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ignoring parameter: Working Paper, University of Washington, 1990
ignoring parameter: client.norc.org
ignoring parameter: jole
ignoring parameter: soleweb
ignoring parameter: 9238.pdf
ignoring parameter: www.jstor.org
ignoring parameter: stable
ignoring parameter: 3270652
ignoring parameter: www.nber.org
ignoring parameter: papers
ignoring parameter: w16619.pdf
ignoring parameter: econ.ucdenver.edu
ignoring parameter: mansour
ignoring parameter: BC09.pdf
ignoring parameter: www.econ.yale.edu
ignoring parameter: growth_pdf
ignoring parameter: cdp841.pdf
ignoring parameter: Working Paper 20 (December 2009), China Center for Human Capital and Labor Market Research, Central University of Finance and Economics.
ignoring parameter: Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and the Decision to Drop Out of High School
501. |
Bearak, Jonathan M. Popinchalk, Anna Burke, Kristen Lagasse Anjur-Dietrich, Selena |
Does the Impact of Motherhood on Women's Employment and Wages Differ for Women Who Plan Their Transition Into Motherhood? Demography published online (10 May 2021): DOI: 10.1215/00703370-9295218. Also: https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/doi/10.1215/00703370-9295218/173455/Does-the-Impact-of-Motherhood-on-Women-s Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birth Preferences/Birth Expectations; Fertility; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Racial Differences; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Women's ability to control their fertility through contraception and abortion has been shown to contribute to improvements in education and employment. At the same time, their employment and wages decline substantially when they transition to motherhood. About one-third of births are unintended, and it is unknown whether the impact of motherhood on employment, hours, and wages is smaller for women who planned their transition into motherhood compared with those who did not. To explore this, we examine fixed-effects models that estimate labor market outcomes using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979–2014. We estimate models for Black and White women and find that the relationship between motherhood and employment is significantly more negative among White women who plan their transition into motherhood than among those who have an unplanned first birth. Among those who remain employed, we find that those with a planned first birth work fewer hours and have lower wages relative to those with unplanned births. We do not find significant evidence that the association between motherhood and labor market outcomes differs by fertility planning among Black women. Prior research shows how women's choices are structurally constrained by sociocultural norms and expectations and by a labor market that may not readily accommodate motherhood. In this context, our findings may reflect differences in women's motherhood and employment preferences and their ability to act on those preferences. Our analysis also makes a novel contribution to the large body of research that associates unplanned births with negative outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bearak, Jonathan M., Anna Popinchalk, Kristen Lagasse Burke and Selena Anjur-Dietrich. "Does the Impact of Motherhood on Women's Employment and Wages Differ for Women Who Plan Their Transition Into Motherhood?" Demography published online (10 May 2021): DOI: 10.1215/00703370-9295218.
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502. |
Bearak, Jonathan M. Popinchalk, Anna Burke, Kristen Anjur-Dietrich, Selena |
Does the Impact of Motherhood on Women's Earnings Differ for Women Who Plan Their Transition Into Motherhood? Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birth Preferences/Birth Expectations; Earnings; Labor Market Outcomes; Maternal Employment; Motherhood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. About a third of births are unintended, and it is unknown whether the impact of motherhood on employment, hours or wages is smaller for women who planned their transition into motherhood compared to those who did not. To explore this, we examine fixed-effects models to estimate labor market outcomes using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-2014. We find that the relationship between motherhood and employment is significantly more negative among white women who plan their transition into motherhood compared to those who have unplanned first births. Among those who remain employed, we find that those with planned births work fewer hours and have lower wages relative to those with unplanned births. These findings highlight the challenges women face as parents in the workforce and make a novel contribution to the large body of research that associates unplanned births with negative outcomes. [Also presented at New York NY: American Sociological Association Meeting, August 2019] |
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Bibliography Citation
Bearak, Jonathan M., Anna Popinchalk, Kristen Burke and Selena Anjur-Dietrich. "Does the Impact of Motherhood on Women's Earnings Differ for Women Who Plan Their Transition Into Motherhood?" Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
503. |
Beasley, William H. Bard, David E. Hunter, Michael D. Meredith, Kelly M. Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
NLSY Kinship Links: Creating Biometrical Design Structures from Cross-Generational Data Presented: Marseille, France, Behavior Genetics Association (BGA) Annual Meeting, June-July 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Digit Span (also see Memory for Digit Span - WISC); Genetics; Kinship; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we present innovative NLSY designs. We begin with a review of the Mother-Daughter-Aunt-Niece (MDAN) design (Rodgers et al. 2008) and expand this to include other relationships simultaneously, including the 5,000 NLSYC first cousins. Following we discuss the potential for limited three-generational designs using the available information about the parents of the original NLSY79 respondents. Finally, we discuss how incorporating a third dataset, (the NLSY97) provides a ‘"phantom mother’" design, developed by (age, SES, family, etc.) matching of the NLSYC to the NLSY97 respondents, and assigning NLSY79 mothers to NLSY97 respondents across these matches. |
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Bibliography Citation
Beasley, William H., David E. Bard, Michael D. Hunter, Kelly M. Meredith and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "NLSY Kinship Links: Creating Biometrical Design Structures from Cross-Generational Data." Presented: Marseille, France, Behavior Genetics Association (BGA) Annual Meeting, June-July 2013. |
504. |
Beattie, Irenee Rose |
High School and Women's Life Course: Curriculum Tracking, Race/Ethnicity, and Welfare Receipt Journal of Poverty 15,1 (January-March 2011): 65-87. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10875549.2011.539404 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Academic Development; College Education; High School; High School Curriculum; Life Course; Welfare; Women's Education; Women's Studies Life course scholarship considers how institutional contexts, such as schools, influence adolescent development. Likewise, educational scholars examine how high school experiences influence nonacademic life course outcomes. This study connects these disparate research areas to determine how high school curricular tracks relate to racial/ethnic differences in welfare dynamics. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) data, the author finds that college preparatory coursework provides greater benefits to White women than to Black and Latina women in helping them avoid early welfare receipt. This benefit accrues largely through lowering their chances of dropping out of high school. Theoretical implications and relevance to the current policy environment are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Poverty is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Beattie, Irenee Rose. "High School and Women's Life Course: Curriculum Tracking, Race/Ethnicity, and Welfare Receipt." Journal of Poverty 15,1 (January-March 2011): 65-87.
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505. |
Beattie, Irenee Rose |
Learning "Self-Sufficiency": How High Schools Help Women Avoid Welfare Presented: Anaheim, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Education; High School; Modeling; Poverty; Schooling; Welfare; Women; Women's Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research fills gaps in education and welfare research by analyzing the longitudinal effect of high school experiences on women's risk of welfare receipt and on the proximate causes of receipt - teen childbearing, dropping out of high school, limited work experience, single motherhood, and adult poverty. I draw from theoretical arguments about the role of schooling in society and empirical work demonstrating the importance of within- and between-school variation in shaping student outcomes. I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data (1979-1998) and event history, logistic and OLS regression to determine how high school helps women avoid welfare. Analyzing the effects of curricular tracking, school context, and school resources on first welfare receipt and its proximate causes, I find that curricular tracking and school context indirectly affect welfare receipt through their effects on each of the proximate causes of receipt. Further, I find that women's risks of first welfare receipt is directly diminished by enrollment in college track coursework and by attending high schools with lower concentrations of poor students, net of extensive, time-varying controls for family background, adult poverty, work experience, fertility and other factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Beattie, Irenee Rose. "Learning "Self-Sufficiency": How High Schools Help Women Avoid Welfare." Presented: Anaheim, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 2001. |
506. |
Beattie, Irenee Rose |
Tracking Women's Transition to Adulthood: High School Experiences, Race/Ethnicity, and the Early Life Course Outcomes of Schooling Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Arizona, 2003. DAI-A 64/09, p. 3496, Mar 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Ethnic Studies; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Life Course; Mothers, Adolescent; Racial Studies; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Welfare High schools are key settings for adolescent development, yet life course scholars have not fully examined how schools shape transitions to adulthood. Schools are important for socializing youth, but most education research examines cognitive outcomes, like test scores, rather than behavioral outcomes, like welfare receipt. Theories about transitions to adulthood and the role of curricular tracking each focus on racial/ethnic differences, but there is little connection between the two areas of inquiry. This study explores racial/ethnic variation in the effect of curricular tracking on women's risk of young welfare receipt, and on behavioral outcomes I term the proximate causes of welfare --dropping out of high school, teenage motherhood, limited work experience, poverty, and single motherhood. In three distinct but theoretically connected essays, I study these relationships using a sample of black, Latina, and white women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Chapter 2 examines racial/ethnic differences in the effect of college and vocational tracks on behavioral outcomes of schooling. College tracks reduce women's risk of experiencing the proximate causes of receipt, but these effects are much stronger for white women than for black and Latina women. Women of color have lower risks of each of the proximate causes in vocational tracks and racial/ethnic inequality is greatest in college tracks. Chapter 3 considers whether racial variation in the effects of tracking influences pathways to welfare receipt. Tracking shapes welfare dynamics, and racial inequality in these effects is greatest in the college track. Whites benefit more from college track placement while women of color benefit more from vocational track coursework. Tracking influences welfare risks primarily through effects on teen motherhood and dropping out of school. Chapter 4 explores a mechanism through which racial/ethnic differences in the effect of tracking might operate: an "attitude-achievement paradox'; Women with high educational expectations and limited preparation for college (as indicated by test scores) are extremely likely to become teen mothers. African American women are most buffered from teen motherhood risks in the vocational rather than the general or college tracks. In each section, I discuss the important theoretical and policy implications derived from these results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Beattie, Irenee Rose. Tracking Women's Transition to Adulthood: High School Experiences, Race/Ethnicity, and the Early Life Course Outcomes of Schooling. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Arizona, 2003. DAI-A 64/09, p. 3496, Mar 2004. |
507. |
Beattie, Irenee Rose |
Tracking Women's Transitions to Adulthood: Race, Curricular Tracking, and Young Adult Outcomes Youth and Society 49,1 (January 2017): 96-117. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/49/1/96.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): High School Curriculum; High School Dropouts; Mothers, Adolescent; Poverty; Racial Differences; Transition, Adulthood; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Theories suggest curricular tracking is linked to racial/ethnic inequality. However, prior studies largely examine cognitive outcomes like standardized test scores and neglect behavioral outcomes. They also overlook potential racial/ethnic differences within curricular tracks. This study asks the following questions: (a) Is curricular tracking associated with young women's social and behavioral outcomes during the transition to adulthood (dropping out of high school, teen motherhood, and poverty)? and (b) Are there racial/ethnic differences in these associations? Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data and logistic regression, results show that all women reduce risks of negative outcomes in the college and vocational tracks compared with the general track. However, college track coursework buffers White women from dropping out and teen motherhood (but not poverty) significantly more than it does Black and Latina women. Thus, racial gaps are greatest within the college track rather than lower tracks, suggesting that the college track may be a site for opportunity hoarding among Whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Beattie, Irenee Rose. "Tracking Women's Transitions to Adulthood: Race, Curricular Tracking, and Young Adult Outcomes." Youth and Society 49,1 (January 2017): 96-117.
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508. |
Beauchamp, Andrew Sanzenbacher, Geoffrey Seitz, Shannon Skira, Meghan |
Deadbeat Dads Boston College Working Papers in Economics No. 859, Department of Economics, Boston College, July 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Boston College Keyword(s): Child Support; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Earnings; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Why do some men father children outside of marriage but not provide support? Why are some single women willing to have children outside of marriage when they receive little or no support from unmarried fathers? Why is this behavior especially common among blacks? To shed light on these questions, we develop and estimate a dynamic equilibrium model of marriage, employment, fertility, and child support. We consider the extent to which low earnings and a shortage of single men relative to single women among blacks can explain the prevalence of deadbeat dads and non-marital childbearing. We estimate the model by indirect inference using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. We simulate three distinct counterfactual policy environments: perfect child support enforcement, eliminating the black-white earnings gap, and equalizing black-white population supplies (and therefore gender ratios). We find perfect enforcement reduces non-marital childbearing dramatically, particularly among blacks; over time it translates into many fewer couples living with children from past relationships, and therefore less deadbeat fatherhood. Eliminating the black-white earnings gap reduces the marriage rate difference between blacks and whites by 29 to 43 percent; black child poverty rates fall by nearly 40 percent. Finally equalizing gender ratios has little effect on racial differences in marriage and fertility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Beauchamp, Andrew, Geoffrey Sanzenbacher, Shannon Seitz and Meghan Skira. "Deadbeat Dads." Boston College Working Papers in Economics No. 859, Department of Economics, Boston College, July 2014. |
509. |
Beauchamp, Andrew Sanzenbacher, Geoffrey Seitz, Shannon Skira, Meghan |
Single Moms and Deadbeat Dads: The Role of Earnings, Marriage Market Conditions, and Preference Heterogeneity International Economic Review 59,1 (February 2018): 191-232. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/iere.12267/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Child Support; Fathers; Mothers; Parents, Non-Custodial; Parents, Single; Racial Differences Why do some men father children outside of marriage without providing support? Why do some women have children outside of marriage when they receive little support from fathers? Why is this behavior more common among blacks than whites? We estimate a dynamic equilibrium model of marriage, employment, fertility, and child support decisions. We consider the extent to which low earnings, marriage market conditions, and preference heterogeneity explain non-marital childbearing, deadbeat fatherhood, and racial differences in these outcomes. We find the black-white earnings gap and preference heterogeneity explain a substantial portion of racial differences, while marriage market conditions are less important. |
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Bibliography Citation
Beauchamp, Andrew, Geoffrey Sanzenbacher, Shannon Seitz and Meghan Skira. "Single Moms and Deadbeat Dads: The Role of Earnings, Marriage Market Conditions, and Preference Heterogeneity." International Economic Review 59,1 (February 2018): 191-232.
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510. |
Beck, Jason |
Exploring the Link Between Wages and Psychological Capital Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics published online (22 March 2021): DOI: 10.1177/0260107921989914. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0260107921989914 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Wage Equations; Wage Models Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Traditional Mincer-type hedonic wage equations typically fail to account for the effect of psychological capital, in part because such factors are often regarded as unobservable. This article incorporates a measure of psychological capital (specifically, self-esteem) that has been validated in the psychology literature into an otherwise typical hedonic wage model. Then, the sample is divided into race and gender subgroups and estimates are compared. The results suggest that self-esteem does play a role in determining wages for Whites (White men, in particular), but it has no detectable effect on the wages of African-Americans. Data are drawn from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Beck, Jason. "Exploring the Link Between Wages and Psychological Capital." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics published online (22 March 2021): DOI: 10.1177/0260107921989914.
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511. |
Beck, Scott Herman Cole, Bettie S. Hammond, Judith A. |
Religious Heritage and Premarital Sex: Evidence from a National Sample of Young Adults Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30,2 (June 1991): 173-180. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/1387211 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for the Scientific Study of Religion Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Religious Influences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Experiences/Virginity Previous studies on attitudes or behavior regarding premarital sex of teenagers and young adults have generally found that while measures of religiosity are important, church affiliation has little, if any, impact. However, most of these studies used crude categorizations of affiliation. In this study, a more specific typology of religious organizations is created to assess the impact of religious heritage (parents' religious affiliation), as well as the affiliations of the young respondents, on premarital sexual intercourse. Data from the 1979 and 1983 interviews of the NLSY were used and four subsamples were created: white females, white males, black females and black males. Logistic regression was used to model the effects of religious affiliation contrasts along with control variables on two dichotomous dependent variables, premarital sex and teenage sex. For both white females and white males, a heritage of institutionalized sect membership produced the lowest likelihoods of premarital sex. In certain models for the female and male white samples, Fundamentalists and Baptists also displayed lower probabilities of premarital sex compared to the contrast group of Mainline Protestants. Affiliation differences in premarital sex behavior were muted in the black samples, and among black males there were no significant differences. In special subsamples of white female and male the institutionalized sect group exhibited the lowest probabilities of premarital sex, even when controlling for church attendance. It thus appears that religious heritage is a relevant factor not only in the formation of attitudes regarding sexuality but also in regard to sexual behavior of adolescents and young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Beck, Scott Herman, Bettie S. Cole and Judith A. Hammond. "Religious Heritage and Premarital Sex: Evidence from a National Sample of Young Adults." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30,2 (June 1991): 173-180.
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512. |
Beck, Scott Herman Cole, Bettie S. Hammond, Judith A. |
Religious Heritage and Premarital Sex: Evidence from a National Sample of Young Adults Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Religious Influences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A typology of religious organizations is developed to assess the impact of religious heritage (parents' religious affiliation), as well as the affiliations of young respondents, on premarital sexual intercourse, using interview data from 1979 & 1983 national longitudinal surveys on four subsamples: white females & males, & black females & males. Logistic regression was used to model the effects of religious affiliation contrasts along with control variables on two dichotomous dependent variables, premarital sex & teenage sex. For both white females & males, a heritage of institutionalized sect membership (Pentecostals, Mormons, & Jehovah's Witnesses, primarily) produced the lowest likelihoods of premarital sex (adult or teenage). In certain models for the female & male white sample, Fundamentalists & Baptists also displayed lower probabilities of premarital sex compared to the contrast group of mainline Protestants. Affiliation differences in premarital sex behavior were muted in the black samples, & among black males there were no significant differences. In special subsamples of white female & male "teen virgins," the institutionalized sect group exhibited the lowest probabilities of premarital sex, even when controlling for church attendance. It thus appears that religious heritage is a relevant factor not only in the formation of attitudes regarding sexuality but also in regard to sexual behavior. (Copyright 1990, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Beck, Scott Herman, Bettie S. Cole and Judith A. Hammond. "Religious Heritage and Premarital Sex: Evidence from a National Sample of Young Adults." Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1990. |
513. |
Becker, Daniel Stephen |
Non-Wage Characteristics and the Case of the Missing Margin Presented: Charlottesville, VA, Univeristy of Virginia, Bankard Applied Micro Economics Workshop, October 23, 2008. Also: http://people.virginia.edu/~sns5r/microwkshp/becker.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Virginia Keyword(s): Job Characteristics; Job Search; Modeling; Transition, Job to Job; Unemployment Insurance; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Job search models typically describe jobs in terms of wages without accounting for other characteristics, but empirical evidence suggests non-wage characteristics are an important determinant of job choice. For instance, workers in the NLSY79 report moving from a higher paying job to a lower paying job in 33% of voluntary job-to-job transitions. I estimate an equilibrium-based job search model that accounts for hiring wages, on-the-job wage growth, non-wage job characteristics, and measurement error. This model provides the first known estimate of the cumulative importance of all non-wage characteristics in job market decisions. I find that variation across jobs in non-wage characteristics is roughly twice as important as variation in hiring wages. I use the model and estimated parameters to measure how workers value the better non-wage characteristics and on-the-job wage growth potential that result when un-employment insurance enables them to search longer. Accounting for these previously unmeasured benefits more than triples my estimate of the program's value to workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Becker, Daniel Stephen. "Non-Wage Characteristics and the Case of the Missing Margin." Presented: Charlottesville, VA, Univeristy of Virginia, Bankard Applied Micro Economics Workshop, October 23, 2008. |
514. |
Becker, Daniel Stephen |
Non-Wage Characteristics and the Case of the Missing Margin Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Virginia, 2009. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Job Characteristics; Job Search; Modeling; Occupational Choice; Transition, Job to Job; Unemployment Insurance; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Job search models typically describe jobs solely in terms of wages, but empirical evidence suggests non-wage characteristics are an important determinant of job choice. For instance, workers in the NLSY79 report moving from a higher paying job to a lower paying job in 33% of voluntary job-to-job transitions. I estimate an equilibrium-based job search model that accounts for hiring wages, on-the-job wage growth, non-wage job characteristics and measurement error in wages. This model provides the first known estimate of the cumulative importance of all non-wage characteristics in job market decisions. I find that non-wage characteristics are a more important determinant of job choices than hiring wages. I use the model and estimated parameters to measure how workers value the better non-wage characteristics and on-the-job wage growth potential that result when unemployment insurance enables them to search longer. Accounting for these previously unmeasured benefits roughly triples my estimate of the program's value to workers. These results suggest an important role for non-wage characteristics in other applications throughout labor economics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Becker, Daniel Stephen. Non-Wage Characteristics and the Case of the Missing Margin. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Virginia, 2009.. |
515. |
Beheshti, Rahmatollah Jalalpour, Mehdi Glass, Thomas A. |
Comparing Methods of Targeting Obesity Interventions in Populations: An Agent-based Simulation SSM - Population Health 3 (December 2017): 211-218. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352827317300186 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Behavior; Comparison Group (Reference group); Obesity Social networks as well as neighborhood environments have been shown to effect obesity-related behaviors including energy intake and physical activity. Accordingly, harnessing social networks to improve targeting of obesity interventions may be promising to the extent this leads to social multiplier effects and wider diffusion of intervention impact on populations. However, the literature evaluating network-based interventions has been inconsistent. Computational methods like agent-based models (ABM) provide researchers with tools to experiment in a simulated environment. We develop an ABM to compare conventional targeting methods (random selection, based on individual obesity risk, and vulnerable areas) with network-based targeting methods. We adapt a previously published and validated model of network diffusion of obesity-related behavior. We then build social networks among agents using a more realistic approach. We calibrate our model first against national-level data. Our results show that network-based targeting may lead to greater population impact. We also present a new targeting method that outperforms other methods in terms of intervention effectiveness at the population level. |
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Bibliography Citation
Beheshti, Rahmatollah, Mehdi Jalalpour and Thomas A. Glass. "Comparing Methods of Targeting Obesity Interventions in Populations: An Agent-based Simulation." SSM - Population Health 3 (December 2017): 211-218.
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516. |
Belke, Terry W. |
A Synopsis of Herrnstein and Murray's The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life The Alberta Journal of Educational Research 41,3 (September 1995): 238-256. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ514023&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ514023 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Alberta Press Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Demography; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Racial Differences; Stratification; Welfare In an overview of a special journal issue (see related abstracts in SA 44:2), "Canadian Perspectives on The Bell Curve," each chapter of Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray's The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life(see IRPS No. 79/95c02104) is summarized, and illustrative excerpts are included. Herrnstein and Murray trace the history of intelligence and caution readers against generalizing from the aggregate to the individual and overemphasizing the importance and goodness of intelligence. They assert that cognitive partitioning emerged in US society through education and occupation, 1900-1990, and has resulted in the cognitive elite becoming richer, more segregated, and more inclined to intermarry. Data on non-Latino white populations from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth are used to interpret and predict relationships of cognitive classes with poverty, unemployment, family problems, welfare dependency, crime and citizenship as well as education and affirmative action. Ethnic and racial differences in cognitive ability and social behavior are discussed. Generally, it is found that the white cognitive elite perform well in all social, moral, educational and economic areas. For people to live together harmoniously, despite differences in intelligence that will inevitably limit or enable their achievements, it is advocated that US society return to its founders' belief in human equality and the pursuit of happiness, conceptualized as allowing individuals to have equal rights to find valued places in traditional communities, regardless of their cognitive ability. Moreover, simplified governing by the cognitive elite should enable persons of lower cognitive ability to find living a moral life more desirable and easy. 1 Reference. V. Wagener (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Belke, Terry W. "A Synopsis of Herrnstein and Murray's The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life." The Alberta Journal of Educational Research 41,3 (September 1995): 238-256.
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517. |
Bell, Janice F. Zimmerman, Frederick J. Diehr, Paula K. |
Maternal Work and Birth Outcome Disparities Maternal and Child Health Journal 12,4 (July 2008): 415-426. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/w41u402327vjp318/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: JAMA: Journals of the American Medical Association Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Ethnic Differences; Fertility; Job Characteristics; Maternal Employment; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: We tested relations between aspects of maternal work and birth outcomes in a national sample and in subgroups known to experience disparities. Methods: Three indices of work attributes (Status and Recognition, Physical Demands, and Exposure to Conflict) were derived by factor analysis of variables extracted from the Department of Labor's O*Net database. The indices were linked to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth using occupation codes for the primary jobs held by women who gave birth between 1979 and 2000 and worked during the quarter prior to birth (n = 3,386 births to n = 2,508 mothers). Multiple regression was used to model birth outcomes as functions of the work attribute indices, controlling for several measures of socioeconomic status and risk factors for adverse birth outcomes. Results: In the full sample, work-related Physical Demands were associated with lower average birthweight and increased odds of preterm birth while Status and Recognition was associated with higher average birthweight and lower odds of fetal growth restriction. In stratified models, Status and Recognition was associated with higher birth weight among women with low (versus high) income and with lower odds of preterm birth among women with low (versus high) education. Physical Demands were associated with higher rates of preterm birth among women with low (versus high) income and education and among African-American mothers (compared to Whites). Conclusions: The work environment is an important predictor of healthy births. Relations between maternal work attributes and birth outcomes differ by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status and according to the outcome under investigation. Further research with measures of work attributes specific to maternal work experiences is recommended to confirm our findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bell, Janice F., Frederick J. Zimmerman and Paula K. Diehr. "Maternal Work and Birth Outcome Disparities." Maternal and Child Health Journal 12,4 (July 2008): 415-426.
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518. |
Beller, Emily Ann |
Families and Mobility: A Re-Conceptualization of the Social Class of Children Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Human Capital; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Pairs (also see Siblings); Parents, Single; Schooling; Stepfamilies; Stratification Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Parent's occupational and educational achievements have long affected Americans' own achievements. How that happens depends in part on parent-child involvement and has become more complicated over the past thirty to forty years due to the increasing prevalence of diverse family forms. The heyday of family stability---roughly 1945-1975---coincided with the development of family-based social mobility and stratification research. Researchers took advantage of stability to simplify their measures of family background, frequently wholly summarizing children's social class in a single ranking or category based on the father's occupation. Today's complexity of family forms and the growing importance of mothers' occupations to family social class position render this simplification obsolete---over fifty percent of Americans born as early as 1940 say that their mother, too, worked outside the home. This dissertation documents the distortions that occur when researchers ignore these complexities and begins the process of modernizing family stratification research. I do so by bringing in the resources of both mothers and fathers---custodial and non custodial---in defining childhood social class. My dissertation research findings confirm that stratification research stands on a shaky foundation in ignoring family complexity. I show that models of intergenerational mobility which include family-level measures of class or educational background do a much better job of representing the mobility patterns in the data than conventional models do. Moreover, the choice of family background measure affects research conclusions. For example, I show that the apparent leveling of a long term trend toward greater equality in social class outcomes among recent male birth cohorts is actually due to the increasing but unmeasured effect of mothers' class resources on sons' outcomes. Rather than leveling off, inequality has increased noticeably compared to older cohorts. I also show that the lower predicted educational attainment of children raised in single parent families results from a comparatively weak relationship between absent parents' educational resources and children's educational success. This weak relationship exists only when parent-child involvement is low---when children spend sufficient time with absent parents, their achievement levels are close to those of young people who live full time with both parents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Beller, Emily Ann. Families and Mobility: A Re-Conceptualization of the Social Class of Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 2006. |
519. |
Belley, Philippe |
Human Capital Investments of Workers and the Schooling Decision of Young Adults Ph.D. Dissertation, University of West Ontario (Canada), 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Canada, Canadian; College Cost; College Enrollment; Education; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Human Capital; Skill Formation; Youth in Transition Survey (YITS), Canada Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My thesis consists of three chapters that focus on investments in human capital by individuals. The first chapter focuses on the skill accumulation of workers who have completed their formal education. Skills are acquired through work experience in the learning-by-doing (LBD) model. This model predicts that once hours of work are accounted for, there should be no systematic variation in wage growth. I use this prediction to test the LBD model by estimating, conditional on hours worked, the correlation between wage growth and variables affecting the incentives to accumulate skills. This correlation is found statistically significant and suggests a rejection of the LBD model for a sample of male and female workers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979. The second chapter is co-authored with Lance Lochner. We use the NLSY 1979 and NLSY 1997 to estimate the effects of family income on educational attainment in the early 1980s and early 2000s. The effects of family income on college attendance increase substantially over this period. We develop an educational choice model that incorporates both borrowing constraints and a "consumption value" of schooling. The model cannot explain the rising effects of family income on college attendance in response to rising costs and returns to college without appealing to borrowing constraints. The third chapter is co-authored with Marc Frenette and Lance Lochner. We conduct a parallel empirical analysis of the effects of parental income on post-secondary (PS) education attendance for recent high school cohorts in both the U.S. and Canada using data from the NLSY 1997 and Youth in Transition Survey. We estimate smaller post-secondary education attendance gaps by parental income in Canada relative to the U.S., even after controlling for family background and adolescent cognitive achievement. We develop an intergenerational schooling choice model that sheds light on the role of potentially import ant determinants of the family income - post-secondary education attendance gap. We document Canada - U.S. differences in financial returns to PS schooling, tuition policy, and financial aid, discussing the extent to which these differences contribute to the stronger family income - attendance relationship in the U.S. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belley, Philippe. Human Capital Investments of Workers and the Schooling Decision of Young Adults. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of West Ontario (Canada), 2011. |
520. |
Belley, Philippe Castex, Gonzalo Dechter, Evgenia |
The Changing Determinants of Juvenile Crime B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy published online (30 January 2023): DOI: doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2021-0420. Also: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/bejeap-2021-0420/html Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior, Antisocial; Crime; Disadvantaged, Economically; Geocoded Data; Rural/Urban Differences; Skills; Socioeconomic Background; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Following decades of increasing crime rates in the U.S., crime participation declined substantially throughout the 1990s, and have remained low in the 2000s. Using the 1979 and 1997 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we identify the determinants of criminal involvement and antisocial behavior. In the 1980s compared to the 2000s, youth from disadvantaged family backgrounds, those with lower skills, and those in urban areas were more disproportionately represented in crime participation. Our results suggest that most of the decline in crime is related to changes in the socio-economic environment and public policy shifts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belley, Philippe, Gonzalo Castex and Evgenia Dechter. "The Changing Determinants of Juvenile Crime." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy published online (30 January 2023): DOI: doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2021-0420.
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521. |
Belley, Philippe Lochner, Lance John |
The Changing Role of Family Income and Ability in Determining Educational Achievement NBER Working Paper No. 13527, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2007. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w13527 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Family Income; High School Diploma; Modeling This paper uses data from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth cohorts (NLSY79 and NLSY97) to estimate changes in the effects of ability and family income on educational attainment for youth in their late teens during the early 1980s and early 2000s. Cognitive ability plays an important role in determining educational outcomes for both NLSY cohorts, while family income plays little role in determining high school completion in either cohort. Most interestingly, we document a dramatic increase in the effects of family income on college attendance (particularly among the least able) from the NLSY79 to the NLSY97. Family income has also become a much more important determinant of college 'quality' and hours/weeks worked during the academic year (the latter among the most able) in the NLSY97. Family income has little effect on college delay in either sample. To interpret our empirical findings on college attendance, we develop an educational choice model that incorporates both borrowing constraints and a 'consumption' value of schooling - two of the most commonly invoked explanations for a positive family income - schooling relationship. Without borrowing constraints, the model cannot explain the rising effects of family income on college attendance in response to the sharply rising costs and returns to college experienced from the early 1980s to early 2000s: the incentives created by a 'consumption' value of schooling imply that income should have become less important over time (or even negatively related to attendance). Instead, the data are more broadly consistent with the hypothesis that more youth are borrowing constrained today than were in the early 1980s. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belley, Philippe and Lance John Lochner. "The Changing Role of Family Income and Ability in Determining Educational Achievement." NBER Working Paper No. 13527, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2007. |
522. |
Belley, Philippe Lochner, Lance John |
The Changing Role of Family Income and Ability in Determining Educational Achievement Working Paper No. 2008-2, Department of Economics, Social Science Centre, University of Western Ontario, December 2008. Also: http://economics.uwo.ca/faculty/lochner/papers/thechangingrole.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Western Ontario Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Attainment; Family Income; High School Diploma; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth cohorts (NLSY79 and NLSY97) to estimate changes in the effects of ability and family income on educational attainment for youth in their late teens during the early 1980s and early 2000s. Cognitive ability plays an important role in determining educational outcomes for both NLSY cohorts, while family income plays little role in determining high school completion in either cohort. Most interestingly, we document a dramatic increase in the effects of family income on college attendance (particularly among the least able) from the NLSY79 to the NLSY97. Family income has also become a much more important determinant of college 'quality' and hours/weeks worked during the academic year (the latter among the most able) in the NLSY97. Family income has little effect on college delay in either sample. To interpret our empirical findings on college attendance, we develop an educational choice model that incorporates both borrowing constraints and a 'consumption' value of schooling--two of the most commonly invoked explanations for a positive family income--schooling relationship. Without borrowing constraints, the model cannot explain the rising effects of family income on college attendance in response to the sharply rising costs and returns to college experienced from the early 1980s to early 2000s: the incentives created by a 'consumption' value of schooling imply that income should have become less important over time (or even negatively related to attendance). Instead, the data are more broadly consistent with the hypothesis that more youth are borrowing constrained today than were in the early 1980s. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belley, Philippe and Lance John Lochner. "The Changing Role of Family Income and Ability in Determining Educational Achievement." Working Paper No. 2008-2, Department of Economics, Social Science Centre, University of Western Ontario, December 2008. |
523. |
Belley, Philippe Lochner, Lance John |
The Changing Role of Family Income and Ability in Determining Educational Achievement Journal of Human Capital 1,1 (December 2007): 37-89. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/10.1086/524674 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Family Income; School Completion We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts to estimate the effects of ability and family income on educational attainment in the early 1980s and early 2000s. The effects of family income on college attendance increase substantially over this period. Cognitive ability strongly affects schooling outcomes in both periods. We develop an educational choice model that incorporates both borrowing constraints and a "consumption value" of schooling. The model cannot explain the rising effects of family income on college attendance in response to rising costs and returns to college without appealing to borrowing constraints. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belley, Philippe and Lance John Lochner. "The Changing Role of Family Income and Ability in Determining Educational Achievement." Journal of Human Capital 1,1 (December 2007): 37-89.
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524. |
Bellido, Hector Marcen, Miriam |
On the Relationship between Body Mass Index and Marital Dissolution Economic Modelling 91 (September 2020): 326-340. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264999319316621 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Marital Dissolution; Marital Stability The economic literature on body mass index (BMI) and marital dissolution uses simple correlations to suggest that it is the latter than alters the former. We argue here that the opposite is also potential because the higher the BMI, the lower the remarriage potential and the greater the demand for health care, which should decrease the probability of marital dissolution. We empirically explore the role of BMI on marital dissolution showing that those who are overweight are more likely to stay married. This is maintained when we examine causality by exploiting the exogeneity of the dates in which data are collected combined with BMI's seasonality. Although BMI appears to stabilize marriage, this implies a reduction in the bargaining power of individuals with a high BMI in marriage, which, according to our findings, has a greater impact on White women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bellido, Hector and Miriam Marcen. "On the Relationship between Body Mass Index and Marital Dissolution." Economic Modelling 91 (September 2020): 326-340.
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525. |
Bellido, Hector Marcen, Miriam Molina, Jose Alberto |
The Effect of Culture on Fertility Behavior of US Teen Mothers Feminist Economics 22,3 (2016): 101-126. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13545701.2015.1120881 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Census of Population; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; Teenagers This paper studies the impact of culture on the fertility behavior of teenage women in the US. To identify this effect, it took an epidemiological approach, exploiting the variations in teenage women's fertility rates by ancestral home country. Using three different databases (the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, and the 2000 US Census), the results show that culture has quantitatively important effects on the fertility behavior of teenage women. This finding is robust to alternative specifications, to the introduction of a range of home country variables to proxy culture, and to the measurement of individual characteristics present when teenage women continue with a pregnancy to have a child. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bellido, Hector, Miriam Marcen and Jose Alberto Molina. "The Effect of Culture on Fertility Behavior of US Teen Mothers." Feminist Economics 22,3 (2016): 101-126.
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526. |
Bellido, Hector Molina, Jose Alberto Solaz, Anne Stancanelli, Elena G. F. |
Do Children of the First Marriage Deter Divorce? Economic Modelling 55 (June 2016): 15-31. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264999316300037 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Children; Divorce; Marital Stability; Marriage In terms of economics, individuals divorce if their expected gains from marriage fall short of their expected utility outside the current marriage, and children represent a marriage-specific type of investment, which generally increases the value of marriage for the spouses. However, children may also disrupt marital stability as they will induce dramatic changes into the household allocation of money and time. In particular, children conceived before or after first marriage may be valued differently by the spouses and this may lead to marital conflicts. It is difficult to assign a priori the direction of the effect of children on marriage stability, and causality may run either way, as couples who anticipate a separation are more likely to have fewer children than those who are happy together, while children born before first marriage may be associated with a lower marriage attachment of their parents. Here, we follow an empirical approach and take advantage of the richness of the data on pre-marital history from the 24 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth79, to estimate the effect of children conceived before or after first marriage on marital stability. We find a significant deterrent effect of young children conceived during first marriage to the likelihood of divorce, while children conceived before first marriage are found to have a disruptive effect on marital stability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bellido, Hector, Jose Alberto Molina, Anne Solaz and Elena G. F. Stancanelli. "Do Children of the First Marriage Deter Divorce?" Economic Modelling 55 (June 2016): 15-31.
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527. |
Bellido, Hector Molina, Jose Alberto Solaz, Anne Stancanelli, Elena G. F. |
Which Children Stabilize Marriage? IZA Discussion Paper No. 7858, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), December 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Children; Fertility; Marital Disruption; Marital Stability Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Children can be considered as a marriage-specific investment that increases the value of the marriage, making a divorce more costly. We exploit the richness of pre- and post-marital information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79, for the United States, to investigate the relation between fertility and marriage instability. In our model of marriage breakdown, we use the number of siblings of the respondent and, alternatively, multiple births, to instrument the number of children conceived during first marriage. Our results indicate that the presence of children significantly reduces the probability of marital disruption. In addition, the younger the children, the greater the deterrent effect. In contrast, we conclude that children conceived before first marriage increase the risk of marital disruption. Finally, the higher the parents' level of education, the larger the positive effect of fertility on marital stability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bellido, Hector, Jose Alberto Molina, Anne Solaz and Elena G. F. Stancanelli. "Which Children Stabilize Marriage?" IZA Discussion Paper No. 7858, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), December 2013. |
528. |
Bellou, Andriana |
Male Wage Inequality and Marital Dissolution: Is There a Link? IZA Discussion Paper No. 7331, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2013. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp7331.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital Dissolution; Marital Instability; Wage Gap; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. After almost a century-long pattern of rising marital instability, divorce rates leveled off in 1980 and have been declining ever since. The timing of deceleration and decline in the rates of marital disruption interestingly coincides with a period of substantial growth in wage inequality. This paper establishes a connection between the two phenomena and explores potential explanations for the underlying link. Using individual data on female marital histories in a duration analysis framework combined with regional and temporal variation in the pattern of male wage dispersion, I show that inequality has a significant stabilizing effect on the marital relationship. Quantitatively, increases in male wage dispersion can roughly explain up to 30% of the fall in the mean separation probability between 1979 and 1990. Several plausible explanations for this relationship are assessed: changes in spousal labor supplies, female wage inequality, income uncertainty, social capital as well as a hypothesis of “on-themarriage” search. The results are most supportive of the search interpretation. No strong quantitative support was found for the remaining mechanisms. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bellou, Andriana. "Male Wage Inequality and Marital Dissolution: Is There a Link?." IZA Discussion Paper No. 7331, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2013. |
529. |
Belsky, Jay |
Emanuel Miller Lecture - Developmental Risks (Still) Associated with Early Child Care Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 42,7 (October 2001): 845-859. Also: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1469-7610.00782 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Child Care; Maternal Employment; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Temperament In the mid to late 1980s a major controversy erupted when Belsky's (1986, 1988, 1990) analysis of research produced the conclusion that early and extensive nonmaternal care carried risks in terms of increasing the probability of insecure infant-parent attachment relationships and promoting aggression and noncompliance during the toddler, preschool, and early primary school years. Widespread critiques of Belsky's analysis called attention to problems associated with the Strange Situation procedure for measuring attachment security in the case of day-care reared children and to the failure of much of the cited research to take into consideration child-care quality and control for background factors likely to make children with varying child-care experiences developmentally different in the first place. In this lecture, research concerning the, developmental effects of child care and maternal employment initiated in the first year of life that has emerged since the controversy broke is reviewed. Evidence indicating that early, extensive, and continuous nonmaternal care is associated with less harmonious parent-child relations and elevated levels of aggression and noncompliance suggests that concerns raised about early and extensive child care 15 years ago remain valid and that alternative explanations of Belsky's originally controversial conclusion do not account for seemingly adverse effects of routine nonmaternal care that continue to be reported in the literature. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belsky, Jay. "Emanuel Miller Lecture - Developmental Risks (Still) Associated with Early Child Care." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 42,7 (October 2001): 845-859.
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530. |
Belsky, Jay Eggebeen, David J. |
Early and Extensive Maternal Employment and Young Children's Socioemotional Development: Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1083-1098. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353011 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Birthweight; Child Care; Child Development; Children, Behavioral Development; General Assessment; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Temperament Using information pertaining to maternal employment, child care and the socioemotional development of four-to-six-year-old children whose mothers were studied as part of the NLSY, the effects of early and extensive maternal employment/child care were assessed. Families and children were compared as a function of mother's employment across the child's first three years of life. After controlling for differences which existed between families at the time of children's births, it was found that children whose mothers were employed full- time beginning in their first or second year of life (and extensively thereafter) scored more poorly on a composite measure of adjustment (behavior problems + insecurity-compliance) than children whose mothers were not (or only minimally) employed during their first three years. Follow-up analyses revealed that this effect was restricted to the compliance component of the composite adjustment measure, and that children with early and extensive maternal employment/child care experience were significantly more noncompliant than age mates without such early experience. These results are discussed in terms of the current infant day care/early maternal employment controversy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belsky, Jay and David J. Eggebeen. "Early and Extensive Maternal Employment and Young Children's Socioemotional Development: Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1083-1098.
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531. |
Belsky, Jay Eggebeen, David J. |
Early and Extensive Maternal Employment/Child Care and 4-6 Year Olds' Socioemotional Development: Children of the NLSY Working Paper, Department of Individual and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Penn State University Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Care; Child Development; Children, Behavioral Development; General Assessment; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belsky, Jay and David J. Eggebeen. "Early and Extensive Maternal Employment/Child Care and 4-6 Year Olds' Socioemotional Development: Children of the NLSY." Working Paper, Department of Individual and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, 1990. |
532. |
Belsky, Jay Eggebeen, David J. |
Scientific Criticism and the Study of Early and Extensive Maternal Employment Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1107-1110. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Care; General Assessment; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Methods/Methodology; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Temperament; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) An exchange on Maternal Employment and Young Children's Adjustment. Belsky and Eggebeen begin their rejoinder to the commentaries on the Belsky and Eggebeen report in this issue with a thought experiment--in fact three thought experiments. They implore the critics to "imagine first that the Belsky and Eggebeen report was not an investigation of the association between early and extensive maternal employment and young children's adjustment, controlling for background factors, but rather a study of the effects of teenage parenthood, child abuse, maternal depression, or poverty--and the results were exactly the same: that children of teenage, depressed, or impoverished parents scored lower on adjustment and were less compliant. Or imagine instead that our investigation was carried out exactly as described, but the results were just the opposite; that is, early and extensive employment was related to higher adjustment and greater cooperation with adults. Or, as a final consideration, imagine that the analyses carried out had been exactly the same as reported, only an index of quality of child care had been available for inclusion in the study; when it was added to the regression model, the statistical effect of early and extensive maternal employment was significantly attenuated, and children who experienced higher-quality care scored higher on adjustment and lower on compliance than those who experienced lower-quality care." After imaging these three scenarios, they pose this simple question: "Would the commentaries to these studies have been different from those concerning the current Belsky and Eggebeen report?" |
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Bibliography Citation
Belsky, Jay and David J. Eggebeen. "Scientific Criticism and the Study of Early and Extensive Maternal Employment." Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1107-1110.
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533. |
Belzil, Christian Hansen, Jörgen |
A Structural Analysis of the Correlated Random Coefficient Wage Regression Model IZA Discussion Paper No. 512, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), June 2002. Also: ftp://ftp.iza.org/dps/dp512.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Modeling; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate a finite mixture dynamic programming model of schooling decisions in which the log wage regression function is set in a random coefficient framework. The model allows for absolute and comparative advantages in the labor market and assumes that the population is composed of 8 unknown types. Overall, labor market skills (as opposed to taste for schooling) appear to be the prime factor explaining schooling attainments. The estimates indicate a higher cross-sectional variance in the returns to experience than in the returns to schooling. From various simulations, we find that the sub-population mostly affected by a counterfactual change in the utility of attending school is composed of individuals who have any combination of some of the following attributes: absolute advantages in the labor market, high returns to experience, low utility of attending school and relatively low returns to schooling. Unlike what is often postulated in the average treatment effect literature, the weak correlation (unconditional) between the returns to schooling and the individual reactions to treatment is not sufficient to reconcile the discrepancy between OLS and IV estimates of the returns to schooling often found in the literature. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belzil, Christian and Jörgen Hansen. "A Structural Analysis of the Correlated Random Coefficient Wage Regression Model." IZA Discussion Paper No. 512, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), June 2002. |
534. |
Belzil, Christian Hansen, Jörgen |
A Structural Analysis of the Correlated Random Coefficient Wage Regression Model with an Application to the OLS-IV Puzzle IZA Discussion Paper No. 1585, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 2005. Also: ftp://ftp.iza.org/dps/dp1585.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Heterogeneity; Modeling; School Entry/Readiness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate a finite mixture dynamic programming model of schooling decisions in which the log wage regression function is set within a correlated random coefficient model and we use the structural estimates to perform counterfactual experiments. We show that the estimates of the dynamic programming model with a rich heterogeneity specification, along with simulated schooling/wage histories, may be used to obtain estimates of the average treatment effects (ATE), the average treatment effects for the treated and the untreated (ATT/ATU), the marginal treatment effect (MTE) and, finally, the local average treatment effects (LATE). The model is implemented on a panel of white males taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) from 1979 until 1994. We find that the average return to experience upon entering the labor market (0.059) exceeds the average return to schooling in the population (0.043). The importance of selectivity based on individual specific returns to schooling is illustrated by the difference between the average returns for those who have not attended college (0.0321) and those who attended college (0.0645). Our estimate of the MTE (0.0573) lies between the ATU and ATT and exceeds the average return in the population. Interestingly, the low average wage return is compatible with the occurrence of very high returns to schooling in some subpopulation (the highest type specific return is 0.13) and the simulated IV estimates (around 0.10) are comparable to those very high estimates often reported in the literature. The high estimates are explained by the positive correlation between the returns to schooling and the individual specific reactions. Moreover, they are not solely attributable to those individuals who are at the margin, but also to those individuals who would achieve a higher grade level no matter what. The structural dynamic programming model with multi-dimensional heterogeneity is therefore capable of explaining the well known OLS/IV puzzle. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belzil, Christian and Jörgen Hansen. "A Structural Analysis of the Correlated Random Coefficient Wage Regression Model with an Application to the OLS-IV Puzzle." IZA Discussion Paper No. 1585, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 2005. |
535. |
Belzil, Christian Hansen, Jörgen |
Earnings Dispersion, Risk Aversion and Education IZA Discussion Paper No. 513, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), June 2002. Also: ftp://ftp.iza.org/dps/dp513.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Endogeneity; Heterogeneity; Modeling; Schooling; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate a dynamic programming model of schooling decisions in which the degree of risk aversion can be inferred from schooling decisions. In our model, individuals are heterogeneous with respect to school and market abilities but homogeneous with respect to the degree of risk aversion. We allow endogenous schooling attainments to affect the level of risk experienced in labor market earnings through wage dispersion and employment rate dispersion. We find a low degree of relative risk aversion (0.9282) and the estimates indicate that both wage and employment rate dispersions decrease significantly with schooling attainments. We find that a counterfactual increase in risk aversion will increase schooling attainments. Finally, the low degree of risk aversion implies that an increase in earnings dispersion would have little effect on schooling attainments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belzil, Christian and Jörgen Hansen. "Earnings Dispersion, Risk Aversion and Education." IZA Discussion Paper No. 513, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), June 2002. |
536. |
Belzil, Christian Hansen, Jörgen |
Household Characteristics, Ability and Education: Evidence from a Dynamic Expected Utility Model IZA Working Paper No. 43, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 1999. Also: ftp://repec.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp43.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate a Dynamic Programming model of the decision between continuing schooling or entering the labor market using a panel from the National Longitudinal Survey (NLSY). The model, set in an expected utility framework (with a power utility function), fits data on both schooling attainments and wage very well. We find a degree of relative risk aversion much smaller than usually found in the finance literature (around 0.6) and a subjective annual discount rate between 4% and 5%. Various simulations indicate that schooling attainments are elastic with respect to the return to college education and, to a lesser extent, with respect to measured ability (Armed Forces Qualification Test scores) but inelastic with respect to household characteristics (especially household income). The "true" intergenerational correlation between schooling attainments and parents' education (after conditioning on observed and unobserved ability) is found to be quite low. Finally, our estimates of the return to schooling indicate strong returns to high school graduation and a clear evidence of a positive correlation between the utility of attending school and unobserved labor market ability (ability bias). Estimates of the return to schooling which take into account the ability bias are found to be between 25% and 30% smaller than those obtained ignoring it. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belzil, Christian and Jörgen Hansen. "Household Characteristics, Ability and Education: Evidence from a Dynamic Expected Utility Model." IZA Working Paper No. 43, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 1999. |
537. |
Belzil, Christian Hansen, Jörgen |
Intergenerational Transfers and the Rate of Time Preference in a Dynamic Model of Schooling Decisions Presented: New Haven, CT, Yale University, Cowles Conference on the Econometrics of Strategy and Decision Making, May 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cowles Foundation for Research and Economics, Yale University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Schooling; Time Preference; Transfers, Family Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The main objective of the present paper is to estimate a structural model of schooling decisions in which the separate effects of subjective discount rates, labor market ability and intergenerational transfers on schooling attainments can be identified and which can be used to evaluate the relative importance of discount rate heterogeneity and family background variables. The model, which is estimated in the present paper, is similar to the one discussed in Belzil and Hansen (2000 - Subective Discount Rate, Intergenerational Transfers and the Return of Schooling). |
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Bibliography Citation
Belzil, Christian and Jörgen Hansen. "Intergenerational Transfers and the Rate of Time Preference in a Dynamic Model of Schooling Decisions." Presented: New Haven, CT, Yale University, Cowles Conference on the Econometrics of Strategy and Decision Making, May 2000. |
538. |
Belzil, Christian Hansen, Jörgen |
Subjective Discount Rates, Intergenerational Transfers and the Return to Schooling IZA Discussion Paper No. 60, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), October 1999. Also: ftp://repec.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp60.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling; Schooling; Transfers, Family Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a dynamic programming model of schooling decisions, we investigate the relationship between subjective discount rates and the labor market ability (the discount rate bias) on a panel taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Given household human capital and Armed Forces Qualification test scores (AFQT), subjective discount rates, which vary between 1% and 5% per year, are found to be negatively correlated with labor market ability. The true return to schooling is estimated around 6% per year. Estimates obtained from a model where neither the ability bias nor the discount rate bias are considered indicate that one percentage point can be imputed to the correlation between the per-period utility of attending school and labor market ability. The model is used to simulate the effects of an increase in the level of human capital of one generation on both schooling attainments and labor market productivity of the next generation. We find the true intergenerational education correlation to be relatively low; an increase of 1 year in the average level of schooling will raise the level of human capital of the next generation by approximately 0.15 year of schooling and translates into a 1% productivity (wage) growth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belzil, Christian and Jörgen Hansen. "Subjective Discount Rates, Intergenerational Transfers and the Return to Schooling." IZA Discussion Paper No. 60, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), October 1999. |
539. |
Belzil, Christian Hansen, Jörgen |
The Evolution of the US Family Income‐Schooling Relationship and Educational Selectivity Journal of Applied Econometrics published online (9 June 2020): DOI: 10.1002/jae.2785. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jae.2785 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; Family Income; Noncognitive Skills; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate a dynamic model of schooling on two cohorts of the NLSY and find that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the effects of real (as opposed to relative) family income on education have practically vanished between the early 1980's and the early 2000's. After conditioning on a cognitive ability measure (AFQT), family background variables and unobserved heterogeneity (allowed to be correlated with observed characteristics), income effects vary substantially with age and have lost between 30% and 80% of their importance on age‐specific grade progression probabilities. After conditioning on observed and unobserved characteristics, a $300,000 differential in family income generated more than 2 years of education in the early 1980's, but only one year in the early 2000's. Put differently, a $70,000 differential raised college participation by 10 percentage points in the early 1980's. In the early 2000's, a $330,000 income differential had the same impact. The effects of AFQT scores have lost about 50% of their magnitude but did not vanish. Over the same period, the relative importance of unobserved heterogeneity has expanded significantly, thereby pointing toward the emergence of a new form of educational selectivity reserving an increasing role to non‐cognitive abilities and/or preferences and a lesser role to cognitive ability and family income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belzil, Christian and Jörgen Hansen. "The Evolution of the US Family Income‐Schooling Relationship and Educational Selectivity." Journal of Applied Econometrics published online (9 June 2020): DOI: 10.1002/jae.2785.
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540. |
Belzil, Christian Hansen, Jörgen |
Unobserved Ability and the Return to Schooling Econometrica 70,5 (2002): 2078-2091. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3082032 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Modeling; Schooling We estimate a structural dynamic programming model of schooling decisions with unobserved heterogeneity in school ability and market ability on a sample taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Both the instantaneous utility of attending school and the wage regression function are estimated flexibly. The null hypothesis that the local returns to schooling are constant is strongly rejected in favor of a convex wage regression function composed of 8 spline segments. The local returns are very low until grade 11 (1% per year or less), increase to 3.7% in grade 12 and exceed 10% only from grade 14 to grade 16. The average return increases smoothly from 0.4% (grade 7) to 4.6% (grade 16). The convexity of the log wage regression function implies that those who obtain more schooling also experience higher average returns. We strongly reject the null hypothesis that unobserved market ability is uncorrelated with realized schooling attainments, which underlies many previous studies that have used OLS to estimate the return to schooling. The correlation between realized schooling and market ability is found to be positive and is consistent with the existence of a positive 'Ability Bias'. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belzil, Christian and Jörgen Hansen. "Unobserved Ability and the Return to Schooling." Econometrica 70,5 (2002): 2078-2091.
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541. |
Belzil, Christian Hansen, Jörgen |
Unobserved Ability and the Return to Schooling IZA Discussion Paper No. 508, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 2002. Also: ftp://ftp.iza.org/dps/dp508.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling; Schooling; Schooling, Post-secondary; Wage Equations; Wage Models Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate a structural dynamic programming model of schooling decisions with unobserved heterogeneity in school ability and market ability on a sample taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Both the instantaneous utility of attending school and the wage regression function are estimated flexibly. The null hypothesis that the local returns to schooling are constant is strongly rejected in favor of a convex wage regression function composed of 8 spline segments. The local returns are very low until grade 11 (1% per year or less), increase to 3.7% in grade 12 and exceed 10% only from grade 14 to grade 16. The average return increases smoothly from 0.4% (grade 7) to 4.6% (grade 16). The convexity of the log wage regression function implies that those who obtain more schooling also experience higher average returns. We strongly reject the null hypothesis that unobserved market ability is uncorrelated with realized schooling attainments, which underlies many previous studies that have used OLS to estimate the return to schooling. The correlation between realized schooling and market ability is found to be positive and is consistent with the existence of a positive “Ability Bias”. |
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Bibliography Citation
Belzil, Christian and Jörgen Hansen. "Unobserved Ability and the Return to Schooling." IZA Discussion Paper No. 508, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 2002. |
542. |
Bender, Keith A. Skatun, John D. F. |
Constrained by Hours and Restricted in Wages: The Quality of Matches in the Labor Market Economic Inquiry 47,3 (July 2009): 512-529. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00159.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Employment; Job Turnover; Underemployment; Work Hours/Schedule This paper examines the explicit loss born by workers who face constraints in their working hours by analyzing differences in actual and desired hours and wages. Men tend to be underemployed while women are evenly split between over- and underemployment. Losses in surplus are generally small, but 10% of underemployed men and women experience losses of more than 34% or 50% of surplus, respectively. The loss measure is also an important determinant in predicting labor market transitions, meaning increases in surplus losses generate a higher probability of changing from workers' present jobs or changing the number of hours. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bender, Keith A. and John D. F. Skatun. "Constrained by Hours and Restricted in Wages: The Quality of Matches in the Labor Market." Economic Inquiry 47,3 (July 2009): 512-529.
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543. |
Benitez-Silva, Hugo Dwyer, Debra S. Gayle, Wayne-Roy Muench, Thomas, J. |
Expectations in Micro Data: Rationality Revisted Working Paper, Department of Economics, SUNY-Stony Brook, February 2004. Also: http://ms.cc.sunysb.edu/~hbenitezsilv/jasa_6.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, SUNY-Stony Brook Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An increasing number of longitudinal data sets collect expectations information regarding a variety of future individual level events and decisions, providing researchers with the opportunity to explore expectations over micro variables in detail. We provide a theoretical framework and an econometric methodology to use that type of information to test the Rational Expectations (RE) hypothesis in models of individual behavior. This RE assumption at the micro level underlies a majority of the research in applied fields in economics, and it is the common foundation of most work in dynamic models of individual behavior. We present tests using two different panel data sets that represent two very different populations. In both cases we cannot reject the RE hypothesis. Our results support a wide variety of models in economics, and other disciplines, that assume rational behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Benitez-Silva, Hugo, Debra S. Dwyer, Wayne-Roy Gayle and Thomas Muench. "Expectations in Micro Data: Rationality Revisted." Working Paper, Department of Economics, SUNY-Stony Brook, February 2004. |
544. |
Benjamin, Daniel J. Shapiro, Jesse M. |
Does Cognitive Ability Reduce Psychological Bias? Working Paper, Department of Economics, Yale University, February 2005. Also: http://www.econ.yale.edu/seminars/apmicro/am05/benjamin-050414.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Yale University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Human Capital Theory; I.Q.; Modeling, Fixed Effects; School Quality; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A burgeoning literature in economics argues that bounded cognition can explain many observed empirical deviations from rationality. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that individuals with greater cognitive ability behave more closely in accordance with economic decision theory. However, even the most cognitively skilled individuals display significant biases. In two laboratory studies, one conducted with Harvard undergraduates and one with Chilean high school students, we find that individuals with greater cognitive ability are more patient over short-term trade-offs and less risk-averse over small-stakes gambles. In both studies, mathematical ability seems to be more predictive of normative decision-making than verbal ability. In the sample of Chilean students, achievement in elementary school is strongly predictive of decisions made at the end of secondary school. Drawing on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we show that, even after controlling carefully for labor income, more cognitively skilled individuals are more likely to participate in financial markets, are more knowledgeable about their pension plans, accumulate more assets, and are more likely to have tax-deferred savings. These findings persist when we use sibling relationships to identify models using within-family variation in cognitive ability. Finally, various institutional measures of school quality are predictive of sophisticated decision-making, suggesting a possible role for human capital policy in reducing the impact of psychological biases. |
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Bibliography Citation
Benjamin, Daniel J. and Jesse M. Shapiro. "Does Cognitive Ability Reduce Psychological Bias?." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Yale University, February 2005. |
545. |
Benner, Christopher C. |
Navigating Flexibility: Labor Markets and Intermediaries in Silicon Valley Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 2000. DAI-A 61/08, p. 3384, Feb 2001. Also: http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~cbenner/Benner_dissertation_final.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Job Patterns; Job Tenure; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Surveys; Labor Turnover This study of the transformation of labor markets, employment, and job tenure in the information/technology industry cites Bernhardt's study of NLSY79 and Young Men data that found that individuals entering the job market in 1979 were 34% more likely to experience job change than those who entered the market in 1966. The abstract of this paper is as follows: This dissertation examines labor markets in Silicon Valley in order to contribute to our understanding of the transformation of work and employment in the information economy. The relative newness of the region's economic structure, the dominance of information technology industries in the regional economy, and its role as the global center of innovation and production in these industries, make especially visible patterns of work and employment associated with the rise of information technology. Silicon Valley labor markets are characterized by high levels of flexibility, which is best understood by making a distinction between flexible work and flexibleemployment. The activities that workers perform on the job, the skills required, and the relationships they enter into to perform those activities are changing rapidly in unpredictable ways. Contractual relationships between employer and employee are increasingly characterized by high levels of turnover, short periods of employment, and employment contracts mediated by a set of institutions external to the firm. These dynamics are integrally linked with the character of competition in industries with a high dependence on information and knowledge, in which rapid innovation is critical for competitive success. Firms also pursue flexible employment, however, in an effort to cut costs and shift economic risk. In this environment, employers and workers are turning to a variety of third party intermediaries to help them navigate through an increasingly complex and shifting labor market. Three types of intermediaries are identified and described: 1) private-s ector, including temporary agencies, contractor brokers, professional employer organizations and web-based job search sites; 2) membership-based, including professional associations and union-based initiatives; and 3) public-sector, including employment placement programs and education-based initiatives. These intermediaries have contradictory influences on the labor market, in some cases undermining career opportunities for workers, and in other cases building improved career outcomes. Regardless of their impact, intermediaries have now become integral components of the region's labor markets, shaping the structure and dynamics of work and employment in fundamental ways. The prevalence of intermediaries in Silicon Valley suggests that they will become increasingly central to the structure and dynamics of contemporary labor markets in many regions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Benner, Christopher C. Navigating Flexibility: Labor Markets and Intermediaries in Silicon Valley. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 2000. DAI-A 61/08, p. 3384, Feb 2001.. |
546. |
Bennett, Bruce T. |
The Demand for Higher Education: A Cost/Benefit Analysis of the Human Capitol Theory Honors Project Paper 92, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1993. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/92 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Family Background and Culture; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I will attempt to identify the costs and benefits of the high school graduate using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth as the database. The study will be cross-sectional using those respondents born in 1964 or 1965. Using this data, I will formulate and test a number of hypotheses concerning the personal characteristics such as innate ability, family background, and other socioeconomic variables affecting the decision to go to college. Furthermore, I will explore the possibility of structural differences occurring between four groups - black males, white males, black females, and white females - to see if family background and ability have different effects on each group's educational decisions. Section II of this paper will review a sample of the current literature on my topic; Section III will present and explain the model and data to be used; Section IV will discuss the results of the regression analysis for the population; Section V will discuss the model and results of the structural equations; and Section VI will draw some conclusions and suggest ideas for further research in this area. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bennett, Bruce T. "The Demand for Higher Education: A Cost/Benefit Analysis of the Human Capitol Theory." Honors Project Paper 92, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1993. |
547. |
Bennett, Ian M. Mykyta, Laryssa Elo, Irma T. |
Does Literacy Predict Self-Rated Health and Chronic Illness in Midlife? Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Illnesses; Life Course; Literacy; Mortality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper contributes to the literature on literacy and health across the life course. Literacy is associated with a range of poor health-related outcomes, including mortality among older adults in the United States. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979, we examine whether literacy assessed at ages 16-24 is independently associated with poor/fair self-rated health status and chronic conditions at midlife. Results from logistic regression analyses reveal that respondents with low literacy (<7th Reading Grade Level (RGL)) had significantly higher odds of reporting fair/poor self-rated health compared to those with high literacy (>=12th grade RGL) even after controlling for socio-demographic variables, including educational attainment. Although low literacy also exhibited significant bivariate association with chronic illness, neither literacy nor educational attainment retained a significant association with chronic disease in the fully adjusted model. Together these results indicate that literacy contributes to the risk of poor/fair self-rated health status in mid-life independent of educational attainment and poverty history. The lack of association between chronic illness and literacy may be a result of the age of the sample for whom cardiovascular health is not yet a major factor. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bennett, Ian M., Laryssa Mykyta and Irma T. Elo. "Does Literacy Predict Self-Rated Health and Chronic Illness in Midlife?" Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
548. |
Bennett, Neil G. |
The Future of Remarriage in the United States: Its Determinants and Model-Based Projections Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Divorce; Marriage; National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH); Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We develop a parametric model of remarriage patterns (by duration since divorce) in the United States. Applying this model to several data sets, we seek to estimate the magnitude and direction of the association between a number of socioeconomic factors and the remarriage process, and how those associations have changed over time (i.e., by divorce cohort). Further, by artificially truncating the data at a variety of alternative durations and conducting out-of-sample forecasting, we test the model's ability to project the remaining remarriage experience for a given divorce cohort of women. We then forecast the proportion of women who will ultimately remarry for cohorts of women who have yet to complete their remarriage experience. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bennett, Neil G. "The Future of Remarriage in the United States: Its Determinants and Model-Based Projections." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
549. |
Bennett, Neil G. Bloom, David E. |
The Influence of Nonmarital Childbearing on the Formation of Marital Unions Presented: Bethesda, MA, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior; Childbearing; Fertility; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) The central objective of this paper is to explore the interrelationships between out-of-wedlock childbearing and subsequent marriage behavior. In Section II we document a negative association between these events in three large survey data sets. We also fit some simple hazard models, which account for the varying degrees of exposure to marriage formation experienced by individuals, that show that this negative association persists (although somewhat less strongly) when one contrasts women who are comparable in terrns of a standard set of social and demographic background variables. In Section III we attempt to disentangle some of the alternative explanations for the negative association between out-of-wedlock childbearing and subsequent marriage. We do this by examining the effect of children (both those maritally and nonmaritally borne) on a woman's remarriage prospects and by analyzing some time use data for unwed mothers and other women. We also explore the presence of reverse causality in the relationship between unwed motherhood and marriage by examining whether women who think they are less likely to marry (for whatever reason) have higher rates of unwed motherhood. Our results are summarized and discussed in Section IV. The data sets were extracted from Cycle IV of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), and the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLSYW). |
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Bibliography Citation
Bennett, Neil G. and David E. Bloom. "The Influence of Nonmarital Childbearing on the Formation of Marital Unions." Presented: Bethesda, MA, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992. |
550. |
Bennett, Neil G. Bloom, David E. |
The Influence of Nonmarital Childbearing on the Formation of Marital Unions Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior; Childbearing; Fertility; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The central objective of this paper is to explore the interrelationships between outof-wedlock childbearing and subsequent marriage behavior. In Section II we document a negative association between these events in three large survey data sets. We also fit some simple hazard models, which account for the varying degrees of exposure to marriage formation experienced by individuals, that show that this negative association persists (although somewhat less strongly) when one contrasts women who are comparable in terrns of a standard set of social and demographic background variables. In Section III we attempt to disentangle some of the alternative explanations for the negative association between out-of-wedlock childbearing and subsequent marriage. We do this by examining the effect of children (both those maritally and nonmaritally borne) on a woman's remarriage prospects and by analyzing some time use data for unwed mothers and other women. We also explore the presence of reverse causality in the relationship between unwed motherhood and marriage by examining whether women who think they are less likely to marry (for whatever reason) have higher rates of unwed motherhood. Our results are summarized and discussed in Section IV. The data sets were extracted from Cycle IV of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), and the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLSYW). |
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Bibliography Citation
Bennett, Neil G. and David E. Bloom. "The Influence of Nonmarital Childbearing on the Formation of Marital Unions." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1991. |
551. |
Bennett, Neil G. Bloom, David E. Miller, Cynthia K. |
The Influence of Nonmarital Childbearing on the Formation of First Marriages NBER Working Paper No. 4564, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1993. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W4564 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing; Cohabitation; Coresidence; Fertility; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Welfare; Work Knowledge This paper examines the association between nonmarital childbearing and the subsequent likelihood of first marriage and documents a negative association between these variables--controlling for a variety of potentially confounding influences--in several large survey data sets for the United States. The paper then subjects possible explanations of this finding to empirical test. The analyses performed support the following conclusions: Nonmarital childbearing does not appear to be driven by low expectations of future marriage. Rather, nonmarital childbearing tends to be an unexpected and unwanted event that has multiple effects, which on balance are negative, on a woman's subsequent likelihood of first marriage. Nonmarital childbearers are more likely to enter informal cohabitational unions than are their single counterparts who do not bear a child. Evidence is found that the negative association between out-of-wedlock childbearing and subsequent marriage is particularly strong among welfare recipients as well as evidence that out-of-wedlock childbearing increases the likelihood that a woman marries her child's biological father. On the other hand, we find no evidence that (a) stigma associated with nonmarital childbearing plays an important role in this process or (b) the demands of children reduce the time that unmarried mothers have to devote to marriage market activities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bennett, Neil G., David E. Bloom and Cynthia K. Miller. "The Influence of Nonmarital Childbearing on the Formation of First Marriages." NBER Working Paper No. 4564, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1993. |
552. |
Bennett, Neil G. Bloom, David E. Miller, Cynthia K. |
The Influence of Nonmarital Childbearing on the Formation of First Marriages Demography 32,1 (February 1995): 47-62. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/u703781053n13766/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing; Fertility; Marital Status; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study documents a negative association between nonmarital childbearing and the subsequent likelihood of first marriage in the United States controlling for a variety of potentially confounding influences. Nonmarital childbearing does not appear to be driven by low expectations of future marriage. Rather, it tends to be an unexpected and unwanted event, whose effects on a woman's subsequent likelihood of first marriage are negative on balance. Results indicate that women who bear a child outside marriage and who receive welfare have a particularly low probability of marrying subsequently, although there is no evidence that AFDC recipients have lower expectations of marriage. In addition, results indicate no evidence that stigma associated with nonmarital childbearing plays an important role in this process or that the demands of children significantly reduce unmarried mothers' time for marriage market activities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bennett, Neil G., David E. Bloom and Cynthia K. Miller. "The Influence of Nonmarital Childbearing on the Formation of First Marriages." Demography 32,1 (February 1995): 47-62.
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553. |
Benson, Rebecca Irene |
Like Mother, Like Daughter? Maternal Education and BMI Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); College Graduates; High School Completion/Graduates; Mothers and Daughters; Mothers, Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Adults with highly educated parents tend to have lower BMI than their peers with less highly educated parents, but selection and causation are both plausible explanations. I estimate the causal effect by using mothers' BMI as a counterfactual for the BMI of their daughters using data from the NLSY79 and NLSY79 Young Adults. I fit multilevel models of observations nested within daughters nested within mothers, using daughters' BMI and the difference between mothers' and daughters' BMI at the same age as dependent variables. Daughters of college graduates have lower BMI than daughters of high school graduates, but there is no difference in their departure from their mothers' BMI. Daughters of high school non-graduates have the same BMI as the daughters of high school graduates but exceed their mothers' BMI less. These findings suggest the relationship between parental education and BMI is due to selection rather than causal effects of education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Benson, Rebecca Irene. "Like Mother, Like Daughter? Maternal Education and BMI." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
554. |
Benson, Rebecca Irene |
Targeting Education to Reduce Obesity: At What Life Stages Are Interventions Effective? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas at Austin Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Education; Educational Attainment; Life Course; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Obesity is a serious policy problem, contributing an estimated $113.9b to medical expenditures in the US. Like many health outcomes, obesity is not distributed at random in the population but is concentrated amongst the less educated. Given this, many have suggested that if more people were to become highly educated, the obesity epidemic might be curtailed. However, this assumes that the association between education and obesity is a causal one, which is not necessarily the case. Moreover, previous research in lifecourse epidemiology suggests that education may occur too late in the lifecourse to have any effect on health trajectory. I perform three empirical studies to examine whether there is a plausibly causal relationship between education and body weight, and examine whether there is a point at which it is too late to alter body weight trajectories using education. All three studies use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), a complex random sample of the US civilian population aged 14-22 in 1978 and followed for more than three decades. In the first study, a cross-sectional regression finds a relationship between education and BMI. I use fixed effects models with individual slopes to test whether gaining a qualification leads to a change in BMI while controlling for individual heterogeneity, and find there is no effect. In study two, I consider the effects of education completed "on-time" with education completed "late." Fixed effects models show that women who earn bachelor's degrees on time benefit from lower BMI, but there is no benefit for late degrees or other qualifications and men do not similarly benefit. The third study stratifies the analysis by early-life circumstances and finds that in a cross-sectional analysis at age 45 only the most advantaged strata benefited from having earned a bachelor's degree. In fixed effects models, gaining a degree did not lead to a change in BMI for any group. Collectively, these findings ca st doubt on education's viability as a policy tool to address obesity, and suggest that at some point in the lifecourse it is too late to alter BMI trajectories by improving socio-economic status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Benson, Rebecca Irene. Targeting Education to Reduce Obesity: At What Life Stages Are Interventions Effective? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin, 2015. |
555. |
Benson, Rebecca Irene von Hippel, Paul Lynch, Jamie L. |
Does More Education Cause Lower BMI, or Do Lower-BMI Individuals Become More Educated? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Social Science and Medicine 211 (August 2018): 370-377. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953617301971 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Obesity More educated adults have lower average body mass index (BMI). This may be due to selection, if adolescents with lower BMI attain higher levels of education, or it may be due to causation, if higher educational attainment reduces BMI gain in adulthood. We test for selection and causation in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, which has followed a representative US cohort from age 14-22 in 1979 through age 47-55 in 2012. Using ordinal logistic regression, we test the selection hypothesis that high-overweight and obese adolescents were less likely to earn high school diplomas and bachelor's degrees. Then, controlling for selection with individual fixed effects, we estimate the causal effect of degree completion on BMI and obesity status. Among 18-year-old women, but not among men, being overweight or obese predicts lower odds of attaining higher levels of education. Higher education at age 47-48 is associated with lower BMI, but 70-90% of the association is due to selection. Net of selection, a bachelor's degree predicts less than a 1 kg reduction in body weight, and a high school credential does not reduce BMI. At midlife, selection accounts for almost all of the education gradient in women's BMI. |
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Bibliography Citation
Benson, Rebecca Irene, Paul von Hippel and Jamie L. Lynch. "Does More Education Cause Lower BMI, or Do Lower-BMI Individuals Become More Educated? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979." Social Science and Medicine 211 (August 2018): 370-377.
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556. |
Benzing, Katelynn M. MacClaren, David F.R., III |
Height and Higher Wages: An Econometric Analysis Using NLSY79 Data Presented: New York NY, Eastern Economic Association Annual Conference, February 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Eastern Economic Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Height; Undergraduate Research; Wage Differentials; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [No abstract available] |
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Bibliography Citation
Benzing, Katelynn M. and David F.R. MacClaren. "Height and Higher Wages: An Econometric Analysis Using NLSY79 Data." Presented: New York NY, Eastern Economic Association Annual Conference, February 2011. |
557. |
Berdahl, Terceira Ann |
Occupational Injuries in the United States: A Longitudinal Analysis of Race-Gender Differences Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2005. DAI-A 66/08, p. 3097, Feb 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Education; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Human Capital Theory; Injuries; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) to evaluate race-gender differences in workplace injuries across time (1988-1998). I applied two labor market theories to explain race and gender differences in work injuries: structural devaluation theory and individual human capital theory. Both structural devaluation and individual human capital variables contributed to explaining some of the race and gender differences in risk trajectories. Regardless of individual race and gender, occupational racial-ethnic minority concentrations increase the risk of injury, supporting structural devaluation theory. Human capital theory also contributed to the models, and education was a strong buffer against occupational injuries. There was evidence of differentiated declines in risk across the 1990s by race and gender. Six subgroups of workers from a random sample of youth who entered the labor market in 1979 were studied: white women, black women, Hispanic women, white men, black men, and Hispanic men. Using an intersectionality framework, I establish that occupational injuries differ by race-gender. Race-gender differences in the initial odds of injury, time trajectories, and relationships between substantive predictors support an intersectionality framework. Differences in injury risk across time were documented and modeled using a Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling framework. Non-Hispanic white men began the study with the greatest risk of injury, while minority men had the lowest risk of injury. Across the 1990's differences between race-gender subgroups diminished. Non-Hispanic whites and black women have the greatest risk of injury in later waves. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berdahl, Terceira Ann. Occupational Injuries in the United States: A Longitudinal Analysis of Race-Gender Differences. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2005. DAI-A 66/08, p. 3097, Feb 2006. |
558. |
Berdahl, Terceira Ann |
Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences in Individual Workplace Injury Risk Trajectories: 1988-1998 American Journal of Public Health 98,12 (December 2008): 2258-2263. Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/98/12/2258 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Ethnic Differences; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Injuries, Workplace; Insurance, Health; Occupational Segregation; Racial Differences; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives. I examined workplace injury risk overtime and across racial/ethnic and gender groups to observe patterns of change and to understand how occupational characteristics and job mobility influence these changes. Methods. I used hierarchical generalized linear models to estimate-individual workplace injury and illness risk overtime ("trajectories") for a cohort of American workers who participated in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1988-1998). Results. Significant temporal variation in injury risk was observed across racial/ ethnic and gender groups. At baseline, White men had a high risk of injury relative to the other groups and experienced the greatest decline over time. Latino men demonstrated a pattern of lower injury risk across time compared with White men. Among both Latinos and non-Latino Whites, women had lower odds of injury than did men. Non-Latino Black women's injury risk was similar to Black men's and greater than that for both Latino and non-Latino White women. Occupational characteristics and job mobility partly explained these differences. Conclusions. Disparities between racial/ethnic and gender groups were dynamic and changed over time. Workplace injury risk was associated with job dimensions such as work schedule, union representation, health insurance, job hours, occupational racial segregation, and occupational environmental hazards. (Am J Public Health. 2008;98:2258-2263. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.103135) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Berdahl, Terceira Ann. "Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences in Individual Workplace Injury Risk Trajectories: 1988-1998." American Journal of Public Health 98,12 (December 2008): 2258-2263.
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559. |
Berdahl, Terceira Ann McQuillan, Julta |
Occupational Racial Composition and Nonfatal Work Injuries Social Problems 55,4 (November 2008): 549-572. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/10.1525/sp.2008.55.4.549 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Injuries, Workplace; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Segregation; Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Social Influences Is there an association between occupational racial composition and nonfatal workplace injuries? Guided by several labor market theories (queuing, social closure, devaluation, poor market position, and human capital), we use occupational data from the U.S. Census and Dictionary of Occupational Titles combined with individual data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to answer this question. Hierarchical generalized linear models of individuals within occupations show that there is an association between occupational racial composition and workplace injuries, but this association is only statistically significant for white men in the model controlling for relevant occupational and individual level characteristics. A 10 percent increase in the occupation percent black is associated with a 28 percent increase in injury risk. Contrary to expectations, white men have the highest adjusted odds of injury; white women and black men have significantly lower odds of injury than white men. Additionally, occupation-level environmental hazards and individual-level education, hours worked per week, jobs with insurance benefits, working in the South, and specific industries are associated with differential injury risk. These findings are consistent with labor market theories that suggest social closure, market position, and individual skills contribute to differential labor market outcomes. We demonstrate that sociological theories of labor market inequality are useful for understanding workplace injury risk, and that workplace injuries should be studied as an outcome of social inequality. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berdahl, Terceira Ann and Julta McQuillan. "Occupational Racial Composition and Nonfatal Work Injuries." Social Problems 55,4 (November 2008): 549-572.
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560. |
Berends, Mark Grissmer, David W. Kirby, Sheila Nataraj Williamson, Stephanie |
The Changing American Family and Student Achievement Trends Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization 12 (1999): 67-101. Also: http://books.emeraldinsight.com/display.asp?K=9780762302567 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: JAI Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Divorce; Education, Secondary; Family Characteristics; High School Students; Marriage; Minority Groups; Schooling; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Data from the 1980 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth & the 1988 National Educational Longitudinal Study were analyzed to determine how family characteristics influenced secondary student achievement, 1970-1990. It was reported that (1) families during the 1970s & 1980s were better able to provide support for educational achievement than during the 1950s & 1960s. (2) Minority families in 1990 were more supportive of educational achievement than those in 1970. (3) Minority students made significant gains in test scores, 1970- 1990. It is concluded that Anglo American students' failure to make similar gains in achievement & the emergence of microlevel alterations to education opportunity in the US require additional study. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berends, Mark, David W. Grissmer, Sheila Nataraj Kirby and Stephanie Williamson. "The Changing American Family and Student Achievement Trends." Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization 12 (1999): 67-101.
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561. |
Berger, Jacqueline Eve |
Essays In Labor Economics and Public Finance Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Earnings; Economics of Gender; Endogeneity; Gender Differences; Labor Economics; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Supply; Social Security; Variables, Instrumental; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap The first essay investigates how a worker's labor market outcomes are related to the gender of the person who refers the worker to his or her job. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show that information networks are highly segregated by sex. In addition, it is found that women who use male contacts have significantly higher wages than those who do not use contacts, and that women who use female contacts have significantly lower wages than those who do not use contacts. Both an instrumental variables technique and a three equation maximum likelihood method are used to address the concern that contacts are endogenous. The second essay examines the Social Security Earnings Test. Prior to 1990, individuals aged 62 to 69 lost one dollar of Social Security for every two dollars earned over the threshold. Starting in 1990, older workers aged 65 to 69 lost only one dollar of Social Security for every three dollars earned over the limit. A differences-in-differences analysis is used, with the 62 to 64 year-olds serving as a control. The results indicate that the reduction in the earnings test penalty leads to a reduction in labor supply for men, consistent with an income effect which dominates the substitution effect. Among single women, there is an increase in labor supply. Changes in marginal tax rates are calculated in order to estimate labor supply elasticities. The third essay examines the effect of an increase in the Earned Income Tax Credit on participation in the Aid to Families With Dependent Children program. In 1990 families received a 14 percent credit, up to a maximum of $953. In 1994 the credit was 26.3 percent up to a maximum of $2038 for families with one child and 30 percent up to a maximum of $2528 for families with more than one child. Using a differences-in-differences analysis with one child families as a control group, I find that the increase in the EITC led to a 3.5 percentage point decrease in AFDC participation for single mothers with more than one child under the age of 18. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Jacqueline Eve. Essays In Labor Economics and Public Finance. Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1996. |
562. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc |
Children Living Out of Home: Effects of Family and Environmental Characteristics Presented: Dallas, TX, 24th Annual Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Research Conference, November 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childhood Residence; Economic Well-Being; Family Income; Family Structure; Fertility; Modeling, Probit; Parents, Single; Poverty; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A large and growing number of children in the U.S. spend some part of their childhood living in households or institutions that do not include their birth parents. These living arrangements may result from parental choice (i.e., voluntary placement of children outside of the home) or from involuntary child removal via government intervention due to parental maltreatment (i.e., abuse or neglect), and may be associated with a wide variety of issues, including: family crises, physical and mental health problems, substance abuse problems, criminal justice involvement, and child abuse and neglect. It is also possible that some children live apart from their birth parents because their parents do not have the resources to care for them at home. Current evidence suggests that the same types of families who are most likely to be involved in the welfare system - poor, single-parent, unemployed, and minority families - are also most likely to have children living out-of-home. Additionally, there is some evidence that welfare benefit levels affect the likelihood that children remain living with their parents. Yet, little economic research has addressed the ways in which family structures and economic resources have impacted whether children grow up in households that do not include at least one biological parent. In order to address this gap, this paper offers a theoretical framework for estimating the effects of income and poverty, family structure, and income support policies on the probabilities that children are living in out-of-home settings. This framework is grounded in economic theory of parental investments in children and intra-family distribution of resources. Its empirical implications are tested using data from the NLSY. The sample consists of 28,143 observations of families with children 18 years old or younger between 1986 and 1998. Probit models are used to estimate the probability that children from both single- and two-parent families are living in child welf are service settings, with relatives, and in any out-of-home care arrangement. Results suggest that lower-income families, as well as single-parent and mother-partner families, are more likely to have a child living out-of-home in a given year. Higher AFDC/TANF benefits are associated with decreases in the probability that a family has a child living in a child welfare service setting, but increases in the probability that a family has a child living with relatives. Additionally, higher foster care payments are associated with increases in children living out-of-home. Public policy implications are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc. "Children Living Out of Home: Effects of Family and Environmental Characteristics." Presented: Dallas, TX, 24th Annual Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Research Conference, November 2002. |
563. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc |
Children Living Out-of-Home: Effects of Family and Environmental Characteristics Presented: Washington, DC, Society for Social Work and Research Meetings, January 2003 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childhood Residence; Children, Poverty; Family Resources; Family Structure; Modeling, Probit; Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A large and growing number of children in the U.S. spend some part of their childhood living in households or institutions that do not include their birth parents. These living arrangements may result from parental choice or from involuntary child removal due to parental maltreatment. Some children may live apart from their birth parents because their parents do not have the resources to care for them at home. Current evidence suggests that the same types of families who are likely to be involved in the welfare system are also likely to have children living out-of-home. Additionally, there is some evidence that welfare benefit levels affect children's living arrangements. Yet, little research has addressed the ways in which family structures and economic resources have impacted whether children grow up in households that do not include at least one biological parent. In order to address this gap, this paper offers a theoretical framework for estimating the effects of income and poverty, family structure, and income support policies on children's living arrangements. Its empirical implications are tested using data from the NLSY. The sample consists of 28,143 observations of families with children 18 years old or younger between 1986 and 1998. Probit models are used to estimate the probability that children from both single- and two-parent families are living in various out-of-home care arrangements. Results suggest that lower-income families, as well as single-parent and mother-partner families, are more likely to have a child living out-of-home in a given year. Higher AFDC/TANF benefits are associated with decreases in the probability that a family has a child living in a child welfare service setting, but increases in the probability that a family has a child living with relatives. Additionally, higher foster care payments are associated with increases in children living out-of-home. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc. "Children Living Out-of-Home: Effects of Family and Environmental Characteristics." Presented: Washington, DC, Society for Social Work and Research Meetings, January 2003. |
564. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc |
Children Living Out-Of-Home: Effects of Family and Environmental Characteristics Children and Youth Services Review 28,2 (February 2006): 158-179. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740905000824 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Childhood Residence; Family Structure; Foster Care; Geocoded Data; Household Composition; Income; Parents, Single; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Residence; Welfare This paper uses data from the NLSY to estimate the effects of income, family structure, and public policies on the probability that a mother has children living in various out-of-home settings. Results suggest that lower-income mothers and those living in single-parent and mother–partner families are more likely to have children living out-of-home in a given year than are mothers in higher-income and mother–father families. Higher welfare benefits are associated with decreased probabilities that children are living in service settings, but increased probabilities that they are living with relatives. Higher foster care payments are associated with increased service setting placements. NOTE: This analysis uses the Geocode data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc. "Children Living Out-Of-Home: Effects of Family and Environmental Characteristics ." Children and Youth Services Review 28,2 (February 2006): 158-179.
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565. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc |
Economic Analyses of Child Abuse and Neglect Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2002. DAI-A 63/03, p. 1130, Sep 2002 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Benefits; Childhood Residence; Family Structure; Family Studies; Foster Care; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income; Parents, Single; Poverty; Punishment, Corporal; Social Work; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Despite firmly established relationships between socioeconomic factors and child maltreatment in the U.S., microeconomic approaches to understanding child abuse and neglect have yet to be developed and researchers have only recently begun to study the effects of various economic policies on child maltreatment rates. This dissertation presents three free-standing papers which offer theoretical and empirical models for better understanding the effects of family structure, income, poverty, and public policies on child maltreatment and children's living arrangements. The first paper estimates the existence and strength of relationships between income, family characteristics, state characteristics, and physical violence toward children using data from the 1985 National Family Violence Survey. Results suggest that, in both single-parent and two-parent families, race/ethnicity, depression, maternal alcohol consumption, and history of family violence affect children's probabilities of being physically abused. Additionally, income is significantly related to violence toward children in single-parent families. The second paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to explore the effects of income and poverty, family structure, and public policies on seven indicators of child maltreatment. Results suggest that these factors differentially affect the outcome measures. Income and poverty impact routine medical and dental care, the quality of the caregiving environment, and spanking behaviors. Single-parent families and families with a biological mother and non-biological father figure are found to have lower quality caregiving environments than mother-father families. This analysis also provides some tentative evidence that higher welfare benefit levels and lower unemployment rates serve as protective factors for children. The third paper uses data from the NLSY to estimate the effects of income and poverty, family structure, and income support polici es on the probabilities that children are living in various out-of-home settings. Results suggest that lower-income, single-parent, and mother-partner families are more likely to have children living out-of-home in a given year. Higher AFDC/TANF benefits are associated with decreases in the probability that a family has a child living in a child welfare service setting, but increases in the probability that a family has a child living with relatives. Higher foster care payments are associated with increases in out-of-home placements. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc. Economic Analyses of Child Abuse and Neglect. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2002. DAI-A 63/03, p. 1130, Sep 2002. |
566. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc |
Family Resources, Family Structure, Public Policies, and Child Maltreatment Risk: A Longitudinal Analysis Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Health; Children, Health Care; Children, Home Environment; Family Resources; Family Structure; Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is limited research on the mechanisms through which poverty and child maltreatment are connected. This paper uses data from the NLSY to estimate the effects of family resources, family structures, and public policies on child maltreatment risk. These relationships are also explored over time using child fixed-effects models. "Maltreatment risk" is operationalized in terms of the adequacy of the child's physical environment, emotional and cognitive support, parental spanking behaviors, and medical care. Preliminary results suggest that income and poverty impact routine medical and dental care, the quality of the caregiving environment, and spanking behaviors. In addition, single-parent families and families with a biological mother and non-biological father figure tend have lower quality caregiving environments than mother-father families, and changes in family structure tend to put children at greater risk of maltreatment. Finally, this analysis provides some evidence that more generous welfare policies may serve as protective factors for children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc. "Family Resources, Family Structure, Public Policies, and Child Maltreatment Risk: A Longitudinal Analysis." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. |
567. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc |
Income, Family Structure, and Child Maltreatment Risk Children and Youth Services Review 26,8 (August 2004): 725-799. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740904000465 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Child Health; Children, Health Care; Children, Well-Being; Family Structure; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income; Parents, Single; Punishment, Corporal; Unemployment; Welfare This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to explore the effects of income, family structure, and public policies on several indicators of child maltreatment. Results suggest that income and family structure affect a family's overall risk of child maltreatment, and that these factors differentially affect various outcome measures. In particular, income impacts routine medical and dental care, the quality of the caregiving environment, and to a lesser extent, spanking behaviors. Single-parent families and families with a biological mother and non-biological father figure tend to have lower quality caregiving environments than mother-father families, and single-mother families with working mothers are at even greater risk of poor caregiving. Finally, this analysis provides some tentative evidence that higher welfare benefits and lower unemployment rates may serve as protective factors for children. [Copyright 2004 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc. "Income, Family Structure, and Child Maltreatment Risk." Children and Youth Services Review 26,8 (August 2004): 725-799.
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568. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc |
Parental Debt and Child Wellbeing Presented: Albuquerque NM, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Debt/Borrowing; Family Resources; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses an instrumental variables strategy to estimate associations between particular types and amounts of parental debt with child cognitive skills and social-emotional development. The data are drawn from the 1986 through 2011 waves of the mother and child files of the 1979 panel of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), which have been linked to a unique dataset of state-by-year consumer financial protection policies. The policy data include information on homestead exemption levels, usury caps/criminal usury laws, payday lending laws, debt collection practices, average housing prices, mortgage interest rates, home foreclosure rates, and college prices, each of which is likely to influence debt accumulation. These data are used to predict household level home mortgage debt, educational debt, and unsecured debt. The predicted debt amounts in each category--which represent exogenous variation in debt due to state and year level differences in consumer financial protection policie--are then used to estimate unbiased effects of debt on child cognitive skills and social--motional development. Cognitive skills are measured by the Peabody Individual Achievement Test. Social-emotional development is measured by the internalizing and externalizing behaviors subscales of the Behavioral Problems Index. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc. "Parental Debt and Child Wellbeing." Presented: Albuquerque NM, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2014. |
569. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc |
Socioeconomic Factors and Substandard Parenting Social Service Review 81,3 (September 2007): 485-522. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/10.1086/520963 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parenthood; Parents, Single; Work Hours/Schedule This article uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate the independent and interactive effects of income, family structure, and maternal work on measures of substandard parenting. Results from child fixed-effects analyses suggest that children in mother-partner families are more likely to be exposed to substandard parenting than children in mother-father families. However, income plays a particularly strong protective role in regard to substandard parenting in mother-partner families, such that parenting improves as income rises. Increases in maternal work hours are associated with increases in substandard parenting for children in single-mother families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Social Service Review is the property of University of Chicago Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc. "Socioeconomic Factors and Substandard Parenting." Social Service Review 81,3 (September 2007): 485-522.
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570. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc Bzostek, Sharon H. |
Young Adults' Roles as Partners and Parents in the Context of Family Complexity Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 654,1 (July 2014): 87-109. Also: http://ann.sagepub.com/content/654/1/87.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Family Structure; Household Composition; Life Course; Marital Status; Parenthood; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimate the proportions of young men and women who will take on a variety of partner and parent roles by age 30, and describe how these estimates have changed between cohorts. We then draw on identity theory and related theoretical work to consider how the multiple family roles that young adults are likely to occup--both over their life course and at a single point in time--may influence interfamily and intrafamily relationships. Our discussion highlights key implications of identity theory as it relates to family complexity and proposes several hypotheses for future empirical research, such as the greater likelihood of role conflict in families with greater complexity and limited resources. Our analysis suggests that families may be less likely to function--economically and socially--as cohesive units than has been the case in the past and than most existing policies assume. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc and Sharon H. Bzostek. "Young Adults' Roles as Partners and Parents in the Context of Family Complexity." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 654,1 (July 2014): 87-109.
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571. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc Cancian, Maria Meyer, Daniel R. |
Maternal Re-Partnering and New-Partner Fertility: Associations with Nonresident Father Investments in Children Children and Youth Services Review 34,2 (February 2012): 426-436. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740911004245 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Child Support; Childhood Residence; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Marital Stability; Parental Investments; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Non-Custodial; Remarriage Research suggests that paternal re-partnering and new-partner fertility are associated with decreased nonresident father investments in children. Few studies, however, have examined the influence of maternal re-partnering and new-partner births on nonresident father investments. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine associations of maternal re-partnering (through cohabitation or marriage with a new partner) and new-partner births with nonresident father visitation and child support payments. Results suggest that maternal re-partnering is associated with a decrease in both yearly father-child contact and child support received by the mother. New-partner fertility for mothers who are co-residing with a partner is associated with an additional decrease in monthly father-child contact, but does not have an additional influence on yearly father-child contact or child support receipt. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc, Maria Cancian and Daniel R. Meyer. "Maternal Re-Partnering and New-Partner Fertility: Associations with Nonresident Father Investments in Children." Children and Youth Services Review 34,2 (February 2012): 426-436.
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572. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc Hill, Jennifer L. Waldfogel, Jane |
Family Leave and Child Outcomes: Evidence from the NLSY Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Child Health; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Pre/post Natal Health Care Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While family leave policies have been advocated on the grounds that they allow new mothers to take longer maternity leaves, thus promoting better child outcomes, the empirical evidence on the connection between leave policies, leave-taking, and child outcomes is scarce. In this paper, we utilize data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to estimate both the effect of family leave coverage on leave-taking, and the effect of leave-taking on child outcomes. Our data include detailed measures of family leave coverage, usage, and length of leave, child health and development, and parental behaviors. By shedding light on the pathway from family leave policies to child outcomes, the results prove relevant not only to the literature on the effects of early experiences on child outcomes, but also to the current policy debate about allowing more workers to take leaves and for longer periods of time. Berger, Hill and Waldfogel (2002) find that family leave coverage is associated with more breast-feeding and that children whose mothers did not have family leave coverage scored lower on tests of their cognitive ability at ages 3 and 4. They also document that women who return to work between 0 and 6 weeks following the birth of a child are less likely to breast-feed, to have taken their child to a well baby visit and to have had their child immunized. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc, Jennifer L. Hill and Jane Waldfogel. "Family Leave and Child Outcomes: Evidence from the NLSY." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002. |
573. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc Hill, Jennifer L. Waldfogel, Jane |
Maternity Leave, Early Maternal Employment and Child Health and Development in the US Economic Journal 115,501 (February 2005): F29-F47. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0013-0133.2005.00971.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Royal Economic Society (RES) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Breastfeeding; Child Development; Child Health; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Re-employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to explore links between mothers' returns to work within 12 weeks of giving birth and health and developmental outcomes for their children. OLS models and propensity score matching methods are utilised to account for selection bias. Considerable associations between early returns to work and children's outcomes are found suggesting causal relationships between early returns to work and reductions in breastfeeding and immunisations, as well as increases in externalising behaviour problems. These results are generally stronger for mothers who return to work full-time within 12 weeks of giving birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc, Jennifer L. Hill and Jane Waldfogel. "Maternity Leave, Early Maternal Employment and Child Health and Development in the US." Economic Journal 115,501 (February 2005): F29-F47.
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574. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc Hill, Jennifer L. Waldfogel, Jane |
Parental Leave Policies, Early Maternal Employment, and Child Outcomes in the U.S. Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Breastfeeding; Child Health; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores links between parental leave policies, the length of time mothers remain at home after giving birth, and cognitive, behavioural, and health related outcomes for children. We use state leave laws and unionization rates as instruments to estimate the effect of (instrumented) early maternal employment on a series of child outcomes in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Health related outcomes include whether the child received preventive "well-baby" care and the frequency of that "well-baby" care in the first year of life, whether the child was breast-fed and the duration of breast-feeding in the first year of life, and whether the child was fully immunized by age 18 months. We also examine the effects of (instrumented) early maternal employment on child cognitive and behavioural outcomes assessed at age 3 or 4. Preliminary results suggest that the shortfall in parental leave coverage in the U.S. may affect child well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc, Jennifer L. Hill and Jane Waldfogel. "Parental Leave Policies, Early Maternal Employment, and Child Outcomes in the U.S." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. |
575. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc Houle, Jason N. |
Parental Debt and Children's Socioemotional Well-being Pediatrics 137,2 (February 2016): DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3059. Also: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/01/20/peds.2015-3059 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Debt/Borrowing; Financial Investments; Home Ownership; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Parental Investments; Student Loans / Student Aid OBJECTIVES: We estimated associations between total amount of parental debt and of home mortgage, student loan, automobile, and unsecured debt with children's socioemotional well-being. METHODS: We used population-based longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 Cohort and Children of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 Cohort. Our analytic sample consisted of 29,318 child-year observations of 9011 children and their mothers observed annually or biennially from 1986 to 2008. We used the Behavioral Problems Index to measure socioemotional well-being. We used ordinary least squares regressions to estimate between-child associations of amounts and types of parental debt with socioemotional well-being, net of a host of control variables, and regressions with child-specific fixed effects to estimate within-child associations of changes in parental debt with changes in socioemotional well-being, net of all time-constant observed and unobserved confounders. RESULTS: Greater total debt was associated with poorer child socioemotional well-being. However, this association varied by type of debt. Specifically, higher levels of home mortgage and education debt were associated with greater socioemotional well-being for children, whereas higher levels of and increases in unsecured debt were associated with lower levels of and declines in child socioemotional well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Debt that allows for investment in homes (and perhaps access to better neighborhoods and schools) and parental education is associated with greater socioemotional well-being for children, whereas unsecured debt is negatively associated with socioemotional development, which may reflect limited financial resources to invest in children and/or parental financial stress. This suggests that debt is not universally harmful for children's well-being, particularly if used to invest in a home or education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc and Jason N. Houle. "Parental Debt and Children's Socioemotional Well-being." Pediatrics 137,2 (February 2016): DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3059.
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576. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc Houle, Jason N. |
Rising Household Debt and Children's Socioemotional Well-being Trajectories Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Debt/Borrowing; Social Emotional Development Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Household debt increased dramatically over time, becoming a substantial aspect of family finances. Yet, there has been limited rigorous research on whether particular types and amounts of household debt are associated with child well-being. We use data from NLSY79 and Children of the NLSY79 and Hierarchical Linear Models, which take advantage of both between- and within-individual variation, to estimate associations of amounts and types (home, education, auto, unsecured) of parental debt with child socioemotional well-being, net of a host of selection factors. Results suggest that unsecured debt is associated with growth in child behavior problems over time, whereas this is not the case for other types of debt. We also find some evidence that increased education debt is associated with decreases over time in child behavior problems. Moreover, these associations vary by socioeconomic status with less advantaged groups experiencing larger negative influences of unsecured debt. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc and Jason N. Houle. "Rising Household Debt and Children's Socioemotional Well-being Trajectories." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
577. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc Houle, Jason N. |
Rising Household Debt and Children's Socioemotional Well-being Trajectories Demography 56,4 (August 2019): 1273-1301. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-019-00800-7 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Children, Well-Being; Debt/Borrowing; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Debt is now a substantial aspect of family finances. Yet, research on how household debt is linked with child development has been limited. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and hierarchical linear models to estimate associations of amounts and types of parental debt (home, education, auto, unsecured/uncollateralized) with child socioemotional well-being. We find that unsecured debt is associated with growth in child behavior problems, whereas this is not the case for other forms of debt. Moreover, the association of unsecured debt with child behavior problems varies by child age and socioeconomic status, with younger children and children from less-advantaged families experiencing larger associations of unsecured debt with greater behavior problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc and Jason N. Houle. "Rising Household Debt and Children's Socioemotional Well-being Trajectories." Demography 56,4 (August 2019): 1273-1301.
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578. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc Waldfogel, Jane |
Determinants of Out-of-Home Living Arrangements for Children: To What Extent Do Family Resources, Family Structures, and Public Policies Make a Difference? Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Family Structure; Foster Care; Parents, Single; Residence; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A large and growing number of children in the U.S. spend some part of their childhood in living arrangements that do not include their birth parents. This paper uses data from the NLSY to estimate the effects of income and poverty, family structure, and income support policies on the probabilities that children are living in various out-of-home settings. Results suggest that lower-income, single-parent, and mother-partner families are more likely to have children living out-of-home in a given year. Higher AFDC/TANF benefits are associated with decreases in the probability that a family has a child living in a child welfare service setting, but increases in the probability that a family has a child living with relatives. Higher foster care payments are associated with increases in out-of-home placements. This research holds implications for predicting the ways in which changes in policies that affect family resources and structures may influence childrens living arrangements. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc and Jane Waldfogel. "Determinants of Out-of-Home Living Arrangements for Children: To What Extent Do Family Resources, Family Structures, and Public Policies Make a Difference?" Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003. |
579. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc Waldfogel, Jane |
Maternity Leave and the Employment of New Mothers in the United States Journal of Population Economics 17,2 (June 2004): 331-350. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/0qu7lhrhngplmlpy/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Childbearing; Employment; Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA); Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the relationships between maternity leave coverage and U.S. women's post-birth leave taking and employment decisions from 1988 to 1996. We find that women who were employed before birth are working much more quickly post-birth than women who were not. We also find that, among mothers who were employed pre-birth, those in jobs that provided leave coverage are more likely to take a leave of up to 12 weeks, but return more quickly after 12 weeks. Our results suggest that maternity leave coverage is related to leave taking, as well as the length of time that a new mother stays home after a birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc and Jane Waldfogel. "Maternity Leave and the Employment of New Mothers in the United States." Journal of Population Economics 17,2 (June 2004): 331-350.
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580. |
Berger, Lawrence Marc Waldfogel, Jane |
Out-of-Home Placement of Children and Economic Factors: An Empirical Analysis Review of Economics of the Household 2,4 (December 2004): 387-411. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/r0267143242p8411/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Childhood Residence; Cohabitation; Event History; Family Structure; Foster Care; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Parents, Single; Residence; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to estimate the effects of income, maternal employment, family structure, and public policies on several measures of children's living arrangements. We use both linear probability models and discrete-time event history models to explore the effects of these factors on: (1) the probability that a child is living out-of-home in a given year; (2) the probability that a child is removed from home in a given year, conditional on the child living at home in the previous year; (3) the probability that a child is removed from home for the first time; (4) the probability that a child is reunified with his/her biological parent(s) given that the child was living out-of-home in the previous year. We also analyze whether these estimates differ by types of out-of-home placements. Our results suggest that children from lower-income, single-mother, and mother-partner families are considerably more likely both to be living out-of-home and to be removed from home. A change in family structure also tends to place a child at higher risk of an out-of-home living arrangement, unless this transition functions to bring a child's father back into the household. Maternal work appears to increase the probability that a child lives at home. Additionally, once a removal has taken place, we do not find a relationship between income and the probability of a family reunification, but we do find that single-mother and mother-partner families are less likely to reunify. Finally, our analyses provide some evidence that welfare benefit levels are negatively related to out-of-home placements. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] ...We use data from the Geographic Micro-Data and Child and Young Adult files of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We begin with all children who were observed at any point from 1984 through 2000. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Lawrence Marc and Jane Waldfogel. "Out-of-Home Placement of Children and Economic Factors: An Empirical Analysis." Review of Economics of the Household 2,4 (December 2004): 387-411.
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581. |
Berger, Mark Charles |
Effects of Labor Force Composition on Earnings and Earnings Growth Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1981. DAI-A 42/07, p. 3229, January 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Earnings; Wages Two major changes in the structure of male earnings in the U.S. occurred in the early seventies: (1) the earnings of college graduates declined relative to high school graduates, and (2) the earnings of young workers declined relative to older, more experienced workers. At the same time, the labor market entry of the peak baby-boom birth cohorts significantly altered the demographic composition of the labor force. This dissertation examines whether the changes in the demographic composition of the labor force can explain the observed shifts in earnings among male workers. In addition, the impact of cohort size on age-earnings profiles is evaluated. Models of the production process, earnings, and earnings growth are constructed and estimated with data from the March Current Population Surveys and the National Longitudinal Survey. The production function specified employs a finer breakdown of the labor force than is used by other researchers, thus enabling the examination of both of the recently observed major earnings changes within a single, consistent framework. In particular, the model yields estimates of elasticities of complementarity between schooling, experience and sex groups, which are needed to fully evaluate the earnings effects of changes in factor proportions. Shifts in labor force composition apparently explain a substantial amount of the recent earnings changes among male workers. Long run predictions based on the estimated model indicate considerable persistence of lower earnings of college graduates relative to other groups and a lifetime depression in earnings for the members of the large baby-boom cohorts. The analyses of earnings and earnings growth models illustrate that earnings may grow at slower rates in large cohorts. Empirical tests suggest that this is the case for males with at least twelve years of schooling and for female college graduates. For these groups of workers, the earnings depression due to cohort size increases with age, implying that earnings profiles are steeper in small cohorts. The cohort size effects are, moreover, stronger for workers with more schooling, suggesting a continued deterioration over time in the earning power of recent college graduates relative to other workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berger, Mark Charles. Effects of Labor Force Composition on Earnings and Earnings Growth. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1981. DAI-A 42/07, p. 3229, January 1982. |
582. |
Berk, Jonathan B. |
Statistical Discrimination in a Competitive Labor Market NBER Working Paper No. 6871, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1999. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6871 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Discrimination; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Segmentation; Occupational Choice This paper studies the effect of employee job selection in a model of statistical discrimination in a competitive labor market. In an economy in which there are quality differences between groups, a surprisingly strong condition is required to guarantee discrimination against the worse qualified group --- MLRP must hold. In addition, because of the self-selection bias induced by competition, the resulting discrimination is small when compared to the magnitude of the underlying quality differences between groups. In cases in which the discrimination results because employers' ability to measure qualifications differs from one group to another, the conditions under which one group is discriminated against are much weaker. In general, the group employers know least about is always favored. The economic impact of discrimination that is derived from quality differences between groups is shown to be quite different to the economic impact of discrimination that derives from differences in employer familiarity between groups. In the latter case, for a set of equally qualified employees, it is possible for members of the group that is discriminated against to have higher wages. Finally, we show how the results can be used to explain a number of empirical puzzles that are documented in the literature. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berk, Jonathan B. "Statistical Discrimination in a Competitive Labor Market." NBER Working Paper No. 6871, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1999. |
583. |
Berlin, Gordon L. Sum, Andrew |
Toward a More Perfect Union: Basic Skills, Poor Families, and Our Economic Future New York, NY: The Ford Foundation, March 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Ford Foundation Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Education; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; High School Dropouts; Poverty; Schooling, Post-secondary; Sexual Behavior; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berlin, Gordon L. and Andrew Sum. Toward a More Perfect Union: Basic Skills, Poor Families, and Our Economic Future. New York, NY: The Ford Foundation, March 1998. |
584. |
Bernal, Raquel |
Employment and Child Care Decisions of Mothers and the Well-being of their Children EconPapers No. 361, Econometric Society 2004 North American Winter Meetings, August 2004. Also: http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/ecmnawm04/361.htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Econometric Society Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Endogeneity; Labor Market Outcomes; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper develops and estimates a dynamic model of employment and child care decisions of women after birth in order to evaluate the effects of mothers' decisions on children's cognitive ability. I use data from the NLSY to estimate the model. The results suggest that the effects of maternal employment and child care usage on children's cognitive ability are not negligible. In fact, having a full-time working mother who uses child care during the first 5 years after the birth of the child is associated with a 10.4% reduction in ability test scores. Based on the estimates of the model, I assess the impact of policies related to parental leave, child care and other incentives to stay at home after birth on women's decisions and children's outcomes. In this paper I focus on the labor supply and child care decisions of women immediately following birth, in order to evaluate the effects of mothers' decisions on the well-being of their children. In particular, I am interested in assessing the impact of both employment and child care decisions on children's cognitive ability. Previous studies have provided evidence that test scores measured early in a person's life have significant effects on future educational and labor market outcomes29. It seems at least interesting to try to understand whether there are any parental inputs that can enhance cognitive ability of individuals during their early stages of life. For this purpose I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and, in particular, I look at the quarterly employment and child care histories of women after birth and until their child enters primary school at age 5. I assess the impact of these histories on Peabody Picture Vocabulary Tests scores and Peabody Individual Achievement Test scores (Math and Reading Sections). The key issue dealt with in the paper is the potential endogeneity problem that arises as a result of the existence of unobserved characteristics of both mothers and children. In fact, women are heterogeneous in both the constraints they face and their tastes. At the same time, children are heterogeneous in their cognitive endowments. As we would expect, mothers' decisions with respect to working when children are young, and/or placing children in child care are influenced by these heterogeneous characteristics of both mothers and children. Hence, children of working women or children of women that use child care will differ systematically from those whose mothers stay at home or do not use child care. This sample selection issue makes evaluation of the effects of women's decisions on child outcomes very difficult. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernal, Raquel. "Employment and Child Care Decisions of Mothers and the Well-being of their Children." EconPapers No. 361, Econometric Society 2004 North American Winter Meetings, August 2004. |
585. |
Bernal, Raquel |
Essays on Household Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, 2003 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Care; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) In the first essay, I develop and estimate a dynamic model of employment and child care decisions of women after birth in order to evaluate the effects of mothers' decisions on children's cognitive ability. I use data from the NLSY to estimate the model. A common limitation of previous studies that have used data from the NLSY to assess the impact of maternal employment on children's outcomes is that they have failed to fully control for potential biases that may arise as a result of the fact that women that work/use child care are may be systematically different from women that do not work/do not use child care, and the fact that child's cognitive ability may influence mother's decisions. In order to deal with these sample selection issues I develop a model of work and child care choices of women after birth and estimate it jointly with the child's cognitive ability production function. The results suggest that the effects of maternal employment and child care use on children's cognitive ability are rather sizeable. In fact, having a full-time working mother who uses child care during the first 5 years after birth is associated with a 10.4% reduction in ability test scores. The second essay uses a general equilibrium model of marriage and divorce to assess how public policies on maternity and paternity leave and leave benefits affect intra-household decision making, family structure, intergenerational mobility and the distribution of income. This research is motivated by the fact that the U.S. has a parental leave policy that is not as extensive as in other industrialized countries. We calibrated our model to replicate some characteristics relevant to the interaction between the marriage and labor market. We stark with a benchmark economy in which only women are allowed to take time off with their children. We then analyze how this economy is affected by three different parental leave policies: availability of paternity leave, paid maternity leave benefits and paid paternity and maternity leave benefits. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernal, Raquel. Essays on Household Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, 2003. |
586. |
Bernal, Raquel |
The Effect of Maternal Employment and Child Care Choices on Children's Cognitive Development Working Paper (April 2005), University of Chicago, Department of Economics, April 2005. Also: http://economics.uchicago.edu/download/Bernal060205.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Chicago Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Endogeneity; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper develops and estimates a dynamic model of employment and child care decisions of women after birth in order to evaluate the effects of maternal employment and daycare choices on children's cognitive ability. I use data from the NLSY to estimate the model. Results indicate that the effects of maternal employment and child care on children's ability are negative and rather sizeable. In fact, having a full-time working mother who uses child care during the first 5 years after the birth of her child is associated with a 10.4% reduction in child's ability test scores. Based on the estimates of the model, I assess the impact of policies related to parental leave, child care and other incentives to stay at home after birth on women's decisions and children's outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernal, Raquel. "The Effect of Maternal Employment and Child Care Choices on Children's Cognitive Development." Working Paper (April 2005), University of Chicago, Department of Economics, April 2005. |
587. |
Bernal, Raquel |
The Effect of Maternal Employment and Child Care on Children's Cognitive Development. International Economic Review 49,4 (November 2008): 1173-1209. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2008.00510.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Endogeneity; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) This article develops and estimates a dynamic model of employment and child care decisions of women after childbirth to evaluate the effects of these choices on children's cognitive ability. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate it. Results indicate that the effects of maternal employment and child care on children's ability are negative and sizable. Having a mother that works full-time and uses child care during one year is associated with a reduction in ability test scores of approximately 1.8% (0.13 standard deviations). We assess the impact of policies related to parental leave and child care on children's outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Economic Review is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernal, Raquel. "The Effect of Maternal Employment and Child Care on Children's Cognitive Development." International Economic Review 49,4 (November 2008): 1173-1209.
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588. |
Bernal, Raquel Keane, Michael P. |
Child Care Choices and Children's Cognitive Achievement: The Case of Single Mothers Working Paper Series WP-06-09, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, May 26, 2006. Also: http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/publications/workingpapers/wpabstracts06/wp0609.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Policy Research - Northwestern University - (formerly Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Care; Child Support; Children, Academic Development; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The authors evaluate the effects of home inputs on children's cognitive development using the sample of single mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Important selection problems arise when trying to assess the impact of maternal time and income on children's development. To deal with this, they exploit the (plausibly) exogenous variation in employment and child care use by single mothers generated by differences in welfare regulations across states and over time. In particular, the 1996 welfare reform act along with earlier state policy changes adopted under federal waivers, generated substantial increases in work and child care use. Thus, the authors construct a comprehensive set of welfare policy variables at individual and state levels and use them as instruments to estimate child cognitive ability production functions. They use local demand conditions as instruments as well. The results indicate that the effect of child care use is negative, significant, and rather sizeable. In particular, an additional year of child care use is associated with a reduction of 2.8 percent (.15 standard deviations) in child test scores. But this general finding masks important differences across types of child care, children's ages, and maternal education. Indeed, only informal care used after the first year leads to significant reductions in child achievement. Formal care (i.e., center-based care and preschool) does not have any adverse effect on cognitive outcomes. In fact, these estimates imply that formal care has large positive effects on cognitive outcomes for children of poorly educated single mothers. Finally, the authors also provide evidence of a strong link between children's test scores at ages 4, 5, and 6 and their completed education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernal, Raquel and Michael P. Keane. "Child Care Choices and Children's Cognitive Achievement: The Case of Single Mothers." Working Paper Series WP-06-09, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, May 26, 2006. |
589. |
Bernal, Raquel Keane, Michael P. |
Child Care Choices and Children's Cognitive Achievement: The Case of Single Mothers Working Paper, Universidad de los Andes, February 2009 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Universidad de los Andes Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Care; Child Support; Children, Academic Development; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also presented in Canberra, Australia, The Economics of Child Care Conference, April 2009. We evaluate the effect of childcare vs. maternal time inputs on child cognitive development using the single mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). To deal with non-random selection of children into childcare, we exploit the (plausibly) exogenous variation in welfare policy rules facing single mothers. In particular, the 1996 Welfare Reform, and earlier State level policy changes, generated substantial increases in their work/childcare use. Thus, we construct a comprehensive set of welfare policy variables, and use them (along with local demand conditions) as instruments to estimate child cognitive ability production functions. Because welfare rules are complex, we need many variables to characterize them. Thus, we face a "many instrument problem" (i.e., 2SLS severely biased toward OLS). We deal with this problem both by using LIML, and by using factor analysis to condense the instrument set. Results from the two approaches are very similar, and quite different from OLS. Using LIML along with factor analysis of the instruments leads to an efficiency gain (i.e., smaller standard errors) relative to using LIML alone. In our baseline specification, we estimate that a year of childcare reduces child test scores by 2.1% (.114 standard deviations). This estimate is quite robust across a wide range of specifications and instrument sets. But we find important interactions with type of care, maternal education and child gender. Indeed, only informal care leads to significant reductions in cognitive outcomes. Formal center-based care does not have any adverse effect. In addition, the value of the maternal time input is greater for more educated mothers, and girls are more adversely affect by childcare than boys. We do not find differential effects by child age or race/ethnicity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernal, Raquel and Michael P. Keane. "Child Care Choices and Children's Cognitive Achievement: The Case of Single Mothers." Working Paper, Universidad de los Andes, February 2009. |
590. |
Bernal, Raquel Keane, Michael P. |
Child Care Choices and Children’s Cognitive Achievement: The Case of Single Mothers Journal of Labor Economics 29,3 (July 2011): 459-512. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/659343 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Academic Development; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Bias Decomposition; Child Care; Child Care Arrangements; Child Support; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Parental Investments; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare We evaluate the effect of child care versus maternal time inputs on child cognitive development using single mothers from the NLSY79. To deal with nonrandom selection of children into child care, we exploit the exogenous variation in welfare policy rules facing single mothers. In particular, the 1996 welfare reform and earlier state-level policy changes generated substantial increases in their work/child care use. We construct a comprehensive set of welfare policy variables and use them as instruments to estimate child cognitive ability production functions. In our baseline specification, we estimate that a year of child care reduces child test scores by 2.1%. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernal, Raquel and Michael P. Keane. "Child Care Choices and Children’s Cognitive Achievement: The Case of Single Mothers." Journal of Labor Economics 29,3 (July 2011): 459-512.
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591. |
Bernal, Raquel Keane, Michael P. |
Maternal Time, Child Care and Child Cognitive Development: The Case of Single Mothers Presented: London, England, Econometric Society World Congress, 19-24 August, 2005, University College London. Also: http://eswc2005.econ.ucl.ac.uk/papers/ESWC/2005/1405/Bernal_Keane_Maternal%20Time_01_2005.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Econometric Society Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Support; Children, Academic Development; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper evaluates the effects of maternal time inputs and alternative providers' time inputs on children's cognitive development using the sample of single mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). In order to deal with the selection problem that arises when trying to assess the impact of mothers' employment and child care choices on children's development, we take advantage of the exogenous variation in employment and child care choices generated by the differences in welfare regulations across states and over time introduced by the Welfare Reform (1996) and prior to that by Section 1115 Welfare Waivers. In particular, we construct a comprehensive set of welfare policy variables at the individual and State level and use them as instrumental variables in order to identify the effects of maternal employment, child care and labor income on children's cognitive development. The results indicate that the effect of maternal employment on children's achievement is positive but insignificant. The effect of child care use is negative, significant and rather sizeable. In particular, one additional quarter of child use is associated with a reduction of 0.50% in test scores. In addition, the effect of income is significant and positive and in most cases large enough to offset the negative effect of child care. Finally, the negative effect of child care seems to be related to a significant negative effect of child care used after the first year after childbirth and mostly from the use of informal child care. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernal, Raquel and Michael P. Keane. "Maternal Time, Child Care and Child Cognitive Development: The Case of Single Mothers." Presented: London, England, Econometric Society World Congress, 19-24 August, 2005, University College London. |
592. |
Bernal, Raquel Keane, Michael P. |
Quasi-Structural Estimation of a Model of Child Care Choices Presented: Chicago, IL, American Economic Association Annual Meetings, January 2007. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2007/0107_1300_0504.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Care; Children, Academic Development; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper evaluates the effects of maternal vs. alternative care providers' time inputs on children's cognitive development using the sample of single mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. To deal with the selection problem created by unobserved heterogeneity of mothers and children, we develop a model of mother's employment and child-care decisions. Guided by this model, we obtain approximate decisions rules for employment and child care use, and estimate these jointly with the child's cognitive ability production function – an approach we refer to as "quasi-structural." This joint estimation implements a selection correction. To help identify our selection model, we take advantage of the substantial and plausibly exogenous variation in employment and child-care choices of single mothers generated by the variation in welfare rules across states and over time – especially, the large changes created by the 1996 welfare reform legislation and earlier State waivers. Welfare rules provide natural exclusion restrictions, as it is plausible they enter decision rules for employment and day care use, while not entering the child cognitive ability production function directly. Our results imply that if a mother works full-time, while placing a child in day care, for one full year, it reduces the child's cognitive ability test score by roughly 2.7% on average, which is 0.14 standard deviations of the score distribution. However, we find evidence of substantial observed and unobserved heterogeneity in the day care effect. Negative effects of day care on test scores are larger for better-educated mothers and for children with larger skill endowments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernal, Raquel and Michael P. Keane. "Quasi-Structural Estimation of a Model of Child Care Choices." Presented: Chicago, IL, American Economic Association Annual Meetings, January 2007. |
593. |
Bernal, Raquel Keane, Michael P. |
Quasi-structural Estimation of a Model of Childcare Choices and Child Cognitive Ability Production Journal of Econometrics 156,1 (May 2010): 164-189. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407609002140 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Care; Children, Academic Development; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); State Welfare; State-Level Data/Policy; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare This article evaluates the effects of maternal vs. alternative care providers' time inputs on children's cognitive development using the sample of single mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. To deal with the selection problem created by unobserved heterogeneity of mothers and children, we develop a model of mother's employment and childcare decisions. We then obtain approximate decision rules for employment and childcare use, and estimate these jointly with the child's cognitive ability production function. To help identify our selection model, we take advantage of the plausibly exogenous variation in employment and childcare choices of single mothers generated by the variation in welfare rules across states and over time created by the 1996 welfare reform legislation and earlier State waivers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernal, Raquel and Michael P. Keane. "Quasi-structural Estimation of a Model of Childcare Choices and Child Cognitive Ability Production." Journal of Econometrics 156,1 (May 2010): 164-189.
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594. |
Bernardi, Fabrizio Boertien, Diederik Geven, Koen |
Childhood Family Structure and the Accumulation of Wealth Across the Life Course Journal of Marriage and Family 81,1 (February 2019): 230-247. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12523 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Childhood; Family Structure; Life Course; Wealth Objective: The aim of this article is to document how childhood family structure is related to the accumulation of wealth. Background: Childhood family structure is a commonly studied determinant of child and adult outcomes, but little is known about its effects on wealth accumulation. Wealth is affected by a wide variety of factors, including human capital formation, family dynamics, and intergenerational transfers. Studying wealth therewith sheds light on how childhood family structure relates to the accumulation of advantages across life. Method: Data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 7,066) are employed to document wealth differences at ages 47 to 55. Growth curve models are estimated to understand at what ages these differences emerge. Results: A median wealth penalty of at least $61,600 at ages 47 to 55 is observed for individuals who did not live continuously with both parents from birth to age 18, depending on the alternative childhood family trajectory considered. A subsequent mediation analysis of the "wealth penalty" related to the permanent departure of a parent from the household during childhood points at human capital formation and own family dynamics as the primary channels through which wealth differences are produced; intergenerational transfers matter rather less. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernardi, Fabrizio, Diederik Boertien and Koen Geven. "Childhood Family Structure and the Accumulation of Wealth Across the Life Course." Journal of Marriage and Family 81,1 (February 2019): 230-247.
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595. |
Bernhardt, Annette Morris, Martina Handcock, Mark S. Scott, Marc A. |
Divergent Paths: Economic Mobility in the New American Labor Market New York, NY: Russell Sage, 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Earnings; Job Promotion; Job Turnover; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Labor Market Tracks the fortunes of two generations of young white men over the course of their careers to examine the prospects of upward mobility for workers in America's labor market. Two cohorts were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men & the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth respectively. Members of the first sample were initially interviewed in 1966 & tracked until 1981, while the second sample was interviewed yearly between 1979-1994. The older men entered the labor market at a time of prosperity & stability, while the second group began working in the early 1980s, a time marked by recession, deregulation, & the weakening of organized labor. An overview of the historical context is followed by a detailed analysis of the longitudinal data. It was shown that the second group faced a labor market that was more volatile & characterized by lower job security, higher penalties for failing to find steady employer, & growing inequalities between well-connected workers who used short-term projects to obtain better-paying positions, & increasing numbers of workers stuck in a series of low-paying, high-turnover jobs. It is concluded that the labor market of the 1960s & 1970s launched more workers up the earnings ladder than today's market. Policy strategies for improving the upward mobility of workers in the US are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernhardt, Annette, Martina Morris, Mark S. Handcock and Marc A. Scott. Divergent Paths: Economic Mobility in the New American Labor Market. New York, NY: Russell Sage, 2001. |
596. |
Bernhardt, Annette Morris, Martina Handcock, Mark S. Scott, Marc A. |
Trends in Job Instability and Wages for Young Adult Men Journal of Labor Economics 17,4 (October 1999): S65-S90. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2660667 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Attrition; Clare Jellick; Job Status; Wage Growth; Wages; Wages, Young Men Data and measurement problems have complicated the debate over trends in job instability in the United States. We compare two cohorts of young white men from the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS), construct a rigorous measure of job change, and confirm earlier findings of a significant increase in job instability. We then benchmark the NLS against other main data sets in the field and conduct a thorough attrition analysis. Extending the analysis to wages, we find that the wage returns to job changing have both declined and become more unequal for young adults, mirroring trends in their long-term wage growth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernhardt, Annette, Martina Morris, Mark S. Handcock and Marc A. Scott. "Trends in Job Instability and Wages for Young Adult Men." Journal of Labor Economics 17,4 (October 1999): S65-S90.
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597. |
Bernhardt, Annette Morris, Martina Handcock, Mark S. Scott, Marc A. |
Trends in Job Instability and Wages for Young Adult Men In: On the Job: Is Long Term Employment a Thing of the Past? D. Neumark, ed. New York, NY: Russel Sage Foundation, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Attrition; Job Status; Mobility; Wage Growth; Wages; Wages, Young Men Data and measurement problems have complicated the debate over trends in job instability in the United States. We compare two cohorts of young white men from the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS), construct a rigorous measure of job change, and confirm earlier findings of a significant increase in job instability. We then benchmark the NLS against other main data sets in the field and conduct a thorough attrition analysis. Extending the analysis to wages, we find that the wage returns to job changing have both declined and become more unequal for young adults, mirroring trends in their long-term wage growth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernhardt, Annette, Martina Morris, Mark S. Handcock and Marc A. Scott. "Trends in Job Instability and Wages for Young Adult Men " In: On the Job: Is Long Term Employment a Thing of the Past? D. Neumark, ed. New York, NY: Russel Sage Foundation, 2000
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598. |
Bernhardt, Annette Morris, Martina Handcock, Mark S. Scott, Marc M. |
Work and Opportunity in the Post-Industrial Labor Market Final report to the Russell Sage and Rockefeller Foundations. Institute on Education and the Economy, Columbia University, New York NY, 1997. Also: http://www.tc.columbia.edu/~iee/Labor1.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Clare Jellick; Mobility; Mobility, Labor Market; Wage Equations; Wage Gap One of the most pressing questions facing researchers and policy makers today is how economic restructuring has affected the nature of work and mobility in America. It is no longer simply a matter of rising wage inequality, but increasingly a question of what it means to have a job and to build a career. As workplaces are reorganized, there are potentially strong effects on job stability, career development, and upward mobility. Little is known about the long-term consequences of restructuring, so in this study we compare the first 16 years of work experience for two cohorts of young white men from the National Longitudinal Surveys: the original cohort, followed from 1966-1981, and the recent cohort, followed from 1979-1994. Conclusions and Findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernhardt, Annette, Martina Morris, Mark S. Handcock and Marc M. Scott. "Work and Opportunity in the Post-Industrial Labor Market." Final report to the Russell Sage and Rockefeller Foundations. Institute on Education and the Economy, Columbia University, New York NY, 1997. |
599. |
Bernstein, Shayna |
Age by Stage Modeling of Dynamic Heterogeneity Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Biology, University of Miami, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Health and Retirement Study (HRS); Heterogeneity; Income Level; Marital Status; Mortality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Mortality modeling has come a long way since the demographer Benjamin Gompertz (1779-1865). We address populations where mortality is structured by the joint effects of age and state and individuals can change state at each age. Dynamic states are the most complex and interesting states to consider and we focus on three categories of states: being married or unmarried, being below or above a particular income threshold, or being in one of four income states. We examine how the transience of our particular states at each age drives the cohort dynamics such as the demographic structure and lifespan inequalities within the cohort. In each chapter we used two U.S. nationally representative data-sets (the Health and Retirement Survey RAND data-set, and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth) to statistically estimate the probabilities of survival and transitions between states at each age with regression analysis. These probabilities were incorporated into discrete age and discrete state matrices. We examine age-specific state structure, the average remaining life expectancy, its variance, cohort simulations, dynamic heterogeneity and individual trajectories. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernstein, Shayna. Age by Stage Modeling of Dynamic Heterogeneity. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Biology, University of Miami, 2017. |
600. |
Bernstein, Shayna Rehkopf, David Tuljapurkar, Shripad Horvitz, Carol C. |
Poverty Dynamics, Poverty Thresholds and Mortality: An Age-Stage Markovian Model PLoS ONE published online (16 May 2018): DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195734. Also: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0195734 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: PLOS Keyword(s): Health and Retirement Study (HRS); Mortality; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent studies have examined the risk of poverty throughout the life course, but few have considered how transitioning in and out of poverty shape the dynamic heterogeneity and mortality disparities of a cohort at each age. Here we use state-by-age modeling to capture individual heterogeneity in crossing one of three different poverty thresholds...at each age. We examine age-specific state structure, the remaining life expectancy, its variance, and cohort simulations for those above and below each threshold. Survival and transitioning probabilities are statistically estimated by regression analyses of data from the Health and Retirement Survey RAND data-set, and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Using the results of these regression analyses, we parameterize discrete state, discrete age matrix models. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bernstein, Shayna, David Rehkopf, Shripad Tuljapurkar and Carol C. Horvitz. "Poverty Dynamics, Poverty Thresholds and Mortality: An Age-Stage Markovian Model." PLoS ONE published online (16 May 2018): DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195734.
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601. |
Berry, Eddy Helen Lee, Sang Lim Ortiz, Eduardo Toney, Michael B. |
Do They Just Keep on Moving or Do They Go Home? Internal Migration of Mexican-Origin, Non-Mexican Hispanics, Non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks in the U.S. Presented: Barcelona, Spain, International Population Association Meeting (a.k.a. European Population Conference), July 2008. Also: http://epc2008.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=80473 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: European Association for Population Studies (EAPS) Keyword(s): Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Immigrants; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Supply; Rural/Urban Migration; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over the past twenty years, since the United States' immigration reforms of the mid-1980s, the emphasis of academic research has been on the immigration of Latinos into the U.S. Analysis of Latino internal migration has tended to focus on whether their place in the U.S. labor markets and cultural milieu is one of spatial, segmented, or classical assimilation. There has been a growing body of literature on new destinations for Hispanic immigrants and on their spatial impacts on rural and urban communities but few analyses have disaggregated Hispanics into any of their distinctive ethnic backgrounds, e.g. Mexican (the largest group) or Puerto Rican, the second largest group. This analysis utilizes the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, 1979, to follow the migration experiences of Mexican-origin, Puerto Rican, and non-Mexican origin Latinos. Examination of each group's migration propensities for primary, return or onward migrations are examined as these are related to the socioeconomic characteristics of each group and whether or not they tend to move toward or away from places with greater involvement in metro or nonmetro economies. All groups are more likely to move toward metropolitan places and onward migration is more likely than return migration for Hispanics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berry, Eddy Helen, Sang Lim Lee, Eduardo Ortiz and Michael B. Toney. "Do They Just Keep on Moving or Do They Go Home? Internal Migration of Mexican-Origin, Non-Mexican Hispanics, Non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks in the U.S." Presented: Barcelona, Spain, International Population Association Meeting (a.k.a. European Population Conference), July 2008. |
602. |
Berry, Eddy Helen Lee, Sang Lim Ortiz, Eduardo Toney, Michael B. |
Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Other Latino Origin Internal Migration in the U.S. A Panel Study of Migration Utilizing the NLSY79 Presented: Boston, MA, Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, April 2008. Also: http://communicate.aag.org/eseries/aag_org/program/AbstractDetail.cfm?AbstractID=16545 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association of American Geographers Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Studies; Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Immigrants; Labor Market Segmentation; Migration Patterns; Mobility Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Due to changes in immigration laws in the 1980s, much research on immigration to the U.S. has focused on Hispanic immigration. This has been heavily influenced by labor market interests, and interest in the segmentation or assimilation of this rapidly growing group. Yet, generally, Hispanics are lumped into a single group and not disaggregated as Mexican-origin in comparison to Hispanics of other origins. The growing literature on the spatial distribution of Hispanics, particularly by demographers, has not disaggregated the group to understand how there may be differences between each ethnicity's migration patterns or the impetus for making internal migrations that have resulted in the spatial changes in residence of the group as a whole. In this paper we examine the internal migration of Mexican Latinos and non-Mexican Latinos, utilizing the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, 1979. The panel study will allow us to compare and contrast each group's propensity for internal migration, their likelihood for repeat migration, and their likelihood of return or onward migrations. Preliminary results indicate that non-Mexican Latinos are more mobile than Mexican Latinos as a whole. All groups are more likely to move toward metropolitan places. Onward migration is more likely to occur for Latinos in general than is return migration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berry, Eddy Helen, Sang Lim Lee, Eduardo Ortiz and Michael B. Toney. "Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Other Latino Origin Internal Migration in the U.S. A Panel Study of Migration Utilizing the NLSY79." Presented: Boston, MA, Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, April 2008. |
603. |
Berry, Eddy Helen Shillington, Audrey M. Peak, Terry Hohman, Melinda M. |
Multi-ethnic Comparison of Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Pregnancy Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 17,2 (April 2000): 79-96. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/vr818066h0001039/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Ethnic Groups; Hispanics; Marriage; Mothers, Adolescent; Poverty; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Racial Differences; Risk-Taking; Self-Esteem; Substance Use Data from a longitudinal cohort study, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, were used to examine the differences in risk and protective factors for adolescent pregnancy among four ethnic groups--non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians. The objective was the identification of differential predictors for adolescent pregnancy among each ethnic group included in the analyses, as well as better comprehension of the differences among women who experienced a teen pregnancy compared to those who did not. Teen pregnancy was defined as having reported a pregnancy at age 19 yrs or younger. The model for this sample of 5,053 women (aged 23-31 yrs at the time of the survey) indicates that higher self-esteem and a higher level of maternal education are protective factors; living in poverty as a young teen, substance use, and adolescent marriage are factors associated with an increased risk for teen pregnancy. Further, the results indicate that unique sets of predictors exist for each ethnic group. Implications of these findings are discussed. ((c) 2000 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Berry, Eddy Helen, Audrey M. Shillington, Terry Peak and Melinda M. Hohman. "Multi-ethnic Comparison of Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Pregnancy." Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 17,2 (April 2000): 79-96.
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604. |
Berry, Eddy Helen Toney, Michael B. Cromartie, John B. |
Migration During the Relatively Stationary Mid-Life Years: Migration Among Mid-Lifers By County Context Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003. Also: http://paa2003.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.asp?submissionId=61893 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Life Cycle Research; Migration; Migration Patterns; Rural Areas; Rural/Urban Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Initial migration among 18-25 year olds, when overall mobility levels are highest, is largely driven by widely shared life-cycle activities such as seeking education or exploring employment. Less is known about forces shaping (a) the migration decision or (b) the destination choices of 25-34 year old migrants, an age when income increases and family-building proliferates. For example, in rural areas the immigration of 25-34 year olds is more geographically concentrated than the outmigration of younger adults. As a result, many counties gain population among 25-34 year olds while areas with high net migration losses are distinguished more by low immigration than high outmigration. To examine this process, migration is examined, using the NLSY79 geocode data, to identify factors that trigger migration during the relatively stationary age 25-34 life phase. Individual variables include presence of children; marriage/divorce; employment; and migration history. Contextual variables including metro-nonmetro; retirement; or amenity county-types are examined. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berry, Eddy Helen, Michael B. Toney and John B. Cromartie. "Migration During the Relatively Stationary Mid-Life Years: Migration Among Mid-Lifers By County Context." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003. |
605. |
Berryman, Sue E. Waite, Linda J. |
Women in Nontraditional Occupations: Choice and Turnover Report R-3106-FF, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1985. Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R3106/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Employment; Family Influences; Gender Differences; Military Enlistment; Military Personnel; Military Service; Occupational Choice; Occupational Status; Occupations; Transition, Job to Job; Women; Women's Roles; Work Attitudes This report uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Labor Market Behavior to test a series of hypotheses about characteristics of individuals and their families that influence their occupational preferences and their turnover in the military and in civilian jobs. The study's findings have three important policy implications: (1) Women enlistees have much lower exit rates from the armed forces than their counterparts in civilian jobs; (2) job traditionality does not affect turnover for women in civilian jobs (for a variety of definitions of the traditionality variable and for several alternative specifications of the civilian turnover model); and (3) for women in the military there is no effect of being in a traditionally female or a traditionally male occupation on turnover. |
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Bibliography Citation
Berryman, Sue E. and Linda J. Waite. "Women in Nontraditional Occupations: Choice and Turnover." Report R-3106-FF, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1985. |
606. |
Bersani, Bianca Elizabeth |
Analyzing School Failure Within Contemporary Criminological Theory Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Midwest Sociological Society Annual Meeting, March 2005 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Midwest Sociological Society Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Discipline; Mothers, Education; School Completion; School Dropouts; School Progress; Self-Regulation/Self-Control Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bersani, Bianca Elizabeth. "Analyzing School Failure Within Contemporary Criminological Theory." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Midwest Sociological Society Annual Meeting, March 2005. |
607. |
Bersani, Bianca Elizabeth |
Self-Control and School Failure: Examining Individual Effects on Academic Achievement M.A. Thesis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2005 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Attitudes; Behavioral Differences; Behavioral Problems; Discipline; Mothers, Education; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; School Completion; School Dropouts; School Progress; Self-Regulation/Self-Control Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) indicate that in 2000 nearly 11% of youth ages 16 to 24 were either not enrolled in school or did not have a high school diploma. Furthermore, national rates of school failure have continually increased over the past three decades (NCES 2000) indicating that school dropout rates have risen. Research examining the prevalence of adolescent school failure has traditionally looked at the influence of structural characteristics such as family structure and maternal educational level, and relational characteristics such as parental attachment and monitoring to explain why youth drop out of school. In the present study, I incorporate individual level characteristics, specifically self-control, into the examination of predictors of school failure. Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) suggest that individuals with low self-control have behavioral and attitudinal characteristics that are in direct opposition to academic achievement. I analyze the extent to which self-control predicts school failure net of the traditional explanations using data on 822 young adults from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth Child and Young Adult data, 1994 and 1998 waves. Significant effects of self-control on school attachment, expected level of education, and school dropout were found, even when controlling for structural and relational characteristics. Young adults with low self-control were significantly less likely to be attached to school, had lower educational expectations, and were more likely to drop out of school than their peers. With the exceptions of mother's educational level and maternal educational expectations, the structural and relational characteristics were not significant predictors of school failure. While structural and relational characteristics still have a significant effect on adolescent school failure, these findings suggest the need to examine the effects of individual level predictors, such as self-control in future research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bersani, Bianca Elizabeth. Self-Control and School Failure: Examining Individual Effects on Academic Achievement. M.A. Thesis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2005. |
608. |
Bersani, Bianca Elizabeth Chapple, Constance L. |
School Failure as an Adolescent Turning Point Sociological Focus 40, 3 (2007): 370-391 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: North Central Sociological Association ==> Routledge (new in 2012) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Life Course; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Dropouts; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recently, researchers have devoted significant attention to the influence of turning points such as marriage, employment, and military service on criminal desistance in adulthood. Because offending peaks in adolescence, the relative lack of research on influential adolescent turnings points is notable. Given the extensive research linking school failure to deleterious adult development, we propose that school failure (late grade retention and school dropout) is a marked transition in adolescence with the potential to operate as a turning point in the life course. Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we first examine structural, relational and individual predictors of school failure in adolescence. Second, we assess whether school failure amplifies delinquency in late adolescence. We find evidence supporting our contention that school failure operates as an adolescent turning point and we confirm that, school failure is significantly predicted by structural, relational, and individual factors. Although school failure may be thought of as the end result of a long-term process of academic disengagement, our research also suggests that it is a pivotal, negative turning point in the life course. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bersani, Bianca Elizabeth and Constance L. Chapple. "School Failure as an Adolescent Turning Point." Sociological Focus 40, 3 (2007): 370-391.
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609. |
Bersani, Bianca Elizabeth Pittman, Adam W. |
Reassessing the Generational Disparity in Immigrant Offending: A Within-family Comparison of Involvement in Crime Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 56,6 (November 2019): 851-887. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022427819850600 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Crime; Family Influences; Immigrants Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This study reassesses the generational disparity in immigrant offending. Patterns and predictors of offending are compared using traditional peer-based models and an alternative within-family (parent–child dyad) model. Method:The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979; NLSY79) and NLSY-Child and Young Adult (NLSY_CYA) data are merged to create an intergenerational data set to compare generational disparities in immigrant offending across peers and within families. Differences in self-reported offending (prevalence and variety) by immigrant generation are assessed using a combination of descriptive analyses (χ2 and analysis of variance) and regression models. Results: While NLSY_CYA children generally are at a greater risk of offending compared with the NLSY79 mothers, the difference in offending is greatest between first-generation mom and second-generation child dyads. Disparities in offending are driven in large part by exceedingly low levels of offending among first-generation immigrants. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bersani, Bianca Elizabeth and Adam W. Pittman. "Reassessing the Generational Disparity in Immigrant Offending: A Within-family Comparison of Involvement in Crime." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 56,6 (November 2019): 851-887.
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610. |
Besen, Elyssa Pransky, Glenn |
Assessing the Relationship between Chronic Health Conditions and Productivity Loss Trajectories Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56,12 (December 2014): 1249-1257. Also: http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/25479294 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Keyword(s): Disabled Workers; Health, Chronic Conditions; Labor Productivity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Trajectories of productivity loss from the ages of 25 to 44 years, previously identified in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), were combined with information on health conditions from the age 40 years health module in the NLSY79. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the relative risk of being in the low-risk, early-onset increasing risk, late-onset increasing risk, or high-risk trajectories compared with the no-risk trajectory for having various health conditions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Besen, Elyssa and Glenn Pransky. "Assessing the Relationship between Chronic Health Conditions and Productivity Loss Trajectories." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56,12 (December 2014): 1249-1257.
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611. |
Besen, Elyssa Pransky, Glenn |
Trajectories of Productivity Loss over a 20-year Period: An Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 40,4 (July 2014): 380-389. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/43188032 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Nordic Association of Occupational Safety and Health (NOROSH) Keyword(s): Disability; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: We investigated multiple trajectories of the probability of reporting health-related productivity loss over a 20-year period among adults aged 25-44 years and explored differences among the trajectories in demographic and personal characteristics and employment outcomes in midlife. Methods: A latent class growth analysis of health-related productivity loss was estimated on 12 waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) (N= 5699), an ongoing nationally representative longitudinal survey of Americans. Waves 1-5 were collected annually at ages 25-29 years. Waves 6-12 were collected biennially at ages 30-44 years. Productivity loss was measured as "health fully preventing a person from working" or "health limiting the amount or kind of work a person could do." Differences among trajectories were assessed using analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square tests. Results: A five-group trajectory model for productivity loss was identified: (i) no risk, (ii) low risk, (iii) high risk, (iv) increasing risk at early ages, and (v) increasing risk at later ages. At the first wave, after the waves used for the trajectory model in which respondents were approximately age 45 years, the no-and low-risk groups worked the most weeks and hours per week and had the highest percentages of participants employed ≥10 weeks compared to the high-risk and early-/late-onset increasing-risk groups, all of which had the lowest levels of mastery, self-esteem, education, and socioeconomic status. Conclusions: There are several developmental patterns of productivity loss, with some trajectories being associated with lower work participation in midlife. These high risk patterns may be indicative of individuals needing intervention to prevent premature work withdrawal. |
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Bibliography Citation
Besen, Elyssa and Glenn Pransky. "Trajectories of Productivity Loss over a 20-year Period: An Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 40,4 (July 2014): 380-389.
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612. |
Besharov, Douglas J. Gardiner, Karen N. |
Preventing Youthful Disconnectedness Children and Youth Services Review 20,9-10 (November-December 1998): 797-818. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740998000450 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Disconnected Youth; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Fertility; Marital Status; Occupational Status; Psychological Effects; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Social Roles; Work History Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this article examined the characteristics (and later life histories) of youths who, during the 1980s, were "disconnected" from mainstream society, that is, they were not enrolled in school, not gainfully employed, not in the military, and not married to someone who was "connected" in one of these ways. The study followed 4,000 youths from 1979, when they were 14, 15, and 16 years old, through 1991, when they were in their mid-to-late 20s. Results show that 1 in 3 youths was disconnected for at least half of a calendar year. As adults, youths who were disconnected for a short time (in only 1 or 2 years) did not differ substantially from those who were never disconnected in terms of educational attainment, work history, family income, reliance on government programs, and marital status. However, those who were disconnected in 3 or more years experienced significantly greater hardships. This article suggests that school-related interventions (such as career-oriented education, after-school "safe havens," and targeting individual deficits) might help prevent youthful disconnectedness. ((c) 1999 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Besharov, Douglas J. and Karen N. Gardiner. "Preventing Youthful Disconnectedness." Children and Youth Services Review 20,9-10 (November-December 1998): 797-818.
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613. |
Besharov, Douglas J. Sullivan, Timothy Sean |
Welfare Reform and Marriage The Public Interest 125 (Fall 1996): 81-94. Also: http://www.nationalaffairs.com/public_interest/detail/welfare-reform-and-marriage Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Affairs Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Marriage; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. If divorced mothers frequently marry, what about unwed mothers, especially those who had their first babies as teenagers? We could find only one study on the subject, so we decided to explore this question ourselves using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The NLSY began in 1979 as a national sample of 12,686 males and females, ages 14 to 22. The NLSY collects longitudinal data on both the fertility and marriage of young women and tracks enough unwed teenage mothers to allow for statistically reliable analyses of various social, economic, and demographic factors. Importantly, it contains a relatively recent cohort of unwed mothers. We created a subsample of young women whose childbearing and marital histories we could follow: 2,783 women who were still participating in the survey in 1993 and who, at the time of the first interview in 1979, were under 20, had never been married, and had never given birth. Starting with 1979, we followed each of these women through subsequent surveys until they were 28 years old, between 1988 and 1993. |
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Bibliography Citation
Besharov, Douglas J. and Timothy Sean Sullivan. "Welfare Reform and Marriage." The Public Interest 125 (Fall 1996): 81-94.
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614. |
Best, Elisabeth |
Blondes Have More Funds Miller-McCune Magazine, May 15, 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Miller-McCune Magazine Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Husbands, Income; Physical Characteristics; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Abstract: See JOHNSTON, DAVID W. Physical Appearance and Wages: Do Blondes Have More Fun? Economics Letters 108,1 (July 2010): 10-12. |
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Bibliography Citation
Best, Elisabeth. "Blondes Have More Funds." Miller-McCune Magazine, May 15, 2010. |
615. |
Betts, Julian R. |
Do School Resources Matter Only For Older Workers? Review of Economics and Statistics 78,4 (November 1996): 638-652. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109951 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Earnings; Educational Returns; Educational Status; Occupational Status; Schooling; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The literature that examines the impact of school spending on students' subsequent earnings is bifurcated into state-level studies, which typically find strong effects, and school-level studies, which find little effect. Since most of the school-level studies examine young workers, one explanation for the discrepancy is that school inputs benefit workers only as they gain job experience. The paper tests the hypothesis by using both school-level (NLSY) and state-level data sources (Census and the Biennial Survey of Education). Both data sets suggest that these is typically no significant age dependence. Thus other explanations of the discrepancy are likely to explain the differing results. (ABI/Inform) |
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Bibliography Citation
Betts, Julian R. "Do School Resources Matter Only For Older Workers?" Review of Economics and Statistics 78,4 (November 1996): 638-652.
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616. |
Betts, Julian R. |
Does School Quality Matter? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Review of Economics and Statistics 77,2 (May 1995): 231-250. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109862 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Earnings; High School; School Quality; Schooling; Wage Levels; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The paper searches for links between school quality and subsequent earnings of students. Using data for white males from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the paper rejects the hypothesis that workers' earnings are independent of which high school they attended. However, traditional measures of school 'quality' such as class size, teachers' salaries and teachers' level of education fail to capture these differences. This result is robust to changes in specification and subsample. The paper contrasts the results with those of D. Card and A. B. Krueger (1992) and speculates that structural changes may have weakened the link between traditional measures of school quality and student outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Betts, Julian R. "Does School Quality Matter? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Review of Economics and Statistics 77,2 (May 1995): 231-250.
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617. |
Betts, Julian R. |
Does School Quality Matter? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Working Paper No. 93-10, Department of Economics, University of California - San Diego, March 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of California, San Diego Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Human Capital; School Quality; Wage Differentials; Wage Effects; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The working paper investigates links between school quality and subsequent earnings of students. It uses data for white males from the NLSY and rejects the hypothesis that workers' earnings are independent of which high school they attended. Nevertheless, the traditional measures of school "quality" such as class size, teachers' salaries and teachers' level of education fail to capture these differences. This result is robust to changes in specification and subsample. This paper contrasts the results with those of Card and Krueger (1992), and speculates that structural changes may have weakened the bond between conventional measures of school quality and student outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Betts, Julian R. "Does School Quality Matter? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Working Paper No. 93-10, Department of Economics, University of California - San Diego, March 1993. |
618. |
Bharath, Sreedhar T. Cho, DuckKi |
Do Natural Disaster Experiences Limit Stock Market Participation? Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 58,1 (February 2023): 29-70. Also: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109022000680 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Geocoded Data; Neighborhood Effects; Regions; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine whether natural disaster experiences affect households' portfolio choice decisions. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we find that adversely affected households are less likely to participate in risky asset markets. After a disaster shock, households become more risk-averse and lower their expectations on future stock market returns. Such conservative portfolio choices persist even after households relocate to less disaster-prone areas, consistent with risk preferences being altered by disaster experiences. Overall, our evidence suggests that transient but salient experiences can be an important factor in explaining the limited participation puzzle. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bharath, Sreedhar T. and DuckKi Cho. "Do Natural Disaster Experiences Limit Stock Market Participation?" Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 58,1 (February 2023): 29-70.
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619. |
Bhargava, Vibha Palmer, Lance Chatterjee, Swarn Stebbins, Richard |
Supportive and Mitigating Factors Associated with Financial Resiliency and Distress Financial Planning Review 1,3-4 (September-December 2018): e1023. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cfp2.1023 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Human Capital; Social Capital; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The associations between and among general human capital, financial management behavior, and social capital with an individual's financial position following bankruptcy are examined in this study. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the significance of each type of capital or practice associated with two separate measures of financial well‐being following bankruptcy are estimated. Results indicate that individuals who possess higher levels of general human capital, social capital, and normative financial management behavior are significantly more likely to both recover financially following bankruptcy, as well as experience lower levels of financial distress when compared to individuals with similar amounts of nonfinancial capital. Study results suggest that postbankruptcy education programs should encourage human and social capital development in addition to financial education as a means to increase the likelihood of financial wealth accumulation following bankruptcy. Implications for financial planners include the consideration of clients' general human capital and social capital when seeking to mitigate potential shocks to client's financial capital. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bhargava, Vibha, Lance Palmer, Swarn Chatterjee and Richard Stebbins. "Supportive and Mitigating Factors Associated with Financial Resiliency and Distress." Financial Planning Review 1,3-4 (September-December 2018): e1023.
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620. |
Bhaskar, V. Manning, Alan To, Ted |
Oligopsony and Monopsonistic Competition in Labor Markets Journal of Economic Perspectives 16,2 (Spring 2002): 155-174. Also: http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/0895330027300 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Firms; Labor Economics; Labor Market Outcomes; Wage Determination Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Since its genesis in industrial organization and the theory of the firm, models of imperfect competition have permeated many fields of economics ranging from international trade to macroeconomics to public finance. For example, in the 1980s, the introduction of product market imperfections revolutionized our understanding of trade policies and comparative advantage (Brander and Spencer, 1985; Krugman, 1979). At the same time, macroeconomists began to use models of monopolistic competition to explain how small costs of adjusting prices could give rise to business fluctuations (Akerlof and Yellen, 1985; Blanchard and Kiyotaki, 1987; Mankiw, 1985). This trend is now influencing labor economics, with a growing literature arguing that employers have some market power in the setting of wages. Indeed, the most common sources for market power--product differentiation and imperfect information--seem to apply with equal if not greater force to labor markets as compared with product markets. The advantage of an approach based on oligopsony is that it leads to more plausible and less elaborate explanations of many labor market phenomena that are otherwise regarded as puzzles. This paper surveys a number of areas where this approach has proved fruitful in recent years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bhaskar, V., Alan Manning and Ted To. "Oligopsony and Monopsonistic Competition in Labor Markets." Journal of Economic Perspectives 16,2 (Spring 2002): 155-174.
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621. |
Bhattacharya, Debopam Mazumder, Bhashkar |
A Nonparametric Analysis of Black-White Differences in Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States University of Oxford Working Paper, Department of Economics, Oxford University, March 22, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Oxford University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Disadvantaged, Economically; Earnings; Income Distribution; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Modeling, Nonparametric Regression; Racial Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Lower intergenerational income mobility for blacks is a likely cause behind the persistent inter-racial gap in economic status in the US. However, few studies have analyzed black-white differences in intergenerational income mobility and the factors that determine these differences. This is largely due to the absence of appropriate methodological tools. We develop nonparametric methods to estimate the effects of covariates on two measures of mobility. We first consider the traditional transition probability of movement across income quantiles. We then introduce a new measure of upward mobility which is the probability that an adult child's relative position exceeds that of the parents. Conducting statistical inference on these mobility measures and the effects of covariates on them requires nontrivial modifications of standard nonparametric regression theory since the dependent variables are nonsmooth functions of marginal quantiles or relative ranks. Using NLSY data, we document that blacks experience much less upward mobility across generations than whites. Applying our new methodological tools, we find that most of this gap can be accounted for by differences in cognitive skills during adolescence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bhattacharya, Debopam and Bhashkar Mazumder. "A Nonparametric Analysis of Black-White Differences in Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States." University of Oxford Working Paper, Department of Economics, Oxford University, March 22, 2011. |
622. |
Bhattacharya, Debopam Mazumder, Bhashkar |
A Nonparametric Analysis of Black-White Differences in Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States Quantitative Economics 2,3 (November 2011): 335-379. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3982/QE69/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Racial Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Lower intergenerational income mobility for blacks is a likely cause behind the persistent interracial gap in economic status in the United States. However, few studies have analyzed black–white differences in intergenerational income mobility and the factors that determine these differences. This is largely due to the absence of appropriate methodological tools. We develop nonparametric methods to estimate the effects of covariates on two measures of mobility. We first consider the traditional transition probability of movement across income quantiles. We then introduce a new measure of upward mobility which is the probability that an adult child's relative position exceeds that of the parents. Conducting statistical inference on these mobility measures and the effects of covariates on them requires nontrivial modifications of standard nonparametric regression theory since the dependent variables are nonsmooth functions of marginal quantiles or relative ranks. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, we document that blacks experience much less upward mobility across generations than whites. Applying our new methodological tools, we find that most of this gap can be accounted for by differences in cognitive skills during adolescence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bhattacharya, Debopam and Bhashkar Mazumder. "A Nonparametric Analysis of Black-White Differences in Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States." Quantitative Economics 2,3 (November 2011): 335-379.
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623. |
Bhattacharya, Jay Bundorf, M. Kate |
The Incidence of the Healthcare Costs of Obesity Journal of Health Economics 28,3 (May 2009): 649-658. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629609000113 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Sex; Gender Differences; Health Care; Insurance, Health; Obesity; Wage Levels Who pays the healthcare costs associated with obesity? Among workers, this is largely a question of the incidence of the costs of employer-sponsored coverage. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, we find that the incremental healthcare costs associated with obesity are passed on to obese workers with employer-sponsored health insurance in the form of lower cash wages. Obese workers without employer-sponsored insurance do not have a wage offset relative to their non-obese counterparts. A substantial part of the lower wages among obese women attributed to labor market discrimination can be explained by their higher health insurance premiums. [Copyright 2009 Elsevier] Copyright of Journal of Health Economics is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Bhattacharya, Jay and M. Kate Bundorf. "The Incidence of the Healthcare Costs of Obesity." Journal of Health Economics 28,3 (May 2009): 649-658.
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624. |
Bhattacharya, Jay Kate Bundorf, Kate Pace, Noemi Sood, Neeraj |
Does Health Insurance Make You Fat? NBER Working Paper No. 15163, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2009. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w15163 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Endogeneity; Health Care; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Insurance, Health; Obesity The prevalence of obesity has been rising dramatically in the U.S., leading to poor health and rising health care expenditures. The role of policy in addressing rising rates of obesity, however, is controversial. Policy recommendations for interventions intended to influence body weight decisions often assume the obesity creates negative externalities for the non-obese. We build on earlier work demonstrating that this argument depends on two important assumptions: 1) that the obese do not pay for their higher medical expenditures through differential payments for health care and health insurance, and 2) that body weight decisions are responsive to the incidence of medical care costs associated with obesity. In this paper, we test the latter proposition – that body weight is influenced by insurance coverage - using two approaches. First, we use data from the Rand Health Insurance Experiment, in which people were randomly assigned to varying levels of health insurance, to examine the effect of generosity of insurance coverage on body weight along the intensive coverage margin. Second, we use instrumental variables methods to estimate the effect of type of insurance coverage (private, public and none) on body weight along the extensive margin. We explicitly address the discrete nature of the endogenous indicator of health insurance coverage by estimating a nonlinear instrumental variables model. We find weak evidence that more generous insurance coverage increases body mass index. We find stronger evidence that being insured increases body mass index and obesity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bhattacharya, Jay, Kate Kate Bundorf, Noemi Pace and Neeraj Sood. "Does Health Insurance Make You Fat?" NBER Working Paper No. 15163, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2009. |
625. |
Bhattacharya, Jayanta |
Dollars to Doughnuts Hoover Digest: Research and Opinion on Public Policy No. 3 (Summer 2007). Also: http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/8101162.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Hoover Press Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Morbidity; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The number of obese Americans has sharply increased in the past 30 years. The typical American diet—which too often counts doughnuts and french fries as staples—is not what doctors and nutritionists would like it to be. Also, many of us do not exercise frequently enough. Our gluttony and sloth lead inexorably to bulging waistlines, chronic disease, missed workdays, high health-care costs, and premature death. To many minds, these problems suggest a first-order public health crisis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bhattacharya, Jayanta. "Dollars to Doughnuts." Hoover Digest: Research and Opinion on Public Policy No. 3 (Summer 2007).
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626. |
Bhattacharya, Samrat |
The Effect of Grade Retention on Child Test Scores Presented: New Orleans, LA, Allied Social Science Association Annual Meetings, January 4-6, 2008. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2008/2008_445.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Allied Social Science Association (ASSA) Annual Meetings Keyword(s): Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Propensity Scores; School Progress; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Each year an estimated two million children in the United States repeat a grade. Investing an additional year in the same grade is expected to help a child to acquire the academic skills she lacks. This, in turn, would help her to be successful in higher grades. In spite of its popularity, grade retention remains a highly controversial practice. A majority of researchers find that, for the repeaters, repeating a grade is strongly correlated with the poor performance in mathematics and reading tests. In this paper I examine whether repeating a grade adds value to the academic performance of repeaters as measured by their improvement in mathematics and reading test scores. I focus on retention in grades one to five. I use data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Child Survey. Using a difference-in-difference propensity score matching estimator I find that repeating a grade does not lead to an improvement in a repeaters' performance in these tests. On contrary, repeating a grade adversely affects their performance in these tests. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bhattacharya, Samrat. "The Effect of Grade Retention on Child Test Scores." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Allied Social Science Association Annual Meetings, January 4-6, 2008. |
627. |
Bhattacharya, Samrat |
Three Essays on Children's Skill Acquisition and Academic Performance Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2008. Also: http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/send-pdf.cgi/Bhattacharya%20Samrat.pdf?acc_num=osu1221754167 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Propensity Scores; Skill Formation; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My dissertation consists of three essays on children's skill acquisition and academic achievement. In all the essays, I use data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the supplemental Child Survey (NLSY-CHILD). In the first essay, I ask whether family structure causally affects the cognitive test scores and behavioral problems of children. I use multiple observations on each child to estimate a first-difference model and net out the effect of child- and parent-specific time-invariant unobservable factors that are correlated with both the test scores and family structure. I find no improvement in mathematics and reading test scores when mother (re)marries. There is also no decrease in these test scores when a child moved from a two biological parent to a single mother household. However, the results for the behavioral problems suggest that there might be some benefit, in terms of lower behavioral problems, of having a father in the household. In the second essay, I analyze whether delaying entry into kindergarten by an academic year helps to improve the academic performance of the delayed entrants. Every year a large number of parents hold their children out of kindergarten for an academic year although they meet the state kindergarten entry cut-offs (popularly known as "red-shirting"). I use a propensity score matching estimation (PSM) technique to estimate the effect of delaying entry into kindergarten for the delayed entrants by comparing test scores of "matched" delayed and non-delayed entrants. I find that delaying entry into kindergarten has a small but statistically significant negative effect on the reading and mathematics test scores of delayed entrants. In the third essay, I ask whether repeating a grade improves the performance of repeaters in mathematics and reading tests. I use a variant of PSM, where PSM is combined with a difference-in-difference estimator, to estimate the effect of repeating a grade for the repeaters. I find that repeating a grade actually lowers the performance on reading and mathematics tests for the repeaters, compared with how they would have performed if they had not repeated a grade. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bhattacharya, Samrat. Three Essays on Children's Skill Acquisition and Academic Performance. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2008.. |
628. |
Bianchi, Emily C. |
Worse Off But Happier? The Affective Advantages of Entering the Workforce During an Economic Downturn Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Degree; College Enrollment; Income; Job Satisfaction; Unemployment Rate; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recently economists have shown that people who graduate during recessions earn less money (e.g., Kahn, 2010) and hold less prestigious jobs (Oyer, 2006) even decades after entering the workforce. This dissertation argues that despite these suboptimal outcomes, these graduates are likely to be happier with their jobs, even long after these economic conditions have changed. Four studies found that people who entered the workforce when the economy was sputtering and jobs were difficult to secure were more satisfied with their jobs than their peers who entered during better economic times, even decades after these early workforce experiences. Study 1 utilized a large cross-sectional national survey of working adults in the United States and found that college graduates who first looked for work during difficult economic times were more satisfied with their jobs well into their careers. Study 2 found that people who graduated from both college and graduate school during times of higher unemployment were happier with their jobs both early in their careers and years later, even when they earned less money. Study 3 replicated this effect in a different country, the United Kingdom, and among a more diverse educational population. Study 3 found that economic conditions at workforce entry predicted life satisfaction as well. Finally, Study 4 explored potential mediators of this effect and suggested that people who entered the workforce during economic downturns were less likely to entertain upward counterfactual thoughts about how they might have done better. This tendency fully mediated the relationship between workforce economic conditions and job satisfaction. While past research on job satisfaction has focused on dispositional and situational antecedents, these findings suggest that strong experiential factors also may have an enduring effect on how satisfied people are with their jobs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bianchi, Emily C. Worse Off But Happier? The Affective Advantages of Entering the Workforce During an Economic Downturn. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2012. |
629. |
Bianconcini, Silvia Bollen, Kenneth A. |
The Latent Variable-Autoregressive Latent Trajectory Model: A General Framework for Longitudinal Data Analysis Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 25 (2018): 791-808. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10705511.2018.1426467 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Modeling; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Statistical Analysis; Unions; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bianconcini, Silvia and Kenneth A. Bollen. "The Latent Variable-Autoregressive Latent Trajectory Model: A General Framework for Longitudinal Data Analysis." Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 25 (2018): 791-808.
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630. |
Bicaksiz, A. |
PC-based Model for Estimating Regional Recruit Markets M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Labor Force Participation; Manpower Research; Military Recruitment; Military Service; Modeling; Program Participation/Evaluation This thesis develops a personal-computer-based (PC-based) model to utilize research results for the estimation of male high quality (HQ) and hightech (HITEC) qualified military available (QMA) population. HQ QMA are 17-21 year-old high school graduates scoring above the 50th percentile on the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT). HITEC QMA are the HQ QMA who are mentally eligible for highly technical military occupations. Research underlying the PC based model estimates multinomial logistic regression equations using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Labor Force Behavior (NLSY) data over a set of explanatory variables for which data are available at the county level. Using the PC-based model, nationwide county-level measures of regional male recruit markets by size and mental quality for 1990 through 2010 are estimated. The PC-based model and the nationwide market estimates may be useful in recruiting management decisions such as resource allocation and recruiter goaling. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bicaksiz, A. PC-based Model for Estimating Regional Recruit Markets. M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1992. |
631. |
Bichaka, Fayissa Danyal, Shah Butler, J. S. |
The Impact of Education on Health Status: Evidence from Longitudinal Survey Data Working Paper, Department of Economics and Finance Working Paper Series, Middle Tennessee State University, February 2011. Also: http://frank.mtsu.edu/~berc/working/Economics_Working_Papers.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics and Finance, Middle Tennessee State University Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Endogeneity; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the NLSY79 panel data set from 1979-2006 for a cross-section of 12,686 individuals, this paper investigates the effect of educational attainment on the health status of an individual as measured by “the inability to work for health reasons.” The present study bridges the gap in the literature by using the fixed-effects model, random-effects model, between-effects, and the Arellano-Bond dynamic model to analyze the impact of education on health status. We use these alternative models to control unobserved heterogeneity. Educational attainment has a statistically significant and positive effect on the quality of an individual’s health status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bichaka, Fayissa, Shah Danyal and J. S. Butler. "The Impact of Education on Health Status: Evidence from Longitudinal Survey Data." Working Paper, Department of Economics and Finance Working Paper Series, Middle Tennessee State University, February 2011. |
632. |
Bick, Alexander Blandin, Adam Rogerson, Richard |
After 40 Years, How Representative Are Labor Market Outcomes in the NLSY79? Working Paper No. 32361. National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2024. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w32361 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earnings; Earnings Inequality; Economic Conditions; Employment; Labor Economics; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Market Surveys; Social Security Administration; Work Hours/Schedule In 1979, the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) began following a group of US residents born between 1957 and 1964. It has continued to re-interview these same individuals for more than four decades. Despite this long sampling period, attrition remains modest. This paper shows that after 40 years of data collection, the remaining NLYS79 sample continues to be broadly representative of their national cohorts with regard to key labor market outcomes. For NLSY79 age cohorts, life-cycle profiles of employment, hours worked, and earnings are comparable to those in the Current Population Survey. Moreover, average lifetime earnings over the age range 25 to 55 closely align with the same measure in Social Security Administration data. Our results suggest that the NLSY79 can continue to provide useful data for economists and other social scientists studying life-cycle and lifetime labor market outcomes, including earnings inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bick, Alexander, Adam Blandin and Richard Rogerson. "After 40 Years, How Representative Are Labor Market Outcomes in the NLSY79?" Working Paper No. 32361. National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2024. |
633. |
Biggs, Andrew G. |
College Grads Need Jobs, Not a Lower Loan Rate Wall Street Journal, Opinion, May 3, 2012. Also: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304050304577375572771360252 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Dow Jones, Inc. Keyword(s): College Graduates; Economic Changes/Recession; Labor Market Outcomes; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Young workers who enter the labor force in a recession suffer years of lower wages. [News media article partially based on Kahn, Lisa B. "The Long-Term Labor Market Consequences of Graduating From College in a Bad Economy." Labour Economics 17,2 (April 2010): 303-316] |
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Bibliography Citation
Biggs, Andrew G. "College Grads Need Jobs, Not a Lower Loan Rate." Wall Street Journal, Opinion, May 3, 2012. |
634. |
Bihm, Jennifer |
Study Aims to Dispel Rhetoric about Black Men's Success Los Angeles Sentinel, July 12, 2018. Also: https://lasentinel.net/study-aims-to-dispel-rhetoric-about-black-mens-success.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Bakewell Media Keyword(s): Black Studies; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Findings from a recent study suggest that Black men in America may be more successful than what people think. [News media article based on Wilcox, W. Bradford, Wendy Wang and Ronald B. Mincy. "Black Men Making It in America: The Engines of Economic Success for Black Men in America." Report, American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and Institute for Family Studies, June 26, 2018. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bihm, Jennifer. "Study Aims to Dispel Rhetoric about Black Men's Success." Los Angeles Sentinel, July 12, 2018. |
635. |
Billger, Sherrilyn M. |
Does Attending Predominately-Female Schools Make A Difference? Labor Market Outcomes For Women Journal of Economics and Finance 31,2 (Summer 2007): 166-185 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academy of Economics and Finance Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Supply; Racial Differences; Religion; Rural/Urban Differences; Wage Differentials; Wages, Women; Women's Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study explores the effects of attending predominately-female high schools on labor market outcomes. The existing literature about these schools is quite limited, and most research focuses on role-model effects at coeducational schools. Since returns to predominately-female high school attendance are likely to be upward biased due to selection, data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to explore the determinants of such attendance. Girls who are raised Catholic, who are nonwhite, or who live in urban areas are more likely to enroll in predominately-female schools. Though women who attended these schools are no more or less likely to enter the workforce, they do earn a 19.7% higher wage than women who attended coeducational high schools. Controlling for personal characteristics as well as selection into predominately-female schools and into the workforce, the estimated wage differential falls to 12.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Economics & Finance is the property of Journal of Economics & Finance and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Billger, Sherrilyn M. "Does Attending Predominately-Female Schools Make A Difference? Labor Market Outcomes For Women." Journal of Economics and Finance 31,2 (Summer 2007): 166-185.
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636. |
Billings, Deborah L. |
Women's Marital Status May Not Have Been Accurate in Study: Letter in re: Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women British Medical Journal 324,7345 (May 2002): 1097. Also: http://www.bmj.com/content/324/7345/1097.full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Abortion; Depression (see also CESD); Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Psychological Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Note: This is a critique of Reardon and Cougle article "Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women." See NLS Bibliography entry #3866 and #3941. EDITORS--everal methodological flaws in Reardon and Cougle's analysis undermine the conclusions stated.1 There are two in particular. Firstly, in one study cited in the article higher scores on the Rotter scale correlated with higher depression scores. However, the scale measures locus of control; it is not a measure of depression and thus is not a valid indicator of prior psychological state or prior depression. Secondly, women included in the sample were categorised in the analysis according to marital status in 1992, yet data regarding first abortion or first unintended delivery are taken from 1980-92, with abortions and deliveries on average occurring between 1984 and 1986. Marital status in 1992 was not necessarily the marital status of women included in the sample during their first abortion or first unintended delivery. Thus basing the analysis and conclusions on the categories of married versus unmarried women is invalid and is not meaningful. Given these observations, more rigorous analysis of the data is needed before any conclusions can be drawn about the link between depression and unintended pregnancy and marital status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Billings, Deborah L. "Women's Marital Status May Not Have Been Accurate in Study: Letter in re: Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women." British Medical Journal 324,7345 (May 2002): 1097.
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637. |
Bils, Mark J. Kudlyak, Marianna Lins, Paulo |
The Quality-Adjusted Cyclical Price of Labor Journal of Labor Economics 41,S1 (1 October 2023) S13-S59. Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/726701 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Job Separation/Loss; Labor Economics; Labor User Cost; Unemployment; Wage Levels; Wages; Wages, Starting We estimate cyclicality in labor's user cost allowing for cyclical fluctuations in the quality of worker-firm matches and wages that are smoothed within employment matches. To do so, we exploit a match's long-run wage to control for its quality. Using 1980-2019 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, we identify three channels by which recessions affect user cost: they lower the new-hire wage and wages going forward in the match, but they also result in higher subsequent separations. We find that labor's user cost is highly procyclical, increasing by more than 4% for a 1 percentage point decline in unemployment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bils, Mark J., Marianna Kudlyak and Paulo Lins. "The Quality-Adjusted Cyclical Price of Labor." Journal of Labor Economics 41,S1 (1 October 2023) S13-S59.
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638. |
Binder, Ariel J. |
Essays on Marriage and Labor Markets Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Employment; Labor Market Demographics; Marriage; Modeling, Structural Equation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation explores relationships between American marriage and labor markets. It reveals new channels through which changing marriage-and-family arrangements have affected the evolution of labor market behaviors across gender and education subgroups. Its results help define the current landscape of labor and marriage inequality in the United States, and inform current debates over policies to promote job and family security. The first chapter presents a model in which young men find employment to enhance their value as marriage partners. When the effect of employment on marital value declines, young men's employment declines as well, in preparation for a less favorable marriage market. Taking this prediction to U.S. data, I estimate that fewer young men sought employment after 2 interventions that reduced the value of gender-role-specialization within marriage: i) the adoption of unilateral divorce legislation, and ii) demand-driven improvements in women's employment opportunities. I then use a structural estimation of the model to investigate interaction between the marriage market and male labor market shocks. Simulations find that the indirect effect of a negative shock to wages on young men's employment, operating through the marriage market, is nearly as large as the direct effect that operates purely through the labor market. These findings highlight the changing marriage market as an important driver of secular decline in young men's labor market involvement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Binder, Ariel J. Essays on Marriage and Labor Markets. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 2020. |
639. |
Binder, Ariel J. Bound, John |
The Declining Labor Market Prospects of Less-Educated Men NBER Working Paper No. 25577, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2019. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w25577 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Male Sample; Marriage; Wage Growth Over the last half century, U.S. wage growth stagnated, wage inequality rose, and the labor-force participation rate of prime-age men steadily declined. In this article, we examine these labor market trends, focusing on outcomes for males without a college education. Though wages and participation have fallen in tandem for this population, we argue that the canonical neo-classical framework, which postulates a labor demand curve shifting inward across a stable labor supply curve, does not reasonably explain the data. Alternatives we discuss include adjustment frictions associated with labor demand shocks and effects of the changing marriage market--that is, the fact that fewer less-educated men are forming their own stable families--on male labor supply incentives. Our observations lead us to be skeptical of attempts to attribute the secular decline in male labor-force participation to a series of separately-acting causal factors. We argue that the correct interpretation probably involves complicated feedback between falling labor demand and other factors which have disproportionately affected men without a college education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Binder, Ariel J. and John Bound. "The Declining Labor Market Prospects of Less-Educated Men." NBER Working Paper No. 25577, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2019. |
640. |
Bishai, David M. |
Does Time Preference Change with Age? Journal of Population Economics 17,4 (December 2004): 583-602. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/cqtle60rh2ayukyd/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Educational Attainment; I.Q.; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Life Course; Racial Differences; Schooling; Time Preference Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study looks at compensating differentials in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to derive estimates of the levels of time preference for labor force participants in each of 15 waves of data from 1979 to 1994. With these estimates the evolution of time preference over the life course is described. Future utility among labor force participants appears to be valued more highly by subjects who are older, more schooled, white, or male. Controlling for schooling level, a higher IQ is associated with a preference for more immediate rewards. If social rates of time preference are correlated with individual rates of time preference then population aging could create intergenerational asymmetries in the social rate of time preference. This phenomenon could make the optimal investments of young populations appear selfish to future generations that are older. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Bishai, David M. "Does Time Preference Change with Age?" Journal of Population Economics 17,4 (December 2004): 583-602.
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641. |
Bishai, David M. |
Lifecycle Changes in the Rate of Time Preference: Testing the Theory of Endogenous Preferences and Its Relevance to Adolescent Substance Use Presented: Taiwan, Taipei, International Conference on Health Economics, March 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Hopkins Population Center Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Age and Ageing; Education; Endogeneity; Fathers, Presence; Gender; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Life Cycle Research; Religion; Religious Influences; Substance Use; Time Preference Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Economic theory indicates that because one's activities to improve health reward one in the future, persons who value the future more highly will be more prone to healthy activity. Without measures of time preference we can neither test this theory nor understand what makes people value future events more highly. Progress in this area requires a method to infer measures of time preference from the secondary datasets used in public health and economic research. Time preference in its econometric expression is the measurable forfeiting of additional goods in the present to enjoy goods in the future. The rate of time preference varies from 0 for individuals who are indifferent between present and future consumption to infinity for individuals who have placed no value on future consumption. When subjects decide to forego higher wages in the present by taking safer jobs that increase their chance of future survival they send signals about their time preference (mixed with signals about risk aversion, other job prospects, family pressures, etc.). These wage-risk tradeoffs offer scholars interested in measuring time preference the convenience of a secondary dataset, but the drawback of needing to control for the confounding and endogenous factors. This study applies econometric techniques to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to derive estimates of the levels of time preference for each labor force participant in each of 15 waves of data from 1979 to 1994. With these estimates I describe the evolution of time preference over the life course. I test the following hypotheses suggested by Becker and Mulligan (Becker and Mulligan 1997)in their theory of endogenous time preferences: 1)Age and Education reduce the rate of time preference; 2)Female gender and Father's Presence in the Home at age 14 reduce the rate of time preference; 3) Religious participation reduces the rate of time preference. Finally I show that subjects with a more immediate time preference are more likely to drink alcohol and conditional upon drinking are more likely to drink heavily. A policy maker with a better understanding of the determinants of time preference can design better policies that empower children to value their future well-being and thereby increase present healthy behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bishai, David M. "Lifecycle Changes in the Rate of Time Preference: Testing the Theory of Endogenous Preferences and Its Relevance to Adolescent Substance Use." Presented: Taiwan, Taipei, International Conference on Health Economics, March 1999. |
642. |
Bishop, John H. |
Academic Learning and National Productivity In: The Labor Market, The Work Force and Productivity. Eskil Wadensjo, ed. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Institute of Social Research, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Swedish Institute of Social Research Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cross-national Analysis; Education Indicators; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Curriculum; Sweden, Swedish; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Skill requirements clearly appear to be escalating. Occupations which require the worker to use or process information are growing rapidly. The need for greater ability to process information is also growing in blue collar occupations that have traditionally not been thought to make such demands. Increasing numbers of manufacturing workers are working in production cells in which every member of the team is expected to learn every job. Production workers are being given responsibilities--quality checking, statistical process control (SPC) record keeping, resetting machines shown by SPC to be straying from target dimensions, redesigning the layout of the machines in the production cell--that used to be the sole province of supervisors, specialized technicians and industrial engineers. Concern about slackening productivity growth and deteriorating competitiveness has resulted, in many nations, in a new public focus on the quality and rigor of the elementary and secondary education received by the nation's front line workers. Higher order thinking and problem solving skills are believed to be in particularly short supply so much attention has been given to mathematics and science education because it is thought that these subjects are particularly relevant to their development. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bishop, John H. "Academic Learning and National Productivity" In: The Labor Market, The Work Force and Productivity. Eskil Wadensjo, ed. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Institute of Social Research, 1992
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643. |
Bishop, John H. |
Academic Learning and National Productivity Working Paper #91-07, Cornell University, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies (CAHRS) Working Paper Series, August 1991. Also: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1338&context=cahrswp Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, Cornell University Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cross-national Analysis; Education Indicators; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Curriculum; Sweden, Swedish; Wage Rates Skill requirements clearly appear to be escalating. Occupations which require the worker to use or process information are growing rapidly. The need for greater ability to process information is also growing in blue collar occupations that have traditionally not been thought to make such demands. Increasing numbers of manufacturing workers are working in production cells in which every member of the team is expected to learn every job. Production workers are being given responsibilities--quality checking, statistical process control (SPC) record keeping, resetting machines shown by SPC to be straying from target dimensions, redesigning the layout of the machines in the production cell--that used to be the sole province of supervisors, specialized technicians and industrial engineers. Concern about slackening productivity growth and deteriorating competitiveness has resulted, in many nations, in a new public focus on the quality and rigor of the elementary and secondary education received by the nation's front line workers. Higher order thinking and problem solving skills are believed to be in particularly short supply so much attention has been given to mathematics and science education because it is thought that these subjects are particularly relevant to their development. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bishop, John H. "Academic Learning and National Productivity." Working Paper #91-07, Cornell University, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies (CAHRS) Working Paper Series, August 1991. |
644. |
Bishop, John H. |
Educational Reform and Technical Education? Working Paper 93-04, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University,1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, Cornell University Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Education; Job Training; Labor Market Outcomes; Military Training; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Training; Vocational Education; Vocational Training Data is from all eight waves of the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) from 1979-1986. This paper examines high school educational reform and the focus of that reform on worker productivity. School subjects such as business education, vocational education, economics, and computers that appear to be most directly related with productivity receive little attention from reformers and new graduation requirements introduced by reformers have contributed to an 8% decline in vocational course participation between 1982 and 1987. Skills taught in typical vocational programs are analyzed. Results suggest that young men who have the skills and knowledge that trade and technical programs try to impart are indeed more productive in blue collar and technical jobs, are less likely to be unemployed, and obtain higher wage rates and earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bishop, John H. "Educational Reform and Technical Education?" Working Paper 93-04, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University,1993. |
645. |
Bishop, John H. |
Productivity Consequences of What is Learned in High School Journal of Curriculum Studies 22,2 (March-April 1990): 101-126 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Earnings; Educational Returns; High School Curriculum; Schooling; Unemployment; Wages This article refutes the claim of "A Nation at Risk" that preparation in science, mathematics, and language arts increases economic benefits. Utilizing data from the NLSY 1979-1986, the author finds that more science and math does not enhance economic benefits for noncollege bound males. [ERIC EJ411091] |
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Bibliography Citation
Bishop, John H. "Productivity Consequences of What is Learned in High School." Journal of Curriculum Studies 22,2 (March-April 1990): 101-126.
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646. |
Bishop, John H. |
Signalling Academic Achievement to the Labor Market: Testimony to the House Education Labor Committee Hearing on H.R. 1 Working Paper, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, March 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, Cornell University Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cross-national Analysis; Education Indicators; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Curriculum; Legislation; Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY); Minorities The question that is raised by statistics such as these is "Why do American voters choose to pay teachers so little?" Why do voters not demand higher standards of academic achievement at local schools? Why do school boards allocate scarce education dollars to interscholastic athletics and the band rather than better mathematics teachers and science laboratories? Why do students avoid difficult courses? Why do American parents hold their children and schools to lower academic standards than parents in other countries? The fundamental cause of all of the above problems is the lack of economic rewards for hard study and learning. Only 20-23% of 10th graders believe that biology, chemistry, physics or geometry is needed to qualify for their first choice occupation (LSAY, 1988). Their perception of the labor market is correct. The American labor market fails to reward effort and achievement in high school. Analysis of the Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey indicates that during the first 10 years after leaving high school, greater competence in science, language arts and mathematical reasoning lowers wages and increases the unemployment of young men. For young women, verbal and scientific competencies have no effect on wage rates and a one grade level increase in mathematical reasoning competence raises wage rates by only one-half of one percent. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bishop, John H. "Signalling Academic Achievement to the Labor Market: Testimony to the House Education Labor Committee Hearing on H.R. 1." Working Paper, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, March 1991. |
647. |
Bitler, Marianne Parcella |
Microeconomics of the Family: Three Essays Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. Also: http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/9827 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Support; Crime; Family Studies; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Absence; Medicaid/Medicare; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Variables, Instrumental In this dissertation, I examine the effects of several different government programs on families. The first two chapters focus on different effects of the United States child support enforcement system. The third chapter considers the effects of the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children on both pregnancy outcomes for women and developmental outcomes for children. In chapter one, I examine the effects of the child support enforcement system on absent fathers' allocations of time and money to their children. Children's outcomes in later life are related to a variety of inputs that come from within the family. These inputs increasingly come from absent fathers who can contribute both money and time to their children. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that more aggressive enforcement at the state level reduces father-child contact as measured by number of visits and physical distance. Instrumental variables estimates suggest that time and money are substitutes for fathers affected by these child support enforcement mechanisms. In chapter two, I examine the effects of the child support enforcement system on non-custodial fathers' labor supply. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and instrumental variable techniques, I find evidence of both a positive effect of paying any child support on hours of work and of each additional dollar of child support paid on hours of work. These results are consistent with my findings in chapter one--namely that sate (sic) efforts to collect missing child support reduce the time fathers spend with their children. Chapter two suggests that fathers instead may be working more to comply with child support order. Chapter three, co-authored with Janet Currie and Duncan Thomas of the University of California at Los Angeles, examines the effects of the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), on both pregnancy outcomes for women and developmental outcomes for children. Previous studies have found extensive evidence of positive effects of WIC on a variety of pregnancy outcomes, but few have found any long-lasting evidence of WIC's effects on young children. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find that WIC has positive but small effects on some pregnancy outcomes and on some cognitive test scores and on Medicaid and Food Stamp use in family fixed-effect specifications. However, instrumental variables estimates suggest that WIC has a negative effect on one motor skill test score and no effect on other test scores. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries) |
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Bibliography Citation
Bitler, Marianne Parcella. Microeconomics of the Family: Three Essays. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998.. |
648. |
Bitler, Marianne Parcella Currie, Janet |
The Impact of the WIC Program on Pregnancy, Infant, and Child Outcomes Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Child Health; Infants; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, infants and Children (the WIC program) provides direct nutritional supplements and nutritional advice to pregnant, postpartum and lactating women, infants and children who are income eligible and are deemed to be nutritionally-at-risk. Numerous studies have concluded that the WIC program is beneficial for infants. However, these studies have been criticized for failing to control adequately for unobserved characteristics of mothers that might explain both WIC participation and better birth outcomes. Using nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we investigate whether previous findings about the effect of WIC on infant and pregnancy outcomes hold in more recent data. We also extend the fairly limited existing literature on children's outcomes. We use both a fixed-effects and an instrumental-variables strategy to correct our estimates for possible positive selection into the WIC program. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bitler, Marianne Parcella and Janet Currie. "The Impact of the WIC Program on Pregnancy, Infant, and Child Outcomes." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003. |
649. |
Bitler, Marianne Parcella Currie, Janet Thomas, Duncan |
The Effects of WIC on Children's Outcomes Working Paper, RAND, Santa Monica, CA, October 2001 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Breastfeeding; Child Health; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Head Start; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Infants; Medicaid/Medicare; Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Health; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Welfare This paper examines the effect of the Special Supplement Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC). Previous studies have found extensive evidence of positive effects of WIC on a variety of pregnancy outcomes, yet few have found any longer lasting evidence of the effect of WIC on young children. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find evidence that WIC may have positive but small effects on some pregnancy outcomes and on some cognitive test scores and on Medicaid and Food Stamp use in regressions with family fixed effects. However, in instrumental variables analysis, WIC has a negative effect on one motor skill test and no effect in other test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bitler, Marianne Parcella, Janet Currie and Duncan Thomas. "The Effects of WIC on Children's Outcomes." Working Paper, RAND, Santa Monica, CA, October 2001. |
650. |
Bjorklund, Anders Ginther, Donna K. Sundstrom, Marianne |
Does Marriage Matter for Kids? The Impact of Legal Marriage on Child Outcomes Presented: Bergen, Norway, XVIII Annual Conference of the European Society for Population Economics, June 2004. Also: http://www.creato.no/espe_2004/sider/pdf/Sundstrom_abstr.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: European Society for Population Economics (ESPE) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Well-Being; Cohabitation; Family Structure; Marriage; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Sweden, Swedish Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The association between marriage and positive outcomes for children has been documented in numerous studies. For example, McLanahan and Sandefur (1994) show that educational, fertility, and inactivity outcomes for children who grow up with a single-parent or stepparent are far worse than for those children who grow up in an intact family with both (married) biological parents. However, the causal effect of marriage on child outcomes is difficult to identify because marriage is not randomly assigned. Most previous studies of the impact of marriage are plagued by this selection problem. Despite the positive associations between marriage and outcomes, cohabitation is increasing in the U.S. and is ubiquitous in Sweden. In 2000 3.7 percent of household were cohabiting unions in the U.S. Cohabitation in Sweden is more common than anywhere else in the industrialized world, and, although it is more similar to legal marriage than is the case in the U.S., it does not have the same legal implications, e.g. in case of separation or death. Examining the effects of marriage and cohabitation in the U.S: and Sweden allow us to determine whether legal marriage confers benefits to children beyond the similar but less formal ties of cohabitation. This topic is very timely given the Bush Administration's investment of $1.5 billion to promote healthy marriage in the U. S. We address the following research questions: Does legal status of the union matter for children's outcomes? Is it the biological relationship, the quality, or the legal status of their union that confers advantages on children in Sweden and the U.S.? How do children's educational outcomes compare for those residing with cohabiting parents (both biologically related to the children) and those residing with married biological parents and single-parent families in the U.S. and Sweden? How do the results from Sweden inform United States policies that seek to promote healthy marriage? We use two data sets for the U.S. The first sample is taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the second is the 2000 wave of the NLSY-Child which contains information from 3,425 women with 8,323 children. Combining information from the NLSY79 marital/cohabitating history of their mothers and questions about family structure in the NLSY-Child we create a family structure history. This allow us to distinguish between children living with married biological parents, cohabiting parents, single mothers, mothers married to stepfathers, and mothers cohabiting with unrelated males. We use a number of educational outcomes. For children from ages 5 to 15 we have assessment instruments including three Peabody Individual Achievement Tests (PIAT) for reading and math and the Behavior Problems index which measures a child's anti-social behavior. For children over the ages of 15 we observe school enrollment status and highest grade completed. Explanatory variables include demographic characteristics, parental education, number of siblings, and family income. For Sweden we use a random sample of children born 1974-84 drawn from the population registers. The data sample roughly 20 percent of Swedish children born each year from 1974-84 and their siblings. The total sample size is over 300,000 child observations. This data is combined with family and individual information from the censuses from 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985 and 1990. Our outcome variables are grade point average at age 16, high school graduation at age 19, and years of schooling and earnings for older children in the sample. We create marital history--length of cohabitation and length of marriage-- for the parents using information from the bidecennial censuses from 1990 and before and tax records after 1990. Our explanatory variables include the sibling composition of the household (his children, her children, and their joint biological children), the educational attainment and earnings of the adults in the household, and whether the family lives in an urban area.Identifying the causal effect of marriage on outcomes is complicated by the selection problem. We use IV-methods as well as fixed-effect models to deal with this problem. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bjorklund, Anders, Donna K. Ginther and Marianne Sundstrom. "Does Marriage Matter for Kids? The Impact of Legal Marriage on Child Outcomes." Presented: Bergen, Norway, XVIII Annual Conference of the European Society for Population Economics, June 2004. |
651. |
Bjorklund, Anders Ginther, Donna K. Sundstrom, Marianne |
Family Structure and Child Outcomes in the United States and Sweden IZA Discussion Paper No. 1259, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), August 2004. Also: http://ssrn.com/abstract=579823 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Siblings; Sweden, Swedish Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It is well known that children reared in non-intact families on average have less favorable educational outcomes than children reared in two-parent families. Evidence from the United States and Sweden indicates that living in a non-intact family is correlated with lower educational attainment. In this paper we compare the relationships between family structure and children's outcomes in terms of educational attainment and earnings using data from Sweden and the United States. Comparing the United States and Sweden is interesting because both family structure and public policy environments in the two countries differ significantly. Family structure could potentially have a less negative effect in Sweden than in the United States because of the extensive social safety net provided by that country. We find, however, the associations between family structure and children's outcomes to be remarkably similar in the United States and Sweden even though the policy and social environments differ between the two countries; living in a non-intact family is negatively related to child outcomes. This relationship is weakened when we control for other family characteristics, such as time lived with full and half siblings. In addition, when we use sibling difference models to take account of unobserved family characteristics, the relationship is no longer statistically significant. Taken together, our results suggest that the true effect of family structure is more complex than the biological relationship of parents to children in both Sweden and the United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bjorklund, Anders, Donna K. Ginther and Marianne Sundstrom. "Family Structure and Child Outcomes in the United States and Sweden." IZA Discussion Paper No. 1259, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), August 2004. |
652. |
Bjornsdottir, Amalia |
Gender Differences in Mathematics: Genetic and Environmental Influences With Special Emphasis on High and Low Ability Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Oklahoma, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Cognitive Development; Gender Differences; Genetics; Pairs (also see Siblings); Psychological Effects; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing The research literature does not agree whether there is a gender difference in mathematics. This study used a national dataset, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and found a gender difference favoring males on Arithmetic Reasoning, Mathematical Knowledge, and General Science scales. Females outperformed males on Numerical Operations. The gender difference seems to be driven by the difference in the upper tail of the ability distribution. A DeFries-Fulker (DF) Analysis was done to estimate heritability and shared environmental influences in the whole ability distribution, and in the upper and lower tails of the distribution. The analysis found small to moderate heritability estimates in the whole ability distribution, but small to zero estimates in the tails of the ability distribution, especially in the upper tail. The estimates of the shared environmental influence were high in the overall distribution, low in the top 25% and close to zero in the bottom 25% of the a bility distribution. Measures of gender patterns were also entered into the DF Analysis models, to account for gender differences in genetic and environmental influences. In addition, heritability and shared environmental influences were also estimated separately for female-female pairs, male-male pairs and mixed gender pairs. The heritability for the female-female pairs was higher than for the whole distribution. The h2 estimates for the male-male pairs were similar to those for the whole distribution. The mixed pairs patterns of h2 estimates were inconsistent with respect to those in the whole distribution. The shared environmental influences were similar between the whole ability distribution and the three gender categories. Results are discussed in terms of how genes and the environment interact for the two genders, with attention to specific sources of both shared and nonshared environmental influences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bjornsdottir, Amalia. Gender Differences in Mathematics: Genetic and Environmental Influences With Special Emphasis on High and Low Ability. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Oklahoma, 1996. |
653. |
Black, Dan A. Datta, Rupa Krishnamurty, Parvati |
Mode Effects and Item Nonresponse: Evidence from CPS and NLSY Income Questions Presented: Anaheim CA, American Association of Public Opinion Research, Sixty-Second Annual, May 2007. Also: http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/71/3/E485.full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Association of Public Opinion Research Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Income; Interviewing Method; Nonresponse Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Black, Dan A., Rupa Datta and Parvati Krishnamurty. "Mode Effects and Item Nonresponse: Evidence from CPS and NLSY Income Questions." Presented: Anaheim CA, American Association of Public Opinion Research, Sixty-Second Annual, May 2007. |
654. |
Black, Dan A. Galdo, Jose Liu, Liqun |
How Robust Are Hedonic Wage Estimates of the Price of Risk? The Final Report. Appendix C. Report Attachment, Report Number: EE-0483, National Center for Environmental Economics, June 2003. Also: http://yosemite.epa.gov/ee/epa/eerm.nsf/vwAN/EE-0483-04.pdf/$file/EE-0483-04.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Keyword(s): Environment, Pollution/Urban Density; Injuries, Workplace; Job Hazards; Methods/Methodology; Risk Perception; Wage Effects; Wage Equations; Wage Models; Wage Theory Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. At least since Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, economists have recognized that workers require compensation to accept the risk of death or dismemberment on the job. While this wage premium provides employers with incentives to reduce the risk on the job, the calculus of the marketplace allows workers and employers to trade the costs of reducing workplace risk against the benefits associated with the reduction. This calculus, when applied to large numbers of workers, allows a researcher to calculate the value of a statistical life, or the wage reduction associated with reducing the expected number of deaths by one worker. As this value represents the amount of wages that workers are willing to forgo to reduce risk, the value of a statistical life appears to be a useful tool for evaluating individuals' willingness to pay for reductions in risk in other areas. Indeed, it is a measure of the price of risk. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) often considers regulations that both impose costs on industry and reduce the deaths from environmental contamination. While the costs may often be calculated with a great deal of accuracy, the problem for policymakers is to value the corresponding benefits. The price of risk appears to be a useful tool for such evaluations. When basing policy on estimates of the price of risk, the precision and accuracy of the estimates become of utmost importance. Yet, Viscusi (1993), in his review of labor market studies of the value of life, reports that the majority of the estimates are in the $3 to $7 million range [in December 1990 dollars, p. 1930], and this range excludes studies that Viscusi felt were flawed. While this represents over a 133 percent variation, Viscusi correctly notes that much of the variation should be expected, as the studies used different methodologies and different samples. Workers may differ in their attitudes toward risk, and the mixes of workers in these various studies differ substantially. His review, however, leaves unanswered how much of this variation results from differences in the sample of workers, measures of job risk, and the specification of the estimating equation. In this report, we use three data sets to estimate the price of risk: the Outgoing Rotation Groups of the Current Population Survey, the March Annual Demographic Supplement of the Current Population Survey, and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979). Labor economists frequently use these three data sets to estimate wage equations. We match these data to two sources of job risk data: the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates from their Survey of Working Conditions and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health estimates from their National Traumatic Occupational Fatality survey. We then use these data to estimate the price of risk. |
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Bibliography Citation
Black, Dan A., Jose Galdo and Liqun Liu. "How Robust Are Hedonic Wage Estimates of the Price of Risk? The Final Report. Appendix C." Report Attachment, Report Number: EE-0483, National Center for Environmental Economics, June 2003. |
655. |
Black, Dan A. Haviland, Amelia Sanders, Seth G. Taylor, Lowell J. |
Gender Wage Disparities among the Highly Educated Working Paper, Centre for Economic Performance, London, England, November 2003. Also: http://cep.lse.ac.uk/seminarpapers/05-12-03-BLA.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics & Political Science Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We argue that among the highly educated, pre-labor market factors are responsible for more than half the measured gender wage gap. Further, women's lower level of labor market experience accounts for a substantial portion of the remaining gap. The non-parametric analysis we employ makes no functional forms assumption and forces us to directly address the support issue. Without careful attention to these two issues and more accurate data on education attainment, the role of pre-labor market factors and women's lower level of labor market experience in explaining gender wage disparities is greatly understated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Black, Dan A., Amelia Haviland, Seth G. Sanders and Lowell J. Taylor. "Gender Wage Disparities among the Highly Educated." Working Paper, Centre for Economic Performance, London, England, November 2003. |
656. |
Black, Dan A. Sanders, Seth G. Schofield, Lynne Steuerle Taylor, Lowell J. |
Regional Differences in the Intergenerational Transmission of Inequality: Evidence from the NLSY Presented: Atlanta GA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2019 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Geocoded Data; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Noncognitive Skills; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In a series of important papers (e.g., Chetty et al., 2014, and Chetty et al., forthcoming), Raj Chetty and coauthors show that there is substantial variation in the geography of intergenerational mobility; children born to parents with moderate income are more upwardly mobile in some places than in others. Chetty and Hendren ascribe a casual role to place‐based factors. In this paper we seek to understand the mechanisms behind this phenomenon by studying intergenerational links in cognitive and non‐cognitive ability--using data elements from mothers in the NLSY79 and their children in the NLSY79‐Child. There are two innovations in our study. First, in analyzing parent‐child links in cognition, we use item response level data collected for the purpose of constructing latent variables (the AFQT, PIAT, etc.), as in Junker et al. (2015). Second, we employ restricted‐use data elements to identify geography, matched to statistics constructed from Census data, and from the data files posted by the "Equality of Opportunity Project" team (Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, and colleagues). The goal is to see if the place‐based upward mobility documented in the work in Chetty and coauthors is driven in part by improved "upward mobility" across generations in cognitive and non‐cognitive ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Black, Dan A., Seth G. Sanders, Lynne Steuerle Schofield and Lowell J. Taylor. "Regional Differences in the Intergenerational Transmission of Inequality: Evidence from the NLSY." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2019. |
657. |
Black, Dan A. Smith, Jeffrey A. |
Estimating the Returns to College Quality with Multiple Proxies for Quality Working Paper, Center for Policy Research-Syracuse University and Department of Economics, University of Maryland, February 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Maryland Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); College Characteristics; College Graduates; Colleges; Gender Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Existing studies of the effects of college quality on earnings typically rely on a single proxy variable for college quality. This study questions the wisdom of this approach given that a single proxy likely measures college quality with substantial error. We begin by considering the parameter of interest and its relation to the parameter estimated in the literature; this analysis reveals the potential for substantial bias. We then consider three econometric approaches to the problem that involve the use of multiple proxies for college quality: combining the multiple proxies via factor analysis, using the additional proxies as instruments, and a GMM estimator derived from a structural measurement error model that generalizes the classical measurement error model. Our estimates suggest that the existing literature understates the wage effects of college quality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Black, Dan A. and Jeffrey A. Smith. "Estimating the Returns to College Quality with Multiple Proxies for Quality." Working Paper, Center for Policy Research-Syracuse University and Department of Economics, University of Maryland, February 2005. |
658. |
Black, Dan A. Smith, Jeffrey A. |
Estimating the Returns to College Quality with Multiple Proxies for Quality Journal of Labor Economics 24,3 (July 2006): 701-728. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/505067 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); College Characteristics; College Graduates; Gender Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Existing studies of the effects of college quality on wages typically rely on a single proxy variable for college quality. This study questions the wisdom of using a single proxy given that it likely contains substantial measurement error. We consider four econometric approaches to the problem that involve the use of multiple proxies for college quality: factor analysis, instruments variables, a method recently proposed by Lubotsky and Wittenberg, and a GMM estimator. Our estimates suggest that the existing literature understates the wage effects of college quality and illustrate the value of using multiple proxies in this and other similar contexts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Black, Dan A. and Jeffrey A. Smith. "Estimating the Returns to College Quality with Multiple Proxies for Quality." Journal of Labor Economics 24,3 (July 2006): 701-728.
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659. |
Black, Dan A. Smith, Jeffrey A. |
Evaluating the Evidence from the Literature on the Returns to College Quality Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Education; Male Sample Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper makes three contributions to the literature on the earnings effects of college quality. First, we present evidence on the returns to college quality for men from the NLSY. Our evidence assumes that the rich data in the NLSY suffice to control for the non-random selection of students. Second, we show that studies using only a single variable, such as mean test scores to measure quality understate its effects. Such studies ignore the fact single measures represent error-ridden proxies for the underlying quality. Third, we examine the support problem. If high quality universities have very few low quality students, then the earnings effects in studies that use linear models depend heavily on the linear functional form restriction. We find that the support problem is important but not over-whelming since there are some, but not many, low ability students at good universities and high ability students at low quality universities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Black, Dan A. and Jeffrey A. Smith. "Evaluating the Evidence from the Literature on the Returns to College Quality." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002. |
660. |
Black, Dan A. Smith, Jeffrey A. |
How Robust Is the Evidence on the Effects of College Quality? Evidence from Matching Journal of Econometrics 121,1-2 (July/August 2004): 99-125. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407603002562 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Colleges; Gender Differences; Modeling; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT We estimate the effects of college quality using propensity score matching methods and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. Matching allows us to relax the linear functional form assumption implicit in regression-based estimates. We also examine the support problem by determining whether there are individuals attending low-quality colleges similar to those attending high-quality colleges, and find that the support condition holds only weakly. Thus, the linear functional form plays an important role in regression-based estimates (and matching estimates have large standard errors). Point estimates from regression and matching are similar for men but not women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Black, Dan A. and Jeffrey A. Smith. "How Robust Is the Evidence on the Effects of College Quality? Evidence from Matching." Journal of Econometrics 121,1-2 (July/August 2004): 99-125.
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661. |
Black, Sandra E. Devereux, Paul J. |
Recent Developments in Intergenerational Mobility IZA Discussion Paper No. 4866, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2010. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp4866.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Occupational; Mobility, Social Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Economists and social scientists have long been interested in intergenerational mobility, and documenting the persistence between parents and children’s outcomes has been an active area of research. However, since Gary Solon’s 1999 Chapter in the Handbook of Labor Economics, the literature has taken an interesting turn. In addition to focusing on obtaining precise estimates of correlations and elasticities, the literature has placed increased emphasis on the causal mechanisms that underlie this relationship. This chapter describes the developments in the intergenerational transmission literature since the 1999 Handbook Chapter. While there have been some important contributions in terms of measurement of elasticities and correlations, we will focus primarily on advances in our understanding of the forces driving the relationship and less on the precision of the correlations themselves. |
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Bibliography Citation
Black, Sandra E. and Paul J. Devereux. "Recent Developments in Intergenerational Mobility." IZA Discussion Paper No. 4866, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2010. |
662. |
Blackburn, McKinley L. |
Decomposing Wage Variation: A Comment on Michael P. Keane's "Individual Heterogeneity and Interindustry Wage Differentials" Journal of Human Resources 30,4 (September 1995): 853-860. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146235 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Wage Differentials; Wage Equations; Wage Theory (Response to Michael Keane Article on Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 28, P. 134, 1993.) Michael P. Keane (1993) uses panel data to control for the effects of time-invariant individual characteristics when estimating the effects of industry on wages. He concludes that these individual effects can account for 84 percent of the industry-associated variation found in typical cross-section studies. The author argues that this conclusion is based on a misleading wage variance decomposition that would tend to overstate the importance of individual effects. A reconsideration of Keane's results shows that his estimates are of a similar magnitude to those of earlier studies that attempt to control for individual ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blackburn, McKinley L. "Decomposing Wage Variation: A Comment on Michael P. Keane's "Individual Heterogeneity and Interindustry Wage Differentials"." Journal of Human Resources 30,4 (September 1995): 853-860.
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663. |
Blackburn, McKinley L. |
The Role of Test Scores in Explaining Race and Gender Differences in Wages Economics of Education Review 23,6 (December 2004): 555-576. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775704000330 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Gender Differences; Wage Differentials; Wages Previous research has suggested that skills reflected in test-score performance on tests such as the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) can account for some of the racial differences in average wages. I use a more complete set of test scores available with the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort to reconsider this evidence, and the results suggest a conclusion similar to earlier research. I also examine the ability of test scores to account for gender differences in wages. Women do not perform as well as men on two math-oriented tests, but they perform better on two speed-oriented tests that appear to have a strong relationship with wages. On net, the test-score difference can help account for only a small part of the gender difference in wages (for any race). Further results suggest that unexplained race and gender differences in wages have been growing over time for the 1979 cohort. [Copyright 2004 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Blackburn, McKinley L. "The Role of Test Scores in Explaining Race and Gender Differences in Wages." Economics of Education Review 23,6 (December 2004): 555-576.
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664. |
Blackburn, McKinley L. |
Welfare Effects on the Marital Decisions of Never-Married Mothers Journal of Human Resources 35,1 (Winter 2000): 116-142. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146358 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Benefits; Marriage; Mothers; Racial Differences; Welfare The economic theory of marriage suggests that more generous welfare benefits should serve to reduce the probability of marriage among mothers who have given birth out of wedlock. This relationship is explored using data on never-married mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Only very limited evidence indicates that higher welfare payments lower the probability of marriage for nonblack never-married mothers. For black never-married mothers, the results suggest that higher benefits are associated with higher marriage rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blackburn, McKinley L. "Welfare Effects on the Marital Decisions of Never-Married Mothers." Journal of Human Resources 35,1 (Winter 2000): 116-142.
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665. |
Blackburn, McKinley L. Neumark, David B. |
Are OLS Estimates of the Return to Schooling Biased Downward? Another Look Review of Economics and Statistics 77,2 (May 1995): 217-230. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109861 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Endogeneity; Human Capital; Modeling; Occupational Choice; Schooling; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Equations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The authors examine evidence on bias in OLS estimates of the economic return to schooling. To study omitted- ability bias, they use test scores available in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth as proxies for ability allowing for measurement error in these test scores. The authors also explore biases from the endogeneity of schooling or experience, or measurement error in these variables. In their data, OLS estimation including test scores appears to be appropriate and indicates an upward bias of roughly 40 percent in the OLS estimate ignoring ability. This contrasts with evidence from other recent research using different statistical experiments to purge schooling of its correlation with the wage equation error. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blackburn, McKinley L. and David B. Neumark. "Are OLS Estimates of the Return to Schooling Biased Downward? Another Look." Review of Economics and Statistics 77,2 (May 1995): 217-230.
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666. |
Blackburn, McKinley L. Neumark, David B. |
Omitted-Ability Bias and the Increase in the Return to Schooling Journal of Labor Economics 11,3 (July 1993): 521-544. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2535084 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Schooling; Wages During the 1980s there were sharp increases in the return to schooling estimated with conventional wage regressions. An analysis explores whether the relationship between ability and schooling changed over this period in ways that would have increased the schooling coefficient in these regressions. The empirical results reject the hypothesis that an increase in the bias of the schooling coefficient, due to a change in the relationship between ability and schooling, has contributed to observed increases in the return to schooling. It is also found that the increase in the schooling return has occurred for workers with relatively high levels of academic ability. This implies that existing estimates of the increase in the return to schooling overstate increases in the true incentive for the marginal individual to acquire schooling. Supply-side explanations are plausible in explaining an increase in the return to education for high-ability workers only. (ABI/Inform) |
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Bibliography Citation
Blackburn, McKinley L. and David B. Neumark. "Omitted-Ability Bias and the Increase in the Return to Schooling." Journal of Labor Economics 11,3 (July 1993): 521-544.
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667. |
Blackburn, McKinley L. Neumark, David B. |
Unobserved Ability, Efficiency Wages, and Interindustry Wage Differentials Quarterly Journal of Economics 107,4 (November 1992): 1421-1436. Also: http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/107/4/1421.full.pdf+html Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Differentials An important area of research on the empirical validity of efficiency wage theory has focused on the role of industry effects in explaining variation in wages across workers. In this paper we test the unobserved ability explanation of interindustry and interoccupation wage differentials by explicitly incorporating measures of unobserved ability into wage regressions. The procedure we use may be an improvement over past attempts to account for unobserved ability using standard first difference estimators, since it is less likely to suffer from biases due to measurement error or selectivity. The major limitation of our approach is that we cannot control for variation in ability that is not reflected in the test scores that we use as indicators of ability. Our empirical results imply that interindustry and interoccupation wage differentials are, for the most part, not attributable to variation in unobserved labor quality or ability. Our estimates indicate that just over one tenth of the variation in interindustry wage differentials, and less than one fourth of the variation in interoccupation wage differentials, reflect differences in unobserved ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blackburn, McKinley L. and David B. Neumark. "Unobserved Ability, Efficiency Wages, and Interindustry Wage Differentials." Quarterly Journal of Economics 107,4 (November 1992): 1421-1436.
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668. |
Blackburn, McKinley L. Schultz, T. Paul |
The Effects of The Welfare System on Marital Dissolution Journal of Population Economics 16,3 (August 2003): 477-501. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/wmny7w3n2femph8y/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Divorce; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The economic theory of marriage predicts that the partners' expectations of greater financial resources outside of marriage should increase the probability of marital dissolution. One potential implication is that marriages should be less stable in states with higher AFDC benefits. I study this implication empirically using data on separations and divorces among marriages involving women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. I find no supporting evidence that higher welfare benefits lead to increased rates of marital dissolution among married women with children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Blackburn, McKinley L. and T. Paul Schultz. "The Effects of The Welfare System on Marital Dissolution." Journal of Population Economics 16,3 (August 2003): 477-501.
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669. |
Blackwell, Debra L. McLaughlin, Diane K. |
Do Rural Youth Attain Their Educational Goals? Rural Development Perspectives 13,3 (April 1999): 37-44. Also: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/rdp/rdp1098/rdp1098e.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Gender Differences; Rural Youth; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Schooling Analyzes factors related to educational attainment by rural youth, including family background, school characteristics, and extracurricular activities, by sex; based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-90; US. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blackwell, Debra L. and Diane K. McLaughlin. "Do Rural Youth Attain Their Educational Goals?" Rural Development Perspectives 13,3 (April 1999): 37-44.
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670. |
Blair, Anita K. |
The Glass Ceiling Myth Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 13, 1996, Editorial; Pg. 15A Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Atlanta Journal-Constitution Keyword(s): Affirmative Action; Discrimination, Sex; Economics of Gender; Gender Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This opinion piece argues the need to continue affirmtive action by detailing the gains of women in the workforst. O'Neil's study of the wage gap, which utilized NLSY79 data, is cited. Specifically, O'Neil finds that the earnings of childless women aged 27-33 is 98% of men's. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blair, Anita K. "The Glass Ceiling Myth." Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 13, 1996, Editorial; Pg. 15A. |
671. |
Blair, John D. Phillips, Robert L. |
Job Satisfaction Among Youth in Military and Civilian Work Settings Armed Forces and Society 9,4 (Summer 1983): 555-568. Also: http://afs.sagepub.com/content/9/4/555.full.pdf+html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces & Society Keyword(s): Attrition; Job Satisfaction; Military Personnel; Military Training; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examines whether the hypothesized changes in the U.S. military from an institution to an occupation have resulted in a normal organizational setting for young military "workers." Of particular concern are those organizational experiences that reflect social dimensions beyond the monetary aspect of work. The findings reported in this article indicated that in many ways American youth do not regard the military as a normal organizational work setting. That is, there are significant differences in average evaluations of non-monetary as well as monetary aspects of the job, although there is also considerable overlap in the assessments of young people. Although this overlap indicates that the military is a generally convergent work setting, nevertheless it is not a particularly attractive one. Postenlistment reality for many military "workers" turns out to be much worse than they had expected, and thus serious organizational dysfunctions such as high attrition rates might be predicted. In addition, greater dissatisfaction among service personnel relative to their civilian counterparts in the labor market can be expected to reduce the propensity for military service in the upcoming cohort (given an assumption of at least a degree of inter-cohort communication). The less satisfactory quality of work life that is reported by youth in the military may be a major reason for high attrition rates, for lower than expected propensities for military service, and for differences in recruiting success for certain jobs within a service. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blair, John D. and Robert L. Phillips. "Job Satisfaction Among Youth in Military and Civilian Work Settings." Armed Forces and Society 9,4 (Summer 1983): 555-568.
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672. |
Blake, Pamela Jean |
Measurement of Participation in Vocational Education: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Model Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1986. DAI-A 47/07, p. 2556, January 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Gender Differences; High School Curriculum; High School Transcripts; Racial Differences; Vocational Education The purpose of this study was to develop, evaluate, and determine the generalizability of two measures of participation in vocational education. The measures apply the confirmatory factor analysis method and used data from The National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experiences, New Youth Cohort (NLS, Youth). Two questions answered in this study were: (1) Can an acceptable measure of participation in vocational education be created from Carnegie Units earned in vocational courses transcribed from students records? (2) Is the measure of participation in vocational education equally appropriate for sex and race groups? Two models of participation in vocational education were constructed in this study. The Full Model and the Restricted Model. Both models use sums of Carnegie Units earned in high school vocational education courses as observed measures of participation. The Full Model refers to courses that could be considered, in a very loose sense, as vocational education. The Full Model contains nine components representing the following subject matters: agriculture education; career planning and education; distributive education; health occupations education; home economics education; industrial arts education; office occupations; related academic education; and trade and industrial education. The Restricted Model summarizes participation in the nine vocational areas into a single index of participation Results of the analysis showed that specific measures of participation in components of vocational education are more reliable than a general measure of participation. Both measures of participation were generalizable over sex and race groups. However, the full Model again provided a much better fit to the data and was more reliable. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blake, Pamela Jean. Measurement of Participation in Vocational Education: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Model. Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1986. DAI-A 47/07, p. 2556, January 1987. |
673. |
Blanchard, Dallas A. |
Readers Should bear in Mind Potential Conflict of Interest: Letter in re: Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women British Medical Journal 324,7345 (May 2002): 1097. Also: http://www.bmj.com/content/324/7345/1097.full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Abortion; Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Note: This is a critique of Reardon and Cougle article "Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women." See NLS Bibliography entry #3866 and #3941. EDITOR—Reardon and Cougle claim no conflict of interest in their paper. However, the principal author (Reardon) is a professional anti-abortionist and the funding organisation for which he works has as its primary aim propagandising against abortion. Therefore the sampling, the methods, the statistics, and the conclusions should be rigorously evaluated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blanchard, Dallas A. "Readers Should bear in Mind Potential Conflict of Interest: Letter in re: Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women." British Medical Journal 324,7345 (May 2002): 1097.
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674. |
Blanchflower, David G. Lynch, Lisa M. |
Training at Work: A Comparison of U.S. and British Youths In: Training in the Private Sector. Lisa Lynch, ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994: pp. 233-260 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Job Training; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British) This paper compares and contrasts the structures of postschool training for young non-university graduates in Britain and in the United States. We are able to utilize two unique and broadly comparable longitudinal data series on young people, the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort (NLSY) and the British National Child Development Survey (NCDS). In addition, we make use of two large individual data files-the 1981 and 1989 Labour Force Surveys to determine how the labor market in the United Kingdom changed during the 1980s. We use these data to examine the early labor market experiences of young people as they make the transition from school to work |
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Bibliography Citation
Blanchflower, David G. and Lisa M. Lynch. "Training at Work: A Comparison of U.S. and British Youths" In: Training in the Private Sector. Lisa Lynch, ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994: pp. 233-260
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675. |
Blanchflower, David G. Lynch, Lisa M. |
Training at Work: A Comparison of U.S. and British Youths Working Paper, NBER Working Paper No. W4037, March 1, 1992. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Job Training; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British) This paper compares and contrasts the structure of post school training for young nonuniversity graduates in Britain and the United States. We utilize two unique longitudinal surveys in these countries on young people to examine four issues: the extent of pest school training in Britain and the U.S. and the wage gains associated with it; the link between formal training and further qualifications in Britain and the return to this on wages; differentials in the training experience by gender in the two countries; and the possible implications for skill development in Britain of dismantling significant elements of the traditional apprenticeship system. Our principal findings are that non-college graduates in Britain receive much more post school training than similar youths in the United States. This training is also linked with higher national recognized qualifications. The rates of return to post school training in both countries is high. especially in the United States. The higher rates of return to training in the U.S. is consistent with underinvestment in training in the U.S.. When the sample is divided by gender, however, women in the U.S. receive more training than their British counterparts and their wages increase by a greater amount. As Britain has replaced the traditional apprenticeship system with a government-led program called Youth Training more women seem to be receiving training after school. However, far fewer young people are obtaining qualifications after their training. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blanchflower, David G. and Lisa M. Lynch. "Training at Work: A Comparison of U.S. and British Youths." Working Paper, NBER Working Paper No. W4037, March 1, 1992. |
676. |
Blanden, Jo |
International Evidence on Intergenerational Mobility Working Paper, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, London, England, May 2005. Also: http://cep.lse.ac.uk/stokerochford/papers/new/blanden.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics & Political Science Keyword(s): Canada, Canadian; Canadian Intergenerational Income Data (IID); Cross-national Analysis; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Germany, German; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper compares evidence on the extent of intergenerational mobility of males for four countries: the United Kingdom; the United States, West Germany and Canada. I am able to estimate changes in intergenerational mobility in the UK and US in a comparable way and find that whilst there is convincing evidence that intergenerational mobility has been falling in the UK a careful examination of the US reveals very little change there. Unfortunately there is insufficient data to explore changes in mobility for West Germany and Canada. Evidence on the levels of mobility in these countries indicate that intergenerational mobility is higher in Canada than in the other countries, and mobility in West Germany is at a similar level to the US and UK. In general, small sample sizes stand in the way of drawing strong conclusions; however the results provide broad support for the findings of the current, less systematic, literature on international comparisons of intergenerational mobility. Preliminary - Please do not quote without the author's permission. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blanden, Jo. "International Evidence on Intergenerational Mobility." Working Paper, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, London, England, May 2005. |
677. |
Blandin, Adam Jones, John Bailey Yang, Fang |
Marriage and Work among Prime-Age Men Working Paper 23-02, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, January 2023. Also: https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/working_papers/2023/wp_23-02 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Keyword(s): Male Sample; Marriage; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Married men work substantially more hours than men who have never been married, even after controlling for observables. Panel data reveal that much of this gap is attributable to an increase in work in the years leading up to marriage. Two potential explanations for this increase are: (i) men hit by positive labor market shocks are more likely to marry; and (ii) the prospect of marriage increases men's labor supply. We quantify the relative importance of these two channels using a structural life-cycle model of marriage and labor supply. Our calibration implies that marriage substantially increases male labor supply. Counterfactual simulations suggest that if men were unable to marry, prime-age male work hours would fall by 7%, and if marriage rates fell to the extent observed, men born around 1980 would work 2% fewer hours than men born around 1960. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blandin, Adam, John Bailey Jones and Fang Yang. "Marriage and Work among Prime-Age Men." Working Paper 23-02, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, January 2023. |
678. |
Blau, David M. |
The Effect of Child Care Characteristics on Child Development Working Paper, Department of Economics and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, March 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Child Development; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, David M. "The Effect of Child Care Characteristics on Child Development." Working Paper, Department of Economics and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, March 1997. |
679. |
Blau, David M. |
The Effect of Child Care Characteristics on Child Development Journal of Human Resources 34,4 (Fall 1999): 786-822. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146417 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Child Development; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Training The effect of group size, staff-child ratio, training, and other characteristics of child care on child development is estimated using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. In contrast to most previous research, the sample is large and nationally representative, the data contain good measures of the home environment, and there are repeated measures of child development. Child care characteristics have little association with child development on average. Associations are found for some groups of children, but they are as likely to be of the "wrong" sign as they are to be of the sign predicted by developmental psychologists. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, David M. "The Effect of Child Care Characteristics on Child Development." Journal of Human Resources 34,4 (Fall 1999): 786-822.
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680. |
Blau, David M. Haskell, Nancy L. Haurin, Donald R. |
Are Housing Characteristics Experienced by Children Associated with their Outcomes as Young Adults? Journal of Housing Economics 46 (December 2019): 101631. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1051137717301304 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Childhood Residence; Criminal Justice System; Educational Attainment; Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Welfare We study the association between childhood housing characteristics and homeownership and a set of behavioral outcomes of young adults. The primary data set is the National Longitudinal Study of Youth-1979 cohort (NLSY79) and the Child and Young Adult surveys of the children of the female NLSY79 respondents, augmented with a record of the characteristics of dwellings occupied by respondents and their children throughout childhood. We find that living in an owner-occupied home during childhood is positively associated with young adults' educational attainment, and is negatively associated with teen pregnancy, criminal convictions, and the likelihood of being on welfare. In contrast, a measure of residential crowding during childhood has an independent relationship only with youths' criminal convictions. We explore several mechanisms that could explain these long run patterns, including unobserved parental heterogeneity and childhood cognition. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, David M., Nancy L. Haskell and Donald R. Haurin. "Are Housing Characteristics Experienced by Children Associated with their Outcomes as Young Adults?" Journal of Housing Economics 46 (December 2019): 101631.
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681. |
Blau, David M. Robins, Philip K. |
A Dynamic Analysis of Turnover In Employment and Child Care Demography 35,1 (February 1998): 83-96. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/tk7832976846gn80/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Care; Job Turnover; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Surveys; Labor Market, Secondary; Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The causes of turnover in child-care arrangements and maternal employment are analyzed using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, supplemented with state-level information on child-care markets. The results indicate that turnover in child care is quite high and that child and family characteristics help explain turnover. Important factors include the mother's wage, the cost of child care, age of the child, and previous child-care decisions. The reduced-form nature of the analysis makes it difficult to determine whether these factors are important because they are associated with unstable child-care supply or because they affect family decisions, conditional on supply factors. The results provide no direct evidence that child-care turnover is higher in states with more unstable child-care markets. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, David M. and Philip K. Robins. "A Dynamic Analysis of Turnover In Employment and Child Care." Demography 35,1 (February 1998): 83-96.
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682. |
Blau, David M. Robins, Philip K. |
Child Care Demand and Labor Supply of Young Mothers Over Time Presented: Toronto, ON, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Care; Children; Fertility; Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An analysis of panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) on fertility, employment and child care decisions of young women over time is examined. The women in the NLSY can be characterized as being in a volatile stage of their lives, when many economic and demographic factors are changing. (Periodical Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, David M. and Philip K. Robins. "Child Care Demand and Labor Supply of Young Mothers Over Time." Presented: Toronto, ON, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990. |
683. |
Blau, David M. Robins, Philip K. |
Child Care Demand and Labor Supply of Young Mothers Over Time Demography 28,3 (August 1991): 333-351. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/771316w650q87xw7/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior; Child Care; Children; Fertility; Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses data from the NLSY 1979-1986 to examine trends in fertility, labor supply, and child care demand among a sample of young women. Generally, as the sample ages (from 21 to 25 years, on average), the women become increasingly more likely to have young children, to be employed, and to purchase child care in the market. A multivariate analysis reveals that rising wage rates and changes in household structure are the most important determinants of these upward trends. A hazard rate analysis reveals that the upward trends are not solely the result of entry into these states -- a considerable amount of exiting from these states also occurs. Overall, the panel data indicate that NLSY young women are in a volatile stage of their lives when many economic and demographic factors are changing, and that they seem to be responding to these changes by altering their labor supply and child care behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, David M. and Philip K. Robins. "Child Care Demand and Labor Supply of Young Mothers Over Time." Demography 28,3 (August 1991): 333-351.
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684. |
Blau, David M. Robins, Philip K. |
Turnover in Child Care Arrangements Review of Economics and Statistics 73,1 (February 1991): 152-157. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109698 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Child Care; Childbearing; Family Structure; Fertility; Household Structure; Job Turnover; Labor Force Participation; Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Urbanization/Urban Living Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines changes in child care arrangements for a sample of children over the first three years of life. Specifically examined was the dynamics of child care demand, i.e., the extent to which changes in child care arrangements were associated with changes in mothers' employment, marital status, and fertility. It was found that: (1) women of a higher socioeconomic status and older women were more likely to experience turnover in child care arrangements; (2) household structure impacted turnover with the presence of other children, particularly pre-school children, reducing child-care turnover; (3) child care turnover was not highly correlated with marital disruption or child bearing and was found to be lower in more densely populated urban areas. The paper concludes with a discussion of the authors' plans for future child care analyses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, David M. and Philip K. Robins. "Turnover in Child Care Arrangements." Review of Economics and Statistics 73,1 (February 1991): 152-157.
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685. |
Blau, David M. van der Klaauw, Wilbert |
A Demographic Analysis of the Family Structure Experiences of Children in the United States IZA Discussion Paper No. 3001, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), August 2007 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Support; Cohabitation; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Divorce; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Structure; Fathers, Presence; Hispanics; Household Composition; Marital Status; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper provides the first comprehensive demographic analysis of the family structure experiences of children. Childbearing and transitions among co-residential union states defined by single, cohabiting, and married are analyzed jointly. A novel contribution is to distinguish men by their relationship to children: biological father or stepfather. This distinction is rarely made when analyzing union formation, but it is critical for understanding the family structure experiences of children. The analysis uses data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). The results are used to address the following issues: (1) What fraction of their childhood do children spend with the biological father, stepfathers, and no father? (2) How do these fractions vary by the mother's marital status at the time of the child's birth and at the time of the child's conception? (3) How do the family structure experiences of the children of white, black, and Hispanic mothers differ, and what are the proximate demographic determinants of these differences? A key finding is that children of black mothers spend on average only 34.1% of their childhood living with the biological father and mother, compared to 72.8% for whites and 64.1% for Hispanics. The two most important proximate demographic determinants of this large racial gap are the much higher propensity of black women to conceive children outside of a union, and the lower rate of "shotgun" unions for blacks compared to whites and Hispanics. Another notable finding is that cohabitation plays a negligible role in the family structure experiences of children of white and Hispanic mothers, and even for children of black mothers accounts for only one fifth of time spent living with both biological parents. Finally, we find that children of black, Hispanic, and white mothers spend similar proportions of their lives with stepfathers present, but this similarity masks a much higher stepfather "turnover" rate among blacks, who are more likely than the other groups to experience a larger number of shorter spells with different stepfathers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, David M. and Wilbert van der Klaauw. "A Demographic Analysis of the Family Structure Experiences of Children in the United States." IZA Discussion Paper No. 3001, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), August 2007. |
686. |
Blau, David M. van der Klaauw, Wilbert |
A Demographic Analysis of the Family Structure Experiences of Children in the United States Review of Economics of the Household, 6,3 (September 2008): 193-221. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/j7l03486613rp142/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Child Support; Childhood Residence; Cohabitation; Divorce; Family Structure; Fathers, Presence; Household Composition; Marital Status; Marriage; Residence; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper analyzes the family structure experiences of children in the U.S. Childbearing and transitions among single, cohabiting, and married states are analyzed jointly. A novel contribution is to distinguish men by their relationship to children: biological father or stepfather. The analysis uses data from the NLSY79. A key finding is that children of black mothers spend on average only 33% of their childhood living with the biological father and mother, compared to 74% for children of white mothers. The two most important proximate demographic determinants of the large racial gap are the much higher propensity of black women to conceive children outside of a union, and the lower rate of "shotgun" unions for blacks compared to whites. Another notable finding is that cohabitation plays a negligible role in the family structure experiences of children of white mothers, and even for children of black mothers accounts for less than one fifth of time spent living with both biological parents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, David M. and Wilbert van der Klaauw. "A Demographic Analysis of the Family Structure Experiences of Children in the United States." Review of Economics of the Household, 6,3 (September 2008): 193-221.
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687. |
Blau, David M. van der Klaauw, Wilbert |
The Impact of Social and Economic Policy on the Family Structure Experiences of Children in the United States Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=70396 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Support; Cohabitation; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Divorce; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Structure; Marital Status; Modeling; Taxes; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We analyze the determinants of family structure change. We consider the major proposed explanations for the dramatic changes in family structure in the U.S.: changes in (1) public assistance policy, child support enforcement, divorce laws, and tax laws; (2) labor market opportunities facing men and women; and (3) marriage market conditions. We model the behavior of women who make union and childbearing decisions, but we derive from the model the consequences of these decisions for the family structure experienced by children. We use panel data from the NLSY79 to analyze the fertility, union formation, union dissolution, type of union (cohabiting versus married), and father identity (biological versus step) choices of women born from 1957 to 1964. We use the estimated model to evaluate the impacts of changes in policies and labor and marriage market conditions on the family structure experiences of children growing up during the early 1970s through 2004. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, David M. and Wilbert van der Klaauw. "The Impact of Social and Economic Policy on the Family Structure Experiences of Children in the United States." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
688. |
Blau, David M. van der Klaauw, Wilbert |
What Determines Family Structure? IZA Discussion Paper No. 4912, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2010. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1599010 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Child Support; Childhood Residence; Cohabitation; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Divorce; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Structure; Fathers, Presence; Hispanics; Household Composition; Marital Status; Residence; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate the effects of policy and labor market variables on the fertility, union formation and dissolution, type of union (cohabiting versus married), and partner choices of the NLSY79 cohort of women. These demographic behaviors interact to determine the family structure experienced by the children of these women: living with the biological mother and the married or cohabiting biological father, a married or cohabiting step father, or no man. We find that the average wage rates available to men and women have substantial effects on family structure for children of black and Hispanic mothers, but not for whites. The tax treatment of children also affects family structure. Implementation of welfare reform and passage of unilateral divorce laws had much smaller effects on family structure for the children of this cohort of women, as did changes in welfare benefits. The estimates imply that observed changes from the 1970s to the 2000s in the policy and labor market variables considered here contributed to a reduction in the proportion of time spent living without a father by children of the NLSY79 cohort of women. This suggests that the observed increase in this non-traditional family structure in the U.S. in the last three decades was caused by other factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, David M. and Wilbert van der Klaauw. "What Determines Family Structure?." IZA Discussion Paper No. 4912, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2010. |
689. |
Blau, David M. van der Klaauw, Wilbert |
What Determines Family Structure? Economic Inquiry, 51,1 (January 2013): 579-604. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00334.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Family Structure; Racial Differences; Taxes; Wages; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate the effects of policy and labor market variables on the demographic behaviors that determine children's family structure experiences: union formation and dissolution, and fertility. Male and female wages have substantial effects on family structure for children of black and Hispanic mothers. The tax treatment of children also affects family structure. Welfare reform, welfare benefits, and unilateral divorce had much smaller effects on family structure for the children of this cohort of women. Trends in wages and tax rates explain only a small share of the observed changes in family structure in recent decades. (JEL J12) |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, David M. and Wilbert van der Klaauw. "What Determines Family Structure?" Economic Inquiry, 51,1 (January 2013): 579-604.
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690. |
Blau, Francine D. Ehrenberg, Ronald G. |
Gender and Family Issues in the Workplace New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Wages, Women; Women's Studies Table of Contents: http://www.russellsage.org/publications/titles/pdf_files/gendertoc.pdf. Introduction -- Career and family : college women look to the past -- Labor supply effects of state maternity leave legislation -- Working mothers then and now : a cross-cohort analysis of the effects of maternity leave on women's pay -- Parental leave policies in Europe and North America -- Work norms and professional labor markets -- Early career supervisor gender and the labor market outcomes of young workers -- Three perspectives on policy. Papers presented at a conference held in April 1995 at the New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University./ Includes bibliographical references (p. 285-295) and index. 2000 edition: 1st paperback ed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, Francine D. and Ronald G. Ehrenberg. Gender and Family Issues in the Workplace. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997. |
691. |
Blau, Francine D. Grossberg, Adam J. |
Maternal Labor Supply and Children's Cognitive Development NBER Working Paper No. 3536, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W3536 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Care; Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Fathers, Absence; Gender Differences; General Assessment; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) This paper analyzes the relationship between maternal labor supply and children's cognitive development, using a sample of three- and four-year old children of female respondents from the 1986 NLSY. Respondents of the NLSY were aged 21-29 in 1986; thus the sample consists of children of relatively young mothers. The authors show that for this group the impact of maternal labor supply depends upon when it occurs. Maternal employment is found to have a negative impact when it occurs in the first year of the child's life and a potentially offsetting positive effect when it occurs during the second and subsequent years. Some evidence was found that boys are more sensitive to maternal labor supply than girls, though the gender difference is not significant. The negative first-year effect is not mitigated to any great extent by the increased maternal income that accompanies it, though the increase in maternal income does appear to play an important role in producing the positive effect in the second and later years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, Francine D. and Adam J. Grossberg. "Maternal Labor Supply and Children's Cognitive Development." NBER Working Paper No. 3536, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990. |
692. |
Blau, Francine D. Grossberg, Adam J. |
Maternal Labor Supply and Children's Cognitive Development Review of Economics and Statistics 74,3 (August 1992): 474-481. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109492 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Care; Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Fathers, Absence; Gender Differences; General Assessment; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper analyzes the relationship between maternal labor supply and children's cognitive development using a sample of three- and four-year-old children of female respondents from the 1986 National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort. Maternal employment is found to have a negative impact when it occurs during the first year of the child's life and a potentially offsetting positive effect when it occurs during the second and subsequent years. The authors' findings suggest that maternal employment throughout a child's first three or four years would have no net effect on the child's cognitive ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blau, Francine D. and Adam J. Grossberg. "Maternal Labor Supply and Children's Cognitive Development." Review of Economics and Statistics 74,3 (August 1992): 474-481.
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693. |
Bleakley, Hoyt Chin, Aimee |
What Holds Back the Second Generation? The Intergenerational Transmission of Language Human Capital Among Immigrants Working Paper No. 104, Center for Comparative Immigration Studies (CCIS), University of California - San Diego, 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies (CCIS) Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Human Capital; Immigrants; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Language Development; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research on the effect of parental human capital on children's human capital is complicated by the endogeneity of parental human capital. This study exploits the phenomenon that younger children learn languages more easily than older children to construct an instrumental variable for language human capital. Thus, among U.S.-born children with childhood immigrant parents, those whose parents arrived to the U.S. as younger children tend to have more exposure to English at home. We find a significant positive effect of parent's English-speaking proficiency on children's English-speaking proficiency while the children are young, but eventually all children attain the highest level of English-speaking proficiency as measured by the Census. We find evidence that children with parents with lower English-speaking proficiency are more likely to drop out of high school, be below their age-appropriate grade, and not attend preschool. Strikingly, parental English-language skills can account for 60% of the difference in dropout rate between non-Hispanic whites and U.S.-born Hispanic children of immigrants. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bleakley, Hoyt and Aimee Chin. "What Holds Back the Second Generation? The Intergenerational Transmission of Language Human Capital Among Immigrants." Working Paper No. 104, Center for Comparative Immigration Studies (CCIS), University of California - San Diego, 2004. |
694. |
Bleakley, Hoyt Chin, Aimee |
What Holds Back the Second Generation? The Intergenerational Transmission of Language Human Capital Among Immigrants Journal of Human Resources 43,2 (Spring 2008): 267-298. Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/43/2/267.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Immigrants; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Language Development; Variables, Instrumental In 2000 Census microdata, various outcomes of second-generation immigrants are related to their parents' age at arrival in the United States, and in particular whether that age fell within the "critical period" of language acquisition. We interpret this as an effect of the parents' English language skills and construct an instrumental variable for parental English proficiency. Estimates of the effect of parents' English-speaking proficiency using two-stage least squares yield significant, positive results for children's English-speaking proficiency and preschool attendance, and significant, negative results for dropping out of high school and being below age-appropriate grade. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bleakley, Hoyt and Aimee Chin. "What Holds Back the Second Generation? The Intergenerational Transmission of Language Human Capital Among Immigrants." Journal of Human Resources 43,2 (Spring 2008): 267-298.
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695. |
Bliss, Mark Richard |
Racial Differences In The Rates Of Return To Education M.A. Thesis, California State University - Fullerton, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Graduates; Disadvantaged, Economically; Educational Returns; Human Capital Theory; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences Only recently has the economic literature begun to address the characteristics and labor market payoffs unique to those who have attended sub-baccalaureate degree issuing institutions. This analysis extends this new branch of human capital theory by analyzing these payoffs across racial groups. Several earnings equations are estimated using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1993 sample. The results imply that, controlling for those factors expected to influence earnings, there are no significant differences in the rates of return to education between young black and white men. It is only when the control for the Armed Forces Qualifying Test score is removed that the race dummy becomes significant. Possible explanations are provided as well as a discussion of what can be done to improve the labor market outcomes of economically disadvantaged groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bliss, Mark Richard. Racial Differences In The Rates Of Return To Education. M.A. Thesis, California State University - Fullerton, 1998. |
696. |
Bloom, David E. Conrad, Cecilia Miller, Cynthia K. |
Child Support and Fathers' Remarriage and Fertility NBER Working Paper No. 5781, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1996. Also: http://www.nber.org/cgi-bin/wpsearch.pl?action=bibliography&paper=W5781&year=96 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Child Support; Educational Attainment; Fathers; Fathers, Absence; Fertility; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Parents, Non-Custodial; Parents, Single; Remarriage; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) This paper tests the hypothesis that child support obligations impede remarriage among nonresident fathers. Hazard models fit to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and from the Survey of Income and Program Participation reveal that child support obligations deter remarriage among low-income nonresident fathers. The benefits to children of stricter child support enforcement are thus diminished by the negative effects of child support on remarriage, as a substantial share of nonresident fathers remarry and help support women with children. Indeed, simple calculations based on our findings suggest that the financial benefits to children in single-parent families of improved enforcement may be substantially or completely offset by the negative effects of enforcement that operate indirectly through diminished remarriage. The results provide no evidence that child support influences the nature of matches in the remarriage market or the likelihood of subsequent fertility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bloom, David E., Cecilia Conrad and Cynthia K. Miller. "Child Support and Fathers' Remarriage and Fertility." NBER Working Paper No. 5781, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1996. |
697. |
Bloom, David E. Conrad, Cecilia Miller, Cynthia K. |
Child Support, (Re)Marriage, and the Economic Well-Being of Children Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Support; Children, Well-Being; Fathers, Absence; Heterogeneity; Marriage; Modeling; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Simultaneity; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores whether the payment of child support influences marriage rates among nonresident fathers. Two avenues through which female-headed families can alleviate economic hardship are the receipt of child support payments and marriage (or remarriage). But the pool of men eligible to marry women who head families consists in large measure of unmarried fathers, many of whom have a legal obligation to pay (and some of whom actually do pay) child support. These child support obligations may diminish a man's willingness to undertake the financial obligations associated with marriage and may also diminish a man's desirability as a marriage partner. We examine this relationship by analyzing data contained in the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and the National Survey of Families and Households (Waves I and 11). We develop and estimate a two-equation statistical model, one equation for the hazard of marriage among nonresident fathers, with child support entered as a time-varying covariate, and a second (jointly-estimated) equation for the payment of child support, which includes state child support policies as regressors (which help to identify the marriage equation). This simultaneous system allows us to estimate the effect of child support on the likelihood of marriage controlling for unobserved heterogeneity among nonresident fathers related to their payment of child support. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bloom, David E., Cecilia Conrad and Cynthia K. Miller. "Child Support, (Re)Marriage, and the Economic Well-Being of Children." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995. |
698. |
Bloome, Deirdre |
Childhood Family Structure and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States Demography 54,2 (April 2017): 541-569. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-017-0564-4 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Family Structure; Income Distribution; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The declining prevalence of two-parent families helped increase income inequality over recent decades. Does family structure also condition how economic (dis)advantages pass from parents to children? If so, shifts in the organization of family life may contribute to enduring inequality between groups defined by childhood family structure. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, I combine parametric and nonparametric methods to reveal how family structure moderates intergenerational income mobility in the United States. I find that individuals raised outside stable two-parent homes are much more mobile than individuals from stable two-parent families. Mobility increases with the number of family transitions but does not vary with children's time spent coresiding with both parents or stepparents conditional on a transition. However, this mobility indicates insecurity, not opportunity. Difficulties maintaining middle-class incomes create downward mobility among people raised outside stable two-parent homes. Regardless of parental income, these people are relatively likely to become low-income adults, reflecting a new form of perverse equality. People raised outside stable two-parent families are also less likely to become high-income adults than people from stable two-parent homes. Mobility differences account for about one-quarter of family-structure inequalities in income at the bottom of the income distribution and more than one-third of these inequalities at the top. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bloome, Deirdre. "Childhood Family Structure and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States." Demography 54,2 (April 2017): 541-569.
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699. |
Bloome, Deirdre |
Family Structure, Race, and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Background and Culture; Family Structure; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The declining prevalence of two-parent families helped raise income inequality over recent decades. What role does family structure play in reproducing income inequality across generations? If family structure shapes how parents transmit economic advantages to their children, then recent shifts in family life may perpetuate inequality between groups defined by childhood family structure. Moreover, because of large racial differences in single-parent families' prevalence, family-structure differences in mobility may also perpetuate economic inequalities between racial groups. Using NLSY data, I combine parametric and nonparametric methods to explore how family structure and race shape intergenerational mobility. I find that individuals from single-parent families are much more mobile than individuals from two-parent families. Their mobility indicates instability: difficulties maintaining middle-class incomes generate weak intergenerational ties. High downward mobility among people from single-parent homes suggests a new form of “perverse equality,” as historically-disadvantaged demographic groups are less “positively constrained” by family background. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bloome, Deirdre. "Family Structure, Race, and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
700. |
Bloome, Deirdre |
Income Inequality and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States Working Paper, Russell Sage Foundation, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Family Income; Income; Income Distribution; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Is there a relationship between family income inequality and income mobility across generations in the United States? As family income inequality rose in the U.S., parental resources available for improving children’s health, education, and care diverged. The amount and rate of divergence also varied across U.S. states. Researchers and policy analysts have expressed concern that relatively high inequality might be accompanied by relatively low mobility, tightening the connection between individuals’ incomes during childhood and adulthood. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and various government sources, this paper exploits state and cohort variation to estimate the relationship between inequality and mobility. Results provide very little support for the hypothesis that inequality shapes mobility in the U.S. The inequality to which children were exposed during youth has no robust association with the mobility they experienced as adults. Formal analysis reveals that offsetting effects could underlie this result. In theory, mobility-enhancing forces may counterbalance mobility-reducing effects. In practice, the results suggest that in the U.S. context, the intergenerational transmission of income may not be very responsive to changes in inequality of the size observed since 1970. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bloome, Deirdre. "Income Inequality and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States." Working Paper, Russell Sage Foundation, April 2013. |
701. |
Bloome, Deirdre |
Income Inequality and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States Social Forces 93,3 (March 2015): 1047-1080. Also: http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/3/1047.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Family Income; Income Distribution; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Is there a relationship between family income inequality and income mobility across generations in the United States? As family income inequality rose in the United States, parental resources available for improving children's health, education, and care diverged. The amount and rate of divergence also varied across US states. Researchers and policy analysts have expressed concern that relatively high inequality might be accompanied by relatively low mobility, tightening the connection between individuals' incomes during childhood and adulthood. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and various government sources, this paper exploits state and cohort variation to estimate the relationship between inequality and mobility. Results provide very little support for the hypothesis that inequality shapes mobility in the United States. The inequality children experienced during youth had no robust association with their economic mobility as adults. Formal analysis reveals that offsetting effects could underlie this result. In theory, mobility-enhancing forces may counterbalance mobility-reducing effects. In practice, the results suggest that in the US context, the intergenerational transmission of income may not be very responsive to changes in inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bloome, Deirdre. "Income Inequality and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States." Social Forces 93,3 (March 2015): 1047-1080.
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702. |
Bloome, Deirdre |
Rising Tides Lift Which Boats? Connecting Absolute and Relative Mobility Across Generations Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childhood; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Mobility, Economic Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In assessing the extent to which individuals escape childhood disadvantages (or maintain childhood advantages), researchers often study relative mobility across generations (individuals' movements up or down the income rankings from their parents' position). Yet many people experience absolute income gains across generations without upward relative mobility. This paper explores the connection between absolute and relative mobility. I show how absolute mobility depends on relative mobility at the population level, in addition to economic growth and income inequality. I connect these population-level absolute and relative mobility patterns to individual-level mobility experiences. Finally, I propose measures to characterize the joint distribution of individual-level absolute and relative mobility experiences. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, I describe these joint mobility experiences, including the probability of experiencing upward absolute mobility without upward rank mobility. People from advantaged demographic groups appear particularly likely to enjoy this experience of floating with the rising tide. [Also presented at New York NY: American Sociological Association Meeting, August 2019] |
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Bibliography Citation
Bloome, Deirdre. "Rising Tides Lift Which Boats? Connecting Absolute and Relative Mobility Across Generations." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
703. |
Bloome, Deirdre Dyer, Shauna Zhou, Xiang |
Educational Inequality, Educational Expansion, and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. How has intergenerational income mobility remained stable in the United States while educational inequalities have risen? Scholars predicted that mobility would decline as college graduates became increasingly likely to have higher-income parents and higher-income adult families than people without college degrees. We show that mobility remained stable because rising educational inequalities were offset by two factors. First, because mobility is highest among college graduates, educational expansion---more people completing college, whatever their parents' income---increased income mobility. Second, non-educational pathways linking parents' and children's incomes weakened. We introduce new methods to connect trends in intergenerational income mobility, educational inequality, and educational expansion. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, 1979 and 1997 cohorts, we reveal that massive educational expansion only partially offset rising educational inequality. Income mobility remained stable across cohorts because educational expansion and non-educational change---including delayed transitions to adulthood---put upward pressure on mobility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bloome, Deirdre, Shauna Dyer and Xiang Zhou. "Educational Inequality, Educational Expansion, and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
704. |
Bloome, Deirdre Dyer, Shauna Zhou, Xiang |
Educational Inequality, Educational Expansion, and Intergenerational Income Persistence in the United States American Sociological Review 83,6 (December 2018): 1215-1253. Also: ttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0003122418809374 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Family Income; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The children of high-income parents often become high-income adults, while their low-income peers often become low-income adults. Education plays a central role in this intergenerational income persistence. Because education-based inequalities grew in recent decades, many scholars predicted that intergenerational income persistence would increase. However, previous research suggests that it remained stable across recent cohorts. We address this puzzle. Analyzing National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth data, we find that growing educational inequality by parental income, along with rising economic returns to education, increased intergenerational persistence, as scholars expected. However, two countervailing trends offset this increase. The expansion of higher education reduced persistence, because completing college helps low-income children become high-income adults. Yet, this reduction in persistence was far from enough to offset the increase in persistence associated with growing educational inequality and rising educational returns. Intergenerational persistence would have increased if not for another change: within educational groups, parental income became less predictive of adult income. New methodological tools underlie these findings, tools that quantify, for the first time, education's full force in intergenerational income persistence. These findings suggest that to reduce intergenerational persistence, educational policies should focus less on how many people complete college and more on who completes college. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bloome, Deirdre, Shauna Dyer and Xiang Zhou. "Educational Inequality, Educational Expansion, and Intergenerational Income Persistence in the United States." American Sociological Review 83,6 (December 2018): 1215-1253.
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705. |
Blume, Brian D. |
Differentiating the Effects of Entrepreneurs' Intelligence and Educational Attainment on Venture Outcomes International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 25,3 (2019): 518-537. Also: https://emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2017-0507 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; Entrepreneurship; Intelligence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: Intelligence or general mental ability (GMA) is a strong predictor of job performance across most occupations, and educational attainment has been shown to be a predictor of entrepreneurial outcomes. However, there has been little research examining the simultaneous effects of entrepreneurs' GMA and educational attainment on their venture outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of these human capital resources on venture performance and survival. Design/methodology/approach: Using a sample of 234 self-employed entrepreneurs from a longitudinal database, regression analysis was employed to examine the predictors of venture performance. A hazard model was utilized to assess venture survival. Findings: Entrepreneurs' intelligence influenced venture performance directly and indirectly via educational attainment. Entrepreneurs with higher GMA were subsequently able to obtain more education, and GMA had an indirect, positive influence on venture performance through this additional educational attainment. Findings also demonstrated an inverted-U, curvilinear effect on venture survival for GMA and educational attainment. This indicates that both intelligence and educational attainment should be considered when examining how likely entrepreneurs are to persist or survive in their ventures. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blume, Brian D. "Differentiating the Effects of Entrepreneurs' Intelligence and Educational Attainment on Venture Outcomes." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 25,3 (2019): 518-537.
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706. |
Blumenthal, Emily Martin, Steve Poethig, Erika C. |
Social Genome Model Analysis of the Bridgespan Group's Billion-Dollar Bets to Improve Social Mobility Research Report, Urban Institute, May 2016. Also: http://www.urban.org/research/publication/social-genome-model-analysis-bridgespan-groups-billion-dollar-bets-improve-social-mobility Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Urban Institute Keyword(s): Achievement; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Economic Well-Being; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Mobility, Social; Modeling, Simulation; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); School Entry/Readiness This paper describes the analytic work the authors undertook to support a broader research and engagement effort led by the Bridgespan Group around developing a set of big bets, or strategic investments that philanthropic actors could make to improve social mobility. The paper provides a technical explanation for the projected impact of the bets, which we calculated using the Social Genome Model. This analysis focused on six key bets, or pathways for improving social mobility, which Bridgespan identified in consultation with experts at the Urban Institute. These six areas of focus were 1) improving early childhood development, (2) establishing viable pathways to careers, (3) reducing unintended pregnancies, (4) decreasing overcriminalization and overincarceration, (5) creating place-based strategies to improve access to opportunity across regions, and (6) building continuous learning and improvement capacity of social service providers. Using the Social Genome Model, the authors were able to size the potential impact of investments in these core areas. |
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Bibliography Citation
Blumenthal, Emily, Steve Martin and Erika C. Poethig. "Social Genome Model Analysis of the Bridgespan Group's Billion-Dollar Bets to Improve Social Mobility." Research Report, Urban Institute, May 2016. |
707. |
Bobo, Janet Kay Klepinger, Daniel H. Dong, Frederick B. |
Changes in the Prevalence of Alcohol Use during Pregnancy among Recent and At-Risk Drinkers in the NLSY Cohort Journal of Women's Health 15,9 (November 2006): 1061-1070 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: To support efforts to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), population-based data are needed on the prevalence of alcohol use at any time during gestation, particularly among women who were recent and at-risk drinkers. Methods: We used National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experiences in Youth (NLSY) files to estimate the prevalence of any drinking during pregnancy and to evaluate alcohol history risk factors among 6676 births reported by women with prepregnancy drinking data. Prevalence estimates were obtained for 2-year intervals for all 1982–1995 births and for subsets with prepregnancy recent and at-risk drinking. Results: Among all births, drinking during pregnancy declined from 38.3% in 1982–1983 to 23.0% in 1994–1995 ( p < 0.0001). Drinking during pregnancy also declined over time among recent and at-risk drinkers ( p < 0.0001), but the 1994–1995 prevalences were still high (39.3% and 29.0%, respectively). Adjusted logistic models confirmed both the decrease in risk for the later birth years and the persistent heightened risk for births among recent and at-risk drinkers. Conclusions: In addition to ongoing universal prevention strategies that have helped reduce the prevalence of drinking during pregnancy, selective and indicated prevention approaches are needed to encourage abstinence during pregnancy among recent and at-risk drinkers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bobo, Janet Kay, Daniel H. Klepinger and Frederick B. Dong. "Changes in the Prevalence of Alcohol Use during Pregnancy among Recent and At-Risk Drinkers in the NLSY Cohort." Journal of Women's Health 15,9 (November 2006): 1061-1070.
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708. |
Bobo, Janet Kay Klepinger, Daniel H. Dong, Frederick B. |
Identifying Social Drinkers Likely to Consume Alcohol During Pregnancy: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study Psychological Reports 101,3 Pt 1 (December 2007): 857-870. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Ammons Scientific, Ltd. Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. To prevent fetal alcohol syndrome, some social drinkers who may become pregnant need more than a brief caution, but they can be difficult to detect in clinical settings. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data from 754 women who completed up to four alcohol history interviews during their college-age years (18-21), and semiparametric group-based models were used to identify groups more likely to drink during a future pregnancy. Two drinking trajectories were observed. About 87% of the women were occasional or nondrinkers during their college-age years; 13% were frequent drinkers. Among first-births to women 22 yr. and older, the adjusted odds ratio for alcohol use during that pregnancy for frequent drinkers versus occasional and nondrinkers was 2.29 (95% confidence interval: 1.25-4.17). This finding suggests women who report frequent drinking during their college-age years may require additional assistance to reduce their risk of drinking during subsequent pregnancies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bobo, Janet Kay, Daniel H. Klepinger and Frederick B. Dong. "Identifying Social Drinkers Likely to Consume Alcohol During Pregnancy: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study." Psychological Reports 101,3 Pt 1 (December 2007): 857-870. .
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709. |
Bock, R. Darrell Moore, Elsie G. J. |
Advantage and Disadvantage: A Profile of American Youth Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Aptitude; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Bias Decomposition; Data Quality/Consistency; Gender Differences; Poverty; Profile of American Youth; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bock, R. Darrell and Elsie G. J. Moore. Advantage and Disadvantage: A Profile of American Youth. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986. |
710. |
Boehm, Michael J. |
Has Job Polarization Squeezed the Middle Class? Evidence from the Allocation of Talents Discussion Paper No. 1215, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, May 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Centre for Economic Policy Research, London Keyword(s): Earnings; Job Skills; Occupations; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over the last two decades, earnings in the United States increased at the top and at the bottom of the wage distribution but not in the middle - the intensely debated middle class squeeze. At the same time there was a substantial decline of employment in middle-skill production and clerical occupations - so-called job polarization. I study whether job polarization has caused the middle class squeeze. So far little evidence exists about this because the endogenous selection of skills into occupations prevents credible identification of polarization’s effect on wages. I solve the selection-bias problem by studying the changes in returns to occupation-specific skills instead of the changes in occupational wages using data over the two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY). This data features multidimensional and pre-determined test scores, which predict occupational sorting and thus measure relative occupation-specific skills. My estimation equations are derived from the Roy (1951) model over two cross-sections with job polarization amounting to a shift in the occupationspecific skill prices. In line with polarization, I find that a one percentage point higher propensity to enter high- (low-) as opposed to middle-skill occupations is associated with a .29 (.70) percent increase in expected wages over time. I then compute a counterfactual wage distribution using my estimates of the shifts in occupation-specific skill prices and show that it matches the increase at the top of the wage distribution but fails to explain the increase at the bottom. Thus, despite the strong association of job polarization with changes in the returns to occupation-specific skills, there remains room for alternative (e.g. policy related) explanations about the increase in the lower part of the wage distribution. |
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Bibliography Citation
Boehm, Michael J. "Has Job Polarization Squeezed the Middle Class? Evidence from the Allocation of Talents." Discussion Paper No. 1215, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, May 2013. |
711. |
Boehm, Michael J. |
Job Polarisation and the Decline of Middle-class Workers’ Wages Column, VoxEU.org, Centre for Economic Policy Research, February 8, 2014. Also: http://www.voxeu.org/article/job-polarisation-and-decline-middle-class-workers-wages Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Centre for Economic Policy Research, London Keyword(s): Earnings; Job Patterns; Job Skills; Occupations; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Employment in traditional middle-class jobs has fallen sharply over the last few decades. At the same time, middle-class wages have been stagnant. This column reviews recent research on job polarisation and presents a new study that explicitly links job polarisation with the changes in workers' wages. Job polarisation has a substantial negative effect on middle-skill workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Boehm, Michael J. "Job Polarisation and the Decline of Middle-class Workers’ Wages." Column, VoxEU.org, Centre for Economic Policy Research, February 8, 2014. |
712. |
Boehm, Michael J. |
The Wage Effects of Job Polarization: Evidence from the Allocation of Talents Working Paper, University of Bonn and London Centre for Economic Performance, April 2014. Also: http://www.econ.uzh.ch/eiit/Events/sinergiaconference2014/abstractsandpapers2014/Boehm_Michael_The_Wage_Effects_of_Job_Polarizations.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics & Political Science Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Earnings; Job Patterns; Job Skills; Occupational Choice; Occupations; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article studies the wage effects of job polarization on 27 year old male workers from the cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Guided by a Roy model of occupational choice I compare workers who have characteristics that put them into high-, middle-, and low-skill occupations over the two cohorts. Results indicate that the relative wages of middle-skill occupation workers have dropped. The effect of job polarization on the overall wage distribution that is implied by the model explains the increase at the top of the actual distribution but it has difficulty matching the increase at the bottom. |
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Bibliography Citation
Boehm, Michael J. "The Wage Effects of Job Polarization: Evidence from the Allocation of Talents." Working Paper, University of Bonn and London Centre for Economic Performance, April 2014. |
713. |
Boertien, Diederik Bernardi, Fabrizio |
Gendered Diverging Destinies: Changing Family Structures and the Reproduction of Educational Inequalities Among Sons and Daughters in the United States Demography published online (17 December 2021): DOI:10.1215/00703370-9612710. Also: https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/doi/10.1215/00703370-9612710/293328 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Duke University Press Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The prevalence of nontraditional family structures has increased over time, particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged families. Because children's socioeconomic attainments are positively associated with growing up in a two-parent household, changing family structures are considered to have strengthened the reproduction of social inequalities across generations. However, several studies have shown that childhood family structure relates differently to educational outcomes for sons than for daughters. Therefore, we ask whether there are gender differences in the extent to which changing family structures have contributed to the college attainment gap between children from lower and higher socioeconomic backgrounds. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts to estimate extended Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition models that take into account cross-cohort changes in the prevalence of family structures and heterogeneity in the effects of childhood family structure on college attainment. We find that the argument that changes in family structures contributed to diverging destinies in college attainment holds for daughters but not for sons. This result is due to the different changes over time in the effects of childhood family structure by gender and socioeconomic background. |
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Bibliography Citation
Boertien, Diederik and Fabrizio Bernardi. "Gendered Diverging Destinies: Changing Family Structures and the Reproduction of Educational Inequalities Among Sons and Daughters in the United States." Demography published online (17 December 2021): DOI:10.1215/00703370-9612710.
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714. |
Boffy-Ramirez, Ernest |
The Heterogeneous Impacts of Business Cycles on Educational Attainment Education Economics 25,6 (2017): 554-561. Also: http://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09645292.2017.1336511 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Educational Attainment; Unemployment Rate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the impact of fluctuations in the unemployment rate before high school graduation on educational attainment measured 30 years later. I find evidence that important heterogeneity is masked by estimating average effects across the ability distribution. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this analysis identifies individuals who are on the boundary between pursuing and not pursuing additional education. Exposure to a higher unemployment rate at age 17 is associated with higher educational attainment for men in the 60-80th quintile of the ability distribution. There is no evidence of an effect beyond this quintile. |
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Bibliography Citation
Boffy-Ramirez, Ernest. "The Heterogeneous Impacts of Business Cycles on Educational Attainment." Education Economics 25,6 (2017): 554-561.
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715. |
Bohm, Maggie Y. |
Inter-Religious Marriage and Migration M.S., Department of Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology, Utah State University, 2008. MAI 47/01, Feb 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Marriage; Migration; Religion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study analyzes the influence of (1) inter-religious marriage and (2) differing levels of church attendance within a married couple on migration behavior. The study draws from previous research on inter-racial marriage for a framework to examine whether there is reason to expect a relationship between migration and inter-religious marriage. We hypothesize that the propensity for migration is higher for inter-religious couples than for couples constituted by individuals of the same religion and for couples who attend church at different frequencies. To examine the hypotheses, this study uses age, education, and length of residence as controls in logistic models. Theories that have been utilized in examining the effects of inter-group marriages, especially inter-racial marriages, on the behavior of couples provide theoretical guidance for the analysis. Largely, this research, as well as research on other differences between husbands and wives, indicates that inter-group married couples have higher migration rates than intra-groups couples. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in 1979 are used to analyze the relationships between these aspects of religious identities and migration and between church attendance and migration. Results actually show slightly lower migration odds for inter-group couples than for intra-group couples. Thus, our hypothesis is rejected. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bohm, Maggie Y. Inter-Religious Marriage and Migration. M.S., Department of Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology, Utah State University, 2008. MAI 47/01, Feb 2009. |
716. |
Bohm, Maggie Y. Lee, Sang Lim Toney, Michael B. |
Inter-Religious Marriage and Migration Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Meetings, April-May 2009. Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=90184 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Marriage; Migration; Religion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study analyzes the influences of inter-religious marriage and the different levels of church attendance within couples on migration. We hypothesize that the propensity for migration is higher for inter-religious couples than for intra-religious couples and for couples who attend church at different frequencies. To examine the hypotheses, we used age, education, and length of residence as controls in logistic models. Theories that have been utilized in examining the effects of inter-group marriages, especially inter-racial marriages, on the behavior of couples provide theoretical guidance for the analysis. Largely, this research, as well as research on other differences between husbands and wives, indicates that inter-group couples have higher migration rates than intra-groups couples. The NLSY79 was used to analyze the relationships between these aspects of religious identities and migration and between church attendance and migration. The result showed slightly lower migration odds for inter-group couples than for intra-group couples. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bohm, Maggie Y., Sang Lim Lee and Michael B. Toney. "Inter-Religious Marriage and Migration." Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Meetings, April-May 2009. |
717. |
Bohm, Michael J. |
The Price of Polarization: Estimating Task Prices under Routine‐biased Technical Change Quantitative Economics 11,2 (May 2020): 761-799. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3982/QE1031 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Male Sample; Skills; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper proposes a new approach to estimate task prices per efficiency unit of skill in the Roy model. I show how the sorting of workers into tasks and their associated wage growth can be used to identify changes in task prices under relatively weak assumptions. The estimation exploits the fact that the returns to observable talents will change differentially over time depending on the changes in prices of those tasks that they predict workers to sort into. In the generalized Roy model, also the average non‐pecuniary amenities in each task are identified. I apply this approach to the literature on routine‐biased technical change, a key prediction of which is that task prices should polarize. Empirical results for male workers in U.S. data indicate that abstract and manual tasks' relative prices indeed increased during the 1990s and 2000s. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bohm, Michael J. "The Price of Polarization: Estimating Task Prices under Routine‐biased Technical Change." Quantitative Economics 11,2 (May 2020): 761-799.
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718. |
Bollen, Kenneth A. Brand, Jennie E. |
A General Panel Model with Random and Fixed Effects: A Structural Equations Approach Social Forces 89,1 (September 2010): 1-34. Also: http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/89/1/1.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Discrimination; Fertility; Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Random Effects; Mothers, Income; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Fixed and random effects models for longitudinal data are common in sociology. Their primary advantage is that they control for time-invariant omitted variables. However, analysts face several issues when they employ these models. One is the uncertainty of whether to apply the fixed effects (FEM) versus the random effects (REM) models. Another less discussed issue is that the FEM and REM models as usually implemented might be insufficiently flexible. For instance, the effects of variables, including the latent time-invariant variable, might change over time rather than be constant as in the usual FEM and REM. The latent time-invariant variable might correlate with some variables and not others. Lagged endogenous variables might be necessary. Alternatives that move beyond the classic FEM and REM models are known, but they involve different estimators and software that make these extended models difficult to implement and to compare. This paper presents a general panel model that includes the standard FEM and REM as special cases. In addition, it provides a sequence of nested models that provide a richer range of models that researchers can easily compare with likelihood ratio tests and fit statistics. Furthermore, researchers can implement our general panel model and its special cases in widely available structural equation models (SEMs) software. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bollen, Kenneth A. and Jennie E. Brand. "A General Panel Model with Random and Fixed Effects: A Structural Equations Approach." Social Forces 89,1 (September 2010): 1-34.
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719. |
Bollen, Kenneth A. Curran, Patrick J. |
Latent Curve Models: A Structural Equation Perspective Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006. Also: http://ebooks.ebookmall.com/ebook/214878-ebook.htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Family Income; Growth Curves; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Neighborhood Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This volume is an eBook: http://ebooks.ebookmall.com/ebook/214878-ebook.htm. This volume represents a comprehensive treatment of a model sometimes referred to as latent curve or growth curve models. Latent Curve Models analyzes LTMs from the perspective of structural equation modeling (SEM) with latent variables. Although the authors discuss simple regression-based procedures that are helpful in the early stages of LTM, most of the presentation will use SEMs as a driving tool throughout the text. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bollen, Kenneth A. and Patrick J. Curran. Latent Curve Models: A Structural Equation Perspective. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.. |
720. |
Bonaparte, Yosef Bazley, William J. Korniotis, George M. Kumar, Alok |
Discrimination, Social Risk, and Portfolio Choice Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, November 2016. Also: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2863351 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Financial Investments; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines whether social discrimination affects the risk perceptions and, subsequently, the investment decisions of individual investors. We conjecture that minority groups such as gays/lesbians, African Americans, and women, who are more likely to experience discrimination, over-estimate their risk exposures (i.e., they experience social risk) and invest more cautiously. Consistent with our conjecture, we find that minorities with high social risk participate less in the stock market and allocate a lower proportion of their wealth to risky assets. These results indicate that non-financial risks, such as social risk, influence financial risk-taking behavior of U.S. households. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bonaparte, Yosef, William J. Bazley, George M. Korniotis and Alok Kumar. "Discrimination, Social Risk, and Portfolio Choice." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, November 2016. |
721. |
Bonaparte, Yosef Korniotis, George M. Kumar, Alok |
Income Hedging and Portfolio Decisions Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, July 2013. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2172846 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Assets; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Financial Market Participation; Income Risk; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine whether the decision to participate in the stock market and other related portfolio decisions are influenced by income hedging motives. Economic theory predicts that the market participation propensity should increase as the correlation between income growth and stock market returns decreases. Surprisingly, empirical studies find limited support for the income hedging motive. Using a rich, unique Dutch dataset and the NLSY data from the U.S., we show that when the income-return correlation is low, individuals exhibit a greater propensity to participate in the market and allocate a larger proportion of their wealth to risky assets. Even when the income risk is high, individuals exhibit a higher propensity to participate in the market when the hedging potential is high. These findings suggest that income hedging is an important determinant of stock market participation and asset allocation decisions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bonaparte, Yosef, George M. Korniotis and Alok Kumar. "Income Hedging and Portfolio Decisions." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, July 2013. |
722. |
Bone, James |
A Marriage That Matures Will Double Your Money The Times, January 19, 2006, Overseas News; pg. 43. Also: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-1996194,00.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: News Corporation Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital Stability; Marriage; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A newspaper article in the London Times discussing Jay Zagorsky's research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bone, James. "A Marriage That Matures Will Double Your Money." The Times, January 19, 2006, Overseas News; pg. 43. |
723. |
Boodman, Sandra G. |
Sick Leave Inadequate For Many U.S. Families Washington Post, September 10, 1996, Health; Pg. Z05 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Health; Health Care; Maternal Employment; Parents, Behavior; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on S. Jody Heymann's study of the amount of sick leave families require to take care of children or aging relatives. The study, which utilized NLSY79 data, finds that 30% of families require more than two weeks of sick leave per year. |
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Bibliography Citation
Boodman, Sandra G. "Sick Leave Inadequate For Many U.S. Families." Washington Post, September 10, 1996, Health; Pg. Z05. |
724. |
Boodman, Sandra G. |
Study Urges Campaign On Teen Second Births Washington Post, September 13, 1994, Health; Page Z5 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Washington Post Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Educational Status; Ethnic Groups; Family Background and Culture; Marital Status; Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Education; Parental Marital Status; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on Kalmuss and Namerow's study of teenage mothers. The abstract from their published study is as follows: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth reveal that approximately one-quarter of teenage mothers have a second child within 24 months of their first birth. The prevalence of closely spaced second births is greatest (31%) among young women whose first birth occurred prior to age 17. Teenage mothers' characteristics before the first birth (such as race or ethnicity and parents' level of education) and at the time of the first birth (such as years of schooling completed and whether their first birth was wanted) influence whether they have a rapid second birth. For example, those with more educated parents are less likely than others to have had a closely spaced second birth. In addition, young mothers who obtain additional schooling in the period after their first birth are less likely to have a closely spaced second birth, while those who marry are more likely to have a rapid second birth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Boodman, Sandra G. "Study Urges Campaign On Teen Second Births." Washington Post, September 13, 1994, Health; Page Z5. |
725. |
Booker, Jordan A. Ell, Mikayla A. |
Intergenerational Transmission of Mastery Between Mothers and Older Offspring: Considering Direct, Moderated, and Mediated Effects Developmental Psychology 58,3 (2022): 560-574. Also: https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2022-15784-001.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Children; Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Self-Esteem Mastery involves a sense of having control over one's surroundings and an ability to accomplish meaningful goals and determine important meaningful outcomes across situations. Mastery is a dynamic, learned resource that has implications for mental health. Although mastery is known to be influenced by exposure to family members (i.e., parental socialization, parenting styles; provided opportunities for autonomy and choice) there remain few long-term considerations of intergenerational transmission of mastery within families and the enduring implications for offspring's mental health and adjustment. Using a nationally representative sample from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the current study addresses the longitudinal effects of mothers' early sense of mastery on adolescent and adult offspring's mastery and well-being. In considering mothers' reports between 1987 and 1992 and offspring's ongoing reports between 1994 and 2012; this study addressed questions about direct, moderated, and mediated mother effects on longitudinal offspring outcomes. Mother mastery and mother self-esteem predicted offspring's respective reports, but only mother mastery predicted offspring depressive symptoms. Effects of mother mastery, but not mother self-esteem, were moderated by offspring age. Older offspring of high mastery mothers showed the largest benefits for reported mastery. Older offspring of low mastery mothers reported the greatest concerns with depressive symptoms. Last, effects of mother mastery on offspring depressive symptoms were mediated by offspring mastery and self-esteem. We discuss the fit of these findings with existing theories and empirical work on intergenerational transmission. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved). |
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Bibliography Citation
Booker, Jordan A. and Mikayla A. Ell. "Intergenerational Transmission of Mastery Between Mothers and Older Offspring: Considering Direct, Moderated, and Mediated Effects." Developmental Psychology 58,3 (2022): 560-574.
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726. |
Booth, Jonathan E. Budd, John W. Munday, Kristen M. |
First-Timers and Late-Bloomers: Youth-Adult Unionization Differences in a Cohort of the U.S. Labor Force Industrial and Labor Relations Review 64,1 article 3 (2010): p. Also: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/ilrreview/vol64/iss1/3 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Unions The authors analyze youth-adult unionization differences by using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) to follow a single cohort of individuals from the ages of 15/16 to 40/41. They find that the differences between youth and adults are greatest at ages 15 to 17 and largely disappear by the age of 23. Though currently unionized workers are most likely to be in their forties or fifties, research also demonstrates that younger workers have a greater opportunity or are more inclined to be unionized than adults and that many individuals report having had a unionized job by the age of 25. The authors also find that whereas the stock of unionized workers is largest at middle age, the flow of workers into unionized jobs is greatest between the ages of 16 and 25. |
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Bibliography Citation
Booth, Jonathan E., John W. Budd and Kristen M. Munday. "First-Timers and Late-Bloomers: Youth-Adult Unionization Differences in a Cohort of the U.S. Labor Force." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 64,1 article 3 (2010): p.
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727. |
Booth, Jonathan E. Budd, John W. Munday, Kristen M. |
Never Say Never? Uncovering the Never-Unionized in the United States British Journal of Industrial Relations 48,1 (March 2010): 26-52. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1552198 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Labor Market Demographics; Unions This paper analyses individuals who never hold a unionized job and are never represented by a union ('never-unionized'). Using 21 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data to track individuals starting at age 15 or 16, we show that by the time workers are 40 or 41 years old, one-third of them are never-unionized, and a convex never-unionization trajectory suggests that most of them will remain never-unionized. An analysis of the demographic and labour market characteristics of the never-unionized further suggests two types of never-unionized workers -- those who lack opportunities for obtaining unionized jobs and those who lack the desire to obtain unionized jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of British Journal of Industrial Relations is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Booth, Jonathan E., John W. Budd and Kristen M. Munday. "Never Say Never? Uncovering the Never-Unionized in the United States." British Journal of Industrial Relations 48,1 (March 2010): 26-52.
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728. |
Bopkova, Valentina |
Social and Emotional Development of Children 0 to 36 Months in Poverty Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, University of Tennessee - Knoxville, 2005. Also: http://etd.utk.edu/2005/BopkovaValentina.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Child Development; Children, Poverty; Family Characteristics; Family Income; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parenting Skills/Styles; Poverty; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The study examined the effects of poverty on young children's social and emotional development through the effects poverty has on parenting. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) was the chosen data set. Total of 148 children and their parents (primarily mothers) took part in the study, at two survey time points 1998 and 2000. The study was a reanalysis of survey data and not an original survey data collection. There were two types of regression analyses performed ("snap-shot" and "motion-picture"). First each of the four crafted hypotheses was tested within one time frame, and then year 1998 was used as a baseline to predict change in 2000 outcome. Some effects of poverty on child's social and emotional development were found when hypotheses were tested for each year separately. These effects are present even after controlling for a range of individual and family characteristics that affect child development, including those that are likely to be correlated with parenting. However the significance of that effect in most cases went away when 1998 year was used as a baseline to predict change in score for 2000. This study drew a much clearer picture on drawing conclusions based on results from "snap-shot" analyses as compared to "motion-picture" analyses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bopkova, Valentina. Social and Emotional Development of Children 0 to 36 Months in Poverty. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, University of Tennessee - Knoxville, 2005.. |
729. |
Borghans, Lex Golsteyn, Bart H.H. |
Job Mobility in Europe, Japan and the United States British Journal of Industrial Relations 50,3 (September 2012): 436-456. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2011.00848.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Careers after Higher Education: a European Research Study (CHEERS); Clare Jellick; College Graduates; Cross-national Analysis; Germany, German; Japan; Japanese; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Sweden, Swedish Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Evidence about job mobility outside the United States is scarce and difficult to compare cross-nationally because of non-uniform data. We document job mobility patterns of college graduates in their first three years in the labour market, using unique uniform data covering 11 European countries and Japan. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we replicate the information in this survey to compare the results with the United States. We find that (a) US graduates hold more jobs than European graduates, (b) contrasting conventional wisdom, job mobility in Japan is only somewhat lower than the European average, and (c) there are large differences in job mobility within Europe. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borghans, Lex and Bart H.H. Golsteyn. "Job Mobility in Europe, Japan and the United States." British Journal of Industrial Relations 50,3 (September 2012): 436-456.
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730. |
Borghans, Lex Golsteyn, Bart H.H. |
Job Mobility in Europe, Japan and the United States IZA Discussion Paper No 5386, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), December 2010. Also: http://www.politiquessociales.net/IMG/pdf/n2_dp5386.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Britain, British; British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Careers after Higher Education: a European Research Study (CHEERS); Clare Jellick; College Graduates; Cross-national Analysis; France, French; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Germany, German; Norway, Norwegian; Sweden, Swedish Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Evidence about job mobility outside the U.S. is scarce and difficult to compare crossnationally because of non-uniform data. We document job mobility patterns of college graduates in their first three years in the labor market, using unique uniform data covering 11 European countries and Japan. Using the NLSY, we replicate the information in this survey to compare the results to the U.S. We find that (1) U.S. graduates hold more jobs than European graduates. (2) Contrasting conventional wisdom, job mobility in Japan is only somewhat lower than the European average. (3) There are large differences in job mobility within Europe. Keywords: job mobility, graduates, Europe, Japan, U.S. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borghans, Lex and Bart H.H. Golsteyn. "Job Mobility in Europe, Japan and the United States." IZA Discussion Paper No 5386, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), December 2010. |
731. |
Borghans, Lex Golsteyn, Bart H.H. Heckman, James J. Humphries, John Eric |
Identification Problems in Personality Psychology Personality and Individual Differences 51,3 (August 2011): 315-320: Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886911001504 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Achievement; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cross-national Analysis; I.Q.; Intelligence Tests; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control) This paper discusses and illustrates identification problems in personality psychology. The measures used by psychologists to infer traits are based on behaviors, broadly defined. These behaviors are produced from multiple traits interacting with incentives in situations. In general, measures are determined by these multiple traits and do not identify any particular trait unless incentives and other traits are controlled for. Using two data sets, we show, that substantial portions of the variance in achievement test scores and grades, which are often used as measures of cognition, are explained by personality variables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borghans, Lex, Bart H.H. Golsteyn, James J. Heckman and John Eric Humphries. "Identification Problems in Personality Psychology ." Personality and Individual Differences 51,3 (August 2011): 315-320:.
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732. |
Borghans, Lex Golsteyn, Bart H.H. Heckman, James J. Humphries, John Eric |
What Grades and Achievement Tests Measure IZA Discussion Paper No. 10356, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), November 2016. Also: http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=10356 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); British Cohort Study (BCS); CESD (Depression Scale); Cross-national Analysis; Grade Point Average (GPA)/Grades; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; I.Q.; Mid-Life in the United States (MIDUS); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Voting Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Intelligence quotient (IQ), grades, and scores on achievement tests are widely used as measures of cognition, yet the correlations among them are far from perfect. This paper uses a variety of data sets to show that personality and IQ predict grades and scores on achievement tests. Personality is relatively more important in predicting grades than scores on achievement tests. IQ is relatively more important in predicting scores on achievement tests. Personality is generally more predictive than IQ of a variety of important life outcomes. Both grades and achievement tests are substantially better predictors of important life outcomes than IQ. The reason is that both capture personality traits that have independent predictive power beyond that of IQ. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borghans, Lex, Bart H.H. Golsteyn, James J. Heckman and John Eric Humphries. "What Grades and Achievement Tests Measure." IZA Discussion Paper No. 10356, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), November 2016. |
733. |
Borghans, Lex Ter Weel, Bas Weinberg, Bruce A. |
People People Working Paper, Maastricht University, July 2004. Also: http://meritbbs.unimaas.nl/staff/bas/publications/english/pp.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology Keyword(s): Fertility; Hispanics; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There are many indicators that interpersonal interactions are important for understanding individual outcomes and are becoming more important. Yet, empirical work suggests that thereturns to people skills have remained low and people people have not progressed to the top of the job hierarchy. This paper develops a unified model to understand the role of people skills in the labor market, including task assignment and wages. We model interactions between people, letting individuals feel social pressure to help others, and affect the amount of social pressure experienced by others. We assume that people are heterogeneous with respect to caring and that jobs are heterogeneous with respect to the importance of caring. Consistent with our model, we find that as people skills become more important, the women's share of an occupation increases, but the employment shares of blacks, Hispanics, immigrants, and people with poor English decrease. We also show in an assignment context that within caring jobs, the importance of caring is positively rewarded but that overall labor demand and supply may lead to a negative effect of being caring on wages. We present evidence that computers, team production and innovative work practices, complement people skills. Lastly, we present evidence that people people volunteer |
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Bibliography Citation
Borghans, Lex, Bas Ter Weel and Bruce A. Weinberg. "People People." Working Paper, Maastricht University, July 2004. |
734. |
Borjas, George J. |
Ethnic Capital and Intergenerational Mobility Quarterly Journal of Economics 107,1 (February 1992): 123-150. Also: http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/107/1/123.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Outcomes; Mobility; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The relationship between ethnicity and intergenerational mobility is examined. The main hypothesis is that ethnicity acts as an externality in the production function for human capital. In particular, the quality of the ethnic environment in which a person is raised, called ethnic capital, influences the skills and labor market outcomes of the children. To assess the importance of ethnic capital, data from the General Social Surveys and the NLSY were examined. The empirical evidence shows that ethnic capital plays a major role in intergenerational mobility. The skills and labor market outcomes of today's generation depend on the skills and labor market experiences both of their parents and of the ethnic group in the parents' generation. Second, the introduction of ethnic capital into the analysis shows that there is much more persistence of skills and earnings capacity across generations than is generally believed. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. "Ethnic Capital and Intergenerational Mobility." Quarterly Journal of Economics 107,1 (February 1992): 123-150.
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735. |
Borjas, George J. |
Ethnicity, Neighborhoods, and Human-Capital Externalities The American Economic Review 85,3 (June 1995): 365-390. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118179 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Human Capital; Neighborhood Effects; Parenting Skills/Styles; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The socioeconomic performance of today 's workers depends not only on parental skills but also on the average skills of the ethnic group in the parents generation (or ethnic capital). This paper investigates the link between the ethnic externality and ethnic neighborhoods. The evidence indicates that residential segregation and the external effect of ethnicity are linked partly because ethnic capital summaries the socioeconomic background of the neighborhood where the children were raised. Ethnicity has an external effect even among persons who ho grow up in the same neighborhood when children are exposed frequently to persons who share the same ethnic background. (ABI/Inform) |
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Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. "Ethnicity, Neighborhoods, and Human-Capital Externalities." The American Economic Review 85,3 (June 1995): 365-390.
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736. |
Borjas, George J. |
To Ghetto or Not to Ghetto: Ethnicity and Residential Segregation NBER Working Paper No. 6176, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1997. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6176 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Economics of Minorities; Economics, Demographic; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Human Capital; Inner-City; Residence; Skills This paper analyzes the link between ethnicity and the choice of residing in ethnically segregated neighborhoods. Data drawn from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth show that there exist strong human capital externalities both within and across ethnic groups. As a result, the segregation choices made by particular households depend both on the household's economic opportunities and on aggregate characteristics of the ethnic groups. The evidence suggests that highly skilled persons who belong to disadvantaged groups have lower probabilities of ethnic residential segregation relative to the choices made by the most skilled persons in the most skilled groups. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6176 |
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Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. "To Ghetto or Not to Ghetto: Ethnicity and Residential Segregation." NBER Working Paper No. 6176, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1997. |
737. |
Borjas, George J. |
To Ghetto or Not to Ghetto: Ethnicity and Residential Segregation Journal of Urban Economics 44,2 (September 1998): 228-253. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119097920684 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Household Composition; Household Income; Household Models; Human Capital This paper analyzes the link between ethnicity and the choice of residing in ethnically segregated neighborhoods. Data drawn from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth show that there exist strong human capital externalities both within and across ethnic groups. As a result, the segregation choices made by particular households depend both on the household's economic opportunities and on aggregate characteristics of the ethnic groups. The evidence suggests that highly skilled persons who belong to disadvantaged groups have lower probabilities of ethnic residential segregation--relative to the choices made by the most skilled persons in the most skilled groups. Copyright 1998 Academic Press. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. "To Ghetto or Not to Ghetto: Ethnicity and Residential Segregation." Journal of Urban Economics 44,2 (September 1998): 228-253.
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738. |
Borjas, George J. Bronars, Stephen G. Trejo, Stephen J. |
Assimilation and the Earnings of Young Internal Migrants Review of Economics and Statistics 74,1 (February 1992): 170-175. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109556 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Migration; Regions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The question of whether young internal migrants in the US experience economic assimilation as they adapt to their new residential location is examined. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the analysis examines how the hourly earnings of interstate migrants are affected by the number of years they have spent in their destination state. The results indicate that internal migrants initially earn less than natives, but because the earnings growth experienced by recent migrants exceeds that of natives, this wage differential disappears within a few years. Moreover, the initial wage disadvantage suffered by internal migrants depends upon the distance moved and economic conditions in the destination labor market. Individuals moving within the same census region experience much less earnings disruption than interregional migrants do, and the initial wage differential between natives and migrants is smaller in states enjoying more rapid employment growth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J., Stephen G. Bronars and Stephen J. Trejo. "Assimilation and the Earnings of Young Internal Migrants." Review of Economics and Statistics 74,1 (February 1992): 170-175.
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739. |
Borjas, George J. Bronars, Stephen G. Trejo, Stephen J. |
Self-Selection and Internal Migration in the United States NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-14, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1990. Also: Final Report, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1990. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Human Capital; Job Skills; Labor Market Demographics; Migration; Mobility; Skills; Socioeconomic Factors; Wage Differentials Existing research in the internal migration literature focuses on the question of what socioeconomic factors determine the size of the migrant flow. These studies typically use the human capital framework and try to ascertain the empirical importance of migration costs and benefits in determining the individual's probability of experiencing geographic mobility. This research analyzes not only the size and direction of migration flows but also their skill composition. In particular, the authors' main concern is the impact of the endogenous migration decision on the average skills which characterize the self-selected sample of migrants. Using data from the 1979-1986 NLSY, the authors find that: (1) in general, migration rates are higher for workers who are more skilled; and (2) an increase in skills has a larger impact on the migration propensity in states offering small payoffs to skill. The second part of this report examines how the hourly earnings of interstate migrants are affected by the number of years they have spent in their destination state. Results indicate that internal migrants to a state initially earn about ten percent less than demographically comparable natives, but because the earnings growth experienced by recent migrants exceeds that of natives, this wage differential disappears within a few years. The initial wage disadvantage suffered by internal migrants was found to be dependent upon the distance moved and economic conditions in the destination labor market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J., Stephen G. Bronars and Stephen J. Trejo. "Self-Selection and Internal Migration in the United States." NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-14, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1990. |
740. |
Borjas, George J. Bronars, Stephen G. Trejo, Stephen J. |
Self-Selection and Internal Migration in the United States Journal of Urban Economics 32,2 (September 1992): 159-185. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0094119092900034 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Geographical Variation; Migration; Mobility; Mobility, Labor Market; Regions; Residence; Rural/Urban Differences; Skilled Workers; Skills Within the conceptual framework of the Roy model, this paper provides an empirical analysis of internal migration flows using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The theoretical approach highlights regional differences in the return to skills: regions that pay higher returns to skills attract more skilled workers than regions that pay lower returns. The authors empirical results suggest that interstate differences in the returns to skills are a major determinant of both the size and skill composition of internal migration flows. Persons whose skills are most mismatched with the reward structure offered by their current state of residence are the persons most likely to leave that state, and these persons tend to relocate in states which offer higher rewards for their particular skills. (c) 1992 Academic Press, Inc. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J., Stephen G. Bronars and Stephen J. Trejo. "Self-Selection and Internal Migration in the United States." Journal of Urban Economics 32,2 (September 1992): 159-185.
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741. |
Borjas, George J. Sueyoshi, Glenn T. |
Ethnicity and the Intergenerational Transmission of Welfare Dependency NBER Working Paper No. 6175, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1997. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6175 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Welfare There exist sizeable differences in the incidence ant duration of welfare spells across ethnic groups, and these differences tend to persist across generations. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, we find that children raised in welfare households are themselves more likely to become welfare recipients for longer durations. We also show that growing up in an ethnic environment characterized by welfare dependency has a significant effect on both the incidence and duration of welfare spells. About 80 percent of the difference in welfare participation rates between two ethnic groups in the parental generation is transmitted to the children. ull-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6175 |
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Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. and Glenn T. Sueyoshi. "Ethnicity and the Intergenerational Transmission of Welfare Dependency." NBER Working Paper No. 6175, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1997. |
742. |
Borraz, Fernando Miguel |
Ability, Schooling and Wages: Going Beyond the National Longitudinal Surveys Presented: Chicago, IL, Midwest Economic Association Meeting, 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Midwest Economics Association Keyword(s): Census of Population; Educational Returns; Schooling; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper estimates returns to education in the US using information from two datasets, the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS and NLSY79) and the Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS). The high correlation between schooling and ability did not allow the separate identification of each effect. The PUMS dataset contains information on wages and education but not on ability and can therefore be exploited to improve the precision of the NLS and NLSY79 estimates. The results suggest a positive but not increasing over time wage gap only for the most able during the 80's, and between 1980 and 2000. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borraz, Fernando Miguel. "Ability, Schooling and Wages: Going Beyond the National Longitudinal Surveys." Presented: Chicago, IL, Midwest Economic Association Meeting, 2004. |
743. |
Borraz, Fernando Miguel |
Essays on Inequality and Education Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgetown University, 2004. DAI-A 65/09, p. 3479, March 2005. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wages This thesis consists of three chapters. In the first two chapters earnings inequality is analyzed. This is relevant because inequality increased in the last decades in developed and developing countries. Chapter 1 estimates returns to education in the US using information from two datasets, the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS and NLSY79) and the Public User Microdata Sample (PUMS). The high correlation between schooling and ability did not allow the separate identification of each effect. The PUMS dataset contains information on wages and education but not on ability and can therefore be exploited to improve the precision of the NLS and NLSY79 estimates. The results suggest a positive but not increasing over time wage gap for the most able during the 80's, and between 1980 and 2000. Chapter 2 studies the evolution of income distribution in Mexico over the last decade, a period of rapid integration to the global and North American economies. We measure differences in income inequality, over time and across Mexican states, and relate them to regional differences in the degree of globalization. We present compelling evidence showing that income distribution is more equitable in states that are more closely linked to the world economy. As a potential explanation of why globalization might improve the distribution of income among Mexican households, we show that states that are more integrated to the world economy offer better work opportunities for low-skilled women relative to more educated female workers. Chapter 3 analyzes the impact of remittances on child human capital in Mexico. During the 90's and in particular after the “tequila crisis” Mexican workers increased remittances sent to home from the United States. This chapter analyzes the effect of such increasing source of income on child human capital decisions. Results obtained from Census data indicate a positive and small effect of remittances on schooling only for girls living in cities with less than 2,500 inhabitants with mothers with a very low level of education. On the contrary, results from Household Survey data do not suggest any impact of remittances on schooling. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borraz, Fernando Miguel. Essays on Inequality and Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgetown University, 2004. DAI-A 65/09, p. 3479, March 2005.. |
744. |
Borus, Michael E. |
Tomorrow's Workers Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Jossey-Bass Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Dropouts; Job Search; Occupational Aspirations; Part-Time Work; Vocational Education; Work Attitudes; Work Knowledge Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter provides an overview of the youth population and its employment status. The next chapter describes those who are already working, including the kinds of jobs they have, their attitudes toward those jobs, and the determinants of their pay. Chapter three focuses on youths who are seeking employment, their methods of job search, their wage expectations and the limitations and barriers they must overcome. Because a major determinant of employment success is education and training, chapter four enlarges on the experiences of the young people in school and in a variety of training programs. The fifth chapter focuses on another set of crucial determinants of success in the work force-the hopes, plans, and expectations of the youths themselves. The final chapter summarizes the findings of the earlier chapters and draws implications for public policy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borus, Michael E. Tomorrow's Workers. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983. |
745. |
Borus, Michael E. |
Willingness to Work Among Youth Journal of Human Resources 17,4 (Fall 1982): 581-593. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145616 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Employment; Employment, Youth; Minimum Wage; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wages; Wages, Reservation; Work Attitudes Considerable discussion has centered around the hypothesis that high rates of unemployment among black and other minority youth may result from a reluctance for such young people to accept menial employment. To test this, the l979 NLSY questioned young men and women aged 14- 22 about their willingness to accept full-time employment in each of seven occupations at varying rates of pay. Previous research was contradicted by findings that black youth are more willing than their white counterparts to accept employment. Some sex stereotyping was found in occupational preferences and many youths stated that they would be willing to work for less than the existing minimum wage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borus, Michael E. "Willingness to Work Among Youth." Journal of Human Resources 17,4 (Fall 1982): 581-593.
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746. |
Borus, Michael E. |
Youth and the Labor Market: Analyses from the National Longitudinal Survey Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1984 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Dropouts; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Employment, In-School; Employment, Youth; Family Background and Culture; Transition, School to Work; Unemployment, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the first three surveys (1979, 1980, 1981) of the NLSY are analyzed. Chapters focus on employment-related questions as the youth make the school-to-work transition: changes in employment patterns of black and white young men, educational choices, public and private school differences, economic returns to vocational education, time-use behavior, and the relationship between delinquency and employment. Major findings are that hard-core unemployed youth tended to be older than others, more likely to have participated in training, to be married, to have children, and to live in a central city of an SMSA where there is a high unemployment rate. Jobs tended to be sex-stereotyped, with young women in clerical, service, and sales. A comparison of data from the NLS young men's cohort shows that black employment declined over the 1970s, apparently due to lengthy joblessness among a growing subsample of the black population, whereas the slight decline among whites appears to be due to higher job turnover. Poverty and unemployment increase the probability of dropping out of school, and pregnancy is the major cause for young women. Comparisons between private and public schools show that enrollment in a college preparatory curriculum, not the type of school, is crucial in determining achievement scores. Males and dropouts were more likely to engage in illegal activities: race and poverty status do not correlate significantly with illegal behavior. Contents 1. Introduction and Summary, by Michael E. Borus 2. A Description of Employed and Unemployed Youth in 1981, by Michael E. Borus 3. Changes Over the 1970s in the Employment Patterns of Black and White Young Men, by Tom K. Pollard 4. Choices in Education, by Michael E. Borus and Susan A. Carpenter 5. Quantity of Learning and Quality of Life for Public and Private High School Youth, by William R. Morgan 6. The Economic Value of Academic and Vocational Training Acquired in High School, by Russell W. Rumberger and Thomas N. Daymont 7. The Time-Use Behavior of Young Adults, by Ronald D'Amico 8. Delinquency and Employment, by Joan E. Crowley |
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Bibliography Citation
Borus, Michael E. Youth and the Labor Market: Analyses from the National Longitudinal Survey. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1984. |
747. |
Borus, Michael E. Carpenter, Susan A. |
A Note on the Return of Dropouts to High School Youth and Society 14,4 (June 1983): 501-507. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/14/4/501 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Educational Costs; High School; High School Dropouts; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. High school age dropouts who return to school each year are studied to test the hypothesis that the same variables leading to dropping out of school influence the decision to return to school. Findings show that older youth and those unable to specify their curriculum were less likely to return, and that young people expecting to attend college, as well as those who were never married, were more likely to return. In addition, youth living in countries where local government expenditures per student were over $975 were more likely to return than youth from countries where less was spent on schools. These findings contrast sharply with the many significant factors found affecting dropping out of school. Only age, intention not to attend college, and not being able to specify a curriculum were significant variables. They were positively related to dropping out and negatively related to returning to school. These findings suggest that the return to school decision is in many respects a random individual event. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borus, Michael E. and Susan A. Carpenter. "A Note on the Return of Dropouts to High School." Youth and Society 14,4 (June 1983): 501-507.
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748. |
Borus, Michael E. Carpenter, Susan A. Crowley, Joan E. Daymont, Thomas N. Kim, Choongsoo Pollard, Tom K. Rumberger, Russell W. Santos, Richard |
Pathways to the Future, Volume II: A Final Report on the National Survey of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1980 Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Blue-Collar Jobs; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Dropouts; Marital Status; Teenagers; Unemployment; Vocational Education; Wages, Reservation This is the final report on the 1980 data from the NLSY derived from interviews with 12,141 young people, age 15- 23. Topics examined include: SANTOS -- Chapter 1, the variables affecting the employment prospects of unemployed youth; POLLARD -- Chapter 2, the changes in employment patterns of black and white young men in the decade of the 1970s; KIM -- Chapter 3, the changing patterns in wage and reservation wage differentials for black and white young men during the 1970s; BORUS & CARPENTER -- Chapter 4, the variables affecting the decision to drop out of school without finishing the 12th grade, the decision to return to school after having dropped out, and the decision to go directly to college after completing the 12th grade; RUMBERGER & DAYMONT -- Chapter 5, the effects of high school curriculum on labor market success; and CROWLEY -- Chapter 6, the relationship between delinquency and employment status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borus, Michael E., Susan A. Carpenter, Joan E. Crowley, Thomas N. Daymont, Choongsoo Kim, Tom K. Pollard, Russell W. Rumberger and Richard Santos. Pathways to the Future, Volume II: A Final Report on the National Survey of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1980. Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1982. |
749. |
Borus, Michael E. Crowley, Joan E. D'Amico, Ronald Hills, Stephen M. Morgan, William R. |
Pathways to the Future, Volume III: A Final Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1981 Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Employment; Job Patterns; Job Training; Private Schools This report is based on data from the 1979, 1980 and 1981 interviews of the NLSY. Four analytical chapters comprise the volume: HILLS & CROWLEY -- Chapter 1, characteristics that increase job satisfaction among youth are discussed and compared with those of slightly older men and women. CROWLEY -- Chapter 2, the relationship between crime and employment is examined, using a model that combines economic and sociological approaches. D'AMICO -- Chapter 3, examines the effects of two determinants of educational aspirations and delinquent behavior: high school students' participation in their school's informal social system and their expression of positive feelings toward their schools. MORGAN -- Chapter 4, compares the quality of education in public versus private schools. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borus, Michael E., Joan E. Crowley, Ronald D'Amico, Stephen M. Hills and William R. Morgan. "Pathways to the Future, Volume III: A Final Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1981." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983. |
750. |
Borus, Michael E. Crowley, Joan E. D'Amico, Ronald Pollard, Tom K. Santos, Richard |
Pathways to the Future: A Longitudinal Study of Young Americans: Preliminary Report on the 1981 Survey Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Employment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Patterns; Job Training This is a preliminary report based on the 1981 interview of the NLSY, a nationally representative sample of 11,340 young men and women, ages 16 to 24. Topics examined include: BORUS -- Chapter 1, an overview of the characteristics of the civilian youth population; SANTOS -- Chapter 2, employment status of youth by sex, race, age and health status; POLLARD -- Chapter 3, the differences between males and females in growth in earnings between the first job and the job held in 1981; CROWLEY -- Chapter 4, changes in government employment and training programs from FY 1979 to FY 1980; and D'AMICO -- Chapter 5, the ways in which adolescents spend their time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borus, Michael E., Joan E. Crowley, Ronald D'Amico, Tom K. Pollard and Richard Santos. Pathways to the Future: A Longitudinal Study of Young Americans: Preliminary Report on the 1981 Survey. Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1982. |
751. |
Borus, Michael E. Crowley, Joan E. Kim, Choongsoo Pollard, Tom K. Rumberger, Russell W. Santos, Richard Shapiro, David |
Pathways to the Future: A Report on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1979 Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1981 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): College Education; Discrimination, Age; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; High School; Job Aspirations; Job Search; Schooling; Teenagers; Vocational Education; Work Attitudes; Youth Services The report is the first on a nationally representative sample of young people who were ages 14 to 21 on December 31, 1978. It is a descriptive presentation of the status of youth in the spring of 1979--their position and problems in the labor market; their reactions to school and the factors influencing their schooling decisions; their training, both the government sponsored and other vocational training which they receive; their health status; and their attitudes, both towards their present situations and the future. Eleven additional chapters define topics on labor force participation and employment status of the youth for the week in which they were interviewed in 1979; examine the employment conditions for those youth who were employed at the time of the survey; present the work experience of the youth for the preceding year, 1978, and analyze the determinants of weeks worked and unemployed during the year; discuss job search motives and techniques of youth and their willingness to accept specific jobs at various wages; study the attitudes of young people toward high school, its programs, and their reasons for not completing school or for attending college; examines participants in government sponsored training programs, the types of services received, and their attitudes toward these programs; deal with the post-high school training provided outside of regular schools, government programs, and the military; study the health status of young people at the time they were interviewed; detail the extend of age, race, sex discrimination felt by young people as well as their perception of the difficulties they have in the labor market; examine the educational, occupational, and fertility aspirations of the young people and their desire for further training; and present a summary of the major findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borus, Michael E., Joan E. Crowley, Choongsoo Kim, Tom K. Pollard, Russell W. Rumberger, Richard Santos and David Shapiro. Pathways to the Future: A Report on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1979. Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1981. |
752. |
Borus, Michael E. Crowley, Joan E. Pollard, Tom K. Santos, Richard |
Pathways to the Future: A Longitudinal Study of Young Americans: Preliminary Report on the 1980 Survey Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1981 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Dropouts; High School; Job Training; Teenagers; Unemployment; Work Attitudes; Youth Services This cross-tabular report contains preliminary studies of the second wave of data from the NLSY. BORUS -- Chapter 1 is an introduction and overview of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the youth who were 15-23 years old. SANTOS -- Chapter 2 discusses the employment and unemployment status of the youth population at the time of the interview. Information is presented on the labor force participation and unemployment rates of segments of the population, the job search activities of the unemployed, and the nature of the employment of those who are working. POLLARD -- Chapter 3 examines the employment history of the young people during the preceding year including the number of weeks worked and job turnover. Participation in government employment and training programs is the subject of CROWLEY -- Chapter 4 presents the characteristics of participants in these programs, the types of services they receive, and their reaction to the programs. BORUS -- Chapter 5 considers the education and schooling of the youth; particular attention is paid to the decisions to drop out of high school, to return to high school, to graduate from high school, and to go on to college. CROWLEY -- Chapter Six analyzes delinquent behavior by this age group and their contacts with law enforcement agencies. The analysis describes those who engage in various types of delinquent behavior and the frequency of such behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borus, Michael E., Joan E. Crowley, Tom K. Pollard and Richard Santos. Pathways to the Future: A Longitudinal Study of Young Americans: Preliminary Report on the 1980 Survey. Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1981. |
753. |
Borus, Michael E. Crowley, Joan E. Rumberger, Russell W. Santos, Richard |
Research on Youth Employment and Employability Development: Findings of the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Americans, 1979 Youth Knowledge Development Report 2,7. Washington DC: US GPO, 1980. Also: Pathways to the Future - Preliminary Report: Youth and the Labor Market - 1979 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Behavior; Dropouts; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Employment; Fertility; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Search; Vocational Education; Work Attitudes This report presents preliminary cross-tabular analyses of the 1979 NLSY data. A nationally representative sample of 12,693 youth age 14-22 were interviewed for the first time in that year. Topics covered include: descriptions of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the youth, their employment status, their work experience during the preceding year, participation in government employment and training programs, job search behavior, perceptions of barriers to employment, health status, attitudes and expectations, and schooling experience. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borus, Michael E., Joan E. Crowley, Russell W. Rumberger and Richard Santos. Research on Youth Employment and Employability Development: Findings of the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Americans, 1979. Youth Knowledge Development Report 2,7. Washington DC: US GPO, 1980.. |
754. |
Borus, Michael E. Crowley, Joan E. Rumberger, Russell W. Santos, Richard Shapiro, David |
Pathways to the Future: A Longitudinal Study of Young Americans. Preliminary Report: Youth and the Labor Market - 1979 Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1980 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Attitudes; Discrimination; Discrimination, Job; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Employment, Youth; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Search; Job Training; Job Turnover; Unemployment, Youth This is the first report on a nationally representative sample of the 32.9 million civilian young people who were ages 14-21 on January 1, 1979. This first survey shows that young Americans are very much interested in work; more than half of these young persons were either working or looking for work. Many young persons carry both school and work responsibilities. Race and sex discrimination in the labor market continued to cause problems for youth. Minorities had equal aspirations for education, were more willing to work, and were seeking employment as conscientiously as white youth. The difference appeared to be that employers discounted their contribution as employees because of their race or ethnic background. Many young persons drop out of school and begin immediately to have employment problems. About 2.6 million young men and women had participated in government training programs between the first day of 1978 and their interview date in 1979. In this report further details are provided about the employment and unemployment status of these young persons, their reactions to school, their assessment of Federal Government training programs, their vocational training, their attitudes toward work and their aspirations and expectations for the future. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borus, Michael E., Joan E. Crowley, Russell W. Rumberger, Richard Santos and David Shapiro. Pathways to the Future: A Longitudinal Study of Young Americans. Preliminary Report: Youth and the Labor Market - 1979. Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1980. |
755. |
Borus, Michael E. Kim, Choongsoo Johnson, Kyle |
Policy Findings Related to Military Service from the Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience Arlington, VA: Defense Manpower Data Center, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Defense Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Military Enlistment; Military Service; Wage Theory; Wages |
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Bibliography Citation
Borus, Michael E., Choongsoo Kim and Kyle Johnson. Policy Findings Related to Military Service from the Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience. Arlington, VA: Defense Manpower Data Center, 1985. |
756. |
Borus, Michael E. Wolpin, Kenneth I. |
The National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience: Past and Future Uses to Study Labor Market Policy Questions Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 4 (1984): 428-438 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: Duncker & Humblot GmbH Keyword(s): Earnings; Labor Market Surveys; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; NLS Description; Unemployment; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The authors discuss past and possible future uses of the NLS panels with particular attention to the implications of NLS-based research for policy-making. The NLS consists of five separate longitudinal data-bases covering distinct segments of the labor force, each cohort being selected as representative of a period in the life-cycle when people are likely to undergo a particular labor market transition. The value of the longitudinal nature of this data is emphasized in discussions of accumulated research on labor supply, unemployment, and wage and earnings differentials. Future research uses for all five cohorts are outlined with emphasis on dynamic modeling and the redefining of research problems as a result of recent changes in socioeconomic conditions. A discussion of the history and institutional context of the NLS is included, as is a description of the data and tapes. Appended tables display survey years and type of interview for each panel, as well as NLSY cohort variables and a summary of research questions explored to date using NLS data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Borus, Michael E. and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "The National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience: Past and Future Uses to Study Labor Market Policy Questions." Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 4 (1984): 428-438.
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757. |
Bostedt, Shelbie Lynn |
Women are Literally Working Themselves to Death Chicago Tribune, July 5, 2016. Also: http://www.chicagotribune.com/redeye/redeye-women-are-literally-working-themselves-to-death-20160705-story.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Chicago Tribune Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Health, Chronic Conditions; Illnesses; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Women who put in long hours on the job are more at risk for life-threatening illnesses such as heart disease and cancer. [News media article based on Dembe, Allard E. and Xiaoxi Yao. "Chronic Disease Risks From Exposure to Long-Hour Work Schedules Over a 32-Year Period." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58,9 (September 2016): 861-867] |
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Bibliography Citation
Bostedt, Shelbie Lynn. "Women are Literally Working Themselves to Death." Chicago Tribune, July 5, 2016. |
758. |
Botosaru, Irene |
Duration Models with Stochastic Unobserved Heterogeneity Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Modeling; Unemployment; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The third chapter presents a model of unemployment duration in which individuals exit the unemployment spell when their perceived monetary and non-monetary losses due to unemployment are greater than a threshold level. The threshold combines both the individuals' perceived wage offer distribution and their self-imposed limits on the amount of losses they are willing to sustain during the spell. The model is applied to data from the NLSY79. The empirical application finds that for some groups of individuals, the sunk cost effect weakens over time, while for others, it does not. For some groups, differences in transition rates are driven by differences in initial net wealth, while for others, by differences in sensitivity to losses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Botosaru, Irene. Duration Models with Stochastic Unobserved Heterogeneity. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2011. |
759. |
Boudett, Kathryn Parker |
In Search of a Second Chance: The Consequences of GED Certification, Education and Training for Young Women Without High School Diplomas Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Education; Continuing Education; Education, Adult; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Diploma; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Skilled Workers; Skills; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Growth; Women's Education; Women's Studies In an economy which increasingly values skills, can young women without a high school diploma get a second chance? This thesis is comprised of three essays that explore the effects of participating in a variety of education and credentialing programs available to dropouts. The first two essays focus on the impact of the General Educational Development (GED) certificate, college and training on labor market outcomes of female dropouts in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). In these essays, I explore how a dropout's labor market outcomes change in the first decade after leaving school. I predict that upon GED receipt a woman's rate of growth of annual earned income increases more than it otherwise would have, partly due to increased employment probabilities and partly to higher hourly wages. I also show that off-job training provided by proprietary institutions and government agencies (obtained by nearly half of GED holders and one quarter of other dropouts in this sample) is associated with increased hours worked. Effects of college and on-job training, activities which are less common in this population, are more difficult to estimate accurately. The third essay illustrates the practical challenge of using these findings to make policy recommendations. In particular, should public assistance programs make participation in education programs leading toward GED certification mandatory? I investigate whether individuals who participated in basic education as part of California's Greater Avenues to Independence (GAIN) program improved their scores on a test of basic reading and math skills. Using a variety of methods to control for selection, I find that the confidence interval for the effect of basic education is quite wide. The average education participant was scheduled for 500 hours of classes; for the given sample size I can reject neither the hypothesis of no impact nor the hypothesis that education had the same impact on scores that a similar number of hours of education would have had on the scores of students in traditional high schools. I confirm test score impacts for one county which employed innovative education practices, and identify further uncertainty regarding test impacts for individuals with lower initial skills. |
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Bibliography Citation
Boudett, Kathryn Parker. In Search of a Second Chance: The Consequences of GED Certification, Education and Training for Young Women Without High School Diplomas. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1998. |
760. |
Boudett, Kathryn Parker Murnane, Richard J. Willett, John B. |
'Second-Chance' Strategies for Women Who Drop Out of School Monthly Labor Review 123,12 (December 2000): 19-31. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/12/art2abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Earnings; Economics of Gender; Educational Returns; High School Dropouts; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Poverty; Training; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials; Women's Education This article investigates four educational opportunities pursued by young women who drop out of high school. It begins with a discussion of the mechanisms through which these educational investments may affect earnings, and offers a brief review of relevant research. It then documents the ways in which women who engage in educational activities differ from those who do not. Next discussed is the analytic strategy employed for distinguishing the effects of education and training on earnings from the effects of different preexisting characteristics on earnings. The article concludes with a presentation of the results of the study and a discussion of their significance. Findings include the fact that young female dropouts may make several kinds of educational investments, all of which enhance earned income markedly; for the average woman, however, the increase in earnings is not enough to lift a family out of poverty. Copyright Superintendent of Documents Dec 2000. |
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Bibliography Citation
Boudett, Kathryn Parker, Richard J. Murnane and John B. Willett. "'Second-Chance' Strategies for Women Who Drop Out of School." Monthly Labor Review 123,12 (December 2000): 19-31.
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761. |
Bouffard, Leana Allen |
The Military as a Bridging Environment in Criminal Careers: Differential Outcomes of the Military Experience Armed Forces and Society 31,2 (Winter 2005): 273-295. Also: http://afs.sagepub.com/content/31/2/273.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces & Society Keyword(s): Behavior, Violent; Black Studies; Crime; Military Service; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Little research has examined the relationship between military service and criminal behavior, and what few studies exist have included a basic comparison of a group of men with military service and a group without service. This strategy fails to consider how the military experience may differ for different individuals. This study examines whether the relationship between military service and criminal behavior depends on sociodemographic characteristics. Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth suggest that, during the first few years of the all-volunteer force, some groups do appear to become involved in more violent offending after entering the military. On the other hand, military service may reduce the risk of violence for some groups, such as African Americans, Thus, the influence of military service on later offending does appear to depend on individual characteristics. In addition, this was a unique time in military history, and results may vary by historical period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Bouffard, Leana Allen. "The Military as a Bridging Environment in Criminal Careers: Differential Outcomes of the Military Experience." Armed Forces and Society 31,2 (Winter 2005): 273-295.
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762. |
Bounds, Christopher |
Exploring the Relationship between Employment Stability and Desistance from Illicit Substance Use across Various Racial Categories Presented: Chicago IL, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Employment; Job Tenure; Racial Differences; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Sampson and Laub’s age-graded informal social control theory has generated considerable attention vying to become a leading explanation of criminal involvement across the life-course. It has spawned a number of criticisms and an equivocal body of research. Many of these criticisms have centered on their reliance upon the Glueck data - a dataset consisting of all White males born in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Using logistic regression, the current project explores whether job stability, a key factor highlighted by Sampson and Laub, is related to desistance of illicit substance use among a nationally representative sample born in the United States between 1957and 1964 – The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The findings are discussed in terms of the further specification of theoretical models recognizing distinct pathways to change and continuity of illicit substance use among various racial categories. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bounds, Christopher. "Exploring the Relationship between Employment Stability and Desistance from Illicit Substance Use across Various Racial Categories." Presented: Chicago IL, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2013. |
763. |
Bovell-Ammon, Benjamin J. Fox, Aaron D. LaRochelle, Marc R. |
Prior Incarceration Is Associated with Poor Mental Health at Midlife: Findings from a National Longitudinal Cohort Study Journal of General Internal Medicine published online (3 January 2023): DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07983-7. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-022-07983-7 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Incarceration/Jail Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: To evaluate prior incarceration's association with mental health at midlife. Participants: Participants from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79)--a nationally representative age cohort of individuals 15 to 22 years of age in 1979--who remained in follow-up through age 50. Main Measures: Midlife mental health outcomes were measured as part of a health module administered once participants reached 50 years of age (2008-2019): any mental health history, any depression history, past-year depression, severity of depression symptoms in the past 7 days (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression [CES-D] scale), and mental health-related quality of life in the past 4 weeks (SF-12 Mental Component Score [MCS]). The main exposure was any incarceration prior to age 50. Key Results: Among 7889 participants included in our sample, 577 (5.4%) experienced at least one incarceration prior to age 50. Prior incarceration was associated with a greater likelihood of having any mental health history (predicted probability 27.0% vs. 16.6%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.9 [95%CI: 1.4, 2.5]), any history of depression (22.0% vs. 13.3%; aOR 1.8 [95%CI: 1.3, 2.5]), past-year depression (16.9% vs. 8.6%; aOR 2.2 [95%CI: 1.5, 3.0]), and high CES-D score (21.1% vs. 15.4%; aOR 1.5 [95%CI: 1.1, 2.0]) and with a lower (worse) SF-12 MCS (-2.1 points [95%CI: -3.3, -0.9]; standardized mean difference -0.24 [95%CI: -0.37, -0.10]) at age 50, when adjusting for early-life demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bovell-Ammon, Benjamin J., Aaron D. Fox and Marc R. LaRochelle. "Prior Incarceration Is Associated with Poor Mental Health at Midlife: Findings from a National Longitudinal Cohort Study." Journal of General Internal Medicine published online (3 January 2023): DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07983-7.
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764. |
Bovell-Ammon, Benjamin J. Xuan, Ziming Paasche-Orlow, Michael K. LaRochelle, Marc R. |
Association of Incarceration With Mortality by Race From a National Longitudinal Cohort Study JAMA Network Open 4,12 (December 2021): DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.33083. Also: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2787436 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Medical Association Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Mortality; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: To determine whether incarceration in the US is associated with an increase in mortality risk and whether this association is different for Black compared with non-Black populations. Design, Setting, and Participants: This generational retrospective cohort study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a nationally representative cohort of noninstitutionalized youths aged 15 to 22 years, from January 1 to December 31, 1979, with follow-up through December 31, 2018. A total of 7974 non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic non-Black participants were included. Statistical analysis was performed from October 26, 2019, to August 31, 2021. Exposures: Time-varying exposure of having experienced incarceration during follow-up. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome was time to death. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs, adjusted for baseline sociodemographic, economic, and behavioral risk factors. Models were evaluated for the full cohort and stratified by race. Results: Of the 7974 individuals included in our sample, 4023 (50.5%) were male, and 2992 (37.5%) identified as Black (median age, 18 [IQR, 17-20] years). During a median follow-up of 35 years (IQR, 33-37 years), 478 participants were incarcerated and 818 died. Unadjusted exposure to at least 1 incarceration between 22 and 50 years of age was 11.5% (95% CI, 10.4%-12.7%) for Black participants compared with 2.5% (95% CI, 2.1%-2.9%) for non-Black participants. In the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model with the full cohort, time-varying exposure to incarceration was associated with an increased mortality rate (adjusted HR [aHR], 1.35; 95% CI, 0.97-1.88), a result that was not statistically significant. In the models stratified by race, incarceration was significantly associated with increased mortality among Black participants (aHR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.18-2.31) but not among non-Black partic ipants (aHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.68-2.03). |
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Bibliography Citation
Bovell-Ammon, Benjamin J., Ziming Xuan, Michael K. Paasche-Orlow and Marc R. LaRochelle. "Association of Incarceration With Mortality by Race From a National Longitudinal Cohort Study." JAMA Network Open 4,12 (December 2021): DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.33083.
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765. |
Bowers, Norman |
Youth Labor Force Activity: Alternative Surveys Compared Monthly Labor Review 104,3 (March 1981): 3-17. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/12/art2abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; NLS of H.S. Class of 1972; Research Methodology; Teenagers; Unemployment, Youth Important findings from this comparative analysis include: (1) all three longitudinal surveys reveal higher estimates of labor force participation ratios and employment-population ratios than does the CPS; (2) with the important exception of the newest NLS, unemployment rates are little different between studies; (3) raw inter- survey differences are, in many instances, not statistically significant; (4) comparisons of the full CPS with other one-time or yearly surveys ignore the problem of rotation group bias, a factor that certainly accounts for some of the inter-survey differences; (5) the discrepancies, especially between the CPS and the 1966 and 1979 NLS data, appear to be concentrated among young teenagers and those whose major activity is attending school, perhaps because of the marginal nature of their labor force activity. Again, however, the evidence for this proposition is only suggestive; (6) the focus on self versus proxy response as the cause of inter-survey variations probably obscures a number of other important influences that may be producing the differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bowers, Norman. "Youth Labor Force Activity: Alternative Surveys Compared." Monthly Labor Review 104,3 (March 1981): 3-17.
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766. |
Bowles, Samuel Gintis, Herbert Osborne Groves, Melissa |
Unequal Chances: Family Background and Economic Success [Reprint]. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008. Also: http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c7838.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Princeton University Press Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Earnings; Fathers and Sons; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Pairs (also see Siblings); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Table of Contents Introduction by Samuel Bowles, Herbert Gintis, and Melissa Osborne Groves 1 Chapter One: The Apple Does Not Fall Far from the Tree by Greg Duncan, Ariel Kalil, Susan E. Mayer, Robin Tepper, and Monique R. Payne 23 Chapter Two: The Apple Falls Even Closer to the Tree than We Thought: New and Revised Estimates of the Intergenerational Inheritance of Earnings by Bhashkar Mazumder 80 Chapter Three: The Changing Effect of Family Background on the Incomes of American Adults by David J. Harding, Christopher Jencks, Leonard M. Lopoo, and Susan E. Mayer 100 Chapter Four: Influences of Nature and Nurture on Earnings Variation: A Report on a Study of Various Sibling Types in Sweden by Anders Björklund, Markus Jäntti, and Gary Solon 145 Chapter Five: Rags, Riches, and Race: The Intergenerational Economic Mobility of Black and White Families in the United States by Tom Hertz 165 Chapter Six: Resemblance in Personality and Attitudes between Parents and Their Children: Genetic and Environmental Contributions by John C. Loehlin 192 Chapter Seven: Personality and the Intergenerational Transmission of Economic Status by Melissa Osborne Groves 208 Chapter Eight: Son Preference, Marriage, and Intergenerational Transfer in Rural China by Marcus W. Feldman, Shuzhuo Li, Nan Li, Shripad Tuljapurkar, and Xiaoyi Jin 232 Chapter Nine: Justice, Luck, and the Family: The Intergenerational Transmission of Economic Advantage from a Normative Perspective by Adam Swift 256 References 277 Index 297 |
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Bibliography Citation
Bowles, Samuel, Herbert Gintis and Melissa Osborne Groves. Unequal Chances: Family Background and Economic Success. [Reprint]. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.. |
767. |
Bowles, Samuel Gintis, Herbert Osborne, Melissa Anne |
The Determinants of Earnings: A Behavioral Approach Journal of Economic Literature 39,4 (December 2001): 1137-1176. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2698522 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Older Men, Young Women Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Behavior; Earnings; Human Capital; Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Enhancing individuals' capacity to succeed in the labor market is a major objective of both families and policy makers, one which in recent years has assumed special urgency with respect to those with low earnings. According to the canonical model, earnings are determined by human capital, which consists of capacities to contribute to production, generically called skills. Individuals possess a vector of these capabilities, "c," and sell these on the labor market at hourly prices "p," with hourly earnings "w = pc." But we know surprisingly little about what skills make up the vector of individual capabilities contributing to higher earnings, and as we will see, some common beliefs about the earnings-generation process receive little support from available data. However, recent developments in labor econometrics and the microeconomics of labor markets provide the basis for a reconsideration of the determinants of individual earnings. We here survey what is known about the determinants of individual earnings and, drawing on a number of recent contributions, propose a behavioral model that is capable of addressing the following puzzles in a parsimonious and non-ad hoc manner. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bowles, Samuel, Herbert Gintis and Melissa Anne Osborne. "The Determinants of Earnings: A Behavioral Approach." Journal of Economic Literature 39,4 (December 2001): 1137-1176.
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768. |
Bowlus, Audra Jann |
A Panel Data Analysis of the US-Canadian Nonemployment Rate Gap Between Young, Low Skilled Males Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 24,S1 (February 1998): S192-S209. Also: http://economics.ca/cgi/jab?journal=cpp&article=v24s1p0192 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Toronto Press Keyword(s): Canada, Canadian; Canadian Labour Market Activity Survey (LMAS); Cross-national Analysis; Employment; Employment, Part-Time; Skills; Unemployment; Unemployment Compensation; Unemployment Insurance; Unemployment Rate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Evidence from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Canadian Labour Market Activity Survey shows differences in both incidence and duration give rise to the mid-1980 US-Canadian nonemployment rate gap of young, low skilled males. Canadians are more likely to experience a firm-initiated job separation, to have been in a seasonal or temporary job, to experience transition to nonemployment rather than another job, and to take-up unemployment insurance (UI) than Americans. Overall, a pattern emerges of more intermittent employment in Canada with intervening spells of UI-sponsored nonemployment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bowlus, Audra Jann. "A Panel Data Analysis of the US-Canadian Nonemployment Rate Gap Between Young, Low Skilled Males." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 24,S1 (February 1998): S192-S209.
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769. |
Bowlus, Audra Jann |
A Search Interpretation of Male-Female Wage Differentials Journal of Labor Economics 15,4 (October 1997): 625-657. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/209840 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Behavior; College Graduates; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Quits; Wage Differentials A general equilibrium search framework is used to examine the role of gender differences in labor market behavior patterns (e.g., quit rates for personal reasons) in determining gender wage differentials. For samples of high school and college graduates from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), these behavioral patterns are found to be significantly different across the sexes and account for 20%-30% of the wage differentials. In particular, they play a key role in explaining the male-female wage differential that remains after controlling for the gender composition across occupations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bowlus, Audra Jann. "A Search Interpretation of Male-Female Wage Differentials." Journal of Labor Economics 15,4 (October 1997): 625-657.
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770. |
Bowlus, Audra Jann |
Essays on Labor Market Dynamics and the Existence of Political Equilibrium Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Iowa, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Clare Jellick; Job Patterns; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Mobility, Labor Market; Modeling; Unemployment Rate; Wage Dynamics; Wage Levels The first essay contains an empirical analysis of how job match quality varies over the business cycle. Using NLSY data I examine two match quality indicators: job tenure and starting wages. There are two main findings. First, match quality is adversely affected during recessions. Both tenure and starting wages are negatively related to the national unemployment rate at the start of the job. Thus during recessions individuals take lower paying jobs which dissolve quicker. Second, the labor market internalizes the mismatching though wages. The increased mismatching during recessions is captured by the labor market through lower wages with individuals moving out of jobs as soon as better times and matches arrive. The remaining two essays focus on cyclical and secular trends in aggregate labor market data using a general equilibrium search model and on factors influencing the existence of political equilibrium in growth models with heterogeneous agents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bowlus, Audra Jann. Essays on Labor Market Dynamics and the Existence of Political Equilibrium. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Iowa, 1993. |
771. |
Bowlus, Audra Jann |
Job Match Quality over the Business Cycle In: Panel Data and Labour Market Dynamics. H. Bunzel, et al., eds. London, England: North-Holland, 1993: pp. 21-42 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Clare Jellick; Job Patterns; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Mobility, Labor Market; Modeling; Unemployment Rate; Wage Dynamics; Wage Levels Does the business cycle have an impact on job-matching, specifically on the quality of job matches? Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to capture match quality at the individual level, I attempt to answer this question. Job tenure is used as a quality indicator under the Jovanovic (1979) model where matches are experience goods. Starting wages are also examined. Both local and national unemployment rates are used as cyclical indicators. The finding is a negative cyclical impact on both job match quality indicators. Thus during recessions individuals take jobs that are lower paying and dissolve quicker. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bowlus, Audra Jann. "Job Match Quality over the Business Cycle" In: Panel Data and Labour Market Dynamics. H. Bunzel, et al., eds. London, England: North-Holland, 1993: pp. 21-42
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772. |
Bowlus, Audra Jann |
Matching Workers and Jobs: Cyclical Fluctuations in Match Quality Journal of Labor Economics 13,2 (April 1995): 335-350. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2535107 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Job Patterns; Job Tenure; Labor Market Demographics; Wages Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data on tenure and wages, this article analyzes the extent to which the level of job mismatching varies over the business cycle and how it is dealt with by the labor market. I find significant cyclical variation in job match quality and an internalization of the variation by the labor market through wages. Mismatching occurs more during recessions but is primarily captured in starting wages. The evidence suggests the cyclical phenomenon is one of general mismatching rather than an increased number of stopgap jobs during recessions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bowlus, Audra Jann. "Matching Workers and Jobs: Cyclical Fluctuations in Match Quality." Journal of Labor Economics 13,2 (April 1995): 335-350.
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773. |
Bowlus, Audra Jann |
U.S.-Canadian Unemployment Rate and Wage Differences Among Young, Low-Skilled Males in the 1980s Canadian Journal of Economics 31,2 (May 1998): 437-464. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/136333 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Canadian Economics Association / Association canadienne d\'economiques Keyword(s): Canada, Canadian; Canadian Labour Market Activity Survey (LMAS); Labor Economics; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Labor Market Surveys; Monopsony Employers; Skilled Workers; Skills; Unemployment; Wage Equations; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. During the mid 1980s young low-skilled adults in Canada were much more likely to be out of work than their U.S. counterparts. The unemployment rate gap for this cohort was 7 percentage points. At the same time wage inequality was higher in the United States. Using panel data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Canadian Labour Market Activity Survey, in this study a general equilibrium search model of the labour market is employed to identify structural differences contributing to these gaps. The results reveal that both wage and unemployment differences are driven by a higher job destruction/separation rate in Canada and higher job offer arrival rates in the United States. In general. the model characterizes the U.S. labour market as having less search frictions than that of Canada. That is, Canadian firms are found to have more monopsony power than their U.S. counterparts. Copyright Canadian Economics Association |
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Bibliography Citation
Bowlus, Audra Jann. "U.S.-Canadian Unemployment Rate and Wage Differences Among Young, Low-Skilled Males in the 1980s." Canadian Journal of Economics 31,2 (May 1998): 437-464.
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774. |
Bowlus, Audra Jann Eckstein, Zvi |
Discrimination and Skill Differences in an Equilibrium Search Model Working Paper 04/98, Tel Aviv, Israel, Foerder Institute for Economic Research and Sackler Institute for Economic Research, February 1998. Also: http://www.tinbergen.nl/discussionpapers/98112.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Eitan Berglas School of Economics Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Economics of Discrimination; Economics of Gender; Economics of Minorities; Human Capital; Labor Market Demographics; Modeling; Quits; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Schooling; Skilled Workers; Training, Occupational; Unemployment; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we analyze an equilibrium search model with three sources for wage and unemployment differentials among workers with the same (observed) human capital, but different appearance (race): unobserved productivity (skill), search intensities and discrimination (Becker 1957) due to an appearance-based employer disutility factor. Because these sources affect the earnings distributions differently, empirical identification of these potential sources for the explanation of wage and unemployment differentials is possible. We show that the structural parameters of the model, including the firm's disutility from certain workers, are identifiable using standard labor market survey data. We demonstrate identification using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Estimation of these parameters by matching moments from a sample of black and white high school graduates implies: a) blacks have a 9% lower productivity level than whites; b) the disutility factor in employer's preferences is 28% of the white's productivity level; and c) 53% of firms have a disutility factor in their utility towards blacks. (Copies available from: The Eitan Berglas School of Economics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. Website: econ.tau.ac.il. No charge. COPYRIGHT: This record is part of the Abstracts of Working Papers in Economics (AWPE) Database, copyright (c) 1997 Cambridge University Press.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Bowlus, Audra Jann and Zvi Eckstein. "Discrimination and Skill Differences in an Equilibrium Search Model." Working Paper 04/98, Tel Aviv, Israel, Foerder Institute for Economic Research and Sackler Institute for Economic Research, February 1998. |
775. |
Bowlus, Audra Jann Kiefer, Nicholas M. Neumann, George R. |
Equilibrium Search Models and the Transition from School to Work International Economic Review 42,2 (May 2001): 317-343. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2648733 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Employment; Heterogeneity; High School Completion/Graduates; Job Search; Racial Differences; Transition, School to Work; Unemployment; Wage Differentials This paper applies the Burdett-Mortensen (1998) equilibrium search model to study the school to work transitions of U.S. high school graduates. We consider the case of discrete firm heterogeneity and provide a computational method to obtain the MLE. Our results show that unemployed blacks receive fewer offers than whites and employed blacks are more likely to lose their jobs. Importantly, employed blacks and whites receive job offers at the same rate. Assigning the whites' search parameters to the blacks and re-solving reveals that 75 percent of the observed wage differential is explained by the job destruction rate differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bowlus, Audra Jann, Nicholas M. Kiefer and George R. Neumann. "Equilibrium Search Models and the Transition from School to Work." International Economic Review 42,2 (May 2001): 317-343.
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776. |
Bowlus, Audra Jann Liu, Huju |
The Contributions of Search and Human Capital to Earnings Growth over the Life Cycle European Economic Review 64 (November 2013): 305-331. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292113001293 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Earnings; Human Capital; Job Search; Life Cycle Research; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Wage Growth This paper presents and estimates a unified model where both human capital investment and job search are endogenized. This unification enables us to quantify the relative contributions of each mechanism to life cycle earnings growth, while investigating potential interactions between human capital investment and job search. Within the unified framework, the expectation of rising rental rates of human capital through job search gives workers more incentive to invest in human capital. In addition, unemployed workers reduce their reservation rental rates and increase their search effort to leave unemployment quickly to take advantage of human capital accumulation on the job. The results show both forces are important for earnings growth and the interactions are substantial: human capital accumulation accounts for 50% of total earnings growth, job search accounts for 20%, and the remaining 30% is due to the interactions of the two. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bowlus, Audra Jann and Huju Liu. "The Contributions of Search and Human Capital to Earnings Growth over the Life Cycle." European Economic Review 64 (November 2013): 305-331.
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777. |
Boynton, Marcella H. Arkes, Jeremy Hoyle, Rick H. |
Brief Report of a Test of Differential Alcohol Risk Using Sibling Attributions of Paternal Alcoholism Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 72,6 (November 2011): 1037-1040. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Brief_Report_of_a_Test_of_Differential_Alcohol_Risk_Using_Sibling_Attributi/4640.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Fathers; Fathers, Influence; Modeling, Multilevel; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: Parental alcoholism is generally found to be a strong predictor of alcohol misuse. Although the majority of siblings agree on the presence of parental alcohol issues, there is a significant minority who do not. Method: The current study analyzed sibling data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth using multilevel modeling, which accounts for the nested structure of the data. These analyses permitted a test of whether (a) identifying one's father as an alcoholic predicted greater risk of alcohol problems, (b) being from a family whose siblings did not all agree on the presence of paternal alcoholism increased the likelihood of alcohol problems, and (c) risk of alcohol misuse significantly differed among individuals from families in which there was familial disagreement about paternal alcoholism. Results: Results show that individuals who identified their father as an alcoholic were themselves more likely to have alcohol issues as compared with individuals both within and between families who did not identify their father as an alcoholic. Risk was similar for individuals in families in which there was disagreement about paternal alcoholism compared with individuals from families in which everyone agreed on the presence of paternal alcoholism. Moreover, there was not a significant interaction between paternal alcoholism attributions and familial disagreement. Conclusions: Findings indicate that in the case of child reports of paternal alcoholism, the increased risk of alcohol problems holds true regardless of the accuracy of an individual's assessment. These results may be not only because of the impact of paternal alcoholism on a person's alcohol misuse but also because of a person's alcohol problems potentially influencing his or her perceptions of familial alcohol-related behaviors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Boynton, Marcella H., Jeremy Arkes and Rick H. Hoyle. "Brief Report of a Test of Differential Alcohol Risk Using Sibling Attributions of Paternal Alcoholism." Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 72,6 (November 2011): 1037-1040.
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778. |
Braatz, Margaret Jay |
Achievement and Attitude: the Role of Cognitive Skills and Affective Traits in the Determination of Labor Market Outcomes for Young Women Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education; Education, Secondary; Hispanics; Labor Force Participation; Self-Esteem; Wages, Women; Women's Studies Changes in the economy-the rapid restructuring of US industry, competitive pressures, and technological innovation-have forced the upgrading of occupational skill requirements and increased the role of skills in determining labor force outcomes. Since 1979, two economic trends-a sharp rise in the wage advantage associated with education and the growing wage inequality among workers with the same schooling-have been explained, in part, as an increase in the demand for more skilled workers. However, almost all of the research attention has focused on males and few studies have explored the role of different dimensions of skills unmeasured on traditional tests of academic competencies, despite increasing belief in their importance in the marketplace. Concurrent with the significant economic changes in the labor market as a whole, there have been broad shifts in women's economic status. Over the last twenty-five years women's labor force participation has risen steeply. Today, across all races and ethnicities and across all educational levels and ages, women who work are the rule, rather than the exception. This thesis is comprised of two essays that explore the effects of cognitive skills and affective traits, measured during the high school years, on the subsequent labor market success of young women. The first essay focuses on the impact of skills and traits on the probability of employment and, for those women who are employed, the number of hours worked annually. The second essay focuses on the role these same skills and traits play in the determination of a woman's log wages, for those who do work for pay. Data are drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NYSY) 1979-1994 interviews. The results show that cognitive skills are a major determinant of labor market outcomes for young women, whether they are White, Black or Hispanic, and regardless of educational level. The effect of affective traits is less important, however: while self-esteem has an impact on whether a women works and how many hours she works in 1994, there is no evidence that affective traits impact wages for my sample. |
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Bibliography Citation
Braatz, Margaret Jay. Achievement and Attitude: the Role of Cognitive Skills and Affective Traits in the Determination of Labor Market Outcomes for Young Women. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1999. |
779. |
Braceras, Jennifer C. |
Gore's Equal Wage Plan Hurts Women Boston Globe, September 14, 2000, Op-Ed; Pg. A19 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Boston Globe Keyword(s): Gender; Gender Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels; Wages; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This opinion piece argues against Al Gore's pledge to reduce the wage-gap by citing National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data indicating that childless 27-33 year old women earn 98 cents compared against the dollar earned by male employees. |
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Bibliography Citation
Braceras, Jennifer C. "Gore's Equal Wage Plan Hurts Women." Boston Globe, September 14, 2000, Op-Ed; Pg. A19. |
780. |
Bradburn, Norman M. Frankel, Martin R. Baker, Reginald P. Pergamit, Michael R. |
A Comparison of Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) with Paper-and-Pencil Interviews (PAPI) in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-2, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, May 1991. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl910010.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI); Data Quality/Consistency; Interviewing Method In discussions of mode effects, the survey methodology literature distinguishes three modes of data collection-face-to-face, telephone and self-administered. There is an extensive literature on possible effects of collecting data by each of these modes because they appear to differ in fundamental ways. What has been less noticed, however, is that there are variations within each of these methods regarding whether or not they are computer-assisted; that is, whether the questionnaire is represented in electronic or paper-and-pencil form. There is a paucity of literature on within-mode effects of using computers to assist in the data collection process. We examined the differences for 139 variables between CAPI and PAPI cases in an experiment where assignments had been made randomly to mode of administration. Except for effects on interviewer errors that were programmed into the CAPI itself, in all of these comparisons we found only 4 differences that looked as if they might even approach statistical significance. This number is within the number that one might expect by chance when making multiple comparisons. There are a few differences, however, that deserve further study before rejecting them. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bradburn, Norman M., Martin R. Frankel, Reginald P. Baker and Michael R. Pergamit. "A Comparison of Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) with Paper-and-Pencil Interviews (PAPI) in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-2, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, May 1991. |
781. |
Bradburn, Norman M. Frankel, Martin R. Hunt, Edwin Ingels, Julia |
A Comparison of Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) With Personal Interviews in the National Longitudinal Study of Labor Behavior-Youth Cohort In: Proceedings, 1991 Annual Research Conference. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991: pp. 389-397. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl910010.htm Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Commerce Keyword(s): Behavior; Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI); Data Quality/Consistency; Interviewing Method; NLS Description The purpose of this experiment was to assess the effect of conducting interviews in Round 12 of the NLSY by the Computer-Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) method as compared with the traditional paper-and-pencil personal interview method. The experiment was conducted on one-half of the total sample and excluded respondents who had to be interviewed outside the United States and/or in Spanish. Interviewers were assigned cases in the same geographical region and, where possible, were matched with respondents for ethnicity. Assignment to the proper experimental or control group was done through random assignment of interviewers. Thus the experiment reflects actual field practices. The paper will report on the operational problems in conducting the experiment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bradburn, Norman M., Martin R. Frankel, Edwin Hunt and Julia Ingels. "A Comparison of Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) With Personal Interviews in the National Longitudinal Study of Labor Behavior-Youth Cohort" In: Proceedings, 1991 Annual Research Conference. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991: pp. 389-397.
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782. |
Bradburn, Norman M. Frankel, Martin R. Hunt, Edwin Ingels, Julia Schoua-Glusberg, A. Wojcik, Mark S. Pergamit, Michael R. |
A Comparison of Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) With Personal Interviews in the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Behavior-Youth Cohort NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-2, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, May 1991. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl910010.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI); Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Interviewing Method The purpose of this experiment was to assess the effect of conducting interviews in Round 12 of the NLSY by the Computer-Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) method as compared with the traditional paper-and-pencil personal interview method. The experiment was conducted on one-half of the total sample and excluded respondents who had to be interviewed outside the United States and/or in Spanish. Interviewers were assigned cases in the same geographical region and, where possible, were matched with respondents for ethnicity. Assignment to the proper experimental or control group was done through random assignment of interviewers. Thus the experiment reflects actual field practices. The paper will report on the operational problems in conducting the experiment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bradburn, Norman M., Martin R. Frankel, Edwin Hunt, Julia Ingels, A. Schoua-Glusberg, Mark S. Wojcik and Michael R. Pergamit. "A Comparison of Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) With Personal Interviews in the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Behavior-Youth Cohort." NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-2, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, May 1991. |
783. |
Braddock, Jomills H. McPartland, James M. |
More Evidence on Social-Psychological Processes that Perpetuate Minority Segregation: The Relationship of School Desegregation and Employment Desegregation Report No. 338, Center for Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, June 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University Keyword(s): Employment; Geographical Variation; Occupational Choice; Occupational Segregation; Racial Differences; Schooling; Transition, School to Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This report used data from the black subsample of the NLSY to investigate the effects of school desegregation on subsequent employment desegregation. Analysis is based on 472 female and 602 male blacks who reported being employed either full- or part-time at the time of the 1980 survey. It was found that in the north, blacks from desegregated schools were more likely to be located in desegregated occupational work groups. Moreover, blacks from desegregated school backgrounds made fewer racial distinctions about the friendliness of their co-workers or about the competence of their employment supervisors. In contrast, blacks from segregated schools tended to find desegregated co-workers to be less friendly and white supervisors to be less competent. Evidence suggests that both early school desegregation experiences and current community desegregation patterns promote desegregation in work environments, with school desegregation showing a greater impact, particularly among northern blacks. Thus, it appears that the inferred social-psychological processes that perpetuate minority segregation across institutional settings are not artifactual, but are outcomes of cross-race experiences in the varied institutional settings. Results also suggest that early desegregated experiences create a different attitudinal basis among blacks that, in part, produces or sustains desegregation in adulthood. [(c)APA] |
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Bibliography Citation
Braddock, Jomills H. and James M. McPartland. "More Evidence on Social-Psychological Processes that Perpetuate Minority Segregation: The Relationship of School Desegregation and Employment Desegregation." Report No. 338, Center for Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, June 1983. |
784. |
Braddock, Jomills H. McPartland, James M. |
Social Psychological Processes that Perpetuate Racial Segregation: The Relationship Between School and Employment Segregation Journal of Black Studies 19,3 (March 1989): 267-289. Also: http://jbs.sagepub.com/content/19/3/267.full.pdf+html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Employment; Geographical Variation; High School; Life Cycle Research; Occupational Segregation; Occupations; Racial Differences; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Interview data from the black subsample (N=472 females and 602 males) of the NLSY are used to investigate the effects of school desegregation on subsequent employment desegregation. Findings show that in the North, net of individual differences in sex, age, occupational status, and local demographic conditions, blacks from desegregated schools are more likely to be employed in desegregated occupational work groups. Moreover, in racially mixed employment settings, blacks from desegregated school backgrounds make fewer racial distinctions about the friendliness of their coworkers or about the competence of their employment supervisors. In contrast, blacks from segregated schools perceived desegregated coworker groups to be slightly less friendly and white supervisors to be significantly less competent. The results are discussed in terms of theories of intervening social-psychological processes that link desegregation across different institutional settings and stages of the life cycle. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.] |
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Bibliography Citation
Braddock, Jomills H. and James M. McPartland. "Social Psychological Processes that Perpetuate Racial Segregation: The Relationship Between School and Employment Segregation." Journal of Black Studies 19,3 (March 1989): 267-289.
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785. |
Bradley, Robert H. Corwyn, Robert Flynn |
Socioeconomic Status and Child Development Annual Review of Psychology 53,1 (February 2002): 371-399. Also: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Annual Reviews Keyword(s): Children, Well-Being; Family Characteristics; Family Income; Occupational Status; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Data are from the NLSY and the National Household Education Survey. Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the most widely studied constructs in the social sciences. Several ways of measuring SES have been proposed, but most include some quantification of family income, parental education, and occupational status. Research shows that SES is associated with a wide array of health, cognitive, and socioemotional outcomes in children, with effects beginning prior to birth and continuing into adulthood. A variety of mechanisms linking SES to child well-being have been proposed, with most involving differences in access to material and social resources or reactions to stress-inducing conditions by both the children themselves and their parents. For children, SES impacts well-being at multiple levels, including both family and neighborhood. Its effects are moderated by children's own characteristics, family characteristics, and external support systems. (PsycINFO Database Record c.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Bradley, Robert H. and Robert Flynn Corwyn. "Socioeconomic Status and Child Development." Annual Review of Psychology 53,1 (February 2002): 371-399.
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786. |
Brady-Smith, Christy Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Waldfogel, Jane Fauth, Rebecca |
Work or Welfare? Assessing the Impacts of Recent Employment and Policy Changes on Very Young Children Evaluation and Program Planning 24,4 (November 2001): 409-425 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Child Care; Children; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Education; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Income; Welfare We explore the implications of the rapid influx of low-income mothers into the workforce and PRWORA work requirements during the middle to late 1990s for the well-being of young children. Our premise is that some families with young children will be better off, while others will be worse off than low-income cohorts from a decade ago. We focus on six policy provisions from the 1990s that are likely to influence the well-being of young, low-income children in the coming decades: (a) work requirements for mothers of young children; (b) education requirements for teenage mothers of young children; (c) child care subsidies; (d) child care regulations; (e) family leave; and (f) the Earned Income Tax Credit. For each of these provisions, we discuss the actual policy as well as the implementation (i.e. practice) of the policy at the state level. We then consider what policy-relevant research has to say about the possible impact of early maternal employment, income, and child care on young children, highlighting research on low-income families where possible. Much of the research we review is based on data collected prior to the rapid changes in the proportion of low-income mothers in the workforce and in state and federal requirements and programs that occurred in the mid-1990s. Thus, we conclude with speculations on how the current trends in workforce participation and welfare and other policies may impact young children in the coming decades. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brady-Smith, Christy, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Jane Waldfogel and Rebecca Fauth. "Work or Welfare? Assessing the Impacts of Recent Employment and Policy Changes on Very Young Children." Evaluation and Program Planning 24,4 (November 2001): 409-425.
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787. |
Brady-Smith, Christy Hofferth, Sandra L. |
Patterns of Early Maternal Employment and Child Outcomes: An Analysis of Children from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Presented: Washington, DC, Population Associaton of America Annual Meeting, March 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine associations between maternal employment patterns in the first 3 years of life and child outcomes at age 3 to 5 using data from the 1997 Panel Study of Income Dynamics-Child Development Supplement (N = 465). Associations are examined separately for non-Hispanic white and African American children. For non-Hispanic white children, maternal employment that began in the 1st year of the child's life and continued through the 2nd or 3rd year (early entry) was negatively associated with verbal achievement, but not with math achievement or behavior problems. For African American children, early entry was not directly associated with child outcomes. Analyses examined work intensity and child, family, parenting, and home environment characteristics as moderators of these associations. Findings are discussed in terms of their congruence with past research conducted with the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and relevance to current U.S. policy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brady-Smith, Christy and Sandra L. Hofferth. "Patterns of Early Maternal Employment and Child Outcomes: An Analysis of Children from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Associaton of America Annual Meeting, March 2001. |
788. |
Braga, Breno |
Earnings Dynamics: The Role of Education Throughout a Worker's Career Labour Economics 52 (June 2018): 83-97. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537118300216 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Educational Attainment; Wage Dynamics; Wage Growth; Work Experience This paper describes two stylized facts about the earnings dynamics throughout a worker's career. First, this paper shows that more educated workers have higher wage growth with work experience than less educated workers. Second, it demonstrates that more educated workers suffer greater wage losses following job displacement. I propose a model that integrates human capital accumulation and learning mechanisms that can explain these empirical findings. In the model, employers use both education and past job displacement as a signal of a worker's unobservable ability. As a result, educated workers receive more on-the-job training in the beginning of their careers. In addition, educated workers suffer greater wage losses after being laid off when potential employers learn that an educated worker is low ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Braga, Breno. "Earnings Dynamics: The Role of Education Throughout a Worker's Career." Labour Economics 52 (June 2018): 83-97.
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789. |
Braga, Breno |
Schooling, Experience, Career Interruptions, and Earnings Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Unemployment; Wages; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates whether the returns to work experience vary with education. Different from existing literature, I distinguish the returns to actual experience from the returns to potential experience. While I find that returns to potential experience do not vary across education groups, I estimate that more educated workers have a higher wage increase with actual experience. This result is not explained by known sources of potential experience bias, as more educated workers have higher employment attachment throughout their careers. In order to rationalize these findings, I discuss a new source of potential experience bias generated by wage losses after non-working periods. Indeed, I find evidence that more educated workers suffer higher wage losses after periods of unemployment. This result explains the greater downward bias of potential experience for more educated workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Braga, Breno. "Schooling, Experience, Career Interruptions, and Earnings." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
790. |
Braga, Breno |
Three Essays in Labor and Education Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 2014. Also: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/108947/bgbraga_1.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Michigan Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Labor Force Participation; Schooling; Wage Dynamics; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter of this dissertation, "Schooling, Experience, Career Interruptions, and Earnings," uses the NLSY79 to address how past working and non-working periods affect the wage coefficient on schooling. |
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Bibliography Citation
Braga, Breno. Three Essays in Labor and Education Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 2014.. |
791. |
Brand, Jennie E. |
Heterogeneous Effects of Higher Education on Civic Participation Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior, Prosocial; College Education; Education; Schooling; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. American educational leaders and philosophers have long valued schooling for its role in preparing the nation's youth to be civically engaged citizens. Numerous studies have found a positive relationship between education and subsequent civic participation. However, little is known about possible variation in effects by selection into higher education, a critical omission considering education's expressed role as a key mechanism for integrating disadvantaged individuals into civic life. With data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I disaggregate effects and examine whether civic returns to higher education are largest for disadvantaged low likelihood or advantaged high likelihood college goers. I find evidence for significant heterogeneity in effects: civic returns to college are greatest among individuals who have a low likelihood for college completion. Returns decrease as the propensity for college increases. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brand, Jennie E. "Heterogeneous Effects of Higher Education on Civic Participation." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
792. |
Brand, Jennie E. |
Heterogeneous Effects of Higher Education on Civic Participation: A Research Note On-Line Working Paper Series CCPR-2009-021, California Center for Population Research at UCLA, September 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: California Center for Population Research (CCPR) Keyword(s): College Education; College Graduates; Disadvantaged, Economically; Education; Volunteer Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. American educational leaders and philosophers have long valued schooling for its role in preparing the nation's youth to be civically engaged citizens. Numerous studies have found a positive relationship between education and subsequent civic participation. However, little is known about possible variation in effects by selection into higher education. With data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I examine effects of college completion on civic participation by propensity score strata using an innovative hierarchical linear model. I find evidence for significant heterogeneity of effects: the effect of college completion on civic participation is greatest among college graduates from disadvantaged social backgrounds with a low propensity for college. The effect of college on participation decreases as the propensity for college increases. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brand, Jennie E. "Heterogeneous Effects of Higher Education on Civic Participation: A Research Note." On-Line Working Paper Series CCPR-2009-021, California Center for Population Research at UCLA, September 2009. |
793. |
Brand, Jennie E. |
The Social and Economic Context of Worker Displacement Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Earnings; Economic Changes/Recession; Life Course; Unemployment; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Job displacement is an involuntary disruptive life event with a far-reaching impact on workers' life trajectories. Research suggests that displacement is associated with subsequent unemployment, long-term earnings losses, and lower job quality; declines in psychological and physical well-being; loss of psychosocial assets; and social withdrawal. Contexts of widespread unemployment, although typically associated with larger economic losses, may lessen the social-psychological impact of job loss. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), I consider how the economic and social-psychological effects of worker displacement differ depending upon the social and economic context. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brand, Jennie E. "The Social and Economic Context of Worker Displacement." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
794. |
Brand, Jennie E. Davis, Dwight R. |
Heterogeneous Effects of College on Family Formation Patterns among Women Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009. Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=91835 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Formation; Labor Force Participation; Women's Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY). The NLSY is a nationally representative sample of 12,686 respondents who were 14-22 years old when they were first surveyed in 1979. The NLSY consists of three sub-samples: (1) a crosssectional sample of 6,111 respondents designed to be representative of non-institutionalized civilian 1979 youth; (2) a sample of 5,295 respondents designed to over-sample civilian Hispanic, black and economically disadvantaged 1979 youth; and (3) a sample of 1,280 respondents who were enlisted in the military as of 1978. These individuals were interviewed annually through 1994 and are currently interviewed on a biennial basis. The NLSY has been used extensively for study of access to and the impact of education. Educational attainment is a significant predictor of womens family formation patterns (Becker 1991; Rindfuss, Bumpass, and St. John 1980; Rindfuss, Morgan, and Offut 1996) and labor force participation (Bianchi 1995). Overall, education delays family formation and increases participation in the labor force. While highly educated women have postponed both marriage and parenthood in recent decades, less-educated women have postponed marriage more than parenthood. As a result, non-marital births have risen dramatically among less-educated women relative to highly educated women. Despite a substantial literature on the effects of education on family formation patterns among women, few studies evaluate potential heterogeneity in these effects. Women's significantly increasing level of educational attainment (Buchman and DiPrete 2006) motivates renewed and careful attention to the impact of education on family formation patterns, particularly among college-educated women who have a low likelihood of college completion. Women at the margin of college completion are those for whom the expansion of higher education exerts its greatest impact. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brand, Jennie E. and Dwight R. Davis. "Heterogeneous Effects of College on Family Formation Patterns among Women." Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009. |
795. |
Brand, Jennie E. Davis, Dwight R. |
The Impact of College Education on Fertility: Evidence for Heterogeneous Effects Demography 48,3 (August 2011): 863-887. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/x126m21k85706456/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Education; Fertility; Heterogeneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As college-going among women has increased, more women are going to college from backgrounds that previously would have precluded their attendance and completion. This affords us the opportunity and motivation to look at the effects of college on fertility across a range of social backgrounds and levels of early achievement. Despite a substantial literature on the effects of education on women's fertility, researchers have not assessed variation in effects by selection into college. With data on U.S. women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we examine effects of timely college attendance and completion on women's fertility by the propensity to attend and complete college using multilevel Poisson and discrete-time event-history models. Disaggregating the effects of college by propensity score strata, we find that the fertility-decreasing college effect is concentrated among women from comparatively disadvantaged social backgrounds and low levels of early achievement. The effects of college on fertility attenuate as we observe women from backgrounds that are more predictive of college attendance and completion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brand, Jennie E. and Dwight R. Davis. "The Impact of College Education on Fertility: Evidence for Heterogeneous Effects." Demography 48,3 (August 2011): 863-887.
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796. |
Brand, Jennie E. Moore, Ravaris L. Song, Xi Xie, Yu |
Parental Divorce is not Uniformly Disruptive to Children's Educational Attainment Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 116,15 (9 April 2019): 7266-7271. Also: https://www.pnas.org/content/116/15/7266 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: National Academy of Sciences (NAS), United States Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Divorce; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While parental divorce is generally associated with unfavorable outcomes for children, it does not follow that every divorce is equally bad for the children it affected. We find that parental divorce lowers the educational attainment of children who have a low likelihood of their parents' divorcing. For these children, divorce is an unexpected shock to an otherwise-privileged childhood. However, we find no impact of parents' divorcing on the education of children who have a high likelihood of a divorce occurring. Disadvantaged children of high-risk marriages may anticipate or otherwise accommodate to the dissolution of their parents' marriage. Social discourse and policy aimed at promoting marital stability among disadvantaged families, for whom unfortunate events are common, are misguided. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brand, Jennie E., Ravaris L. Moore, Xi Song and Yu Xie. "Parental Divorce is not Uniformly Disruptive to Children's Educational Attainment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 116,15 (9 April 2019): 7266-7271.
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797. |
Brand, Jennie E. Moore, Ravaris L. Song, Xi Xie, Yu |
Why Does Parental Divorce Lower Children's Educational Attainment? A Causal Mediation Analysis Sociological Science published online (16 April 2019): DOI: 10.15195/v6.a11. Also: https://www.sociologicalscience.com/articles-v6-11-264/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sociological Science Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Cognitive Ability; Depression (see also CESD); Divorce; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Racial Differences; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Mechanisms explaining the negative effects of parental divorce on children's attainment have long been conjectured and assessed. Yet few studies of parental divorce have carefully attended to the assumptions and methods necessary to estimate causal mediation effects. Applying a causal framework to linked U.S. panel data, we assess the degree to which parental divorce limits children's education among whites and nonwhites and whether observed lower levels of educational attainment are explained by postdivorce family conditions and children's skills. Our analyses yield three key findings. First, the negative effect of divorce on educational attainment, particularly college, is substantial for white children; by contrast, divorce does not lower the educational attainment of nonwhite children. Second, declines in family income explain as much as one- to two-thirds of the negative effect of parental divorce on white children's education. Family instability also helps explain the effect, particularly when divorce occurs in early childhood. Children's psychosocial skills explain about one-fifth of the effect, whereas children's cognitive skills play a minimal role. Third, among nonwhites, the minimal total effect on education is explained by the offsetting influence of postdivorce declines in family income and stability alongside increases in children's psychosocial and cognitive skills. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brand, Jennie E., Ravaris L. Moore, Xi Song and Yu Xie. "Why Does Parental Divorce Lower Children's Educational Attainment? A Causal Mediation Analysis." Sociological Science published online (16 April 2019): DOI: 10.15195/v6.a11.
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798. |
Brand, Jennie E. Simon Thomas, Juli |
Causal Effect Heterogeneity In: Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research. S. Morgan, ed., New York: Springer, 2013: 189-213 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): College Education; Education; Heterogeneity; Propensity Scores; Volunteer Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Individuals differ not only in background characteristics, often called “pretreatment heterogeneity,” but also in how they respond to a particular treatment, event, or intervention. A principal interaction of interest for questions of selection into treatment and causal inference in the social sciences is between the treatment and the propensity of treatment. Although the importance of “treatment-effect heterogeneity,” so defined, has been widely recognized in the causal inference literature, empirical quantitative social science research has not fully absorbed these lessons. In this chapter, we describe key estimation strategies for the study of heterogeneous treatment effects; we discuss recent research that attends to causal effect heterogeneity, with a focus on the study of effects of education, and what we gain from such attention; and we demonstrate the methods with an example of the effects of college on civic participation. The primary goal of this chapter is to encourage researchers to routinely examine treatment-effect heterogeneity with the same rigor they devote to pretreatment heterogeneity. [Chapter 11] |
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Bibliography Citation
Brand, Jennie E. and Juli Simon Thomas. "Causal Effect Heterogeneity" In: Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research. S. Morgan, ed., New York: Springer, 2013: 189-213
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799. |
Brand, Jennie E. Simon Thomas, Juli |
Job Displacement among Single Mothers: Effects on Children’s Outcomes in Young Adulthood American Journal of Sociology 119,4 (January 2014): 955-1001. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/675409 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Job Patterns; Job Turnover; Layoffs; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences; Parents, Single; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Unemployment; Well-Being Given the recent era of economic upheaval, studying the effects of job displacement has seldom been so timely and consequential. Despite a large literature associating displacement with worker well-being, relatively few studies focus on the effects of parental displacement on child well-being, and fewer still focus on implications for children of single-parent households. Moreover, notwithstanding a large literature on the relationship between single motherhood and children’s outcomes, research on intergenerational effects of involuntary employment separations among single mothers is limited. Using 30 years of nationally representative panel data and propensity score matching methods, the authors find significant negative effects of job displacement among single mothers on children’s educational attainment and social-psychological well-being in young adulthood. Effects are concentrated among older children and children whose mothers had a low likelihood of displacement, suggesting an important role for social stigma and relative deprivation in the effects of socioeconomic shocks on child well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brand, Jennie E. and Juli Simon Thomas. "Job Displacement among Single Mothers: Effects on Children’s Outcomes in Young Adulthood." American Journal of Sociology 119,4 (January 2014): 955-1001.
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800. |
Brand, Jennie E. Simon Thomas, Juli |
Premarital Cohabitation and Marital Quality: A Reassessment Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Family Structure; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marital Status; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research has established a relationship between premarital cohabitation and subsequent marital outcomes, with cohabitors generally reporting lower marital quality. Using preliminary data from the NLSY97 and borrowing heavily from the strengths of propensity scores, we employ a novel method for concurrently examining the impact of two perspectives (social selection and experience of cohabitation) commonly used to explain the negative relationship outcomes cohabitors experience. Results reveal that the experience of cohabitation is negatively related to marital quality but only when selection factors are not included in the model. We find (preliminary) support for the social selection perspective, thereby supporting prior work. Procedures for estimating the full model are then articulated. This paper, then, makes several contributions, the primary being the ability to model selection into the experience of cohabitation in the same model. These results serve to underscore the complex pathways between union formation, family structure, and marital outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brand, Jennie E. and Juli Simon Thomas. "Premarital Cohabitation and Marital Quality: A Reassessment." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
801. |
Brand, Jennie E. Simon Thomas, Juli |
The Effects of Parental Job Displacement on Children's Socioeconomic and Social-Psychological Outcomes Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Children, Home Environment; Displaced Workers; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; Marital Disruption; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The effects of parental job displacement on the lives of American children have seldom been more relevant than in the current era of massive economic upheaval. Despite a large body of research associating job displacement with subsequent non-employment, earnings losses, job quality declines, poor physical and mental health, family disruption, and social withdrawal, the effects of parental job displacement on children's well-being is scarce. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY), we examine the effects of parental job displacement on children's subsequent socioeconomic and social-psychological outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brand, Jennie E. and Juli Simon Thomas. "The Effects of Parental Job Displacement on Children's Socioeconomic and Social-Psychological Outcomes." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
802. |
Brand, Jennie E. Xie, Yu |
Who Benefits Most from College? Evidence for Negative Selection in Heterogeneous Economic Returns to Higher Education American Sociological Review 75,2 (April 2010): 273-302. Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/75/2/273.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): College Education; Earnings; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Life Course; Propensity Scores; Wisconsin Longitudinal Study/H.S. Panel Study (WLS) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this article, we consider how the economic return to a college education varies across members of the U.S. population. Based on principles of comparative advantage, scholars commonly presume that positive selection is at work, that is, individuals who are most likely to select into college also benefit most from college. Net of observed economic and noneconomic factors influencing college attendance, we conjecture that individuals who are least likely to obtain a college education benefit the most from college. We call this theory the negative selection hypothesis. To adjudicate between the two hypotheses, we study the effects of completing college on earnings by propensity score strata using an innovative hierarchical linear model with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. For both cohorts, for both men and women, and for every observed stage of the life course, we find evidence suggesting negative selection. Results from auxiliary analyses lend further support to the negative selection hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brand, Jennie E. and Yu Xie. "Who Benefits Most from College? Evidence for Negative Selection in Heterogeneous Economic Returns to Higher Education." American Sociological Review 75,2 (April 2010): 273-302.
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803. |
Brand, Jennie E. Xie, Yu Moore, Ravaris L. |
Effects of Parental Divorce on Children's Psychosocial Skills Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Age at First Intercourse; Depression (see also CESD); Divorce; Educational Outcomes; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Social Emotional Development Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A large literature suggests parental divorce leads to worse educational and socioeconomic outcomes among children. A recent study by Kim (2011) highlights the role of parental divorce in the development of children's cognitive and noncognitive skills. However, we contend that the development literature points to important asymmetry between these skills. While cognitive skills stabilize relatively early in childhood, psychosocial skills evolve and change through young childhood, thus allowing family environments to play a sizeable role in shaping psychosocial skills. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the National Longitudinal Survey's Child-Mother file (NLSCM), we assess the effects of parental divorce on children's psychosocial skills. We also evaluate the degree to which psychosocial skills mediate the relationship between parental divorce and children's educational outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brand, Jennie E., Yu Xie and Ravaris L. Moore. "Effects of Parental Divorce on Children's Psychosocial Skills." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
804. |
Brand, Jennie E. Xu, Jiahui Koch, Bernard Geraldo, Pablo |
Uncovering Sociological Effect Heterogeneity Using Tree-Based Machine Learning Sociological Methodology published online (4 March 2021): DOI: 10.1177/0081175021993503. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0081175021993503 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Heterogeneity; Methods/Methodology; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Individuals do not respond uniformly to treatments, such as events or interventions. Sociologists routinely partition samples into subgroups to explore how the effects of treatments vary by selected covariates, such as race and gender, on the basis of theoretical priors. Data-driven discoveries are also routine, yet the analyses by which sociologists typically go about them are often problematic and seldom move us beyond our biases to explore new meaningful subgroups. Emerging machine learning methods based on decision trees allow researchers to explore sources of variation that they may not have previously considered or envisaged. In this article, the authors use tree-based machine learning, that is, causal trees, to recursively partition the sample to uncover sources of effect heterogeneity. Assessing a central topic in social inequality, college effects on wages, the authors compare what is learned from covariate and propensity score–based partitioning approaches with recursive partitioning based on causal trees. Decision trees, although superseded by forests for estimation, can be used to uncover subpopulations responsive to treatments. Using observational data, the authors expand on the existing causal tree literature by applying leaf-specific effect estimation strategies to adjust for observed confounding, including inverse propensity weighting, nearest neighbor matching, and doubly robust causal forests. We also assess localized balance metrics and sensitivity analyses to address the possibility of differential imbalance and unobserved confounding. The authors encourage researchers to follow similar data exploration practices in their work on variation in sociological effects and offer a straightforward framework by which to do so. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brand, Jennie E., Jiahui Xu, Bernard Koch and Pablo Geraldo. "Uncovering Sociological Effect Heterogeneity Using Tree-Based Machine Learning." Sociological Methodology published online (4 March 2021): DOI: 10.1177/0081175021993503.
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805. |
Branden, Laura Gritz, R. Mark Pergamit, Michael R. |
Effect of Interview Length on Attrition in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth NLS Discussion Paper No. 95-28, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, March 1995. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl950030.htm Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Attrition; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Interviewing Method; Nonresponse; Sample Selection In this paper, we examine the effect of interview length on wave nonresponse in a longitudinal survey, controlling for respondent-specific characteristics known to affect survey response. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a sample of over 10,000 individuals who were 14-22 years old when first interviewed in 1979. These individuals have been interviewed annually every year since then, providing 16 years of data. The interviews have been conducted in person in all years except one. Unlike the CPS or SIPP, the NLSY does not allow proxy responses. The NLSY attempts to interview virtually all living respondents each year. Over the years, the length of the interview has varied. It also varies substantially across individuals in the sample within years. A transition probability model is estimated using hazard equations. Holding constant personal, demographic, and environmental factors known to influence survey response as well as several measures of respondent attitude and cooperation, we find that longer interview length is associated with sample retention. Hypothesizing that interview length may proxy for some uncontrolled dimension of respondent cooperation, an alternative measure to interview length, namely the number of questions asked, was constructed. Reestimating the hazards with this variable generates similar findings. We conjecture that survey length, whether measured in minutes or number of questions asked, measures the saliency or applicability of the survey to the respondent. Those respondents who possess the characteristics most important to the content of the survey have the longest interviews but are also the most interested. The policy prescription we propose is to design survey instruments which include sets of questions applicable to all respondents, focusing less on the average length of the interview and more on the range of potential interview lengths. |
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Bibliography Citation
Branden, Laura, R. Mark Gritz and Michael R. Pergamit. "Effect of Interview Length on Attrition in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." NLS Discussion Paper No. 95-28, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, March 1995. |
806. |
Branden, Laura Pergamit, Michael R. |
Response Error in Reporting Starting Wages Presented: Danvers, MA, American Association of Public Opinion Research Annual Conference, May 1994 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: American Association of Public Opinion Research Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wage Determination; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Human capital models in labor economics emphasize, among other things, the returns to tenure on a job. While longitudinal data improve these measures compared with cross-sectional data, complete wage profiles for an individual in any household data set do not exist. Generally, the available data consist of a series of contemporaneous wage observations gathered at infrequent intervals, usually once each year. This is the standard in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and in the various National Longitudinal Surveys, the primary longitudinal data sets in labor economics. Since it is unlikely that we observe a person exactly when they begin their job, we must retrospectively ask their starting wage. Retrospective questions tax people's memories in different ways depending on the nature of the information to be retrieved, how it is stored in memory, the length of recall required, the saliency of the event, etc. Starting wages are expected to be perhaps the most easily recalled wages other than the current wage because the starting wage is connected with a specific event, i.e. beginning work for a given employer. Therefore, an investigation of individuals' reports of starting wages are probably the most accurate of any wage reports other than their current wage. In this paper, we use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), taking advantage of a skip pattern error which resulted in re-asking most of the sample about the starting wage for their employer at two consecutive interviews. Because we never know the true starting wage, this paper examines the consistency in response between the two answers given at two different interviews, roughly one year apart. |
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Bibliography Citation
Branden, Laura and Michael R. Pergamit. "Response Error in Reporting Starting Wages." Presented: Danvers, MA, American Association of Public Opinion Research Annual Conference, May 1994. |
807. |
Branstad, Jennifer |
Career Trajectories of Young Adults: Comparing Two Cohorts of the NLSY Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Family Formation; Gender Differences; Life Course; Marriage; Parenthood; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, I examine life trajectories of young adults in their twenties to test the theory that paths to adulthood have become less standardized and more individualized over the last few decades. Combining optimal-matching and cluster analysis of monthly sequences with multinomial regression analysis, I identify common pathways to adulthood for respondents of two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth and test the effects of cohort and gender on pathway. I find that while some researchers have suggested that contemporary young adults should follow less standardized paths because of changes in the labor market, chiefly increased flexibility in the employer-employee relationship, and changes in norms, especially in the extension of adolescence and young adulthood, in actuality, the trajectories of young adults in the 2000's are more standardized than the trajectories of young adults in the 1980's. However, this increase in standardization is largely driven by the decline of early family formation--especially married-parenthood--among young adults in the 2000's. I find that decreased family formation is coupled with increased standardization of life paths in the twenties. I also show that the paths of young women in the 1980's are the least standardized, due to a diverse set of employment and family formation trajectories. |
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Bibliography Citation
Branstad, Jennifer. "Career Trajectories of Young Adults: Comparing Two Cohorts of the NLSY." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
808. |
Branstad, Jennifer |
Early Careers and Life Course Transitions for Three Cohorts of Young Adults Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Family Formation; Life Course; Marriage; Mobility, Labor Market; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a mixed-method approach and data from two cohorts of young adults, I investigate how employment structures and economic contexts influence individuals' movement through the labor market and how their labor market experiences are linked to other spheres of life, chiefly marriage and parenthood. In Chapter 2, I evaluate how employment transitions affect wage level and wage growth. Contrary to expectations, I find that voluntary mobility in the early career period has not increased and, in fact, workers in the 1980s have more employers in their early careers than workers in the 2000s. While moving from job-to-job increases wages for workers in both the 1980s and 2000s, both the prevalence and negative consequences of involuntary mobility is lower for workers in the 2000s. These findings suggest that there is less scarring from non-voluntary mobility for contemporary young adults and that voluntary, strategic mobility can be used to build financially rewarding careers. In Chapter 3, I compare sequences of employment, school, marriage and parenthood for two cohorts of young adults. I find that there has been a substantial increase in the concentration of young adults in trajectories defined by education and employment suggesting that contemporary young adults are prioritizing attending college and establishing their careers over starting a family in their 20s. This finding is especially pronounced for women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Branstad, Jennifer. Early Careers and Life Course Transitions for Three Cohorts of Young Adults. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2017. |
809. |
Bratberg, Espen Davis, Jonathan Mazumder, Bhashkar Nybom, Martin Schnitzlein, Daniel Vaage, Kjell |
A Comparison of Intergenerational Mobility Curves in Germany, Norway, Sweden and the U.S. Working Paper in Economics No. 1/15, Department of Economics, University of Bergen, Norway, February 2015. Also: http://www.uib.no/sites/w3.uib.no/files/attachments/working_paper_01-15.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Bergen, Norway Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Family Income; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Income Distribution; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Norway, Norwegian; Sweden, Swedish Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use two non-parametric measures to characterize intergenerational mobility (IGM) throughout the income distribution: Rank Mobility and Income Share Mobility. We examine differences in these IGM curves between Germany, Norway, Sweden and the United States using comparable samples. Although we find that these curves are approximately linear through most of the income distribution, non-linearities are important in describing cross-country differences. The linear representations of these curves lead to different conclusions regarding cross-country differences depending on the measure. Using ranks, we find that the U.S. is substantially less intergenerationally mobile than the three European countries which have fairly similar degrees of rank mobility. Despite the substantial heterogeneity in intergenerational rank mobility within the U.S., we show that the most mobile region of the U.S. is still less mobile than the least mobile regions of Norway and Sweden. When we use a linear estimator of Income Share Mobility we find that the four countries have very similar rates of IGM. However, there are some notable cross-country differences at the bottom and the top of the income distribution for both types of mobility. For example, the U.S. tends to experience lower upward mobility at the very bottom of the income distribution according to both measures. We conclude that researchers should be careful in drawing conclusions regarding cross-country differences in intergenerational mobility given that the results may be sensitive to the concept being used and to non-linearities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bratberg, Espen, Jonathan Davis, Bhashkar Mazumder, Martin Nybom, Daniel Schnitzlein and Kjell Vaage. "A Comparison of Intergenerational Mobility Curves in Germany, Norway, Sweden and the U.S." Working Paper in Economics No. 1/15, Department of Economics, University of Bergen, Norway, February 2015. |
810. |
Bratsberg, Bernt Ragan, James F. Jr. |
Have Unions Impeded Growing Wage Dispersion Among Young Workers? Journal of Labor Research 18,4 (December 1997): 593-612. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/0l431u0073189177/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: John M. Olin Institute at George Mason University Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Skills; Unions; Wage Equations; Wage Gap; Wages, Young Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Wage inequality is examined for young males over the period 1980-1993. While wage inequality increased substantially for nonunion workers over this period, wage inequality increased only modestly for union workers. In part, this difference results from divergent trends in skill prices -returns to skill rose in the nonunion sector but contracted slightly in the union sector. In particular, returns to education increased sharply in the nonunion sector while remaining stagnant in the union sector. At least for young workers, these findings suggest that unions have been largely successful in resisting market pressures for greater wage inequality. We also uncover evidence suggesting that, as relative returns to education decline in the union sector, highly educated young workers become less likely to choose union employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bratsberg, Bernt and James F. Jr. Ragan. "Have Unions Impeded Growing Wage Dispersion Among Young Workers?" Journal of Labor Research 18,4 (December 1997): 593-612.
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811. |
Bratsberg, Bernt Ragan, James F. Jr. |
The Impact of Host-Country Schooling on Earnings: A Study of Male Immigrants in the United States Journal of Human Resources 37,1 (Winter 2002): 63-105. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3069604 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Immigrants; Language Aptitude; Male Sample; Schooling; Wages Immigrants in the United States who acquire U.S. schooling earn higher wages than other immigrants. Using data from the U.S. censuses and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we show that this wage advantage results from both greater educational attainment and higher returns to education. The higher returns are not the consequence of ability bias or greater English proficiency of those who acquire U.S. schooling. Returns to years of non-U.S. education are higher for immigrants who complete their schooling in the United States, consistent with the view that U.S. schooling upgrades or certifies education received in the source country. For those without U.S. schooling, returns are higher for immigrants from highly developed countries and countries for which English is an official language. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bratsberg, Bernt and James F. Jr. Ragan. "The Impact of Host-Country Schooling on Earnings: A Study of Male Immigrants in the United States." Journal of Human Resources 37,1 (Winter 2002): 63-105.
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812. |
Bratsberg, Bernt Ragan, James F. Jr. Nasir, Zafar Mueen |
The Effect of Naturalization on Wage Growth: A Panel Study of Young Male Immigrants Journal of Labor Economics 20,3 (July 2002). Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/339616 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Census of Population; Human Capital; Immigrants; Labor Force Participation; Unions; Wage Growth; Work History For young male immigrants, naturalization facilitates assimilation into the U.S. labor market. Following naturalization, immigrants gain access to public-sector, white-collar, and union jobs, and wage growth accelerates. These findings are consistent with the proposition that naturalization fosters labor market success of immigrants by removing barriers to employment. Although the faster wage growth of immigrants who naturalize might alternatively be explained by greater human capital investment prior to naturalization, stemming from a long-term commitment to U.S. labor markets, there is no evidence that wage growth accelerates or that the distribution of jobs improves until after citizenship is attained. Finally, the gains from naturalization are greater for immigrants from less-developed countries and persist when we control for unobserved productivity characteristics of workers. (See also, Nasir, Zaffar M. as alternative spelling for author's name.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Bratsberg, Bernt, James F. Jr. Ragan and Zafar Mueen Nasir. "The Effect of Naturalization on Wage Growth: A Panel Study of Young Male Immigrants." Journal of Labor Economics 20,3 (July 2002).
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813. |
Bratsberg, Bernt Roed, Knut Raaum, Oddbjorn Naylor, Robin Jantti, Markus Eriksson, Tor Osterbacka, Eva |
Nonlinearities in Intergenerational Earnings Mobility: Consequences for Cross-Country Comparisons Economic Journal 117,519 (March 2007), C72-C92. Also: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02036.x Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Royal Economic Society (RES) Keyword(s): Britain, British; Cross-national Analysis; Denmark, Danish; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Fathers and Sons; Finland, Finnish; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Norway, Norwegian; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We show that the patterns of intergenerational earnings mobility in Denmark, Finland and Norway, unlike those for the US and the UK, are highly nonlinear. The Nordic relationship between log earnings of sons and fathers is flat in the lower segments of the fathers earnings distribution – sons growing up in the poorest households have the same adult earnings prospects as sons in moderately poor households – and is increasingly positive in middle and upper segments. This convex pattern contrasts sharply with our findings for the US and the UK, where the relationship is much closer to being linear. As a result, cross-country comparisons of intergenerational earnings elasticities may be misleading with respect to transmission mechanisms in the central parts of the earnings distribution and uninformative in the tails of the distribution. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bratsberg, Bernt, Knut Roed, Oddbjorn Raaum, Robin Naylor, Markus Jantti, Tor Eriksson and Eva Osterbacka. "Nonlinearities in Intergenerational Earnings Mobility: Consequences for Cross-Country Comparisons ." Economic Journal 117,519 (March 2007), C72-C92.
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814. |
Bratsberg, Bernt Terrell, Dek |
Experience, Tenure, and Wage Growth of Young Black and White Men Journal of Human Resources 33,3 (Summer 1998): 658-682. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146337 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): High School Completion/Graduates; Job Tenure; Racial Differences; Wage Growth; Work Experience This paper studies the source of differences in wage growth between young black and white workers. Focusing on "terminal" high school graduates from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimate the returns to on-the-job tenure and general labor market experience using ordinary least squares, Altonji and Shakotko, and Topel estimators. Results from all three estimators indicate that for black workers returns to general experience trail those for white workers, but that black workers earn equal if not higher returns to tenure than do white workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bratsberg, Bernt and Dek Terrell. "Experience, Tenure, and Wage Growth of Young Black and White Men." Journal of Human Resources 33,3 (Summer 1998): 658-682.
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815. |
Bratsberg, Bernt Turunen, Jarkko |
Wage Curve Evidence from Panel Data Economics Letters 51,3 (June 1996): 345-353. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016517659600818X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Local Labor Market; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Regions; Wage Equations We examine the US wage curve using longitudinal micro data. Results support the wage curve. but are sensitive to inclusion of regional and/or personal fixed effects. We find that hourly wages are less responsive to local unemployment than annual earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bratsberg, Bernt and Jarkko Turunen. "Wage Curve Evidence from Panel Data." Economics Letters 51,3 (June 1996): 345-353.
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816. |
Brauer, John |
Dynamic Skill Development and Labor Market Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2019 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Choice; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Differences; Skill Formation; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter investigates the presence of statistical discrimination in the labor market. The Children of the NLSY79 data are used to link early-age home environment measures to educational attainment measures and labor market outcomes. While both black and white children with higher measured home inputs sort into higher levels of educational attainment, this positive sorting pattern is significantly stronger for black children. Estimates also reveal that, after controlling for a variety of skill measures, the residual black-white wage gap is large for high school dropouts and narrows rapidly with additional educational attainment. For college-goers, measured skills can account for the entire black-white wage gap. These patterns are consistent with a scenario in which employers use both race and education credentials to form expectations about elements of worker productivity formed through early-age inputs. Under plausible and partially testable identifying assumptions, the results imply that a portion of the black-white wage gap for low-education workers reflects statistical discrimination in the labor market. Skill development in college and on the job can depend not only on the quality of investments but also on the order in which these investments are made. The second chapter explores which types of occupational investments complement college best when performed before college entry and which types are more productive after college completion. A learning-by-doing model with both college entry timing and early-career occupation choices produces several key insights. Data from the NLSY79 are linked with abstract and routine occupational task content data, and relationships between college entry timing, early-career occupation choices, and future earnings trajectories are documented. Estimates suggest that abstract-intensive occupations are more beneficial for skill development just after college, whereas routine-intensive occupations are more beneficial for skill development before college. Accordingly, delayed college entrants choose more routine-intensive early-career occupations, and immediate college entrants choose more abstract-intensive early-career occupations. The results also indicate that high school graduates with high levels of abstract skills face the largest penalty for delaying college entry. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brauer, John. Dynamic Skill Development and Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2019. |
817. |
Bray, Jeremy W. |
Alcohol Use, Human Capital, and Wages Journal of Labor Economics 23,2 (April 2005): 279-312. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/428025 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Educational Returns; Human Capital; Wages; Work Experience This article develops and estimates a model of wage determination that isolates the effects of alcohol use on wages as mediated through human capital accumulation. Although generally insignificant, estimation results suggest that moderate alcohol use while in school or working has a positive effect on the returns to education or experience, and therefore on human capital accumulation, but heavier drinking reduces this gain slightly. Based on these results, alcohol use does not appear to adversely affect returns to education or work experience and therefore has no negative effect on the efficiency of education or experience in forming human capital. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bray, Jeremy W. "Alcohol Use, Human Capital, and Wages." Journal of Labor Economics 23,2 (April 2005): 279-312.
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818. |
Breen, Richard Choi, Seongsoo Holm, Anders |
Heterogeneous Causal Effects and Sample Selection Bias Sociological Science published online (8 July 2015): DOI: 10.15195/v2.a17. Also: https://www.sociologicalscience.com/articles-v2-17-351/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sociological Science Keyword(s): College Degree; Educational Returns; Heterogeneity; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The role of education in the process of socioeconomic attainment is a topic of long standing interest to sociologists and economists. Recently there has been growing interest not only in estimating the average causal effect of education on outcomes such as earnings, but also in estimating how causal effects might vary over individuals or groups. In this paper we point out one of the under-appreciated hazards of seeking to estimate heterogeneous causal effects: conventional selection bias (that is, selection on baseline differences) can easily be mistaken for heterogeneity of causal effects. This might lead us to find heterogeneous effects when the true effect is homogenous, or to wrongly estimate not only the magnitude but also the sign of heterogeneous effects. We apply a test for the robustness of heterogeneous causal effects in the face of varying degrees and patterns of selection bias, and we illustrate our arguments and our method using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Breen, Richard, Seongsoo Choi and Anders Holm. "Heterogeneous Causal Effects and Sample Selection Bias." Sociological Science published online (8 July 2015): DOI: 10.15195/v2.a17.
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819. |
Breen, Richard Chung, Inkwan |
Income Inequality and Education Sociological Science 2 (August 2015): 454-477. Also: https://www.sociologicalscience.com/download/volume-2/august/SocSci_v2_454to477.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sociological Science Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Income Distribution; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many commentators have seen the growing gap in earnings and income between those with a college education and those without as a major cause of increasing inequality in the United States and elsewhere. In this article we investigate the extent to which increasing the educational attainment of the US population might ameliorate inequality. We use data from NLSY79 and carry out a three-level decomposition of total inequality into within-person, between-person and between education parts. We find that the between-education contribution to inequality is small, even when we consider only adjusted inequality that omits the within-person component. We carry out a number of simulations to gauge the likely impact on inequality of changes in the distribution of education and of a narrowing of the differences in average incomes between those with different levels of education. We find that any feasible educational policy is likely to have only a minor impact on income inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Breen, Richard and Inkwan Chung. "Income Inequality and Education." Sociological Science 2 (August 2015): 454-477.
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820. |
Breinholt, Asta |
Does Education Homogenize Parenting Practices? Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Parenting Skills/Styles; Sisters Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines whether education homogenizes mothers' engagement in cognitively stimulating parenting. The alternative is that highly educated mothers were already a homogeneous group before earning their degree. Using data from the NLSY-CYA, I jointly analyze differences between educational groups in the mean and variance of cognitively stimulating parenting using a variance function regression. To address selection, I exploit NLSY-CYA data on the parenting of adult sisters to apply a fixed effect design, controlling for unobserved characteristics of the mother's origin family. I contribute three main findings. First, descriptively, I find much higher variance in cognitively stimulating parenting among low educated mothers compared to higher educated mothers. Second, I find that observed characteristics of the origin family partially and unobserved characteristics of the origin family fully explain the differences in variance in cognitively stimulating parenting between low and highly educated mothers, which suggests that highly educated mothers were a more homogeneous group before earning their degree. Third, I find that mean differences in cognitively stimulating parenting between low and highly educated mothers persist after controlling for unobserved characteristics of the mother's origin family supporting the hypothesis that education increases engagement in cognitively stimulating parenting. |
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Bibliography Citation
Breinholt, Asta. "Does Education Homogenize Parenting Practices?" Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018. |
821. |
Breinholt, Asta |
What's Love Got to Do with It? The Emotional Climate of the Home, Cultural Capital, and Children's Educational Performance Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Home Environment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parental Investments; Parenting Skills/Styles; Punishment, Corporal; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the study of the intergenerational transmission of inequality, cultural capital accounts have neglected the emotional climate of the home. This paper investigates whether the emotional climate of the home moderates the effect of cultural capital on children's educational performance. I use data on children aged 6-7 from the NLSY79-CYA from 1986-2006. To address unobserved characteristics affecting both parenting and children's educational performance, I compare the parenting of grown-up sisters and apply fixed effect models. In line with previous studies, I find a negative effect of physical punishment and a positive effect of parents' active cultural investments on children's educational performance. Surprisingly, parents' emotional responsiveness does not affect children's educational performance. Neither emotional responsiveness nor physical punishment moderates the effect of parents' active cultural investments on educational performance. This may be due to unobserved characteristics affecting both educational performance and the co-presence of physical punishment and parents' active cultural investments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Breinholt, Asta. "What's Love Got to Do with It? The Emotional Climate of the Home, Cultural Capital, and Children's Educational Performance." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
822. |
Brewer, Russell Cale, Jesse Goldsmith, Andrew Holt, Thomas J. Logos, Katie Whitten, Tyson |
Exploring the Role of Self-Control Across Distinct Patterns of Cyber-Deviance in Emerging Adolescence International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology published online (4 January 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X231220011 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Cyber-Deviance; Self-Control/Self-Regulation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A disproportionally large number of adolescents engage in cyber-deviance. However, it is unclear if distinct patterns of adolescent cyber-deviance are evident, and if so, whether and to what extent low self-control is associated with different patterns of cyber-deviance. The current study addressed this research gap by examining the relationship between self-control and distinct latent classes of adolescent cyber-deviance net of potential confounders among a cross-sectional sample of 1793 South Australian adolescents. Four latent classes were identified, each characterized by varying probabilities of involvement in six types of cyber-deviance that were measured. The versatile class (n = 413) had the lowest average level of self-control, followed by the harmful content users (n = 439) and digital piracy (n = 356) classes, with the abstainer class (n = 585) characterized by the highest self-control. Analysis of covariance indicated that the abstainer group had significantly higher self-control than other classes of cyber-deviance. Although the versatile class had noticeably lower average self-control scores than the harmful content users and digital piracy groups, this difference was not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. Collectively, these findings suggest that self-control appears to distinguish between those who do and do not engage in cyber-deviance but may not distinguish between distinct patterns of cyber-deviance net of other factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brewer, Russell, Jesse Cale, Andrew Goldsmith, Thomas J. Holt, Katie Logos and Tyson Whitten. "Exploring the Role of Self-Control Across Distinct Patterns of Cyber-Deviance in Emerging Adolescence." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology published online (4 January 2024).
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823. |
Brien, Michael J. Willis, Robert J. |
Estimating the Child Support Potential of Nonresident Fathers and the Partners of Welfare Mothers Working Paper, University of Virginia and University of Michigan, August 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Influence; Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper attempts to measure the extent of the potential resources that could be provided by the fathers of children born to women who either subsequently participate in welfare programs or do not reside with the father of their child. We construct a profile of the potential support available to a child over the first 18 years of the child's life. To circumvent problems associated with the lack of data on absent partners, we use a statistical matching procedure that allows us to link mothers and fathers. The analysis uses data from the National Maternal and Infant Health Survey and the National Longitudinal Study of Youth. The evidence suggests that these men are able to provide a substantial level of support. This support could help alleviate the high level of poverty among these families and defer public expenditures on their behalf. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brien, Michael J. and Robert J. Willis. "Estimating the Child Support Potential of Nonresident Fathers and the Partners of Welfare Mothers." Working Paper, University of Virginia and University of Michigan, August 1997. |
824. |
Brien, Michael J. Willis, Robert J. |
The Partners of Welfare Mothers. Potential Earnings and Child Support The Future of Children: Welfare to Work 7,1 (Spring 1997). Also: http://www.futureofchildren.org/pubs-info2825/pubs-info_show.htm?doc_id=72223 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Princeton - Brookings Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Support; Fathers, Absence; Fertility; Mothers, Race; Racial Differences; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Public interest in promoting the self-sufficiency of families that depend on welfare concerns the ability of fathers, as well as mothers, to support their children through employment. Many welfare recipients are never-married women, and their children seldom receive child support payments. This article estimates the financial resources that go untapped when child support is not collected from the men who father children who later receive AFDC benefits. While these men may earn little at the time the child is born their incomes are likely to escalate over time. The child support payments they would make over the child's first 18 years equal almost half of the welfare benefit received by the mother and child. Based on these probable long-term earnings, the authors urge policymakers to invest in efforts to establish paternity and collect child support. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brien, Michael J. and Robert J. Willis. "The Partners of Welfare Mothers. Potential Earnings and Child Support ." The Future of Children: Welfare to Work 7,1 (Spring 1997).
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825. |
Brinig, Margaret F. Allen, Douglas W. |
Child Support Guidelines and Divorce Rates Notre Dame Legal Studies Research Paper No: 10-19, Notre Dame Law School, June 2010. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1638133 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Notre Dame Law School Keyword(s): Child Support; Divorce; Marital Status; Modeling; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A child support guideline is a formula used to calculate support payments based on a few family characteristics. Guidelines began replacing court awarded support payments in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and were later mandated by the federal government in 1988. Two fundamentally different types of guidelines are used: percentage of obligor income, and income shares models. This paper explores the incentives to divorce under the two schemes, and uses the NLSY data set to test the key predictions. We find that percentage of obligor income models are destabilizing for families with high incomes. This may explain why several states have converted from obligor to income share models, and it provides a subtle lesson to the no-fault divorce debate. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brinig, Margaret F. and Douglas W. Allen. "Child Support Guidelines and Divorce Rates." Notre Dame Legal Studies Research Paper No: 10-19, Notre Dame Law School, June 2010. |
826. |
Britt, Sonya L. Huston, Sandra |
The Role of Money Arguments in Marriage Journal of Family and Economic Issues 33,4 (December 2012): 464-476. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10834-012-9304-5 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Divorce; Expectations/Intentions; Income; Marital Conflict; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the paucity of empirical evidence indicating the impact of money arguments on spousal relationship outcomes, it is common belief that money plays a large role in the life of couples. This study used panel data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth to examine how money-related arguments affect the marital relationship. Economic theory indicates that initial expectations about the marriage and variance in expectations are both important in predicting relationship satisfaction and divorce. Money arguments were modeled as a sign of the lack of investment in spousal-specific capital and were hypothesized to negatively impact relationship quality. Results suggest that money arguments are an important indicator of relationship satisfaction, but are not as influential in predicting divorce. Both the approach used to model money arguments and the empirical results can be used by marriage therapists and financial counselors to help couples understand and improve the benefits received through marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Britt, Sonya L. and Sandra Huston. "The Role of Money Arguments in Marriage." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 33,4 (December 2012): 464-476.
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827. |
Britt, Sonya L. Huston, Sandra Durband, Dorothy B. |
The Determinants of Money Arguments between Spouses Journal of Financial Therapy 1,1 (2010): 253. Also: http://jftonline.org/journals/jft/article/view/253 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Financial Therapy Association Keyword(s): Collective Bargaining; Financial Investments; Marital Conflict; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Wives, Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A commonly held view is that arguments about money are associated with marital problems, but relatively little is known about the nature of arguing about money within marriage. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), this study uses a collective bargaining approach to examine the role of money arguments in marriage. The sample (N = 1,371) consists of married women. A collective bargaining framework provides a context for understanding money arguments within the marital relationship. Results indicate that costly communication is the dominant predictor of money arguments, followed by level and proportion of wife’s income, and household net worth. Because results suggest that both communication and financial resources are important components to understanding money arguments within marriage, a combination of professionals trained in marital therapy and/or financial planning is required for couples interested in seeking assistance to increase their satisfaction and/or avoid divorce. |
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Bibliography Citation
Britt, Sonya L., Sandra Huston and Dorothy B. Durband. "The Determinants of Money Arguments between Spouses ." Journal of Financial Therapy 1,1 (2010): 253.
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828. |
Bronars, Stephen G. Moore, Carol S. |
Incentive Pay, Information, and Earnings: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth NLS Discussion Paper No. 95-23, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1995. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl950020.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Educational Attainment; Job Requirements; Layoffs; Modeling; Quits; Wage Growth Incentive pay mechanisms, such as piece rates, bonuses, tips, profit sharing and commissions base an employee's pay on her individual productivity and not merely her time input. Incentive pay (IP) is expected to play an important role in mitigating the problems of incomplete and asymmetric information in internal labor markets. The key economic insight of this proposal is that jobs which offer IP have relatively lower costs of monitoring a worker's marginal revenue product or performance. Thus a comparison of IP and time-wage jobs can yield a number of empirical tests of information-based models of the labor market. In this proposal we outline empirical tests of information-based models of discrimination and wage-tenure profiles that rely on comparisons of the earnings and employment histories of workers in IP and time-wage jobs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bronars, Stephen G. and Carol S. Moore. "Incentive Pay, Information, and Earnings: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." NLS Discussion Paper No. 95-23, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1995. |
829. |
Bronars, Stephen G. Oettinger, Gerald S. |
Estimates of the Return to Schooling and Ability: Evidence From Sibling Data Labour Economics 13,1 (February 2006): 19-34. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537104000983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Aptitude; Educational Returns; Human Capital; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Occupational Choice; Schooling; Siblings; Skills; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels; Wages Abstract: We use sibling data on wages, schooling, and aptitude test scores from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to obtain OLS, family fixed effects, and fixed effects instrumental variable estimates of the return to schooling for a large sample of non-twin siblings. Following recent studies that use identical twin samples, we use sibling-reported schooling as an instrument for self-reported schooling. Controlling for aptitude test scores has a substantial impact on estimated returns to schooling even within families, and there is a large return to test scores that is comparable in size within and between families. We also find that the return to schooling is higher for older brothers than for younger brothers and for women than men. Finally, because the NLSY79 contains multiple sibling reports of education for the same individual, we are able to test and reject the overidentifying restrictions for the validity of sibling-reported schooling as an instrumental variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR; Copyright 2006 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Bronars, Stephen G. and Gerald S. Oettinger. "Estimates of the Return to Schooling and Ability: Evidence From Sibling Data." Labour Economics 13,1 (February 2006): 19-34.
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830. |
Bronchetti, Erin Todd McInerney, Melissa P. |
What Determines Employer Accommodation of Injured Workers? The Influence of Workers' Compensation Costs, State Policies, and Case Characteristics Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) Review, 68, 3 (May 2015): 558–583. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Firm Size; Geocoded Data; Health and Retirement Study (HRS); Injuries, Workplace; State-Level Data/Policy Despite a recent dramatic increase in the rate of employer accommodation of injured workers, the extant literature provides little evidence on the determinants of accommodation or the reasons for this upward trend. In this study, the authors take a comprehensive approach to estimating the determinants of workplace accommodation, assessing the influence of employer workers' compensation (WC) costs; WC market features and state WC laws; and characteristics of firms, injured workers, and their injuries. Using state-level data from the BLS, they find that employer WC costs, WC market features, and state return-to-work (RTW) policies all have an impact on accommodation, but the effects are small and explain only one-fifth of the increase in restricted work. With data on injured workers from the NLSY79 and HRS, the authors study case-specific determinants of accommodation. Results suggest that employer and injury characteristics matter most, and these results are consistent with accommodation occurring mostly at large, experience-rated employers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bronchetti, Erin Todd and Melissa P. McInerney. "What Determines Employer Accommodation of Injured Workers? The Influence of Workers' Compensation Costs, State Policies, and Case Characteristics ." Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) Review, 68, 3 (May 2015): 558–583.
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831. |
Bronson, Deborah Richey |
Gender and the Journey-To-Work: Commuting Behavior and Reward Systems in the American Workplace M.A. Thesis, Mississippi State University, May 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Commuting/Type, Time, Method; Discrimination, Sex; Earnings; Economics of Discrimination; Job Satisfaction; Sex Roles Women's economic inequality and their work trip time relative to men's have both been documented consistently in the literature. Recently, the relationship has been considered important. The purpose of this study was three-fold. One was to review the relationship between work trip time and earnings. Next, gender role ideology was introduced into the study. Finally, intangible rewards measured as job satisfaction were examined. The thesis addressed three research questions. First, is there a relationship between a person's journey-to-work and their earnings? Second, is there a relationship between a person's gender role ideology, travel, and earnings? Finally, is there a relationship between travel and job satisfaction? Analysis-of-variance and multiple regression were the techniques used in the analysis of the data. Findings from the study indicate that there is a small positive relationship between journey-to-work time and earnings, but this may, in fact, be spurious. Gender role ideology and job satisfaction were not significant predictors of travel time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bronson, Deborah Richey. Gender and the Journey-To-Work: Commuting Behavior and Reward Systems in the American Workplace. M.A. Thesis, Mississippi State University, May 1995. |
832. |
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Baydar, Nazli |
Effects of Child-Care Arrangements on Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes in 3- and 4-Year-Olds: Evidence from the Children of the NLSY Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; General Assessment; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Effects of early childhood care experience using data from the Children of the NLSY are examined, focusing on patterns of child care over the first three years of life and their effects on black and white and poor and non-poor 3- and 4-year olds. Child verbal ability (PPVT-R) was associated with early child-care arrangements for white children living in poverty, such that: (1) grandmother care was the optimal form of early care; (2) care by relatives other than mothers and grandmothers exerts a negative effect; (3) the transition to center-based care in the second year of life was negative, compared to grandmother or mother care; and (4) the transition to center-based care in the third year was not negative. Small but significant maternal employment effects are seen for employment in the first but not the second or third years of the child's life. For employed mothers, type of child care used in the first, but not the second and third years of life, is associated with PPVT-R scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne and Nazli Baydar. "Effects of Child-Care Arrangements on Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes in 3- and 4-Year-Olds: Evidence from the Children of the NLSY." Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991. |
833. |
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Brown, Brett V. Duncan, Greg J. Moore, Kristin Anderson |
Child Development in the Context of Family and Community Resources: An Agenda for National Data Collections In: Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics and Board on Children and Families, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995: pp. 27-97. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309052491/html/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Child Development; Overview, Child Assessment Data In this paper we suggest specific national data collection projects that could improve research on child and adolescent development. Our explicit aim is to encourage continued expansion of both the outcome domains covered and the explanatory variables measured, to enhance the richness and quality of the data obtained, and to improve the representativeness of the samples that are drawn. These improvements would serve both the policy and academic research communities in their efforts to specify and estimate causal models of child, adolescent, and young adult behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, Brett V. Brown, Greg J. Duncan and Kristin Anderson Moore. "Child Development in the Context of Family and Community Resources: An Agenda for National Data Collections" In: Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics and Board on Children and Families, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995: pp. 27-97.
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834. |
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Duncan, Greg J. |
The Effects of Poverty on Children The Future of Children: Children and Poverty 7,2 (Summer/Fall 1997): 55-71. Also: http://www.princeton.edu/futureofchildren/publications/docs/07_02_03.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Princeton - Brookings Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Children; Children, Home Environment; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; School Completion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although hundreds of studies have documented the association between family poverty and children's health achievement and behavior few measure the effects of the timing depth and duration of poverty on children, and many fail to adjust for other family characteristics (for example, female headship, mother's age, and schooling) that may account for much of the observed correlation between poverty and child outcomes. This article focuses on a recent set of studies that explore the relationship between poverty and child outcomes in depth. By and large, this research supports the conclusion that family income has selective but, in some instances, quite substantial effects on child and adolescent well-being. Family income appears to be more strongly related to children's ability and achievement than to their emotional outcomes. Children who live in extreme poverty or who live below the poverty line for multiple years appear, all other things being equal, to suffer the worst outcomes. The timing of poverty also seems to be important for certain child outcomes. Children who experience poverty during their preschool and early school years have lower rates of school completion than children and adolescents who experience poverty only in later years. Although more research is needed on the significance of the timing of poverty on child outcomes, findings to date suggest that interventions during early childhood may be most important in reducing poverty's impact on children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne and Greg J. Duncan. "The Effects of Poverty on Children." The Future of Children: Children and Poverty 7,2 (Summer/Fall 1997): 55-71.
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835. |
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Duncan, Greg J. Britto, Pia Rebello |
Are Socioeconomic Gradients for Children Similar to Those for Adults?: Achievement and Health of Children in the United States? In: Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations: Social, Biological, and Educational Dynamics. D. Keating and C. Hertzman, eds., New York: Guilford Press, 1999: 94-124 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Guilford Publications Keyword(s): Child Health; Children, Poverty; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Motor and Social Development (MSD); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Excerpt from chapter: The data reported for the three age groupings are in part based on a 1995 conference entitled "Growing Up Poor," which was sponsored by the NICHD Research Network on Child and Family Well-being and the Russell Sage Foundation (Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 1997a). Longitudinal data from almost a dozen developmental studies were examined to understand the extent to which childhood poverty influences life chances. All of the research teams were asked to conduct "replication" analyses in which the same set of measures were included in regression models. These measures were family income, maternal schooling, family structure, and--if multiple race/ethnic groups were included--race/ethnicity. Our goal was to provide an estimate of income effects independent of the most common poverty cofactors (parental education, marital structure). Almost all of the studies had at least three annual observations of family income; consequently, the estimates of income-to-needs ratios are based on multiple years (since family income is known to vary from year to year, multiple year estimates yield more stable estimates. Our data demonstrate the existence of income gradients during chilldhood. These gradients are seen in the earliest years of life--starting with low birth weight (and other complications at birth), including physical growth and exposure to lead and other toxins in the first few years of life), and moving to cognitive ability by the end of the toddler stage of development (Brooks-Gunn & Duncan, 1997). The gradients do not seem to be reduced by the advent of school. We suspect that schools tend to reinforce existing disparities in children's outcomes rather than reducing them, although some recent data suggest that the primary reason for continuing disparities has to do with stimulating experiences in the home rather than school (Gamoran, Mane, & Bethke, 11998). And the gradients are much more pronounced for school achievement and growth th an for behavior problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, Greg J. Duncan and Pia Rebello Britto. "Are Socioeconomic Gradients for Children Similar to Those for Adults?: Achievement and Health of Children in the United States?" In: Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations: Social, Biological, and Educational Dynamics. D. Keating and C. Hertzman, eds., New York: Guilford Press, 1999: 94-124
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836. |
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Smith, Judith R. Berlin, Lisa Lee, Kyunghee |
Implementations of Welfare Changes for Parents of Young Children [Revised June 1998] Presented: Evanston, IL, Family Process and Child Development in Low Income Families, Joint Center for Poverty Research, May 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Children, Preschool; Children, Well-Being; Employment; Family Studies; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Health; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Preschool Children; Teenagers; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This is a revised edition dated June 15, 1998. Four questions related to welfare and work in the context of the family are addressed: (i) The Newark Young Family Study data set from the TPD is used to ask, "Does participation in a mandatory welfare to work demonstration program that includes mandatory work, sanctioning of the welfare stipend for non-participation, and intensive case management affect teenage mothers and their preschool children?"; (ii) The second issue involves whether or not transitions off of welfare in the first few years of life have any impact upon parenting behavior, maternal emotional health, and child cognitive test scores. The IHDP data set is used, with the focus being on natural transitions (i.e., not those attached with a specific welfare to work program); (iii) The IHPD and the NLSY-CS data sets provide clues as to the benefits (or costs) of combining welfare and work strategies to make ends meet during the early childhood years, which is the third issue discussed; (iv) The final question has to do with the efficacy of family-focused early intervention programs, with a child care component, in influencing the work behavior of mothers. We also ask treatment effects upon children's wellbeing are being mediated by employment of the mother, using the IHDP data set. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, Judith R. Smith, Lisa Berlin and Kyunghee Lee. "Implementations of Welfare Changes for Parents of Young Children [Revised June 1998]." Presented: Evanston, IL, Family Process and Child Development in Low Income Families, Joint Center for Poverty Research, May 1998. |
837. |
Brooks, David |
The Lean Years New York Times, February 15, 2010, Op-Ed; pg. A27. Also: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/16/opinion/16brooks.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York Times Keyword(s): College Graduates; Economic Changes/Recession; Economics of Gender; Education; Gender Differences; Industrial Sector; Underclass; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The U.S. will have to produce 10 million new jobs just to get back to the unemployment levels of 2007. There's no sign that that is going to happen soon, so we're looking at an extended period of above 8 percent unemployment. The biggest impact is on men. Over the past few decades, men have lagged behind women in acquiring education and skills. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, at age 22, 185 women have graduated from college for every 100 men who have done so. Furthermore, men are concentrated in industries where employment is declining (manufacturing) or highly cyclical (construction). So men have taken an especially heavy blow during this crisis. The gap between the male and female unemployment rates has reached its highest level since the government began keeping such records. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brooks, David. "The Lean Years." New York Times, February 15, 2010, Op-Ed; pg. A27. |
838. |
Brooks, W. Trevor Lee, Sang Lim Toney, Michael B. Berry, Eddy Helen |
The Effects of Occupational Aspirations and Other Factors on the Out-Migration of Rural Youth Journal of Rural and Community Development 5,3 (2010): 19-36. Also: http://www.jrcd.ca/viewarticle.php?id=498 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Open Journal Systems Keyword(s): Migration; Occupational Aspirations; Rural Areas; Rural Sociology Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Out-migration of youth from rural areas persists as one of the most serious threats to the sustainability of rural communities. This study provides a more rigorous examination than has been previously possible of whether occupational aspirations held by youth affect their long-term out-migration. The analysis is accomplished by examining the effects of occupational aspirations and known predictors of migration with five logistic regression models. We utilize data on rural youth in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) which include a measure of occupational aspirations at a youthful age and allow for a long-term measure of subsequent migration. Results show that rural youth aspiring to professional and managerial occupations are more likely to be rural out-migrants at age 35 than are youth aspiring to blue collar occupations. This greater likelihood is true even with other recognized influences on migration being controlled. Other variables introduced in our logistic models are gender, race/ethnicity, mother’s education, length of residence, change in educational status, change in marital status, and actual occupation at age 35. We find that the effects of these variables on migration out of rural places largely persist when occupational aspirations are controlled. Our findings further substantiate the need for rural communities to increase career opportunities in professional and managerial occupations in order to reduce the out-migration of a large and vital segment of rural youth. Better knowledge about the odds of out-migration for other important determinants of migration should also be helpful in efforts to lessen the loss of rural youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brooks, W. Trevor, Sang Lim Lee, Michael B. Toney and Eddy Helen Berry. "The Effects of Occupational Aspirations and Other Factors on the Out-Migration of Rural Youth ." Journal of Rural and Community Development 5,3 (2010): 19-36.
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839. |
Brooks, W. Trevor Redlin, Meredith |
Occupational Aspirations, Rural to Urban Migration, and Intersectionality: A Comparison of White, Black, and Hispanic Male and Female Group Chances for Leaving Rural Counties Southern Rural Sociology 24,1 (2009): 130–152. Also: http://www.ag.auburn.edu/auxiliary/srsa/pages/Articles/SRS%202009%2024%201%20130-152.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Rural Sociological Association (SRSA) Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Studies; Gender Differences; Mobility; Mothers, Education; Occupational Aspirations; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Rural/Urban Migration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [Editor: This article appears in Southern Rural Sociology 24,1 (2009); the above link to the .pdf file refers to a pre-publication galley: vol 23,2 (2008)] It has been documented that not all rural residents are leaving rural counties equally. Social positions may prevent some groups from migrating, while pushing other groups away from rural counties. This paper uses an intersectionality theoretical approach to explain how race/ethnicity, gender, and class shape occupational aspirations and the migration decision. Using the NLSY79, race/ethnicity, gender, and mothers' educational attainment were each combined with the respondent's occupational aspiration to predict migration rates for selected intersectional groups. Results show that females with high occupational aspirations, whites with high occupational aspirations, and individuals with high occupational aspirations whose mothers had high educational attainments were more likely to migrate compared with other intersectional groups. Copyright © by the Southern Rural Sociological Association |
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Bibliography Citation
Brooks, W. Trevor and Meredith Redlin. "Occupational Aspirations, Rural to Urban Migration, and Intersectionality: A Comparison of White, Black, and Hispanic Male and Female Group Chances for Leaving Rural Counties." Southern Rural Sociology 24,1 (2009): 130–152. A.
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840. |
Broussard, C. Anne Joseph, Alfred Louis |
Tracking: A Form of Educational Neglect? Social Work in Education 20,2 (April 1998): 110-120 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Keyword(s): Education Indicators; Education, Secondary; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 1,922 high school graduates) examine the impact that academic tracking (ability grouping) has on the lives of school children. Results show that tracking interacts with the powerful social forces of race, gender, & socioeconomic status to limit the life chances of some children, especially those from racial minority groups. It is argued that tracking is a form of educational neglect that needs to come to the attention of school social workers, who need to be aware of any school practice that might restrict the potential for already at-risk children. Adapted from the source document. Copyright: Sociological Abstracts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Broussard, C. Anne and Alfred Louis Joseph. "Tracking: A Form of Educational Neglect?" Social Work in Education 20,2 (April 1998): 110-120.
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841. |
Brown-Lyons, Melanie Robertson, Anne Layzer, Jean |
Kith and Kin - Informal Child Care: Highlights from Recent Research Report, New York NY: National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University, May 2001. Also: http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/nccp/kithkin.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP) Keyword(s): Child Care; Preschool Children; Transitional Programs; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. OVERVIEW Over the last four decades, the steady movement of women with young children into the labor force has been accompanied by a vastly increased use of out-of-home care arrangements for the young children of these working parents. While many children receive care in licensed child care centers, preschools, or licensed family child care homes, a good deal of child care takes place in settings that are, for the most part, not regulated. This type of child care is referred to as "informal" or "kith and kin" care. These terms include care provided by grandmothers, aunts, and other relatives of the child, as well as care by friends and neighbors. They may or may not be legally exempt from state licensing requirements, depending on the state and the specific circumstances. Although these may be the oldest forms of child care, and despite widespread use, kith and kin child care received very little attention from either researchers or policymakers until the late 1980s, when states were required to allow the use of federal subsidies for all legal forms of child care, rather than restrict their use to licensed providers. The passage of welfare reform in 1996 raised concerns that moving large numbers of parents from dependence on cash assistance into the workforce would result in an increase in the proportion of subsidies paid to informal caregivers. The absence of a body of research on this type of care made it difficult to assess the likely consequences for parents (in terms of their ability to obtain and hold onto jobs) and for children's well-being.
THE CHALLENGES
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Bibliography Citation
Brown-Lyons, Melanie, Anne Robertson and Jean Layzer. "Kith and Kin - Informal Child Care: Highlights from Recent Research." Report, New York NY: National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University, May 2001. |
842. |
Brown-Peterside, Pamela Gogo Iyabo |
The Timing of a First Birth Do Economic, Social and Cultural Capital Matter? Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, April 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Event History; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; First Birth; Hispanics; Human Capital; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Motherhood; Racial Differences Using the National Longitudinal Survey on Youth, this dissertation examines the influence of family background characteristics on the timing of a first birth. A cohort of 14 and 15 year old girls is followed from 1979 to 1990. An adaptation of a framework of capital developed by Patricia Fernandez Kelly with input from the work of James Coleman is empirically tested. A young woman's resources are organized into three interrelated types of capital: economic, social and cultural. Economic capital refers to the financial and educational resources one's family has, social capital signals the resources that exist in the relationships between people, and cultural capital taps into the meanings attached to a birth and motherhood. Several hypotheses are tested using a model with measures of economic, social and cultural capital. The first hypothesis is that the more capital a young woman has, the more likely she is to delay her first birth. The second hypothesis suggests that economic capital will be more predictive than social capital, and social capital will be more predictive than cultural capital in the timing of a first birth. Event history analysis using proportional hazards models is used to test the hypotheses. Racial differences in the risk of a first birth are evident. Both blacks and Hispanics are more likely than whites to experience a birth and to do so at an earlier age. Support is found for both hypotheses. Those young women who not only have more capital, but who also have different kinds of capital are more likely than others to delay their first birth. Economic capital is found to have a greater effect than social capital, and social capital is found to be more predictive of first birth timing than cultural capital. Several intervening events, age at first sexual intercourse and leaving school, are also examined. Both explain the effect of cultural capital, though the significance of economic and social capital remains. Racial differences become more pronounced. The implications of these findings are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown-Peterside, Pamela Gogo Iyabo. The Timing of a First Birth Do Economic, Social and Cultural Capital Matter? Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, April 1997. |
843. |
Brown, Anthony H. |
Effect of Employees' Life Events on Organizational Withdrawal Behaviors Ph.D. Dissertation, Walden University, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Employment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Marital Status; Stress; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Organizations that understand the impact of life events on organizational withdrawal behaviors (OWBs) are more aware of the ways to improve the management of employees undergoing stressful situations. Bhagat's life events model was evaluated for its ability to predict the effect of employees' life events on OWBs using a cohort of 7,565 participants from Round 24 of the ongoing National Longitudinal Survey of Youth archival data set. The literature review supported the need for organizations to gain an awareness of the probable effects of employees' life events on OWBs. Three life event variables (i.e., marital, family, and health status) were used as predictors to align with Hanisch and Bhagat's models to estimate the aggregate impact on the criterion variable of OWBs measured by current work status. Logistic regression analysis indicated that participants with better health and economic status had a greater likelihood of currently working than those with poorer health. The analysis did not show a significant association between marital status and current working status, between residence and current working status, or between having children and current working status. Additional analyses to determine whether crisis decisions and uncertainty navigation impact OWBs were not significant. These results will promote positive social change by helping organizations reduce costs through training that will help employees apply evidence-based interventions to manage the effects of negative life events on OWBs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Anthony H. Effect of Employees' Life Events on Organizational Withdrawal Behaviors. Ph.D. Dissertation, Walden University, 2014. |
844. |
Brown, Brett V. |
Key Indicators of Child and Youth Well-Being: Completing the Picture London, UK, Psychology Press, August 2007. Also: http://www.psypress.com/9780805863130 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Indicators of child and youth well-being are indispensable tools for improving the lives of children. In this book, the nation’s leading development researchers review the recent progress made in the measurement, collection, dissemination, and use of indicators of child and youth wellbeing. In addition, they identify opportunities for future research to expand and improve on the indicator data available, so as to develop greater measures of positive development. Written in an accessible manner for policy makers, practitioners, and researchers concerned with children’s well-being, including experts in developmental, social, community, and educational psychology, the book also serves as a supplementary text in public policy and the social sciences. The policy chapters will be of particular interest to those who use child and youth indicators to guide policy development. Contents Preface: Indicators of Child and Youth Well-being: Completing the Picture. B. Brown, Introduction: About the Chapters. Part 1. Health Indicators. D.P. Hogan, M.E. Msall, Key Indicators of Health and Safety: Infancy, Pre-school, and Middle Childhood. M.W. Stagner, J.M. Zweig, Indicators of Youth Health and Well-being: Taking the Long View. Part 2. Education Indicators. T. Halle, M. Reidy, M. Moorehouse, M. Zaslow, C. Walsh, J. Calkins, N.G. Margie, A. Dent, Progress in the Development of Indicators of School Readiness. A. Flanagan, D. Grissmer, What Do National and State NAEP Scores Tell Us About the Achievement of American K-12 Students. Part 3. Social and Emotional Development Indicators. M. Ripke, A.C. Huston, J. Eccles, J. Templeton, The Assessment of Psychological, Emotional, and Social Development Indicators in Middle Childhood. J.L. Roth, C.J. Borbely, J. Brooks-Gunn, Developing Indicators of Confidence, Character, and Caring in Adolescents. J. Eccles, B. Brown, J. Templeton, A Developmental Framework for Selecting Indicators of Well-being During the Adolescent and Young Adult Years. Part 4. Social Context of Development Indicators. G.D. Sandefur, A. Meier, The Family Environment: Structure, Material Resources, and Child Care. K.M. Harris, S. Cavanagh, Indicators of the Peer Environment in Adolesence. D. Mayer, J. Ralph, Key Indicators of School Quality. J.D. Morenoff, R.J. Sampson, Constructing Community Indicators of Child Well-being. Part 5. Child and Youth Indicators in Practice. T. Corbett, Social Indicators as Policy Tool: Welfare Reform as a Case Study. D. Murphey, Creating Community Capacity to Use Social Indicators. Part 6. Social Indices of Child Well-being. K.C. Land, V.L. Lamb, S.K. Mustillo, Child and Youth Well-being in the United States, 1975–1998: Some Findings From a New Index. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Brett V. "Key Indicators of Child and Youth Well-Being: Completing the Picture." London, UK, Psychology Press, August 2007. |
845. |
Brown, Brett V. Emig, Carol |
Prevalence, Patterns, and Outcomes In: America's Disconnected Youth: Toward a Preventive Strategy. D. Besharov, ed., Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1999: 101-116 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Health Factors; Job Training; Transition, Adulthood; Transition, School to Work; Vocational Education; Vocational Training; Youth Problems Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Brett V. and Carol Emig. "Prevalence, Patterns, and Outcomes" In: America's Disconnected Youth: Toward a Preventive Strategy. D. Besharov, ed., Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1999: 101-116
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846. |
Brown, Charles |
Estimating the Effects of a Youth Differential on Teenagers and Adults Report of the Minimum Wage Study Commission 5 (1981): 389-427 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Legislation; Minimum Wage; Taxes; Teenagers; Unemployment; Wage Differentials; Wages, Youth This paper reviews and selectively supplements previous work on the effects of a youth differential. Topics covered include: the effect on demand for teenagers and adults; the effect on teenage labor supply; the effect on human capital accumulation; restrictions typically placed on use of the differential in actual legislative proposals; tax credits and youth differentials. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Charles. "Estimating the Effects of a Youth Differential on Teenagers and Adults." Report of the Minimum Wage Study Commission 5 (1981): 389-427.
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847. |
Brown, Christian |
Estimating the Gender-Dependent Effects of Parental Incarceration Working Paper, Department of Economics, Middle Tennessee State University, June 2011. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Department of Economics and Finance, Middle Tennessee State University Keyword(s): Family Income; Fathers, Absence; Gender Differences; Household Composition; Incarceration/Jail; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Parental incarceration is believed to have deleterious effects on children's cognitive and social development as well as educational attainment. Research suggests that parent absence (and therefore parental incarceration) may have varying effects across gender. I evaluate this hypothesis empirically, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Child & Young Adult Supplement (NLSY79CYA) to estimate the long-term effect of parental incarceration on a child's level of educational attainment and wages. This paper extends the literature by estimating unique incarceration effects for each parent-child gender combination, utilizing data that identities only incarcerated parents living in the child's household. I present evidence supporting negative parent-child same-sex incarceration effects on a child's future wages, and slight but generally negative effects on educational attainment. I conclude that parental incarceration largely impacts future earnings as a negative shock to a child's development and social capital. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Christian. "Estimating the Gender-Dependent Effects of Parental Incarceration." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Middle Tennessee State University, June 2011. |
848. |
Brown, Christian |
Incarceration and Earnings: Distributional and Long-Term Effects Journal of Labor Research 40,1 (March 2019): 58-83. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12122-018-9280-0 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Earnings; Incarceration/Jail; Labor Supply; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Before and after incarceration, the typical prisoner differs from the typical American in several ways, including education, employment prospects, and earnings. Current research on the effect of incarceration on earnings predominantly uses techniques that characterize incarceration's effect on mean wages and is limited to observing wages immediately after release. I employ data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and a variety of quantile regressions to estimate differential incarceration penalties across the wage and income distribution. I also estimate the long-term effects of incarceration on mean wages, income, and labor supply. Results suggest that the incarceration wage penalty is relatively homogenous across wages, while more severe penalties are estimated at lower income levels, suggestive of incarceration's deleterious effect on labor supply. Mean earnings and labor supply penalties are most severe in the period after release but gradually diminish over time for releasees that do not experience additional incarceration spells. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Christian. "Incarceration and Earnings: Distributional and Long-Term Effects." Journal of Labor Research 40,1 (March 2019): 58-83.
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849. |
Brown, Christian |
Maternal Incarceration and Children's Education and Labor Market Outcomes Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 31,1 (March 2017): 43-58. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/labr.12086/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Dropouts; Educational Attainment; Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; Labor Market Outcomes; Mothers, Incarceration; Parental Influences I estimate the effect of maternal incarceration on education and labor market outcomes. I link mother-child panels and estimate maternal fixed effects to control for unobservable household heterogeneity. Maternal incarceration from birth to age 10 is associated with increased grade retention and dropout rates. Conditional on completing high school, incarceration from 15 to 17 is associated with decreased college attendance. Maternal incarceration does not appear to have a further effect on employment, but some wage penalties are apparent. Propensity score analysis suggests that controlling for unobservable household characteristics is vital when examining the link between incarceration and labor outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Christian. "Maternal Incarceration and Children's Education and Labor Market Outcomes." Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 31,1 (March 2017): 43-58.
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850. |
Brown, Christian |
Modern American Incarceration and Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics and Finance, Middle Tennessee State University, 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Fathers, Absence; Gender Differences; Household Composition; Incarceration/Jail; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many individuals in the United States are incarcerated. The American incarceration rate and average sentence length have risen dramatically since the early 1980s. It is commonly hypothesized that mass incarceration has had various unintended consequences on individuals, households, and society at large. In this dissertation, I examine the effects of an individual's incarceration on several economic variables, including educational attainment, employment, and earnings. Over the course of three essays, I utilize the theoretical background and empirical methodology of contemporary labor economics to establish links between the experience of incarceration and generally negative subsequent outcomes. Each chapter draws on data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which allow me to examine the varying life courses and behaviors of a subsample of individuals that are incarcerated at some point during adulthood. The first chapter of this dissertation investigates the long-term effects of parental incarceration on children. I utilize detailed intergenerational data and a variety of empirical methods to provide evidence that individuals who report resident parental incarceration during childhood experience depressed levels of educational attainment and earnings as an adult. These effects appear to vary by parent and child gender. The second chapter is concerned with estimating the returns to education attained after an incarceration spell. I analyze longitudinal individual histories of incarceration, education, employment, and earnings for a sample of former prisoners using regression and propensity score matching techniques. My results suggest that education has a positive effect on post-release labor supply and earnings, but this benefit is largely confined to the completion of four-year college degrees. The third and final chapter reevaluates the negative relationship between incarceration and earnings found in the current empirical lit erature. I extend this literature with a battery of quantile regression models. My results clarify incarceration's effect on subsequent low earnings and suggest that the incarceration wage penalty is smaller in magnitude for low-skill, low-earnings employment. In total, this dissertation extends the current understanding of incarceration's effects on individuals and households, particularly with respect to performance on the market for labor. Each essay also provides some insight into the effectiveness of American criminal justice policy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Christian. Modern American Incarceration and Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics and Finance, Middle Tennessee State University, 2013. |
851. |
Brown, Christian |
Returns to Postincarceration Education for Former Prisoners Social Science Quarterly 96,1 (March 2015): 161-175. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ssqu.12094/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Incarceration/Jail; Labor Market Outcomes; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: I estimate the returns to education for individuals who attain education after an incarceration spell. Methods: Returns to labor supply and wages are estimated using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and a variety of regression and matching techniques. Results: A positive relationship is found between postincarceration education and labor outcomes, especially for college completion. The General Equivalency Diploma (GED) is not associated with direct benefits. Conclusions: The returns to post-incarceration education are positive but diminished, implying that programs targeted at college completion may best serve prisoners after release. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Christian. "Returns to Postincarceration Education for Former Prisoners." Social Science Quarterly 96,1 (March 2015): 161-175.
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852. |
Brown, Christian Routon, P. Wesley |
Military Service and the Civilian Labor Force: Time- and Income-Based Evidence Armed Forces and Society 42,3 (July 2016): 562-584. Also: http://afs.sagepub.com/content/42/3/562 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces & Society Keyword(s): Earnings; Labor Force Participation; Military Service Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The average American military enlistee is likely to differ from the average civilian in employment ambitions and prospects. Current research on veteran wages, however, only examines the effect of military service on average earnings. We employ quantile regression techniques to estimate the effect of military service for the above- and below-average earnings that veterans may experience. We draw data from two longitudinal surveys, one including veterans who served during 1980-1994 and the other including veterans of the early 21st-century wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. For the 21st-century cohort, we find that military service appears to increase wages at and below the median wage but decrease earnings at the high end of the distribution, although these benefits may take several years after service and entry into the civilian labor market to appear. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Christian and P. Wesley Routon. "Military Service and the Civilian Labor Force: Time- and Income-Based Evidence." Armed Forces and Society 42,3 (July 2016): 562-584.
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853. |
Brown, Christian Routon, P. Wesley |
On the Distributional and Evolutionary Nature of the Obesity Wage Penalty Economics and Human Biology 28 (February 2018): 160-172. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X17301089 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Obesity; Wage Effects; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty The economics literature supports a link between labor market measures, such as earnings, and health conditions, such as obesity. There is reason to believe the effects of obesity on wages may vary for high- and low-earning individuals and that obesity wage effects may evolve over a lifecycle or from generation to generation. Drawing on data from two longitudinal surveys, we estimate quantile and fixed effect quantile regressions, among others, to further examine the obesity wage effect. Results suggest an increasingly severe penalty across the wage distribution for females. Specifically, the highest-earning women may be penalized as much as five times that of the lowest earners. Results for males suggest that penalties may be present at select wage levels, while prior research has generally found no male obesity penalty. We also provide evidence that the obesity penalty has increased across generations and limited evidence that it may slow earnings growth over one's lifetime. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Christian and P. Wesley Routon. "On the Distributional and Evolutionary Nature of the Obesity Wage Penalty." Economics and Human Biology 28 (February 2018): 160-172.
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854. |
Brown, Daniel M. Abrams, Barbara Cohen, Alison K. Rehkopf, David |
Motherhood, Fatherhood and Midlife Weight Gain in a US Cohort: Associations Differ by Race/ethnicity and Socioeconomic Position SSM - Population Health 3 (December 2017): 558-565. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352827317300423 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Childbearing; Ethnic Differences; Fatherhood; Motherhood; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Weight While there is an association of greater short-term weight gain with childbearing among women, less is known about longer-term weight gain, whether men have similar gains, and how this varies by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position. Our cohort consisted of a nationally representative sample of 7,356 Americans with oversampling of Black and Hispanic populations. We estimated the associations between number of biological children and parental weight, measured as both change in self-reported body mass index (BMI) from age 18 and overweight/obese status (BMI ≥ 25) at age 40. We performed multivariate linear and logistic regression analysis and tested for effect modification by gender. For change in BMI, men gained on average 0.28 BMI (95% CI: (0.01, 0.55)) units per child, while women gained 0.13 units per child (95% CI: (-0.22, 0.48)). The adjusted odds ratios for overweight/obesity associated with each child were 1.32 (95% CI: (1.11, 1.58)) for men and 1.15 (95% CI: (1.01, 1.31)) for women. Stratified analyses by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position suggested that the observed full-cohort differences were driven primarily by gendered differences in low-income Hispanics and Whites – with the greatest associations among Hispanic men. For example, among low-income Hispanic men we observed a positive relationship between the number of children and weight change by age 40, with average weight change of 0.47 units per child (95%CI: (-0.65, 1.59 For low-income Hispanic women, however, the average weight change was -0.59 units per child (95%CI: (-1.70, 0.47), and the P-value for the test of interaction between gender and number of children was P < 0.001. Our findings suggest that the shared social and economic aspects of raising children play an important role in determining parental weight at mid-life. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Daniel M., Barbara Abrams, Alison K. Cohen and David Rehkopf. "Motherhood, Fatherhood and Midlife Weight Gain in a US Cohort: Associations Differ by Race/ethnicity and Socioeconomic Position." SSM - Population Health 3 (December 2017): 558-565.
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855. |
Brown, J. Brian Lichter, Daniel T. |
Childhood Disadvantage, Adolescent Development, and Pro-social Behavior in Early Adulthood In: Constructing Adulthood: Agency and Subjectivity in Adolescence and Adulthood: Advances in Life-Course Research, V. 11. R. Macmillan, ed. New York, NY: Elsevier, November 2006: pp. 149-170 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Prosocial; Children, Poverty; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Neighborhood Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Volunteer Work Do disadvantaged children and adolescents become socially responsible, productive, and civic-minded adults? Linking recently surveyed young adults to their earlier childhood and adolescent experiences (using data from the the NLSY), we: (1) document young adults' pro-social behavior (i.e., formal volunteering), (2) estimate the long-term effects of childhood disadvantage on volunteering in young adulthood, (3) assess the possible mediating effects of adolescent development, and (4) identify characteristics associated with pro-social behavior among young adults from economically disadvantaged families. We argue that a long-term negative effect of childhood disadvantage on pro-social behavior in early adulthood operates in part through adolescent development. Among young adults from disadvantaged families, school enrollment and regular church attendance are strongly associated with pro-social behavior. Our results support the view that a disadvantaged childhood has long-term effects on social engagement, yet this cycle can be broken through positive adolescent experiences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, J. Brian and Daniel T. Lichter. "Childhood Disadvantage, Adolescent Development, and Pro-social Behavior in Early Adulthood" In: Constructing Adulthood: Agency and Subjectivity in Adolescence and Adulthood: Advances in Life-Course Research, V. 11. R. Macmillan, ed. New York, NY: Elsevier, November 2006: pp. 149-170
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856. |
Brown, Martha |
Career Disruption Effects on Early Wages: A Comparison of Mothers and Women Without Children M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Dual Economic Theory; Earnings; Human Capital Theory; Labor Market, Secondary; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Occupational Segregation; Occupations; Wages This thesis examines differences between mothers and non-mothers in the relative disruption of careers and the process of earnings attainment. Combining human capital and dual labor market theories, the author hypothesizes that (1) mothers' and non-mothers' careers diverge both with respect to accumulated human capital and to the occupational labor market characteristics of their jobs; and (2) these variations are reflected in differential patterns of earnings attainment between the two groups. These hypotheses are tested on a sample of 5,314 women drawn from the NLSY who worked at any time between 1984 and 1987 (85% of the sample). Descriptive results reveal that mothers' careers are substantially more disrupted than the careers of non-mothers, and are characterized by lower wage jobs entailing less substantively complex work in occupational labor markets more heavily dominated by women and minorities. OLS analyses of earnings run separately for mothers and non-mothers indicates that while human capital accumulation plays the most important role in determining non-mothers' wages, occupational content and labor market composition outweigh human capital as determinants of mothers' wages. The disappearance of the negative effect of number of children on mothers' wages when indicators of career disruption are controlled suggests that motherhood is detrimental to women's earnings primarily because of its effects on labor force participation patterns. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Martha. Career Disruption Effects on Early Wages: A Comparison of Mothers and Women Without Children. M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1990. |
857. |
Brown, Matt I. Wai, Jonathan Chabris, Christopher F. |
Can You Ever Be Too Smart for Your Own Good? Comparing Linear and Nonlinear Effects of Cognitive Ability on Life Outcomes Perspectives on Psychological Science published online (8 March 2021): DOI: 10.1177/1745691620964122. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1745691620964122 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Association for Psychological Science (APS) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Body Mass Index (BMI); British Cohort Study (BCS); Cognitive Ability; Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Income; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Well-Being; Wisconsin Longitudinal Study/H.S. Panel Study (WLS) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite a long-standing expert consensus about the importance of cognitive ability for life outcomes, contrary views continue to proliferate in scholarly and popular literature. This divergence of beliefs presents an obstacle for evidence-based policymaking and decision-making in a variety of settings. One commonly held idea is that greater cognitive ability does not matter or is actually harmful beyond a certain point (sometimes stated as > 100 or 120 IQ points). We empirically tested these notions using data from four longitudinal, representative cohort studies comprising 48,558 participants in the United States and United Kingdom from 1957 to the present. We found that ability measured in youth has a positive association with most occupational, educational, health, and social outcomes later in life. Most effects were characterized by a moderate to strong linear trend or a practically null effect (mean R2 range = .002-.256). Nearly all nonlinear effects were practically insignificant in magnitude (mean incremental R2 = .001) or were not replicated across cohorts or survey waves. We found no support for any downside to higher ability and no evidence for a threshold beyond which greater scores cease to be beneficial. Thus, greater cognitive ability is generally advantageous--and virtually never detrimental. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Matt I., Jonathan Wai and Christopher F. Chabris. "Can You Ever Be Too Smart for Your Own Good? Comparing Linear and Nonlinear Effects of Cognitive Ability on Life Outcomes." Perspectives on Psychological Science published online (8 March 2021): DOI: 10.1177/1745691620964122.
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858. |
Brown, Meta Flinn, Christopher J. |
Investment in Child Quality Over Marital States IRP Discussion Paper No. DP 1320-07, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, January 2007. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp132007.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Divorce; Family Income; Fathers, Involvement; Marital Stability; Marriage; Parental Marital Status; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Policies governing divorce and parenting, such as child support orders and enforcement, child custody regulations, and marital dissolution requirements, can have a large impact on the welfare of parents and children. Recent research has produced evidence on the responses of divorce rates to unilateral divorce laws and child support enforcement. In this paper the authors argue that in order to assess the child welfare impact of family policies, one must consider their influence on parents' investments in their children as well as the stability of the marginal marriage. Further, the authors expect that changes in the regulatory environment induce changes in the distribution of resources within both intact and divided families. The authors develop a continuous time model of parents' marital status choices and investments in children, with the main goal being the determination of how policies toward divorce influence outcomes for children. Estimates are derived for model parameters of interest using the method of simulated moments, and simulations based on the model explore the effects of changes in custody allocations and child support standards on outcomes for children of married and divorced parents. We find that, while small changes in children's academic attainment are induced by significant shifts in custody and support, the major effects of these policies in both intact and divided households are on the distribution of welfare between parents. In addition, children's attainments are not necessarily best served by the divorce-minimizing policy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Meta and Christopher J. Flinn. "Investment in Child Quality Over Marital States." IRP Discussion Paper No. DP 1320-07, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, January 2007. |
859. |
Brown, Rachel R. Kamp Dush, Claire M. |
The Intergenerational Transmission of Marital Expectations and Age at First Marriage: Evidence from Mothers and Children in the NLSY79 and NLSY79 Young Adults Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Cohabitation; Expectations/Intentions; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Parents' own marital timing desires and their age at first marriage may be associated with their offspring's marital timing desires and the timing of their own first unions. Understanding the determinants of marital timing is critical because it has implications for marital functioning and divorce; an earlier age at marriage is associated with increased risk of divorce. We examine the intergenerational transmission of marital timing desires and age at first marriage in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (N = 1501 women) and 1979 Child and Young Adult cohort (N = 2177 biological offspring of the 1979 cohort). Preliminary analyses showed that both mothers' desires to marry late, measured when she was in adolescence/emerging adulthood, and mothers' later age of marriage were significantly associated with their offspring's later desired age of marriage. Next, we plan to examine the offspring's age at first marriage and cohabitation as outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Rachel R. and Claire M. Kamp Dush. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Marital Expectations and Age at First Marriage: Evidence from Mothers and Children in the NLSY79 and NLSY79 Young Adults." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
860. |
Brown, Sarah (UK) McHardy, Jolian Taylor, Karl |
Intergenerational Analysis of Social Interaction IZA Discussion Paper No. 5621, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2011. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp5621.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Britain, British; British Cohort Study (BCS); Extracurricular Activities/Sports; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parent-Child Interaction; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Volunteer Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We explore the relationship between the social interaction of parents and their offspring from a theoretical and an empirical perspective. Our theoretical framework establishes possible explanations for the intergenerational transfer of social interaction whereby the social interaction of the parent may influence that of their offspring and vice versa. The empirical evidence, based on four data sets covering Great Britain and the U.S., is supportive of our theoretical priors. We find robust evidence of intergenerational links between the social interaction of parents and their offspring supporting the existence of positive bi-directional intergenerational effects in social interaction. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Sarah (UK), Jolian McHardy and Karl Taylor. "Intergenerational Analysis of Social Interaction." IZA Discussion Paper No. 5621, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2011. |
861. |
Brown, Sarah Ann |
Potential Effect of Welfare Reform Policies on Promoting Responsible Young Fatherhood Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 1995. Also: http://osu.worldcat.org/title/potential-effect-of-welfare-reform-policies-on-promoting-responsible-young-fatherhood/oclc/041272021 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Support; Fatherhood; Modeling; Modeling, Probit; Mothers, Adolescent; Simultaneity; Welfare; Well-Being Every social policy has its stockholders. Not the least of these stockholders are the individuals which the policy is intended to serve or affect. Yet all too often policies are implemented without being grounded in a theoretical understanding of the target population Research findings rarely seem to influence the process of policy development. As a result, these policies can have unintended consequences. While social policy is intended to promote well-being, uninformed policy can actually disrupt the lives of those it affects. This study employs a two-tiered, prospective approach to policy analysis which addresses the potential effect of recent child support policies on young unwed fathers of children born to teenage mothers. The analysis makes use of both theory and empirical research and is prospective insofar as it examines the potential effects of a policy not yet fully implemented. A review of the literature of developmental theory elucidates the developmental "double blind" created by the simultaneous transitions to parenthood and adulthood. which may affect young fathers' abilities to meet the responsibility of parenthood. Then, an analysis of the predictors of young unwed fathers' social and financial involvement with their children beyond two years, when many fathers' involvement begins to wane, is carried out using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). This analysis examines the inter-relationship between the payment of child support and visitation at two points in time (shortly following birth and two years later). Statistical analysis was conducted using probit and tobit methods. Results indicate that young fathers who are involved with their children voluntarily sustain both their visitation and child support provision over time. In the concluding analysis, the efficacy of the policies and implementation strategies being used by the states to bring child support enforcement programs into compliance with the F SA and 1993 ORRA is considered. Recommendations are made for making paternity establishment and child support enforcement policies more supportive to the needs of this younger population. Policies need to support responsible young fatherhood in the broadest sense, both social and financial responsibility, and should offer young men an opportunity to be successful in their role as fathers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Sarah Ann. Potential Effect of Welfare Reform Policies on Promoting Responsible Young Fatherhood. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 1995.. |
862. |
Brown, Sarah S. Eisenberg, Leon |
The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309052300/html/index.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Contraception; Fertility; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Sexual Activity; Wantedness Excerpt from Introduction: This report is about unintended pregnancy, a general term that includes pregnancies that a woman states were either mistimed or unwanted at the time of conception. Unintended pregnancy in the United States is an important and complex problem that has significant consequences for the health and well-being of all Americans. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Sarah S. and Leon Eisenberg. The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995.. |
863. |
Brown, Tyson H. |
Divergent Pathways: Racial/Ethnic Inequalities in Wealth And Health Trajectories Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Discrimination; Ethnic Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Life Course; Racial Differences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Extensive empirical evidence documents racial/ethnic disparities in both wealth and health: compared to Whites, Hispanics and Blacks have considerably less wealth and worse health. However, it remains unclear why racial/ethnic inequalities in wealth and health emerge, and whether these inequalities decrease, remain stable, or increase with age. This dissertation aims to fill these gaps in the literature by drawing on life course perspectives and methods to investigate racial/ethnic differences in wealth and health trajectories (i.e., long-term patterns of intra-individual change and stability in wealth and health with age) and how social disadvantage contributes to racial/ethnic wealth and health disparities. The first empirical chapter utilizes panel data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY), a nationally representative survey, and growth curve models to examine racial/ethnic differences in wealth trajectories between ages 21 and 45. Findings reveal that relatively small wealth gaps between Whites, Blacks and Hispanics exist in their early 20s, but these initial inequalities are magnified with age. In the second substantive chapter, data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative, longitudinal dataset is used to examine whether racial/ethnic wealth gaps narrow, remain stable, or widen between during the years leading up to retirement (ages 51 and 73). Results show that Whites experience more rapid rates of wealth accumulation than their minority counterparts during middle and later life, resulting in accelerating wealth disparities with age, consistent with a process of cumulative disadvantage. At age 73, the average White household has a net worth of approximately $122,000, whereas both Hispanic and Black household have less than $5,000. Substantial racial/ethnic disparities in wealth trajectories persist after controlling for group differences in life course capital suggesting that other factors such as racial/ethnic differences in portfolio composition, financial transfers, and exposure to discrimination may contribute to wealth disparities. The third substantive chapter uses HRS data to examine racial/ethnic differences in health trajectories. Results indicate that there are dramatic racial/ethnic disparities in both the levels and rates of change in health. Overall, findings from this study show that racial/ethnic inequalities result in divergent aging experiences for Black, Hispanic, and White Americans. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brown, Tyson H. Divergent Pathways: Racial/Ethnic Inequalities in Wealth And Health Trajectories. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. |
864. |
Browne, Irene An, Weihua Auguste, Daniel Delia-Deckard, Natalie |
Race, State Surveillance, and Policy Spillover: Do Restrictive Immigration Policies Affect Citizen Earnings? Social Forces published online (16 March 2023): DOI: 10.1093/sf/soad039. Also:https://academic.oup.com/sf/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/sf/soad039/7079025 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Ethnic Differences; Geocoded Data; Hispanics; Immigrants; Racial Differences; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates whether restrictive immigration policy affects earnings among White, African-American, and Latinx US citizens. Incorporating sociological theories of race that point to state surveillance of Black and Latinx bodies as a linchpin of racial inequality, we ask: Do immigration policies that expand the reach of law enforcement spill over to lower or to raise earnings of employed US citizens? If so, are the effects of these policies greater for Latinx and African-American citizens compared to their White counterparts? Are the effects of these policies stronger among Latinx and African-American men--who are more directly targeted by surveillance policing as a function of their gender--than for co-ethnic women? To investigate these questions, we combine two nationally representative longitudinal datasets--the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We find that immigration policies that expand the reach of law enforcement raise wages among native-born Whites. However, we also find that state policies enhancing immigration law enforcement decrease wages among Latinx and African-American citizens compared to Whites. We find no gender/race interactions influencing spillover effects of immigration policy on earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Browne, Irene, Weihua An, Daniel Auguste and Natalie Delia-Deckard. "Race, State Surveillance, and Policy Spillover: Do Restrictive Immigration Policies Affect Citizen Earnings?" Social Forces published online (16 March 2023): DOI: 10.1093/sf/soad039. Also:https://academic.oup.com/sf/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/sf/soad039/7079025.
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865. |
Browne, Irene Kronberg, Anne-Kathrin McDonnell, Jenny |
Spillover Effects of Restrictive Immigration Policy on Latinx Citizens: Raising or Lowering Earnings? Sociological Perspectives published online (27 January 2022): DOI: 10.1177/07311214211070000. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/07311214211070000 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Pacific Sociological Association Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earnings; Geocoded Data; Hispanic Studies; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the question of whether and how restrictive immigration policies affect the earnings of Latinxs who are not the target of these policies--that is, Latinx citizens. Focusing on policies at the state (E-Verify) and county (287(g)) level, we investigate possible spillover on Latinx citizen earnings from 2006 through 2016. We use multiple sources of data, merging policy and census data with two national probability samples of Latinx citizens. Our results show that E-Verify and 287(g) affect earnings similarly. Laws leave wage-employed workers unaffected and instead exclusively shape the earnings of self-employed respondents. Among self-employed, policy effects depend on the type of county respondents live in. Once laws like 287(g) or E-Verify go into effect, Latinx self-employed see dramatic earnings losses when living outside of ethnic enclaves, while seeing earnings gains when living within predominantly-Latinx counties. |
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Bibliography Citation
Browne, Irene, Anne-Kathrin Kronberg and Jenny McDonnell. "Spillover Effects of Restrictive Immigration Policy on Latinx Citizens: Raising or Lowering Earnings?" Sociological Perspectives published online (27 January 2022): DOI: 10.1177/07311214211070000.
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866. |
Browne, Malcolm W. |
What Is Intelligence, and Who Has It? New York Times, October 16, 1994, Section 7; Page 3 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: New York Times Keyword(s): Economics of Minorities; I.Q.; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Underclass Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This book review of Herrnstein and Murray's "The Bell Curve" discusses not only the text itself, but also some of the historical background of intelligence tests and how they have been utilized. Herrnstein and Murray's argument is that an intellectual underclass is developing in America due to the "elites" reproducing at lower rate then their less intelligent counterparts. This review points out that much of the evidentiary support of "The Bell Curve" comes from analysis of NLSY79 data, from which the authors conclude that "the biggest influence on the lives of the people in their sample was the "g" factor -- psychometricians' jargon for core intelligence." |
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Bibliography Citation
Browne, Malcolm W. "What Is Intelligence, and Who Has It?" New York Times, October 16, 1994, Section 7; Page 3. |
867. |
Brownfield, David Lee, Father |
Return On Cognitive Ability in the Labor Market Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Iowa, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Intelligence Tests; Tests and Testing; Wage Theory Cognitive ability affects the wages workers receive for their labor. Cognitive ability is a person's aptitude in thinking, learning and applying knowledge. Many instruments purport to measure cognitive ability, such as Intelligence tests (IQ), The American College Testing Program (ACT) scores, The College Entrance Examination Board's Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), The Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test (PSAT) exam and the Army Service Vocational Battery (ASVB) exam. The instruments found in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) were used to demonstrate that cognitive ability is a significant determinant of the expected logarithm of wages. The term cognitive ability is used as opposed to intelligence deliberately to leave open the possibility that it can be improved with education. Intelligence, which traditionally is measured by IQ scores, is part of cognitive ability. In the analysis, cognitive ability determination is only important for an individual prior to entering the labor market. Cognitive ability, regardless of when and how a person receives it, is a significant determinate of a worker's wages. I demonstrated ASVB, ACT, SAT and PSAT, as found in the NLSY79, are similar measures of cognitive ability valued by employers and further, that it measures something that is not measured by IQ testing. Although IQ is highly correlated with cognitive ability and is a major part of it, it is not a similar measure to ASVB as a measure of cognitive ability. Thus, cognitive ability, as valued in the labor market, is more than just intelligence. Three steps were used to proceed: first, a review of the current literature and trends in the Current Populations Survey (CPS) data; second, a comparison and contrast the ASVB to IQ, ACT, SAT and PSAT; finally, the application of the method of moment to the wage equation using ASVB data and data from ACT, SAT, PSAT or IQ to demonstrate that cognitive ability is a significant determinate of the wage equation and its inclusion affects the premium for educational and racial wage gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brownfield, David Lee, Father. Return On Cognitive Ability in the Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Iowa, 1998. |
868. |
Bruze, Gustaf Magnus |
Essays on the Causes and Consequences of Marital Sorting on Schooling Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Chicago, 2009. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Returns; Marriage; Time Use; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the second chapter of this dissertation, I present data on the marital behavior of actors in Hollywood and use it to study the causes of positive sorting on education in marriage. Actors in Hollywood do not meet their spouses in school, do not appear to earn wages that are correlated with their schooling, and are unlikely to choose their spouses on the basis of parental wealth. Despite these differences with the overall population, actors marry partners who are similar to themselves in terms of their educational background (the correlation of husband and wife years of schooling in Hollywood couples is 0.35, as opposed to 0.65 for the overall population). The proposed interpretation of this finding is that a nontrivial fraction of the observed sorting on education in US marriages is caused by factors other than sorting on earnings, sorting on parental wealth, and sorting that is induced by men and women meeting each other in school. In the third chapter, I estimate and calibrate a marriage matching model to quantify the share of returns to education that is realized through marriage. In the model, more educated agents earn higher wages in the labor market, and are more productive in housework. Men and women who marry benefit from the presence of household public goods, complementarities in household production, and the division of labor between spouses. The predictions of the model are matched with NLSY data on sorting in marriage, and data on the allocation of time from the American Time Use Survey. Counterfactual analysis for men and women at age 40, suggests that better marital outcomes generate in the order of 35 percent of the return to education for women around middle age, and in the order of 10 percent of the corresponding return for men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bruze, Gustaf Magnus. Essays on the Causes and Consequences of Marital Sorting on Schooling. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Chicago, 2009.. |
869. |
Bryan, Brielle |
Seeking Support or Avoiding Institutions: Examining Social Safety Net Usage After Incarceration Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Society of Criminology (ASC) Annual Meeting, November 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Criminal Justice System; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Incarceration/Jail; Program Participation/Evaluation; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Unemployment Insurance Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research suggests both that formerly incarcerated individuals are likely to face financial precarity after release and that contact with the criminal justice system may lead to avoidance of institutions that keep formal records and lower trust in government. Thus, despite need, formerly incarcerated adults may fail to utilize social safety net resources, particularly those that require in person interactions with government offices. We do not currently have good estimates of the extent to which formerly incarcerated adults actually utilize social safety net resources, however. This paper uses data from the NLSY79 to estimate how much formerly incarcerated individuals draw upon five social safety net programs that require differing levels of in person interaction: unemployment insurance, disability, food stamps/SNAP, AFDC/TANF, and the earned income tax credit. I examine the extent to which formerly incarcerated individuals utilize these programs relative to otherwise similar individuals who have not been incarcerated and how utilization varies by program. Understanding how formerly incarcerated individuals make use of safety net programs and how their utilization varies by program structure will illuminate the extent to which the social safety net is alleviating or perpetuating the inequality generated by America's criminal justice system. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bryan, Brielle. "Seeking Support or Avoiding Institutions: Examining Social Safety Net Usage After Incarceration." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Society of Criminology (ASC) Annual Meeting, November 2017. |
870. |
Bryan, Brielle |
Support Seeking, System Avoidance, and Citizenship: Social Safety Net Usage After Incarceration Criminology published online (03 October 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12351 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Racial Equality/Inequality; Racial Studies; Rights Claiming; System Avoidance; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Scholars have long described the American penal state and welfare state as joined by a common logic of social marginalization. But researchers have only recently begun to explore how the individuals who pass through the carceral system also interact with welfare state programs. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, in this article, I explore how formerly incarcerated individuals make claims on the welfare state and how participation varies across social programs and states, as well as by race, drawing on theories of social welfare rights-claiming and system avoidance. In so doing, I provide the first nationwide estimates of the extent to which previously incarcerated adults use social safety net resources. I find that participation in welfare programs varies with incarceration history, program structure, and race. Rather than finding patterns consistent with system avoidance, I find that previously incarcerated White Americans seem to engage in active rights claiming, participating in public assistance programs more than similarly eligible never-incarcerated counterparts. All formerly incarcerated individuals, however, have limited access to more generous social insurance programs, and the shift to an increasingly employment-based social safety net seems likely to further limit access to the welfare state for the growing population of Americans leaving prison. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bryan, Brielle. "Support Seeking, System Avoidance, and Citizenship: Social Safety Net Usage After Incarceration." Criminology published online (03 October 2023).
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871. |
Bryan, Brielle |
Total Income Trajectories Over the Life Course Post-Incarceration Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Incarceration/Jail; Income; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the focus on the reentry period and labor market discrimination that dominates most of the literature on the economic wellbeing of former prisoners, we have failed to make a full accounting of the financial stability of formerly incarcerated Americans as they navigate the remainder of their lives. As a result, we lack information on how often individuals are able to bounce back after incarceration and how many continue to struggle as they age. Nor do we know which types of former prisoners manage to eventually attain stability. I address these questions by examining total income packages (earned income plus transfer income, spouse's earnings, and other sources of income) over the life course of former prisoners using NLSY79 data. I consider how the composition of former prisoners' income packages changes over the life course and the role of race, as well as employment, marriage, and divorce in determining trajectories. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bryan, Brielle. "Total Income Trajectories Over the Life Course Post-Incarceration." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
872. |
Bryant, Richard R. Jayawardhana, Ananda Samaranayake, V. A. Wilhite, Allen |
The Impact of Alcohol and Drug Use on Employment: A Labor Market Study Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth IRP Discussion Paper 1092-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, June 1996. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp109296.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Employment; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Human Capital; Modeling; Modeling, Logit; Racial Differences; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this study was, first, to estimate the impact of alcohol and drug use on the employment status of men and women and, second, to examine whether a history of past use, as opposed to current use, adversely affects the propensity to be employed. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth we conducted a cross-sectional and a longitudinal analysis with logistic regression estimation to model the probability that a person was employed in 1992. In addition to usual regressors, interactions between substance use measures, between substance use measures and human capital variables, and between substance use measures and race dummies were included in the equation. The longitudinal analysis utilized a conditional likelihood method based on employment data in 1992 and 1988 and included the difference between 1992 regressors and their 1988 counterparts. A comparison was made between the prediction accuracy of the logit choice model, linear discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbor analysis, and three modern classification methods that are used extensively in the area of machine learning. Results showed that the logit model performs relatively well in classifying individuals into employed and unemployed categories based on individual attributes. Results of the cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis were mixed but not inconsistent with our prior expectations that use of alcohol or drug has a negative impact on a person's propensity to be employed. Cross-sectional results show a clear negative impact of past substance use on a person's employment probability among all demographic groups examined (by gender: all persons, blacks, Hispanics, families with income below the poverty line, and high users of alcohol or drugs). However, when current and past use are considered together, only women seem to experience negative impacts. The results of the longitudinal analysis are less clear, although they do indicate that negative impacts are associated with the interaction between substance use measures and human capital variables. Limitations of the study are pointed out and suggestions are made for future research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bryant, Richard R., Ananda Jayawardhana, V. A. Samaranayake and Allen Wilhite. "The Impact of Alcohol and Drug Use on Employment: A Labor Market Study Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." IRP Discussion Paper 1092-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, June 1996. |
873. |
Bryant, Richard R. Samaranayake, V. A. Wilhite, Allen |
Influence of Current and Past Alcohol Use on Earnings: Three Approaches to Estimation Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 29,1 (March 1993): 9-31 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Education Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Earnings; Wage Rates; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examined alcohol consumption and wages of 12,686 males (aged 21-28 yrs) from 3 perspectives. First, a 4-equation model used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate a wage equation and an hours-of-work equation for heavy drinkers and contrasted these estimates with wage and hours equations for moderate drinkers. The 2nd model used a variety of drinking thresholds to distinguish heavy drinkers from moderate ones; the association between current levels of drinking, wages, and hours of work was measured. The longitudinal nature of the data was then used to study the relation between a profile of drinking over the 1982 to 1985 period and earnings. The 3rd model investigated how the profile of drinking over the period 1982-1984 was related to the wage change between 1982 and 1985. Higher drinking levels correlated with higher wages and hours of work. Over time, however, increased drinking was associated with lower wages. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1994 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Bryant, Richard R., V. A. Samaranayake and Allen Wilhite. "Influence of Current and Past Alcohol Use on Earnings: Three Approaches to Estimation." Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 29,1 (March 1993): 9-31.
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874. |
Buchinsky, Moshe Hunt, Jennifer |
Wage Mobility in the United States NBER Working Paper No. 5455, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1996. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5455 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Mobility; Wage Differentials; Wage Dynamics; Wages This paper examines the mobility of individuals through the wage and earnings distributions. This is of extreme importance since mobility has a direct implication for the way one views the vast changes in wage and earnings inequality in the United States over the last few decades. The measures of wage and earnings mobility analyzed are based on data for individuals surveyed in the National Longitudinal Survey for Youth from 1979 to 1991. We introduce summary measures of mobility computed over varying time horizons in order to examine how the effect on measured inequality as the time frame is increased The results suggest that mobility is predominantly within group mobility and increases most rapidly when the time horizon is extended up to four years, reducing wage inequality by 12-26%. We proceed therefore with more detailed examination of short-term (year-to-year) within group mobility, by estimating non-parametrically transition probabilities among quintiles of the distribution. We find that the staying probabilities by quintiles, were higher at the higher quintiles throughout the period for both wages and earnings and that mobility is declining over time. Hence, this paper suggests that while the level of wage inequality in the United States is somewhat lower once mobility is taken into account, the sharp increase in inequality during the 1980's is worse than it appears, due to falling mobility over time. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5455 |
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Bibliography Citation
Buchinsky, Moshe and Jennifer Hunt. "Wage Mobility in the United States." NBER Working Paper No. 5455, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1996. |
875. |
Buchinsky, Moshe Hunt, Jennifer |
Wage Mobility in the United States Review of Economics and Statistics 81,3 (August 1999): 351-368. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2646760 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Mobility; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the mobility of individuals through the wage and earnings distributions, using 1979-1991 data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Lifetime wages will be more equally distributed than wages from any single year if individuals change position in the wage distribution over time. The results suggest that mobility is predominantly within group mobility, reducing wage inequality by 12%-26% over a four-year horizon. A detailed examination of within-group mobility, using year-to-year estimates of transition probabilities among quintiles of the distribution, reveals similar general patterns across all skill groups: mobility declined significantly over the years, especially at the lower end of the wage and earnings distributions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Buchinsky, Moshe and Jennifer Hunt. "Wage Mobility in the United States." Review of Economics and Statistics 81,3 (August 1999): 351-368.
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876. |
Buckles, Kasey S. |
Understanding the Returns to Delayed Childbearing for Working Women American Economic Review 98,2 (May 2008): 403-407. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.98.2.403 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Earnings; Education; First Birth; Parenthood; Skill Formation; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The article investigates the wage-earning implications for U.S. women of giving birth to a first child. Previous research has suggested there are substantial economic benefits to delaying childbirth, with one study claiming a 3% increase in wages for each year of delay. The author seeks explanation through analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Her work reveals several findings. In 2003 an annual 3% wage premium did exist for each year of delayed parenthood. In addition, delayed childbirth correlated with high levels of skill, education, and professional status of the mother. |
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Bibliography Citation
Buckles, Kasey S. "Understanding the Returns to Delayed Childbearing for Working Women." American Economic Review 98,2 (May 2008): 403-407.
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877. |
Buckles, Kasey S. Kolka, Shawna |
Prenatal Investments, Breastfeeding, and Birth Order Social Science and Medicine 118 (October 2014): 66-70. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027795361400495X Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Birth Order; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Breastfeeding; Family Size; Missing Data/Imputation; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parental Investments; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care Mothers have many opportunities to invest in their own or their child’s health and well-being during pregnancy and immediately after birth. These investments include seeking prenatal care, taking prenatal vitamins, and breastfeeding. In this paper, we investigate a potential determinant of mothers’ investments that has been largely overlooked by previous research—birth order. Data are from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) Child and Young Adult Survey, which provides detailed information on pre- and post-natal behaviors of women from the NLSY79. These women were between the ages of 14 and 22 in 1979, and form a nationally representative sample of youth in the United States. Our sample includes births to these women between 1973 and 2010 (10,328 births to 3,755 mothers). We use fixed effects regression models to estimate within-mother differences in pre- and post-natal behaviors across births. We find that mothers are 6.6 percent less likely to take prenatal vitamins in a fourth or higher-order birth than in a first and are 10.6 percent less likely to receive early prenatal care. Remarkably, mothers are 15.4 percent less likely to breastfeed a second-born child than a first, and are 20.9 percent less likely to breastfeed a fourth or higher-order child. These results are not explained by changing attitudes toward investments over time. These findings suggest that providers may want to increase efforts to encourage these behaviors at women with higher parity. The results also identify a potential mechanism for the emergence of differences in health and other outcomes across birth orders. |
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Bibliography Citation
Buckles, Kasey S. and Shawna Kolka. "Prenatal Investments, Breastfeeding, and Birth Order." Social Science and Medicine 118 (October 2014): 66-70.
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878. |
Buckles, Kasey S. Munnich, Elizabeth L. |
Birth Spacing and Sibling Outcomes Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 (Updated May 2011). Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Children, Well-Being; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Fertility; Modeling, OLS; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Siblings; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the effect of the age difference between siblings (spacing) on educational achievement. We use a sample of women from the 1979 NLSY, matched to reading and math scores for their children from the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults Survey. OLS results suggest that greater spacing is beneficial for older siblings, though only for low socioeconomic-status (SES) families. For high-SES families, greater spacing has no beneficial effect and is associated with lower test scores for younger siblings. However, because we are concerned that spacing may be correlated with unobservable characteristics, we also use an instrumental variables strategy that exploits variation in spacing driven by miscarriages that occur between two live births. The IV results indicate that a one-year increase in spacing increases test scores for low-SES older siblings by about 0.2 standard deviations. For younger siblings there appears to be no causal impact of spacing on test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Buckles, Kasey S. and Elizabeth L. Munnich. "Birth Spacing and Sibling Outcomes." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 (Updated May 2011). |
879. |
Buckles, Kasey S. Munnich, Elizabeth L. |
Birth Spacing and Sibling Outcomes Journal of Human Resources 47,3 (Summer 2012): 613-642. Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/47/3/613.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Children, Well-Being; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Fertility; Modeling, OLS; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Siblings; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Using the NLSY79 and NLSY79 Child and Young Adult Surveys, we investigate the effect of the age difference between siblings (spacing) on educational achievement. Because spacing may be endogenous, we use an instrumental variables strategy that exploits variation in spacing driven by miscarriages. The IV results indicate that a one-year increase in spacing increases test scores for older siblings by about 0.17 standard deviations. These results are larger than the OLS estimates, suggesting that failing to account for the endogeneity of spacing may understate its benefits. For younger siblings, we find no causal impact of spacing on test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Buckles, Kasey S. and Elizabeth L. Munnich. "Birth Spacing and Sibling Outcomes." Journal of Human Resources 47,3 (Summer 2012): 613-642.
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880. |
Buckles, Kasey S. Price, Joseph P. |
Selection and the Marriage Premium for Infant Health Demography 50,4 (August 2013): 1315-1339. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-013-0211-7 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birthweight; Infants; Marriage; Natality Detail Files; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research has found a positive relationship between marriage and infant health, but it is unclear whether this relationship is causal or a reflection of positive selection into marriage. We use multiple empirical approaches to address this issue. First, using a technique developed by Gelbach (2009) to determine the relative importance of observable characteristics, we show how selection into marriage has changed over time. Second, we construct a matched sample of children born to the same mother and apply panel data techniques to account for time-invariant unobserved characteristics. We find evidence of a sizable marriage premium. However, this premium fell by more than 40 % between 1989 and 2004, largely as a result of declining selection into marriage by race. Accounting for selection reduces ordinary least squares estimates of the marriage premiums for birth weight, prematurity, and infant mortality by at least one-half. |
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Bibliography Citation
Buckles, Kasey S. and Joseph P. Price. "Selection and the Marriage Premium for Infant Health." Demography 50,4 (August 2013): 1315-1339.
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881. |
Budd, John W. McCall, Brian P. |
The Effect of Unions on the Receipt of Unemployment Insurance Benefits Industrial and Labor Relations Review 50,3 (April 1997): 478-492. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2525186 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Unemployment Compensation; Unemployment Insurance; Unions Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data for the period 1979-1991, a study analyzes the effect of union representation on the likelihood that individuals eligible for unemployment insurance (UI) benefits actually received those benefits. The study finds that unions had no statistically significant effect on the probability of benefit receipt among white-collar workers, but among eligible blue-collar workers, those who were laid off from union jobs were roughly 23% more likely than comparable nonunion workers to receive UI benefits. Although the analyze does not identify the reasons for this difference, 2 factors it appears to rule out as determinants are union- negotiated supplemental unemployment benefit plans and differences between union and nonunion workers in expected unemployment durations. Copyright New York State School of Industrial & Labor Relations 1997. Fulltext online. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budd, John W. and Brian P. McCall. "The Effect of Unions on the Receipt of Unemployment Insurance Benefits." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 50,3 (April 1997): 478-492.
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882. |
Buddlemeyer, Hielke Troske, Kenneth R. Voicu, Alexandru |
Joint Estimation of Sequential Labor Force Participation and Fertility Decisions Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques Presented: Lisbon, Portugal, European Association of Labour Economists, September 2004. Also: http://gatton.uky.edu/faculty/troske/working_pap/troskevoicu081704.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: European Association of Labour Economists Keyword(s): Bayesian; Fertility; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Labor Supply; Markov chain / Markov model; Modeling; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The above cited pdf does not use the same abstract as the one below, but it is dated one month prior to the above paper presented. Three mechanisms generate the statistical relationship between women's fertility decisions and their level of labor market involvement. Children directly affect women's labor supply by raising the value of non-market options. Having children frequently forces women to temporarily leave the labor market leading to depreciation of their human capital, thus indirectly affecting subsequent labor market decisions. Individual heterogeneity with respect to tastes for market work and family structure induce additional correlation between fertility and participation behavior throughout lifetime. Distinguishing these three effects is important for effective policy design. This paper proposes a model that disentangles the direct, indirect, and unobserved heterogeneity effects, and evaluates their relative importance. Sequential participation decisions for four levels of labor market involvement and fertility decisions are jointly modeled. The estimation is performed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. |
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Bibliography Citation
Buddlemeyer, Hielke, Kenneth R. Troske and Alexandru Voicu. "Joint Estimation of Sequential Labor Force Participation and Fertility Decisions Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques." Presented: Lisbon, Portugal, European Association of Labour Economists, September 2004. |
883. |
Buddlemeyer, Hielke Troske, Kenneth R. Voicu, Alexandru |
Joint Estimation of Sequential Labor Force Participation and Fertility Decisions Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques Working Paper, European Economic Association & Econometric Society, January 30, 2004. Also: http://www.eea-esem.com/papers/eea-esem/2004/1671/BuddelmeyerTroskeVoicu1.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: European Economic Association & Econometric Society Keyword(s): Bayesian; Childbearing; Fertility; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Labor Supply; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Markov chain / Markov model; Modeling, Probit; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Children have both a direct and indirect effect on a women’s supply of labor to the market. The direct effect is a result of children raising the value of non-market option of women thereby reducing their labor supply. The indirect effect derives from the fact that having children frequently forces women to leave the labor market for some period, leading to a fall in their human capital and their market wage, and therefore in their propensity to work in the formal labor market. Distinguishing these two effects is important for effective policy design. This paper proposes a model that disentangles the direct and indirect effect of children on women’s labor force participation, and evaluates their relative importance. Sequential participation decisions for four levels of labor market involvement and fertility decisions are jointly modelled. The estimation is performed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. The indirect effect is more important and grows with the length of the interruption. The direct effect declines with the age of the child. |
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Bibliography Citation
Buddlemeyer, Hielke, Kenneth R. Troske and Alexandru Voicu. "Joint Estimation of Sequential Labor Force Participation and Fertility Decisions Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques." Working Paper, European Economic Association & Econometric Society, January 30, 2004. |
884. |
Budig, Michelle Jean |
Are Women's Employment and Fertility Histories Interdependent? An Examination of Causal Order Using Event History Analysis Social Science Research 32,3 (September 2003): 376-402. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X03000127 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Employment; Employment, Part-Time; Ethnic Differences; Event History; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Preschool Children; Racial Differences; Women The negative correlation between women's employment and fertility is well documented. However, the causal nature of that relationship is not clearly understood. Does increased fertility decrease labor force participation? Or, does labor force participation decrease fertility? Or are both true? Data from the 1979?1994 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are examined using event history analysis. Detailed part-time and full-time employment histories and time-sensitive measures of fertility are analyzed. Findings indicate that both pregnancy and the number of preschoolers hinder non-employed women's entrance to the work force. While pregnancy has no effect on employed women's hazard of exit, preschool children increase the hazard of labor force exit for full-time workers. Older children have the opposite effect: they encourage full-time employment. Older children decrease the likelihood that mothers will exit either part- or full-time employment and increase the likelihood that non-employed mothers will enter full-time employment. Finally, both part- and full-time employment reduce women's hazard of pregnancy. Findings are consistent across racial and ethnic categories. [Copyright 2003 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean. "Are Women's Employment and Fertility Histories Interdependent? An Examination of Causal Order Using Event History Analysis." Social Science Research 32,3 (September 2003): 376-402.
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885. |
Budig, Michelle Jean |
Boon or Bust? Sex Differences in Returns to Earnings for Self-Employment Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Earnings; Family Characteristics; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers; Mothers, Income; Occupations; Self-Employed Workers; Sex Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While sex differences in participation in self-employment are well documented, sex differences in the effects of self-employment on earnings are not. Does self-employment increase or decrease workers' earnings? Do the returns of self-employment to earnings differ by sex? If so, what mechanisms can explain this difference? Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-98), I examine how returns to earnings for self-employment vary by sex, family status, and occupation. Fixed effect models include controls for human capital, occupational characteristics, and industrial/occupational sex segregation. Findings indicate that childless professional women receive an equivalent return to earnings for self-employment compared with professionally employed men. However, while all men benefit from self-employment, all mothers, and all women in non-professional occupations, have negative returns to self-employment. Findings are consistent with arguments that women use self-employment to balance work and family demands and this amenity may compensate for the negative returns mothers receive. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean. "Boon or Bust? Sex Differences in Returns to Earnings for Self-Employment." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002. |
886. |
Budig, Michelle Jean |
Gender, Self-Employment, and Earnings The Interlocking Structures of Family and Professional Status Gender and Society 20,6 (December 2006): 725-753. Also: http://gas.sagepub.com/content/20/6/725.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Child Care; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Labor Supply; Mobility, Labor Market; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Occupational Prestige; Self-Employed Workers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1979 to 1998 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the author explores how gender, family, and class alter the impact of self-employment on earnings. Fixed-effect regression results show that while self-employment positively influences men's earnings, not all women similarly benefit. Professionals receive the same self-employment earnings premium, regardless of gender. However, self-employment in nonprofessional occupations negatively affects women's earnings, with wives and mothers incurring the greatest penalties. The high concentration of nonprofessional self-employed women in child care accounts for much of these penalties. Results are robust despite inclusion of controls for human capital and labor supply, job characteristics, occupational and industrial gender segregation, and demographic characteristics. The compensating differentials argument, that women with greater family responsibilities trade earnings for the family-friendly aspects of self-employment, is discussed in light of these findings. While this argument may explain women's returns to nonprofessional self-employment, it is less persuasive for interpreting women's returns to professional self-employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean. "Gender, Self-Employment, and Earnings The Interlocking Structures of Family and Professional Status." Gender and Society 20,6 (December 2006): 725-753.
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887. |
Budig, Michelle Jean |
Intersections on the Road to Self-Employment: Gender, Family and Occupational Class Social Forces 84,4 (June 2006): 2223-2239. Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v084/84.4budig.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Employment; Family Constraints; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Self-Employed Workers; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Are gender differences in the effects of family structure on self-employment participation robust across different forms of self-employment? Using event history analyses of competing risks and data spanning 20 years, I find that women enter non-professional and non-managerial self-employment to balance work and family demands. In contrast, family factors do little to explain women's entrance into professional and managerial selfemployment; these women are more similar to their male peers and appear to follow a careerist model of self-employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean. "Intersections on the Road to Self-Employment: Gender, Family and Occupational Class." Social Forces 84,4 (June 2006): 2223-2239.
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888. |
Budig, Michelle Jean |
Male Advantage and the Gender Composition of Jobs: Who Rides the Glass Escalator? Social Problems 49,2 (May 2002): 258-277. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3097230 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Economics of Gender; Employment; Gender; Gender Differences; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male; Sexual Division of Labor; Wage Gap; Wage Growth; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Is the gender gap in pay constant across all jobs, or does the gender composition of the job affect male advantage? Using data from the NLSY and a finely detailed measure of the gender composition of jobs, I investigate gender differences in wages and in wage growth. I show how they differ between female-dominated, male-dominated, and balanced jobs. Predictions from Kanter's theory of tokenism and the Williams and Acker theory of gendered organizations are tested. Findings indicate that men are advantaged, net of controls, in both pay levels and wage growth in all jobs, regardless of gender composition. Contrary to predictions generated from Kanter's tokenism theory, men do not suffer when they are tokens, in terms of pay. Not only are predictions from Kanter's theory untrue for male tokens, they also do not hold for female tokens when it comes to wages. Rather, consistent with the Williams and Acker theory of gendered organizations, men are no more—and no less—advantaged when women are tokens; in terms of earnings, men are uniformly advantaged in male-dominated, female-dominated, and balanced jobs. Analyses of promotions data indicate that men are also not additionally advantaged whether they are the numerically dominant or minority gender; in fact, male advantage in promotions is the smallest when men are tokens. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean. "Male Advantage and the Gender Composition of Jobs: Who Rides the Glass Escalator?" Social Problems 49,2 (May 2002): 258-277.
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889. |
Budig, Michelle Jean |
Professionals, Carpenters, and Childcare Workers: Sex Differences in Self-Employment Participation and Earnings Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona, 2001. DAI-A 62/08, p. 2885, Feb 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Care; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Labor Supply; Occupational Status; Self-Employed Workers Despite the revitalization of non-agricultural self-employment among men, and especially among women, since 1970, little research has examined sex differences in self-employment participation and outcomes using national longitudinal probability samples. In addition, even less research has examined how these sex differences vary by occupational status. Using data from each census between 1940 and 1990, along with data from the 1979-1998 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this dissertation examines sex differences in the historical context of and trends in self-employment, factors that affect the likelihood of self-employment entrance, and earnings returns to self-employment. Analyses are run separately for non-professional and professional workers. Sex differences in the effects of human capital and labor supply, occupational and industrial sex segregation, job characteristics, family factors, and demographic characteristics on self-employment participation and earnings are explored. General theories of self-employment participation, based on the experiences of men, are tested to see if they can explain women's self-employment experiences as well. These theories include three versions of the disadvantaged worker theory--that workers with fewer employable skills, workers in bad jobs, and workers that face employer discrimination will turn to and benefit from self-employment. Two gendered theories that take women's structural position in the economy and the family are also examined. These theories argue that women whose family responsibilities conflict with work obligations and highly skilled women who are trying to circumvent employer discrimination will turn to and benefit from self-employment. Findings show support for the gender-neutral discouraged worker and the gendered work and family conflict theories. Workers in bad jobs are more likely to become self-employed, as are married women and mothers. Less support is found for the glass ceiling breaker theory. Female childless professionals are the only group of women who benefit equally from self-employment, compared with men. All other women face earnings penalties for being self-employed. However, the benefits of self-employment, such as lower child care costs, greater flexibility in work schedules, and control over the intensity of work may compensate for the self-employment penalty mothers incur. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean. Professionals, Carpenters, and Childcare Workers: Sex Differences in Self-Employment Participation and Earnings. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona, 2001. DAI-A 62/08, p. 2885, Feb 2002. |
890. |
Budig, Michelle Jean |
The Fatherhood Bonus and The Motherhood Penalty: Parenthood and the Gender Gap in Pay Report, Third Way, Washington DC, 2014. Also: http://www.thirdway.org/publications/853 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Third Way Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Discrimination; Fatherhood; Fertility; Gender Differences; Income; Income Level; Job Knowledge; Job Promotion; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Wage Differentials; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. For the past forty years at least, progressive advocates have been concerned about the the wage gap between working men and women in American society. Overall, never-married women in 2012 had almost closed the wage gap—earning 96% of what men earn. So why are we still concerned about the wage gap? Is this issue over? Author Michelle J. Budig clarifies this debate by looking at the wage gap in terms of the one thing that the majority of adults experience in their lifetime—parenthood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean. "The Fatherhood Bonus and The Motherhood Penalty: Parenthood and the Gender Gap in Pay." Report, Third Way, Washington DC, 2014. |
891. |
Budig, Michelle Jean England, Paula A. |
The Wage Penalty for Motherhood American Sociological Review 66,2 (April 2001): 204-225. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657415 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Discrimination; Fertility; Income; Income Level; Job Knowledge; Job Promotion; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Mothers; Mothers, Income; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Motherhood is associated with lower hourly pay, but the causes of this are not well understood. Mothers may earn less than other women because having children causes them to (1) lose job experience, (2) be less productive at work, (3) trade off higher wages for mother-friendly jobs, or (4) be discriminated against by employers. Or the relationship may be spurious rather than causal--women with lower earning potential may have children at relatively higher rates. The authors use data from the 1982-1993 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth with fixed-effects models to examine the wage penalty for motherhood. Results show a wage penalty of 7 percent per child. Penalties are larger for married women than for unmarried women. Women with (more) children have fewer years of job experience, and after controlling for experience a penalty of 5 percent per child remains. "Mother-friendly" characteristics of the jobs held by mothers explain little of the penalty beyond the tendency of more mothers than non-mothers to work part-time. The portion of the motherhood penalty unexplained probably results from the effect of motherhood on productivity and/or from discrimination by employers against mothers. While the benefits of mothering diffuse widely--to the employers, neighbors, friends, spouses, and children of the adults who received the mothering--the costs of child rearing are borne disproportionately by mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean and Paula A. England. "The Wage Penalty for Motherhood." American Sociological Review 66,2 (April 2001): 204-225.
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892. |
Budig, Michelle Jean Fugiero, Melissa |
Racial Differences in the Effects of Education on Earnings: Findings from the NLSY, 1979-2000 Presented: New York City NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): College Degree; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Past research claims racial minorities benefit less from educational attainment in terms of earnings. However, it is unclear whether this reduced benefit is due to race differences in levels of education obtained or due differences in returns to earnings from educational attainment. Moreover, quite unexplored is whether race differences in the returns to education of vary by field of degree. Using the 1979-2000 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we test whether African-Americans and Caucasians experience different returns to earnings for educational attainment. We examine multiple specifications of education: years of education, highest degree obtained, and field of degree obtained. Control variables include human capital, occupational characteristics, economic and industrial sectors, local labor market conditions, family structure, and demographic characteristics. We find there are racial differences in returns to education measured as highest grade completed and this difference is largely unexplained by the addition of extensive control variables. In-depth examination of these differential returns by measuring education as highest degree obtained and as field of highest degree obtain reveal notable patterns. Among men, race gaps in returns to education are explained in many fields and levels by racial differences in human capital, labor supply, and job characteristics. However, white men receive a return to MBAs that is four times higher than black men's return. Among women, the racial differential in returns to education is more pronounced, dramatically so at the PhD level. In almost every field, African-American women receive a significantly lower return to educational credentials, compared to white women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean and Melissa Fugiero. "Racial Differences in the Effects of Education on Earnings: Findings from the NLSY, 1979-2000." Presented: New York City NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2007. |
893. |
Budig, Michelle Jean Hodges, Melissa J. |
Differences in Disadvantage: Variation in the Motherhood Penalty across White Women’s Earnings Distribution American Sociological Review 75,5 (October 2010): 705-728. Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/75/5/705.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Differentials; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Earnings inequality has grown in recent decades in the United States, yet research investigating the motherhood wage penalty has not fully considered how the penalty itself, and the mechanisms producing it, may vary among low-wage, middle-wage, and high-wage workers. Pooling data from the 1979 to 2004 waves of the NLSY and using simultaneous quantile regression methods with fixed effects, we test whether the size of the motherhood penalty differs across the distribution of white women’s earnings, and whether the mechanisms explaining this penalty vary by earnings level. Results show that having children inflicts the largest penalty on low-wage women, proportionately, although a significant motherhood penalty persists at all earnings levels. We also find that the mechanisms creating the motherhood penalty vary by earnings level. Family resources, work effort, and compensating differentials account for a greater portion of the penalty among low earners. Among highly paid women, by contrast, the motherhood penalty is significantly smaller and largely explained by lost human capital due to childbearing. Our findings show that estimates of average motherhood penalties obscure the compounded disadvantage mothers face at the bottom of the earnings distribution, as well as differences in the type and strength of mechanisms that produce the penalty. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean and Melissa J. Hodges. "Differences in Disadvantage: Variation in the Motherhood Penalty across White Women’s Earnings Distribution." American Sociological Review 75,5 (October 2010): 705-728.
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894. |
Budig, Michelle Jean Hodges, Melissa J. |
Overqualified and Underpaid: Understanding the Mechanisms Producing the Earnings Penalty for Care Workers Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Human Capital; Job Characteristics; Occupational Choice; Occupations; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The care wage penalty is well established, but less is known about the mechanisms producing it. Commonly used arguments of these mechanisms have not been systematically adjudicated empirically. We examine the differences between care and non-care workers that may produce this penalty, including differences in selection into care work on stable individual characteristics (such as tastes, preferences, and unmeasured abilities), human capital, job amenities and disamenities, occupational and industrial segregation, and participation in the public sector and worker unions. We also consider how specific types of care workers, such as doctors, teachers, and childcare workers, experience different penalties for performing care work. Importantly, we go beyond simply considering how differences in worker and job characteristics may lead to the care penalty. The care penalty may be produced if the wage returns to human capital, or the wage protection effects of worker unions and government subsidized work, are less positive, or more negative, for care workers. We investigate this by testing whether returns (i.e., coefficients) are different between care and non-care workers in regard to human capital (education, experience, and seniority) and potentially protective job characteristics (working in the public sector and membership in a collective bargaining unit). In these analyses we again divide care workers into subgroups of workers to consider which care workers face greater wage penalties and whether human capital investments and protective job characteristics benefit some care workers more than others. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean and Melissa J. Hodges. "Overqualified and Underpaid: Understanding the Mechanisms Producing the Earnings Penalty for Care Workers." Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012. |
895. |
Budig, Michelle Jean Hodges, Melissa J. England, Paula A. |
Wages of Nurturant and Reproductive Care Workers: Individual and Job Characteristics, Occupational Closure, and Wage-Equalizing Institutions Social Problems 66,2 (May 2019): 294-319. Also: https://academic.oup.com/socpro/article/66/2/294/4976108 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Job Characteristics; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Occupations; Wage Gap; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the work's social importance, nurturant and reproductive care workers earn less than others with comparable human capital and work demands. We explore three broad questions related to pay for care work. First, we examine nurturant and reproductive care penalties together to investigate what mechanisms produce the lower wages for these workers. Second, we examine how occupational closure through education credentials and licensing requirements creates varying returns to care work. Finally, we explore the roles of wage equalizing institutions--labor unions and government sector care provision--in reducing wage disparities associated with care work. Using the 1979-2012 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and fixed-effects regression models, we find that selection on stable factors and human capital differences explain much of the lower wages for reproductive workers, but none of the low wages of nurturant workers. However, compared to non-care workers, college-educated nurturant care workers receive lower returns to work experience, suggesting limitations in how much learning can increase efficiency in care work, given the labor intensive, face-to-face nature of much of it. Occupational closure matters: care jobs with the highest educational and licensing requirements pay a wage bonus, while less closed care occupations incur a penalty. Wage equalizing institutions have both floor and ceiling effects on care worker wages that mitigate care penalties for selected workers: women reproductive workers and women in low-education/high-licensing occupations. More consistently, ceiling effects of these institutions lower the wages of otherwise higher paid care workers: nurturant and high-education/high licensing occupations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean, Melissa J. Hodges and Paula A. England. "Wages of Nurturant and Reproductive Care Workers: Individual and Job Characteristics, Occupational Closure, and Wage-Equalizing Institutions." Social Problems 66,2 (May 2019): 294-319.
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896. |
Budig, Michelle Jean Lim, Misun |
Cohort Differences and the Marriage Premium: Emergence of Gender-Neutral Household Specialization Effects Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Gender Differences; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Past research finds marriage premiums for men, occasionally women, attributable to Becker's theory of household specialization. We ask, do these premiums 1) persist among the millennial cohort of workers, 2) reflect changing selection into marriage across cohorts, and 3) differ by the gender division of spousal work hours? Using fixed-effects models and NLSY79 and NLSY97 data, we compare cohort, gender, and household specialization differences in the marriage premium. Despite declining gender-traditional household specialization, the millennial cohort reveals larger marriage premiums, for both women and men. While positive selection on unobserved factors explains less of the marriage premium among millennial men, it fully explains millennial women's marriage premium, relative to baby boomers. Household specialization matters only among millennials, where it is gender neutral: both male and female breadwinners earn significantly larger marriage premiums, while husbands and wives specializing in nonmarket work earn no premium, or even a marriage penalty, when employed. Also presented at Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean and Misun Lim. "Cohort Differences and the Marriage Premium: Emergence of Gender-Neutral Household Specialization Effects." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
897. |
Budig, Michelle Jean Lim, Misun |
Cohort Differences and the Marriage Premium: Emergence of Gender-Neutral Household Specialization Effects Journal of Marriage and Family 78,5 (October 2016): 1352-1370. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12326/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Gender Differences; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wage Differentials Using fixed-effects models and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 data, we compared cohort, gender, and household specialization differences in the marriage premium. Do these premiums (a) persist among millennials, (b) reflect changing selection into marriage across cohorts, and (c) differ by the gender division of spousal work hours? Despite declining gender-traditional household specialization, the millennial cohort garnered larger marriage premiums for women and men. Positive selection explained millenial women's marriage premiums, but less of men's. Household specialization mattered only among millennials, where it is gender neutral: Male and female breadwinners earned significantly larger marriage premiums, whereas husbands and wives specializing in nonmarket work earned no premium, or even penalties, when employed. Results show increasing disadvantage among breadwinner households, with dual earners most advantaged among millennials. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean and Misun Lim. "Cohort Differences and the Marriage Premium: Emergence of Gender-Neutral Household Specialization Effects." Journal of Marriage and Family 78,5 (October 2016): 1352-1370.
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898. |
Budig, Michelle Jean Lim, Misun Hodges, Melissa J. |
Racial and Gender Disparities in the Wage Returns for Educational Attainment Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. How do race and gender intersect with educational attainment to influence earnings? Do women and minority men earn less than white men because of lower educational attainment or degrees in less lucrative majors, or because they receive lower returns to the same qualifications? Using a longitudinal national probability sample, we test whether earnings returns to education differ among white men, black men, white women, and black women. To examine the role of racial and gender segregation in field of degree, we consider multiple specifications of education: years of education, highest degree obtained, and level-by-field of degree obtained. Covariates include local labor market and demographic characteristics, family structure, human capital, and job characteristics. Findings reveal a robust labor market for less educated white men, such that white men's greater returns to secondary and college educational attainment only emerges with controls for human capital, labor supply, and job characteristics. White women also receive stronger wage returns for educational credentials, but only for post-graduate degrees. Black men receive significantly lower returns for most of their educational credentials, and this can be attributed to the disadvantageous sorting of educated black men into jobs with low-paying characteristics. Finally, black women, who appear to receive stronger returns for educational attainment in baseline models, are uniformly undervalued for their educational attainment in more saturated models. This indicates that that educational attainment may propel black women's success in the labor market in terms of human capital accumulation and occupational attainment, but compared to white women and men with equivalent characteristics, black women's education is strikingly under-rewarded in terms of pay. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean, Misun Lim and Melissa J. Hodges. "Racial and Gender Disparities in the Wage Returns for Educational Attainment." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018. |
899. |
Budig, Michelle Jean Lim, Misun Hodges, Melissa J. |
Racial and Gender Pay Disparities: The Role of Education Social Science Research published online (16 May 2021): 102580. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X21000570 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Wage Gap We investigate whether white women, black women, and black men earn less than white men because of 1) lower educational attainment and/or 2) lower wage returns to the same levels and academic fields of attainment. Using the 1979-2012 waves of the American National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we examine how educational attainment and academic fields of study impact pay. Regression decompositions show that differences in attainment and in academic fields explain 13 to 23 percent of the racial pay gaps, but none of the gender pay gaps. Random effects models test for race and gender differences in the wage returns to education. Men of both races receive higher wage returns relative to women, while black women receive lower returns relative to all groups for master's degrees. Our intersectional approach reveals that equalizing educational attainment would reduce racial pay gaps, whereas equalizing wage returns to education would reduce gender pay disparities. Moreover, black women's earnings are multiply disadvantaged, both by their lower attainment relative to white women, and their lower returns to education relative to all groups studied. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean, Misun Lim and Melissa J. Hodges. "Racial and Gender Pay Disparities: The Role of Education." Social Science Research published online (16 May 2021): 102580.
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900. |
Budig, Michelle Jean Lim, Misun Hodges, Melissa J. Fugiero, Melissa |
It’s Not Enough to Stay in School: Race and Gender Differences in the Wage Returns of Educational Attainment Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the 1979-2010 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we test whether African-Americans and Caucasians experience different returns to earnings for educational attainment. We examine multiple specifications of education: years of education, highest degree obtained, and field of degree obtained. Control variables include human capital, job characteristics, family structure, and demographic characteristics. We find African-Americans receive lower returns to education measured as highest grade completed, net of extensive control variables. Most of this racial difference in returns is concentrated among workers with graduate degrees, particularly among PhDs. Among men, whites receive significantly higher returns for MBAs and PhDs in the social sciences and humanities. Among women, whites receive significantly higher returns for graduate degrees in humanities and legal studies. Some of these racial differences are due to differential placement in occupations and industries after degree completion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Budig, Michelle Jean, Misun Lim, Melissa J. Hodges and Melissa Fugiero. "It’s Not Enough to Stay in School: Race and Gender Differences in the Wage Returns of Educational Attainment." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
901. |
Buemi, Sam J. |
How Race-Gender Status Affects the Relationship Between Spanking and Depressive Symptoms Among Children and Adolescents M.A. Thesis, Kent State University, 2009 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Children, Mental Health; Depression (see also CESD); Discipline; Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Punishment, Corporal Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the Stress Process Model as a theoretical framework, this study examines data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY-C). Cross-sectional and change models are utilized to illustrate the symptoms of depression that exist among youth initially and over time. The purpose of this study is to investigate how race-gender status moderates the relationship between spanking and depressive mood among youth. Depressive symptoms do not vary among African American boys and girls and European American boys and girls either initially or over time. Results indicate that spanking is significantly and positively related to depressive symptoms for African-American girls and European American girls initially, but only for African American girls over time. These results suggest that spanking has a negative impact on depressive mood for girls of both races initially, but only for African American girls over time. Further, results of this study demonstrate that spanking does not appear to affect depressive symptoms among boys either short term or long term. Other notable factors under consideration in this study are maternal depression and emotional support offered by the mother. Maternal depression has a positive impact on youth regardless of race- gender status. Emotional support appears to have a positive effect on depressive symptoms for European American boys and girls initially, but only European American boys over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Buemi, Sam J. How Race-Gender Status Affects the Relationship Between Spanking and Depressive Symptoms Among Children and Adolescents. M.A. Thesis, Kent State University, 2009. |
902. |
Bui, Quoctrung |
Who Had Richer Parents, Doctors Or Artists? National Public Radio, March 18, 2014, Planet Money section. Also: http://www.npr.org/sections/money/2014/03/18/289013884/who-had-richer-parents-doctors-or-arists Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Public Radio (NPR) Keyword(s): Household Income; Occupational Choice; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. What's the link between household income during childhood and job choice during adulthood? |
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Bibliography Citation
Bui, Quoctrung. "Who Had Richer Parents, Doctors Or Artists?" National Public Radio, March 18, 2014, Planet Money section. |
903. |
Buitrago, Manuel |
Culture, Employment, and Volatility: Three Essays on Hispanic Labor Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, American University, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Earnings; Hispanic Studies; Wage Dynamics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 3 entitled "Trends in Hispanic Earnings Volatility: investigates differences in income volatility between Hispanic men and women, versus white and black non-Hispanic men and women, and among Hispanics of different national origins, by examining which groups face the largest risks of experiencing a large drop in economic resources, how relative risks have changed over time, and what the patterns tell us about the sources of differential trends. Using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979), this essay compares two measures of earnings volatility: a volatility decomposition developed by Gottschalk and Moffitt (1994) and the standard deviation of arc percent change to document changes over time in the cross-sectional distribution of income changes. The NLSY shows that, for all groups, earnings volatility is lower today than in 1979. This finding is counter to previous research using other data sets (the PSID, CPS, SIPP, and LEHD) and likely reflects a life-cycle effect, whereby young people settle into stable jobs over the first 10-20 years of their careers and their earnings volatility falls. However, the data show some differences in levels of earnings volatility across subethnicities that are invariant to the volatility measure used, and hold up when individual characteristics are controlled for, namely that earnings volatility is relatively high for Puerto Ricans and non-Hispanic blacks and relatively low for Cubans; in the middle of the range, earnings volatility is similar for Mexicans, other Hispanic groups, and non-Hispanic whites. Further research would be valuable for explaining the sources of these differences across groups, and the extent to which policies could help attenuate earnings volatility among groups for which it is relatively high. |
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Bibliography Citation
Buitrago, Manuel. Culture, Employment, and Volatility: Three Essays on Hispanic Labor. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, American University, 2015. |
904. |
Bulanda, Ronald E. |
Beyond Provisions: The Relationship between Poverty and Parenting among Single Mothers Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Parents, Behavior; Parents, Single; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The primary aim of this study is to assess how poverty status influences the parenting of single mothers. A common approach in the literature assessing the parenting of single mothers is to target only low-income mothers. Currently we do not know how poverty influences variations in parenting within single mother families. The results from this study offer several important contributions, including the identification of the conditions in which poor families demonstrate positive parenting behaviors. In this work, the results suggest the poverty status of single mothers to be primarily unrelated to their parenting. Specifically, the parental style, support, and monitoring of single mothers is not associated with their poverty status. In contrast, the parenting measure related to the poverty status of poor single mothers may be indicative of a positive parenting approach. Poor single mothers are more involved in establishing limits for their adolescent children |
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Bibliography Citation
Bulanda, Ronald E. "Beyond Provisions: The Relationship between Poverty and Parenting among Single Mothers." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. |
905. |
Burchett-Patel, Diane |
Formation of the Stepfamily: Are Men Substituting New, Residential Stepchildren for Children from Their First Unions? M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Fatherhood Research has long viewed a woman's children from prior unions as a liability on the remarriage market. However, little attention has focused on possible linkages between a man's prior fathering experience and his subsequent unions. Since most children reside with their mothers following union disruption, for men disruption typically means the loss of co-residence with their children and a reduction in father-child contact. Identity theory suggests that these men may seek to replace or restore their fathering role by acting as social fathers to their partners' children in new unions. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this study identifies 1,428 men who have entered a second union following the disruption of their first union, and examines the relationship between prior fathering roles and the likelihood that the second union is with a woman who already has children. Both marriages and informal unions are included. As hypothesized, the findings indicate that men who have resided with biological children at the last point of their first union are more likely to live with stepchildren at the start of their second union, and men who have lived with stepchildren in union one are also more likely to live with stepchildren in the second union. These linkages are not significantly different for marriage and informal unions. Men's family attitudes, earnings, and ethnicity have no significant association with the likelihood of living with stepchildren in the second union. However, men whose family of origin remained intact through their childhood and men educated beyond a high school diploma are less likely to live with stepchildren in their second unions. The findings are interpreted to suggest that men who already have resided with their own biological children or their partner's children are more willing to assume fathering responsibilities in subsequent unions and may even seek out the opportunity to do so. |
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Bibliography Citation
Burchett-Patel, Diane. Formation of the Stepfamily: Are Men Substituting New, Residential Stepchildren for Children from Their First Unions? M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 2000. |
906. |
Burchett-Patel, Diane Gryn, Thomas A. Mott, Frank L. |
Families of Men: Exploring Relationship Dynamics with the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Fathers, Involvement; Fertility; Male Sample Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we will explore the limits of paternal responsibility in a longitudinal context. Using data from the 1987 to 1996 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we examine the upper limits of paternal responsibility for the period and compare this with a more traditional cross-sectional perspective examining single-year paternal responsibility. We will contrast single-year (1996) reports for both biological and nonbiological children, in and out of the man's household, with the cumulative reports, as reported at any survey point over the 1987 to 1996 period. In addition to an overall examination of these patterns and ratios, we will contrast evidenced patterns for men who have followed different relationship profiles over the period. This includes a comparison of men who have been in a stable marriage arrangement with men who have been primarily in partnership arrangements and men who have followed less stable relationship patterns. |
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Bibliography Citation
Burchett-Patel, Diane, Thomas A. Gryn and Frank L. Mott. "Families of Men: Exploring Relationship Dynamics with the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1999. |
907. |
Bureau of Labor Statistics |
25 Years of the National Longitudinal Survey - Youth Cohort Monthly Labor Review [Special Issue] 128,2 (February 2005): . Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2005. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/02/contents.htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Children; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys See also the following articles in this bibliography: Table of Contents: Charles Pierret: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: 1979 cohort at 25 James R. Walker: Antecedents and predecessors of NLSY79: paving the course Kenneth I. Wolpin: Education data in the NLSY79: a premiere research tool Julie A. Yates: The transition from school to work: education and work experiences Audrey Light: Job mobility and wage growth: evidence from the NLSY79 Robert W. Fairlie: Self-employment, entrepreneurship, and the nlsy79 Harley J. Frazis and James R. Spletzer: Worker training: what we've learned from the nlsy79 Lawrence L. Wu and Jui-Chung Allen Li: Children of the NLSY79: a unique data resource Randall J. Olsen: The problem of respondent attrition: survey methodology is key |
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Bibliography Citation
Bureau of Labor Statistics. "25 Years of the National Longitudinal Survey - Youth Cohort." Monthly Labor Review [Special Issue] 128,2 (February 2005): . Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2005.
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908. |
Bureau of Labor Statistics |
Changes in Wages and Benefits Among Young Adults Work and Family, Report 849. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor, July 1993. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/pdf/nlswk011.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Benefits; Education; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Health Care; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Training; Wage Differentials; Wage Rates; Wages, Youth This issue of Work and Family examines recent changes in the structure of wages and in employer-provided benefits made available to young workers. Also, changes in the wage structure and in benefits are compared by educational level. For young workers in their first 5 years out of school, it is found that average wage rates for men fell substantially between the 1970's and 1980's, whereas there was little overall change in average wage rates for women workers. This decline in wages was particularly severe for men with 12 years of education or less. In addition, while there was little change in the availability of health and retirement benefits for young workers between the 1970's and 1991, there was an increase in available maternity leave, training, and profit-sharing opportunities. For most types of benefits examined here, there is a positive association between the availability of benefits and level of education. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Changes in Wages and Benefits Among Young Adults." Work and Family, Report 849. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor, July 1993. |
909. |
Bureau of Labor Statistics |
Child-Care Arrangements of Young Working Mothers Work and Family, Report 820. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1992. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/pdf/nlswk007.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Support; Dual-Career Families; Earnings; Family Income; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Shift Workers; Work Hours/Schedule Uses the 1988 data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on the income of men, aged 23 to 31, who are noncustodial fathers. Based on 872 men who are non custodial fathers examines the father's income needed to pay the hypothetical minimum assured benefit for the children with whom they do not live. Sixty-five percent of young noncustodial fathers could pay the entire hypothetical minimum assured benefit with less than two-fifths of their gross income. For example, 35 percent could pay at least the entire hypothetical minimum assured benefit using less than one-fifth of their income and 30 percent would use between one-fifth and two-fifths. At the other end of the income range, however, 9 percent have no income; to pay the entire hypothetical minimum assured benefit, 14 percent would pay four-fifths or more of their income and 12 percent would use between two-fifths and four-fifths of their income. Also estimated the payments these same fathers would be required to make under a percentage-of-income guideline, typical of state child support guidelines, and then compared these payments with the hypothetical minimum assured benefit. We found that 34 percent of the fathers would be required to pay the entire hypothetical minimum assured benefit; 9 percent would pay nothing because they have no income; and 57 percent would be required to pay part of the minimum assured benefit. 29 percent would be exempt from making child support payments; and 37 percent would be required to pay a part of the minimum assured benefit. In particular, 6 percent of young noncustodial fathers would have their payments lowered because full payment would cause them to live in poverty. Policy makers can use these data in considering how much they want to require noncustodial fathers to pay for the support of their children under a child support assurance system. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Child-Care Arrangements of Young Working Mothers." Work and Family, Report 820. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1992. |
910. |
Bureau of Labor Statistics |
College Attendance and Completion Higher among Millennials than Youngest Baby Boomers TED: The Economics Daily, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, August 1, 2019. Also: https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2019/college-attendance-and-completion-higher-among-millennials-than-youngest-baby-boomers.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): College Education; Family Income; High School Completion/Graduates; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT College attendance among people who graduated high school or earned a GED before age 21 rose dramatically for two generations of Americans born 20 years apart. About 44 percent of high school completers born between 1960 and 1964 attended a 2-year or 4-year college. That compares with 73 percent of high school completers born between 1980 and 1984. College attendance increased for both men and women and across scores on achievement tests and levels of family income. There were larger gains in college attendance among people not in the top quartile for test scores and not in the top quartile for family income. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Bureau of Labor Statistics. "College Attendance and Completion Higher among Millennials than Youngest Baby Boomers." TED: The Economics Daily, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, August 1, 2019. |
911. |
Bureau of Labor Statistics |
Jobs Held and Weeks Worked by Young Adults Work and Family, Report 827. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, August 1992. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/pdf/nlswk005.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Employment; Event History; Job Patterns; Job Tenure; Layoffs; Work History This report presents information on the cumulative number of jobs and weeks of work for young workers using data from the Youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS). These data describe a sample of young men and women who were between the ages of 14 and 22 in 1979 and who have been interviewed annually since that year. A key feature of this survey is that it collects information in an event history format, in which dates are collected for the beginning and ending of important events. In the case of work, the starting date for every job is recorded, and if a person stops work far that employer, the ending date is recorded as well. For multiple jobholders, information is gathered for each job, with starting and ending dates. Periods of non work within a job, such as periods on layoff, or when ill, pregnant, and so forth are also recorded. By recording the dates of all jobs and all periods of non work, the survey provides a nearly complete and continuous employment history for each individual in the sample. This discussion of young workers gives the average number of jobs held and average weeks of work since age 18. The sample is restricted to those who were age 18 or younger as of January 1, 1978. The time frame analyzed runs from January 1, 1978 to January 1, 1990. Consequently, averages are computed for individuals for ages 18 through 29. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Jobs Held and Weeks Worked by Young Adults. Work and Family, Report 827. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, August 1992.. |
912. |
Bureau of Labor Statistics |
Labor Market Experiences and More: Studying Men, Women, and Children Since 1966, National Longitudinal Surveys GPO Item No: 0769. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Labor Market Surveys; Longitudinal Surveys Government Document, Sudoc Number: GovDoc: L 2.2:EX 7/2000; GPO Item No: 0769. SUBJECTS: 1. National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience (U.S.) 2. Labor market--United States -Longitudinal studies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Labor Market Experiences and More: Studying Men, Women, and Children Since 1966, National Longitudinal Surveys. GPO Item No: 0769. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2000. |
913. |
Bureau of Labor Statistics |
Learning to Do the Job Work and Family, Report 903. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, March 1996. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/pdf/nlswk001.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Aptitude; Educational Attainment; Job Analysis; Job Knowledge; Job Skills; Skilled Workers; Skills; Training, Employee This issue of Work and Family examines the acquisition of skills by young adults at the start of a job and as a response to changes at the workplace. The analysis is based primarily on a set of questions asked of 28- to 30 year-old workers in 1993. Significant findings are included...Investments in job training are commonly thought to increase workers' productivity and wages. Yet research into the effects of training, particularly training provided by employers, has been limited by a lack of comprehensive and representative data on training investments. While there is a growing set of data which contains information concerning formal employer-provided training, much less is known about more informal ways in which workers learn new tasks...In 1993, respondents for the first time were asked about more informal forms of on-the-job learning, such as receiving instruction from supervisors or observing coworkers. In the 1993 survey, working respondents were asked about two forms of learning: the acquisition of skills when they began their job and learning new tasks related to changes at work within the prior 12 months. This report presents tabulations generated from the responses to these two sets of questions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Learning to Do the Job. Work and Family, Report 903. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, March 1996.. |
914. |
Bureau of Labor Statistics |
Number of Jobs Held, Labor Market Activity, and Earnings Growth Over Two Decades: Results from a Longitudinal Survey Summary News, USDL 00-119. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, 2000. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/pdf/nlsn0004.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Earnings; Job Rewards; Job Turnover; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Surveys; NLS Description; Unemployment; Wage Growth The average person in the U.S. holds 9.2 jobs from age 18 to age 34, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department ofLabor. More than half of these jobs were held between the ages of 18 and 24. These findings are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), a survey of 9,964 young men and women who were born between 1957 and 1964. These respondents were 14 to 22 years of age when first interviewed in 1979 and 33 to 41 when interviewed most recently in 1998. The survey spans nearly two decades and provides information on work and nonwork experiences, training, schooling, income and assets, health conditions, and other characteristics. The information provided by respondents, who were interviewed annually from 1979 to 1994 and biennially since 1994, can be considered representative of all men and women born in the late 1950s and early 1960s and living in the United States in 1978. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/news.release/nlsoy.nr0.htm |
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Bibliography Citation
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Number of Jobs Held, Labor Market Activity, and Earnings Growth Over Two Decades: Results from a Longitudinal Survey Summary. News, USDL 00-119. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, 2000.. |
915. |
Bureau of Labor Statistics |
Number of Jobs, Labor Market Experience, and Earnings Growth: Results from a National Longitudinal Survey News Release, USDL-19-1520. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, August 22, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Earnings; Employment History; Job Patterns; Labor Force Participation Individuals born in the latter years of the baby boom (1957-64) held an average of 12.3 jobs from ages 18 to 52, according to a news release from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Nearly half of these jobs were held from ages 18 to 24. On average, individuals were employed during 78 percent of the weeks from ages 18 to 52. Generally, men spent a larger percent of weeks employed than did women (84 percent versus 72 percent). Women spent much more time out of the labor force (24 percent of weeks) than did men (11 percent of weeks). The average annual percent growth in inflation-adjusted hourly earnings was highest during a worker's late teens and early twenties. Growth rates in earnings generally were higher for workers with a bachelor's degree or higher than for workers with less education. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Number of Jobs, Labor Market Experience, and Earnings Growth: Results from a National Longitudinal Survey." News Release, USDL-19-1520. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, August 22, 2019. |
916. |
Bureau of Labor Statistics |
Training Monthly Labor Review 116,4 (April 1993): 2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Hispanics; Racial Differences According to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, approximately 20 percent of individuals who were aged 25 to 33 in 1990 received employer-provided training between 1986 and 1990. Much of the disparity in training between men and women--22.3 percent of the men received training as compared to 18.4 percent of the women--originates from differences in the number of weeks worked by the 2 groups; among employees who had worked 200 weeks or more, the probability of women receiving training was similar to that of men. Further analysis indicates that, on average, training lasted twice as long for men as for women and lasted longer for blacks than for whites and Hispanics. To a great extent, workers who were more educated were more likely to receive training. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Training." Monthly Labor Review 116,4 (April 1993): 2.
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917. |
Bureau of Labor Statistics |
Turning Thirty--Job Mobility and Labor Market Attachment Work and Family, Report 862. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, December 1993. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/pdf/nlswk009.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Gender Differences; High School Dropouts; Job Tenure; Mobility, Labor Market; Racial Differences; Unemployment; Work Experience This issue of Work and Family analyzes the labor market experience of individuals between their 18th and 30th birthdays. Some of the more significant findings include: Between the ages of 18 and 30, a typical individual has held 7.5 jobs and has 8.6 years of work experience. This suggests that workers between these ages experience 3.4 years of joblessness. On their 30th birthday, over 40 percent of workers have held their current job for 2 years or less, and about a quarter have been at their job more than 6 years. However, only 15 percent of individuals have spent 2 years or less in the longest job held between age 18 and 30, and about 30 percent have spent more than 6 years in the longest job. The average time spent at the longest job held between age 18 and age 30 is 5 years. Blacks and female high school dropouts tend to have the least work experience and the least job tenure by age 30. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Turning Thirty--Job Mobility and Labor Market Attachment. Work and Family, Report 862. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, December 1993.. |
918. |
Bureau of Labor Statistics |
Work and Family: Employer-Provided Training Among Young Adults Report 838. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, February 1993. Also: http://www.bls.gov/nls/nlswk003.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Apprenticeships; Training; Training, Occupational; Vocational Rehabilitation; Vocational Training This report presents information on employer-provided training using data from the Youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS). These data describe a sample of young men and women who were between the ages of 14 and 22 in 1979 and who have been interviewed annually since that year. This survey contains some of the most comprehensive data currently available on training among young adults. Between the years of 1979 and 1986, the survey collected information about the occurrence and duration of all government-sponsored training programs and all privately supported training that lasted at least 4 weeks. In subsequent years, the training questions in the survey changed in order to ask respondents about all types of training (up to four programs) since the last interview, regardless of duration. Potential sources of training include business schools, apprenticeships, vocational and technical institutes, correspondence courses, company training, seminars outside of work, and vocational rehabilitation centers. These sources of training exclude any training received through formal schooling. It is important to emphasize that the measures of training do not capture informal training. Hence, any learning that occurs through methods such as observing coworkers, learning by doing, or speaking with supervisors is not measured here. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Work and Family: Employer-Provided Training Among Young Adults." Report 838. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, February 1993. |
919. |
Bureau of Labor Statistics |
Work and Family: Jobs Held and Weeks Worked by Young Adults Report 827, Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Burea of Labor Statistics, August 1992. Also: http://www.bls.gov/nls/nlswk005.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Employment; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences; Work Histories This issue of Work and Family examines the employment histories of young persons. It draws upon data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth which provides a nearly complete work history on all jobs held and weeks worked over a 12-year period, 1978 to 1990. By age 29, a typical young worker has held 7.6 jobs and worked 434 weeks since age 18, an average of 36.2 weeks per year. There are significant differences in the number of jobs held and weeks worked by sex and race. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Work and Family: Jobs Held and Weeks Worked by Young Adults. Report 827, Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Burea of Labor Statistics, August 1992.. |
920. |
Bureau of National Affairs |
Child Care Problems Cut Workforce Ties of 1.1 Million Mothers in 1986, BLS Finds Bureau of National Affairs Pensions and Benefits Daily, December 11, 1991: pg. Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. Keyword(s): Child Care; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Some 1.1 million young mothers did not seek or hold a job in 1986 because they could not find affordable, quality child care, according to an article in the Bureau of Labor Statistics' October Monthly Labor Review. The group of mothers who could not find child care represented almost 14 percent of the total population of mothers aged 21 to 29 years old in 1986, according to author Peter Cattan. They also accounted for 23 percent of those who were out of the labor force for that year, said Cattan, who is an economist in BLS' Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics. The data were taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, an ongoing sample of U.S. residents who were 21 to 29 years old in 1986. Cattan studied a subsample of respondents consisting of mothers who neither worked nor looked for work for at least part of 1986. A second article in the Bulletin focusing on child care arrangements and costs found that the most prevalent type of care is that provided by relatives. More than 40 percent of 23- to 39-year-old mothers relied on a relative to take care of their child while they work, according to authors Jonathan R. Veum and Philip M. Gleason. Veum and Gleason based their analysis on data from the 1988 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a sample of 10,466 respondents, as well as the 1983 National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women, which includes information from regular interviews of women who were 14 to 24 years old in 1968. The 1983 survey included responses from nearly 69 percent of the 5,553 respondents in the 1968 sample. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bureau of National Affairs. "Child Care Problems Cut Workforce Ties of 1.1 Million Mothers in 1986, BLS Finds." Bureau of National Affairs Pensions and Benefits Daily, December 11, 1991: pg.. |
921. |
Bureau of National Affairs |
Economic Statistics, BLS Budget Cuts Said AFfecting Major Data on Employment, Prices, Boskin Initiative Daily Report For Executives, November 19, 1992, Regulation, Economics and Law; 224 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. Keyword(s): Bureau of Labor Statistics; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Labor Department's Bureau of Labor Statistics is implementing spending cuts mandated by congressional budget actions that will affect major economic data programs for some time to come, according to BLS acting Commissioner William Barron Jr. At a time when labor market data are under intense scrutiny from policy-makers and private analysts, Barron said in a Nov. 18 interview, the bureau has no alternative but to reduce spending on major data series and halt plans for improving some indicators. Many initiatives to improve data programs--including principal economic indicators on employment and prices--are being dropped or postponed indefinitely. Two data series will be eliminated by BLS because funding for them was not provided in the appropriations bill, Barron said. Data collection will stop shortly for the mass layoff/plant closing report, which has had a shaky development from its start in the mid-1980s. The other data series that has been eliminated measures foreign direct investment in the United States. Other budget highlights announced by BLS include: A restructuring of the national longitudinal survey that will reduce data collection efforts from annual to every other year for the youth cohort followed in the series. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bureau of National Affairs. "Economic Statistics, BLS Budget Cuts Said AFfecting Major Data on Employment, Prices, Boskin Initiative." Daily Report For Executives, November 19, 1992, Regulation, Economics and Law; 224. |
922. |
Bureau of National Affairs |
Most Eligible Workers Do Not File for Unemployment, GAO Report Finds BNA Daily Labor Report, March 16, 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. Keyword(s): Unemployment; Unemployment Compensation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Summary of a GAO report that uses NLSY79 data to discuss factors related to an individual's decision to file for unemployment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Bureau of National Affairs. "Most Eligible Workers Do Not File for Unemployment, GAO Report Finds." BNA Daily Labor Report, March 16, 2006. |
923. |
Burgess, Simon M. Gardiner, Karen N. Propper, Carol |
Economic Determinants of Truancy Working Paper No. CASEpaper 61, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London, England, September 2002. Also: http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cp/CASEpaper61.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: STICERD Publications Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Endogeneity; School Progress; Schooling; Time Use; Truancy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Truancy is often seen as irrational behaviour on the part of school age youth. This paper takes the opposite view and models truancy as the solution to a time allocation problem in which youths derive current returns from activities that reduce time spent at school. The model is estimated using a US panel dataset, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, and the estimation allows for the possible endogeneity of returns from these competing activities. The results show that truancy is a function of the estimated economic returns from work, crime and school. |
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Bibliography Citation
Burgess, Simon M., Karen N. Gardiner and Carol Propper. "Economic Determinants of Truancy." Working Paper No. CASEpaper 61, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London, England, September 2002. |
924. |
Burgess, Simon M. Propper, Carol |
An Economic Model of Household Income Dynamics, with an Application to Poverty Dynamics Among American Women Discussion Paper Series No. 1830 0265-8003, Centre for Economic Policy Research,London, England March 1998. Also: http://www.cepr.demon.co.uk/pubs/new-dps/dpframen.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Centre for Economic Policy Research, London Keyword(s): Household Income; Household Models; Labor Force Participation; Poverty; Women's Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The rise in inequality and poverty is one of the most important economic and social issues in recent times. But in contrast to the literature on individual earnings inequality, there has been little work modelling (as opposed to documenting) household income dynamics. This is largely because of the difficulties created by the fact that on top of the human capital issues that arise in personal earnings, individuals are continually forming, dissolving and reforming household units. This paper proposes a framework for modelling household income dynamics. It emphasizes the role of household formation and dissolution and labour market participation. It allows standard economic theory to address the issues of household, as distinct from individual, income and poverty dynamics. In this paper, we illustrate this framework with an application to poverty rates among young women in the United States. We use this model to analyse differences in poverty experiences, particularly between black and white women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Burgess, Simon M. and Carol Propper. "An Economic Model of Household Income Dynamics, with an Application to Poverty Dynamics Among American Women." Discussion Paper Series No. 1830 0265-8003, Centre for Economic Policy Research,London, England March 1998. |
925. |
Burgess, Simon M. Propper, Carol |
Early Health Related Behaviours and Their Impact on Later Life Chances: Evidence from the US Health Economics 7,5 (August 1998): 381-399. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1050%28199808%297:5%3C381::AID-HEC359%3E3.0.CO;2-B/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior, Violent; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Deviance; Drug Use; Earnings; Health Factors; Illegal Activities; Marital Stability; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses evidence from the US to examine the impact of adolescent illegal consumption and violent behaviour on later life chances. Specifically, we look at the effect of such behaviour by young men in late adolescence on productivity and household formation ten years on. We find that alcohol and soft drug consumption have no harmful effects on economic prospects in later life. In contrast, hard drug consumption and violent behaviour in adolescence are both associated with lower productivity even by the time the individuals are in their late twenties. These effects are substantial and affect earnings levels and earnings growth. These results are robust to the inclusion of a rich set of additional controls measuring aspects of the individuals' backgrounds. However, we find no evidence of any of these behaviours significantly affecting household formation. The data we use in this paper are taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY)....The survey is on-going; we use data through 1992. ...The key variables that we focus on arise from questions asked in 1980. These therefore relate to the choices and experiences of the respondents as adolescents (90% are between the ages of 16 and 22). |
|
Bibliography Citation
Burgess, Simon M. and Carol Propper. "Early Health Related Behaviours and Their Impact on Later Life Chances: Evidence from the US." Health Economics 7,5 (August 1998): 381-399.
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926. |
Burgess, Simon M. Propper, Carol Aassve, Arnstein Ermisch, John F. |
The Role of Income in Marriage and Divorce Transitions Among Young Americans Journal of Population Economics 16,3 (August 2003): 455-476. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/4kawe3m3puxlxb3t/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Divorce; Household Income; Income; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The paper investigates the importance of income in young Americans decisions to form and dissolve households. Using data on young American men and women from the NLSY, an important role for income in both these transitions is found. There are significant differences between young men and women. High earnings capacity increases the probability of marriage and decreases the probability of divorce for young men. High earnings capacity decreases the probability of marriage for young women, and has no impact on divorce. Copyright of Journal of Population Economics is the property of Springer Science & Business Media B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Burgess, Simon M., Carol Propper, Arnstein Aassve and John F. Ermisch. "The Role of Income in Marriage and Divorce Transitions Among Young Americans." Journal of Population Economics 16,3 (August 2003): 455-476.
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927. |
Burgess, Simon M. Propper, Carol Gardiner, Karen N. |
School, Family and County Effects on Adolescents' Later Life Chances Journal of Family and Economic Issues 27,2 (Summer 2006): 155-184. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/574tg055k2017568/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Family Characteristics; Family Influences; Neighborhood Effects; Poverty; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Quality; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores the links between family, school and area background influences during adolescence and later adult economic outcomes. The empirical analysis is based on data covering the period 1979 to 1996, drawn from the 1979 US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. For a sample of individuals aged 14–19 in 1979, we estimate the association between family, school and area characteristics when growing up, on adult earnings capacity and poverty risk. We show that including all these influences jointly, family and school quality generally have significant associations with adult outcomes, but that area influences generally do not. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Burgess, Simon M., Carol Propper and Karen N. Gardiner. "School, Family and County Effects on Adolescents' Later Life Chances." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 27,2 (Summer 2006): 155-184.
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928. |
Burgin, Audrieanna Tremise |
Essays on Educational Attainment and Labor Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Florida State University, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Educational Attainment; Husbands; Marriage; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Chapter 3, I explore the relationship of spousal education on labor outcomes for women using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The main research question is whether the husband's level of education correlates to the wife's earnings. The sample includes controls for race and educational level for the females. Additionally, for comparison, my analysis is also estimated for men. Then, the additional regressions compare how spousal education correlates to females' earnings versus how spousal education correlates to earnings for males. I find that the perceived benefits of marriage are more robust for men and women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Burgin, Audrieanna Tremise. Essays on Educational Attainment and Labor Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Florida State University, 2021. |
929. |
Burk, James |
Patriotism and the All-Volunteer Force Journal of Political and Military Sociology 12 (Fall 1985): 229-241 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Journal of Political and Military Sociology Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Military Enlistment; Military Service; Veterans Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper considers the impact of patriotic motives on decisions by youths to enlist in the armed forces. Based on an analysis of the 1980 NLSY, it argues against the conventional focus on levels of pay and other market-linked conditions of work as explanators of why youths enlist. The principal conclusion is that patriotism, defined as readiness to act in the service of one's country, plays a critical part in affecting the quality and composition of the All-Volunteer Force. |
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Bibliography Citation
Burk, James. "Patriotism and the All-Volunteer Force." Journal of Political and Military Sociology 12 (Fall 1985): 229-241.
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930. |
Burkhauser, Richard V. Cawley, John |
Obesity, Disability, and Movement onto the Disability Insurance Rolls Research Brief RB2005-073, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, January 2005. Also: http://www.mrrc.isr.umich.edu/publications/briefs/pdf/rb073.pdf?CFID=28217&CFTOKEN=64836911 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Social Research (ISR), University of Michigan Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Disability; Insurance, Health; Obesity; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Between the early 1980s and 2002, both the prevalence of obesity and the number of beneficiaries of the Social Security Disability Insurance program doubled. We test whether these trends are related; specifically, we test whether obesity causes disability and movement onto the disability rolls. We estimate models of instrumental variables using two nationally representative datasets: the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort. The results are mixed but we find evidence that weight increases the probability of health-related work limitations and the probability of receiving disability related income. Our results suggest that the failure to treat obesity as endogenous leads to dramatic underestimates of the link between obesity and disability outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Burkhauser, Richard V. and John Cawley. "Obesity, Disability, and Movement onto the Disability Insurance Rolls." Research Brief RB2005-073, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, January 2005. |
931. |
Burnett, J. Wesley Blackwell, Calvin |
Graphical Causal Modelling: an Application to Identify and Estimate Cause-and-Effect Relationships Applied Economics published online (7 May 2023): DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2023.2208856. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00036846.2023.2208856 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): College Degree; High School Completion/Graduates; Modeling; Propensity Scores; Student Loans / Student Aid This paper offers an accessible discussion of graphical causal models and how such a framework can be used to help identify causal relations. A graphical causal model represents a researcher’s qualitative assumptions. As a result of the credibility revolution, there is growing interest to properly estimate cause-and-effect relationships. Using several examples, we illustrate how graphical models can and cannot be used to identify causation from observational data. Further, we offer a replication of a previous study that explored college enrollment by high school seniors who were eligible for student aid. From the original study, we use a graphical causal model to motivate the quantitative and qualitative modelling assumptions. Using a similar difference-in-difference approach based on propensity score matching, we estimate a smaller average treatment effect than the original study. The smaller estimated effect arguably stems from the graphical causal model’s delineation of the original model specification. |
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Bibliography Citation
Burnett, J. Wesley and Calvin Blackwell. "Graphical Causal Modelling: an Application to Identify and Estimate Cause-and-Effect Relationships." Applied Economics published online (7 May 2023): DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2023.2208856.
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932. |
Burtless, Gary T. |
Welfare Recipients, Job Skills and Employment Prospects The Future of Children: Welfare to Work 7,1, (Spring 1997). Also: http://www.futureofchildren.org/pubs-info2825/pubs-info_show.htm?doc_id=72223 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Princeton - Brookings Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Care; Educational Attainment; Health Care; Insurance, Health; Job Skills; Maternal Employment; Private Sector; Wages; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The welfare reform goal of moving mothers who rely on welfare into private-sector employment cannot be achieved only by changes in public policy. Employment rates reflect the job qualifications of individuals, obstacles to work outside the home, the attractiveness of available jobs, and the capacity of the labor market to absorb new workers at particular skill levels. This article examines how each of these factors is likely to influence current welfare recipients' success in finding employment and the wages they are likely to earn. The author concludes that the skill deficiencies of recipients of Aid to Families with Dependent Children do not represent an insurmountable barrier to employment, although these deficiencies do restrict the wages recipients can earn. Without continued public assistance in the form of wage subsidies, child care payments, or help securing health insurance, most families that move from welfare to work will remain below the poverty level. |
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Bibliography Citation
Burtless, Gary T. "Welfare Recipients, Job Skills and Employment Prospects." The Future of Children: Welfare to Work 7,1, (Spring 1997).
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933. |
Buster, Maury Allen |
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Alcohol Use: DF Analysis of NLSY Kinship Data Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Oklahoma, 1997. DAI-B 58/02, p. 1019, August 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adoption; Alcohol Use; Behavior; Family Studies; Gender; Genetics; Hispanics; Kinship; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Racial Differences; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem Alcohol use and abuse are topics that have been studied for many years. The research, including twin studies, adoption studies, and family history/high risk studies have focused primarily on the genetic or familial ties as related to these topics. Accordingly, results have consistently implied a genetic factor in the determination of alcohol abuse. However, little research has been conducted in search of environmental factors in the determination of alcohol use and abuse. Additionally, recent publications from other areas have documented the importance of 'nonshared' genetic and environmental influences in accounting for the variability in personality measures. This study uses the NLSY dataset and a biosocial modeling approach called DeFries-Fulker (DF) Analysis to estimate the extent of the shared genetic and environmental influences on alcohol use. Additional analyses using an extended version of the DF model are conducted to identify nonshared genetic and environmental effects on alcohol use. DF analyses were conducted for the entire set of kinship pairs in the NLSY dataset, with additional analyses by race and by gender pair. The estimates of heritability (h$/sp2$) and shared environment (c$/sp2$) were small to moderate for the entire dataset for both light drinking and heavy drinking behavior. The h$/sp2$ estimate was slightly higher in each case. Nonshared genetic measures of self-esteem and locus of control accounted for a significant portion of the remaining variance in heavy drinking behavior. DF analyses by race produced interesting findings. Each of the groups--Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics--differed from each other in some form. In each case, the c$/sp2$ and h$/sp2$ estimates were small to moderate for both light and heavy drinking behavior. Significantly nonshared effects were found for the White group for heavy drinking behavior. The gender pair analyses were similar to those by race. Each of the gender pairs--female-female, male-male, and opposite-sex--differed from each other in some form, and the c$/sp2$ and h$/sp2$ estimates were again small to moderate for light and heavy drinking. Significant nonshared effects were found for male pairs for both heavy and light drinking behavior. The results are presented in relation to earlier research findings. Additionally, implications and future directions are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Buster, Maury Allen. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Alcohol Use: DF Analysis of NLSY Kinship Data. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Oklahoma, 1997. DAI-B 58/02, p. 1019, August 1997. |
934. |
Buster, Maury Allen Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Alcohol Use: DF Analysis of NLSY Kinship Data Journal of Biosocial Science 32,2 (April 2000): 177-189. Also: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9937&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0021932000001772 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Adoption; Alcohol Use; Family History; Gender Differences; Genetics; Kinship; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Pairs (also see Siblings); Racial Differences; Risk-Taking; Self-Esteem; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research designs to study alcohol use and abuse have included twin, adoption and family history/high risk studies. Results have consistently implied a genetic factor in the aetiology of alcohol abuse. However, less research has been conducted in search of environmental factors. This study uses kinship structure in a large national dataset (the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth) to estimate (using DeFries-Fulker analysis) the extent of the shared genetic, non-shared genetic, shared environmental and non-shared environmental influences on alcohol use. The NLSY kinship sample contained 3890 pairs of cousins, half-siblings, full-siblings and twins between the ages of 14 and 21 in the initial year of the survey (1979). Estimates of heritability (h2) and shared environment (c2) were small to moderate for the entire dataset for both light drinking and heavy drinking behaviour, with h2 estimates slightly higher in each case. Non-shared genetic measures of self-esteem and locus of control accounted for a significant portion of the remaining variance in heavy drinking behaviour. Race and gender patterns showed c2 and h2 estimates that were also small to moderate for both light and heavy drinking behaviour. Significant non-shared effects were found for the White group for heavy drinking behaviour, and for male pairs for both heavy and light drinking behaviour. Additionally, implications and future directions are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Buster, Maury Allen and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "Genetic and Environmental Influences on Alcohol Use: DF Analysis of NLSY Kinship Data." Journal of Biosocial Science 32,2 (April 2000): 177-189.
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935. |
Butcher, Kristin F. Piehl, Anne Morrison |
Cross-City Evidence on the Relationship between Immigration and Crime Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 17,3 (Summer 1998): 457-493. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291520-6688%28199822%2917:3%3C457::AID-PAM4%3E3.0.CO;2-F/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Crime; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Illegal Activities; Immigrants; Migration Patterns Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Public concerns about the costs of immigration and crime are high, and sometimes overlapping. This article investigates the relationship between immigration into a metropolitan area and that area's crime rate during the 1980s. Using data from the Uniform Crime Reports and the Current Population Surveys, we find, in the cross section, that cities with high crime rates tend to have large numbers of immigrants. However, controlling for the demographic characteristics of the cities, immigrants appear to have no effect on crime rates. In explaining changes in a city's crime rate over time, the flow of immigrants again has no effect, whether or not we control for other city-level characteristics. In a secondary analysis of individual data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NOSY) (sic), we find that youth born abroad are statistically significantly less likely than native-born youth to be criminally active. |
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Bibliography Citation
Butcher, Kristin F. and Anne Morrison Piehl. "Cross-City Evidence on the Relationship between Immigration and Crime." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 17,3 (Summer 1998): 457-493.
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936. |
Butcher, Kristin F. Piehl, Anne Morrison |
Cross-City Evidence on the Relationship Between Immigration and Crime Faculty Research Working Paper Series No. R94-26, John F. Kennedy School of Government, HarvardUniversity, September 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: John F. Kennedy School of Government Keyword(s): Crime; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Economics, Demographic; Economics, Regional; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Illegal Activities; Immigrants; Modeling; Urbanization/Urban Living Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Public concerns about the costs of immigration and crime are high, and sometimes overlapping. This paper investigates the relationship between immigration into a metropolitan area and that area's crime rate over the 1980's. Using data from the Uniform Crime Reports and the Current Population Surveys, we find, in the cross- section, that cities with high crime rates tend to have large numbers of immigrants. However, controlling for the demographic (racial and ethnic) characteristics of the cities, recent immigrants appear to have no effect on crime rates. Stated differently, crime rates have large city-specific components. When we try to explain changes in the crime rate in a city over time, recent immigration again has no effect. In a secondary analysis of individual data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find that youth born abroad are statistically significantly less likely to be criminally active, based on a variety of measures. This record is part of the Abstracts of Working Papers in Economics (AWPE) Database, copyright (c) 1995 Cambridge University Press. |
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Bibliography Citation
Butcher, Kristin F. and Anne Morrison Piehl. "Cross-City Evidence on the Relationship Between Immigration and Crime." Faculty Research Working Paper Series No. R94-26, John F. Kennedy School of Government, HarvardUniversity, September 1994. |
937. |
Butler, Richard J. Ehrenberg, Ronald G. |
Data from the Consortium for Longitudinal Studies: Its Potential Use in Analyzing the Educational and Labor Force Outcomes of Disadvantaged Youth Final Report, Assistant Secretary for Policy, Evaluation, and Research, U.S. Department of Labor, 1980 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Assets; Employment; Family Background and Culture; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Longitudinal Surveys; Research Methodology The report summarizes the potential usefulness of a rather unique data base collected by the Consortium for Longitudinal Studies (CLS) based at Cornell University in analyzing labor market outcomes of young people. This data base compares favorably to the National Longitudinal Surveys data in terms of breadth of information on current labor market status, family background, and health and attitudinal (both with respect to school and work) measures. It lacks, however, detailed information on family assets, labor market histories, and crucially, on participation in government-sponsored programs after the onset of formal schooling. Its singular contribution results from its being a longitudinal study of disadvantaged youth, many of whom were enrolled in pre-school intervention programs that began before their formal schooling performance was recorded. Unfortunately, the independent beginnings of the CLS data bases' component projects lead to what is undoubtedly its chief defect--the lack of a cohesive sampling design. |
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Bibliography Citation
Butler, Richard J. and Ronald G. Ehrenberg. "Data from the Consortium for Longitudinal Studies: Its Potential Use in Analyzing the Educational and Labor Force Outcomes of Disadvantaged Youth." Final Report, Assistant Secretary for Policy, Evaluation, and Research, U.S. Department of Labor, 1980. |
938. |
Byrne, Dennis M. Myers, Steven C. King, Randall H. |
Short Term Labour Market Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy Applied Economics 23,12 (December 1991): 1819-1827. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036849100000171 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Chapman & Hall Keyword(s): Abortion; Educational Attainment; Labor Supply; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Teenagers; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. To determine the impact that teenage pregnancy followed by a birth or an abortion has on labor market success, the relationship between teenage pregnancy and education and the effect of pregnancy on wages are examined. The data are from the NLSY, using 1984 and 1985 survey interview data. The results indicate that a live birth has a negative impact on years of education completed, wages, and labor supply. Young women who undergo abortions complete less schooling, on average, than a similarly aged never-pregnant group, leading to lower wages and less attachment to the labor market. While the greatest educational penalty - 1.8 years - is borne by a teenager who has a baby, the 0.53 year penalty faced by the teenager who aborts is also substantial. These women carry a career penalty into their early 20s in the form of lower education, lower wages, and higher wage elasticities. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Byrne, Dennis M., Steven C. Myers and Randall H. King. "Short Term Labour Market Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy." Applied Economics 23,12 (December 1991): 1819-1827.
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939. |
Cable News Network |
Want to Be Wealthy? Try Marriage CNN Money, January 18, 2006: Your Money. Also: http://money.cnn.com/2006/01/18/pf/marriage_wealth/index.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Time Warner Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital Stability; Marriage; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. News article on CNNMoney.com discussing Jay Zagorsky's research. NEW YORK (CNNMoney.com) - Saying 'I do' is supposed to be for love, but recent research suggests that it is also a way of building wealth. The study, published in the Journal of Sociology by Ohio State University researcher Jay Zagorsky, revealed that individuals who get married and stay married have a net worth almost twice as great as their single or divorced counterparts. Zagorsky, who looked at a group of 9,055 young baby boomers aged 41 to 49, found that married individuals accumulated net worths that were 93 percent higher than single or divorced individuals. And married individuals tended to experience average wealth increases of 16 percent annually. Married individuals fared better building wealth, according to Zagorsky, primarily because they share expenses and may have two incomes. "I think it's really one of these really simple stories that two can live cheaper than one," said Zagorsky, a research scientist at the Center For Human Resource Research at Ohio State. Single and divorced people accumulated wealth more slowly than married ones, with 8% and 14% annual increases respectively, according to the study. While divorce usually means splitting things up 50-50, the study estimates that on average, divorced individuals lose roughly three-quarters of their net worth. The study, which defined wealth by such factors as home value, stocks, cash, and savings vehicles as 401(k) accounts and IRAs, also revealed that men fared better financially than women overall, although in divorce the gender difference was relatively small. "Looking at net worth it's really devastating for both," said Zagorsky. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cable News Network. "Want to Be Wealthy? Try Marriage." CNN Money, January 18, 2006: Your Money. |
940. |
Cabrera, Natasha Hofferth, Sandra L. Hancock, Gregory |
Family Structure, Maternal Employment, and Change in Children's Externalizing Problem Behaviour: Differences by Age and Self-regulation European Journal of Developmental Psychology 11,2 (2014): 136-158. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17405629.2013.873716#.VOOn0mPOnsk Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Temperament; Family Structure; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Presence; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Interaction; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Self-Control/Self-Regulation; Temperament This study used a latent difference score growth model to investigate how changes in family structure (biological father and stepfather residence) and maternal employment are associated with American children's externalizing problem behaviours (EPB) from ages 4-10 and whether these associations vary by children's level of self-regulation. For all 4-year-old children, living with a biological father at age 4 was associated with reductions in EPB at ages 4-6 and later years, with no variation by child self-regulation. Living with a stepfather at age 4 was associated with higher levels of EPB at age 4; however, for less-regulated children, stepfather residence at ages 4 and 8 was associated with reductions in EPB between ages 4-6 and 8-10, respectively. Greater employment hours were associated with increased EPB in the next 2 years for less-regulated children of all ages; however, except for the age 4-6 transition, there was a lagged association that reduced behaviour problems after 2 years and outweighed short-term increases. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cabrera, Natasha, Sandra L. Hofferth and Gregory Hancock. "Family Structure, Maternal Employment, and Change in Children's Externalizing Problem Behaviour: Differences by Age and Self-regulation." European Journal of Developmental Psychology 11,2 (2014): 136-158.
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941. |
Caces, M. Fe Harford, Thomas C. Aitken, Sherrie S. |
Prescription and Non-Prescription Drug Use: A Longitudinal Study Journal of Substance Abuse 10,2 (1998):115-126. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089932899980128X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of Soutn Carolina Keyword(s): Drug Use; Gender Differences; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines changes in the lifetime prevalence of prescription and non-prescription drug use in a national longitudinal sample of young adults. Cohort data used in this study are from the National Longitudinal Survey, Youth Cohort (NLSY) who responded to questions on use of prescription drugs for the years 1984 and 1992 (N = 8,771). Results reveal increases in the lifetime prevalence of prescription use of sedatives, tranquilizers, and stimulants. Prescription use was higher among women while non-prescription use was higher among men. Non-prescription drug use in 1984 was significantly related to prescription use in 1992. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caces, M. Fe, Thomas C. Harford and Sherrie S. Aitken. "Prescription and Non-Prescription Drug Use: A Longitudinal Study." Journal of Substance Abuse 10,2 (1998):115-126.
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942. |
Cadena, Brian C. Keys, Benjamin J. |
Human Capital and the Lifetime Costs of Impatience Working Paper, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), August 10, 2012; Revised May 2014. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1674068 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior; Behavioral Differences; Behavioral Problems; College Dropouts; Earnings; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Noncognitive Skills; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we examine the role of impatience in the formation of human capital - arguably the most important investment decision individuals make during their lifetimes. We pay particular attention to a set of investment behaviors that cannot be explained solely by variation in exponential discount rates. Using data from the NLSY and a straightforward measure of impatience, we find that impatient people systematically acquire lower levels of multiple measures of human capital and that a substantial fraction of these differences arise from dynamically inconsistent behavior, such as starting an educational program but failing to complete it. The cumulative investment differences result in the impatient earning 18 percent less and expressing significantly more regret as this cohort reaches middle age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cadena, Brian C. and Benjamin J. Keys. "Human Capital and the Lifetime Costs of Impatience." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), August 10, 2012; Revised May 2014. |
943. |
Cadena, Brian C. Keys, Benjamin J. |
Human Capital and the Lifetime Costs of Impatience American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 7,3 (August 2015): 126-153. Also: https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20130081 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Dropouts; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Time Preference Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we examine the role of impatience in human capital formation, arguably the most important investment decision individuals make during their lifetimes. We focus on a set of investment behaviors that cannot be explained solely by variation in exponential discounting. Using data from the NLSY and a straightforward measure of impatience, we find that impatient people more frequently invest in dynamically inconsistent ways, such as dropping out of college with one year or less remaining. The cumulative investment differences result in the impatient earning 13 percent less and expressing more regret as this cohort reaches middle age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cadena, Brian C. and Benjamin J. Keys. "Human Capital and the Lifetime Costs of Impatience." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 7,3 (August 2015): 126-153.
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944. |
Cai, Jing-Heng Song, Xin-Yuan Lam, Kwok-Hap Ip, Edward Hak-Sing |
A Mixture of Generalized Latent Variable Models for Mixed Mode and Heterogeneous Data Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 55,11 (November 2011): 2889-2907. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167947311001770 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Modeling; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Monte Carlo; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) In the behavioral, biomedical, and social-psychological sciences, mixed data types such as continuous, ordinal, count, and nominal are common. Subpopulations also often exist and contribute to heterogeneity in the data. In this paper, we propose a mixture of generalized latent variable models (GLVMs) to handle mixed types of heterogeneous data. Different link functions are specified to model data of multiple types. A Bayesian approach, together with the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method, is used to conduct the analysis. A modified DIC is used for model selection of mixture components in the GLVMs. A simulation study shows that our proposed methodology performs satisfactorily. An application of mixture GLVM to a data set from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) is presented. [Copyright Elsevier] Copyright of Computational Statistics & Data Analysis is the property of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cai, Jing-Heng, Xin-Yuan Song, Kwok-Hap Lam and Edward Hak-Sing Ip. "A Mixture of Generalized Latent Variable Models for Mixed Mode and Heterogeneous Data." Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 55,11 (November 2011): 2889-2907.
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945. |
Cain, Virginia S. |
Changing Fertility Expectations of American Youth Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Family Formation; Fertility; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Racial Differences Recent research indicates that the discrepancy between final fertility and earlier birth expectations results not only from people not achieving their original goal but also from the goal itself changing. This study tested the hypothesis that changes in fertility plans are related to other events occurring in the lives of the young adults. This research examined changes in fertility plans between 1979 and 1983 among the NLSY. The sample was divided on the basis of gender, racial/ethnic group, age, and parental status, first child born between 1979 and 1983, and first child born before the 1979 interview. Findings showed considerable change in fertility plans between 1979 and 1983. Almost 50 percent of the sample reported a change, with the majority of those reducing the number of children expected. Variables most important for explaining changes in birth expectations were those related to family formation. Generally, marriage was associated with a reduced likelihood of lowering birth expectations while divorce increased the likelihood of reducing the expected number of children. The results point to several areas that could benefit from further investigation. The models providing the best fit of the data were those for white women with children. This suggests the need for considering a different framework for explaining fertility among non-whites. The exploratory analyses of the data from the men and childless women show the importance of family formation issues for fertility plans but indicate the need for considering the multiplicity of family forms in which young adults live. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cain, Virginia S. Changing Fertility Expectations of American Youth. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, 1986. |
946. |
Calaway, Jaynanne |
The Gender Pay Differential: Choice, Tradition, or Overt Discrimination? Honors Projects Paper 70, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1999. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/70/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Human Capital; Undergraduate Research; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. No one disputes that a male-female gender wage differential favoring men exists. This study seeks to unearth not only the sources of this differential but also the relative degrees to which the various sources impact the differential. The theories proposed by current literature suggest three principal causes: differences in human capital, crowding discrimination, and other forms of discrimination. This study estimates separate equations for men and women and then uses the regression results to decompose the gender wage differential into the three aforementioned components. We find, after isolating the effects of differences in individual human capital and choice characteristics as well as differences due to crowding, the residual surprisingly accounts for the largest proportion of the gender wage gap. Because the residual is so large, we believe that basic discrimination models must still be necessary and useful. Moreover, when one considers that the human capital differences that do exist may be reflecting feedback effects, the justification for combating societal stereotyping of gender roles becomes even stronger, to promote not only equity but also efficiency in today's labor market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Calaway, Jaynanne. "The Gender Pay Differential: Choice, Tradition, or Overt Discrimination?." Honors Projects Paper 70, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1999. |
947. |
Calderon, Vivian |
Maternal Employment and Career Orientation of Young Chicana, Black, and White Women Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Santa Cruz, 1984. DAI-B 45/09, p. 3112, March 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Occupational Aspirations; Racial Differences; Sex Roles Data from the 1979 Youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Force Behavior provide support for a causal model of career orientation in which maternal employment plays a primary role. Career orientation measures (1) work commitment and (2) realism in planning educational, vocational and birth goals--significant work related issues for young women 16-22 years of age. Maternal employment operates via enrollment and family attitude variables to raise career orientation. Effect sizes and the pattern of relationship among the model variables differs for each ethnic/racial group when a causal structure is imposed on the data. For all groups, the more employment observed, the greater the positive effects. Largest significant direct effects for maternal employment are observed in the white sample, followed by blacks. But hierarchical causal analysis indicates the largest significant total effects for maternal employment occur in the Chicana sample, followed by blacks. This indicates the cumulative effect of maternal employment on enrollment status, marital timing and gender role attitudes raises career orientation scores were more in the minority samples. Particularly noteworthy is the way maternal employment vitiates traditional gender role attitudes among Chicanas. For young black women, the effects of maternal employment are more uniform across the intervening variables, with enrollment status playing a slightly larger role in raising career orientation scores. A review of the status attainment literature provides the background for the study. The review is organized by gender, race/ethnicity, and developmental stage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Calderon, Vivian. Maternal Employment and Career Orientation of Young Chicana, Black, and White Women. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Santa Cruz, 1984. DAI-B 45/09, p. 3112, March 1985. |
948. |
Caldwell, Ronald C., Jr. |
The Effects of University Affirmative Action Policies on the Human Capital Development of Minority Children: Do Expectations Matter? Working Paper, West Coast Poverty Center, University of Washington, April 2009. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/p/kan/wpaper/200812.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: School of Social Work, University of Washington Keyword(s): Achievement; Affirmative Action; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Human Capital; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Racial Differences; State-Level Data/Policy; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research shows that minority children enter the labor market with lower levels of acquired skill than do white children. This paper attempts to analyze one possible cause: the impact of a perceived lack of future opportunities on the human capital development of minority children. I take advantage of changes in affirmative action laws in California and Texas as a natural experiment and employ both difference-in-difference-in-difference and fixed effects methodologies to test for changes in achievement test scores among minority children. The results show a significant negative impact among black children of all ages in the affected states. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caldwell, Ronald C., Jr. "The Effects of University Affirmative Action Policies on the Human Capital Development of Minority Children: Do Expectations Matter?" Working Paper, West Coast Poverty Center, University of Washington, April 2009. |
949. |
Calem, Paul S. Firestone, Simon Wachter, Susan M. |
Credit Impairment and Housing Tenure Status Journal of Housing Economics 19 (September 2010): 219-232 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Home Ownership We revisit the relationship between financing constraints and homeownership rates using the 2004 wave of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The survey respondents are a nationally representative sample of Americans 39-47 years of age as of this wave. As most of the sample had been in their current residence prior to 2004, this study reflects housing tenure status decisions made prior to the recent credit expansion and subsequent crisis. Past research has emphasized wealth constraints, and income constraints as limiting homeownership. The estimation results here point to primary roles for credit impairment and lack of credit history. We also find that excluding controls for the endogeneity of wealth and income may mask the impact of credit factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Calem, Paul S., Simon Firestone and Susan M. Wachter. "Credit Impairment and Housing Tenure Status." Journal of Housing Economics 19 (September 2010): 219-232.
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950. |
Calhoun, Charles A. Espenshade, Thomas J. |
Childbearing and Wives' Foregone Earnings Population Studies 42,1 (March 1988): 5-37 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Investigation Committee Keyword(s): Childbearing; Earnings; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper combines multi-state life-table analysis and the human capital model of wages to derive new estimates of the impact of children on hours of market work and earnings for American women aged 15 to 55. Panel data from the NLS Mature Women, Young Women, and NLSY are used to estimate multi-state tables of working life and to assess the impact of fertility on female labour force behaviour. Potential earnings based on a human capital wage model are combined with the working life histories implied by the life-table analysis to estimate opportunity expenditures (i.e. the money value of foregone employment opportunities) associated with different childbearing patterns. The impacts of race, school enrollment, educational attainment, marital status, marital status changes, birth cohort and fertility are considered. Some specific findings are: (1) with identical childbearing patterns, white women forego roughly five times as much as black women in market earnings between the ages of 15 and 55 - approximately $25,000 per birth for white women, versus $5,000 per birth for black women, in 1981 dollars; (2) foregone hours of market work per birth are two to three times higher for white women than for black women approximately 1,500 to 3,000 hours per birth for white women, compared with 600 to 1,000 hours per birth for black women; (3) opportunity expenditures for white women and more educated black women have been declining over time; (4) opportunity expenditures on children are roughly proportional to the number of births, for women of similar background and labour market experience; and (5) it is the labour supply reductions immediately following each birth that contribute most to observed opportunity expenditures, whereas the marginal effect of total family size is small by comparison. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Calhoun, Charles A. and Thomas J. Espenshade. "Childbearing and Wives' Foregone Earnings." Population Studies 42,1 (March 1988): 5-37.
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951. |
Callaway, Brantly |
Bounds on Distributional Treatment Effect Parameters Using Panel Data with an Application on Job Displacement Journal of Econometrics published online (9 September 2020): DOI: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.02.005. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407620302839 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Earnings; Economic Changes/Recession; Heterogeneity This paper develops new techniques to bound distributional treatment effect parameters that depend on the joint distribution of potential outcomes -- an object not identified by standard identifying assumptions such as selection on observables or even when treatment is randomly assigned. I show that panel data and an additional assumption on the dependence between untreated potential outcomes for the treated group over time (i) provide more identifying power for distributional treatment effect parameters than existing bounds and (ii) provide a more plausible set of conditions than existing methods that obtain point identification. I apply these bounds to study heterogeneity in the effect of job displacement during the Great Recession. Using standard techniques, I find that workers who were displaced during the Great Recession lost on average 34% of their earnings relative to their counterfactual earnings had they not been displaced. Using the methods developed in the current paper, I also show that the average effect masks substantial heterogeneity across workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Callaway, Brantly. "Bounds on Distributional Treatment Effect Parameters Using Panel Data with an Application on Job Displacement." Journal of Econometrics published online (9 September 2020): DOI: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.02.005.
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952. |
Callaway, Brantly Karami, Sonia |
Treatment Effects in Interactive Fixed Effects Models with a Small Number of Time Periods Journal of Econometrics published online (24 March 2022): DOI: 0.1016/j.jeconom.2022.02.001. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030440762200029X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Earnings; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Statistical Analysis This paper considers identifying and estimating the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT) when untreated potential outcomes are generated by an interactive fixed effects model. That is, in addition to time-period and individual fixed effects, we consider the case where there is an unobserved time invariant variable whose effect on untreated potential outcomes may change over time and which can therefore cause outcomes (in the absence of participating in the treatment) to follow different paths for the treated group relative to the untreated group. The models that we consider in this paper generalize many commonly used models in the treatment effects literature including difference in differences and individual-specific linear trend models. Unlike the majority of the literature on interactive fixed effects models, we do not require the number of time periods to go to infinity to consistently estimate the ATT. Our main identification result relies on having the effect of some time invariant covariate (e.g., race or sex) not vary over time. Using our approach, we show that the ATT can be identified with as few as three time periods and with panel or repeated cross sections data. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Callaway, Brantly and Sonia Karami. "Treatment Effects in Interactive Fixed Effects Models with a Small Number of Time Periods." Journal of Econometrics published online (24 March 2022): DOI: 0.1016/j.jeconom.2022.02.001.
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953. |
Callis, Zoe Gerrans, Paul Walker, Dana L. Gignac, Gilles E. |
The Association Between Intelligence and Financial Literacy: A Conceptual and Meta-Analytic Review Intelligence 100,101781 (August 2023). Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289623000624?via%3Dihub Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Comprehension Knowledge; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Financial Literacy; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests Financial literacy is positively associated with intelligence, with typically moderate to large effect sizes across studies. The magnitude of the effect, however, has not yet been estimated meta-analytically. Such results suggest financial literacy may be conceptualised as a possible cognitive ability within the Cattel-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of cognitive abilities. Consequently, we present a psychometric meta-analysis that estimated the true score correlation between cognitive ability and financial literacy. We identified a large, positive correlation with general intelligence (r’ = .62; k = 64, N = 62,194). We also found that financial literacy shared a substantial amount of variance with quantitative knowledge (Gq; via numeracy; r’ = .69; k = 42, N = 35,611), comprehension knowledge (crystallised intelligence; Gc; r’ = .48; k = 14, N = 10,835), and fluid reasoning (fluid intelligence; Gf; r’ = .48; k =20, N = 15,101). Furthermore, meta-analytic structural equation modelling revealed Gq partially mediated the association between cognitive ability (excluding Gq) and financial literacy. Additionally, both Gc and Gq had significant direct effects on financial literacy, whereas the total effect of Gf on financial literacy was fully mediated by a combination of Gc and Gq. While the meta-analyses provide preliminary support for the potential inclusion of financial literacy as primarily a Gc or Gq ability within the CHC taxonomy (rather than Gf), the review revealed that very few studies employed comprehensive cognitive ability measures and/or psychometrically robust financial literacy tests. Consequently, the review highlighted the need for future factor analytic research to evaluate financial literacy as a candidate for inclusion in the CHC taxonomy. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Callis, Zoe, Paul Gerrans, Dana L. Walker and Gilles E. Gignac. "The Association Between Intelligence and Financial Literacy: A Conceptual and Meta-Analytic Review." Intelligence 100,101781 (August 2023).
|
954. |
Camara, Wayne J. Colot, Patricia L. |
The Reality of Longitudinal Data Collection: Locating Vanishing Veterans Presented: New York, NY, Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 1987. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED290775&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED290775 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Aptitude; Military Enlistment; Research Methodology; Veterans This paper investigates the utility of various procedures used to locate and interview veterans as part of a longitudinal research study being conducted for the Department of Defense. The populations are comprised of below entry aptitude standards males who entered the military during the late 1960s, and potential ineligibles who entered between 1976 and 1980. The latter group entered because of the misnorming of the enlistment exam scores. Several methods were used to locate subjects of both populations and compared to existing data collected from National Longitudinal Surveys on equivalent samples of low-aptitude non-veteran males. Future researchers are encouraged to investigate multiple locating methodologies and assess the quality of existing data and known characteristics of the population prior to embarking on longitudinal data collection with special populations. [ERIC ED-290775] |
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Bibliography Citation
Camara, Wayne J. and Patricia L. Colot. "The Reality of Longitudinal Data Collection: Locating Vanishing Veterans." Presented: New York, NY, Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 1987. |
955. |
Cameron, A. Colin |
Youth Earnings and Work Experience Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Earnings; Employment; Mobility; Mobility, Occupational; Schooling; Unemployment, Youth; Work Experience Using data from the NLSY, the annual work experience and the annual earnings of youth are analyzed. Unlike previously available data sets, the NLSY provide data on every job held by youth, and monthly data on school attendance. In the first study, annual work experience is investigated at the level of the individual jobs held by each youth in the sample. In-school and out-of-school youth experiences are separately analyzed. NLSY data for 1978-84 highlight the extent to which employment and schooling are not mutually exclusive. Youth not only exhibit great job mobility, but there is great variation in the hours and wages of the different jobs held. Some jobs may be held simultaneously. In standard economic analyses that use annual earnings, the potential contamination of results because of measurement error in earnings is acknowledged. Without additional information it is impossible to either gauge the magnitude of the measurement error or take corrective action. Such additional information is available from the NLSY, since for each individual in each year, two separate measures of annual earnings are available. In the second study, multiple indicator models are fitted to these two measures of earnings. NLSY data for 1980-84 for out-of-school youth indicate that measurement error accounts for approximately 20 to 30 percent of the variance of the logarithm of earnings, and even more of the variance in the change in the logarithm of earnings. Measurement error is serially uncorrelated. Controlling for measurement error, true earnings need not be differenced, but may follow a process more complex than a simple AR(1) process. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cameron, A. Colin. Youth Earnings and Work Experience. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1987. |
956. |
Cameron, A. Colin Gritz, R. Mark MaCurdy, Thomas E. |
The Effects of Unemployment Compensation on the Unemployment of Youths NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-4, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl890010.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Earnings; Employment, Youth; Gender Differences; Job Patterns; Unemployment; Unemployment Insurance; Unemployment, Youth; Wages; Work History This report examines the role of unemployment insurance (UI) policies on the amount of unemployment that youth experience between jobs. Specifically, the analysis focuses on determining how the weekly benefit amounts and the weeks of eligibility offered by UI programs influence three aspects of nonemployment activities: (1) total length of time spent in nonemployment; (2) fraction of this time reported as unemployment; and (3) likelihood that an individual collects UI during a nonemployment episode. Two intermediate goals of this research included: (1) the computation of a comprehensive summary of the weekly work and earnings experiences of youth; and (2) an assessment of the extent to which youth are eligible for UI and the degree to which they draw on UI entitlements. The aim was to identify two sets of patterns, those describing differences across demographic characteristics and those capturing changes over the period 1979-1984. Data from the NLSY are utilized in these analyses. The empirical results for men presented in this study indicate that an individual who collects UI typically experiences a longer spell of nonemployment, at least up to the exhaustion of UI benefits, and reports a larger fraction of this spell as unemployment than a nonrecipient. The results show slight increases in recipiency and in the fraction of a nonemployment spell listed as unemployment; however, this rise in weekly benefits has essentially no effect on either the length of nonemployment spells or on the number of weeks of unemployment, irrespective of whether one considers the population at large or only the population of UI recipients. Other findings are summarized for young men and are found to also apply for young women with only two exceptions. First, while female UI recipients experience moreunemployment than nonrecipients at least up to the point of benefit exhaustion, there is some ambiguity as to whether a similar relationship exists for women when comparing le ngths of nonemployment spells. Second, the weekly benefit amount is not a factor at all in influencing women's experiences. In contrast to men, changes in weekly benefits have no effect on the fraction of a nonemployment spell reported as unemployment, nor do they affect the likelihood that a woman collects UI benefits. In general, the findings of this report suggest that features of UI programs that change the size of weekly benefit amounts are not likely to affect unemployment, whereas features that alter the amount of weeks of eligibility are likely to shift unemployment for those individuals who experience the longer durations. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Cameron, A. Colin, R. Mark Gritz and Thomas E. MaCurdy. "The Effects of Unemployment Compensation on the Unemployment of Youths." NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-4, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989. |
957. |
Cameron, A. Colin MaCurdy, Thomas E. |
A Description of the Earnings and Employment Experiences of Youth Presented: San Diego, CA, Meetings of the Western Economics Association, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Labor Force Participation; Unemployment, Youth Remarkably little is known about the patterns and volatility of labor market activities of youth over a 12-month horizon. Data from the NLSY on earnings and employment experiences are categorized by 13 age-education groups and six years. Variation across different age-education groups, variation over time, and variation within each age-education group are summarized. The observed variation across different age-education groups is consistent with a priori beliefs. The observed variation over time is consistent with the business cycle of the early 1980s. Within each age-education group there is a substantial variation in labor market experiences. Even at the individual level, there is substantial variation in labor market experiences over the course of a calendar year. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Cameron, A. Colin and Thomas E. MaCurdy. "A Description of the Earnings and Employment Experiences of Youth." Presented: San Diego, CA, Meetings of the Western Economics Association, 1990. |
958. |
Cameron, Stephen V. Heckman, James J. |
Determinants of Young Males' Schooling and Training Choices In: Training in the Private Sector. Lisa Lynch, ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994: pp. 201-231 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Dropouts; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; School Dropouts; Schooling, Post-secondary; Training; Training, Post-School This paper examines the determinants of high school graduation, GED certification, and postsecondary participation in academic and vocational training programs. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Cameron, Stephen V. and James J. Heckman. "Determinants of Young Males' Schooling and Training Choices" In: Training in the Private Sector. Lisa Lynch, ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994: pp. 201-231
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959. |
Cameron, Stephen V. Heckman, James J. |
Dynamics of Educational Attainment for Blacks, Whites and Hispanics Working Paper, University of Chicago, April 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Black Studies; College Enrollment; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Hispanics; Parental Influences; Tuition Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [First draft: September 1991] This paper examines the role of family background, family income, labor market opportunities and college tuition in accounting for differences in educational attainment by age among black, white and Hispanic males. This study differs from the previous literature in two important ways. (1) Previous influential work by Hauser (1991), Kane (1990) and others is based on Current Population Survey (CPS) data. These data suffer from major limitations of special importance to analyses of the role of family background on educational choices. The CPS data report parental family characteristics of persons only if they are living in the parental home, or, for those attending college, for those living in group quarters. Parental background and income information is not available for nonstudents not living with parents or for students not living in group quarters. Virtually all of the evidence on the importance of family background and family income on schooling choices is derived from samples of "dependents" i.e. persons living in the parental home or students in college living in group quarters. Using the NLSY (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth) data we demonstrate that as a consequence of this data generation process previous studies tend to underestimate the contribution of family income and financial resources to schooling decisions. (2) The NLSY data contain richer background information than does the CPS data. We demonstrate the value of access to such information in accounting for schooling decisions. Exploiting the longitudinal structure of the NLSY data, we model educational choices as decisions made sequentially at each age. Unlike previous cross-sectional studies that focus attention on explaining years of schooling completed, we consider the determinants of educational choices at each age. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Cameron, Stephen V. and James J. Heckman. "Dynamics of Educational Attainment for Blacks, Whites and Hispanics." Working Paper, University of Chicago, April 1992. |
960. |
Cameron, Stephen V. Heckman, James J. |
Life Cycle Schooling and Dynamic Selection Bias: Models and Evidence for Five NBER Working Paper No. 6385, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1998. Also: http://www.nber.org/cgi-bin/wpsearch.pl?action=bibliography&paper=W6385&year=98 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Enrollment; Education; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Family Influences; Family Resources; Heterogeneity; Income; Life Cycle Research; Transition, School to Work; Transitional Programs This paper examines an empirical regularity found in many societies: that family influences on the probability of transiting from one grade level to the next diminish at higher levels of education. We examine the statistical model used to establish the empirical regularity and the intuitive behavioral interpretation often used to rationalize it. We show that the implicit economic model assumes myopia. The intuitive interpretive model is identified only by imposing arbitrary distributional assumptions onto the data. We produce an alternative choice-theoretic model with fewer parameters that rationalizes the same data and is not based on arbitrary distributional assumptions. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Cameron, Stephen V. and James J. Heckman. "Life Cycle Schooling and Dynamic Selection Bias: Models and Evidence for Five." NBER Working Paper No. 6385, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1998. |
961. |
Cameron, Stephen V. Heckman, James J. |
The Dynamics of Educational Attainment for Black, Hispanic, and White Males Journal of Political Economy 109,3 (June 2001): 455-499. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/321014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): College Education; College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Family Background and Culture; Family Environment; Hispanics; Income; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Tuition This paper estimates a dynamic model of schooling attainment to investigate the sources of racial and ethnic disparity in college attendance. Parental income in the child's adolescent years is a strong predictor of this disparity. This is widely interpreted to mean that credit constraints facing families during the college-going years are important. Using NLSY data, we find that it is the long-run factors associated with parental background and family environment, and not credit constraints facing prospective students in the college-going years, that account for most of the racial-ethnic college-going differential. Policies aimed at improving these long-term family and environmental factors are more likely to be successful in eliminating college attendance differentials than short-term tuition reduction and family income supplement policies aimed at families with college age children. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Cameron, Stephen V. and James J. Heckman. "The Dynamics of Educational Attainment for Black, Hispanic, and White Males ." Journal of Political Economy 109,3 (June 2001): 455-499.
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962. |
Cameron, Stephen V. Heckman, James J. |
The Dynamics of Educational Attainment for Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites NBER Working Paper No. 7249, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1999. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W7249 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): College Education; College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Hispanics; Income; Racial Differences; Schooling; Skilled Workers; Tuition This paper estimates a dynamic model of schooling attainment to investigate the sources of discrepancy by race and ethnicity in college attendance. When the returns to college education rose, college enrollment of whites responded much more quickly than that of minorities. Parental income is a strong predictor of this response. However, using NLSY data, we find that it is the long-run factors associated with parental background and income and not short-term credit constraints facing college students that account for the differential response by race and ethnicity to the new labor market for skilled labor. Policies aimed at improving these long-term factors are far more likely to be successful in eliminating college attendance differentials than are short-term tuition reduction policies. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Cameron, Stephen V. and James J. Heckman. "The Dynamics of Educational Attainment for Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites." NBER Working Paper No. 7249, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1999. |
963. |
Cameron, Stephen V. Heckman, James J. |
The Nonequivalence of High School Equivalents Journal of Labor Economics 11,1 (January 1993): 1-47. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2535183 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): High School Completion/Graduates; High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; High School Students; School Completion; School Dropouts; Schooling, Post-secondary; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Training This article analyzes the causes and consequences of the growing proportion of high-school-certified persons who achieve that status by exam certification rather than through high school graduation. Exam-certified high school equivalents are statistically indistinguishable from high school dropouts. Whatever differences are found among examcertified equivalents, high school dropouts and high school graduates are accounted for by their years of schooling completed. There is no cheap substitute for schooling. The only payoff to exam certification arises from its value in opening postsecondary schooling and training opportunities, but completion rates for exam-certified graduates are much lower in these activities than they are for ordinary graduates. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Cameron, Stephen V. and James J. Heckman. "The Nonequivalence of High School Equivalents." Journal of Labor Economics 11,1 (January 1993): 1-47.
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964. |
Cameron, Stephen V. Taber, Christopher Robert |
Estimation of Educational Borrowing Constraints Using Returns to Schooling Journal of Political Economy 112,1,Part_1 (February 2004): 132-182. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/379937 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): College Education; Education; Educational Costs; Educational Returns This paper measures the importance of borrowing constraints on education decisions. Empirical identification of borrowing constraints is secured by the economic prediction that opportunity costs and direct costs of schooling affect borrowing-constrained and unconstrained persons differently. Direct costs need to be financed during school and impose a larger burden on credit constrained students. By contrast, gross forgone earnings do not have to be financed. We explore the implications of this idea using four methodologies: schooling attainment models, instrumental variable wage regressions, and two structural economic models that integrate both schooling choices and schooling returns into a unified framework. None of the methods produces evidence that borrowing constraints generate inefficiencies in the market for schooling in the current policy environment. We conclude that, on the margin, additional policies aimed at improving credit access will have little impact on schooling attainment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Cameron, Stephen V. and Christopher Robert Taber. "Estimation of Educational Borrowing Constraints Using Returns to Schooling." Journal of Political Economy 112,1,Part_1 (February 2004): 132-182.
|
965. |
Campbell, Alondo C. |
Labor Market Experiences of African and European American Men, 1979--1996 M.A. Thesis, California State University - Fullerton, 2002. MAI, 40, no. 03 (2002): 611 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Discrimination, Job; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Household Income; Income Level; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Segmentation; Racial Differences Research reveals an income disparity between Americans of African and European descent. This research offers a historical interpretation of American males of African descent and their experiences in the labor market. In contrast with theories of labor market experiences that suggest a declining significance of race a historical interpretation suggests ideologies of white supremacy has systematical maintained inequality. The data used for this study is from the 1979-1996 NLSY (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979). The dependent variable is the yearly earnings of the respondents, which was separated into three periods. Results of OLS regression estimates show African American males from low-income households earn less than their European counterparts holding human capital attributes constant. European American males from low-income households income is not significantly different from African American males from non-poor households. The tentative results are consistent with claims that the gap in income derives from the historical experiences of residential segregation, employment in occupations subject to high turnover and labor market discrimination. |
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Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Alondo C. Labor Market Experiences of African and European American Men, 1979--1996. M.A. Thesis, California State University - Fullerton, 2002. MAI, 40, no. 03 (2002): 611. |
966. |
Campbell, Alondo C. |
Marijuana, Sex, and Racialized State Domination Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Purdue University, 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Purdue University Keyword(s): Black Family; Black Studies; Drug Use; Family Formation; Health Care; Inner-City; Modeling; Sexual Behavior; Women's Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The understanding of African American families is limited, mostly because within-group differences are often misunderstood by the dominant worldview. The typical tendency is to view African Americans in general and African American families in particular with stereotypical inaccuracies. How do norms and values emerge to help construct family formations? Marginalized groups face an organization of oppression from the dominant culture thus they develop sub-cultural norms in response to their marginalization. Blacks are marginalized and their historical experience in America has help the development of particular coping strategies. One such coping strategy includes self-medication in response to limited or no access to mainstream health-care. It is likely the experience marginalization and marijuana use effect the family formation. Marijuana is part of an oppositional culture that is found among resistance. How does oppositional culture affect family formations? The war on drugs and particularly marijuana has a disproportionate negative affect on marginalized communities. African Americans are overrepresented among those who are imprisoned for non-violent drug related offenses. Black youth are jailed; the community loses political power, sons, brothers, and fathers thus disrupting the development of intimate relationships that are essential for family formation. The response to oppression is resistance and marijuana is part of an oppositional culture that the dominant world view often misinterprets. State power use illicit drugs and sexual behavior as demonizing and justifying proxies to wage war on inner-city communities of color. Data taken from the NLSY79 are used in a series of hierarchal regression models to analyze respondents marijuana use, egalitarian values, sexual attitudes and sexual behavior from 1979 to 1998. The problem is the response to the organization of oppression seen as pathology. Therefore the use of theoretical approaches that view resistance to the organization of oppression as legitimate response found in the behavior of Black youth. Results suggest that marijuana use is related to sexual behavior and attitudes and this affects family formation process directly and indirectly. Directly marijuana users were found to have more egalitarian values towards attitudes about the role of women. People who have sex at a young age are more likely to use marijuana. Marijuana is a popular among youth and sub-cultures and is measured as a form of resistance to the status quo and it may be an essential part of some segments of the population to build family formations. Policy for drug use and enforcement should be reconsidered to best fit the needs of the community it is claims to serve. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Alondo C. Marijuana, Sex, and Racialized State Domination. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Purdue University, 2007. |
967. |
Campbell, Lori A. |
Parental Wealth and Intergenerational Mobility Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): College Characteristics; College Degree; Home Ownership; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Parental Influences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Much sociological research on intergenerational mobility has neglected the role of parental wealth, instead focusing on parental occupational status or prestige, family income, and parents' educational attainment. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979, I investigate the relationship between parental wealth and intergenerational mobility. Specifically, this research focuses on two major research questions. First, are young adults who grew up in low wealth families less likely to attend selective colleges and universities than young adults who grew up in more wealthy families? While there has been some research in sociology regarding the effect of parental wealth on college attendance and graduation (Conley 2001), we know little about whether and how parental wealth affects the college selectivity and college completion of offspring. This line of research is important because students attending more selective institutions are more likely to graduate than those attending less selective institutions, and researchers have identified a "stagnant social-class gap in college completion" (Goldrick-Rab 2006), which in turn affects economic mobility in young adulthood. The second question I examine is, controlling for college completion and selectivity, what role does parental wealth play in explaining variation in economic mobility among young adults? I focus on three outcomes: young adults' employment, income, and homeownership. I demonstrate that parental wealth affects college completion, time to degree as well as college selectivity. Parental wealth also has small but significant effects on young adults' economic mobility, such as income and employment, independent of parental income and educational attainment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Lori A. "Parental Wealth and Intergenerational Mobility." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
968. |
Campbell, Lori A. |
When Wealth Matters: Parental Wealth and Child Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Department of Sociology, 2007. AAT 3286841 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Parents, Behavior; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this dissertation, I explore whether parental wealth influences child development, including children's math and reading achievement, behavior problems and motor and social development. Using the linked lives framework and drawing upon social capital theory, I hypothesize that wealth affects children's development through the provision of the home environment, including parenting behaviors and material goods and services. Additionally, I argue that parental aspirations for the child's education may shape child achievement. My sample is drawn from the NLSY79 mother-child data, and I calculate parental wealth in three different ways: from the child's birth to age 5, current wealth at the time of the child's assessment, and average wealth over the course of the child's life. My results show that parental wealth affects the quality of the home environment that parents provide for their children with wealthier parents providing stronger home environments than less affluent parents. The initial positive, significant effect of wealth on child math and reading achievement is attenuated and eventually reduced to non-significance after I control for parent and family attributes, including home environment quality. However, parental wealth continues to effect child behavior problems even after adjusting for factors believed to impact child social adjustment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Lori A. When Wealth Matters: Parental Wealth and Child Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Department of Sociology, 2007. AAT 3286841. |
969. |
Campbell, Paul B. Basinger, Karen S. |
Economic and Noneconomic Effects of Alternative Transitions Through School to Work Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1985. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED254638.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Earnings; Education, Secondary; Educational Returns; NLS of H.S. Class of 1972; Training, Post-School; Transition, School to Work; Vocational Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A study compared the economic and noneconomic effects of various combinations of high school curriculum and postsecondary school-to-work transition patterns. Data for the study were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, Youth Cohort (NLS Youth). In some cases, the 1979 data from the high school class of 1972 database supplemented the NLS Youth, and, for noneconomic outcomes, class of 1972 data were used exclusively. These data indicated that high school vocational education is associated with a clear wage advantage for vocational graduates in jobs related to their area of training. Postsecondary education also appeared to add to this advantage. Although vocational education brought an increase in labor force participation for white women, no significant relationship between vocational education and employment stability was found for other demographic groups. Noneconomic outcomes of participation in a high school vocational education program turned out to be more difficult to assess; however, the noneconomic benefits of participation in postsecondary education were clear. Those who achieved a postsecondary degree were more likely to register and vote and to accept as positive the current societal trend toward broadening the role of women in the labor market. The earnings advantage of vocational education was most pronounced among white males and did not exist at all for minorities of either sex. The policy implications of these findings were examined. (Technical discussions of the survey data sources are appended, and 34 references end the document.) (MN) |
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Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Paul B. and Karen S. Basinger. "Economic and Noneconomic Effects of Alternative Transitions Through School to Work." Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1985. |
970. |
Campbell, Paul B. Basinger, Karen S. Daumer, Mary Beth Parks, Marie B. |
Outcomes of Vocational Education for Women, Minorities, the Handicapped, and the Poor Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1986. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED216208.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Disability; Earnings; Educational Returns; Hispanics; Schooling, Post-secondary; Vocational Education; Vocational Training; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A study investigated interrelationships between educational background and membership in "groups of special interest"--women, blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, Asians, persons of low socioeconomic status (SES), handicapped individuals, and persons with limited English proficiency. Data were from the High School and Beyond sample and the sample from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience Youth Cohort. The secondary vocational education curriculum attracted, in disproportionate numbers, youth with low SES, lower ability, and feelings of personal inadequacy. White men were most likely to enroll. Within the vocational education curriculum were pronounced gender differences by specialty. The likelihood of continuing education beyond high school was significantly greater for youths of higher SES, greater ability, and higher self-esteem. A secondary vocational curriculum paid off in earnings for youth subsequently employed in jobs related to training. Significant gender differentials in earnings existed. Regarding race and ethnicity, no statistically significant earnings differentials favored whites. Policy measures were implied by the absence of racial labor market discrimination, absence of racial and ethnic earnings differentials, and overrepresentation in vocational education of students with low self-esteem and their subsequent lower educational and labor market achievement. (YLB) |
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Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Paul B., Karen S. Basinger, Mary Beth Daumer and Marie B. Parks. "Outcomes of Vocational Education for Women, Minorities, the Handicapped, and the Poor." Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1986. |
971. |
Campbell, Paul B. Elliot, Jack Hotchkiss, Lawrence Laughlin, Suzanne |
Antecedents of Training-Related Placement Mimeo, National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1987. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED291972&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED291972 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Job Training; Labor Force Participation; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Transition, School to Work; Vocational Education; Vocational Training; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A study investigated the circumstances and conditions that influence the decision to take a training-related position. The primary objective of the study was to produce information on the environmental conditions and personal characteristics associated with training-related placement. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience-Youth Cohort and from the High School and Beyond survey were analyzed using cross-tabular and multivariate regression techniques. Descriptive findings suggested that the training-related placement rate for the first and current job after high school graduation was about 42 percent; on the average, high school vocational graduates held training-related jobs 48 percent of the total time they were employed. Multivariate analyses suggested that: high grades in the vocational specialty were positively correlated with training-related placement; and gender remained one of the strongest predictors of earnings despite training-related placement. Other findings were that: substantial concentration in a vocational specialty was one of the most influential factors in getting and keeping a training-related job, and the trade and industrial specialty was also associated consistently with holding a training-related job. The lack of consistent results for gender and race/ethnicity suggested that the problem of getting and holding a training-related job was general for male vocational graduates and not, as with women, applicable to specific sub-groups. (Additional data are appended.) (YLB) |
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Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Paul B., Jack Elliot, Lawrence Hotchkiss and Suzanne Laughlin. "Antecedents of Training-Related Placement." Mimeo, National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1987. |
972. |
Campbell, Paul B. Elliot, Jack Laughlin, Suzanne Seusy, Ellen |
Dynamics of Vocational Education Effects on Labor Market Outcomes Mimeo, National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1987. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED291973&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED291973 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Returns; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Vocational Education; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An analysis assessed the effects of a high school vocational curriculum over time as labor market experience accumulates. Since two additional years of labor market experience had become available for respondents to the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience-Youth Cohort (NLS-Youth) and longer trends of effects could be observed, the study replicated the exact specifications of an earlier analysis and added the dimension of expected lifetime earnings. Data were from the NLS-Youth and High School and Beyond databases. Findings indicated that vocational education provided, in the short term, a direct wage advantage for vocational students. The advantage became indirect as time in the labor market accrued and appeared to operate through increased hours of work and fuller employment rather than differential wage rates. An optimum mix between vocational and academic courses in terms of lifetime earnings was characterized by moderate rather than heavy concentration in vocational education. An alternative theoretical model of the net societal effects of the vocational curriculum was evaluated. It did not appear to be adequate for evaluating the effects of vocational education because several of its key assumptions did not hold when tested by the available data. The analysis associated with this model testing suggested, however, that the pronounced effects of training-related placement operate not through training, but through assisting the vocational graduate in selecting a better-paying job. (YLB) |
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Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Paul B., Jack Elliot, Suzanne Laughlin and Ellen Seusy. "Dynamics of Vocational Education Effects on Labor Market Outcomes." Mimeo, National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1987. |
973. |
Campbell, Paul B. Gardner, John A. Seitz, Patricia Ann |
High School Vocational Graduates: Which Doors Are Open? Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED216208.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Education, Secondary; High School Transcripts; Job Rewards; Schooling, Post-secondary; Vocational Education; Vocational Preparation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from three studies were analyzed to determine effects of participation in secondary vocational education on subsequent labor market experiences and postsecondary educational experiences. The data were from the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Labor Market Experience, New Youth Cohort, and high school transcripts of a subsample of the NLS panel. Five patterns of participation were identified: no vocational credits, concentrators, limited concentrators, concentrator/explorers, explorers, and incidental/personals. Low socioeconomic status was associated with higher levels of concentration. Females tended to have significantly higher representation among more intensive patterns of participation. Labor market status was influenced by race, sex, patterns of participation, and socioeconomic status. Being minority, female, and of a high socioeconomic status were associated with being out of the labor force. Intensive participation was associated with employment. A majority of high school graduates enrolled in postsecondary education. Higher levels of educational aspirations were associated with higher probabilities of postsecondary participation. Additional factors that positively influenced postsecondary participation included class rank and, for whites only, parents' education. Findings suggested that policymakers consider the diversity of participation in vocational education as they make decisions affecting programs' structure, students' assignment, facility use, and service delivery. (YLB) |
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Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Paul B., John A. Gardner and Patricia Ann Seitz. "High School Vocational Graduates: Which Doors Are Open?" Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982. |
974. |
Campbell, Paul B. Gardner, John A. Seitz, Patricia Ann |
Postsecondary Experiences of Students with Varying Participation in Secondary Vocational Education Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED215218.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Behavior; Earnings; Education, Secondary; High School Curriculum; Job Training; Minorities, Youth; Schooling, Post-secondary; Vocational Education; Vocational Preparation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A brief narrative description of the journal article, document, or resource. This study examined the effects of secondary vocational education on the post-high school educational activities of youth. Data used in the study were taken from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience, New Youth Cohort (NLS Youth), supplemented with information from the respondents' high school transcripts. Findings included the following: (1) a majority of high school graduates, both vocational and nonvocational, enroll in some type of postsecondary program; (2) higher levels of educational aspirations were associated with higher probabilities of postsecondary participation; (3) less frequent participation in postsecondary programs was found for minority youth with at least some vocational experience, although, for whites, secondary vocational education did not seem to reduce overall postsecondary participation; (4) class rank, and, for whites only, parents' education influenced secondary participation; (5) living in the West was associated with a higher attendance in two-year colleges; and (6) for certain subgroups, a higher unemployment rate and residence in a rural area showed an increased likelihood of postsecondary participation. Issues raised for policy considerations are these questions: Should secondary vocational training programs take the responsibility for fully equipping graduates with the necessary skills to enter the labor market immediately? Or, should vocational education simply provide the needed prerequisites for further training after high school? The study concluded that policymakers should be aware of the diversity of secondary vocational education when deciding these questions. (KC) |
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Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Paul B., John A. Gardner and Patricia Ann Seitz. "Postsecondary Experiences of Students with Varying Participation in Secondary Vocational Education." Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982. |
975. |
Campbell, Paul B. Gardner, John A. Seitz, Patricia Ann Chukwuma, Fedelia |
Employment Experiences of Students with Varying Participation in Secondary Vocational Education: A Report Based on the 1979 and 1980 NLS New Youth Cohort Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1981. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED240272.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Earnings; Education, Secondary; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Curriculum; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Vocational Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A brief narrative description of the journal article, document, or resource. This study used a new specification of participation in vocational education to estimate the effects of high school curriculum on the labor market experiences of youth. Five patterns of participation developed in an earlier study--intensity of training, continuity of training, proximity of training to time of graduation, diversity of program areas, and the addition of logically related study outside the main area of specialization--were identified and labeled Concentrator, Limited Concentrator, Concentrator/Explorer, Explorer, and Incidental/Personal according to degree of involvement in vocational education. Estimates were derived for effects on earnings, training-related placement, labor force status, job prestige, and other job characteristics using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience (NLS), New Youth Cohort, supplemented with high school transcripts of survey participants. It was found that increasing concentration in vocational education (the three concentrator patterns) increased likelihood of holding a conventional job (as classified by Holland). It was also found that Incidental/Personal and Concentrator/Explorer participants were much less likely than Concentrators or Limited Concentrators to be in training-related employment; and that Women Concentrators earned more per week than respondents who took no vocational courses. The study concluded that vocational education policy should be concerned with inducing pride in work, with looking at long-term training needs, with emphasizing helping disadvantaged groups, and with working within the prevailing economic conditions. (KC) |
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Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Paul B., John A. Gardner, Patricia Ann Seitz and Fedelia Chukwuma. "Employment Experiences of Students with Varying Participation in Secondary Vocational Education: A Report Based on the 1979 and 1980 NLS New Youth Cohort." Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1981. |
976. |
Campbell, Paul B. Gardner, John A. Winterstein, Paul |
Transition Patterns Between Work and School Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1984. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED240272.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Education, Secondary; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; High School Completion/Graduates; Parental Influences; Schooling, Post-secondary; Transition, School to Work; Vocational Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A brief narrative description of the journal article, document, or resource. A study investigated those transitional patterns that account for substantial numbers of young people moving from secondary education to employment. Data came from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972; and the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, Youth Cohort, including high school transcripts of a subsample. Large numbers of students began postsecondary education but did not earn degrees. Often the interruption was followed by going to work. The availability of nearby community colleges led to higher attendance. Socioeconomic status, gender, and race were related to choice of pathway. Choices were also influenced by significant others, particularly parents and close friends. Few students cited high school teachers and counselors as important influences. The choice of postsecondary education as a pathway was related to the high school experience; the higher the high school achievement, the higher the educational level the student generally completed. Outcomes of the nonpostsecondary path were predominantly lower-skilled craft and service jobs. For vocational students, postsecondary work tended to lead to professional/technical and craft occupations. On-the-job training was the predominant kind of postsecondary education. Post-high school training, incomplete pathways, and transitional decisionmaking were recommended for policy attention. (YLB) |
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Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Paul B., John A. Gardner and Paul Winterstein. "Transition Patterns Between Work and School." Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1984. |
977. |
Campbell, Paul B. Laughlin, Suzanne |
Participation in Vocational Education: An Overview of Patterns and Their Outcomes Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1991. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED328797.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Disability; Earnings; Employment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; High School Dropouts; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Vocational Education; Vocational Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A brief narrative description of the journal article, document, or resource. A study combined information from two national longitudinal surveys that have followed the life events of thousands of young people during and after high school and used multivariate regression analyses to create a profile of vocational graduates and outcomes of vocational education. The study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience--New Youth Cohort and the High School and Beyond survey. Some of the findings of the study are the following: (1) vocational graduates make up 36-48 percent of all secondary graduates, with women usually outnumbering men; (2) students from families of lowest socioeconomic status are overrepresented in the vocational curriculum compared to their proportion in the general population; (3) less severely handicapped students are served by vocational education in proportion to their actual numbers; (4) about 42 percent of vocational graduates get first jobs related to their training; (5) the more credits earned in a vocational specialty and the higher the grades earned in that specialty, the greater the likelihood of getting and keeping a training-related job; (6) earnings advantages result to vocational graduates who develop a marketable skill and obtain a job related to that training; (7) participation in vocational education reduces the likelihood of students dropping out; and (8) gender differences are pronounced. Recommendations were made for further research, incentive to special groups, program continuation, and program development. (KC) [ERIC ED328797] |
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Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Paul B. and Suzanne Laughlin. "Participation in Vocational Education: An Overview of Patterns and Their Outcomes." Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1991. |
978. |
Campbell, Paul B. Mertens, Donna M. Seitz, Patricia Ann Cox, Sterling |
Job Satisfaction--Antecedents and Associations Report to the U.S. Department of Education, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Education Keyword(s): Family Influences; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Curriculum; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Vocational Education This study used data from the NLSY, integrated with the high school transcripts of a substantial proportion of those youth who had already graduated from high school, to consider the nature and the associations of job satisfaction for those who were employed. A factor analysis of those survey items that were intended to tap job satisfaction, together with other items having construct potential, identified four forms of job satisfaction: (1) personal on-the-job development; (2) working conditions; (3) job rewards; and (4) human interactions. These were related to vocational education, job characteristics, race and sex, hourly rate of pay, occupation, and motivation. Vocational education was found to be positively related to working conditions and, indirectly, to personal on-the-job development and job rewards. The largest factor in job satisfaction was occupation, which was usually, although not always, positive. |
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Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Paul B., Donna M. Mertens, Patricia Ann Seitz and Sterling Cox. "Job Satisfaction--Antecedents and Associations." Report to the U.S. Department of Education, 1982. |
979. |
Campbell, Paul B. Orth, Mollie N. Seitz, Patricia Ann |
Patterns of Participation in Secondary Vocational Education: A Report Based on Transcript and Interview Data of the 1979 and 1980 NLS New Youth Cohort Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1981. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED227318.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): College Education; Education, Secondary; Educational Attainment; High School; Transition, School to Work; Vocational Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study identifies major problems and concerns encountered when attempting to apply the multifaceted classification model developed by Campbell and others (1981) called "Patterns of Participation," which describes the multiple ways that secondary students participate in vocational education and how their courses are classified. It also assesses how well the outcomes of those applications replicated or verified selected empirical results reported by the model's developers. The model was applied to the high school transcripts of samples of students from three urban school districts. Two major conclusions were reached. The first conclusion is that while no debilitating problems were encountered during the applications of the model, a number of conceptual and operational concerns were identified. These concerns include the following: (1) Local school districts often use unique course titles that do not correspond directly with those listed in the codebook of the model; (2) local districts define and offer more general courses than those cited in the codebook; (3) some courses do not fit into the model's definitions; (4) some definitions and rules of the model need clarification; and (5) certain vocational programs are "discriminated" against by the model. The second conclusion was that the model is replicable across data sets and should, therefore, be of use to vocational planners and researchers. (KC) |
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Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Paul B., Mollie N. Orth and Patricia Ann Seitz. "Patterns of Participation in Secondary Vocational Education: A Report Based on Transcript and Interview Data of the 1979 and 1980 NLS New Youth Cohort." Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1981. |
980. |
Campbell, Paul B. Puleo, Nancy F. |
What Happens to High School Students? Vocational Education Journal 61,7 (October 1986): 21-22 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Vocational Association Keyword(s): Education; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; School Completion; Vocational Education; Vocational Training Research in action: a statistical summary follow up for vocational students of the study done on what happens to 100 students as they move through their required years of public schooling and into the workplace or additional education. Data is from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience--Youth Cohort. |
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Bibliography Citation
Campbell, Paul B. and Nancy F. Puleo. "What Happens to High School Students?" Vocational Education Journal 61,7 (October 1986): 21-22.
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981. |
Canale, Anthony |
The Association between Time Preference and Net Worth: Incentivized Choice and Scaled Approach Using the NLSY79 Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Family Studies and Human Services, Kansas State University, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Net Worth; Time Preference Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research study takes a unique approach to examining time preference since the experimental community lacks a clear consensus on how to best measure this construct. Standard risk and time preferences measures are typically achieved through responses to financially incentivized choice questions. Researchers have argued that incentivized choice questions may be common but they lack precision. Therefore, combining behaviors that involve intertemporal tradeoffs into a scale to measure time preference is believed to be a more accurate indicator of time preference. However, there is little research that has reliably developed and tested its use. This research examines time preference by comparing incentive choice questions as a proxy for time preference as well as an additive scale of intertemporal behaviors using a national representative sample. Regression analysis revealed that that time preference measured using an additive scale of intertemporal behaviors was significantly associated with net worth. The incentive choice questions as a measure of time preference were not significantly associated with net worth. The respondents with a high rate of intertemporal discounting as measured by the time preference scale accumulated less net-worth than respondents with a lower rate of intertemporal discounting. In addition, in the regression model when individual behaviors involving intertemporal tradeoffs such as smoking, drinking, and not taking physical exams were added as individual behaviors, the model was the preferred predictor of net worth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Canale, Anthony. The Association between Time Preference and Net Worth: Incentivized Choice and Scaled Approach Using the NLSY79. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Family Studies and Human Services, Kansas State University, 2018. |
982. |
Canales, Kristine Laura S. |
Voting with Their Feet: Do People Choose Residential Destinations Based on Naturally Occurring Advantages or Man-Made Advantages of Locations? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Life Cycle Research; Mobility; Mobility, Residential; Residence; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Local economies benefit from attracting in-migration either as workforce or as consumers. To compete for constituents, local economies need to provide attractive tax policy and expenditure bundles. An important consideration in this regard is the relative natural advantage of some locations in terms of its climate and geographical features, among other things. In this three-paper dissertation, I explore how natural amenities affect the variations in local government public goods and how people choose their residential locations as they trade-off between natural amenities and local government public goods as they go through phases in their life cycle...In Article 3, I use fixed effects panel data regression to test whether age and life milestones shape preferences and budget constraints of people when they choose residential locations as they trade-off between natural amenities and local government-provided public goods. My results indicate that some natural amenities are complements to local public goods while others are substitutes. Some expenditures are not affected by natural amenities because they have to be provided regardless of what are naturally available. Moreover, age and marital status are consistent predictors of moving. Natural amenities and certain per capita tax revenue and expenditure items also affect the likelihood of moving. |
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Bibliography Citation
Canales, Kristine Laura S. Voting with Their Feet: Do People Choose Residential Destinations Based on Naturally Occurring Advantages or Man-Made Advantages of Locations? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2020. |
983. |
Canals-Cerda, Jose J. |
Pre-Marital Birth, Marriage, and Welfare Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Fertility; Hispanics; Marriage; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the transition into premarital birth or marriage for a sample of young women from the NLSY. Overall, welfare has a significant effect on a woman's decision to marry and an insignificant effect on an unmarried woman's fertility decision. We find the strongest welfare effect on the likelihood of marriage among disadvantaged women, and the strongest positive effect of welfare on fertility among Hispanic women. Most of the observed differences in behavior between white women and disadvantaged women are the result of differences in endowments. The women that experience a premarital birth are characterized by a high probability of fertility and low marital prospects over their teen years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Canals-Cerda, Jose J. "Pre-Marital Birth, Marriage, and Welfare." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. |
984. |
Cancian, Maria |
Changes in Assortative Mating: Implications of the Increasing Labor Force Participation of Married Women Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Labor Force Participation; Marital Status; Wage Growth; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As more married women work, is a woman's position in the marriage market increasingly dependent on her potential market wage? This paper addresses this question with an analysis of patterns of assortative mating for two cohorts of young women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. In order to avoid the confounding affect of changes in the impact of marriage on wives' post-marriage work, data on pre-marriage wages is used to estimate the relationship between wives' wages and husbands' earnings. The estimates suggest that women's wages are important in explaining who they marry. However, they suggest little growth in the importance of wages over the time period considered. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cancian, Maria. "Changes in Assortative Mating: Implications of the Increasing Labor Force Participation of Married Women." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995. |
985. |
Cancian, Maria Haveman, Robert H. Kaplan, Thomas Meyer, Daniel R. Wolfe, Barbara L. |
Work, Earnings and Well-Being After Welfare In: Economic Conditions and Welfare Reform. S. Danziger, ed. Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1999. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Keyword(s): Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Earnings; Labor Market Outcomes; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Chapter 6, Maria Cancian and her colleagues review evidence from several data sources about the post-welfare work effort and the economic well-being of former recipients. Although most former recipients can find some work, most cannot get and keep full-time, year-round work. In their analysis of pre-TANF data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, in each of the five years after exit, about two-thirds worked. However, in any of these years, only about one-sixth to about one-quarter worked full-time, full-year. The samewas true in the post-TANF Wisconsin administrative data they analyze; during the first year after leaving the rolls, about two-thirds of leavers worked. They also found that most former recipients (at least in the first few years) will earn relatively low wages, between $6.50 and $7.50 per hour. This is not surprising, given that welfare recipients have low skills and that the real wages of less-skilled workers have fallen dramatically over the past quarter century and have not increased much during the current economic boom. This finding about the wage prospects of less-skilled workers is not new. It was the motivation for the proposal of the first Clinton administration "to make work pay and end welfare as we know it." This suggests that former welfare recipients will continue to need government income supplements if they are to support their family at incomes above the poverty line. The expanded Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) has a very important role here, as does post-welfare access to subsidized child care, health care, and food stamps. As the Cancian et al. chapter cautions, "Even consistent work may not suffice for self-support if wages are low . . . The relatively modest growth in wages for this sample is inconsistent with the suggestion that even if former welfare recipients start in low-paying jobs, they will soon move on to jobs that pay wages that can support a family above the poverty line." The good new s in Wisconsin for the sample of families that had left the welfare rolls is that twice as many of them were above the poverty line relative to those remaining on the rolls. Yet, only 27 percent of those who left cash assistance and did not return escaped poverty, and only about one-third of all leavers obtained the income level they received just before they left welfare. An additional caveat is in order. The first wave of data from a panel study of welfare recipients being conducted at the University of Michigan 2 shows that women remaining on welfare have characteristics, not evaluated in most studies of recipients, that make their labor market prospects more problematic than those of all single mothers and even those of recipients who have already left the rolls. The study examined 14 potential barriers to employment, including major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, maternal health, child health, labor market skills, perceived experiences of discrimination, and several standard human capital measures. It found that about 75 percent of single mothers who received cash welfare in February 1997 and had zero or one of these barriers were working in Fall 1997, whereas only about 40 percent of those with four or more barriers were working. As welfare caseloads continue to decline, this suggests that the recipients who remain will be the least employable. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cancian, Maria, Robert H. Haveman, Thomas Kaplan, Daniel R. Meyer and Barbara L. Wolfe. "Work, Earnings and Well-Being After Welfare" In: Economic Conditions and Welfare Reform. S. Danziger, ed. Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1999.
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986. |
Cancian, Maria Haveman, Robert H. Kaplan, Thomas Meyer, Daniel R. Wolfe, Barbara L. |
Work, Earnings, and Well-Being after Welfare: What Do We Know? JCPR Working Paper 73, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, February 1999. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/p/wop/jopovw/73.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Data Quality/Consistency; Economic Well-Being; Parents, Single; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper was prepared for the "Welfare Reform and the Macro-Economy" conference in Washington DC, November 19-20, 1998. The rapid reduction in Aid to Families with Dependent Children caseloads during its last two years, and the continued decline of participation following its replacement by Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, raise the question of how families who no longer receive cash assistance are faring. What are their economic circumstances? Are they better off after leaving the program than they were as recipients? How many of the mothers are working, and how much do they earn? Do they and their families continue to rely on other, in-kind assistance programs? If so, which ones? In this paper, we present evidence on the economic fate of single mothers who have left the welfare rolls. We summarize the results of earlier studies and then present findings from three approaches to this topic, one using national survey data, another using administrative data, and a few recent studies that use geographically targeted surveys. We conclude that reliance on administrative data provides the best option for evaluating the impacts of reform in the near future. We also recognize the limitations of these data and the need for survey data to supplement their findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cancian, Maria, Robert H. Haveman, Thomas Kaplan, Daniel R. Meyer and Barbara L. Wolfe. "Work, Earnings, and Well-Being after Welfare: What Do We Know?" JCPR Working Paper 73, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, February 1999. |
987. |
Cancian, Maria Haveman, Robert H. Kaplan, Thomas Meyer, Daniel R. Wolfe, Barbara L. |
Work, Earnings, and Well-Being after Welfare: What Do We Know? Focus 20,2 (Spring 1999): 22-25. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/focus.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Employment History; Family Income; State Welfare; Welfare; Well-Being; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Researchers who wish to examine the economic well-being of those who have left welfare need accurate data on women's circumstances while on welfare and measures of individual and family well-being over an extended period afterward. The most likely sources of this information are state administrative records, national longitudinal survey data, and targeted surveys. None provides a fully satisfactory solution. IRP researchers have conducted two studies of the economic well-being and employment histories of women who have left welfare. In one, they used the NLSY, and in the other, Wisconsin state administrative data. In this article, we briefly report the findings from these studies, illustrate the problems inherent in each approach, and compare their findings with studies of postwelfare experiences in other states. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cancian, Maria, Robert H. Haveman, Thomas Kaplan, Daniel R. Meyer and Barbara L. Wolfe. "Work, Earnings, and Well-Being after Welfare: What Do We Know?" Focus 20,2 (Spring 1999): 22-25.
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988. |
Cancian, Maria Meyer, Daniel R. |
Work After Welfare: Women's Work Effort, Occupation, and Economic Well-Being Social Work Research 24,2 (June 2000): 69-86. Also: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nasw/swr/2000/00000024/00000002/art00002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Keyword(s): Employment; Welfare; Work History; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The writers conducted a study to examine the theory that employment, even in low-paid jobs, will lead to economic self-sufficiency. Using data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, they analyze the relationship between work history and economic success during the first five years after women go off welfare. They find that although, over time, median wages and hours worked increased and earnings generally improved, even by the fifth year, only a quarter of the women consistently worked full-time. They conclude that although current welfare programs focus on moving women into the workplace quickly, employment itself seems not to be a guarantee of economic success. Copyright: Database Producer Copyright (c) the H.W. Wilson Company. All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cancian, Maria and Daniel R. Meyer. "Work After Welfare: Women's Work Effort, Occupation, and Economic Well-Being." Social Work Research 24,2 (June 2000): 69-86.
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989. |
Cancian, Matthew Franklin Klein, Michael W. |
Military Officer Aptitude in the All-Volunteer Force Armed Forces and Society 44,2 (April 2018): 219-237. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0095327X17695223 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces & Society Keyword(s): Aptitude; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Graduates; Military Personnel Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We show a statistically significant and quantitatively meaningful decline in the aptitude of commissioned officers in the Marine Corp from 1980 to 2014 as measured by their scores on the General Classification Test. This result contrasts with the widely studied increase in the quality of enlisted personnel since 1973 when conscription ended. As a possible cause for this decline, we focus on the fact that, during this period, Marine officers had to have a 4-year college degree and there has been an expansion of the pool of young Americans in college. To corroborate this hypothesis, we show that there has been a similar decline in scores on the Armed Forces Qualification Test for responders to the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth among college graduates but not for the overall set of respondents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cancian, Matthew Franklin and Michael W. Klein. "Military Officer Aptitude in the All-Volunteer Force." Armed Forces and Society 44,2 (April 2018): 219-237.
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990. |
Cannonier, Colin |
Does the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Increase Fertility Behavior? Journal of Labor Research 35,2 (June 2014): 105-132. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12122-014-9181-9/fulltext.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA); Fertility; First Birth; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), implemented in August 1993, grants job-protected leave to any employee satisfying the eligibility criteria. One of the provisions of the FMLA is to allow women to stay at home for a maximum period of 12 weeks to give care to the newborn. The effect of this legislation on the fertility response of eligible women has received little attention by researchers. This study analyzes whether the FMLA has influenced birth outcomes in the U.S. Specifically, I evaluate the effect of the FMLA by comparing the changes in the birth hazard profiles of women who became eligible for FMLA benefits such as maternity leave, to the changes in the control group who were not eligible for such leave. Using a discrete-time hazard model, results from the difference-in-differences estimation indicate that eligible women increase the probability of having a first and second birth by about 1.5 and 0.6 % per annum, respectively. Compared to other women, eligible women are giving birth to the first child a year earlier and about 8.5 months earlier for the second child. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cannonier, Colin. "Does the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Increase Fertility Behavior?" Journal of Labor Research 35,2 (June 2014): 105-132.
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991. |
Canon, Maria E. |
Essays on Applied Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Rochester, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Earnings; Endogeneity; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics; Life Cycle Research; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Parental Investments; School Suspension/Expulsion; Schooling, Post-secondary; Skill Formation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Earnings across the lifecycle depend both on agents initial conditions (pre-market factors, i.e. skills individuals acquire before entering the labor market) as well as on their labor market experience. In the following chapters I study differences in these initial conditions and the dynamics of earnings within and across employers. What explains differences in pre-market factors? Three types of inputs are believed to determine the skills agents take to the labor market: ability, family inputs and school inputs. Therefore it is crucial to understand first the importance of each of these inputs. The literature on the production of achievement has not been able to provide an estimation that can take the three factors into account simultaneously at the student level. Chapter 1 attempts to fill this gap by providing an estimation of the production function of achievement where both types of investments (families and schools) are considered in a framework where the inputs are allowed to be correlated with the unobserved term, ability to learn. I do this by applying Olley and Pakes' (1996) algorithm which accommodates for endogeneity problems in the choice of inputs for the production of achievement and by using parents saving for their child's postsecondary education to control for the unobserved component (i.e. ability to learn) in the production of skills. What makes this saving measure informative is the fact that parents decide it at the same time they choose the home and school inputs that will affect the observed test score (the current outcome). However those savings will not affect the current outcome, but instead will affect future labor market outcomes through college choices. The estimates for the role of family inputs are in line with previous findings. Additionally, the estimates of school inputs show that they are also important for the formation of students' skills even after controlling for ability to learn. The estimates of the production funct ion are used to compute counterfactual exercises. In particular, this paper evaluates what would happen if the inputs for black students are reassigned so that their inputs are the actual amount they receive plus the differential that white students receive. This exercise shows that equalizing home inputs would reduce the achievement gap by 15.6 percent while equalizing school inputs would do it by 9.2 percent. If instead inputs are altered only in 12th grade, house and school inputs have a similar impact on students' achievement: school inputs would reduce the gap by 7.2 percent while home inputs would do it by 7.4 percent. Chapter 2 explores a further area that Chapter 1 does not discuss: whether parents substitute or complement families and school inputs. Parents may alter the investment in their child's human capital in response to changes in schooling inputs. If substitutability between parental and school inputs in the production of achievement is prevalent, then increases in school inputs could crowd out parental inputs. If instead there exist couplementarities between school and parental inputs, then increases in school inputs might increase parental involvement. Chapter 2 studies whether parents react when their child's school inputs decrease by studying out-of-school suspensions and their effect on parental involvement. Because out-of-school suspensions are chosen by the class teacher or the principal of the school and not by the parents, they are a good candidate for exogenous (to parental choice) variation in the level of school resources across students. Out-of-school suspensions are a consequence of student misbehavior, and thus do not occur randomly across students. Therefore, in order to capture the effect of how parents react to the decrease in school inputs, I instrument the number of out-of-school suspensions with measures of "principal's preference toward discipline." The identification comes from the fact that students in schools wi th stricter principals are more likely to be suspended. The estimates show that without controlling for selection, out-of-school suspensions are negatively correlated with the level of parental involvement. Once selection is taken into account, the effect disappears. Earnings depend not only on pre-market factors but also on the agent's experience in the labor market. That is, it is important which job he gets and how his earnings evolve within and across employers. In their seminal paper, Topel and Ward (1992) estimate that nearly a third of total wage growth in the first 10 years of labor market experience is due to wage jumps at the time of changing a job. Unfortunately, the job ladder model, the workhorse for this literature, cannot explain the big number of wage cuts for workers that change employers (as opposed to those who remain in their job). An extension of the job ladder model that has been proposed to ameliorate this failure is the introduction of a shock to the existing employer-employee match. But such a process has not been identified empirically in the literature yet. Chapter 3 uses a particular feature of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to provide a convincing identification strategy for the wage shock process: two measures of workers' compensation, wages and labor earnings. The first part of the chapter shows that although the dynamics of wages are consistent with a job ladder model, the same is not true for the dynamics of earnings. While relatively large wage increases follow job-to-job transitions. we observe that job-to-job transitions are negatively correlated with hourly earnings. We speculate that this is due to the fact that job-to-job transitions are more likely to follow a large reduction in wages. We find that this result is robust to mis-measurement in the labor supply and disappears for workers paid by the year. The rationale for this last finding is that. workers paid by the year are much less likely to be hit by wage shocks than other workers. Using the multiple measures of workers' compensation and data on employment transition, we calibrate a modified job ladder model that allows for shocks to the employer-employee snatch. We show that the model fits the data well and that a model that does not include this feature would fail to match the data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Canon, Maria E. Essays on Applied Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Rochester, 2011. |
992. |
Canon, Maria E. Golan, Limor Smith, Cody A. |
Understanding the Gender Earnings Gap: Hours Worked, Occupational Sorting, and Labor Market Experience Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review (Second Quarter 2021): 175-205. Also: https://doi.org/10.20955/r.103.175-205 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Life Cycle Research; Occupational Choice; Wage Gap; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article documents life-cycle gender differences in labor market outcomes using longitudinal data of a cohort of individuals from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. As in other datasets, the gender earnings gap increases with age. We find that hours worked and labor market experience are the most substantial observable variables in explaining the gender pay gap. We also focus on patterns in occupational changes over the life cycle, as a large part of pay growth occurs when workers change jobs. We find that college-educated men, on average, move into occupations with higher task complexity. We further show that women are less likely to change occupations. Moreover, on average, pay grows when workers change occupations, but the growth is smaller for women. Finally, we discuss theories that are consistent with the patterns we document. |
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Bibliography Citation
Canon, Maria E., Limor Golan and Cody A. Smith. "Understanding the Gender Earnings Gap: Hours Worked, Occupational Sorting, and Labor Market Experience." Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review (Second Quarter 2021): 175-205.
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993. |
Canon, Maria E. Pavan, Ronni |
Wage Dynamics and Labor Market Transitions: A Reassessment through Total Income and "Usual" Wages Working Paper 2014-032A, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, October 2014. Also: https://research.stlouisfed.org/wp/2014/2014-032.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Keyword(s): Earnings; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Transition, Job to Job; Wage Dynamics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We present a simple on-the-job search model in which workers can receive shocks to their employer-specific productivity match. Because the firm-specific match can vary, wages may increase or decrease over time at each employer. Therefore, for some workers, job-to-job transitions are a way to escape job situations that worsened over time. We use two independent measures of workers compensation to provide a convincing identification strategy for the presence of a job-specific or employer-specific wage shock process. In the first measure, workers are asked about the usual wage they earn with a certain employer. In the second measure, workers are asked about their total amount of labor earnings during the previous year. While the first measure records the wages at a given point in time, the second measure records the sum of all wages within one year. We calibrate our model using both measures of workers compensation and data on employment transitions. The results show that 59% of the observed wage cuts following job-to-job transitions are due to deterioration of the firm-specific component of wages before workers switch employers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Canon, Maria E. and Ronni Pavan. "Wage Dynamics and Labor Market Transitions: A Reassessment through Total Income and "Usual" Wages." Working Paper 2014-032A, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, October 2014. |
994. |
Cao, Boning |
Is Higher Cognitive Ability Associated with a More Stable Marriage? Working Paper, Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Science Research (ICPSR) 2010 Research Paper Competition, Second Place Master's Winner, 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: City University of New York Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Marital Stability; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many studies have examined the impacts of common demographic characteristics on an individual’s marriage. While being widely used as an indicator of behavior in psychological studies, cognitive ability is rarely studied as a factor that affects marital stability, which highly depends on the behaviors involved in marriage. This paper investigates the relationship between an individual’s cognitive ability and marital stability. Event history analysis is conducted with Cox proportional hazard model using the data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Age-adjusted AFQT scores are used as a measure of cognitive ability. Some factors that may affect both intelligence and marital stability are included to make sure the effect of cognitive ability is not confounded. The result indicates that higher cognitive ability is associated with greater marital stability and lower risk of marital dissolution, particularly for non-Hispanic Whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cao, Boning. "Is Higher Cognitive Ability Associated with a More Stable Marriage?" Working Paper, Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Science Research (ICPSR) 2010 Research Paper Competition, Second Place Master's Winner, 2010. |
995. |
Cao, Jian |
Welfare Recipiency and Welfare Recidivism: An Analysis of the NLSY Data Discussion Paper No. 1081-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, March 1996. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp108196.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Fertility; Marital Status; Regions; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper analyzes welfare recipiency and recidivism of first-time AFDC recipients over the 168-month (14-year) period from January 1978 to December 1991 using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) database. Duration of a single AFDC spell is short, but repeated welfare dependency is common. On average, 57 percent of former AFDC recipients return to the rolls after an exit and most of them come back within two years. Having a newborn is the most important direct cause for going on the AFDC rolls and for recidivism. The results from bivariate duration models suggest a negative correlation due to unobserved heterogeneity between the previous welfare recipiency and recidivism. An inverted U-shaped hazard function is found for both the first and second spells on AFDC and the intervening off-AFDC spell. Age, years of education or AFQT score, martial status, ethnic origin, and region are the significant correlates with a recipient's initial welfare dependency and recidivism. However, few variables have significant effects on the duration of the second AFDC spell and off-AFDC spell at the conventional statistical level. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cao, Jian. "Welfare Recipiency and Welfare Recidivism: An Analysis of the NLSY Data." Discussion Paper No. 1081-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, March 1996. |
996. |
Cao, Jian Stromsdorfer, Ernst W. Weeks, Gregory |
Human Capital Effect of the GED on Low Income Women Working Paper, Department of Economics and Social and Economical Sciences Research Center, Washington State University, 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Washington State University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Dropouts; Endogeneity; Family Income; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Labor Market Outcomes; Wage Gap; Welfare Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the 1992 American Public Policy and Management Association annual meetings and the 68th Western Economic Association annual meetings in 1993. This study examines the impacts of the GED and other secondary and post-secondary credentials on labor market outcomes for women using data from the NLSY Mother and Children file and the Washington State Family Income Study. Correcting for sample selection and endogeneity bias of welfare recipiency, we find that one cannot distinguish between secondary dropouts, GED recipients, and secondary graduates in hours of work. Results on hourly wage rates are mixed. For the FIS sample, GED recipients, secondary graduates and secondary dropouts earn the same wage. For the NLSY, GED recipients fare better than dropouts, but worse than secondary graduates. Job experience explains the wage gap between GED recipients and graduates, but its explanatory power is dominated by controlling for years of education or AFQT. Differences in years of education and AFQT scores are responsible for the observed wage differences among the GED recipients, secondary graduates and secondary dropouts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cao, Jian, Ernst W. Stromsdorfer and Gregory Weeks. "Human Capital Effect of the GED on Low Income Women." Working Paper, Department of Economics and Social and Economical Sciences Research Center, Washington State University, 1995. |
997. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Assets and Economic Mobility in a Youth Cohort, 1985-1997 Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 84,1 (January 2003): 51-62. Also: http://www.familiesinsociety.org/ShowAbstract.asp?docid=73 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Manticore Publishers Keyword(s): Assets; Economic Well-Being; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Savings; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examined the role of assets in economic mobility within a youth cohort (N = 4,467) between 1985 and 1997. Increasing percentages of poor and affluent youth resided in families with no change in economic status while increasing percentages of middle-class youth resided in families experiences downward economic mobility. The rate of economic stasis of youth living in affluent families was about three times that of those in poor families. Length of time of asset ownership influenced economic mobility beyond that of background, sociodemographic, psychological, and other cumulative correlates. In particular, IRAs and tax-deferred annuities were related to positive economic mobility. Robust indicators of positive economic mobility included being a college graduate, number of siblings in family of origin, number of years of full-time employment, number of years living in household where someone received either AFDC/TANF or SSI, and locus of control. Robust indicators of downward economic mobility included age of respondent, number of years married, and being Catholic. Finally, neither sex nor race/ethnicity increased the explanatory power of positive economic mobility beyond that of other correlates regardless of asset ownership. Discussion also includes public and private initiatives to expand IRAs into individual Development Accounts and to encourage employers to offer (and workers to take advantage of) tax-deferred annuities, particularly for low-income workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Assets and Economic Mobility in a Youth Cohort, 1985-1997." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 84,1 (January 2003): 51-62.
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998. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Becoming Poor and Using Public Assistance Programs Journal of Poverty 3,1 (1999): 1-23. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J134v03n01_01 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Poverty; Welfare Using logistic regression analysis on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study found that social psychological attributes failed to affect the likelihood of becoming poor and of using public assistance programs beyond that of sociodemographic characteristics. The number of years respondents lived in poverty was the best predictor of moving from above poverty in one year to below poverty the following year, while the number of years respondents lived in families that received public assistance was the best predictor of moving from self-support to entering into a public assistance program from one year to the next. Implications regarding the contemporary shift in the philosophy of social welfare from income maintenance to self-support are discussed. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1800-342-9678. E-mail address: getinfo@haworthpressinc.com]. Copyright 1999 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Becoming Poor and Using Public Assistance Programs." Journal of Poverty 3,1 (1999): 1-23.
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999. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Correlates of Mortality in a U.S. Cohort of Youth, 1980-98: Implications for Social Justice Social Justice Research 15,3 (September 2002): 271-293 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Family Structure; Gender; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Instability; Mortality; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Unemployment Rate This paper reports results of a study based on a nationally representative sample of U.S. youth (N=11,549) that asked two questions: (1) How does family structure affect the likelihood of adolescent death beyond that of race/ethnicity, sex, socioeconomic status, personal behavior, and other structural factors and (2) under what conditions might appeals for social justice be warranted for relative mortality statuses and for absolute gains in mortality? The study found that marital instability increases the likelihood of dying when controlling for a variety of other factors including class, race/ethnicity, sex, and unemployment rate in area of residence. The author argues that this finding lends support to social justice arguments to redistribute resources in such a way as to ensure the likelihood of absolute gains in mortality. The study also found, however, that race/ethnicity/sex also accounted for the likelihood of dying independently of family structure when controlling for socioeconomic and other factors. The author argues that this finding lends support to social justice arguments to redistribute resources on the basis of relative mortality statuses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Correlates of Mortality in a U.S. Cohort of Youth, 1980-98: Implications for Social Justice." Social Justice Research 15,3 (September 2002): 271-293.
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1000. |
Caputo, Richard K. |
Credit Card and Mortgage Debt: A Panel Study, 2004 and 2008 Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 93,1 (2012): 11-21. Also: http://alliance1.metapress.com/content/u53274563v305337/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alliance for Children and Families Keyword(s): Attitudes; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Attainment; Marital Status; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Relying on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort, this article examines the pervasiveness and depth of credit card and mortgage debt in 2004 and 2008 (N = 3,966). Findings indicate that (a) significant majorities experienced either credit card debt, mortgage debt, or both; (b) debtors increased as a proportion of the population between 2004 and 2008; (c) mortgage-related debt, but not credit card debt, was disproportionately distributed along sociodemographic characteristics (married, more affluent, and more educated) and by attitudinal dispositions (locus of control and self-esteem); and (d) separated/widowed/divorced persons and never married persons were more economically vulnerable, having higher mortgage debt-to-income ratios of more than 1.5 to 2 times their income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Caputo, Richard K. "Credit Card and Mortgage Debt: A Panel Study, 2004 and 2008." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 93,1 (2012): 11-21.
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