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Author: Berger, Mark Charles

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1.	Barron, John M. Berger, Mark Charles Black, Dan A.
1.	How Well Do We Measure Training? Journal of Labor Economics 15,3, pt. 1 (July 1997): 507-528. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/209870 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Training; Training, On-the-Job This article compares various measures of on-the-job training, from a new source that matches establishments and workers, allowing us to compare the responses of employers and employees to identical training questions. Establishments report 25% more hours of training than do workers, although workers and establishments report similar incidence rates of training. Both establishment and worker measures agree that there is much more informal training than formal training. Further, informal training is measured about as accurately as formal training. Finally, we show that measurement error reduces substantially the observed effect of training, in particular the effect of training on productivity growth
	Bibliography Citation Barron, John M., Mark Charles Berger and Dan A. Black. "How Well Do We Measure Training?" Journal of Labor Economics 15,3, pt. 1 (July 1997): 507-528.

2.	Barron, John M. Berger, Mark Charles Black, Dan A.
2.	On-the-Job Training Kalamazoo MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1997. Also: http://www.upjohninst.org/publications/titles/ojt.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Keyword(s): Human Capital; Skills; Training, Employee; Training, On-the-Job; Transfers, Skill Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. From the Introduction: ...Researchers now widely accept that there are two key aspects of training. First, there is the recognition that on-the-job training is an important example of an "investment" in human capital. Like any investment, there are initial costs. For on-the-job training, these costs include the time devoted by the worker and co-workers to learning skills that increase productivity plus the costs of any equipment and material required to teach these skills. Like any investment, the returns to these expenditures occur in future periods. For on-the-job training, these future returns are measured by the increased productivity of the worker during subsequent periods of employment. The second key aspect of on-the-job training is the distinction between "general" and "specific" on-the-job training, a distinction emphasized by Becker in his early works. While all training increases the productivity of the worker at the firm providing the training, general training also increases the productivity of the worker at firms other than the one providing the training. For example, a secretary who learns the use of a standard work-processing program or a doctor who interns at a specific hospital both receive general training, as these skills are transferable to other workplaces. On the other hand, specific on-the-job training increases the productivity of the worker at the firm providing the training, but not at other firms. Resources spent orienting new employees to the practices of their new employer, or teaching employees how to contribute to a unique assembly process or work team, are examples of specific training.
	Bibliography Citation Barron, John M., Mark Charles Berger and Dan A. Black. On-the-Job Training. Kalamazoo MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1997..

3.	Berger, Mark Charles
3.	Cohort Size and the Earnings Growth of Young Males Industrial and Labor Relations Review 37,4 (July 1984): 582-591. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2523674 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Career Patterns; College Graduates; Earnings; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates This paper examines the impact of cohort size on human capital investment decisions and age-earnings profiles. In general, larger cohorts appear to have slower earnings growth and flatter earnings profiles. Thus, the negative effect of cohort size on earnings levels found by other researchers not only persists as workers age but also increases. Increases in cohort size depress the earnings growth of college graduates more severely than lesser educated workers. These larger depressant effects combined with more rapid increases in cohort size for college graduates caused their earnings to grow more slowly than high school graduates during the seventies.
	Bibliography Citation Berger, Mark Charles. "Cohort Size and the Earnings Growth of Young Males." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 37,4 (July 1984): 582-591.

4.	Berger, Mark Charles
4.	Effects of Labor Force Composition on Earnings and Earnings Growth Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1981. DAI-A 42/07, p. 3229, January 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Earnings; Wages Two major changes in the structure of male earnings in the U.S. occurred in the early seventies: (1) the earnings of college graduates declined relative to high school graduates, and (2) the earnings of young workers declined relative to older, more experienced workers. At the same time, the labor market entry of the peak baby-boom birth cohorts significantly altered the demographic composition of the labor force. This dissertation examines whether the changes in the demographic composition of the labor force can explain the observed shifts in earnings among male workers. In addition, the impact of cohort size on age-earnings profiles is evaluated. Models of the production process, earnings, and earnings growth are constructed and estimated with data from the March Current Population Surveys and the National Longitudinal Survey. The production function specified employs a finer breakdown of the labor force than is used by other researchers, thus enabling the examination of both of the recently observed major earnings changes within a single, consistent framework. In particular, the model yields estimates of elasticities of complementarity between schooling, experience and sex groups, which are needed to fully evaluate the earnings effects of changes in factor proportions. Shifts in labor force composition apparently explain a substantial amount of the recent earnings changes among male workers. Long run predictions based on the estimated model indicate considerable persistence of lower earnings of college graduates relative to other groups and a lifetime depression in earnings for the members of the large baby-boom cohorts. The analyses of earnings and earnings growth models illustrate that earnings may grow at slower rates in large cohorts. Empirical tests suggest that this is the case for males with at least twelve years of schooling and for female college graduates. For these groups of workers, the earnings depression due to cohort size increases with age, implying that earnings profiles are steeper in small cohorts. The cohort size effects are, moreover, stronger for workers with more schooling, suggesting a continued deterioration over time in the earning power of recent college graduates relative to other workers.
	Bibliography Citation Berger, Mark Charles. Effects of Labor Force Composition on Earnings and Earnings Growth. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1981. DAI-A 42/07, p. 3229, January 1982.

5.	Berger, Mark Charles
5.	Predicted Future Earnings and Choice of College Major Industrial and Labor Relations Review 41,3 (April 1988): 418-429. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2523907 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): College Education; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Earnings; Educational Returns Various models have been suggested to determine how individuals predict future earnings when choosing a college major. These competing models are tested by estimating conditional logit models that incorporate alternative predicted future earnings measures. Information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men is utilized. Predicted beginning earnings and predicted future earnings streams are used to compare the results to determine whether individuals are myopic or forward-looking when making their college major decisions. The findings show that, holding family background characteristics constant, individuals are likely to choose majors offering greater streams of future earnings rather than, as some have argued, majors with higher beginning earnings at the time of choice. In addition, earnings profiles corrected for self-selection bias have flattened for more recent graduates in business, liberal arts, and education. [ABI/INFORM]
	Bibliography Citation Berger, Mark Charles. "Predicted Future Earnings and Choice of College Major." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 41,3 (April 1988): 418-429.

6.	Berger, Mark Charles Fleisher, Belton M.
6.	Husband's Health and the Wife's Labor Supply Journal of Health Economics 3,1 (April 1984): 63-75. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167629684900262 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Husbands; Labor Supply; Marital Status; Transfers, Financial; Transfers, Public; Wives, Income; Wives, Work This paper examines the labor supply response of the wife to deterioration in the husband's health. Unlike past cross-sectional studies, responses over time are directly examined through the use of longitudinal data. The empirical results suggest that the magnitude and direction of the response depend crucially on the attractiveness of transfers which the family may qualify for when the husband's health deteriorates. When no transfers are available the wife increases her market work in order to replace the lost earnings of the husband. However, as transfers become more attractive, the wife begins to reduce her labor supply, enabling her to spend more time at home caring for her husband.
	Bibliography Citation Berger, Mark Charles and Belton M. Fleisher. "Husband's Health and the Wife's Labor Supply." Journal of Health Economics 3,1 (April 1984): 63-75.

7.	Berger, Mark Charles Leigh, J. Paul
7.	Schooling, Self-Selection, and Health Journal of Human Resources 24,3 (Summer 1989): 433-455. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145822 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Disabled Workers; Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling; Schooling A study investigates the validity of alternative explanations for the observed schooling-good health correlation. Empirical models are tested with data from the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I and the NLS of Young Men. The models are estimated using four different measures of overall health: disability, functional limitations, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The results uniformly show that the direct effect of schooling on health is more important than the effect of unobservables, such as rate of time discount. An important implication for public policy is that the results suggest that education programs aimed at increasing the public's knowledge about health can be used to improve the overall level of health in society. [ABI/INFORM]
	Bibliography Citation Berger, Mark Charles and J. Paul Leigh. "Schooling, Self-Selection, and Health." Journal of Human Resources 24,3 (Summer 1989): 433-455.

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