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Author: Branstad, Jennifer

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1.	Branstad, Jennifer
1.	Career Trajectories of Young Adults: Comparing Two Cohorts of the NLSY Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Family Formation; Gender Differences; Life Course; Marriage; Parenthood; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, I examine life trajectories of young adults in their twenties to test the theory that paths to adulthood have become less standardized and more individualized over the last few decades. Combining optimal-matching and cluster analysis of monthly sequences with multinomial regression analysis, I identify common pathways to adulthood for respondents of two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth and test the effects of cohort and gender on pathway. I find that while some researchers have suggested that contemporary young adults should follow less standardized paths because of changes in the labor market, chiefly increased flexibility in the employer-employee relationship, and changes in norms, especially in the extension of adolescence and young adulthood, in actuality, the trajectories of young adults in the 2000's are more standardized than the trajectories of young adults in the 1980's. However, this increase in standardization is largely driven by the decline of early family formation--especially married-parenthood--among young adults in the 2000's. I find that decreased family formation is coupled with increased standardization of life paths in the twenties. I also show that the paths of young women in the 1980's are the least standardized, due to a diverse set of employment and family formation trajectories.
	Bibliography Citation Branstad, Jennifer. "Career Trajectories of Young Adults: Comparing Two Cohorts of the NLSY." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016.

2.	Branstad, Jennifer
2.	Early Careers and Life Course Transitions for Three Cohorts of Young Adults Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Family Formation; Life Course; Marriage; Mobility, Labor Market; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a mixed-method approach and data from two cohorts of young adults, I investigate how employment structures and economic contexts influence individuals' movement through the labor market and how their labor market experiences are linked to other spheres of life, chiefly marriage and parenthood. In Chapter 2, I evaluate how employment transitions affect wage level and wage growth. Contrary to expectations, I find that voluntary mobility in the early career period has not increased and, in fact, workers in the 1980s have more employers in their early careers than workers in the 2000s. While moving from job-to-job increases wages for workers in both the 1980s and 2000s, both the prevalence and negative consequences of involuntary mobility is lower for workers in the 2000s. These findings suggest that there is less scarring from non-voluntary mobility for contemporary young adults and that voluntary, strategic mobility can be used to build financially rewarding careers. In Chapter 3, I compare sequences of employment, school, marriage and parenthood for two cohorts of young adults. I find that there has been a substantial increase in the concentration of young adults in trajectories defined by education and employment suggesting that contemporary young adults are prioritizing attending college and establishing their careers over starting a family in their 20s. This finding is especially pronounced for women.
	Bibliography Citation Branstad, Jennifer. Early Careers and Life Course Transitions for Three Cohorts of Young Adults. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2017.

3.	Branstad, Jennifer
3.	The Effects of Economic Climate on Job Search Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Economics, Regional; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Job Search; Unemployment Rate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The reasons why people look for job is a critical, yet understudied, part of understanding job search behaviors. While most research on job search behaviors focuses on how people look for jobs and what search methods are successful, I examine the factors that contribute to the dual decisions of if and how to search. One critical determinant of job search behaviors is the unemployment rate. Changes in the unemployment rate alter the shape of labor queues and therefore should also alter job search behaviors. I examine two measures of job search behaviors, the incidence of search and the extensiveness of search, and two measures of labor market tightness, the local and national unemployment rate. Workers and hopeful workers actively looking for a job should increase the extensiveness of their job searches when the local unemployment rate is high to exploit more avenues of information and increase their likelihood of being matched with an employer. Using data from the NLSY97, I show that young adults do respond to changes in the unemployment rate, but do so in surprising ways.
	Bibliography Citation Branstad, Jennifer. "The Effects of Economic Climate on Job Search." Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013.

4.	Branstad, Jennifer
4.	Tight Labor Markets and Extensive Job Searches: How Changes in the Unemployment Rate Affect Job Search Behaviors M.A. Thesis, University of Washington, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Job Search; Labor Force Participation; Unemployment Rate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Understanding the ways people look for jobs is an important part of understanding employment outcomes. This paper examines various factors that contribute to the decision to search for a new or different job and the extensiveness of resulting job searches. I pay particular attention to the effect of unemployment rates on searching, contending that because the unemployment rate is a measure of demand for labor, it should also alter job search behaviors. As the shape of the labor market changes, the chance of a worker being matched to an employer also changes: a higher unemployment rate makes it more difficult to find a job while a lower unemployment rate favors job searchers. Workers should respond to these shifts by altering their job search behaviors to increase the likelihood of being matched to an employer. By using more job search methods, workers exploit more sources of information about potential job openings. Thus, when unemployment rate is high, job searchers should use more extensive searches. Using data from the NLSY97, I show that the job search behaviors of young workers are sensitive to shifts in the unemployment rate. Young workers' job search behaviors change with fluctuations in the unemployment rate in both predictable and surprising ways.
	Bibliography Citation Branstad, Jennifer. Tight Labor Markets and Extensive Job Searches: How Changes in the Unemployment Rate Affect Job Search Behaviors. M.A. Thesis, University of Washington, 2013.

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