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Author: Orth, Ulrich

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1.	Erol, Ruth Yasemin Orth, Ulrich
1.	Self-Esteem Development From Age 14 to 30 Years: A Longitudinal Study Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101,3 (September 2011): 607-619. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022351411601155 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Growth Curves; Hispanics; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Personality/Ten-Item Personality Inventory-(TIPI); Racial Differences; Risk-Taking; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem We examined the development of self-esteem in adolescence and young adulthood. Data came from the Young Adults section of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which includes 8 assessments across a 14-year period of a national probability sample of 7,100 individuals age 14 to 30 years. Latent growth curve analyses indicated that self-esteem increases during adolescence and continues to increase more slowly in young adulthood. Women and men did not differ in their self-esteem trajectories. In adolescence, Hispanics had lower self-esteem than Blacks and Whites, but the self-esteem of Hispanics subsequently increased more strongly, so that at age 30 Blacks and Hispanics had higher self-esteem than Whites. At each age, emotionally stable, extraverted, and conscientious individuals experienced higher self-esteem than emotionally unstable, introverted, and less conscientious individuals. Moreover, at each age, high sense of mastery, low risk taking, and better health predicted higher self-esteem. Finally, the results suggest that normative increase in sense of mastery accounts for a large proportion of the normative increase in self-esteem. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved).
	Bibliography Citation Erol, Ruth Yasemin and Ulrich Orth. "Self-Esteem Development From Age 14 to 30 Years: A Longitudinal Study." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101,3 (September 2011): 607-619.

2.	Orth, Ulrich
2.	The Family Environment in Early Childhood Has a Long-term Effect on Self-esteem: A Longitudinal Study from Birth to Age 27 Years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 114,4 (April 2018): 637-655. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-06114-001 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Childhood; Family Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Self-Esteem A better understanding is needed of the factors that shape the development of individual differences in self-esteem. Using a prospective longitudinal design, this research tested whether the family environment in early childhood predicts self-esteem in later developmental periods. Data came from a nationally representative U.S. sample of 8,711 participants, who reported on their self-esteem biannually from age 8 to 27 years. Moreover, during the participants' first 6 years of life, biannual assessments of their mothers provided information on the quality of the home environment (covering quality of parenting, cognitive stimulation, and physical home environment), quality of parental relationship, presence of father, maternal depression, and poverty status of the family. The analyses were conducted using nonlinear regression analyses of age-dependent correlation coefficients, which were controlled for the effects of child gender and ethnicity. The results suggested that the family environment in early childhood significantly predicted self-esteem as the children grew up. Although the effects became smaller with age, the effects were still present during young adulthood. The largest effects emerged for quality of home environment. Moreover, the results suggested that the effects of home environment, presence of father, and poverty are enduring, as indicated by a nonzero asymptote in the time course of effects from age 8 to 27 years. Finally, quality of home environment partially accounted for the effects of the other predictors. The findings suggest that the home environment is a key factor in early childhood that influences the long-term development of self-esteem. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
	Bibliography Citation Orth, Ulrich. "The Family Environment in Early Childhood Has a Long-term Effect on Self-esteem: A Longitudinal Study from Birth to Age 27 Years." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 114,4 (April 2018): 637-655.

3.	Orth, Ulrich Clark, D. Angus Donnellan, M. Brent Robins, Richard W.
3.	Testing Prospective Effects in Longitudinal Research: Comparing Seven Competing Cross-Lagged Models Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120,4 (April 2021): 1013-1034. Also: https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2020-54836-001.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Depression (see also CESD); Modeling; Modeling, Structural Equation; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Statistical Analysis In virtually all areas of psychology, the question of whether a particular construct has a prospective effect on another is of fundamental importance. For decades, the cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) has been the model of choice for addressing this question. However, CLPMs have recently been critiqued, and numerous alternative models have been proposed. Using the association between low self-esteem and depression as a case study, we examined the behavior of seven competing longitudinal models in 10 samples, each with at least four waves of data and sample sizes ranging from 326 to 8,259. The models were compared in terms of convergence, fit statistics, and consistency of parameter estimates. The traditional CLPM and the random intercepts cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) converged in every sample, whereas the other models frequently failed to converge or did not converge properly. The RI-CLPM exhibited better model fit than the CLPM, whereas the CLPM produced more consistent cross-lagged effects (both across and within samples) than the RI-CLPM. We discuss the models from a conceptual perspective, emphasizing that the models test conceptually distinct psychological and developmental processes, and we address the implications of the empirical findings with regard to model selection. Moreover, we provide practical recommendations for researchers interested in testing prospective associations between constructs and suggest using the CLPM when focused on between-person effects and the RI-CLPM when focused on within-person effects.
	Bibliography Citation Orth, Ulrich, D. Angus Clark, M. Brent Donnellan and Richard W. Robins. "Testing Prospective Effects in Longitudinal Research: Comparing Seven Competing Cross-Lagged Models." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120,4 (April 2021): 1013-1034.

4.	Orth, Ulrich Robins, Richard W. Meier, Laurenz L.
4.	Disentangling the Effects of Low Self-Esteem and Stressful Events on Depression: Findings From Three Longitudinal Studies Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97,2 (August 2009): 307-321. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022351409601011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Berkeley Intergenerational Studies; CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Stress Diathesis-stress models of depression suggest that low self-esteem and stressful events jointly influence the development of depressive affect. More specifically, the self-esteem buffering hypothesis states that, in the face of challenging life circumstances, individuals with low self-esteem are prone to depression because they lack sufficient coping resources, whereas those with high self-esteem are able to cope effectively and consequently avoid spiraling downward into depression. The authors used data from 3 longitudinal studies of adolescents and young adults, who were assessed 4 times over a 3-year period (Study 1; N 359), 3 times over a 6-week period (Study 2 N = 249). and 4 times over a 6-year period (Study 3 N 2,403). In all 3 studies, low self-esteem and stressful events independently predicted subsequent depression but did not interact in the prediction. Thus, the results did not Support the self-esteem buffering hypothesis but suggest that low self-esteem and Stressful events operate as independent risk factors for depression. In addition, the authors found evidence in all 3 Studies that depression, but not low self-esteem, is reciprocally related to stressful events, suggesting that individuals high in depression are more inclined to subsequently experience stressful events.
	Bibliography Citation Orth, Ulrich, Richard W. Robins and Laurenz L. Meier. "Disentangling the Effects of Low Self-Esteem and Stressful Events on Depression: Findings From Three Longitudinal Studies." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97,2 (August 2009): 307-321.

5.	Orth, Ulrich Robins, Richard W. Roberts, Brent W.
5.	Low Self-Esteem Prospectively Predicts Depression in Adolescence and Young Adulthood Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95,3 (2008): 695-708. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022351408601247 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Berkeley Intergenerational Studies; CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Stress Low self-esteem and depression are strongly correlated in cross-sectional studies, yet little is known about their prospective effects on each other. The vulnerability model hypothesizes that low self-esteem serves as a risk factor for depression, whereas the scar model hypothesizes that low self-esteem is an outcome, not a cause, of depression. To test these models, the authors used 2 large longitudinal data sets, each with 4 repeated assessments between the ages of 15 and 21 years and 18 and 21 years, respectively. Cross-lagged regression analyses indicated that low self-esteem predicted subsequent levels of depression, but depression did not predict subsequent levels of self-esteem. These findings held for both men and women and after controlling for content overlap between the self-esteem and depression scales. Thus, the results supported the vulnerability model, but not the scar model, of self-esteem and depression.
	Bibliography Citation Orth, Ulrich, Richard W. Robins and Brent W. Roberts. "Low Self-Esteem Prospectively Predicts Depression in Adolescence and Young Adulthood." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95,3 (2008): 695-708.

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