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Author: Ellwood, David T.

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1.	Ellwood, David T.
1.	Teenage Unemployment: Permanent Scar or Temporary Blemish Presented: Arlie House, VA, Conference on Youth Joblessness and Employment, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1979 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Teenagers; Unemployment, Youth; Work History Several important conclusions derive from the early pattern of labor market performances of young men: (1) The early years of labor market experience are times of substantial change. Employment rates rise, as do participation rates. Considerable evidence shows weak labor force attachment early in many young men's careers. (2) Although the distinction between time out of labor force and time unemployed is conceptually appealing, the division is not accurately captured in these retrospective data. Unemployment rates behave very erratically over time for this group. All of the results in this chapter suggest that time not employed is a far better measure of the labor market performance of young men. (3) Even though a general improvement in employment rates appears for these young men over time, early labor market patterns persist. Young men with poor records early will typically have comparatively poor records later. (4) Controls for heterogeneity eliminate at least two-thirds of the observed persistence in employment, but evidence of experience dependence remains. That is, even controlling for individual differences in the propensity to work, experience dependence remains. However, the absolute magnitude of the effect is small. There is no evidence in these data that time out of work sets off a long term cycle of recurring "nonemployment." (5) Early work experience has a sizeable impact on wages. Controlling for individual effects, experience in the second, third, or fourth year out of school tends to be associated with wage increases of between 10 and 20 percent a year.
	Bibliography Citation Ellwood, David T. "Teenage Unemployment: Permanent Scar or Temporary Blemish." Presented: Arlie House, VA, Conference on Youth Joblessness and Employment, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1979.

2.	Ellwood, David T.
2.	Teenage Unemploymnet: Permanent Scars or Temporary Blemishes Working Paper No. 399. National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1983. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w0399 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Unemployment; Wages This paper examines the persistence and long-term impacts of early labor force experiences. The paper reports a rise in employment rates for a cohort of young men as they age, but points out that those persons with poor employment records early have comparatively poor records later. In order to asses the extent to which differences in later employment and wages are causally related to these earlier employment experiences, the methodologies of Heckman, Chamberlain, and others are extended to account for Markov type persistence and a straight forward estimation technique results. In addition, a Sims type causality test is used to measure the true impact of work experience on wages. The paper concludes that the effects of a period without work do not end with that spell. A teenager who spends time out of work in one year will probably spend less time working in the next than he would have had he worked the entire year. Furthermore, the lost work experience will be reflected in considerably lower wages. At the same time, the data provide no evidence that early unemployment sets off a vicious cycle of recurrent unemployment. The reduced employment effects die off very quickly. What appears to persist are effects of lost work experience on wages.
	Bibliography Citation Ellwood, David T. "Teenage Unemploymnet: Permanent Scars or Temporary Blemishes." Working Paper No. 399. National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1983.

3.	Ellwood, David T. Wilde, Elizabeth T. Y. Batchelder, Lily
3.	The Mommy Track Divides: The Impact of Childbearing on Wages of Women of Differing Skill Levels RFS Working Paper, New York, Russell Sage Foundation, January 2009. Also: https://www.russellsage.org/publications/category/working-papers Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Fertility; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Differentials This paper explores how the wage and career consequences of motherhood differ by skill and timing. Past work has often found smaller or even negligible effects for high skill women. This paper finds the opposite. Wage trajectories diverge sharply for high scoring women after (but not before) they have children, while there is little change for low skill women. There is some evidence that the costs of childbearing for high skill women are reduced by delaying children. Factors such as remaining in the same job and keeping interruptions short reduce the costs to women, but costs remain high for high scoring women. Men show far less impacts. As a result it appears that the lifetime costs of childbearing, especially early childbearing are particularly high for skilled women. These differential costs of childbearing may account for the far greater tendency of high skill women to delay childbearing or avoid it altogether.
	Bibliography Citation Ellwood, David T., Elizabeth T. Y. Wilde and Lily Batchelder. "The Mommy Track Divides: The Impact of Childbearing on Wages of Women of Differing Skill Levels." RFS Working Paper, New York, Russell Sage Foundation, January 2009.

4.	Wilde, Elizabeth T. Y. Batchelder, Lily Ellwood, David T.
4.	The Mommy Track Divides: The Impact of Childbearing on Wages of Women of Differing Skill Levels NBER Working Paper 16582, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2010. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w16582 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Fertility; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Differentials This paper explores how the wage and career consequences of motherhood differ by skill and timing. Past work has often found smaller or even negligible effects from childbearing for high-skill women, but we find the opposite. Wage trajectories diverge sharply for high scoring women after, but not before, they have children, while there is little change for low-skill women. It appears that the lifetime costs of childbearing, especially early childbearing, are particularly high for skilled women. These differential costs of childbearing may account for the far greater tendency of high-skill women to delay or avoid
	Bibliography Citation Wilde, Elizabeth T. Y., Lily Batchelder and David T. Ellwood. "The Mommy Track Divides: The Impact of Childbearing on Wages of Women of Differing Skill Levels." NBER Working Paper 16582, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2010.

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