Search Results

Author: Borjas, George J.
Resulting in 17 citations.
1. Bartel, Ann P.
Borjas, George J.
Middle-Age Job Mobility: Its Determinants and Consequences
Working Paper, Columbia University Graduate School of Business, 1976
Cohort(s): Older Men
Publisher: Columbia University Graduate School of Business
Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Job Tenure; Layoffs; Mobility; Mobility, Job; Pensions; Quits; Wages; Wages, Reservation; Wives, Work

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The authors examine the determinants of quits and argue that there are basically three types of quit occurrences: 1. due to exogenous or personal factors; 2. because of dissatisfaction with the current job; 3. due to a better job. In keeping with this system, it is found that the probability of quitting for job-related reasons is negatively related to the reservation wage. The probability of quitting for personal reasons is not related to the reservation wage since this type of quit is due to exogenous forces. The probability of a layoff was positively related to the individual's current wage. It is also found that job characteristics such as pension plans and hours of work affected job-related quits but did not determine quitting for personal reasons. Similarly, personal characteristics such as time remaining in the labor force and the wife's labor force status had systematic effects on job-related quits and insignificant effects on exogenous quits. There is also strong evidence of serial correlation in job mobility. That is, there exists a group of individuals who continuously show high propensities to separate both voluntarily and involuntarily. The analysis of the consequences of job mobility indicated the need to distinguish between types of quits. That is, individuals who were pulled from their jobs had higher immediate wage gains than stayers, while individuals who were pushed had smaller wage gains than stayers.
Bibliography Citation
Bartel, Ann P. and George J. Borjas. "Middle-Age Job Mobility: Its Determinants and Consequences." Working Paper, Columbia University Graduate School of Business, 1976.
2. Bartel, Ann P.
Borjas, George J.
Wage Growth and Job Turnover: An Empirical Analysis
In: Studies in Labor Markets. S. Rosen, ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1981
Cohort(s): Older Men, Young Men
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Mobility; Mobility, Job; Quits; Wage Growth; Work History

The authors focus on documenting how labor turnover systematically affects the rate of growth in wages both across jobs and within the job. The working hypothesis is to interpret wage growth to be the result of human capital investments, both general and specific to the job. The authors interpret wage growth across jobs as being due to changes in the individual's human capital stock resulting from "mobility" investments (e.g. search) and losses of specific training incurred when job separation takes place.
Bibliography Citation
Bartel, Ann P. and George J. Borjas. "Wage Growth and Job Turnover: An Empirical Analysis" In: Studies in Labor Markets. S. Rosen, ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1981
3. Borjas, George J.
Ethnic Capital and Intergenerational Mobility
Quarterly Journal of Economics 107,1 (February 1992): 123-150.
Also: http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/107/1/123.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Outcomes; Mobility; Parental Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The relationship between ethnicity and intergenerational mobility is examined. The main hypothesis is that ethnicity acts as an externality in the production function for human capital. In particular, the quality of the ethnic environment in which a person is raised, called ethnic capital, influences the skills and labor market outcomes of the children. To assess the importance of ethnic capital, data from the General Social Surveys and the NLSY were examined. The empirical evidence shows that ethnic capital plays a major role in intergenerational mobility. The skills and labor market outcomes of today's generation depend on the skills and labor market experiences both of their parents and of the ethnic group in the parents' generation. Second, the introduction of ethnic capital into the analysis shows that there is much more persistence of skills and earnings capacity across generations than is generally believed. [ABI/INFORM]
Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. "Ethnic Capital and Intergenerational Mobility." Quarterly Journal of Economics 107,1 (February 1992): 123-150.
4. Borjas, George J.
Ethnicity, Neighborhoods, and Human-Capital Externalities
The American Economic Review 85,3 (June 1995): 365-390.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118179
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Economic Association
Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Human Capital; Neighborhood Effects; Parenting Skills/Styles; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The socioeconomic performance of today 's workers depends not only on parental skills but also on the average skills of the ethnic group in the parents generation (or ethnic capital). This paper investigates the link between the ethnic externality and ethnic neighborhoods. The evidence indicates that residential segregation and the external effect of ethnicity are linked partly because ethnic capital summaries the socioeconomic background of the neighborhood where the children were raised. Ethnicity has an external effect even among persons who ho grow up in the same neighborhood when children are exposed frequently to persons who share the same ethnic background. (ABI/Inform)
Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. "Ethnicity, Neighborhoods, and Human-Capital Externalities." The American Economic Review 85,3 (June 1995): 365-390.
5. Borjas, George J.
Job Mobility and Earnings over the Life Cycle
Industrial and Labor Relations Review 34,3 (April 1981): 365-376.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2522783
Cohort(s): Older Men
Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University
Keyword(s): Earnings; Job Patterns; Job Training; Job Turnover; Life Cycle Research; Mobility; Mobility, Job; Wages; Work Experience

Previous studies have shown that in the short run quits generally lead to wage increases on the next job and layoffs to no increase or to a wage cut. The author of this study argues, however, that the prospect of a job change for any reason creates a disincentive for a worker to invest in training that is specific to the current job, and therefore those who change jobs frequently may earn less over their life cycle than those who, other things equal, seldom change jobs. An analysis of data from the NLS of Older Men supports that expectation, showing that for white males job separations usually lead to wage gains in the short run but nonmobile workers tend to achieve significantly higher wages over the long run.
Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. "Job Mobility and Earnings over the Life Cycle." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 34,3 (April 1981): 365-376.
6. Borjas, George J.
Job Satisfaction, Wages, and Unions
Journal of Human Resources 14,1 (Winter 1979): 21-40.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145536
Cohort(s): Older Men
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Job Tenure; Quits; Unions; Wages

This paper provides a systematic empirical analysis of the effect of union membership on job satisfaction and wages, and shows how the interaction between these effects leads to empirically observable relations between unionization and individual quit probabilities. Union members, on average, report lower levels of job satisfaction. Interestingly, unionization causes greater dissatisfaction at higher tenure levels. These findings are attributed to both the politicization of the unionized labor force and the fact that union members face flatter earnings profiles. The importance of the latter effect is reflected by the empirical fact that unions have a strong negative effect on quit probabilities at low levels of tenure, but the effect diminishes (absolutely) as tenure increases.
Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. "Job Satisfaction, Wages, and Unions." Journal of Human Resources 14,1 (Winter 1979): 21-40.
7. Borjas, George J.
Race, Labor Turnover, and Male Earnings
Mimeo, Community and Organization Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1979
Cohort(s): Older Men, Young Men
Publisher: Community and Organization Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara
Keyword(s): Earnings; Layoffs; Life Cycle Research; Mobility; Mobility, Job; Quits; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Work History

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The relationship between racial differences in labor turnover and the racial wage differential is analyzed. Since job mobility has important effects on the earnings distribution, any racial differences in life cycle work histories can be expected to have strong effects on the racial wage gap. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young and Older Men, it is found that racial differences in quit and layoff probabilities and in the pecuniary gains to mobility are responsible for a significant portion of the racial wage differential.
Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. "Race, Labor Turnover, and Male Earnings." Mimeo, Community and Organization Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1979.
8. Borjas, George J.
Race, Turnover, and Male Earnings
Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 23,1 (January 1984): 73-89.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1984.tb00876.x/abstract
Cohort(s): Older Men, Young Men
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Earnings; Layoffs; Quits; Racial Differences; Work History

Data from the NLS of Young Men and Older Men are used to determine whether job histories differ significantly by race and whether differences translate into substantial wage differentials. Results show that quit (layoff) rates among young men are significantly higher (lower) for whites than for blacks. No racial turnover differential appears among mature men. Monetary gains to a turnover event (quit, layoff, or staying on the job) are higher for white young men than for black young men. Among mature men, whites have larger wage growth rates if they stay on the job, but no significant racial differential appears for quitters or for laid off workers. These differences between young blacks and whites lead to substantial changes in the black/white wage differential.
Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. "Race, Turnover, and Male Earnings." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 23,1 (January 1984): 73-89.
9. Borjas, George J.
The Relationship Between Wages and Weekly Hours of Work: The Role of Division Bias
Journal of Human Resources 15,3 (Summer 1980): 409-423.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145291
Cohort(s): Older Men
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Status; Wages

New empirical evidence on the relationship between weekly hours of work and the wage rate is presented in this study. Several methods to avoid the division bias are discussed. Depending on the specification of the labor- supply function, the unbiased estimates were zero or positive.
Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. "The Relationship Between Wages and Weekly Hours of Work: The Role of Division Bias." Journal of Human Resources 15,3 (Summer 1980): 409-423.
10. Borjas, George J.
To Ghetto or Not to Ghetto: Ethnicity and Residential Segregation
NBER Working Paper No. 6176, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1997.
Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6176
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Economics of Minorities; Economics, Demographic; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Human Capital; Inner-City; Residence; Skills

This paper analyzes the link between ethnicity and the choice of residing in ethnically segregated neighborhoods. Data drawn from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth show that there exist strong human capital externalities both within and across ethnic groups. As a result, the segregation choices made by particular households depend both on the household's economic opportunities and on aggregate characteristics of the ethnic groups. The evidence suggests that highly skilled persons who belong to disadvantaged groups have lower probabilities of ethnic residential segregation relative to the choices made by the most skilled persons in the most skilled groups. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6176
Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. "To Ghetto or Not to Ghetto: Ethnicity and Residential Segregation." NBER Working Paper No. 6176, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1997.
11. Borjas, George J.
To Ghetto or Not to Ghetto: Ethnicity and Residential Segregation
Journal of Urban Economics 44,2 (September 1998): 228-253.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119097920684
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Academic Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Household Composition; Household Income; Household Models; Human Capital

This paper analyzes the link between ethnicity and the choice of residing in ethnically segregated neighborhoods. Data drawn from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth show that there exist strong human capital externalities both within and across ethnic groups. As a result, the segregation choices made by particular households depend both on the household's economic opportunities and on aggregate characteristics of the ethnic groups. The evidence suggests that highly skilled persons who belong to disadvantaged groups have lower probabilities of ethnic residential segregation--relative to the choices made by the most skilled persons in the most skilled groups. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. "To Ghetto or Not to Ghetto: Ethnicity and Residential Segregation." Journal of Urban Economics 44,2 (September 1998): 228-253.
12. Borjas, George J.
Bronars, Stephen G.
Trejo, Stephen J.
Assimilation and the Earnings of Young Internal Migrants
Review of Economics and Statistics 74,1 (February 1992): 170-175.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109556
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Keyword(s): Earnings; Migration; Regions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The question of whether young internal migrants in the US experience economic assimilation as they adapt to their new residential location is examined. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the analysis examines how the hourly earnings of interstate migrants are affected by the number of years they have spent in their destination state. The results indicate that internal migrants initially earn less than natives, but because the earnings growth experienced by recent migrants exceeds that of natives, this wage differential disappears within a few years. Moreover, the initial wage disadvantage suffered by internal migrants depends upon the distance moved and economic conditions in the destination labor market. Individuals moving within the same census region experience much less earnings disruption than interregional migrants do, and the initial wage differential between natives and migrants is smaller in states enjoying more rapid employment growth.
Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J., Stephen G. Bronars and Stephen J. Trejo. "Assimilation and the Earnings of Young Internal Migrants." Review of Economics and Statistics 74,1 (February 1992): 170-175.
13. Borjas, George J.
Bronars, Stephen G.
Trejo, Stephen J.
Self-Selection and Internal Migration in the United States
NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-14, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1990.
Also: Final Report, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1990.
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Human Capital; Job Skills; Labor Market Demographics; Migration; Mobility; Skills; Socioeconomic Factors; Wage Differentials

Existing research in the internal migration literature focuses on the question of what socioeconomic factors determine the size of the migrant flow. These studies typically use the human capital framework and try to ascertain the empirical importance of migration costs and benefits in determining the individual's probability of experiencing geographic mobility. This research analyzes not only the size and direction of migration flows but also their skill composition. In particular, the authors' main concern is the impact of the endogenous migration decision on the average skills which characterize the self-selected sample of migrants. Using data from the 1979-1986 NLSY, the authors find that: (1) in general, migration rates are higher for workers who are more skilled; and (2) an increase in skills has a larger impact on the migration propensity in states offering small payoffs to skill. The second part of this report examines how the hourly earnings of interstate migrants are affected by the number of years they have spent in their destination state. Results indicate that internal migrants to a state initially earn about ten percent less than demographically comparable natives, but because the earnings growth experienced by recent migrants exceeds that of natives, this wage differential disappears within a few years. The initial wage disadvantage suffered by internal migrants was found to be dependent upon the distance moved and economic conditions in the destination labor market.
Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J., Stephen G. Bronars and Stephen J. Trejo. "Self-Selection and Internal Migration in the United States." NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-14, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1990.
14. Borjas, George J.
Bronars, Stephen G.
Trejo, Stephen J.
Self-Selection and Internal Migration in the United States
Journal of Urban Economics 32,2 (September 1992): 159-185.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0094119092900034
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Academic Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Geographical Variation; Migration; Mobility; Mobility, Labor Market; Regions; Residence; Rural/Urban Differences; Skilled Workers; Skills

Within the conceptual framework of the Roy model, this paper provides an empirical analysis of internal migration flows using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The theoretical approach highlights regional differences in the return to skills: regions that pay higher returns to skills attract more skilled workers than regions that pay lower returns. The authors empirical results suggest that interstate differences in the returns to skills are a major determinant of both the size and skill composition of internal migration flows. Persons whose skills are most mismatched with the reward structure offered by their current state of residence are the persons most likely to leave that state, and these persons tend to relocate in states which offer higher rewards for their particular skills. (c) 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J., Stephen G. Bronars and Stephen J. Trejo. "Self-Selection and Internal Migration in the United States." Journal of Urban Economics 32,2 (September 1992): 159-185.
15. Borjas, George J.
Rosen, Sherwin
Income Prospects and Job Mobility of Younger Men
Research in Labor Economics 3 (1980): 159-181
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: JAI Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Income Dynamics/Shocks; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Layoffs; Mobility; Mobility, Job; Quits

This study approaches labor turnover as a sorting phenomenon that arises because imperfect information and mobility costs create mismatches in the existing allocation of workers to firms. Labor turnover is the device through which workers move to their highest valued uses. In this framework, a job change occurs when it is discovered that alternative productivity exceeds current productivity. Gains from mobility to movers are larger than the gains would have been to stayers had they moved. Conversely, the gains to immobility are greater for stayers than for movers had they stayed. The empirical results are not precise, since job separations cannot be predicted accurately at the micro level, but nevertheless suggest that labor turnover improves the allocative efficiency of the labor force.
Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. and Sherwin Rosen. "Income Prospects and Job Mobility of Younger Men." Research in Labor Economics 3 (1980): 159-181.
16. Borjas, George J.
Sueyoshi, Glenn T.
Ethnicity and the Intergenerational Transmission of Welfare Dependency
NBER Working Paper No. 6175, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1997.
Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6175
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Welfare

There exist sizeable differences in the incidence ant duration of welfare spells across ethnic groups, and these differences tend to persist across generations. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, we find that children raised in welfare households are themselves more likely to become welfare recipients for longer durations. We also show that growing up in an ethnic environment characterized by welfare dependency has a significant effect on both the incidence and duration of welfare spells. About 80 percent of the difference in welfare participation rates between two ethnic groups in the parental generation is transmitted to the children. ull-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6175
Bibliography Citation
Borjas, George J. and Glenn T. Sueyoshi. "Ethnicity and the Intergenerational Transmission of Welfare Dependency." NBER Working Paper No. 6175, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1997.
17. Heckman, James J.
Borjas, George J.
Does Unemployment Cause Future Unemployment? Definitions, Questions and Answers from a Continuous Time Model of Heterogeneity and State Dependence
Economica 47,187 (August 1980): 247-283.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2553150
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Job Search; Markov chain / Markov model; Mobility, Job; Research Methodology; Statistical Analysis; Unemployment; Work History

This paper presents statistical methods for testing for the presence of true state dependence. Methods used are based on extensions of existing models for continuous-time discrete-state Markov processes. For this paper a new model with general forms of state dependence is developed. Four main types of structural dependence are examined: Markov dependence, occurrence dependence, duration dependence, and lagged duration dependence.
Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and George J. Borjas. "Does Unemployment Cause Future Unemployment? Definitions, Questions and Answers from a Continuous Time Model of Heterogeneity and State Dependence." Economica 47,187 (August 1980): 247-283.