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Author: Lee, Sang Lim
Resulting in 10 citations.
1. Berry, Eddy Helen
Lee, Sang Lim
Ortiz, Eduardo
Toney, Michael B.
Do They Just Keep on Moving or Do They Go Home? Internal Migration of Mexican-Origin, Non-Mexican Hispanics, Non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks in the U.S.
Presented: Barcelona, Spain, International Population Association Meeting (a.k.a. European Population Conference), July 2008.
Also: http://epc2008.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=80473
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: European Association for Population Studies (EAPS)
Keyword(s): Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Immigrants; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Supply; Rural/Urban Migration; Socioeconomic Factors

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Over the past twenty years, since the United States' immigration reforms of the mid-1980s, the emphasis of academic research has been on the immigration of Latinos into the U.S. Analysis of Latino internal migration has tended to focus on whether their place in the U.S. labor markets and cultural milieu is one of spatial, segmented, or classical assimilation. There has been a growing body of literature on new destinations for Hispanic immigrants and on their spatial impacts on rural and urban communities but few analyses have disaggregated Hispanics into any of their distinctive ethnic backgrounds, e.g. Mexican (the largest group) or Puerto Rican, the second largest group. This analysis utilizes the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, 1979, to follow the migration experiences of Mexican-origin, Puerto Rican, and non-Mexican origin Latinos. Examination of each group's migration propensities for primary, return or onward migrations are examined as these are related to the socioeconomic characteristics of each group and whether or not they tend to move toward or away from places with greater involvement in metro or nonmetro economies. All groups are more likely to move toward metropolitan places and onward migration is more likely than return migration for Hispanics.
Bibliography Citation
Berry, Eddy Helen, Sang Lim Lee, Eduardo Ortiz and Michael B. Toney. "Do They Just Keep on Moving or Do They Go Home? Internal Migration of Mexican-Origin, Non-Mexican Hispanics, Non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks in the U.S." Presented: Barcelona, Spain, International Population Association Meeting (a.k.a. European Population Conference), July 2008.
2. Berry, Eddy Helen
Lee, Sang Lim
Ortiz, Eduardo
Toney, Michael B.
Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Other Latino Origin Internal Migration in the U.S. A Panel Study of Migration Utilizing the NLSY79
Presented: Boston, MA, Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, April 2008.
Also: http://communicate.aag.org/eseries/aag_org/program/AbstractDetail.cfm?AbstractID=16545
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Association of American Geographers
Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Studies; Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Immigrants; Labor Market Segmentation; Migration Patterns; Mobility

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Due to changes in immigration laws in the 1980s, much research on immigration to the U.S. has focused on Hispanic immigration. This has been heavily influenced by labor market interests, and interest in the segmentation or assimilation of this rapidly growing group. Yet, generally, Hispanics are lumped into a single group and not disaggregated as Mexican-origin in comparison to Hispanics of other origins. The growing literature on the spatial distribution of Hispanics, particularly by demographers, has not disaggregated the group to understand how there may be differences between each ethnicity's migration patterns or the impetus for making internal migrations that have resulted in the spatial changes in residence of the group as a whole. In this paper we examine the internal migration of Mexican Latinos and non-Mexican Latinos, utilizing the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, 1979. The panel study will allow us to compare and contrast each group's propensity for internal migration, their likelihood for repeat migration, and their likelihood of return or onward migrations. Preliminary results indicate that non-Mexican Latinos are more mobile than Mexican Latinos as a whole. All groups are more likely to move toward metropolitan places. Onward migration is more likely to occur for Latinos in general than is return migration.
Bibliography Citation
Berry, Eddy Helen, Sang Lim Lee, Eduardo Ortiz and Michael B. Toney. "Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Other Latino Origin Internal Migration in the U.S. A Panel Study of Migration Utilizing the NLSY79." Presented: Boston, MA, Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, April 2008.
3. Bohm, Maggie Y.
Lee, Sang Lim
Toney, Michael B.
Inter-Religious Marriage and Migration
Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Meetings, April-May 2009.
Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=90184
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Marriage; Migration; Religion

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study analyzes the influences of inter-religious marriage and the different levels of church attendance within couples on migration. We hypothesize that the propensity for migration is higher for inter-religious couples than for intra-religious couples and for couples who attend church at different frequencies. To examine the hypotheses, we used age, education, and length of residence as controls in logistic models. Theories that have been utilized in examining the effects of inter-group marriages, especially inter-racial marriages, on the behavior of couples provide theoretical guidance for the analysis. Largely, this research, as well as research on other differences between husbands and wives, indicates that inter-group couples have higher migration rates than intra-groups couples. The NLSY79 was used to analyze the relationships between these aspects of religious identities and migration and between church attendance and migration. The result showed slightly lower migration odds for inter-group couples than for intra-group couples.
Bibliography Citation
Bohm, Maggie Y., Sang Lim Lee and Michael B. Toney. "Inter-Religious Marriage and Migration." Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Meetings, April-May 2009.
4. Brooks, W. Trevor
Lee, Sang Lim
Toney, Michael B.
Berry, Eddy Helen
The Effects of Occupational Aspirations and Other Factors on the Out-Migration of Rural Youth
Journal of Rural and Community Development 5,3 (2010): 19-36.
Also: http://www.jrcd.ca/viewarticle.php?id=498
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Open Journal Systems
Keyword(s): Migration; Occupational Aspirations; Rural Areas; Rural Sociology

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Out-migration of youth from rural areas persists as one of the most serious threats to the sustainability of rural communities. This study provides a more rigorous examination than has been previously possible of whether occupational aspirations held by youth affect their long-term out-migration. The analysis is accomplished by examining the effects of occupational aspirations and known predictors of migration with five logistic regression models. We utilize data on rural youth in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) which include a measure of occupational aspirations at a youthful age and allow for a long-term measure of subsequent migration. Results show that rural youth aspiring to professional and managerial occupations are more likely to be rural out-migrants at age 35 than are youth aspiring to blue collar occupations. This greater likelihood is true even with other recognized influences on migration being controlled. Other variables introduced in our logistic models are gender, race/ethnicity, mother’s education, length of residence, change in educational status, change in marital status, and actual occupation at age 35. We find that the effects of these variables on migration out of rural places largely persist when occupational aspirations are controlled. Our findings further substantiate the need for rural communities to increase career opportunities in professional and managerial occupations in order to reduce the out-migration of a large and vital segment of rural youth. Better knowledge about the odds of out-migration for other important determinants of migration should also be helpful in efforts to lessen the loss of rural youth.
Bibliography Citation
Brooks, W. Trevor, Sang Lim Lee, Michael B. Toney and Eddy Helen Berry. "The Effects of Occupational Aspirations and Other Factors on the Out-Migration of Rural Youth ." Journal of Rural and Community Development 5,3 (2010): 19-36.
5. Fedor, Theresa Marie
Lee, Sang Lim
A Longitudinal Study of Past Influences on Migration
Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009.
Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=91777
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Life Cycle Research; Migration

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Migration literature usually describes the age pattern of adult migration frequency as highest in young adulthood, with a subsequent gradual decline in the frequency of migration events with age. This tapering off in a person's life describes an assumed universal, life cycle of migration. There is also an embedded assumption that each migration event in an individual's life is independent of all other migration events and that each migration is simply a result of the costs and benefits of a move at that point in time. The idea that each move is independent of other moves, coupled with a universally applied life cycle of migration for an individual has partially stemmed from data limitations bred from cross-sectional studies. This research utilizes longitudinal data that enables a more thorough analysis of the two assumptions listed above.

We hypothesize that each migration event is correlated to other migration events in an individual's life. A migration event is defined as a change in county of residence, defined by federal information processing standards codes (FIPS codes). This study shows that the age of an individual's first adult migration differentially influences subsequent migration events. The frequency of primary migration events declines with age, meaning that there are fewer total numbers of primary migrations at later ages. But those who experience a primary migration at age 28 as opposed to age 18, for example, will begin their migration life cycle at that point, leading to a higher chance of subsequent migrations. By grouping cases by age at first migration, or primary migration, new patterns emerge that give a more detailed description of how migration occurs. Disaggregation by age group of first migration event reveals that the universally applied life cycle of migration as a gradual taper with age, no longer remains true. In fact, the same pattern as described in the life cycle of migration still occurs on the individual level, but this pattern begins at different time points based on the age of primary migration.

Bibliography Citation
Fedor, Theresa Marie and Sang Lim Lee. "A Longitudinal Study of Past Influences on Migration." Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009.
6. Lee, Sang Lim
Mobility Disparity between Race/Ethnic Groups: Onward and Return Migrations
Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009.
Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=91924
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Migration; Migration Patterns; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The purposes of this study are to examine migration disparities in repeat migration including onward and return migration by Hispanics, blacks, and whites and to inspect the differences among the various types of migration. In addition, this study explores differences between onward and return migrations. These have been rarely studied because of a lack of proper migration data. This research employs the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79) for a hierarchical generalized linear model (HGLM) of repeat migrations. The results demonstrate that whites are more likely to make onward migrations compared to blacks and Hispanics. But, with return migration, significant differences between whites and other minorities are not found. Return migration presents several interesting different patterns compared with the other type migrations, including the effects of age and educational attainment. The findings seem to indicate that different characteristics are involved in different types of migration
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Sang Lim. "Mobility Disparity between Race/Ethnic Groups: Onward and Return Migrations." Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009.
7. Lee, Sang Lim
Racial and Ethnic Comparison of Migration Selectivity: Primary and Repeat Migration
Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, 2008
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Discrimination; Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Human Capital; Migration; Migration Patterns; Modeling; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The purposes of this study are to examine migration disparities in primary, onward, and return migration by Hispanics, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white and to inspect the differences among the various types of migration. In addition, this study explores explanations of the migration disparities. These have been rarely studied because of a lack of proper migration data. This research employs the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79) for a logistic regression of primary migration and for a hierarchical generalized linear model (HGLM) of the two types of repeat migration, namely onward and return. The results demonstrate that whites are more likely to make primary and onward migrations compared to blacks and Hispanics. But, with return migration, significant differences between whites and other minorities are not found. With respect to the contributors or explanations, this study indicates that the racial/ethnic migration disparities are not explained by socioeconomic status as opposed to explanations by human capital perspectives. The racial/ethnic disparities in migrations seem to be produced by discrimination and an unequal distribution of opportunities. Return migration presents several interesting different patterns compared with the other type migrations, including the effects of age and educational attainment. For return migration, old and less educated individuals have higher odds, showing reversed pattern of total, primary, and onward migration. The findings seem to indicate that different characteristics are involved in different types of migration.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Sang Lim. Racial and Ethnic Comparison of Migration Selectivity: Primary and Repeat Migration. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, 2008.
8. Ortiz, Eduardo
Berry, Eddy Helen
Lee, Sang Lim
Toney, Michael B.
Internal Migration of Mexican and Other Hispanics: Comparisons of Primary and Repeat Migration in the United States
Presented: Portland, OR, Pacific Sociological Association Meeting, April 2008.
Also: http://www.pacificsoc.org/2006/03/2008-annual-mee.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Pacific Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups; Hispanics; Migration

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
Ortiz, Eduardo, Eddy Helen Berry, Sang Lim Lee and Michael B. Toney. "Internal Migration of Mexican and Other Hispanics: Comparisons of Primary and Repeat Migration in the United States." Presented: Portland, OR, Pacific Sociological Association Meeting, April 2008.
9. Ortiz, Eduardo
Berry, Eddy Helen
Toney, Michael B.
Lee, Sang Lim
Effects of Socioeconomic Factors on the Migration of Mexicans and Other Hispanics within the United States: A Comparison across Primary and Repeat Migration Types
Presented: Seattle WA, Pacific Sociological Association Annual Meeting, March 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Pacific Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Migration

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study uses multinomial logistic regression to compare the primary and repeat migration of Mexicans with Hispanics of other national origins. Repeat migration is broken into three categories for the multinomial analysis. In our basic model Mexicans are much more likely to make return migrations than are other Hispanics but these differences are reduced to non-significance when socioeconomic factors and duration of residence are included in Model 4. Mexicans and other Hispanics who have never migrated are equally likely to make a primary migration.
Bibliography Citation
Ortiz, Eduardo, Eddy Helen Berry, Michael B. Toney and Sang Lim Lee. "Effects of Socioeconomic Factors on the Migration of Mexicans and Other Hispanics within the United States: A Comparison across Primary and Repeat Migration Types." Presented: Seattle WA, Pacific Sociological Association Annual Meeting, March 2011.
10. Ortiz, Eduardo
Lee, Sang Lim
Berry, Eddy Helen
Toney, Michael B.
Descriptive Comparisons of the Internal Migration of Mexican Heritage vs. Other Heritage Hispanics in the United States
Population and Society 6,1 (May 2010): 31-62.
Also: http://www.ipar.re.kr/journal/pdf/ps6-1-2.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Institute of Population and Aging Research
Keyword(s): Geographical Variation; Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Migration; Socioeconomic Factors

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

[Editor's note: This article may never have been published. It is listed in only one of the authors CV's as "In Preparation for Population and Society." The on-line journal "Population and Society cannot currently be found.
The Population Research Laboratory (PRL) at Utah State University lists a similar title:
Ortiz, Eduardo, Sang Lim Lee, E. H. Berry, and M. B. Toney. 2010. "Comparative Longitudinal Internal Migration of U.S. Mexican, Puerto Rican and Other Hispanics.” Population and Society (in press).]

Hispanics are the most rapidly growing ethnic group in the United States. Past research has shown socioeconomic differences between Hispanics from different national origins and suggests that various aspects of Hispanic migration within the U.S. might differ depending on that national origin. Utilizing the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) permits the first descriptive comparison of rates of primary and repeat migration of Mexican heritage Hispanics with other Hispanic groups. Analysis of repeat migration focuses on comparisons of return and onward migration. The comparisons of Mexican Hispanics with other Hispanics reveal little differences between these national origin groupings in rates of primary, return and onward migration. Rates of primary migration for Mexicans and other Hispanics are low and vary little from the overall rates of 3.6 percent to 4.3 percent across thirty subgroups identified by sociodemographic characteristics. Although the rates of return and onward migration are higher than primary migration rates, differences between Mexican and other Hispanic groups are not very large. Reporting the lack of differences is important since prior research suggested major differences were likely. What appear to be different between Mexican heritage and other Hispanic heritage groups are the geographic origins from which each group emigrates and to which each group immigrates. Because migration de stinati on is closely associated with location of jobs but also with the location of co-nationals, future research should include multivariate analysis and incorporate theoretical perspectives that help understand this migration of Hispanic groups in the U.S..

Bibliography Citation
Ortiz, Eduardo, Sang Lim Lee, Eddy Helen Berry and Michael B. Toney. "Descriptive Comparisons of the Internal Migration of Mexican Heritage vs. Other Heritage Hispanics in the United States." Population and Society 6,1 (May 2010): 31-62.