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Author: Boudett, Kathryn Parker

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1.	Boudett, Kathryn Parker
1.	In Search of a Second Chance: The Consequences of GED Certification, Education and Training for Young Women Without High School Diplomas Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Education; Continuing Education; Education, Adult; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Diploma; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Skilled Workers; Skills; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Growth; Women's Education; Women's Studies In an economy which increasingly values skills, can young women without a high school diploma get a second chance? This thesis is comprised of three essays that explore the effects of participating in a variety of education and credentialing programs available to dropouts. The first two essays focus on the impact of the General Educational Development (GED) certificate, college and training on labor market outcomes of female dropouts in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). In these essays, I explore how a dropout's labor market outcomes change in the first decade after leaving school. I predict that upon GED receipt a woman's rate of growth of annual earned income increases more than it otherwise would have, partly due to increased employment probabilities and partly to higher hourly wages. I also show that off-job training provided by proprietary institutions and government agencies (obtained by nearly half of GED holders and one quarter of other dropouts in this sample) is associated with increased hours worked. Effects of college and on-job training, activities which are less common in this population, are more difficult to estimate accurately. The third essay illustrates the practical challenge of using these findings to make policy recommendations. In particular, should public assistance programs make participation in education programs leading toward GED certification mandatory? I investigate whether individuals who participated in basic education as part of California's Greater Avenues to Independence (GAIN) program improved their scores on a test of basic reading and math skills. Using a variety of methods to control for selection, I find that the confidence interval for the effect of basic education is quite wide. The average education participant was scheduled for 500 hours of classes; for the given sample size I can reject neither the hypothesis of no impact nor the hypothesis that education had the same impact on scores that a similar number of hours of education would have had on the scores of students in traditional high schools. I confirm test score impacts for one county which employed innovative education practices, and identify further uncertainty regarding test impacts for individuals with lower initial skills.
	Bibliography Citation Boudett, Kathryn Parker. In Search of a Second Chance: The Consequences of GED Certification, Education and Training for Young Women Without High School Diplomas. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1998.

2.	Boudett, Kathryn Parker Murnane, Richard J. Willett, John B.
2.	'Second-Chance' Strategies for Women Who Drop Out of School Monthly Labor Review 123,12 (December 2000): 19-31. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/12/art2abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Earnings; Economics of Gender; Educational Returns; High School Dropouts; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Poverty; Training; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials; Women's Education This article investigates four educational opportunities pursued by young women who drop out of high school. It begins with a discussion of the mechanisms through which these educational investments may affect earnings, and offers a brief review of relevant research. It then documents the ways in which women who engage in educational activities differ from those who do not. Next discussed is the analytic strategy employed for distinguishing the effects of education and training on earnings from the effects of different preexisting characteristics on earnings. The article concludes with a presentation of the results of the study and a discussion of their significance. Findings include the fact that young female dropouts may make several kinds of educational investments, all of which enhance earned income markedly; for the average woman, however, the increase in earnings is not enough to lift a family out of poverty. Copyright Superintendent of Documents Dec 2000.
	Bibliography Citation Boudett, Kathryn Parker, Richard J. Murnane and John B. Willett. "'Second-Chance' Strategies for Women Who Drop Out of School." Monthly Labor Review 123,12 (December 2000): 19-31.

3.	Murnane, Richard J. Willett, John B. Boudett, Kathryn Parker
3.	Do High School Dropouts Benefit from Obtaining a GED? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 17,2 (Summer 1995): 133-147 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Employment; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Dropouts; Income; Wage Dynamics; Wage Growth; Wages, Young Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 1979 through 1991 are used to demonstrate that acquisition of the General Educational Development (GED) credential is associated with an increase in the rate of wage growth for male high school dropouts. (SLD)
	Bibliography Citation Murnane, Richard J., John B. Willett and Kathryn Parker Boudett. "Do High School Dropouts Benefit from Obtaining a GED?" Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 17,2 (Summer 1995): 133-147.

4.	Murnane, Richard J. Willett, John B. Boudett, Kathryn Parker
4.	Do Male Dropouts Benefit from Obtaining a GED, Postsecondary Education, and Training? Evaluation Review 23,5 (October 1999): 475-503 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Dropouts; Schooling, Post-secondary; Skills; Training; Training, Employee; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The authors use longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to investigate whether the wage trajectories of male high school dropouts are affected by the acquisition of the General Educational Development (GED) credential, by postsecondary education, and by training. The authors show that acquisition of the GED results in wage increases for dropouts who left school with weak skills, but not for dropouts who left high school with stronger skills. College and training provided by employers are associated with higher wages for male dropouts.
	Bibliography Citation Murnane, Richard J., John B. Willett and Kathryn Parker Boudett. "Do Male Dropouts Benefit from Obtaining a GED, Postsecondary Education, and Training?" Evaluation Review 23,5 (October 1999): 475-503.

5.	Murnane, Richard J. Willett, John B. Boudett, Kathryn Parker
5.	Does a GED Lead to More Training, Post-Secondary Education, and Military Service for School Dropouts? Industrial and Labor Relations Review 51,1 (October 1997): 100-116. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2525037 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Military Service; Military Training; Schooling, Post-secondary; Training Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for the years 1979-1991 is used to investigate how school dropouts' acquisition of a General Educational Development certificate (GED) affected the probability that they would obtain training, post-secondary education, or military service. It is found that the probability that a dropout participated in post-secondary education or non-company training was greater after GED receipt than before for both men and women. Still, less that 1/2 of GED recipients obtained post-secondary education or training by age 26. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM.
	Bibliography Citation Murnane, Richard J., John B. Willett and Kathryn Parker Boudett. "Does a GED Lead to More Training, Post-Secondary Education, and Military Service for School Dropouts?" Industrial and Labor Relations Review 51,1 (October 1997): 100-116.

6.	Murnane, Richard J. Willett, John B. Boudett, Kathryn Parker
6.	Does Acquisition of a GED Lead to More Training, Post-Secondary Education, and Military Service for School Dropouts? NBER Working Paper No. 5992, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1997. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Military Service; Modeling, Probit; School Dropouts; Schooling, Post-secondary; Training This paper uses longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine whether acquisition of a GED increases the probability that male and female school dropouts obtain training, post-secondary education, or military service. Random effects probit models are used to account for both the dichotomous nature of the dependent variables and non-zero correlations among error terms pertaining to different years of data for the same individual. We find that acquisition of a GED increases the probability that school dropouts obtain post-secondary education and the probability that they obtain non-company training defined as training provided by government or by proprietary schools. However, it is still the case that the majority of GED recipients obtain no post-secondary education or training through the age of 26. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5992
	Bibliography Citation Murnane, Richard J., John B. Willett and Kathryn Parker Boudett. "Does Acquisition of a GED Lead to More Training, Post-Secondary Education, and Military Service for School Dropouts?" NBER Working Paper No. 5992, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1997.

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