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Author: Robins, Richard W.
Resulting in 3 citations.
1. Orth, Ulrich
Clark, D. Angus
Donnellan, M. Brent
Robins, Richard W.
Testing Prospective Effects in Longitudinal Research: Comparing Seven Competing Cross-Lagged Models
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120,4 (April 2021): 1013-1034.
Also: https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2020-54836-001.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Depression (see also CESD); Modeling; Modeling, Structural Equation; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Statistical Analysis

In virtually all areas of psychology, the question of whether a particular construct has a prospective effect on another is of fundamental importance. For decades, the cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) has been the model of choice for addressing this question. However, CLPMs have recently been critiqued, and numerous alternative models have been proposed. Using the association between low self-esteem and depression as a case study, we examined the behavior of seven competing longitudinal models in 10 samples, each with at least four waves of data and sample sizes ranging from 326 to 8,259. The models were compared in terms of convergence, fit statistics, and consistency of parameter estimates. The traditional CLPM and the random intercepts cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) converged in every sample, whereas the other models frequently failed to converge or did not converge properly. The RI-CLPM exhibited better model fit than the CLPM, whereas the CLPM produced more consistent cross-lagged effects (both across and within samples) than the RI-CLPM. We discuss the models from a conceptual perspective, emphasizing that the models test conceptually distinct psychological and developmental processes, and we address the implications of the empirical findings with regard to model selection. Moreover, we provide practical recommendations for researchers interested in testing prospective associations between constructs and suggest using the CLPM when focused on between-person effects and the RI-CLPM when focused on within-person effects.
Bibliography Citation
Orth, Ulrich, D. Angus Clark, M. Brent Donnellan and Richard W. Robins. "Testing Prospective Effects in Longitudinal Research: Comparing Seven Competing Cross-Lagged Models." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120,4 (April 2021): 1013-1034.
2. Orth, Ulrich
Robins, Richard W.
Meier, Laurenz L.
Disentangling the Effects of Low Self-Esteem and Stressful Events on Depression: Findings From Three Longitudinal Studies
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97,2 (August 2009): 307-321.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022351409601011
Cohort(s): NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Berkeley Intergenerational Studies; CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Stress

Diathesis-stress models of depression suggest that low self-esteem and stressful events jointly influence the development of depressive affect. More specifically, the self-esteem buffering hypothesis states that, in the face of challenging life circumstances, individuals with low self-esteem are prone to depression because they lack sufficient coping resources, whereas those with high self-esteem are able to cope effectively and consequently avoid spiraling downward into depression. The authors used data from 3 longitudinal studies of adolescents and young adults, who were assessed 4 times over a 3-year period (Study 1; N 359), 3 times over a 6-week period (Study 2 N = 249). and 4 times over a 6-year period (Study 3 N 2,403). In all 3 studies, low self-esteem and stressful events independently predicted subsequent depression but did not interact in the prediction. Thus, the results did not Support the self-esteem buffering hypothesis but suggest that low self-esteem and Stressful events operate as independent risk factors for depression. In addition, the authors found evidence in all 3 Studies that depression, but not low self-esteem, is reciprocally related to stressful events, suggesting that individuals high in depression are more inclined to subsequently experience stressful events.
Bibliography Citation
Orth, Ulrich, Richard W. Robins and Laurenz L. Meier. "Disentangling the Effects of Low Self-Esteem and Stressful Events on Depression: Findings From Three Longitudinal Studies." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97,2 (August 2009): 307-321.
3. Orth, Ulrich
Robins, Richard W.
Roberts, Brent W.
Low Self-Esteem Prospectively Predicts Depression in Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95,3 (2008): 695-708.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022351408601247
Cohort(s): NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Berkeley Intergenerational Studies; CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Stress

Low self-esteem and depression are strongly correlated in cross-sectional studies, yet little is known about their prospective effects on each other. The vulnerability model hypothesizes that low self-esteem serves as a risk factor for depression, whereas the scar model hypothesizes that low self-esteem is an outcome, not a cause, of depression. To test these models, the authors used 2 large longitudinal data sets, each with 4 repeated assessments between the ages of 15 and 21 years and 18 and 21 years, respectively. Cross-lagged regression analyses indicated that low self-esteem predicted subsequent levels of depression, but depression did not predict subsequent levels of self-esteem. These findings held for both men and women and after controlling for content overlap between the self-esteem and depression scales. Thus, the results supported the vulnerability model, but not the scar model, of self-esteem and depression.
Bibliography Citation
Orth, Ulrich, Richard W. Robins and Brent W. Roberts. "Low Self-Esteem Prospectively Predicts Depression in Adolescence and Young Adulthood." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95,3 (2008): 695-708.