graduation. The results indicate that the effects of family background account for the negative effects of living in the rural south on educational attainment. The within region analysis shows few differences suggesting that rural youth are just as able as other youth to utilize family resources to their advantage.
	Bibliography Citation Wenk, Deeann L. and Constance L. Hardesty. "Effects of Residence, Family Background and Household Structure on the Educational Attainment of Young Adults" In: Investing in People: The Human Capital Needs of Rural America. L.S. Beaulieu and D. Mulkey, eds. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995

2.	Wenk, Deeann L. Hardesty, Constance L.
2.	Family and Household Effects on the Educational Attainment of Young Adults Technical Report, ERIC Document 334054. Previous version presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1991). Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ERIC Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Family Structure; Poverty; Residence; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the impact of family structure, poverty level, and region of residence on educational attainment. The study uses data collected by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, with a probability sample of 3,854 men and women aged 14 to 18 in 1979. Logistic regression was used to allow for the analysis of dichotomous dependent variables (high school completion versus incompletion and attendance of at least one year of college versus not attending college). Parent's socioeconomic status is measured by the mother's and father's education and occupation. Household structure is categorized as two parent household, one parent household, or an alternative household form. Residential status is measured in terms of rural/urban and southern/non-southern. Significant findings are: (1) living in a single parent or two-parent household (in contrast to alternative form of household) increases the odds of completing high school and living in a two-parent household increases the odds of attending college; (2) education of both parents is a powerful predictor of college attendance; (3) living in poverty significantly decreases the odds of both high school completion and college attendance; and (4) the negative effect of living in the rural south disappears when the effects of family background are controlled.
	Bibliography Citation Wenk, Deeann L. and Constance L. Hardesty. "Family and Household Effects on the Educational Attainment of Young Adults." Technical Report, ERIC Document 334054. Previous version presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1991).

3.	Wenk, Deeann L. Hardesty, Constance L.
3.	Persistent Poverty and Rural Residence Among Young Adults Presented: Columbus, OH, Meetings of the Rural Sociological Society, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Rural Sociological Society Keyword(s): Geographical Variation; Hispanics; Poverty; Racial Differences; Residence; Rural Areas; Rural Youth; Rural/Urban Differences; Rural/Urban Migration; Unemployment Rate; Urban and Regional Planning Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Changes in poverty status and residence between 1979 and 1984 are examined for a cohort of men and women ages 14-21 in 1979, using data from the NLSY. This probability sample includes an overrepresentation of African Americans, Hispanics, and economically disadvantaged whites. It is demonstrated that examining residence at one point in time can distort the estimate of the persistence of poverty by region. The results suggest that both persistent poverty and persistent wealth are more common among long-term urban than among long-term rural residents, but that poverty is more pervasive among those living in rural areas. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.]
	Bibliography Citation Wenk, Deeann L. and Constance L. Hardesty. "Persistent Poverty and Rural Residence Among Young Adults." Presented: Columbus, OH, Meetings of the Rural Sociological Society, 1991.

4.	Wenk, Deeann L. Hardesty, Constance L.
4.	The Effects of Rural to Urban Migration on the Poverty of Youth in the 1980s Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Migration; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Poverty; Rural/Urban Differences; Rural/Urban Migration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The effects of rural to urban migration on the poverty status of migrants has not been adequately explored. The following paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine poverty status before and after a rural to urban migration while controlling for individual characteristics. A proportional hazards model of poverty spells that begin in rural areas is estimated to determine whether moving to an urban area reduces the time spent in poverty while controlling for individual educational and family characteristics. The results indicate that moving from a rural to an urban area reduces time spent in poverty for white and black women but the effects are not statistically significant for men. Further, to adequately understand the relationship between moving to an urban area and poverty, the analysis examines the effects of moving on the length of time spent not employed.
	Bibliography Citation Wenk, Deeann L. and Constance L. Hardesty. "The Effects of Rural to Urban Migration on the Poverty of Youth in the 1980s." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993.

5.	Wenk, Deeann L. Hardesty, Constance L.
5.	The Effects of Rural-to-Urban Migration on the Poverty Status of Youth in the 1980s Rural Sociology 58,1 (Spring 1993): 76-92. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1993.tb00483.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Rural Sociological Society Keyword(s): Migration; Poverty; Rural/Urban Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The effects of rural-to-urban migration on the poverty status of migrants have not been adequately explored. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine poverty status before and after a rural-to-urban migration, a proportional hazards model of time spent in poverty that begins in rural areas is estimated to determine whether moving to an urban area reduces the time spent in poverty moving to an urban area reduces the time spent in poverty while controlling for individual educational and family characteristics. Results indicate that moving from a rural to an urban area reduces time spent in poverty for white and black women but the effects are not statistically significant for men. Further, to adequately understand the relationship between moving to an urban area and poverty, the analysis examines the effects of moving on the length of time spent not employed.
	Bibliography Citation Wenk, Deeann L. and Constance L. Hardesty. "The Effects of Rural-to-Urban Migration on the Poverty Status of Youth in the 1980s." Rural Sociology 58,1 (Spring 1993): 76-92.

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