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ignoring parameter: Working Paper, University of Washington, 1990
ignoring parameter: client.norc.org
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ignoring parameter: 9238.pdf
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ignoring parameter: stable
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ignoring parameter: www.nber.org
ignoring parameter: papers
ignoring parameter: w16619.pdf
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ignoring parameter: mansour
ignoring parameter: BC09.pdf
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ignoring parameter: growth_pdf
ignoring parameter: cdp841.pdf
ignoring parameter: Working Paper 20 (December 2009), China Center for Human Capital and Labor Market Research, Central University of Finance and Economics.
ignoring parameter: Final Report, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1990.
2501. |
Hamermesh, Daniel S. |
The Changing Distribution of Job Satisfaction Journal of Human Resources 36,1 (Winter 2001): 1-30. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/jhr/2001ab/hammermesh.html Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Earnings; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Germany, German; Job Satisfaction; Skills; Wage Effects; Wages; Wages, Young Men The distribution of job satisfaction widened across cohorts of young men in the United States between 1978 and 1988, and between 1978 and 1996, in ways correlated with changing wage inequality. Satisfaction among workers in upper earnings quartiles rose relative to that of workers in the lowest quartile. An identical phenomenon is observed among men in West Germany in response to a sharp increase in the relative earnings of high-wage men in the mid-1990s. Several hypotheses about the determinants of satisfaction are presented and examined using both cross-section data on these cohorts and panel data from the NLSY and the German SOEP. The evidence is most consistent with workers' job satisfaction being especially responsive to surprises in the returns to observable skills, less so to surprises in the returns to unobservables. The effects of earnings shocks on job satisfaction dissipate over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamermesh, Daniel S. "The Changing Distribution of Job Satisfaction." Journal of Human Resources 36,1 (Winter 2001): 1-30.
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2502. |
Hamermesh, Daniel S. |
The Changing Distribution of Job Satisfaction IZA Discussion Paper No. 42, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 1999. Also: ftp://ftp.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp42.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Germany, German; Job Satisfaction; Skills; Wage Rates; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The distribution of job satisfaction widened across cohorts of young men in the U.S. between 1978 and 1988, and between 1978 and 1996, in ways correlated with changing wage inequality. Satisfaction among workers in upper earnings quantiles rose relative to that of workers in lower quantiles. An identical phenomenon is observed among men in West Germany in response to a sharp increase in the relative earnings of high-wage men in the mid-1990s. Several hypotheses about the determinants of satisfaction are presented and examined using both cross-section data on these cohorts and panel data from the NLSY and the German SOEP. The evidence is most consistent with workers' regret about the returns to their investment in skills affecting their satisfaction. Job satisfaction is especially responsive to surprises in the returns to observable skills, less so to surprises in the returns to unobservables; and the effects of earnings shocks on job satisfaction dissipate over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamermesh, Daniel S. "The Changing Distribution of Job Satisfaction." IZA Discussion Paper No. 42, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 1999. |
2503. |
Hamermesh, Daniel S. Bean, Frank D. |
Help or Hindrance? : The Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Benefits; Educational Attainment; Immigrants; Job Skills; Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Scholarships; Skilled Workers; Working Conditions [From book review.] With recent immigration at a near record high, many observers fear that African Americans, particularly those in low skill jobs, are increasingly losing out to immigrants in the American labor market. Because today's immigrants are largely non-European and non-white, there is also speculation that their presence will intensify the competition for housing and educational opportunities among minority groups. Help or Hindrance? probes the foundation of these concerns with the first comprehensive investigation into the effects of immigration on African Americans. With detailed economic analysis of African American job prospects, benefits, and working conditions, Help or Hindrance? demonstrates that although immigration does not appear to have affected the actual employment rate of blacks, it has contributed slightly to the widening gap between the annual earnings of black and white males. Those near the lowest skills level appear most affected, suggesting that the most likely losers are workers with abilities similar to those of immigrants. With many employers moving away from cities, access to housing and problems of segregation have also become integral to success in the job market. And within black neighborhoods themselves, the establishment of small immigrant businesses has raised concerns that these may hinder local residents from starting up similar ventures. Help or Hindrance? also examines how immigration has affected the educational attainment of African Americans. Increased competition for college affirmative action and remedial programs has noticeably reduced African Americans' access to college places and scholarships. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamermesh, Daniel S. and Frank D. Bean. Help or Hindrance? : The Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998. |
2504. |
Hamil-Luker, Jenifer |
Differential Participation In and Returns to Education Over the Life Course Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education, Adult; Educational Attainment; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Completion/Graduates; Life Course; Training, Occupational; Training, Off-the-Job; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Growth; Welfare This dissertation assesses trends in adult education and maps learning across the life course for three cohorts from the National Longitudinal Surveys born between 1923 and 1965. Highlighting the cumulative age-, cohort-, and period-related effects of learning over time, I study how different forms of adult education influence trajectories of wage growth, public assistance receipt, and physical health among women and the undereducated. Analysis chapters examine three main questions. First, how does the skewed distribution of who participates in adult education contribute to social inequality within cohorts? Second, how does adult education alter life course patterns initiated by earlier experiences? Finally, how does the trajectory-altering (or concretizing) effect of education vary across birth cohorts? In the first analysis chapter, I examine differential participation in and wage returns to occupational training among NLS Young Women and NLSY79 Women as they aged from their early twenties and thirties into their early thirties and forties. Among NLS Women, only those who engaged in on-the-job training experienced real wage growth between 1977 and 1987. Participation in on-the-job training, but not off-the-job training, reduced the earnings gap by educational background. In contrast, continuing investments in training, whether on or off the job, increased earnings inequality within education levels between 1988 and 1998 for the more recent cohort. In the second analysis chapter, I map trajectories of public assistance receipt between 1984 and 1998 among a sample of high school dropouts from the NLSY79. I find that dropouts who complete a GED decrease their risk of welfare receipt across young and middle adulthood. Among welfare recipients, obtaining a GED within four years of dropping out of high school increases the probability of a permanent exit from public assistance. In the final analysis chapter, I examine how the relationship between education and health changes over time by following two cohorts of women between 1967 and 1995. Longitudinal analyses show that health advantages of high educational attainment and disadvantages of low educational attainment diverge with age. Women in both cohorts who continue formal learning in middle and older ages reduce their chances of declining health over the decades. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamil-Luker, Jenifer. Differential Participation In and Returns to Education Over the Life Course. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003. |
2505. |
Hamil-Luker, Jenifer |
Trajectories of Public Assistance Receipt among Female High School Dropouts Population Research and Policy Review 24, 6 (Dec 2005): 673-694. Also: DOI:10.1007/s11113-005-5751-0 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Dropouts; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper maps patterns of public assistance receipt for 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth female high school dropouts between 1984, when they were 19-27 years old, and 1998 when they reached their early 30s and 40s. Using latent class cluster models, I test whether obtaining a GED, occupational training, work experience, marriage, and delayed parenthood reduce the probability of receiving public assistance. I find that dropouts who earn their GEDs within 4 years after leaving high school have a high probability of never receiving public assistance across the 14-year period. Those who earn GEDs 5 or more years after dropping out have a sharply reduced risk of welfare use in mid-adulthood, suggesting that a late GED may act as a turning point for those formerly reliant on public assistance. Although work experience is the strongest predictor of avoiding public assistance, marriage and education provide a more effective route off of welfare for some recipients. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamil-Luker, Jenifer. "Trajectories of Public Assistance Receipt among Female High School Dropouts." Population Research and Policy Review 24, 6 (Dec 2005): 673-694.
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2506. |
Hamil-Luker, Jenifer |
Women's Wages: Cohort Differences in Returns to Education and Training over Time Social Science Quarterly 86,5 (December 2005): 1261-1278. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00345.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Education; High School Dropouts; Human Capital; Skill Depreciation; Skills; Training, Employee; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Growth; Wages, Young Women Objective. This article examines the effects of education and work-related training on wage-growth trajectories for two cohorts of women as they aged from their early 20s and 30s into their early 30s and 40s. I test whether occupational training compensates for an earlier lack of education, thereby decreasing earnings inequality over time within cohorts. Because the broader economic context may influence the relationship between wages, education, and training, I test the assumption that the experiences of a given cohort may be generalized to others. Methods. Following NLS Young Women between 1977 and 1987 and NLSY79 Women between 1988 and 1998, growth-curve analyses test whether returns to investments in human capital vary over time, across and within cohorts. Results. Women who did not update their skills over time experienced stagnation or declines in real wages, leading to growing wage inequality within education levels. However, women without a high school degree who engaged in on-the-job training experienced the greatest returns to training, thus reducing the initial education-based wage gap. Conclusion. Education and training in adulthood can deflect the accumulation of disadvantage, but can also solidify an already uneven distribution of resources across social strata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamil-Luker, Jenifer. "Women's Wages: Cohort Differences in Returns to Education and Training over Time." Social Science Quarterly 86,5 (December 2005): 1261-1278.
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2507. |
Hamilton, Christal Parolin, Zachary Waldfogel, Jane Wimer, Christopher |
Transitioning to Adulthood: Are Conventional Benchmarks as Protective Today as They Were in the Past? Social Science Research 119 (March 2024): 102981. Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.102981 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Benchmarks, Economic Success; Births; College Education; Economic Conditions; Economic Success; Education, Further; Education, Postsecondary; Employment, Stable/Continuous; Gender; Higher Education; Marriage; Poverty; Race/Ethnicity; Young Adults More young adults in the United States are studying beyond high school and working full-time than in the past, yet young adults continue to have high poverty rates as they transition to adulthood. This study uses longitudinal data on two cohorts of young adults from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Study of Youth to assess whether conventional benchmarks associated with economic success—gaining an education, finding stable employment, and delaying childbirth until after marriage—are as predictive of reduced poverty today as they were in the past. We also explore differences in the protective effect of the benchmarks by race/ethnicity, gender, and poverty status while young. We find that, on average, the benchmarks associated with economic success are as predictive of reduced poverty among young adults today as they were for the prior generation; however, demographics and features of the economy have contributed to higher poverty rates among today's young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamilton, Christal, Zachary Parolin, Jane Waldfogel and Christopher Wimer. "Transitioning to Adulthood: Are Conventional Benchmarks as Protective Today as They Were in the Past?" Social Science Research 119 (March 2024): 102981.
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2508. |
Hammond, Judith A. Cole, Bettie S. Beck, Scott Herman |
Religious Heritage and Teenage Marriage Review of Religious Research 35,2 (December 1993): 117-134 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Religious Research Association Keyword(s): Marriage; Racial Differences; Religion; Religious Influences; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hammond, Judith A., Bettie S. Cole and Scott Herman Beck. "Religious Heritage and Teenage Marriage." Review of Religious Research 35,2 (December 1993): 117-134.
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2509. |
Hamoudi, Amar Nobles, Jenna |
Do Daughters Really Cause Divorce? Stress, Pregnancy, and Family Composition Demography 51,4 (August 2014): 1423-1449. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-014-0305-x Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Divorce; First Birth; Gender; Marital Instability; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Relationship Conflict; Stress Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Provocative studies have reported that in the United States, marriages producing firstborn daughters are more likely to divorce than those producing firstborn sons. The findings have been interpreted as contemporary evidence of fathers’ son preference. Our study explores the potential role of another set of dynamics that may drive these patterns: namely, selection into live birth. Epidemiological evidence indicates that the characteristic female survival advantage may begin before birth. If stress accompanying unstable marriages has biological effects on fecundity, a female survival advantage could generate an association between stability and the sex composition of offspring. Combining regression and simulation techniques to analyze real-world data, we ask, How much of the observed association between sex of the firstborn child and risk of divorce could plausibly be accounted for by the joint effects of female survival advantage and reduced fecundity associated with unstable marriage? Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we find that relationship conflict predicts the sex of children born after conflict was measured; conflict also predicts subsequent divorce. Conservative specification of parameters linking pregnancy characteristics, selection into live birth, and divorce are sufficient to generate a selection-driven association between offspring sex and divorce, which is consequential in magnitude. Our findings illustrate the value of demographic accounting of processes which occur before birth—a period when many outcomes of central interest in the population sciences begin to take shape. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hamoudi, Amar and Jenna Nobles. "Do Daughters Really Cause Divorce? Stress, Pregnancy, and Family Composition." Demography 51,4 (August 2014): 1423-1449.
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2510. |
Hample, Kelsey |
Intergenerational Transfer of Human Capital among Immigrant Families Honors Project Paper 105, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 2010. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/105 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU) Keyword(s): Earnings; Human Capital; Immigrants; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Investments; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While immigrants in the United States tend to earn less than comparable natives, their children close the earnings gap. The purpose of this study is to determine how differences in intergenerational transfer of human capital between immigrant families and native families affect different earning outcomes for respondents of each group. Specifically, this study uses a human capital framework to analyze both the direct effect of parental education on respondent earnings and the indirect effect on earnings by first affecting respondent education, which in turn affects respondent earnings. Data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth allows background variables within a family from 1979 to be related to respondent earnings in 2006. Thus, human capital investments made by parents can be linked to respondent outcomes several years later. The analysis shows that while parental education is a strong predictor of respondent education and earnings in the native population, it is weaker for second generation immigrants. Perhaps second generation immigrants overcome deficiencies in their parents' human capital through higher levels of motivation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hample, Kelsey. "Intergenerational Transfer of Human Capital among Immigrant Families." Honors Project Paper 105, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 2010. |
2511. |
Hample, Kelsey |
Intergenerational Transfer of Human Capital among Immigrant Families Undergraduate Economic Review 7,1 (2011): Article 6. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol7/iss1/6 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Immigrants; Income Level; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Undergraduate Research; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While immigrants in the United States tend to earn less than comparable natives, their children close the earnings gap. The purpose of this study is to determine how differences in intergenerational transfer of human capital between immigrant families and native families affect different earning outcomes for respondents of each group. Specifically, this study uses a human capital framework to analyze both the direct effect of parental education on respondent earnings and the indirect effect on earnings by first affecting respondent education, which in turn affects respondent earnings. Data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth allows background variables within a family from 1979 to be related to respondent earnings in 2006. Thus, human capital investments made by parents can be linked to respondent outcomes several years later. The analysis shows that while parental education is a strong predictor of respondent education and earnings in the native population, it is weaker for second generation immigrants. Perhaps second generation immigrants overcome deficiencies in their parents' human capital through higher levels of motivation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hample, Kelsey. "Intergenerational Transfer of Human Capital among Immigrant Families." Undergraduate Economic Review 7,1 (2011): Article 6.
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2512. |
Hample, Kelsey |
Intergenerational Transfer of Human Capital among Immigrant Families The Park Place Economist 18,1 (2010): 10. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol18/iss1/10/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU) Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Immigrants; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An important implication of the increasing number and diversity of immigrants is the exponentially increasing number of immigrant descendants, especially those who have not fully assimilated to American culture. As this number grows, it becomes increasingly important to study the differences in human capital that immigrants offer compared to natives, and how that human capital benefits their children. Once this is understood, policy can be enacted both to increase the efficiency of these benefits and to try to translate these benefits to native children. For instance, if being bilingual greatly increases the earnings of second-generation immigrants, scholarships could be given to bilingual individuals and policy could be enacted to increase secondary language acquisition in schools. This study will analyze the effect of having immigrant parents on the next generation‘s earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hample, Kelsey. "Intergenerational Transfer of Human Capital among Immigrant Families." The Park Place Economist 18,1 (2010): 10.
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2513. |
Han, Euna |
The Effect of Obesity on Labor Market Outcomes Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economics (ASHE), First Annual Conference, "Economics of Population Health", June 2006. Also: http://healtheconomics.us/conference/2006/abstracts/06/06/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Discrimination; Endogeneity; Health Care; Hispanics; Insurance, Health; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Rationale: Previous research suggests that obesity has potentially important effects on labor market outcomes. Obese people may be discriminated against by consumers or employers due to their distaste for obese people. Employers also may not want to hire obese people due to higher expected healthcare costs if the employers provide health insurance to their employees. These may result in lower wages, low likelihood of being employed and the sorting of obese people into jobs where slimness is not rewarded. Objective: The objective of this study is to understand the effect of obesity on wages. Although other studies have linked obesity to wages, the validity of their estimation results remains questionable due to potential weaknesses in the strategies employed to control for the endogeneity of obesity. I identified the effect of obesity on wages with exogenous state-level variation in multiple variables. The over-identification of obesity with exogenous instruments will provide valid parameter estimates if the identification is supported. Methodology: This study employed an amplified dataset based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). NLSY79 provides ongoing panel information with a nationally representative sample of 12,686 young men and women who were 14 to 22 years old when first surveyed in 1979. I have augmented the publicly available data by obtaining confidential geographic information for individuals. Body-mass index (BMI) was used to measure the extent of obesity. Wages were assessed separately by gender as a function of BMI splines and interactions of BMI splines with two race dummies (non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic). This study used two-stage estimation techniques to identify the effect of obesity on wages in conjunction with individual fixed effects model. I specified an overidentified first-stage equation using exogenous state-level variation to instrument individual obesity. Instruments for obesity included the following state-level variables: cigarette prices, per capita number of restaurants, per capita number of food stores, fast-food price, cost of alcoholic drinks (inclusive of beer, wine, liquor), and cost of food. A Heckman selection model was used to control for the selection into the labor force with the following state-level identifying instruments: unemployment rate, number of business establishments, and number of Social Security Program beneficiaries. Results: Specification tests support the exclusion of the instruments from the main equation and the strength of the instruments in the first-stage equation. Preliminary study results indicate that an increase in BMI after being overweight has a negative effect on wage earnings for both males and females, even after adjusting for selection into the labor force. Conclusion: The results will support the understanding of the economic cost of obesity to an individual that arise from sources other than adverse health effects. This spillover effect will increase the total cost of obesity to both individuals and society as a whole. The negative effect of obesity on labor market outcomes could raise further attention to the epidemic of obesity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Euna. "The Effect of Obesity on Labor Market Outcomes." Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economics (ASHE), First Annual Conference, "Economics of Population Health", June 2006. |
2514. |
Han, Euna |
The Effect of Obesity on Labor Market Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. Also: http://books.google.com/books/about/The_effect_of_obesity_on_labor_market_ou.html?id=Tj9q6ggw64cC Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Gender Differences; Insurance, Health; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; Wage Determination Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation investigates the effect of obesity on labor market outcomes. Obesity is important for labor market outcomes. Obese people may be discriminated against by consumers or employers due to their distaste for obese people. Employers also may not want to hire obese people due to the expected health cost if the employers provide health insurance to their employees. Because of those consumers' and employers' distaste for obese people or because of these different costs, being obese may result in poor labor market outcomes in terms of wages and/or the likelihood of being employed, as well as sorting of obese people into jobs where slimness is not rewarded. This study used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). The NLSY79 provides panel information for a nationally representative sample of 12,686 young men and women who were 14 to 22 years old when first surveyed in 1979. The sample was followed for 14 years. Labor market outcomes were measured by (1) the probability of employment, and (2) the probability of holding occupations where slimness potentially rewards hourly wages. Weight was measured by Body Mass Index (BMI). All results were assessed separately by gender as a function of BMI splines and other controls. The endogeneity of BMI was controlled in a two-stage instrumental variable estimation model with over-identifying exogenous individual and state-level instruments, controlling for individual fixed effects. The Heckman selection model was used to control for the selection into the labor force, with the state-level identifying instruments of the nonemployment rate, the number of business establishments, and the number of Social Security Program beneficiaries. Results show that gaining weight adversely affects labor market outcomes for women, but the effect is mixed for men overall. The size and direction of the effects vary by gender, age groups, and type of occupations. Findings from this investigation could help our understanding of the economic cost of obesity to an individual beside its adverse effect on health. The spillover effect of obesity will increase the total cost of obesity to both individuals and society as a whole. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Euna. The Effect of Obesity on Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.. |
2515. |
Han, Euna Norton, Edward C. Powell, Lisa M. |
Direct and Indirect Effects of Body Weight on Adult Wages Economics and Human Biology 9,4 (December 2011): 381-392. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X11000803 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Education; Obesity; Occupational Choice; Wages Previous estimates of the association between body weight and wages in the literature have been conditional on education and occupation. In addition to the effect of current body weight status (body mass index (BMI) or obesity) on wages, this paper examines the indirect effect of body weight status in the late-teenage years on wages operating through education and occupation choice. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data, for women, we find that a one-unit increase in BMI is directly associated with 1.83% lower hourly wages whereas the indirect BMI wage penalty is not statistically significant. Neither a direct nor an indirect BMI wage penalty is found for men. However, results based on clinical weight classification reveal that the indirect wage penalty occurs to a larger extent at the upper tail of the BMI distribution for both men and women via the pathways of education and occupation outcomes. Late-teen obesity is indirectly associated with 3.5% lower hourly wages for both women and men. These results are important because they imply that the total effect of obesity on wages is significantly larger than has been estimated in previous cross-sectional studies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Euna, Edward C. Norton and Lisa M. Powell. "Direct and Indirect Effects of Body Weight on Adult Wages." Economics and Human Biology 9,4 (December 2011): 381-392.
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2516. |
Han, Euna Norton, Edward C. Powell, Lisa M. |
Direct and Indirect Effects of Teenage Body Weight on Adult Wages NBER Working Paper No. 15027, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2009. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w15027.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Teenagers; Wage Effects; Wages; Weight Previous estimates on the association between body weight and wages in the literature have been contingent on education and occupation. This paper examines the direct effect of BMI on wages and the indirect effects operating through education and occupation choice, particularly for late-teen BMI and adult wages. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data, we show that education is the main pathway for the indirect BMI wage penalty. The total BMI wage penalty is underestimated by 18% for women without including those indirect effects. Whereas for men there is no statistically significant direct BMI wage penalty, we do observe a small indirect wage penalty through education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Euna, Edward C. Norton and Lisa M. Powell. "Direct and Indirect Effects of Teenage Body Weight on Adult Wages." NBER Working Paper No. 15027, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2009. |
2517. |
Han, Euna Norton, Edward C. Powell, Lisa M. |
Direct and Indirect Effects of Teenage Body Weight on Adult Wages Presented: Chicago, IL, Academy Health Annual Research Meeting, June 28-30, 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: AcademyHealth Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Education; Occupational Choice; Wage Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research Objective: This paper examines the direct effect of BMI on wages and the indirect effects operating through education and occupation choice, particularly for late-teen BMI and adult wages. In addition to the direct effect of BMI in the late teenage years between age 16 and 20 on long-term wages in the early thirties, late teen BMI is hypothesized to also affect wages in the early thirties indirectly through its effect on education and occupation choice in the early thirties. Study Design: We present an empirical model that predicts wages as a function of BMI (the direct effect), education and occupation choice (indirect effects of BMI), and other factors. The effect of a unit change in late teen BMI on the logarithm of wages in the early career stage is the full derivative of the logarithm of wages in the early career with respect to late teen BMI, taking into account the indirect effect of late teen BMI through education and occupation choice in the early career. To calculate the indirect effects, we estimate the effect of late teen BMI on the stock of education accumulated by the time an individual reaches their early 30s using OLS. We specify education in the early thirties as a function of late teen BMI and other factors in the early thirties. We then estimate reduced form models of the effect of late teen BMI on occupation choice among white-collar, service, sales, managerial or professional specialty jobs, and blue-collar jobs (based on Census occupational codes), and choice of jobs requiring social interactions with colleagues or customers (based on the Dictionary of Occupation Titles). |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Euna, Edward C. Norton and Lisa M. Powell. "Direct and Indirect Effects of Teenage Body Weight on Adult Wages." Presented: Chicago, IL, Academy Health Annual Research Meeting, June 28-30, 2009. |
2518. |
Han, Euna Norton, Edward C. Stearns, Sally C. |
Weight and Wages: Fat Versus Lean Paychecks Health Economics 18,5 (May 2009): 535-548. Also: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120846690/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Discrimination, Body weight; Economics of Discrimination; Obesity; Occupations; Racial Differences; Wage Effects; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Past empirical work has shown a negative relationship between the body mass index (BMI) and wages in most cases. We improve on this work by allowing the marginal effect of non-linear BMI groups to vary by gender, age, and type of interpersonal relationships required in each occupation. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (1982-1998). We find that the often-reported negative relationship between the BMI and wages is larger in occupations requiring interpersonal skills with presumably more social interactions. Also, the wage penalty increases as the respondents get older beyond their mid-twenties. We show that being overweight and obese penalizes the probability of employment across all race-gender subgroups except black women and men. Our results for the obesity-wage association can be explained by either consumers or employers having distaste for obese workers. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Euna, Edward C. Norton and Sally C. Stearns. "Weight and Wages: Fat Versus Lean Paychecks." Health Economics 18,5 (May 2009): 535-548.
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2519. |
Han, Euna Powell, Lisa M. |
Fast Food Prices and Adult Body Weight Outcomes: Evidence Based on Longitudinal Quantile Regression Models Contemporary Economic Policy 31,3 (July 2013): 528-536. Also:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2012.00322.x Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Socioeconomic Status (SES) With a parallel increase in the consumption of food away from home, particularly fast food, and the obesity prevalence in the United States, evidence on the potential effectiveness of fiscal pricing policies to curb obesity is needed. We estimate changes in the dispersion of the entire conditional distribution of body mass index (BMI) associated with changes in fast food prices for adults using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 in cross-sectional and longitudinal quantile regression models. We find that the ordinary least squares estimate for men underestimates the negative relationship of fast food prices with BMI at the 50th and upper quantiles in cross-sectional models although the statistical significance disappears in the longitudinal individual fixed effects quantile regression. Among subpopulations, we find that a 10% increase in the price of fast food is associated with 0.9% and 0.7% lower BMI for low-income women and women with any children, respectively, at the 90th quantile in a longitudinal individual fixed effects model. Our results imply that fiscal pricing policies such as fast food taxes might have a greater impact on the weight outcomes of low-income women or women with children in the upper tail of the conditional BMI distribution (JEL I00, I19). |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Euna and Lisa M. Powell. "Fast Food Prices and Adult Body Weight Outcomes: Evidence Based on Longitudinal Quantile Regression Models." Contemporary Economic Policy 31,3 (July 2013): 528-536. Also:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2012.00322.x.
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2520. |
Han, Hyojung Rojewski, Jay W. |
Longitudinal Latent Class Analysis of College-Educated Women's Economic Attainment Patterns During Mid-Career Presented: San Antonio TX, American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, April-May 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Career Patterns; College Education; Income; Job Satisfaction; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The present study used latent profile analysis to analyze U.S. college-educated women's mid-career development by classifying their economic attainment (annual income) patterns. Participants were selected from a nationally representative database, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The study identified five latent classes of college-educated women; the classes were referred to as sustained-growth women, steady-decline-end-rebound women, low-stagnant-growth women, late-leave-end-rebound women, and early-leave-mid-rebound women. The majority of participants belonged to sustained-growth women, whose economic attainment consistently increased during their mid-career stage. Job satisfaction and family characteristics of the five economic attainment classes were then examined. The study found no particular pattern in job satisfaction that discriminates individual classes. The most family-oriented class of the five appeared to be sustained-growth women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Hyojung and Jay W. Rojewski. "Longitudinal Latent Class Analysis of College-Educated Women's Economic Attainment Patterns During Mid-Career." Presented: San Antonio TX, American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, April-May 2017. |
2521. |
Han, Jongsuk |
Labor Market Dynamics and Individual Learning Ability Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Rochester, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Unemployment; Wage Growth; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My research focuses on how labor market dynamics are different across ability. In this dissertation, I explore the impact of individual ability on the cyclicality of employment rates over the business cycle and non-employment duration. Then I provide a human capital model with learning-by-doing and heterogeneous learning ability to explain the differences in observed labor market dynamics across ability. In chapter one, I discuss the Armed Forces Qualification Test as a measure of ability. Then, I provide some empirical evidence which shows that high ability workers are more attached to the labor market than low ability workers. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 shows that high ability workers have higher employment rates, less pro-cyclical employment rates, and shorter non-employment duration than low ability workers. At the same time, workers with high ability have higher wage levels and wage growth rates than low ability workers. I suggest that a human capital model with learning-by-doing and heterogeneous learning ability can explain high labor supply from high ability workers, because current labor supply increases future human capital which delivers higher labor income in the future. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Jongsuk. Labor Market Dynamics and Individual Learning Ability. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Rochester, 2014. |
2522. |
Han, JooHee |
Where Do Prisoners Come From?: Simultaneous Shift of Military Downsizing and Mass Incarceration and Its Consequence Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Labor Market Demographics; Military Enlistment; Military Service; Racial Equality/Inequality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I seek to understand how prison and the military, two crucial but often-neglected labor market institutions, have jointly reinforced racial inequality in the labor market over time. The simultaneous increase in mass incarceration and decrease in the military since 1980 has resulted in a crossover of the two populations of affiliated black men in the early 1990s. Comparing the NLSY 79 and 97 cohorts, I find that blacks are channeled from military service to incarceration with blacks increasingly get incarcerated while decreasingly enlisting in the military now than before, net of individual characteristics and family resources. Considering that the military provides African American young men disproportionately with secured employment, income, opportunities for higher education and job training while the effect of incarceration is detrimental, I argue that higher incarceration and less joining the military for blacks now than before have reinforced the racial inequality. Also presented at Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, JooHee. "Where Do Prisoners Come From?: Simultaneous Shift of Military Downsizing and Mass Incarceration and Its Consequence." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
2523. |
Han, Joseph |
Three Essays in Life-cycle Labor Supply and Human Capital Formation Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Earnings; Job Skills; Modeling, Structural Equation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the first chapter, I investigate how two different kinds of uncertainty jointly affect young workers' decisions. This paper introduces the possibility of multidimensional learning about worker ability and job match quality into a model of work decisions. This mechanism has a unique prediction, negative sorting into job mobility that fades away over time, which is verified in the NLSY79 data if the AFQT score carries over some information unused by workers and employers. I estimate the structural model, which also has flexible skill accumulation, by indirect inference. From simulation results on earnings dynamics, I find that the contribution of job shopping to average earnings growth is higher than previous estimates; also, individual heterogeneity in earnings growth is mostly explained by the process of resolving uncertainties. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Joseph. Three Essays in Life-cycle Labor Supply and Human Capital Formation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2016. |
2524. |
Han, Kee-Ok Kim |
Determinants of Choice of College Major among Women and Men: Comparisons of Cohorts in the Late 1960s and 1970s Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1985. DAI-B 46/11, p. 3812, May 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Education; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Occupational Aspirations; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male; Occupations, Non-Traditional Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The primary purpose of this study is to examine factors related to the choice of college major among young women. The study compares a cohort of women in the late 1970s with one in the late 1960s to explain the dramatic increase in the relative representation of women in nontraditional fields during the 1970s. This study also examines samples of men in the late 1960s and 1970s to analyze sex differences in the determinants of the choice of college major. The data are taken from three of the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) of Labor Market Experience: (1) the NLS of Youth ages 14 to 21 in 1979; (2) the NLS of Young Women ages 14 to 24 in 1968; and (3) the NLS of Young Men ages 14 to 24 in 1966. College major is specified as a function of aspirations for market work and home work and of personal characteristics such as family background, race, and attitudes toward women's roles. The equations are estimated by three statistical methods: (1) ordinary least squares (OLS); (2) multinomial logit maximum likelihood (MLML); and (3) trichotomous (or ordered) logit maximum likelihood (TLML). It is found that in the past, women from low income families and money-oriented women tended to choose male-dominated fields; today, however, women from high income families and those with aspirations for high earning occupations tend to choose nontraditional fields. Among women in the late 1960s, those who intended to be working at age 35 chose female-dominated fields, whereas a decade later work aspirations had no significant impact on choice of major field. In addition, family-related variables such as expectations of early marriage and high fertility are positively related to the choice of female-dominated fields among the older cohort, but not the younger cohort. Comparisons between males and females show a decrease in sex differences over time. In the late 1960s aspirations for high earning occupations pushed men toward male-dominated fields and women toward female-dominated fields, but in the late 1970s both women and men chose male-dominated fields. In the older cohort, high family income influenced both women and men to choose college majors traditionally proper for their sexes; high family income in the younger cohort had an equal effect on both sexes toward male fields. In sum, the rapid increase in enrollment by women in male-dominated fields of study during the 1970s is explained in large part by their increased aspirations for better-paying occupations. This study clearly shows that the aspirations of today's women are changing toward nontraditional roles in the society. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Kee-Ok Kim. Determinants of Choice of College Major among Women and Men: Comparisons of Cohorts in the Late 1960s and 1970s. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1985. DAI-B 46/11, p. 3812, May 1986. |
2525. |
Han, Wen-Jui |
How Our Longitudinal Employment Patterns Might Shape Our Health as We Approach Middle Adulthood—US NLSY79 Cohort PLOS ONE published online (3 April 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300245 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: PLOS Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Economic Well-Being; Educational Status; Employment; Health, Impacts to; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health, Physical; Sleep; Sleep Hours; Sleep Quality; Social Status; Socioeconomic Factors; Wages; Work Hours, Irregular; Work Hours/Schedule; Work Schedule, Irregular; Worker Health; Working Patterns Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent labor market transformations brought on by digital and technological advances, together with the rise of the service economy since the 1980s, have subjected more workers to precarious conditions, such as irregular work hours and low or unpredictable wages, threatening their economic well-being and health. This study advances our understanding of the critical role employment plays in our health by examining how employment patterns throughout our working lives, based on work schedules, may shape our health at age 50, paying particular attention to the moderating role of social position. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (NLSY79), which has collected 30+ years of longitudinal information, was used to examine how employment patterns starting at ages 22 (n ≈ 7,336) might be associated with sleep hours and quality, physical and mental functions, and the likelihood of reporting poor health and depressive symptoms at age 50. Sequence analysis found five dominant employment patterns between ages 22 and 49: “mostly not working” (10%), “early standard hours before transitioning into mostly variable hours” (12%), “early standard hours before transitioning into volatile schedules” (early ST-volatile, 17%), “mostly standard hours with some variable hours” (35%), and “stable standard hours” (26%). The multiple regression analyses indicate that having the “early ST-volatile” schedule pattern between ages 22 and 49 was consistently, significantly associated with the poorest health, including the fewest hours of sleep per day, the lowest sleep quality, the lowest physical and mental functions, and the highest likelihood of reporting poor health and depressive symptoms at age 50. In addition, social position plays a significant role in these adverse health consequences. For example, whereas non-Hispanic White women reported the most hours of sleep and non-Hispanic Black men reported the fewest, the opposite was true for sleep quality. In a ddition, non-Hispanic Black men with less than a high school education had the highest likelihood of reporting poor health at age 50 if they engaged in an employment pattern of “early ST-volatile” between ages 22 and 49. In comparison, non-Hispanic White men with a college degree or above education had the lowest likelihood of reporting poor health if they engaged in an employment pattern of stable standard hours. This analysis underscores the critical role of employment patterns in shaping our daily routines, which matter to sleep and physical and mental health as we approach middle adulthood. Notably, the groups with relatively disadvantaged social positions are also likely to be subject to nonstandard work schedules, including non-Hispanic Blacks and people with low education; hence, they were more likely than others to shoulder the harmful links between nonstandard work schedules and sleep and health, worsening their probability of maintaining and nurturing their health as they approach middle adulthood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Wen-Jui. "How Our Longitudinal Employment Patterns Might Shape Our Health as We Approach Middle Adulthood—US NLSY79 Cohort." PLOS ONE published online (3 April 2024).
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2526. |
Han, Wen-Jui |
Nonstandard Work Schedules and Child Cognitive Outcomes Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Maternal Employment; Shift Workers; Welfare; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first major aim of this paper is to examine whether the effects of maternal employment on children's cognitive outcomes differ by mothers' work schedules. The second major aim of this paper is to examine whether or not the effects of maternal work schedules may differ in different contexts (e.g., low-income families or welfare families). This paper, thus, builds on and extends prior research on the effects of early maternal employment by utilizing data on a large national sample of children in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement (NLSY79-CS). The NLSY79-CS is well suited for this analysis because, in addition to collecting detailed information on family demographic background, it also contains information on various dimensions of maternal work schedules (e.g., working at evenings, nights, or rotating shifts) at every assessment point along with a rich set of information on early child care and home environment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Wen-Jui. "Nonstandard Work Schedules and Child Cognitive Outcomes." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. |
2527. |
Han, Wen-Jui |
Work Schedule Patterns and Health over Thirty-Years of Working Lives: NLSY79 Cohort Population Research and Policy Review 42 (March 2023): 18. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-023-09768-0 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Socioeconomic Background; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As work constitutes a central part of an individual's life and people tend to define themselves by their career or job, our working lives hold a critical key to our happiness and health. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 cohort (N = 7273) and building upon the cumulative advantages and disadvantages theory with a lifecourse perspective, this paper examines how work schedule patterns, together with social position, are associated with our health at age 50. Results indicate that engaging in work schedule patterns that were anything but mostly or only standard hours was associated with poorer health outcomes at age 50 measured by SF-12 physical and mental functions and clinical-risk depressive symptoms. These adverse health consequences might be particularly true for those with the most disadvantaged social positions: females, those with low educational attainment (e.g., high school or below), and those who experienced economic hardship in early life (exposure to poverty or welfare). In addition, the associations between work schedule patterns and health at age 50 might differ by the age period during which one works a particular schedule (i.e., between ages 22-29, 30-39, and 40-49). These results speak to how cumulative advantages and disadvantages via the intersectionality of work and social position throughout a lifetime may shape not only our opportunities and constraints brought about by our work but also our long-term well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Wen-Jui. "Work Schedule Patterns and Health over Thirty-Years of Working Lives: NLSY79 Cohort." Population Research and Policy Review 42 (March 2023): 18.
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2528. |
Han, Wen-Jui Waldfogel, Jane Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne |
Long-Run Effects of Early Maternal Employment on Children's Achievement and Behavior Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Children, Home Environment; Cognitive Ability; Fathers, Presence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the long-term impact of maternal employment and childcare utilization on children's cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Baydar and Brooks-Gunn (1991) used data from the 1986 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to investigate the effects of continuity, intensity, and timing of maternal employment in the first year and of child-care arrangements in the first three years on children's cognitive and behavioral outcomes as assessed at ages 3 and 4. This paper revisits the same children, four years later, when they are 5/6 and 7/8 years of age, to see whether the effects that Baydar and Brooks-Gunn found at age 3 to 4 persist into the school-age years or whether those effects attenuate over time. As such, this paper will provide valuable new insights into the potential long-term effects of early maternal employment and early child care. Specifically, this paper will provide evidence on: 1) how the continuity, intensity, and timing of maternal employment in the first year of life affect children's development as assessed at age 5/6 and 7/8; 2) how maternal employment and child care arrangements in the first 3 years of life affect children's cognitive and socioemotional functioning at age 5/6 and 7/8 and what factors might mediate these effects; and 3) whether there are interactive influences of the types of early childcare arrangements and early maternal employment on later child outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Wen-Jui, Jane Waldfogel and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. "Long-Run Effects of Early Maternal Employment on Children's Achievement and Behavior." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1999. |
2529. |
Han, Wen-Jui Waldfogel, Jane Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne |
Maternal Employment, Child Care, and Child Behavioral Outcomes: What Do We Know? Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the impact of early maternal employment and child care on children's behavioral outcomes, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and NICHD Study of Early Child Care (SECC). The NLSY is limited in that its behavioral outcomes are based on mothers' reports. Further, the NLSY has no information on the quality of care and only limited information on the quality of children's home environments. Therefore, we use a second dataset, the NICHD-SECC, which has, in addition to early maternal employment and mother-reported behavior problems, the quality of the home environment, the quality of the child care environment, and several additional measures of children's behavior and socioemotional adjustment. Thus, we will be able to use the NICHD-SECC dataset to determine whether the findings from the NLSY hold up when controls for home and child care quality are introduced and when other outcome variables are studied. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Wen-Jui, Jane Waldfogel and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. "Maternal Employment, Child Care, and Child Behavioral Outcomes: What Do We Know?" Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002. |
2530. |
Han, Wen-Jui Wang, Julia Shu-Huah |
Changing Employment and Work Schedule Patterns over the 30 Working Years--A Sequential Cluster Analysis International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health published online (21 October 2022): DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013677. Also: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/20/13677 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute) Keyword(s): Poverty; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective. As labor markets have become increasingly volatile and precarious since 1980s, more workers are susceptible to working conditions such as unpredictable and unstable hours, threatening their economic security. However, our understanding of employment patterns regarding the changes in work schedules over our working lives has yet been established. This study builds our knowledge in this area by paying attention to how social positions may shape the specific work schedule patterns over our working lives. Methods. We used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (NLSY79) to examine our research questions. NLSY79 follows a nationally representative sample of United States men and women between the ages of 14 and 22 when first interviewed in 1979. The participants were then interviewed annually until 1994 and then biennially thereafter. We first conducted a sequence analysis to examine work schedule patterns between ages 22 and 53 (n = 7987). We then used a multinomial logit regression to examine the factors contributing to specific work schedule patterns, with attention to social position. Results. Our sequence analysis results suggest five work schedule patterns during 31 years of adult life: working only standard hours (25%), mainly standard hours with some portions of nonstandard hours (38%), standard hours during early working years but transitioning to either largely variable or mainly evening or night hours (14% and 13%), and mostly not working (10%). Our multinomial logit analysis indicates that being non-Hispanic Black, having a high school degree or below, or having ever experienced poverty or welfare by age 23 were more likely to have a nonstandard work schedule pattern than their counterparts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Wen-Jui and Julia Shu-Huah Wang. "Changing Employment and Work Schedule Patterns over the 30 Working Years--A Sequential Cluster Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health published online (21 October 2022): DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013677.
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2531. |
Han, Wen-Jui Wang, Julia Shu-Huah |
Charting Work Arrangements and Family Configuration over Our Working Lives Journal of Family Issues published online (23 July 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X241257243 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Black Family; Black Studies; Child Care; Children, Home Environment; Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Family Characteristics; Family Dynamics; Family Structure; Marriage; Parenthood; Race/Ethnicity; Work Histories; Work Hours, Irregular; Work Hours/Schedule; Work Schedule, Irregular; Working Patterns Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979, we used sequence analysis to chart couples' work schedules and family configuration clusters between ages 22 and 53 (n = 5263) to examine the association between family demands from marriage and childrearing and work arrangements between partners via a life course perspective by focusing on nonstandard work schedules, a vital indicator of precarious employment. We also explored whether such an association differs by race–ethnicity. Our sequence analyses uncovered six joint work schedule arrangements and six family configurations between ages 22 and 53, demonstrating the heterogeneity of family and work trajectories over working lives. We found married couples with two children later in life had relatively stable work patterns, whereas married couples with three or more children had the most diversified work patterns between ages 22 and 53. Furthermore, non-Hispanic Blacks were more likely to have relatively vulnerable work patterns than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Han, Wen-Jui and Julia Shu-Huah Wang. "Charting Work Arrangements and Family Configuration over Our Working Lives." Journal of Family Issues published online (23 July 2024).
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2532. |
Hancock, Elizabeth |
Assessing Happiness: How Economic Factors Measure Up The Park Place Economist 21,1 (2013): 43-57. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1387&context=parkplace Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU) Keyword(s): Happiness (see Positive Affect/Optimism); Income; Labor Force Participation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study will assess the relationship between happiness and economic factors. The project will have a microeconomic framework and focus on individual well being. Specifically, it questions if one’s standard of living has a meaningful impact on their happiness level given the scarcity of time. The study will also explore the possible non-pecuniary factors that are important in relation to happiness. It is expected that non-pecuniary factors will have significant effect on happiness levels along with economic factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hancock, Elizabeth. "Assessing Happiness: How Economic Factors Measure Up." The Park Place Economist 21,1 (2013): 43-57.
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2533. |
Handcock, Mark S. Morris, Martina Bernhardt, Annette |
Comparing Earnings Inequality Using Two Major Surveys Monthly Labor Review 123,3 (March 2000): 48-61. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/03/art4full.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earnings; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Some previous research suggests that discrepancies exist between the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Current Population Survey in terms of earnings trends; when the sample is limited to full-time, year-round workers, however, the discrepancies are largely eliminated. Much of the research on the growing dispersion of earnings has relied on the March supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS). As the research questions have turned to such issues as job instability and long-term wage growth, however, the focus often has shifted to longitudinal surveys, such as the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS). In a recent unpublished but widely cited paper, Peter Gottschalk and Robert A. Moffitt compare annual earnings trends from the PSID and two cohorts of the NLS with those of the CPS. The authors find that reported earnings in the PSID and the original NLS cohort show roughly the same trends as the CPS, although the magnitudes are quite different. |
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Bibliography Citation
Handcock, Mark S., Martina Morris and Annette Bernhardt. "Comparing Earnings Inequality Using Two Major Surveys." Monthly Labor Review 123,3 (March 2000): 48-61.
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2534. |
Handcock, Mark S. Morris, Martina Bernhardt, Annette |
Discrepancies in Estimates of the Growth in Earnings Inequality in the CPS and NLSY Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earnings; Part-Time Work; Underreporting; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recently Gottschalk and Moffitt (1997) analyzed three major longitudinal data sets from 1979-88 to see if the same trends in inequality appeared. They find that the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men (NLSY) understates the rise in earnings inequality (compared to the CPS), thus raising serious questions about the validity of the NLSY for research on recent trends in inequality. In this paper we update the comparison of the NLSY and CPS to include the 1989-1994 surveys and use additional analyses to locate the sources of, and potential explanations for, the discrepancy between these two data sets. We find that the NLSY-CPS differential appears to be driven by part-time or part-year (PT/PY) workers' earnings. Underreporting by CPS PT/PY workers seems like the simplest explanation for this pattern, as the NLSY survey module on jobs and earnings is much more thorough than the CPS instrument. |
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Bibliography Citation
Handcock, Mark S., Martina Morris and Annette Bernhardt. "Discrepancies in Estimates of the Growth in Earnings Inequality in the CPS and NLSY." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1999. |
2535. |
Handcock, Mark S. Morris, Martina Bernhardt, Annette |
Trends in Earnings Dispersion in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Current Population Survey Working Paper 98-14, Population Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, April 1998. Also: http://athens.pop.psu.edu/allen/WPapersSer.cfm?series=1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earnings; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wage Differentials; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In an unpublished but widely cited paper, Gottschalk and Moffitt (1997) benchmark earnings trends from 1979-88 in three major longitudinal data sets -- the Michigan Panel Study on Income Dynamics (PSID) the National Longitudinal Survey (NLSB) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) -- against the CPS. They find that the NLSY has both significantly lower variance in reported annual earnings, and a negative trend in variance over time. As this stands in sharp contrast to the primary "stylized fact" of increasing earnings variance during the 80's, the findings raise serious questions about the validity of the NLSY for research on recent trends in inequality. In this paper we update the Gottschalk and Moffitt comparison of the NLSY and CPS through 1994 and use additional analyses to locate the sources of, and potential explanations for, the discrepancy between the two data sets. We find no significant difference in the trend in earnings dispersion among full-time, full-year workers between the two surveys. The discrepancy reported by Gottschalk and Moffitt appears to be due to the lower mean and greater variance in reported earnings among those who work part-time and/or part-year in the CPS. This suggests the problem stems from underreported earnings in the CPS, rather than errors in the NLSY. |
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Bibliography Citation
Handcock, Mark S., Martina Morris and Annette Bernhardt. "Trends in Earnings Dispersion in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Current Population Survey." Working Paper 98-14, Population Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, April 1998. |
2536. |
Hango, Darcy William |
Anchoring of American Families to their Homes and Neighborhoods: Determining Factors of Residential Mobility Working Paper, Department of Soctiology, The Ohio State University, 2002. Also: http://www.canpopsoc.org/2002/hango_2002.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Hispanics; Home Ownership; Mobility; Neighborhood Effects; Residence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This current research views family residential mobility as a potential strategy that families may use to improve their relative socioeconomic and geographic position. The focus here is on predicting the avenues and barriers to mobility, both in terms of distance and also between poor and nonpoor neighbourhoods. A driving assumption is that 'upward' moves from poor to nonpoor neighbourhoods are beneficial to the well-being of children, while downward' moves have the opposite effect. Longitudinal data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth linked mother-child files are combined with data from the 1990 US census to assess the salient factors that predict mobility between 1988 and 1994. Black and Hispanic families are less likely to leave poor neighbourhoods for nonpoor ones, and are also more likely to move from nonpoor neighbourhoods to poor ones. Homeownership is an impediment to residential mobility regardless of distance moved, or neighbourhood poverty level at origin and destination, and mother's prior delinquency appears to inhibit 'upward' geographic mobility. The findings are discussed in terms of how they affect racial residential segregation and the well-being of children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hango, Darcy William. "Anchoring of American Families to their Homes and Neighborhoods: Determining Factors of Residential Mobility." Working Paper, Department of Soctiology, The Ohio State University, 2002. |
2537. |
Hango, Darcy William |
Marital Disruption and Childhood Accident Propensity: The Role of Aggression and Parental Relationship Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, June 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Accidents; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Health; Divorce; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Injuries Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. EXCERPT: In investigating the effects of divorce/separation and childhood/aggression, we will look to see whether the quality of the mother-child relationship alters the effects. Although there is some evidence for the relevance of parent-child relations for medically attended accidents/injuries in childhood (Rivara 1995; Matheny 1988), the mediating role that it plays in the relationship between divorce/separation and childhood aggression and between divorce/separation and accident/injuries has not been examined. Thus, a final objective of this work is to shed light on the dynamic among parental divorce/separation, quality of the mother-child relationship, childhood aggression, and the occurrence of medically attended accident/injuries among children by considering the role of possible mediating factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hango, Darcy William. "Marital Disruption and Childhood Accident Propensity: The Role of Aggression and Parental Relationship." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, June 2000. |
2538. |
Hango, Darcy William |
The Effect of Neighborhood Poverty and Residential Mobility on Child Well-Being Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Ohio State University, 2003. Also: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=osu1069324610 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Census of Population; Child Development; Children, Well-Being; Family Characteristics; Geocoded Data; Mobility; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Education; Neighborhood Effects; Poverty; Residence; Self-Esteem The goal of this work is to examine how child and adolescent well-being are influenced by family mobility and neighborhood quality. Both of these factors have been shown to influence the overall well-being of youth, by altering successful behavioral development. Moving and high poverty neighborhoods often increase behavior problems. The connection between these two processes has not been looked at previously, except among families participating in very selective residential mobility programs (e.g. Gautreaux and Moving to Opportunity). I address several questions. Does child behavior change as a result of family mobility? Does neighborhood context pre- and post-move have any bearing on the change? Finally, does mobility have different effects on behavior depending upon when they are measured? That is, do the effects surface immediately after the move, or is there a lagged effect, with change not being seen for several years? I overcome limitations from past research by combining a nationally representative sample of children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's linked mother-child files with the 1990 US census. Together these data allow for the measurement of child behavior and neighborhood poverty both before and after the move. I find that moving, when measured without taking neighborhood context into account, has no effect on the negative behavior of children and adolescents. However, once neighborhood context is considered, the effect of mobility on child behavior changes. Several important effects are noted, which vary by the class context of the origin and destination neighborhoods. First, moving from a poor to a nonpoor neighborhood reduces negative behavior. Second, this positive impact diminishes four years after the move. Third, moving to a higher poverty neighborhood, or to another poor neighborhood, increases a child's negative behavior. Fourth, these harmful effects do not manifest until four years post-move. Finally, moving between two non poor neighborhoods has no effect on child behavior. These results suggest that it is important to include contextual factors of the origin and destination neighborhood when studying the effect of residential mobility on children. Also, it is beneficial to measure behavior change immediately, as well as several years after a family moves. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hango, Darcy William. The Effect of Neighborhood Poverty and Residential Mobility on Child Well-Being. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Ohio State University, 2003.. |
2539. |
Hango, Darcy William Houseknecht, Sharon K. |
Marital Disruption and Accidents/Injuries among Children Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, June 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Accidents; Child Health; Divorce; Economic Changes/Recession; Fathers, Absence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Injuries; Marital Disruption; Parenting Skills/Styles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of American Meetings, March 23-25, 2000. A vast literature has examined the effects of marital disruption on child well-being, but medically attended childhood accidents/injuries has not been considered an outcome. This paper investigates this association as well as possible intervening pathways using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Findings reveal that marital disruption decreases girls' accidents/injuries. Boys are not directly affected. For boys, the positive relationship between marital disruption and accidents/injuries is mediated by maternal parenting practices, namely, use of discipline and display of approval. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hango, Darcy William and Sharon K. Houseknecht. "Marital Disruption and Accidents/Injuries among Children." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, June 2000. |
2540. |
Hango, Darcy William Houseknecht, Sharon K. |
Marital Disruption and Accidents/Injuries Among Children Journal of Family Issues 26,1 (January 2005): 3-32. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/26/1/3.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Accidents; Child Health; Children, Well-Being; Gender Differences; Household Income; Injuries; Marital Disruption; Mothers and Daughters; Parenting Skills/Styles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A vast literature has examined the effects of marital disruption on child well-being, however medically attended childhood accidents/injuries have not been considered as an outcome. This article investigates this association as well as possible intervening pathways using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-linked mother-child file. Findings reveal that marital disruption decreases girls' accidents/injuries. Boys are not directly affected. Parenting practices, childhood aggression, and mprecipitous drops in household income appear to do little to the relationship between marital disruption and childhood accidents/injuries for boys. For girls, however, the potential benefits of a marital disruption are suppressed until considering mother's use of discipline and household income decline. Results are discussed in terms of stress theory and the effect of mother-daughter versus mother-son dynamics following marital disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Hango, Darcy William and Sharon K. Houseknecht. "Marital Disruption and Accidents/Injuries Among Children." Journal of Family Issues 26,1 (January 2005): 3-32.
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2541. |
Hanna, Eleanor Z. Faden, Vivian B. Harford, Thomas C. |
Marriage: Does It Protect Young Women from Alcoholism? Journal of Substance Abuse 5,1 (1993): 1-14. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/089932899390119V Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of Soutn Carolina Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Marital Status; Marriage; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The literature is replete with conflicting articles about the relationship of marital status and drinking in women. This study is an analysis of the drinking practices of women, 24 through 32 years old, who were respondents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Variations in drinking patterns for the years 1982 through 1988 as a function of changes in marital status are detailed. Findings indicated that women who married or remarried decreased drinking, whereas those who became separated or divorced increased drinking. In the present study, women with alcoholic spouses exhibited similar changes in drinking as did other young women. Our conclusion was that the instability created by a change in social position, namely marital status, led to changes in drinking patterns during the study interval in the direction of those associated with the new social position. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hanna, Eleanor Z., Vivian B. Faden and Thomas C. Harford. "Marriage: Does It Protect Young Women from Alcoholism?" Journal of Substance Abuse 5,1 (1993): 1-14.
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2542. |
Hannah, Valerie |
Long and the Short of How to Make More Money The Herald, April 26, 2002: Pg. 14 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Herald Keyword(s): Earnings; Height; Wage Determination Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on a Pennsylvania University study (The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height) which utilizes NLSY data to analyze the correlation between a male's height at 16 and his future earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hannah, Valerie. "Long and the Short of How to Make More Money." The Herald, April 26, 2002: Pg. 14. |
2543. |
Hannan, Kristi Luster, Thomas |
Influence of Parent, Child and Contextual Factors on the Quality of the Home Environment Infant Mental Health Journal 12,1 (Spring 1991): 17-30 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: CPPC for the Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health, etc Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Bias Decomposition; Children; Children, Home Environment; Family Influences; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Parental Influences; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to the quality of the home environments mothers provide for their infants. Data from the Children of the NLSY on 602 mothers with infants between 12 and 23 months of age were used for this study. Consistent with Belsky's model of the determinants of parenting, the quality of the home environment was influenced by maternal characteristics, child characteristics and contextual factors. A positive linear relation was found between scores on a family risk index and the probability that infants were experiencing a relatively unsupportive home environment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hannan, Kristi and Thomas Luster. "Influence of Parent, Child and Contextual Factors on the Quality of the Home Environment." Infant Mental Health Journal 12,1 (Spring 1991): 17-30.
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2544. |
Hannon, Lance |
Poverty, Delinquency, and Educational Attainment: Cumulative Disadvantage or Disadvantage Saturation? Sociological Inquiry 73,4 (November 2003): 575-595. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-682X.00072/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Disadvantaged, Economically; Educational Attainment; Poverty; School Dropouts; School Suspension/Expulsion Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hannon, Lance. "Poverty, Delinquency, and Educational Attainment: Cumulative Disadvantage or Disadvantage Saturation?" Sociological Inquiry 73,4 (November 2003): 575-595.
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2545. |
Hannon, Lance DeFina, Robert |
Can Incarceration Really Strip People of Racial Privilege? Sociological Science published online (18 March 2016): DOI: 10.15195/v3.a10. Also: https://www.sociologicalscience.com/v3-10-190/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sociological Science Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We replicate and reexamine Saperstein and Penner's prominent 2010 study which asks whether incarceration changes the probability that an individual will be seen as black or white (regardless of the individual's phenotype). Our reexamination shows that only a small part of their empirical analysis is suitable for addressing this question (the fixed-effects estimates), and that these results are extremely fragile. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find that being interviewed in jail/prison does not increase the survey respondent's likelihood of being classified as black, and avoiding incarceration during the survey period does not increase a person's chances of being seen as white. We conclude that the empirical component of Saperstein and Penner's work needs to be reconsidered and new methods for testing their thesis should be investigated. The data are provided for other researchers to explore. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hannon, Lance and Robert DeFina. "Can Incarceration Really Strip People of Racial Privilege?" Sociological Science published online (18 March 2016): DOI: 10.15195/v3.a10.
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2546. |
Hannon, Lance Keith, Verna M. DeFina, Robert Campbell, Mary E. |
Do White People See Variation in Black Skin Tones? Reexamining a Purported Outgroup Homogeneity Effect Social Psychology Quarterly published online (2 November 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0190272520961408. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0190272520961408 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): General Social Survey (GSS); Interviewer Characteristics; Racial Differences; Skin Tone Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research has reported that white survey interviewers remember black respondents' skin tones in a much narrower range than recollections by black interviewers. This finding has been used to suggest that, in line with the one-drop rule, whites do not perceive meaningful differences between light- and dark-skinned black people. The authors reanalyze evidence thought to demonstrate relative homogeneity in white interviewers' evaluation of black skin tones. In contrast to previous studies, this examination of several data sources reveals significant heterogeneity in the ratings assigned by white interviewers when taking into account the ordinal nature of the skin tone measures. The results are consistent with theories of social cognition that emphasize that beyond formal racial classification schemes, skin tone is used to implicitly categorize others along a continuum of "blackness." The findings also align with research suggesting that rather than nullifying within-race skin tone, increases in white racism intensify white colorism. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hannon, Lance, Verna M. Keith, Robert DeFina and Mary E. Campbell. "Do White People See Variation in Black Skin Tones? Reexamining a Purported Outgroup Homogeneity Effect." Social Psychology Quarterly published online (2 November 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0190272520961408.
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2547. |
Hansen, Jörgen Liu, Xingfei Kucera, Miroslav |
Educational Attainment of Children of Immigrants: Evidence from NLSY79 and NLSY97 Presented: Kingston, ON, Queen's University, The John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy Conference on Economic Relations Between Children and Parents, October 21-22, 2010. Also: http://jdi.econ.queensu.ca/content/educational-attainment-children-immigrants-evidence-nlsy79-and-nlsy97 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Ethnic Differences; Family Background and Culture; Family Characteristics; Family Environment; Hispanics; Immigrants; Labor Market Outcomes; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The economic assimilation of immigrants in the host country's society has been a popular area of research for decades, especially in the U.S. and Canada where the population includes many immigrants as well as descendents of immigrants. While most of the economics literature has focused on the integration of immigrants, less attention has been paid to how children of immigrants fare in the host country. Since many immigrants decide to stay and raise their children in the host country, a more complete analysis of the costs and benefits associated with immigration must also consider the longer-term perspective that also considers how children of immigrants succeed relative to children of natives. Previous research has shown that children of immigrants generally acquire more schooling than otherwise similar children of native-born parents both in Canada and in the U.S. However, past research has not been able to explain why these educational differences exist. For example, such an educational gap may arise because of differences in cognitive abilities between children of immigrants and children of natives. These ability differences could occur if abilities are transmitted across generations and if there is a non-random selection of immigrants where only those with high abilities find it worthwhile migrating or are the only ones accepted in the host country. In this paper, we formulate and estimate an economic model of educational attainment of American youths where young adults optimally choose between school and work based on their own abilities, preferences and opportunities. The behavioural parameters are estimated using data from NLSY79 and NLSY97, which makes this study one of the first researches that compare educational attainments between the two cohorts in the context of the labour market outcomes of children of immigrants in U.S. Our data analysis shows that family environment is important in shaping young individuals' educational decisions. In each ethnicity group children of immigrants acquire more schooling, on average, than children of natives. These differences remain, and are even magnified, after controls for family characteristics, test scores and ethnicity are included. Preliminary results from our structural analysis indicate that father's educational attainment and AFQT scores are more important to Hispanic children of immigrants' educational decisions. According to our revealed preferences, children of immigrants also value education more than children of natives regardless of their ethnicity backgrounds. By comparing our results from NLSY79 and NLSY97, we found that children of immigrants as a group experienced more significant improvement in educational attainment than native children over the decades. Second generation White Non-Hispanic immigrants increased their years of schooling the most across all immigration and ethnic groups, the reason lies in two aspects: significantly improved family backgrounds and AFQT scores; much higher returns to education. On the other hand, Second generation Hispanic Non-White immigrants not only obtained more schooling than native Hispanics in both NLSY79 and NLSY97, they also increased their educational attainment over twenty years. Furthermore the improved family backgrounds for Hispanic children of immigrants were not accompanied by a significantly higher return to education. Simulated educational outcomes based on experimental policy changes suggests that, compared to White second-generation immigrants, Hispanic children of immigrants are more responsive to subsidized high-school and college attending. Moreover, by increasing the educational requirements of immigrants to U.S. economy, second-generation Hispanics are more likely to have higher education as well. Improved family environment together with education support programs have larger impact on educational attainment of children of immigrants, especially for Hispanics. We believe that these results are important given the concerns that have been raised about deteriorating quality of recent immigrants in the U.S., most of whom are of Hispanic origin, combined with the fact that a majority of the immigrant children in our sample have Hispanic origins. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hansen, Jörgen, Xingfei Liu and Miroslav Kucera. "Educational Attainment of Children of Immigrants: Evidence from NLSY79 and NLSY97." Presented: Kingston, ON, Queen's University, The John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy Conference on Economic Relations Between Children and Parents, October 21-22, 2010. |
2548. |
Hansen, Karsten T. Heckman, James J. Mullen, Kathleen J. |
The Effect of Schooling and Ability on Achievement Test Scores IZA Discussion Papers 826, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), July 2003. Also: ftp://repec.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp826.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Bayesian; Cognitive Ability; Education; Endogeneity; I.Q.; Schooling; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper develops two methods for estimating the effect of schooling on achievement test scores that control for the endogeneity of schooling by postulating that both schooling and test scores are generated by a common unobserved latent ability. These methods are applied to data on schooling and test scores. Estimates from the two methods are in close agreement. We find that the effects of schooling on test scores are roughly linear across schooling levels. The effects of schooling on measured test scores are slightly larger for lower latent ability levels. We find that schooling increases the AFQT score on average between 2 and 4 percentage points, roughly twice as large as the effect claimed by Herrnstein and Murray (1994) but in agreement with estimates produced by Neal and Johnson (1996) and Winship and Korenman (1997). We extend the previous literature by estimating the impact of schooling on measured test scores at various quantiles of the latent ability distribution. Also available as: NBER Working Papers 9881, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Working Paper Series 2003:13, IFAU - Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hansen, Karsten T., James J. Heckman and Kathleen J. Mullen. "The Effect of Schooling and Ability on Achievement Test Scores." IZA Discussion Papers 826, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), July 2003. |
2549. |
Hanson, Karla L. Sobal, Jeffery Vermeylen, Francoise M. |
Social Selection and Social Causation in Marriage and Health: Longitudinal Evidence of Body Weight Change Marriage and Family Review 50,5 (July 2014): 373-394. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01494929.2013.879555#.U-psBmPCpEN Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Marital History/Transitions; Marriage; Weight Social selection proposes that health influences marriage, whereas social causation proposes that marriage influences health. We used biennial 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to examine body weight 6 years before and 6 years after entering and exiting first marriages. For marital entry, social selection occurred as lighter women entered marriage. Social causation was not observed because all marital entry groups gained weight at comparable rates. Cohabitation was not associated with weight change after marital entry. For marital exit, short-term social causation occurred as men and women lost weight after marital exit and then regained equivalent weight. Overall, body weight change sometimes followed transitions into and out of marriage, but the associations were few in number, short-lived, and had no long-term impact on body weight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hanson, Karla L., Jeffery Sobal and Francoise M. Vermeylen. "Social Selection and Social Causation in Marriage and Health: Longitudinal Evidence of Body Weight Change." Marriage and Family Review 50,5 (July 2014): 373-394.
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2550. |
Hanushek, Eric A. Kain, John F. Rivkin, Steven G. |
Disruptions Versus Tiebout Improvement: The Costs and Benefits of Switching Schools Political Economy Working Paper 08/01, School of Social Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, October 2001. Also: http://www.utdallas.edu/dept/socsci/working_papers/workingpaper08.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: School of Social Sciences - UT Dallas Keyword(s): Household Composition; Inner-City; Maternal Employment; School Quality; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most students change schools at some point in their academic careers, but some change very frequently and some schools experience a great deal of turnover. Many researchers, teachers, and administrators argue that mobility harms students, particularly disadvantaged students in high turnover, inner city schools. On the other hand, economists emphasize the importance of Tiebout type moves to procure better school quality. Empirical research on mobility has yielded inconclusive results, no doubt in part because of small sample sizes and the difficulty of separating mobility effects from other confounding factors. This paper develops a general theoretical model that identifies school quality changes resulting from moving. The empirical analysis, which exploits the rich longitudinal data of the UTD Texas Schools Project, disentangles the disruption effects associated with moves from changes in school quality. The results suggest that there is a small average increase in school quality for district switchers, while there is no evidence that those switching schools within districts obtain higher school quality on average. Perhaps most important for policy, the results also show a significant externality from moves: students in schools with high turnover suffer a disadvantage, and the cost is largest for lower income and minority students who typically attend much higher turnover schools. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hanushek, Eric A., John F. Kain and Steven G. Rivkin. "Disruptions Versus Tiebout Improvement: The Costs and Benefits of Switching Schools." Political Economy Working Paper 08/01, School of Social Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, October 2001. |
2551. |
Hao, Lingxin |
A Dynamic Perspective of Intergenerational Mobility Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Parental Investments Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Past research has shown commonality and inertia of intergenerational mobility. A logical expectation is that both macro factors and micro dynamics differ to produce a common mobility matrix. This paper attempts to unpack the black box of intergenerational mobility between parent and child generations through examining the dynamics of parental investment and cognitive and socio-emotional trajectories over childhood for three cohorts of children. We add advances from biological and social sciences to the existing human capital theory. We draw empirical data from the main file and the matched mother-child file of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79). We use latent class regression to estimate unobserved mother’s innate ability and growth mixture models to analyze trajectories of parental investment and child development. Findings of this study will deepen our understanding of intergenerational mobility matrix, which may be similar despite that the macro conditions and micro dynamics during childhood may differ. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin. "A Dynamic Perspective of Intergenerational Mobility." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
2552. |
Hao, Lingxin |
Developmental Problems of Children Aged 6-11 in Mother-Only Families: The Effect of Welfare and Kin Support Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Support Networks; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examined the effect of welfare and kin support on children in conjunction with the effect of poverty and single motherhood using the children of the NLSY. Standard assessments of home environment, behavior problems, cognitive and socioemotional development were used to measure developmental problems in middle childhood. AFDC was considered as a form of welfare assistance and kin coresidence as a form of kin support. Findings include: (1) poverty effect was the most adverse among all; (2) single motherhood produced a similar effect as the poverty effect, but when poverty levels were held constant, the single motherhood effect persisted only in home environment; (3) support status overlapped with poverty status and single mother status to a great degree; (4) different types of support made great differences in outcomes for children; kin coresidence usually yielded similar developmental outcomes as receiving no support whereas AFDC recipiency yielded much lower levels of outcomes for children; (5) the promoting effect of kin support and adverse effect of AFDC were particularly strong within mother-only families: kin coresidence not only enhanced the home environment and cognitive development to the mean level but also reduced behavior problems down below the average level; and (6) socioemotional development in middle childhood appeared not to be affected by poverty, single motherhood, and support status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin. "Developmental Problems of Children Aged 6-11 in Mother-Only Families: The Effect of Welfare and Kin Support." Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992. |
2553. |
Hao, Lingxin |
How Does a Single Mother Choose Kin and Welfare Support? Social Science Research 24,1 (March 1995): 1-27. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X85710010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Support; Family Structure; Marital Status; Modeling; Parents, Single; Wage Rates; Welfare In view of the increasing number of female-headed families and the importance of external support for them from private and public sources, a one-decision model is proposed to examine the determinants of kin and welfare support. Data on single mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth reveal: (1) greater kin economic resources substitute for public aid, (2) intact parents discourage their daughters' participation in aid, (3) government aid crowds out kin contributions to their daughters and grandchildren, (4) higher wage rates of single mothers and larger amount of child support promote leaving welfare programs, and (5) single mothers with higher income resources still demand kin support. 5 Tables, 1 Appendix, 50 References. Adapted with permission from Academic Press. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) Also: Rand Repritnt, http://www.rand.org/cgi-bin/Abstracts/e-getabbydoc.pl?RP-425 |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin. "How Does a Single Mother Choose Kin and Welfare Support?" Social Science Research 24,1 (March 1995): 1-27.
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2554. |
Hao, Lingxin |
Kin Support, Welfare, and Out-of-Wedlock Mothers Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior; Birth Outcomes; Control; Coresidence; Educational Attainment; Fertility; High School; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Marital Status; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Residence; Support Networks; Welfare; Women Using person-year data from seven waves of the NLSY, this research focuses on the causes and consequences of kin support in conjunction with public support. The dissertation addresses three primary research questions: (1) What is the relationship between kin support and welfare assistance? (2) What determines kin support? and (3) What impacts do the two support systems have on life course behaviors such as fertility/marriage, high school outcomes, and labor force participation of young women? The author concludes that kin support can play an important role in an individual's life. Four findings are noted: (1) parents' control through support in the form of coresidence and income support reduces the likelihood of out-of-wedlock birth, dropping out of school, and non-participation in the labor force; (2) although kin support and public support are not generally substitutes, AFDC benefits do reduce the likelihood of coresidence for blacks; (3) parents do not compensate daughters who experienced an out-of-wedlock birth but control daughters' behaviors to prevent undesirable events; and (4) increases in AFDC benefits encourage women to choose an out-of-wedlock birth over marriage for both black and white women and encourage non-participation in the labor market for black women only. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin. Kin Support, Welfare, and Out-of-Wedlock Mothers. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1990. |
2555. |
Hao, Lingxin |
Kin Support, Welfare, and Out-of-Wedlock Mothers New York, NY: Garland Publishing Inc, 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Garland Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Child Care; Infants; Marital Status; Parents, Single; Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin. Kin Support, Welfare, and Out-of-Wedlock Mothers. New York, NY: Garland Publishing Inc, 1994. |
2556. |
Hao, Lingxin |
Poverty, Public Assistance and Children in Intact and Single-Mother Families Working Paper DRU-1093-NICHD, RAND, 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Health; Family Background and Culture; Head Start; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Welfare This paper examines the effects of poverty, public assistance, and family structure on school-age children's home environment and developmental outcomes using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The central question of this study is whether public support negatively affects school-age children's developmental outcomes thereby contributing to the intergenerational transmission of welfare dependency. The results show that long duration and late timing of poverty have a detrimental effect on home environment and child developmental outcomes. Long duration of public assistance disturbs reading ability for children of intact families only. Late timing of public assistance actually enhances the cognitive and emotional environment, with a greater effect on emotional environment for single-mother families. Long duration and late timing of single motherhood are detrimental to the emotional environment. Taken together, the findings of this paper suggest that the process of intergenerational transmission of welfare dependency during school-age years is primarily due to poverty and single motherhood rather than the duration and timing of public assistance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin. "Poverty, Public Assistance and Children in Intact and Single-Mother Families." Working Paper DRU-1093-NICHD, RAND, 1995. |
2557. |
Hao, Lingxin |
Poverty, Public Assistance, and Children in Intact and Single-Mother Families Journal of Family and Economic Issues 16,2-3 (Fall 1995): 181-205. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/e257251542801515/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Development; Family Background and Culture; Family Structure; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Motherhood; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Welfare Examined the effects of poverty, public assistance and family structure on school-age children's home environment and developmental outcomes. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, based on a sample of 12,686 Ss (14-21 yr. old) was used. Results show that long duration and late timing of poverty had a detrimental effect on home environment and child developmental outcomes. Long duration of public assistance disturbed reading ability for Ss of intact families. Late timing of public assistance enhanced the cognitive and emotional environment and had a greater effect on the emotional environment for single mother families. Long duration and late timing of single motherhood were detrimental to the emotional environment. Thus, the process of intergenerational transmission of welfare dependency during school age years is attributable to poverty and single motherhood rather than the duration and timing of public assistance. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1996 American Psychological Assn., all rights reserved) Also: Rand Reprint, http://www.rand.org/cgi-bin/Abstracts/ordi/getabbydoc.pl?doc=RP-489 |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin. "Poverty, Public Assistance, and Children in Intact and Single-Mother Families." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 16,2-3 (Fall 1995): 181-205.
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2558. |
Hao, Lingxin |
Using a Multinomial Logit Specification to Model Two Interdependent Processes with an Empirical Application Sociological Methods & Research 26,1 (August 1997): 80-117. Also: http://smr.sagepub.com/content/26/1/80.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Fertility; Methods/Methodology; Modeling; Modeling, Logit Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Theories in sociology and other social sciences often postulate causal relationships. Yamaguchi advanced a model for the interdependence of two discrete-time, discrete-state endogenous processes. The Yamaguchi model is introduced with a discussion of its advantages over conventional methods and a comparison with recently developed relevant models. To overcome the obstacle that existing statisitcal software cannot directly estimate the Yamaguchi model, the author has developed a method that converts estimated parameters from standard multinomial logit estimation into parameters of the Yamaguchi model using standard statistical software and a simple programming of linear transformation. The method is simple and straightforward and thus merits application to an analysis of interdependence with panel data. This article also provides a detailed empirical example to illustrate an application of the method. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin. "Using a Multinomial Logit Specification to Model Two Interdependent Processes with an Empirical Application." Sociological Methods & Research 26,1 (August 1997): 80-117.
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2559. |
Hao, Lingxin |
Young Women's Entry Into and Exit from the Labor Market: The Effect of Governmental and Familial Support Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Bias Decomposition; Family Influences; Family Resources; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Mothers, Education; Racial Differences; Role Models; Support Networks Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines labor market entry and exit dynamics among young women and seeks to determine whether kin support and the welfare system influence young women's work differentially. Based on the socialization theory and an economic model of female labor force participation, three hypotheses are generated and tested: a Role Model Hypothesis, an Income Effect Hypothesis, and a Price-of-Time Hypothesis. Using 5,201 black and white women from seven waves of the NLSY (1979-85) in a discrete-time hazard analysis, this paper confirms that: (1) mother's education and AFDC status influence daughter's job entry more than work continuity and for whites more than blacks; (2) among the three alternative income sources--parental income, husband's income, and AFDC benefits--AFDC benefits discourage labor force participation (income effect) for black women only; and (3) kin support in forms of coresidence and financial support promotes job entry for both blacks and whites, and work continuity for whites only (price effect). These findings point to the promoting effect of familial support in contrast to the preventing effect of governmental support on women's labor force participation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin. "Young Women's Entry Into and Exit from the Labor Market: The Effect of Governmental and Familial Support." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, 1991. |
2560. |
Hao, Lingxin Brinton, Mary C. |
Kin Support and Productive Activities Among Single Mothers Working Paper, Department of Sociology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Iowa Keyword(s): Mothers; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin and Mary C. Brinton. "Kin Support and Productive Activities Among Single Mothers." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1996. |
2561. |
Hao, Lingxin Brinton, Mary C. |
Productive Activities and Support Systems of Single Mothers American Journal of Sociology 102,5 (March 1997): 1305-1344. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/231085 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Support; Coresidence; Education; Employment; Family Background and Culture; Human Capital; Local Labor Market; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Modeling; Parents, Single; Racial Differences; School Completion; Training Young single mothers' human capital development and labor market participation are important issues of public policy concern in the United States. This article uses a dynamic approach to model the determinants of single mothers' entry into and exit from productive activities. Using 14 waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the article shows that kin coresidence facilitates young single mothers' entry into productive activities but does not play a significant role in sustaining participation. Women's individual trainability, the local labor market conditions, child support, and d some family background factors all play a role. The results also demonstrate the insignificance of race and never-married versus ever-married status. (Copyright by the University of Chicago. All rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin and Mary C. Brinton. "Productive Activities and Support Systems of Single Mothers." American Journal of Sociology 102,5 (March 1997): 1305-1344.
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2562. |
Hao, Lingxin Hotz, V. Joseph Jin, Ginger Zhe |
Games Daughters and Parents Play: Teenage Childbearing, Parental Reputation, and Strategic Transfers NBER Working Paper No. W7670, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2000. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W7670 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Models; Family Studies; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Siblings; Teenagers; Transfers, Family; Transfers, Financial; Transfers, Parental In this paper, we examine the empirical implications of reputation formation using a game-theoretic model of intra-familial interactions. We consider parental reputation in repeated two-stage games in which daughters' decision to have a child as a teenager and the willingness of parents to continue to house and support their daughters given their decisions. Drawing on the work of Milgrom and Roberts (1982) and Kreps and Wilson (1982) on reputation in repeated games, we show that parents have, under certain conditions, the incentive to penalize teenage (and typically out-of-wedlock) childbearing of older daughters, in order to get the younger daughters to avoid teenage childbearing. The two key empirical implications of this model is that the likelihood of teenage childbearing and parental transfers to a daughter who had a teen birth will decrease with the number of the daughter's sisters at risk. We test these two implications, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort (NLSY79), exploiting the availability of repeated observations on young women (daughters) and of observations on multiple daughters (sisters) available in this data. Controlling for daughter- and family-specific fixed effects, we find evidence of differential parental financial transfer responses to teenage childbearing by the number of the daughter's sisters and brothers at risk. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin, V. Joseph Hotz and Ginger Zhe Jin. "Games Daughters and Parents Play: Teenage Childbearing, Parental Reputation, and Strategic Transfers." NBER Working Paper No. W7670, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2000. |
2563. |
Hao, Lingxin Hotz, V. Joseph Jin, Ginger Zhe |
Games Daughters and Parents Play: Teenage Childbearing, Parental Reputation, and Strategic Transfers JCPR Working Paper 167, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, April 2000. Also: http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/jcpr/workingpapers/wpfiles/Family_Games_3-28-00_Draft.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Models; Family Studies; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Siblings; Transfers, Family; Transfers, Financial; Transfers, Parental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we examine the empirical implications of reputation formation using a game-theoretic model of intra-familial interactions. We consider parental reputation in repeated two-stage games in which daughters' decision to have a child as a teenager and the willingness of parents to continue to house and support their daughters given their decisions. Drawing on the work of Milgrom and Roberts (1982) and Kreps and Wilson (1982) on reputation in repeated games, we show that parents have, under certain conditions, the incentive to penalize teenage (and typically out-of-wedlock) childbearing of older daughters, in order to get the younger daughters to avoid teenage childbearing. The two key empirical implications of this model is that the likelihood of teenage childbearing and parental transfers to a daughter who had a teen birth will decrease with the number of the daughter's sisters at risk. We test these two implications, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort (NLSY79), exploiting the availability of repeated observations on young women (daughters) and of observations on multiple daughters (sisters) available in this data. Controlling for daughter- and family-specific fixed effects, we find evidence of differential parental financial transfer responses to teenage childbearing by the number of the daughter's sisters and brothers at risk. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin, V. Joseph Hotz and Ginger Zhe Jin. "Games Daughters and Parents Play: Teenage Childbearing, Parental Reputation, and Strategic Transfers." JCPR Working Paper 167, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, April 2000. |
2564. |
Hao, Lingxin Hotz, V. Joseph Jin, Ginger Zhe |
Games Daughters and Parents Play: Teenage Childbearing, Parental Reputation, and Strategic Transfers CCPR-05-00, On-Line Working Paper Series, California Center for Population Research, University of California - Los Angeles, November 2000. Also: http://www.ccpr.ucla.edu/ccprwpseries/ccpr_005_00.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: California Center for Population Research (CCPR) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Models; Family Studies; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Siblings; Sisters; Transfers, Family; Transfers, Parental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we examine the empirical implications of reputation formation using a game-theoretic model of intra-familial interactions. We consider parental reputation in repeated two-stage games in which daughters' decision to have a child as a teenager and the willingness of parents to continue to house and support their daughters given their decisions. Drawing on the work of Milgrom and Roberts (1982) and Kreps and Wilson (1982) on reputation in repeated games, we show that parents have, under certain conditions, the incentive to penalize teenage (and typically out-of-wedlock) childbearing of older daughters, in order to get the younger daughters to avoid teenage childbearing. The two key empirical implications of this model is that the likelihood of teenage childbearing and parental transfers to a daughter who had a teen birth will decrease with the number of the daughter's sisters at risk. We test these two implications, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort (NLSY79), exploiting the availability of repeated observations on young women (daughters) and of observations on multiple daughters (sisters) available in this data. Controlling for daughter- and family-specific fixed effects, we find evidence of differential parental financial transfer responses to teenage childbearing by the number of the daughter's sisters and brothers at risk. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin, V. Joseph Hotz and Ginger Zhe Jin. "Games Daughters and Parents Play: Teenage Childbearing, Parental Reputation, and Strategic Transfers." CCPR-05-00, On-Line Working Paper Series, California Center for Population Research, University of California - Los Angeles, November 2000. |
2565. |
Hao, Lingxin Hotz, V. Joseph Jin, Ginger Zhe |
Games Parents and Adolescents Play: Risky Behaviors, Parental Reputation, and Strategic Transfers Working Paper, Department of Sociology, Johns Hopkins University, January 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, Johns Hopkins University Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Resources; School Dropouts; Siblings; Transfers, Family; Transfers, Parental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines reputation formation in intra-familial interactions. We consider parental reputation in a repeated two-stage game in which adolescents decide whether to give a teen birth or drop out of high school, and given adolescent decisions, the parent decides whether to house and support his children beyond age 18. Drawing on the work of Milgrom and Roberts (1982) and Kreps and Wilson (1982), we show that the parent has, under certain conditions, the incentive to penalize older children for their teenage risky behaviors in order to dissuade the younger children from the same risky behaviors. The model generates two empirical implications: the likelihood of teen risky behaviors and parental transfers to a child who engaged in teen risky behaviors will decrease with the number of remaining children at risk. We test these two implications, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort (NLSY79). Exploiting the availability of repeated observations on individual respondents and of observations on multiple siblings, we find evidence in favor of both predictions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin, V. Joseph Hotz and Ginger Zhe Jin. "Games Parents and Adolescents Play: Risky Behaviors, Parental Reputation, and Strategic Transfers." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, Johns Hopkins University, January 2005. |
2566. |
Hao, Lingxin Hotz, V. Joseph Jin, Ginger Zhe |
Games Parents and Adolescents Play: Risky Behaviors, Parental Reputation, and Strategic Transfers NBER Working Paper No. 11872, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11872.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior; Childbearing, Adolescent; Demography; Family Models; Family Studies; High School Dropouts; Siblings This paper examines reputation formation in intra-familial interactions. We consider parental reputation in a repeated two-stage game in which adolescents decide whether to give a teen birth or drop out of high school, and given adolescent decisions, the parent decides whether to house and support his children beyond age 18. Drawing on the work of Milgrom and Roberts (1982) and Kreps and Wilson (1982), we show that the parent has, under certain conditions, the incentive to penalize older children for their teenage risky behaviors in order to dissuade the younger children from the same risky behaviors. The model generates two empirical implications: the likelihood of teen risky behaviors and parental transfers to a child who engaged in teen risky behaviors will decrease with the number of remaining children at risk. We test these two implications, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort (NLSY79). Exploiting the availability of repeated observations on individual respondents and of observations on multiple siblings, we find evidence in favor of both predictions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin, V. Joseph Hotz and Ginger Zhe Jin. "Games Parents and Adolescents Play: Risky Behaviors, Parental Reputation, and Strategic Transfers." NBER Working Paper No. 11872, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. |
2567. |
Hao, Lingxin Hotz, V. Joseph Jin, Ginger Zhe |
Games Parents and Adolescents Play: Risky Behaviour, Parental Reputation and Strategic Transfers Economic Journal 118,528 (April 2008): 515-555. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02132.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Royal Economic Society (RES) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Resources; Risk-Taking; School Dropouts; Siblings; Transfers, Family; Transfers, Parental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examines parental reputation formation in intra-familial interactions. In a repeated two stage game, children decide whether to drop out of high school or daughters decide whether to have births as teens and parents then decide whether to provide support to their children beyond age 18. Drawing on Milgrom and Roberts (1982) and Kreps and Wilson (1982), we show that, under certain conditions, parents have the incentive to penalise older children for their adolescent risk-taking behaviour in order to dissuade their younger children from such behaviour when reaching adolescence. We find evidence in favour of this parental reputation model. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin, V. Joseph Hotz and Ginger Zhe Jin. "Games Parents and Adolescents Play: Risky Behaviour, Parental Reputation and Strategic Transfers." Economic Journal 118,528 (April 2008): 515-555.
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2568. |
Hao, Lingxin Hotz, V. Joseph Jin, Ginger Zhe |
Games That Families Play: Parental Reputation, Transfers and Teen Childbearing Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Studies; Siblings; Transfers, Family; Transfers, Parental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper considers a model of a two-stage non-cooperative game. In this game, daughters decide whether to have an early birth and parents decide whether to provide or withhold resources (transfers) to them, but there is conflict between parents and daughters over teenage childbearing. Using data from the NLSY, we show that parents have an incentive to act strategically by differentially treating the childbearing behavior of older versus young daughters in an attempt to prevent teenage childbearing of younger daughters. The number of remaining younger daughters who are under 19 when parents make decision of transfer reduces the probability of transfers to the daughter in question, conditional on the teenage childbearing status of that daughter. We also show that such a relationship is weaker for black families than white families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin, V. Joseph Hotz and Ginger Zhe Jin. "Games That Families Play: Parental Reputation, Transfers and Teen Childbearing." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March 1999. |
2569. |
Hao, Lingxin Hotz, V. Joseph Jin, Ginger Zhe Pantano, Juan |
Parental Learning and Teenagers' Risky Behavior Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Meetings, April-May 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Risk-Taking; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It is well documented that teenagers engage in risky behaviors at high rates. Usually these behaviors occur without parental consent and teens invest resources to preclude parents from knowing whether and to what extent they engage in such behaviors. This may give rise to parental incentives to learn about their children by paying close attention to observable "signals" of the underlying risky behavior. Moreover, parents can set up parenting rules which are contingent upon the realization of these signals in an effort to control the behavior of their children. We explore a game theoretic model of parent-child interactions and propose an empirical strategy to identify the equilibrium reaction functions that determine teenagers' risky behavior and parenting rules. In preliminary work, we estimate approximations to these reaction functions using data on teens' risky behavior and stringency of parental rules from the National Longitudinal Survey - Young Adults (NLS-YA). |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin, V. Joseph Hotz, Ginger Zhe Jin and Juan Pantano. "Parental Learning and Teenagers' Risky Behavior." Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Meetings, April-May 2009. |
2570. |
Hao, Lingxin Leibowitz, Arleen A. |
Public Policies, Private Support and Single Mothers' Schooling, Work, and Child Care Working Paper DRU-853-NICHD, RAND, October 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Care; Education; Fertility; Maternal Employment; Welfare This paper examines whether low-cost child care that is tied to single mothers' productive activities increases the likelihood of their schooling and work. Child care opportunities open to single mothers include coresident kin and certain public programs, e.g., subsidized child care places, AFDC earned income disregards for child care expenses, and child care tax credits for mothers who are attending school or working. Also examined in this paper is whether public programs are substitutes for kin support in affecting unmarried mothers' schooling, work, and for enrolled or working women, child care type. Findings include: (1) public policies tied to single mothers' performance can stimulate their schooling and work, while those that are not tied to performance can deter productive activities; (2) living with kin increases schooling and work among unmarried mothers; (3) public programs tend not to substitute for kin support, in particular, not to reduce kin's incentives to care for children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin and Arleen A. Leibowitz. "Public Policies, Private Support and Single Mothers' Schooling, Work, and Child Care." Working Paper DRU-853-NICHD, RAND, October 1994. |
2571. |
Hao, Lingxin Leibowitz, Arleen A. |
Role of Child Care in Employment and School Enrollment of Unmarried Mothers Working Paper, Department of Sociology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Iowa Keyword(s): Child Care; Employment; Mothers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin and Arleen A. Leibowitz. "Role of Child Care in Employment and School Enrollment of Unmarried Mothers." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1996. |
2572. |
Hao, Lingxin Matsueda, Ross L. |
Family Dynamics Through Childhood: A Sibling Model of Behavior Problems Working Paper No. 7, Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences, University of Washington, April 2000. Also: http://www.csss.washington.edu/Papers/wp7.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences, University of Washington Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Childbearing, Adolescent; Children, Poverty; Endogeneity; Heterogeneity; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Life Course; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parenthood; Parents, Single; Poverty; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Punishment, Corporal; Siblings; Variables, Instrumental; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Toronto, Canada, August 1997. This article examines mothers' life course changes and parent-child interactions in models of children's behavior problems. We use an integrated framework that uses social capital theories to conceptualize parents' investments in their children, life course perspectives to conceptualize the timing of mothers' life course transitions, and child development research to specify the effects of parenting practices on children's behavior problems. Our models examine the timing and duration of mothers' poverty, single motherhood, welfare, employment, and kin coresidence through early and middle childhood. They also specify parent-child interactions as a reciprocal outcome of parenting and children's behavior. To estimate the models, we use data on mothers and children from the NLSY. To control for unobserved family heterogeneity and reciprocal causation, we estimate fixed-effects sibling models with lagged endogenous predictors and instrumental variables. These models make strong demands on the data, but provide strong tests of relationships. Using this strategy, we find several robust relationships. Child behavior problems are shaped by poverty and kin coresidence in early and middle childhood, and by parents use of physical punishment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin and Ross L. Matsueda. "Family Dynamics Through Childhood: A Sibling Model of Behavior Problems." Working Paper No. 7, Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences, University of Washington, April 2000. |
2573. |
Hao, Lingxin Matsueda, Ross L. |
Family Dynamics Through Childhood: A Sibling Model of Behavior Problems Social Science Research, 35,2 (June 2006): 500-524. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X04001024 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Childbearing, Adolescent; Children, Poverty; Endogeneity; Family Structure; Grandparents; Heterogeneity; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Life Course; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parenthood; Parents, Single; Poverty; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Punishment, Corporal; Siblings; Variables, Instrumental; Welfare This article draws upon theories of the life course and child development to examine how structural changes in the family and parenting practices affect child behavior problems in middle childhood. Our analysis improves upon prior research by simultaneously examining the effects of poverty, single-motherhood, welfare, and kin co-residence, distinguishing between early and current exposure to changes of these family conditions, and controlling for unobserved, preexisting family differences. We estimate fixed-effects sibling models using the matched mother–child data of NLSY79. We find two robust relationships: child behavior problems are shaped by early childhood poverty, which is not mediated by current parenting nor contaminated by family selection, and mothers' use of physical punishment, which is not contaminated by family selection. The findings support the early childhood exposure hypothesis applied to poverty, a parenting hypothesis applied to mother's physical punishment, and a family selection hypothesis applied to positive parenting, father's time, and cultural activities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin and Ross L. Matsueda. "Family Dynamics Through Childhood: A Sibling Model of Behavior Problems." Social Science Research, 35,2 (June 2006): 500-524.
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2574. |
Hao, Lingxin Matsueda, Ross L. |
Family Social Capital Through Childhood: A Sibling Model of Behavior Problems Working Paper No. 99-6, Center for the Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, March 1999. Also: http://www.csde.washington.edu/csde/wps/99-6.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Childbearing, Adolescent; Children, Poverty; Coresidence; Endogeneity; Heterogeneity; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Life Course; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parenthood; Poverty; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Punishment, Corporal; Siblings; Variables, Instrumental; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Toronto, Canada, August 1997. This article uses the concept of family social capital to conceptualize mothers' life course changes and parent-child interactions in models of children's behavior problems. To investigate structural relations generating social resources, we examine families' internal closure and embeddedness in society. We take a life course view and focus on the timing and duration of mothers' poverty, single motherhood, welfare, employment, and kin coresidence through early and middle childhood. Drawing on the child psychology and social capital literatures, we specify a model of parent-child interactions as a reciprocal outcome between parenting and children's behavior. To control for unobserved family heterogeneity and reciprocal causation, we estimate fixed-effects sibling models with lagged endogenous predictors and instrumental variables. Using data on mothers and children from the NLSY, we find that child behavior problems are shaped by poverty in early and middle childhood, as well as parents' use of physical punishment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin and Ross L. Matsueda. "Family Social Capital Through Childhood: A Sibling Model of Behavior Problems." Working Paper No. 99-6, Center for the Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, March 1999. |
2575. |
Hao, Lingxin Matsueda, Ross L. Zhao, Yang |
Children's Behavior Problems and Family Social Capital: A Dynamic Analysis of Siblings Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Preschool; Family Background and Culture; Family Structure; Family Studies; Heterogeneity; Modeling; Siblings; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the effect of family social capital on child behavior problems, such as aggression, hyperactivity, temperament, and depression, for pre-adolescent school children (ages 9-14). Using the concept of family social family, we conceptualize the child developmental process as a dynamic and reciprocal one whereby child behaviors influences how the parents interact with the child, which, in turn, influences child behaviors. Our analysis uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), including 16 waves of youth data and 4 waves of child data, to estimate a multi-equation dynamic model. We establish a sample that consists of multiple siblings per family and multiple observations per sibling. Such a sample permits an effective separation of unobserved heterogeneity from state dependence by controlling for two levels of unobserved heterogeneity, one being unique to the family, the other being unique to the individual child. The effective control of these two levels of unobserved heterogeneity rigorously improves the precision of estimates and hypotheses testing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin, Ross L. Matsueda and Yang Zhao. "Children's Behavior Problems and Family Social Capital: A Dynamic Analysis of Siblings." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998. |
2576. |
Hara, Motoaki Huang, David Y.C. Weiss, Robert E. Hser, Yih-Ing |
Concurrent Life-Course Trajectories of Employment and Marijuana-Use: Exploring Interdependence of Longitudinal Outcomes Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 45,5 (November-December 2013): 426-432. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740547213001153 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Drug Use; Employment; Labor Force Participation This study analyzes data on 7661 individuals who participated in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to estimate trajectories of employment and marijuana-use over a 17-year period. Bivariate random intercept and slope modeling is applied to examine concurrently the cross-correlation between the two concurrent longitudinal trajectories from age 23 to 39. Parameter estimates indicate baseline level (at age 23) of employment to be negatively correlated with marijuana, suggesting marijuana-use is associated with lower workforce productivity at age 23. The longitudinal employment slope is positively correlated with employment intercept for both males and females, indicating that survey participants with higher levels of employment at age 23 are more likely to have a positive impact on employment trajectory over time. For males, however, the employment slope is also significantly correlated with marijuana intercept (r = − 0.07), indicating marijuana-use in early adulthood may uniquely lower workforce productivity over age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hara, Motoaki, David Y.C. Huang, Robert E. Weiss and Yih-Ing Hser. "Concurrent Life-Course Trajectories of Employment and Marijuana-Use: Exploring Interdependence of Longitudinal Outcomes ." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 45,5 (November-December 2013): 426-432.
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2577. |
Harden, K. Paige D'Onofrio, Brian M. Van Hulle, Carol A. Turkheimer, Eric Rodgers, Joseph Lee Waldman, Irwin D. Lahey, Benjamin B. |
Population Density And Youth Antisocial Behavior Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50,8 (2009): 999-1008. Also: http://journals.ohiolink.edu.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/ejc/pdf.cgi/Paige_Harden_K.pdf?issn=00219630&issue=v50i0008&article=999_pdayab Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Bayesian; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Geocoded Data; Kinship; Modeling, Multilevel; Mothers, Behavior; Neighborhood Effects; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Racial Differences; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Urbanization/Urban Living Theoretical models concerning how neighborhood contexts adversely influence juvenile antisocial behavior frequently focus on urban neighborhoods; however, previous studies comparing urban and rural areas on the prevalence of youth antisocial behavior have yielded mixed results. The current study uses longitudinal data on the offspring of a nationally representative sample of mothers (N = 4,886) in the US. There was no relation between density and mother-reported child conduct problems across ages 4–13 years, but youth living in areas of greater population density exhibited more youth self-reported delinquency across 10–17 years. Families often moved to counties with greater or lesser population density, but longitudinal analyses treating population density as a time-varying covariate did not support the hypothesis that living in densely populated counties influenced youth delinquency. Rather, the association between population density and delinquency appears to be due to unmeasured selection variables that differ between families who live in more or less densely populated counties. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Harden, K. Paige, Brian M. D'Onofrio, Carol A. Van Hulle, Eric Turkheimer, Joseph Lee Rodgers, Irwin D. Waldman and Benjamin B. Lahey. "Population Density And Youth Antisocial Behavior." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50,8 (2009): 999-1008.
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2578. |
Harden, K. Paige Quinn, Patrick D. Tucker-Drob, Elliot M. |
Genetically Influenced Change in Sensation Seeking Drives the Rise of Delinquent Behavior during Adolescence Developmental Science 15,1 (January 2012): 150-163. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01115.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Genetics; Kinship; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Risk-Taking; Siblings Sensation seeking is associated with an increased propensity for delinquency, and emerging research on personality change suggests that mean levels of sensation seeking increase substantially from childhood to adolescence. The current study tested whether individual differences in the rate of change of sensation seeking predicted within-person change in delinquent behavior and whether genetically influenced differences in rate of personality change accounted for this association. Sensation seeking and delinquent behavior were assessed biennially between ages 10–11 and 16–17 in a nationally representative sample of 7675 youths from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth: Children and Young Adults (CNLSY). Analyses using latent growth curve modeling found that within-person change in sensation seeking was significantly and positively correlated with within-person change in delinquency from childhood to adolescence. Furthermore, behavioral genetic analyses of a subset of 2562 sibling pairs indicated that there were substantial genetic influences on both initial levels of sensation seeking and change in sensation seeking during early adolescence, with over 80% of individual differences in change due to genetic factors. Finally, these genetically driven increases in sensation seeking were most important for predicting increases in delinquency, whereas environmental paths between sensation seeking and delinquency were not significant. These results suggest that developmental changes in delinquent behaviors during adolescence are driven by a genetically governed process of personality change. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harden, K. Paige, Patrick D. Quinn and Elliot M. Tucker-Drob. "Genetically Influenced Change in Sensation Seeking Drives the Rise of Delinquent Behavior during Adolescence." Developmental Science 15,1 (January 2012): 150-163.
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2579. |
Harden, K. Paige Tucker-Drob, Elliot M. |
Individual Differences in the Development of Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity during Adolescence: Further Evidence for a Dual Systems Model Developmental Psychology 47,3 (May 2011): 739-746. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/47/3/739/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Genetics; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Risk-Taking; Scale Construction; Siblings Consistent with social neuroscience perspectives on adolescent development, previous cross-sectional research has found diverging mean age-related trends for sensation seeking and impulsivity during adolescence. The present study uses longitudinal data on 7,640 youth from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth Children and Young Adults, a nationally representative sample assessed biennially from 1994 to 2006. Latent growth curve models were used to investigate mean age-related changes in self-reports of impulsivity and sensation seeking from ages 12 to 24 years, as well individual differences in these changes. Three novel findings are reported. First, impulsivity and sensation seeking showed diverging patterns of longitudinal change at the population level. Second, there was substantial person-to-person variation in the magnitudes of developmental change in both impulsivity and sensation seeking, with some teenagers showing rapid changes as they matured and others maintaining relatively constant levels with age. Finally, the correlation between age-related changes in impulsivity and sensation seeking was modest and not significant. Together, these results constitute the first support for the dual systems model of adolescent development to derive from longitudinal behavioral data. © 2011 APA, all rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harden, K. Paige and Elliot M. Tucker-Drob. "Individual Differences in the Development of Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity during Adolescence: Further Evidence for a Dual Systems Model." Developmental Psychology 47,3 (May 2011): 739-746.
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2580. |
Harder, Valerie S. |
Cannabis and Depression: Demystifying Propensity Score Techniques Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2008. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Drug Use; Propensity Scores; Statistical Analysis; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Aim . The overarching goal of this research is to investigate whether cannabis involvement predicts later development of depression after accounting for differences between those involved with cannabis and comparison individuals. Materials and methods . Two longitudinal datasets are utilized to address this potential causal association. The first is an ongoing longitudinal survey of 12,686 males and females beginning in 1979 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a nationally representative sample from the United States. In the 1994 follow-up interview, 8,759 adults (age range 29-37 years) had complete data on past-year adult cannabis use and current depression. Individual's probability to use cannabis was predicted through a propensity score approach using over 50 baseline covariates. The second dataset is from an observational prospective cohort study of 2,311 first-grade children enrolled in 1985-1986 as part of the Johns Hopkins University, Prevention Research Center (PRC) randomized trial of classroom-based preventive interventions. In the young adult follow-up interview, 1,494 adults (age range 19-24 years) had complete data on early-onset cannabis problems and young adult major depression. Both studies utilized new causal inference statistical techniques, known broadly as propensity score techniques. Observed confounding covariate differences were controlled through the estimation and application of propensity score techniques. Numerous propensity score techniques exist, yet few guidelines are available to aid researchers in choosing the best technique for a specific dataset and research question. Propensity score estimation and application techniques are described and a taxonomic approach is proposed to guide selection of the best techniques for these data. Results . In the NLSY dataset, after using propensity score adjustment, the odds of current depression among past-year cannabis users was only 1.1 times higher than the comparison group (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.8, 1.7). After applying the best propensity score technique to use for the PRC dataset, the risk of young adult depression for the recent-onset cannabis problem using females was not statistically significantly different from the risk among the comparison females (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.68, 95% CI: 0.20, 2.34). The risk of young adult depression among the early-onset cannabis problem using males was positive, but still not statistically significantly different from the comparison males (OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 0.77, 3.60). Discussion . Similar inferences may be drawn from both studies testing the potential causal link between cannabis and depression. After adjusting for differences in baseline confounders of cannabis use and depression, past-year cannabis use was not a significant predictor of current depression among adults. For adolescents, although the estimated association was higher for males, the qualitative difference in risk for males and females and the lack of statistical significance for either gender did not support claims of a causal association. Conclusion . These data do not support the hypothesis that there is a causal link between cannabis and depression. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harder, Valerie S. Cannabis and Depression: Demystifying Propensity Score Techniques. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2008.. |
2581. |
Harder, Valerie S. Morral, Andrew R. Arkes, Jeremy |
Marijuana Use and Depression Among Adults: Testing for Causal Associations Addiction 101,10 (October 2006): 1463-1472. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01545.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Drug Use; Self-Reporting; Substance Use; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Aim: To determine whether marijuana use predicts later development of depression after accounting for differences between users and non-users of marijuana. Design: An ongoing longitudinal survey of 12 686 men and women beginning in 1979. Setting: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of 1979, a nationally representative sample from the United States. Participants: A total of 8759 adults (age range 29–37 years) interviewed in 1994 had complete data on past-year marijuana use and current depression. Measurements: Self-reported past-year marijuana use was tested as an independent predictor of later adult depression using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies--Depression questionnaire. Individual's propensity to use marijuana was calculated using over 50 baseline covariates. Findings: Before adjusting for group differences, the odds of current depression among past-year marijuana users is 1.4 times higher (95% CI: 1.1, 1.9) than the odds of depression among the non-using comparison group. After adjustment, the odds of current depression among past-year marijuana users is only 1.1 times higher than the comparison group (95% CI: 0.8, 1.7). Similarly, adjustment eliminates significant associations between marijuana use and depression in four additional analyses: heavy marijuana use as the risk factor, stratifying by either gender or age, and using a 4-year lag-time between marijuana use and depression. Conclusions: After adjusting for differences in baseline risk factors of marijuana use and depression, past-year marijuana use does not significantly predict later development of depression. These findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for understanding possible causal effects of marijuana use on depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Harder, Valerie S., Andrew R. Morral and Jeremy Arkes. "Marijuana Use and Depression Among Adults: Testing for Causal Associations." Addiction 101,10 (October 2006): 1463-1472.
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2582. |
Hardie, Jessica H. |
How Aspirations Are Formed and Challenged in the Transition to Adulthood and Implications for Adult Well-Being Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Sociology, 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Job Satisfaction; Mobility, Social; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Occupational Aspirations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Aspirations play a primary role in linking social class background to later attainment. Planful adolescents who formulate ambitious educational and occupational goals are more likely to succeed than those who hold modest expectations. Yet we know little about the process by which young people choose and develop aspirations or the barriers they face in attempting to achieve these goals. This dissertation aims to fill this gap, by asking how structural factors shape the choices young people make regarding their educational and occupational futures, how the ability to follow through on these choices is distributed, and how failing to meet one's chosen goals may impact individuals' job satisfaction and psychological well-being. The first chapter uses in-depth interviews with 61 junior and senior high school girls to show how social class shapes educational and occupational aspirations and plans through the availability and use of social networks. These interviews reveal that middle class adolescents are embedded in resource-rich social networks that facilitate high educational and occupational attainment while limited social ties, family instability, and parental disengagement produce disadvantages for working class and poor youth. The second chapter uses survey data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS) to explore the relationship between events in the transition to adulthood and fulfillment of one's educational and occupational expectations. Findings reveal that the order and timing of family formation and dissolution events can disrupt young people's paths to attainment in early adulthood. The final chapter uses NLSY79 and NELS datasets to test the relationship between falling short of one's expectations and emotional and psychological outcomes in early adulthood. Results indicate that occupational expectations can serve as baseline standard with which to judge later accomplishments--falling short of these goals leads to lower emotional and psychological well-being in adulthood. These findings support the claims of relative deprivation theory, which argues that dissatisfaction arises from the gap between what one has and what one wants. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hardie, Jessica H. How Aspirations Are Formed and Challenged in the Transition to Adulthood and Implications for Adult Well-Being. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Sociology, 2009. |
2583. |
Hardie, Jessica H. |
Social Comparisons and Satisfaction With Work Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Expectations/Intentions; Job Satisfaction; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Attainment; Parental Influences; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Social psychological theories suggest that individuals' wellbeing depends, in part, on how they compare themselves to others or previously established standards. The current study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N=9,813) and employs random- and fixed-effects models to examine whether job satisfaction is a function of four social comparisons: 1) the gap between occupational aspirations in adolescence and attainment, 2) the gap between parents' occupational attainment and respondent's occupational attainment, 3) the gap between siblings' occupational attainment and respondent's occupational attainment, and 4) the gap between predicted occupational attainment and actual occupational attainment. Findings reveal job satisfaction is negatively associated with falling short of aspirations and falling short of predicted occupational attainment. Exceeding parents' attainment is associated with higher odds of job satisfaction. These findings make a unique contribution to theory and our understanding of wellbeing in relation to work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hardie, Jessica H. "Social Comparisons and Satisfaction With Work." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
2584. |
Hardie, Jessica H. |
The Consequences of Unrealized Occupational Goals in the Transition to Adulthood Social Science Research 48 (November 2014): 196-211. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X14001306 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Gender Differences; Job Satisfaction; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Occupational Aspirations; Transition, Adulthood; Well-Being Do unmet occupational goals have negative consequences for well-being? Several social-psychological theories posit that aspirations become standards against which individuals judge themselves, thereby decreasing well-being when unmet. Yet other evidence points to young adults’ goal flexibility and resilience, suggesting unmet aspirations may not affect well-being. This paper tests these alternatives using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (N=9,016) and the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 (N=10,547) to examine whether the degree of match between adolescent occupational aspirations (NLSY) and expectations (NELS) and later attainment affect job satisfaction and depression. This paper also examines gender differences in the cost to unmet goals. Findings reveal a cost to falling short of one’s occupational goals, manifested in more depressive symptoms for men in the older cohort, and lower job satisfaction for both men and women across two cohorts born approximately 14 years apart. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hardie, Jessica H. "The Consequences of Unrealized Occupational Goals in the Transition to Adulthood." Social Science Research 48 (November 2014): 196-211.
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2585. |
Hardy, Bradley L. Gershenson, Seth |
Parental Involvement, Summer Activities, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Educational Attainment Presented: New Orleans LA, Southern Economic Association Annual Meeting, October 2012. Updated May 2013. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Academic Development; Educational Attainment; Extracurricular Activities/Sports; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Mothers, Education; Parent-School involvement; Parental Influences Several authors have speculated that differences in parental involvement across parents' educational attainment may influence the intergenerational transmission of education; however, these literatures have yet to be formally integrated. We begin to fill this gap in the literature by estimating augmented intergenerational mobility models that include measures of parental involvement and children's participation in "school like" summer activities using rich data from the Child and Young Adult Supplement to the National Longitudinal Survey (NLSY79). Adding parental involvement and summer activity measures to the vector of standard socioeconomic controls does not change the estimated intergenerational transmission of education coefficient. Participation in summer activities significantly influences children's educational attainment, and the transmission of education operates at least partially through highly-educated mothers facilitating their children's participation in stimulating summer activities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hardy, Bradley L. and Seth Gershenson. "Parental Involvement, Summer Activities, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Educational Attainment." Presented: New Orleans LA, Southern Economic Association Annual Meeting, October 2012. Updated May 2013. |
2586. |
Harford, Thomas C. |
Stability and Prevalence of Drinking Among Young Adults Addiction 88,2 (February 1993): 273-277. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb00811.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Gender Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This data note draws upon the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Labor Market Experience in Youth beginning at ages 17-24 to describe the stability and prevalence of alcohol use over a 6-year up to ages 23-30. Approximately 70% of men and 58% of women maintained their drinking status throughout the study. The onset of current and heavier drinking decreased with increasing age while the offset of current and heavier drinking increased with increasing age. The absence of current drinking was unrelated to age for both men and women as was the presence of heavier drinking among men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harford, Thomas C. "Stability and Prevalence of Drinking Among Young Adults." Addiction 88,2 (February 1993): 273-277.
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2587. |
Harford, Thomas C. Grant, Bridget F. |
Prevalence and Population Validity of DSM-III-R Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: The 1989 National Longitudinal Survey on Youth Journal of Substance Abuse 6,1 (1994): 37-44. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899328994900655 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of Soutn Carolina Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Epidemiology; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Hispanics; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS); Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This report presents national estimates of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R) alcohol abuse and dependence among 24- to 31-year-olds using the 1989 National Longitudinal Survey on Youth (NLSY). Population estimates derived from the 1989 NLSY are also compared with corresponding estimates from the 1988 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The 1-year prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence was 13.95% in the 1989 NLSY. In general, rates of abuse and dependence were greater for men than for women and slightly declined with age. Although the prevalence of abuse was much greater among whites compared to blacks or Hispanics, the rates for dependence among Hispanics and whites exceeded those for their black counterparts. The rates of abuse and dependence were strikingly similar between the 1989 NLSY and 1988 NHIS, providing evidence for the population validity or generalizability of the diagnostic measures. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harford, Thomas C. and Bridget F. Grant. "Prevalence and Population Validity of DSM-III-R Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: The 1989 National Longitudinal Survey on Youth." Journal of Substance Abuse 6,1 (1994): 37-44.
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2588. |
Harford, Thomas C. Hanna, Eleanor Z. Faden, Vivian B. |
The Long- and Short-Term Effects of Marriage on Drinking Journal of Substance Abuse 6,2 (1994): 209-217. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899328994902291 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of Soutn Carolina Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Divorce; Epidemiology; Family History; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Marriage; Minority Groups; Rehabilitation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the 11-year National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth are used to examine both short- and long-term effects of marital status on alcohol consumption and to assess the relationship between gender and heavy drinking patterns on the marital-alcohol consumption relationship. Race, gender, history of heavy drinking, and alcoholic relatives were additional key variables utilized in the analysis. Multiple regression analysis indicates that long-term marriage was associated with decreased drinking, except among women with a history of heavy drinking. Separation and divorce were not associated with long-term effects on current drinking, but divorce was associated with decreased drinking, at least in the short term, for men and women with a family history of alcoholism. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harford, Thomas C., Eleanor Z. Hanna and Vivian B. Faden. "The Long- and Short-Term Effects of Marriage on Drinking." Journal of Substance Abuse 6,2 (1994): 209-217.
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2589. |
Harford, Thomas C. Muthen, Bengt O. |
Adolescent and Young Adult Antisocial Behavior and Adult Alcohol Use Disorders: A Fourteen-Year Prospective Follow-Up in a National Survey Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61,4 (July 2000): 524-528. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Adolescent_and_Young_Adult_Antisocial_Behavior_and_Adult_Alcohol_Use_Disord/783.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Modeling; Teenagers; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Author: Objective: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are used to examine the association between antisocial behaviors (ASB) reported in youth (15-22 years old) and alcohol use disorders (AUD) 14 years later in a large (N = 7,326) representative national sample. Method: Structural equation modeling generalized to dichotomous outcomes was used to assess the associations between latent variables of ASB with latent variables of AUD and background variables. Results: Exploratory factor analysis of 17 ASB items yielded three factors having clear interpretations with the literature-property offenses, person offenses and illicit substance involvement. When examined in the context of the multivariate structural equation model, several independent associations between ASB and AUD symptoms and covariates were found. Although there were significant and independent effects for each ASB factor on each of the alcohol use disorder factors, the strength of the association was strongest for the effects of early illicit substance involvement on alcohol abuse and dependence. Conclusions: Both illicit substance involvement and delinquency other than illicit substance involvement reported in 1980 were associated with alcohol use disorders 14 years later. (J. Stud. Alcohol 61: 524-528, 2000) |
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Bibliography Citation
Harford, Thomas C. and Bengt O. Muthen. "Adolescent and Young Adult Antisocial Behavior and Adult Alcohol Use Disorders: A Fourteen-Year Prospective Follow-Up in a National Survey." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61,4 (July 2000): 524-528.
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2590. |
Harford, Thomas C. Muthen, Bengt O. |
Alcohol Use Among College Students: The Effects of Prior Problem Behaviors and Change of Residence Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62,3 (May 2001): 306-312. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Alcohol_Use_among_College_Students_The_Effects_of_Prior_Problem_Behaviors_/1387.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavioral Problems; Educational Status; High School; Residence; Substance Use; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Youth Problems Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This article examines the relationship between prior problem behaviors and change in residence on alcohol use patterns among college students. Method: Measures of alcohol consumption (e.g., drinking frequency, average consumption and frequency of heavy episodic drinking) were related to residence patterns and prior problem behaviors (e.g., conduct problems, illicit substance involvement and early age at onset of alcohol consumption). Subjects (N = 2,465; 51% women) were a subsample drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Labor Market Experience in Youth. The analysis was conducted using a linear growth model for continuous outcomes with time-invariant and time-varying covariates for each of the drinking measures. Results: The results of the structural equation analysis yielded significant and direct effects related to residence patterns and prior problem behaviors. Problem behaviors were related to drinking measures; however, there was no evidence for a mediational hypothesis. Neither was there systematic evidence that the relationship between prior problem behavior and alcohol use was mediated by residence patterns. The analysis of change in residence was related to both time-specific and longer-term influences on alcohol use. Conclusions: The presence of direct and independent effects for both dispositional and high-risk environmental factors in collegiate drinking practices support targeted and diverse strategies for prevention activities. [Copyright © 2004 Thomson ISI] |
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Bibliography Citation
Harford, Thomas C. and Bengt O. Muthen. "Alcohol Use Among College Students: The Effects of Prior Problem Behaviors and Change of Residence." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62,3 (May 2001): 306-312.
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2591. |
Harford, Thomas C. Muthen, Bengt O. |
The Dimensionality of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A Multivariate Analysis of DSM-IV Symptom Items in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62,2 (March 2001): 150-157. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/The_Dimensionality_of_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Dependence_A_Multivariate_Analysis/1403.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Educational Status; Family History; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Multilevel; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. OBJECTIVE: This article examines the factor structure of 22 symptom items used to configure the criteria of DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) alcohol abuse and dependence and relates the factor structure to background characteristics. METHOD: Data for this study were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Labor Market Experience in Youth (NLSY). The symptom items were related to the covariates using the statistical technique of structural equation modeling generalized to dichotomous outcomes. The present model is a special case of structural equation modeling, a multiple causes and multiple indicators (MIMIC) model, in which one or more latent variables (i.e., alcohol abuse and dependence) intervene between a set of observed background variables predicting a set of observed response variables (i.e., DSM-IV symptom items). RESULTS: The results of the structural equation analysis provide further support for two dimensions underlying the DSM-IV symptom items. Although the two-factor dimension bore a strong resemblance to the DSM-IV conceptions of abuse and dependence, there were notable differences in the item content of the symptom items for each dimension. The dependence dimension drew upon items related to the abuse criteria for continued drinking despite social problems and recurrent drinking resulting in failure to fulfill role obligations. The abuse dimension drew upon items related to the abuse criterion for hazardous drinking and the dependence criterion for larger amounts over time. The two factors were shown to have different relationships to the background variables. Alcohol dependence was related to family history of alcoholism and educational status. Age was not related to dependence and inversely related to alcohol abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study replicate the two-dimensional model for DSM-IV criteria found in other studies and provide further support for the validity of alcohol dependence i n general population samples. A major implication of the factor structure in the present study relates to the different classification of cases that would otherwise be obtained with DSM-IV criteria. These departures were shown to affect abuse, which retained only 40% of DSM-IV diagnoses, more strongly than dependence, which retained 91% of DSM-IV diagnoses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harford, Thomas C. and Bengt O. Muthen. "The Dimensionality of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A Multivariate Analysis of DSM-IV Symptom Items in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62,2 (March 2001): 150-157.
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2592. |
Harford, Thomas C. Parker, Douglas A. |
Antisocial Behavior, Family History, and Alcohol Dependence Symptoms Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 18,2 (April 1994): 265-268. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00012.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Behavior; Family History; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of young adults, this study examines the effects of antisocial behavior on alcohol dependence among young men and women in the United States. An analysis of the data from the study indicates that there are effects of antisocial behavior and that these effects cannot be attributed to a lower social class family of origin or to a positive family history of alcoholism. The analysis also indicates that the strongest effects are found among young adults with both antisocial behavior and a positive family history. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harford, Thomas C. and Douglas A. Parker. "Antisocial Behavior, Family History, and Alcohol Dependence Symptoms." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 18,2 (April 1994): 265-268.
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2593. |
Harford, Thomas C. Parker, Douglas A. Grant, Bridget F. |
Family History, Alcohol Use and Dependence Symptoms Among Young Adults in the United States Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 16,6 (December 1992): 1042-1046. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1992.tb00696.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Family Background and Culture Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Drawing upon data from the National Longitudinal Survey of young adults, this paper examines the effects of family history of alcoholism and current alcohol use by the young adults. A multivariate analysis of the data from the study indicates that there are both main and interaction effects of family history and current alcohol use on dependence symptoms among the young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harford, Thomas C., Douglas A. Parker and Bridget F. Grant. "Family History, Alcohol Use and Dependence Symptoms Among Young Adults in the United States." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 16,6 (December 1992): 1042-1046.
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2594. |
Harford, Thomas C. Yi, Hsiao-Ye Grant, Bridget F. |
Five-year Diagnostic Utility of "Diagnostic Orphans" for Alcohol Use Disorders in a National Sample of Young Adults Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 71,3 (May 2010); 410-417. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/The_FiveYear_Diagnostic_Utility_of_Diagnostic_Orphans_for_Alcohol_Use_Di/4455.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Diagnostic Orphans; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This study was conducted to assess the association of "diagnostic orphans" at baseline and subsequent development of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) alcohol use disorders (AUDs) 5 years later. Method: A sample of 8,534 respondents was drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for the years 1989 and 1994. Diagnostic orphans were defined as respondents who met one or two alcohol dependence symptom criteria but did not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence. Using multinomial logistic regression analysis, 1994 assessments of DSM-IV AUD were regressed on 1989 baseline assessments of diagnostic orphan status and DSM-IV AUD. In addition to demographic characteristics, other background variables included heavy episodic drinking at baseline and early problem behaviors (antisocial behaviors, illicit substance use, and age at onset of alcohol use). Results: Findings from this 5-year prospective study indicate that diagnostic orphan status at baseline was predictive of DSM-IV AUD at follow-up. These associations remained significant when other early behavioral problems were included in the models. Conclusions: The present findings have important diagnostic implications for the proposed DSM-V, particularly for a dimensional diagnosis incorporating less severe forms of alcohol dependence. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 71, 410-417, 2010). |
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Bibliography Citation
Harford, Thomas C., Hsiao-Ye Yi and Bridget F. Grant. "Five-year Diagnostic Utility of "Diagnostic Orphans" for Alcohol Use Disorders in a National Sample of Young Adults." Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 71,3 (May 2010); 410-417.
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2595. |
Harford, Thomas C. Yi, Hsiao-Ye Hilton, Michael E. |
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in College and Noncollege Samples: A Ten-Year Prospective Follow-Up in a National Survey Journal of Studies on Alcohol 67,6 (November 2006): 803-808. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Alcohol_Abuse_and_Dependence_in_College_and_Noncollege_Samples_A_TenYear_/1529.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior, Antisocial; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Demography; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Health, Mental/Psychological; High School Dropouts; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This prospective study examines the association of educational status in 1984 and the risk for past-year Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), alcohol-use disorders (AUDs) in 1994, 10 years later. Method: A sample of 8,661 respondents was drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience in Youth. Measures included baseline heavy episodic drinking, alcohol-dependence symptoms, early problem behaviors (antisocial behaviors, illicit substance use, family history of alcoholism, and age at onset of alcohol use), demographic characteristics (gender, race/ethnicity, age, marital status), and 1994 assessment for past-year DSM-IV AUDs. Results: Findings from this 10-year prospective study indicate that education beyond high school had a protective effect for alcohol dependence, and dropping Out of high school resulted in an elevated long-term risk for alcohol dependence. These associations remained significant when other early behavioral problems were included in the models. Conclusions: The risk of alcohol dependence and, consequently, the need for appropriately tailored prevention efforts is greater among high school dropouts and college nonattenders than among college students, although much of the current literature has focused on the latter. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harford, Thomas C., Hsiao-Ye Yi and Michael E. Hilton. "Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in College and Noncollege Samples: A Ten-Year Prospective Follow-Up in a National Survey." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 67,6 (November 2006): 803-808.
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2596. |
Hargens, Lowell L. |
Incidence of First-Marriage Divorce among Women in the 1979 Panel of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Demographic Research 40,52 (June 2019): 1529-1536. Also: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26727041 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to determine whether the likelihood of first-marriage divorce among a cohort of women who have been adults during the years of the US 'divorce plateau' matches the level implied by period rates of first-marriage divorce during those years. METHODS: I use marital histories for women in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to examine the current status of their first marriages and also carry out a survival analysis that takes into account right censoring and the competing risks of death and widowhood. RESULTS: It is likely that at least half of the first marriages of the women in the NLSY79 sample have already ended in divorce, a level notably higher than those implied by analyses based on period rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hargens, Lowell L. "Incidence of First-Marriage Divorce among Women in the 1979 Panel of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Demographic Research 40,52 (June 2019): 1529-1536.
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2597. |
Harmon, Sandra M. |
Maternal Civic Engagement, Paternal Involvement, and the Effects on Academic Outcomes for Children M.A. Thesis, Department of Sociology, North Carolina State University, 2011 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, North Carolina State University Keyword(s): Child Health; Fathers, Involvement; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Behavior; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Volunteer Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this project, I investigate how maternal volunteering and paternal involvement, two forms of family social capital, affect children’s academic outcomes. Prior studies show that volunteer work provides important social capital for adults and improves their physical, psychological, and psychosocial well-being. Additionally, both maternal volunteering and paternal involvement have independent additive effects on children’s well-being. Social scientists are concerned that volunteer work has decreased substantially in the last four decades, which may have negative implications for mothers and their children. However, research in this field has yet to study how the interaction of maternal volunteering and paternal involvement affects children’s academic outcomes. For my thesis, I use a sample of children ages 10 to 14 (n=1030) and their mothers (n=850) from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth from 2006. I first examine the effects of maternal volunteering on children’s math and reading scores. Then, I test the interactive effect of maternal volunteering and paternal involvement. Results from OLS regression analyses show that maternal volunteering positively affects children’s math and reading scores. Interaction effects demonstrate that maternal volunteering can boost children’s math and reading scores if there is little or no paternal involvement. If children experience high paternal involvement, the effects of maternal volunteering disappear. I discuss the implications of the results and suggest future research in the field of family social capital and volunteering. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harmon, Sandra M. Maternal Civic Engagement, Paternal Involvement, and the Effects on Academic Outcomes for Children. M.A. Thesis, Department of Sociology, North Carolina State University, 2011. |
2598. |
Harper, Cynthia Channing |
A Longitudinal Analysis of Drug Use and Youth Crime in the U.S. Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Disadvantaged, Economically; Drug Use; Illegal Activities; Incarceration/Jail; Substance Use; Youth Problems Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates a U.S. cohort of male youth to measure the extent to which drug use accounts for criminal activity. While crime has shown persistent decreases overall in the past decade, it has become more concentrated among the young. Since the early eighties, crime is not only more common among youth, but it has also become more violent. Trafficking of illicit drugs has created a violent market, principally for distributors and sellers, and has involved increasingly younger individuals. Using individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the research follows a male youth cohort from the late seventies to early nineties to explore changing associations among drug use and incarceration over time. The panel survey oversamples economically disadvantaged population, including out-of-school-youth, who are at elevated risk of both drug use and criminal activity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harper, Cynthia Channing. "A Longitudinal Analysis of Drug Use and Youth Crime in the U.S." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997. |
2599. |
Harper, Cynthia Channing |
Family Instability and Crime: Does One Really Lead to the Other? Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Influences; Family Studies; Fathers, Absence; Illegal Activities; Incarceration/Jail; Parents, Single; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines a population of young men to see how family life is associated with crime in the U.S. It uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to track a sample of 6,859 young men from 1979 to the present, testing whether family disruption, father absence, step-parenting or other family arrangements increase the likelihood of incarceration. Results show that net of other individual, socio-economic, or community level factors which influence crime, family instability is highly associated with the probability of incarceration. Growing up in a single parent family significantly increases the likelihood of going to jail. However, growing up with a step-parent increases it to a much greater extent. These findings are relevant for crime policy, which focuses virtually all resources on corrective measures, rather than on preventive programs for children at high risk of incarceration later in life. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harper, Cynthia Channing. "Family Instability and Crime: Does One Really Lead to the Other?" Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995. |
2600. |
Harper, Cynthia Channing |
From Playpen To Federal Pen: Family Instability and Youth Crime Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Demography; Disadvantaged, Economically; Event History; Family Formation; Family Influences; Family Studies; Fatherhood; Heterogeneity; Incarceration/Jail; Minorities; Parents, Single; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Transitional Programs; Youth Problems This dissertation investigates the role of the family in the growth in youth crime in the United States, following a male cohort through the crime-prone years, from adolescence to early adulthood. Panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a probability survey with oversampling of disadvantaged populations, provide individual-level information on youths, aged 14 to 22, from 1979 to the present. Methods from event history analysis are used to model these data in a longitudinal statistical study. This research covers the transition of adolescents from their former family life stage, childhood, to their future life stage, formation of own family, and measures the influence of family in these two stages on the likelihood of youth crime. For the first stage, family histories from birth are traced to determine the factors that have a visible impact on criminal behavior, including parents, other household members, and family resources. For the second stage, the research investigates whether family formation patterns have a positive or a negative effect on the youth's life prospects, given a certain family of origin. The effects of early fatherhood on future criminal behavior are measured. Young fathers are compared to their childless peers for criminal tendencies, and their decisions to marry or to cohabit are examined for any protective effects against crime. Results show that young men who have experienced family instability during childhood face an increased likelihood of criminal behavior. In particular, male adolescents in mother-stepfather households exhibit high levels of antisocial behavior. Youths in single mother households are also at increased risk, although not to the same degree. Childhood family instability is, in turn, associated with early fatherhood, particularly for minorities. Those who have children at a young age face much more difficult future prospects: The probability of crime and incarceration is extremely elevated for these youths, even after adjusting the estimates for unobserved heterogeneity in family background. Neither fatherhood, marriage nor cohabitation seem to pull young men through the transition to adulthood, a life stage in which criminal activities wane. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harper, Cynthia Channing. From Playpen To Federal Pen: Family Instability and Youth Crime. Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1996. |
2601. |
Harper, Cynthia Channing |
When Father Walks, Does Son Follow? An Intergenerational Analysis of Fathering Patterns Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Event History; Family Environment; Family History; Family Studies; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Leaving; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study on the transmission of "fatherhood" patterns from father to son measures whether a child who experiences father absence while growing up is more likely to become an absent father himself one day. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this research evaluates the experience of a contemporary youth cohort from the late seventies to the early nineties, within the historical trend of increasing father absence. The survey oversamples disadvantaged populations who are at higher risk of single parenthood. The research methodology used is a longitudinal event history analysis of the effects of childhood family history on the probability of becoming a nonresidential father later in life. Preliminary results show that controlling for individual and community characteristics, this male cohort tends to re-create their childhood family situations while forming their own families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harper, Cynthia Channing. "When Father Walks, Does Son Follow? An Intergenerational Analysis of Fathering Patterns." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997. |
2602. |
Harper, Cynthia Channing |
Youth Crime and Family Formation: Does Fatherhood Pull Young Men Out of the High Risk Set for Jail? Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Fatherhood; Heterogeneity; Incarceration/Jail; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parenthood; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Investigates patterns of family formation among a contemporary US youth cohort to assess the association of young fatherhood with criminal activity - whether male reproduction in a nonconventional family unit is likely to be associated with delinquent social behaviors or, conversely, to help pull young men into the social order in increased concern for the future generation. Individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to track a sample of 6,000+ males ages 14-22, 1979-present. The survey is nationally representative, but oversamples disadvantaged populations, who are at higher risk of both young fatherhood & youth crime. Several statistical methodologies are used to model the pathway to incarceration, including continuation ratio models & longitudinal event history analysis, which considers the effects of time-varying covariates. The final methodology is a fixed effects analysis of sibling pairs to control for unobserved heterogeneity, since selection into family formation patterns & criminal activities are strong. Results show that young fathers face greatly increased odds of criminal outcomes, compared to their peers. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Harper, Cynthia Channing. "Youth Crime and Family Formation: Does Fatherhood Pull Young Men Out of the High Risk Set for Jail?" Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996. |
2603. |
Harper, Cynthia Channing McLanahan, Sara S. |
Father Absence and Youth Incarceration Journal of Research on Adolescence 14,3 (September 2004): 369-398. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2004.00079.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Event History; Fathers, Absence; Incarceration/Jail; Income Level; Mothers, Adolescent; Poverty; Racial Differences; Stepfamilies This study measured the likelihood of youth incarceration among adolescent males from father-absent households, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N=34,031 person-years). At baseline, the adolescents ranged from 14 to 17 years, and the incarceration outcome measure spanned ages 15 to 30 years. This study tested whether risk factors concentrated in father-absent households explained the apparent effects of father absence. Results from longitudinal event-history analysis showed that although a sizable portion of the risk that appeared to be due to father absence could actually be attributed to other factors, such as teen motherhood, low parent education, racial inequalities, and poverty, adolescents in father-absent households still faced elevated incarceration risks. The adolescents who faced the highest incarceration risks, however, were those in stepparent families, including father-stepmother families. Coresidential grandparents may help attenuate this risk, although remarriage and residential instability increased it. Social policies to support children should broaden beyond an emphasis on marriage to address the risks faced by adolescents living in stepfamilies as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Harper, Cynthia Channing and Sara S. McLanahan. "Father Absence and Youth Incarceration." Journal of Research on Adolescence 14,3 (September 2004): 369-398.
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2604. |
Harper, Cynthia Channing McLanahan, Sara S. |
Father Absence and Youth Incarceration Working Paper #99-03, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, October 1999. Also: http://crcw.princeton.edu/workingpapers/WP99-03-Harper.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Office of Population Research, Princeton University Keyword(s): Family Formation; Family Influences; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Incarceration/Jail; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study measures the likelihood of incarceration among contemporary male youths from father-absent households, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Hypotheses test the contribution of socioeconomic disadvantage, poverty, family instability, residential adults in father-absent households, as well as selection bias. Results from longitudinal event history analysis show that while certain unfavorable circumstances, such as teen motherhood, low parent education, urban residence, racial inequalities and poverty, are associated with incarceration among father-absent youths, net of these factors, these youths still face double the odds of their peers. Nonetheless, youths from stepparent families are even more vulnerable to the risk of incarceration, especially those in father-stepmother households, which suggests that the re-marriage may present even greater difficulties for male children than father absence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harper, Cynthia Channing and Sara S. McLanahan. "Father Absence and Youth Incarceration." Working Paper #99-03, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, October 1999. |
2605. |
Harper, Jennifer |
Marriage Makes Monetary Sense, Analysis Finds The Washington Times, January 19, 2006, Nation; Pg. A10. Also: http://www.washingtontimes.com/national/20060118-101328-7042r.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: News World Communications Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital Stability; Marriage; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A newspaper article in the Washington Times discussing Jay Zagorsky's research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harper, Jennifer. "Marriage Makes Monetary Sense, Analysis Finds." The Washington Times, January 19, 2006, Nation; Pg. A10. |
2606. |
Harrati, Amal Heburn, Peter |
Gender Differences in the Life Course Effects of Unemployment on Mid- and Later-Life Health Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585. Also: https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/4/Supplement_1/585/6035962 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is substantial evidence that unemployment is associated with adverse health. Given different lifetime employment patterns, these effects may differ between men and women. However, current studies often only characterize unemployment as a one-time shock, and measure the effects on health shortly thereafter. Using unique data available from The National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, we characterize employment trajectories for a nationally-representative sample of American men and women for every week of their lives between the ages of 18 and 50 years old. We then explore associations between unemployment and a number of health conditions including cancer, hypertension, diabetes, and depression at age 50--when the onset of chronic health conditions often begins—to examine the cumulative effects of unemployment over the life course on later-life health. We find that men and women have different patterns of lifetime unemployment and that these patterns have strong associations with poorer health at age 50. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harrati, Amal and Peter Heburn. "Gender Differences in the Life Course Effects of Unemployment on Mid- and Later-Life Health." Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585.
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2607. |
Harris, Douglas Wayne |
An Analysis of Youth Labor Force Transition Probabilities M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1984. Also: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a153763.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Military Service; Transition, School to Work Many of the enlisted supply research to date focuses on the transition of individuals from high school to the military. Little is known of those who have chosen other options, such as further education, employment, or to remain out of the labor force completely. With the decline of the 17-21 year old male population, research must be directed towards the entire labor market. This thesis uses data from the NLSY to estimate the transition probabilities among seven possible states for individuals aged 17-22. The states are high school, college, active service, employment full time, employment part time, unemployment, and out of the labor force. Tests are made to determine if the transition probabilities are stable across and independent of time. It was found that the system was generally stable across time but was not independent of age and labor force industry. [NTIS AD-A153-763-8-XAB] |
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Bibliography Citation
Harris, Douglas Wayne. An Analysis of Youth Labor Force Transition Probabilities. M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1984.. |
2608. |
Harris, Kathleen Mullan Guo, Guang Marmer, Jeremy K. |
Consequences of Maternal Employment and Welfare Receipt for Children in Poor Families Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Children, Well-Being; Employment; Income; Maternal Employment; Modeling; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Poverty; Siblings; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the inter-relationships among mother's work, poverty, and child well-being using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We first trace the complex and dynamic patterns of work and welfare receipt among mothers over time since the child's birth and then examine the implications of mothers' different economic strategies for the well-being of children. One of the important contributions of our work involves the careful longitudinal modeling of the effects of work and welfare receipt and disentangling their effects from the effects of income We also examine potential selection bias of mothers' work and welfare choices by comparing OLS models with fixed effects models using child siblings as the unit of observation. Findings have important implications for welfare reform proposals calling for more stringent work obligations of welfare mothers without any understanding of the consequences for children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harris, Kathleen Mullan, Guang Guo and Jeremy K. Marmer. "Consequences of Maternal Employment and Welfare Receipt for Children in Poor Families." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996. |
2609. |
Harris, Kathleen Mullan Raley, R. Kelly Rindfuss, Ronald R. |
Family Configurations and Child-Care Patterns: Families with Two or More Preschool-Age Children Social Science Quarterly 83, 2 (June 2002): 455-471. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1540-6237.00094/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Child Care; Children, Preschool; Family Characteristics; Family Size; Family Structure; Fertility; Household Composition; Household Structure; Life Course; Maternal Employment; Preschool Children; Social Roles; Women's Roles; Work Hours/Schedule Objectives. This article examines the extent to which mothers must find child-care arrangements for more than one preschool child, and when they do, the strategies they adopt to juggle their work and family roles. Methods. We use national data from numerous studies with information on fertility and child care among employed mothers with children. Results. We find that it is a common life-course experience for mother to need child care for two or more preschool-age children. Employed mothers' preferred strategy for child care for their multiple preschool-age children is to place all preschoolers in the same type of arrangement, choosing parental care more often and center care less often than employed mothers with one preschooler. Conclusions. Previous child-care research has ignored the complexities parents face when they must make child-care decisions about all their preschool-age children simultaneously. Child-Care decisions need to be studied within the family and household context. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harris, Kathleen Mullan, R. Kelly Raley and Ronald R. Rindfuss. "Family Configurations and Child-Care Patterns: Families with Two or More Preschool-Age Children." Social Science Quarterly 83, 2 (June 2002): 455-471.
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2610. |
Harris, Matt |
What is the Full Cost of Body Mass in the Workplace? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Obesity; Occupational Choice; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages; Weight; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation discusses results obtained by formulating and estimating a dynamic stochastic model of individuals' annual joint decisions of occupation, hours worked, and schooling. A standard dynamic occupational choice model is augmented by allowing body weight to affect the non-monetary costs and distribution of wages for each occupation. The model also captures the effects of individuals' employment decisions on body weight in subsequent periods through on-job activity levels, disposable income and time available for leisure. Conditional density estimation is used to model the stochastic evolution of body weight and formulate the distributions of wages in each occupation. I estimate the model using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort, the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, and Occupational Information Network. Results suggest individuals with higher body weight are likely to incur wage penalties in occupations with intense social requirements. Further, individuals with excess body weight earn lower returns to experience and face greater switching costs in white-collar occupations than healthy weight individuals. Simulating the model with estimated parameters, I find that halving the weight-specific frictions in switching occupations reduces the gap in wages between the obese and non-obese by 12%. Further, an exogenous reduction in an individual's initial body mass by 10% leads to a 1.5% increase in wages over the life course, and increases the probability of attaining employment in professional occupations by 5%. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harris, Matt. What is the Full Cost of Body Mass in the Workplace? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2013. |
2611. |
Harris, Matthew C. |
The Impact of Body Weight on Occupational Mobility and Career Development International Economic Review 60,2 (May 2019): 631-660. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/iere.12364 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Career Patterns; Mobility, Occupational; Obesity; Occupational Choice; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Weight This paper examines the relationship between individuals' weight and employment decisions over the life cycle. I estimate a dynamic stochastic model of individuals' annual choices of occupation, hours worked, and schooling. Evidence suggests heavier individuals face higher switching costs when transitioning into white collar occupations, earn lower returns to experience in white‐collar occupations, and earn lower wages in socially intensive jobs. I simulate a hypothetical anti‐discrimination policy treating obese workers as a protected class. While such a policy would reduce gaps in occupational attainment, it would have little effect on the observed divergence in wages between obese and non‐obese workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harris, Matthew C. "The Impact of Body Weight on Occupational Mobility and Career Development." International Economic Review 60,2 (May 2019): 631-660.
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2612. |
Harrison, Ellen R. Haaga, John Richards, Toni |
Self-Reported Drug Use Data: What Do They Reveal? American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 19,4 (December 1993): 423-441. Also: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00952999309001632 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Informa Healthcare Keyword(s): Drug Use; Epidemiology; Gender Differences; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Self-Reporting; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines self-reported marijuana and cocaine use responses from two nationally representative surveys. It compares prevalence rates across birth cohorts for multiple years of the National Household Survey of Drug Abuse (NHSDA) and also analyzes longitudinal inconsistencies in self-reported drug use between two waves of the National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort (NLSY). The percentages of respondents admitting use within the past month, year, and lifetime were comparable and consistent with the declining trend in drug use in the late 1980s. Using NLSY data, the study found that roughly one-fifth of the respondents who had admitted using marijuana or cocaine in their lifetime on the 1984 survey subsequently denied ever having used in 1988. The majority of these cases were people who reported having used infrequently. The subsample of women had similar patterns. In addition, the study discovered that women who had been pregnant between the two surveys were more likely to inconsistently deny having ever used, while those who were currently pregnant responded more honestly about their past use. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harrison, Ellen R., John Haaga and Toni Richards. "Self-Reported Drug Use Data: What Do They Reveal?" American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 19,4 (December 1993): 423-441.
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2613. |
Hart, Betsy |
Gore Blows Empty Kisses Chicago Sun-Times, September 7, 2000, Editorial; Pg. 27 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Chicago Sun-Times Keyword(s): Gender; Gender Differences; Wage Determination; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wage Levels; Wage Rates; Wages; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This opinion piece argues against Al Gore campaigning on gender-based wage inequality, citing National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data which indicates that childless 27-33 year old women earn 98% of men's pay. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hart, Betsy. "Gore Blows Empty Kisses." Chicago Sun-Times, September 7, 2000, Editorial; Pg. 27. |
2614. |
Hart, Cassandra |
Panel Paper: Passing the Baton: Does a Parent's 'Head Start' Affect Their Children's Outcomes? Presented: Albuquerque NM, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Cognitive Development; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Discipline; Geocoded Data; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); School Progress; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Siblings; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I pool analyses from several nationally representative datasets, including the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) (NLSY-79, linked to the NLSY-79 Children and Young Adults dataset). Both provide data on G1 parents' Head Start participation, as well as county of residence in parents' youth (at birth or in early childhood years); both datasets include G1 sibling pairs; both datasets include measures of parenting outcomes for a sizable subset of parents; and both datasets include measures on early childhood outcomes for G2 children. Parenting outcomes include measures of cognitive and emotional stimulation in the home environment as well as parenting attitude scales (e.g., scales of parental self-efficacy and parental warmth in the PSID; scales of parental disciplinary attitudes in the NLSY). Child outcomes include measures like birthweight, early cognitive and behavioral assessments, grade progression, and academic self-concept. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hart, Cassandra. "Panel Paper: Passing the Baton: Does a Parent's 'Head Start' Affect Their Children's Outcomes?." Presented: Albuquerque NM, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2014. |
2615. |
Hartman, John D. Craig, Benjamin M. |
Examining the Association Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Child Behavior Problems Using Quality-Adjusted Life Years Maternal and Child Health Journal 22,12 (December 2018): 1780-1788. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10995-018-2577-z Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Health; Mothers, Behavior; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: Examining the association between maternal smoking and losses in childhood health-related quality of life due to behavior problems provides parents and policymakers another tool for the valuation of smoking cessation during pregnancy. Methods: Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Child and Young Adult data, this study retrospectively examined a cohort of 4114 women and 8668 children. In addition to questions focusing on maternal smoking and general demographics, each survey included the Behavior Problems Index (BPI), a 28-item questionnaire with six subscales measuring childhood behavior problems (antisocial behavior, anxiousness/depression, headstrongness, hyperactivity, immature dependency, and peer conflict/social withdrawal). Responses to the BPI, completed by mothers with children ages 4–14, were summarized on a QALY scale using published preference weights. Results: Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy experience additional QALY losses of 0.181, on average, per year due to increased behavior problems. Boys suffered larger QALY losses associated with maternal smoking (0.242) compared to girls (0.119; p value = .021), regardless of age. Moreover, heavier smoking during pregnancy (i.e., 1 or more packs/day) was associated with larger QALY losses (0.282; p-value < .001). Conclusions for Practice: These findings illustrate the burden of maternal smoking during pregnancy on child health, namely behavioral problems. The losses in QALYs may be incorporated into economic evaluations for smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy. Future research will investigate how maternal smoking following childbirth is associated with child QALYs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hartman, John D. and Benjamin M. Craig. "Examining the Association Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Child Behavior Problems Using Quality-Adjusted Life Years." Maternal and Child Health Journal 22,12 (December 2018): 1780-1788.
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2616. |
Hartmann, Peter |
Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns: A Look at Age Differentiation Journal of Individual Differences 27,4 (2006): 199-207. Also: http://www.psycontent.com/content/h7t313v56034/?p=d21e5ecd70e3424382b24ce1cf361c51&pi=12 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Children; Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI); g Factor; I.Q.; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns (SLODR) with regard to age was tested in two different databases from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The first database consisted of 6,980 boys and girls aged 12-16 from the 1997 cohort (NLSY 1997). The subjects were tested with a computer-administered adaptive format (CAT) of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) consisting of 12 subtests. The second database consisted of 11,448 male and female subjects aged 15-24 from the 1979 cohort (NLSY 1979). These subjects were tested with the older 10-subtest version of the ASVAB. The hypothesis was tested by dividing the sample into Young and Old age groups while keeping IQ fairly constant by a method similar to the one developed and employed by Deary et al. (1996). The different age groups were subsequently factor-analyzed separately. The eigenvalue of the first principal component (PC1) and the first principal axis factor (PAF1), and the average intercorrelation of the subtests were used as estimates of the g saturation and compared across groups. There were no significant differences in the g saturation across age groups for any of the two samples, thereby pointing to no support for this aspect of Spearman's "Law of Diminishing Returns." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Hartmann, Peter. "Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns: A Look at Age Differentiation." Journal of Individual Differences 27,4 (2006): 199-207.
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2617. |
Hartmann, Peter Kruuse, Nanna Hye Sun Nyborg, Helmuth |
Testing the Cross-Racial Generality of Spearman's Hypothesis in Two Samples Intelligence 35,1 (January-February 2007): 47-57. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289606000481 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Birth Outcomes; g Factor; Hispanics; Intelligence; Racial Differences Spearman's hypothesis states that racial differences in IQ between Blacks (B) and Whites (W) are due primarily to differences in the "g" factor. This hypothesis is often confirmed, but it is less certain whether it generalizes to other races. We therefore tested its cross-racial generality by comparing American subjects of European descent (W) to American Hispanics (H) in two different databases. The first [Centers for Disease Control (1988). Health status of Vietnam veterans. "Journal of the American Medical Association" 259, 2701-2719; Centers for Disease Control (1989). "Health status of Vietnam veterans: Vol IV. Psychological and neuropsychological evaluation." Atlanta, Georgia: Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control] contains 4462 middle-aged Armed Services Veterans males, and the second database (NLSY1979) holds 11,625 young male and female adults. Both samples are fairly representative of the general American population. Race differences in general intelligence "g" were calculated and vectors of test scores were correlated with the vectors of the tests' "g" loadings, following Jensen [Jensen, A. R. (1998). "The "g" factor." Westport, CT: Praeger]. W scored about 0.8 S.D. above H. The racial difference on the tests correlated significantly with the "g"-loadings of the tests in the VES database, but less so in the NLSY database. We therefore conclude that the present study supports, but does not unequivocally verify, the cross-racial generality of the Spearman's hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hartmann, Peter, Nanna Hye Sun Kruuse and Helmuth Nyborg. "Testing the Cross-Racial Generality of Spearman's Hypothesis in Two Samples ." Intelligence 35,1 (January-February 2007): 47-57.
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2618. |
Hartmann, Peter Reuter, Martin Nyborg, Helmuth |
The Relationship Between Date of Birth and Individual Differences in Personality and General Intelligence: A Large-scale Study Personality and Individual Differences 40,7 (May 2006): 1349-1362. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886905004046 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Birth Outcomes; g Factor; Intelligence; Seasonality We investigated the relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence in two large samples. The first sample consisted of 4000+ middle-aged male subjects from the Vietnam Experience Study; personality was measured by the MMPI items converted to EPQ (scales) and a large battery of cognitive tests were factored to derive general intelligence, g. The second sample consisted of 11,000+ young adults from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth from 1979. g was extracted from the ten subtests of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery. In no cases did date of birth relate to individual differences in personality or general intelligence. A further goal was to test Eysenck's notion of possible relationships between date of birth and the popular Sun Signs in astrology. No support could be found for such associations. We conclude that the present large-scale study provides no evidence for the existence of relevant relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hartmann, Peter, Martin Reuter and Helmuth Nyborg. "The Relationship Between Date of Birth and Individual Differences in Personality and General Intelligence: A Large-scale Study." Personality and Individual Differences 40,7 (May 2006): 1349-1362.
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2619. |
Hartnett, Caroline |
White-Hispanic Differences in Meeting Lifetime Fertility Intentions in the U.S. Demographic Research 30,43 (2014): 1245-1276. Also: https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol30/43/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Expectations/Intentions; Family Size; Fertility; Hispanics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This paper examines the correspondence between fertility intentions and outcomes for Hispanic and White women and men in the U.S. Methods: Panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to describe intended family size (recorded at age 22), completed family size (recorded at age 42 and above), and the likelihood that these numbers match, for Hispanic and White women and men. Regression analyses are used to understand why the correspondence between intentions and outcomes varies across groups. Results: Although Hispanics come closer to achieving parity intentions in the aggregate (Hispanic women fall short by a quarter of a birth, compared to more than two-fifths for Whites), at the individual level they are not more likely to meet their intentions (33% of Hispanic women achieve their desired parity, compared with 38% of Whites). Hispanics have higher fertility than Whites both because they intend more children at the start of their reproductive lives and because they are more likely to exceed these intentions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hartnett, Caroline. "White-Hispanic Differences in Meeting Lifetime Fertility Intentions in the U.S." Demographic Research 30,43 (2014): 1245-1276.
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2620. |
Hartnett, Caroline Sten |
White-Hispanic Differences in Meeting Fertility Intentions over the Life Course Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Ethnic Differences; Fertility; Hispanics; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, I explore whether higher fertility among Hispanics compared with Whites reflects the preferences of individuals within those groups, and how the process of exceeding or falling short of intentions over the life course helps explain fertility differentials between the groups. Although Hispanics come closer to achieving early-life parity intentions in the aggregate (Hispanic women fall short by a quarter of a birth, compared to more than two-fifths for Whites), at the individual level, they are not more likely to meet their intentions (34% of Hispanic women achieve their desired parity, compared with 38% of Whites). Hispanics have higher parity than Whites both because they intend to have more children and they are more likely to exceed their intended parity. Hispanic-White differences in exceeding intentions seem to be related to acculturation, religious differences, and an earlier age-schedule of childbearing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hartnett, Caroline Sten. "White-Hispanic Differences in Meeting Fertility Intentions over the Life Course." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
2621. |
Hartog, Joop van Praag, C. Mirjam van der Sluis, Justin |
If You Are So Smart, Why Aren't You an Entrepreneur? Returns to Cognitive and Social Ability: Entrepreneurs Versus Employees Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 19,4 (Winter 2010): 947-989. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00274.x Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Earnings; Entrepreneurship; Noncognitive Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. How valuable are cognitive and social abilities for entrepreneurs' relative to employees' earnings? We answer three questions: (1) To what extent does a composite measure of ability affect an entrepreneur's earnings relative to wages earned by employees? (2) Do different cognitive abilities (e.g., math ability, language, or verbal ability) and social ability affect earnings of entrepreneurs and employees differently?, and (3) Does the balance in these measured ability levels affect an individual's earnings? Our (difference-of-difference) estimates of the returns to ability for spells in entrepreneurship versus wage employment account for selectivity into entrepreneurial positions insofar as they are determined by fixed individual characteristics. Our robust results provide the following answers to the three questions: General ability has a stronger impact on entrepreneurial incomes than on wages. Moreover, entrepreneurs and employees benefit from different sets of specific abilities: verbal and clerical abilities have a stronger impact on wages, whereas mathematical, social, and technical ability are more valuable for entrepreneurs. The balance in the various kinds of ability also generates a higher income, but only for entrepreneurs: This finding supports Lazear's Jack-of-all-Trades theory. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hartog, Joop, C. Mirjam van Praag and Justin van der Sluis. "If You Are So Smart, Why Aren't You an Entrepreneur? Returns to Cognitive and Social Ability: Entrepreneurs Versus Employees." Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 19,4 (Winter 2010): 947-989.
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2622. |
Harvey, Elizabeth |
Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Early Parental Employment on Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Developmental Psychology 35,2 (March 1999): 445-459. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/35/2/445/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Family Income; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences; Parents, Single; Self-Esteem This study examined the effects of early parental employment on children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Minimal effects on children's later functioning were found. Early maternal employment status and the timing and continuity of early maternal employment were not consistently related to children's development. Working more hours was associated with slightly lower cognitive development through age 9 and slightly lower academic achievement scores before age 7 but had no significant relation to children's behavior problems, compliance, or self-esteem. Early parental employment appeared to be somewhat more beneficial for single mothers and lower income families. There was some support for the hypothesis that early parental employment positively affects children's development by increasing family income. Copyright 1999 the American Psychological Association. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harvey, Elizabeth. "Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Early Parental Employment on Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Developmental Psychology 35,2 (March 1999): 445-459.
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2623. |
Harvey, Hope |
Cumulative Effect of Family Structure on Educational Attainment Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; Family History; Family Structure; High School Completion/Graduates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Scholars have long recognized the importance of family structure, but studies often "control away" effects that operate through time-varying characteristics like income. Using the NLSY79, I employ inverse probability treatment weighting and marginal structure models to examine the effects of family structure on educational attainment. These methods allow for dynamic selection, in which family structure affects time-varying characteristics that are in turn associated with future family structure. I find that compared to an additional year with married biological parents, a year with a single mother is associated with a 6.1% reduction in the odds of graduating high school and 3.1% reduction in the odds of attending college, and a year with a cohabiting social father is associated with a 13.5% reduction in the odds of graduating high school and 12.4% reduction in the odds of attending college. Totaled across childhood, family structure can substantially shape children's life chances. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harvey, Hope. "Cumulative Effect of Family Structure on Educational Attainment." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
2624. |
Harvey, Hope |
Cumulative Effects of Doubling up in Childhood on Young Adult Outcomes Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Childhood Residence; Educational Attainment; Grandparents; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Household Composition; Household Structure; Modeling, Marginal Structural; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Living in a doubled up household is a common childhood experience, yet we know little about the cumulative effects of these households on children. In this paper, I present estimates of the impacts of three types of doubled up households: 1) those formed with the child's grandparent(s), 2) those formed with the child's adult sibling(s), and 3) those formed with another adult(s). I first explore what family characteristics predict residence in each type of doubled up households. I then employ marginal structural models and inverse probability of treatment weighting, methods that allow me to account for the fact that household composition is both a cause and consequence of other family characteristics, to estimate the relationship between childhood years spent in each double up type and young adult educational attainment and health. This analysis provides evidence that this increasingly common household form may play a role in shaping children's life chances. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harvey, Hope. "Cumulative Effects of Doubling up in Childhood on Young Adult Outcomes." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
2625. |
Harvey, Hope |
Cumulative Effects of Doubling Up in Childhood on Young Adult Outcomes Demography published online (23 March 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00860-0. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-020-00860-0 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Coresidence; Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Grandparents; Household Composition; Obesity; Siblings; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Living in a doubled-up, or shared, household is a common experience. Nearly one-half of children in the United States double up at some point during childhood, yet we know little about the cumulative effects of these households on children. This study estimates the effects on young adult health and educational attainment of childhood years spent in three doubled-up household types: (1) those formed with children's grandparent(s), (2) those formed with children's adult sibling(s), and (3) those formed with other extended family or non-kin adults. Using marginal structural models and inverse probability of treatment weighting--methods that account for the fact that household composition is both a cause and consequence of other family characteristics--I find that doubling up shapes children's life chances, but the effects vary depending on children's relationships with household members. Childhood years spent living with nongrandparent extended family or non-kin adults are associated with worse young adult outcomes, but coresidence with grandparents is not significantly associated with young adult outcomes after selection into these households is accounted for, and coresidence with adult siblings may be beneficial in some domains. By studying the effects of coresidence with adults beyond the nuclear family, this research contributes to a fuller understanding of the implications of family complexity for children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Harvey, Hope. "Cumulative Effects of Doubling Up in Childhood on Young Adult Outcomes." Demography published online (23 March 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00860-0.
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2626. |
Hashimoto, Masanori Percy, Rick Schoellner, Teresa Weinberg, Bruce A. |
The Long and Short of It: Maternity Leave Coverage and Women’s Labor Market Outcomes IZA Discussion Paper No. 1207, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), July 2004. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp1207.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Job Tenure; Labor Market Outcomes; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We investigate the effects of maternity leave coverage on women’s post-birth wages, job tenure, and labor market attachment. We pay particular attention to unobservable characteristics that are correlated with maternity leave coverage and that affect labor market outcomes. We use a control sample, as well as a range of control variables, to address unobserved heterogeneity. We find evidence of substantial selection based on unobserved heterogeneity. Maternity leave effects on the three outcomes are found to be small and shortlived. This finding is understandable given that most policies in the United States allow leaves for only 12 weeks at most. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hashimoto, Masanori, Rick Percy, Teresa Schoellner and Bruce A. Weinberg. "The Long and Short of It: Maternity Leave Coverage and Women’s Labor Market Outcomes." IZA Discussion Paper No. 1207, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), July 2004. |
2627. |
Hasl, Andrea Kretschmann, Julia Richter, Dirk Voelkle, Manuel Brunner, Martin |
Investigating Core Assumptions of the "American Dream": Historical Changes in How Adolescents' Socioeconomic Status, IQ, and GPA Are Related to Key Life Outcomes in Adulthood Psychology and Aging 34,8 (December 2019): 1055-1076. Also: https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2019-73776-003.html Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Body Mass Index (BMI); Depression (see also CESD); Educational Outcomes; Grade Point Average (GPA)/Grades; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; I.Q.; Income; Occupational Prestige; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) The present study examines how historical changes in the U.S. socioeconomic environment in the 20th century may have affected core assumptions of the "American Dream." Specifically, the authors examined whether such changes modulated the extent to which adolescents' intelligence (IQ), their grade point average (GPA), and their parents' socioeconomic status (SES) could predict key life outcomes in adulthood about 20 years later. The data stemmed from two representative U.S. birth cohorts of 15- and 16-year-olds who were born in the early 1960s (N = 3,040) and 1980s (N = 3,524) and who participated in the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY). Cohort differences were analyzed with respect to differences in average relations by means of multiple and logistic regression and for specific points in each outcome distribution by means of quantile regressions. In both cohorts, IQ, GPA, and parental SES predicted important educational, occupational, and health-related life-outcomes about 20 years later. Across historical time, the predictive utility of adolescent IQ and parental SES remained stable for the most part. Yet, the combined effects of social-ecological and socioeconomic changes may have increased the predictive utility (that is, the regression weights) of adolescent GPA for educational, occupational, and health outcomes over time for individuals who were born in the 1980s. Theoretical implications concerning adult development, aging, and late life inequality are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hasl, Andrea, Julia Kretschmann, Dirk Richter, Manuel Voelkle and Martin Brunner. "Investigating Core Assumptions of the "American Dream": Historical Changes in How Adolescents' Socioeconomic Status, IQ, and GPA Are Related to Key Life Outcomes in Adulthood." Psychology and Aging 34,8 (December 2019): 1055-1076.
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2628. |
Hasl, Andrea Voelkle, Manuel Kretschmann, Julia Richter, Dirk Brunner, Martin |
A Dynamic Structural Equation Approach to Modeling Wage Dynamics and Cumulative Advantage across the Lifespan Multivariate Behavioral Research published online (7 February 2022): DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2022.2029339. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00273171.2022.2029339 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Intelligence; Modeling, Structural Equation; Research Methodology; Wage Dynamics; Wage Growth Wages and wage dynamics directly affect individuals' and families' daily lives. In this article, we show how major theoretical branches of research on wages and inequality--that is, cumulative advantage (CA), human capital theory, and the lifespan perspective--can be integrated into a coherent statistical framework and analyzed with multilevel dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM). This opens up a new way to empirically investigate the mechanisms that drive growing inequality over time. We demonstrate the new approach by making use of longitudinal, representative U.S. data (NLSY-79). Analyses revealed fundamental between-person differences in both initial wages and autoregressive wage growth rates across the lifespan. Only 0.5% of the sample experienced a "strict" CA and unbounded wage growth, whereas most individuals revealed logarithmic wage growth over time. Adolescent intelligence and adult educational levels explained substantial heterogeneity in both parameters. We discuss how DSEM may help researchers study CA processes and related developmental dynamics, and we highlight the extensions and limitations of the DSEM framework. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hasl, Andrea, Manuel Voelkle, Julia Kretschmann, Dirk Richter and Martin Brunner. "A Dynamic Structural Equation Approach to Modeling Wage Dynamics and Cumulative Advantage across the Lifespan." Multivariate Behavioral Research published online (7 February 2022): DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2022.2029339.
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2629. |
Hassett-Walker, Connie |
Delinquency and the Black Middle Class: An Exploratory Study Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 8,4 (October 2010): 266-289. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15377938.2010.526868 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Arrests; Black Studies; Black Youth; Criminal Justice System; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors This study addresses the lack of criminal justice research on non-poor African Americans. The author empirically tested ideas from Pattillo-McCoy (1998, 1999) using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The main research question was what causal factors predict delinquency among middle class Blacks. Having delinquent friends predicted a greater likelihood of future arrest among middle class Blacks but a lesser likelihood among poorer African Americans, suggesting different processes at work. Indicators of parental relationship problems had more of an impact on poor Black and White youth than on middle class youth of either race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Hassett-Walker, Connie. "Delinquency and the Black Middle Class: An Exploratory Study." Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 8,4 (October 2010): 266-289.
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2630. |
Haurin, Donald R. Haurin, R. Jean |
Net Migration, Unemployment, and the Business Cycle Journal of Regional Science 28,2 (May 1988): 239-253. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1988.tb01211.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Clare Jellick; Endogeneity; Job Turnover; Local Labor Market; Migration; Unemployment Rate An empirical test of the effects of exogenous shocks upon a region's population size is conducted in the framework of an equilibrium locational model. The model emphasizes the separation of endogenous from exogenous factors, a point omitted in most empirical studies of aggregate migration. Exogenous changes are manifested in the local relative cost of living and the local relative unemployment rate. Hypotheses are supported in analyses of data from both the NLSY as well as Census. Surprisingly, a simple measure of the size of a shock to a regional economy has the greatest explanatory power compared with more sophisticated measures based on prior business cycles. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, Donald R. and R. Jean Haurin. "Net Migration, Unemployment, and the Business Cycle." Journal of Regional Science 28,2 (May 1988): 239-253.
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2631. |
Haurin, Donald R. Haurin, R. Jean |
The Migration of Youth and the Business Cycle: 1978 to 1984 Economic Development Quarterly 1,2 (May 1987): 162-169. Also: http://edq.sagepub.com/content/1/2/162.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Manpower Programs; Migration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates whether the relocational choices of youth correspond to the business cycle, and identifies other correlates with relocation decisions. Analysis is based on a state's viewpoint and policy questions are evaluated in this context. The authors find that the migration of youth is highly cyclical and that in a downturn relative to the rest of the nation, a state can lose a substantial proportion of its youth, the group forming the next generation of a state's labor supply. The coordination of redevelopment goals calls for states to not only concentrate on attracting desired types of employers, but also on retaining a labor force with the appropriate skills. In particular, the study indicates that midwestern states which have recently focused on attracting "high-tech" industries have simultaneously lost their brightest and most highly motivated youth. Some support was found for the hypothesis that a state supported jobs program can tide youth over the downturn and raise their long-term retention probability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, Donald R. and R. Jean Haurin. "The Migration of Youth and the Business Cycle: 1978 to 1984." Economic Development Quarterly 1,2 (May 1987): 162-169.
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2632. |
Haurin, Donald R. Haurin, R. Jean |
Youth Migration in Deindustrializing Regions of the United States Presented: Cambridge, UK, Regional Science Association Twenty-Ninth European Congress, August 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Regional Science Association International Keyword(s): Geographical Variation; Migration; Mobility, Labor Market; Unemployment; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Because youth are the most mobile cohort in the U.S., theories about the causes of migration are best tested upon this subgroup. The focus of this research is to analyze the causes of out-migration and return migration of youth in a region of the U.S. that is in the process of decreasing employment in its manufacturing sector and increasing employment in its service sector, that is, the "rust belt". There are three major topics in the research. The first measures the aggregate amount of out and net youth migration from a deindustrializing region in the U.S. Migration in each year (1979-1987) in this region is compared to that in a similarly sized area where manufacturing employment increased. The second topic uses micro data to analyze the determinants of a youth's length of stay in a region. The empirical model allows for censoring and for time-varying explanatory factors and thus, corresponds to the temporal sequence of the locational decision-making process of youth. The third topic uses the same micro data set to analyze remigration to the home (deindustrializing) region. Here, the authors attempt to identify the characteristics of youth that are correlated with a successful out-migration. The empirical model again uses duration methods for analysis. Utilizing data from the 1979-1987 NLSY, the authors test for the factors that affect the migration decision of youth and then compare these results with their model of the remigration decision of previous out-migrants. The application is to a deindustrializing region of the U.S. and the results are contrasted with those for a region of similar spatial size which experienced growth in manufacturing employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, Donald R. and R. Jean Haurin. "Youth Migration in Deindustrializing Regions of the United States." Presented: Cambridge, UK, Regional Science Association Twenty-Ninth European Congress, August 1989. |
2633. |
Haurin, Donald R. Haurin, R. Jean |
Youth Migration in the United States: An Analysis of a Deindustrializing Region In: Migration Models: Macro and Micro Perspectives. J. Stillwell and P. Congdon, eds. London, England: Belhaven Press, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Belhaven Press Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Migration; Regions; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The focus of this research is to present a methodology appropriate for analyzing the causes of out-migration and return migration of youth. The application is to a region of the U.S. that is in the process of decreasing employment in its manufacturing sector and increasing employment in its service sector (the region is popularly known as the 'rust belt'). A longitudinal series of observations of individuals and families is used to analyze the determinants of the length of stay in a region. The empirical model allows for time-varying explanatory factors and thus corresponds to the temporal sequence of the locational decision-making process. Explanatory factors include measures of the potential benefits of migration (a higher expected wage or probability of employment) and measures that influence the cost of migration. Results indicate that the likelihood of outmigration is influenced by the probability of obtaining a job in the alternative area and some measures of the cost of relocation (for example, loss of job tenure). The same data set is used to analyze remigration to the home (deindustrializing) region. The empirical model uses duration methods for analysis and results indicate that remigration is only related to relatively long periods of personal unemployment in the new location. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, Donald R. and R. Jean Haurin. "Youth Migration in the United States: An Analysis of a Deindustrializing Region" In: Migration Models: Macro and Micro Perspectives. J. Stillwell and P. Congdon, eds. London, England: Belhaven Press, 1990
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2634. |
Haurin, Donald R. Hendershott, Patric H. Kim, Dongwook |
Housing Decisions of American Youth Journal of Urban Economics 35,1 (January 1994): 28-45. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119084710023 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Demography; Earnings; Family Background and Culture; Family Formation; Home Ownership; Household Composition; Household Structure; Labor Supply The relationship of household tenure decision with household formation and labor supply choices is examined. Primary data used was the 1987 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth which was filled out by respondents aged 22 to 29 years old. Results show that young adults' decisions whether to live alone (single/married), or to cohabit with parents or other adults is influenced by potential earnings and housing rental costs. Household tenure choice, on the other hand, depends on wealth, the relative homeowning cost and demographic variables such as gender, presence of children and race. Finally, housing demand is swayed by potential wage, wealth and owner cost, but not by demographic and family background factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, Donald R., Patric H. Hendershott and Dongwook Kim. "Housing Decisions of American Youth." Journal of Urban Economics 35,1 (January 1994): 28-45.
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2635. |
Haurin, Donald R. Hendershott, Patric H. Kim, Dongwook |
Real Rents and Household Formation: The Effect of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 Working Paper, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Assets; Family Income; Household Models; Household Structure; Income; Marital Status; Residence; Taxes; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although the economic literature has analyzed some components of the headship decision, study of household formation has been primarily in the realm of demography. The authors begin this analysis with a pure demographic model and expand it to include additional determinants of the decision to remain with parents or not, to marry or not, and to live with a group or separately. The results, based on a sample of 2355 youth in their twenties from the NLSY, indicate that (1) rental costs, wealth, and the potential wage that a youth could earn are important variables in explaining the outcomes of these choices and (2) inclusion of the economic variables significantly changes the estimated impacts of the demographic variables. One insight that the expanded economic model allows is the prediction that some public policies will affect headship rates of youth. This prediction is of interest because choices of living arrangements often have implications for demands upon public services and housing. Using as an example the 1986 Tax Reform Act, the authors focus on a single outcome: the expectation of higher rental costs. If rentals rise by 20 percent, as predicted by some tax analysts, there will be an estimated half million reduction in the number of 1986 households formed by youth ages 21 to 29. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, Donald R., Patric H. Hendershott and Dongwook Kim. "Real Rents and Household Formation: The Effect of the Tax Reform Act of 1986." Working Paper, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, 1990. |
2636. |
Haurin, Donald R. Hendershott, Patric H. Kim, Dongwook |
Tenure Choice of American Youth Working Paper, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Family Income; Home Ownership; Household Structure; Marital Status; Simultaneity; Wages; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While there seems to be no end to estimates of housing tenure determinants, prior studies have not accounted for the simultaneity of tenure choice with household formation, labor supply or the marriage decision. Estimates presented here are superior to those in the literature both because the authors address these issues and because they better measure the cost of owning relative to renting. Accounting for simultaneity with the household formation and labor supply decisions matter. Using a household's predicted wage rate rather than its observed income doubles the response of tenure choice to the price of owning relative to renting. Including household formation selectivity correction variables cuts the response of tenure choice to the predicted wage by 25 percent. Moreover, the impact of variations in demographic variables on tenure choice is sharply reduced after correcting for selectivity bias. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, Donald R., Patric H. Hendershott and Dongwook Kim. "Tenure Choice of American Youth." Working Paper, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, 1990. |
2637. |
Haurin, Donald R. Hendershott, Patric H. Kim, Dongwook |
The Impact of Real Rents and Wages on Household Formation Review of Economics and Statistics 75,2 (May 1993): 284-293. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109434 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Demography; Household Composition; Household Income; Local Labor Market; Regions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although the economic literature has analyzed some components of the headship decision, study of household formation has been primarily in the realm of demography. We expand the demographic model to include economic determinants of the decision to remain with parents or not, and to live with a group or separately. We focus on measuring the effect of spatial variations in rental costs on the probability of forming a household. Our results, based on a sample of 2,573 youths in their twenties, indicate that the cost of housing and potential labor earnings are important variables in explaining this probability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, Donald R., Patric H. Hendershott and Dongwook Kim. "The Impact of Real Rents and Wages on Household Formation." Review of Economics and Statistics 75,2 (May 1993): 284-293.
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2638. |
Haurin, Donald R. Munasib, Abdul Rosenthal, Stuart S. |
Terminations of First-Time Homeownership Economics Working Paper Series OKSWP0702, Department of Economics, Oklahoma State University, 2007. Also: https://docplayer.net/12578409-Oklahoma-state-university-terminations-of-first-time-homeownership-economics-working-paper-series.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Oklahoma State University Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Racial Differences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The cliché “once a homeowner, always a homeowner” is not true. We study the causes of terminations of spells of first-time homeownership. Using a national panel data set, we find that the likelihood of a household terminating a spell of homeownership is predictable at the time of purchase. Specifically, the lower the probability score that a household becomes an owner at the time of purchase, the greater the likelihood of termination of the subsequent ownership spell. This finding suggests that post-purchase counseling programs can be targeted toward those most at risk at the time of home purchase. We also find that postpurchase events affect the likelihood of termination. Important factors include changes in household earnings and wealth, house value, unemployment rates, family size, and marital status. There are substantial racial differences in termination rates. Some of these differences are explained by differences in household characteristics at the time of home purchase, and some by differences in post-purchase events or households’ reactions to them. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, Donald R., Abdul Munasib and Stuart S. Rosenthal. "Terminations of First-Time Homeownership." Economics Working Paper Series OKSWP0702, Department of Economics, Oklahoma State University, 2007. |
2639. |
Haurin, Donald R. Parcel, Toby L. Haurin, R. Jean |
Does Homeownership Affect Child Outcomes? Real Estate Economics 30,4 (Winter 2002):635-667. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=7717323&db=buh Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association (AREUEA) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Ability; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Home Ownership; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The data set that forms the basis for our analysis is the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), augmented by the NLSY-Child Data. We study the impact of homeowning on the cognitive and behavioral outcomes of children. Using four waves of a comprehensive national panel data set, we control for many social, demographic and economic variables previously found to influence child outcomes. The data are a panel, allowing us to control for unobserved household-and child-specific factors. We use a treatment effects model to address the issue of possible sample selection bias caused by unobserved variables that influence both the parent's choice of whether to own or rent and whether to invest in their children. We find that owning a home compared with renting leads to a 13 to 23% higher quality home environment, greater cognitive ability and fewer child behavior problems. For children living in owned homes, math achievement is up to 9% higher, reading achievement is up to 7% higher, and children's behavioral problems are 1 to 3% lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, Donald R., Toby L. Parcel and R. Jean Haurin. "Does Homeownership Affect Child Outcomes?" Real Estate Economics 30,4 (Winter 2002):635-667.
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2640. |
Haurin, Donald R. Parcel, Toby L. Haurin, R. Jean |
The Impact of Home Ownership on Child Outcomes Presented: Boston, MA, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, Allied Social Science Association Meetings, January 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association (AREUEA) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Cognitive Ability; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Wages, Adult; Wages, Men; Wages, Women; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We analyze the impact of home owning on the cognitive and behavioral outcomes of children. Our study controls for many social, demographic and economic variables previously found to influence child outcomes. We also address the issue of possible sample selection bias caused by unobserved variables that influence both the parent's choice of whether to own or rent and parental investment in their children. The study uses four waves of a national data set, permitting a panel data analysis of the relationship of owning a home to three child outcomes: math achievement, reading recognition and behavior problems. Using panel data allows us to control for household and child-specific, unobserved, influential factors. We also use a treatment effects model to address the problem of sample selection bias. We find that owning a home compared with renting leads to a higher quality home environment, the improvement being 16 to 22 percent. Considering both the direct and indirect effects of home ownership on child outcomes, we find that for children living in owned homes, math achievement is up to seven percent higher and reading achievement is up to six percent higher, ceteris paribus. We also find that the measure of a child's behavior problems is up to four percent lower if the child resides in an owned home. Existing literature suggests that these youth's greater cognitive abilities and fewer behavioral problems will result in higher educational attainment, greater future earnings, and a reduced tendency to engage in deviant behaviors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, Donald R., Toby L. Parcel and R. Jean Haurin. "The Impact of Home Ownership on Child Outcomes." Presented: Boston, MA, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, Allied Social Science Association Meetings, January 2000. |
2641. |
Haurin, Donald R. Parcel, Toby L. Haurin, R. Jean |
The Impact of Home Ownership on Child Outcomes In: Low-income Homeownership: Examining the Unexamined Goal. Nicholas P. Retsinas and Eric S. Belsky, eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2002: pp. 427-446 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Home Ownership; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Residence We analyze the impact of home owning on the cognitive and behavioral outcomes of children. Our study controls for many social, demographic, and economic variables previously found to influence child outcomes. We also address the issue of possible sample selection bias caused by unobserved variables that influence both the parent's choice of whether to own or rent and parental investment in their children. The study uses four waves of a national data set, permitting a panel data analysis of the relationship of owning a home to three child outcomes: math achievement, reading recognition and behavior problems. Using panel data allows us to control for household and child-specific, unobserved, influential factors. We also use a treatment effects model to address the problem of sample selection bias. We find that owning a home compared with renting leads to a higher quality home environment, the improvement being 16 to 22 percent. Considering both the direct and indirect effects of home ownership on child outcomes, we find that for children living in owned homes math achievement is up to seven percent higher and reading achievement is up to six percent higher, ceteris paribus. We also find that the measure of a child's behavior problems is up to four percent lower if the child resides in an owned home. Existing literature suggests that these youths' greater cognitive abilities and fewer behavioral problems will result in higher educational attainment, greater future earnings, and a reduced tendency to engage in deviant behaviors |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, Donald R., Toby L. Parcel and R. Jean Haurin. "The Impact of Home Ownership on Child Outcomes" In: Low-income Homeownership: Examining the Unexamined Goal. Nicholas P. Retsinas and Eric S. Belsky, eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2002: pp. 427-446
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2642. |
Haurin, Donald R. Parcel, Toby L. Haurin, R. Jean |
The Impact of Homeownership on Child Outcomes Working Paper LIH0-01.14, Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, October 2001. Also: http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/research/publications/impact-homeownership-child-outcomes Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Cognitive Ability; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Home Ownership; Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Residence; Wages, Adult; Wages, Men; Wages, Women; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Does homeownership affect the outcomes of resident children? Using a national data set, we observed that children of homeowners have better home environments, high cognitive test scores, and fewer behavior problems than do children of renters. We find that these results hold even after controlling for a large number of economic, social, and demographic variables. Owning a home compared with renting leads to 13 to 23 percent higher quality home environment, ceteris paribus. The independent impact of homeownership combined with its positive impact on the home environment results in the children of owners achieving math scores up to nine percent higher, reading scores up to seven percent higher, and reductions in children's behavior problems of up to three percent. These findings suggest homeowners support programs should be targeted at households with young children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, Donald R., Toby L. Parcel and R. Jean Haurin. "The Impact of Homeownership on Child Outcomes." Working Paper LIH0-01.14, Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, October 2001. |
2643. |
Haurin, Donald R. Rosenthal, Stuart S. |
The Sustainability of Homeownership: Factors Affecting the Duration of Homeownership and Rental Spells Contract C-OPC-21895 - Task Order No. 4, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research, Washington, DC, December 2004. Also: http://www.huduser.org/Publications/pdf/homeownsustainability.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Racial Differences; Residence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses a national data set (the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-NLSY) that follows a cohort of individuals for 21 years. Their residence histories are tracked, measuring the time spent in each type of tenure. This data set provides extensive information about the socio-demographic characteristics of individuals, allowing one to study the determinants of the length of an ownership spell, or a rental spell. The data are weighted to make the sample nationally representative. The analysis begins by distinguishing between the length of stay in a particular dwelling and the duration of stay in one or more owned homes. All existing published studies focus on the length of stay in a dwelling (either owner or rented), or on the time to mortgage default. These studies focus on the time spent in a particular dwelling unit, not the length of time in a particular “state of the world” such as owning or renting. While these studies are of interest for some questions, they do not provide the needed information to determine whether different lengths of continuous spells of owning or renting contribute to racial gaps in homeownership rates. A simple example confirms that the lengths of time spent as a renter and owner affect the overall ownership rate. Assume that African Americans and whites have the same residence history over a 40 year period, consisting of four spells: first the individual rents, then owns, then rents, then owns. If African Americans spend 9 years in each rental spell and 11 years in each ownership spell, then their average homeownership rate will be 0.45. If whites spend 6 years in each rental spell and 14 in each ownership spell, then their average homeownership rate will be 0.70. In this case, the sole cause of the 25 percentage point gap in ownership rates is the difference in the durations of spells of owning and renting. The study of duration of renting and owning should lead to important policy implications. Policies that promote only temporary spells of homeownership have little impact on the national homeownership rate. What is important is promoting new ownership spells that are sustainable. Policies that lengthen existing ownership spells also will raise the national ownership rate, even if the rate of attaining first-time or subsequent spells of ownership is not affected. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, Donald R. and Stuart S. Rosenthal. "The Sustainability of Homeownership: Factors Affecting the Duration of Homeownership and Rental Spells." Contract C-OPC-21895 - Task Order No. 4, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research, Washington, DC, December 2004. |
2644. |
Haurin, R. Jean |
Childhood Residence Patterns: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Work Experience of Youth Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Childhood Residence; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Data Quality/Consistency; Gender Differences; Household Structure; Minorities, Youth; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Racial Differences This report summarizes the nature and quality of information collected on the childhood residence patterns of respondents in the NLSY. Evaluation of the data indicate that overall patterns compare quite favorably to other national data. Internal comparisons with residence items collected at earlier survey points also confirm the generally high reliability and quality of the data. Descriptive analyses reveal major variability in residence patterns by race and ethnicity for this cohort of youth growing up in the decades of the 1960s and 1970s. Minority children are less likely to live with both biological parents at birth than are white children and appear more likely to lose a parent over time, particularly during the preschool and elementary school years, ages critical to early educational development. While in general, few children reside without at least one parent, especially at the pre-adolescent ages, when these situations do occur, residence with grandparents is the most frequently encountered arrangement. Childhood residence patterns for racial and ethnic subgroups are discussed. Multivariate analyses of the effect of childhood residence characteristics on early adult outcomes indicate that white youth benefit significantly from the presence of two parents. Suggestions are made for future data collection and research inquiry especially with regard to step-family processes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, R. Jean. "Childhood Residence Patterns: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Work Experience of Youth." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1991. |
2645. |
Haurin, R. Jean |
Collection of Sibling Attributes: Some Data Quality Issues Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, December 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Data Quality/Consistency; Educational Attainment; Marital Conflict; Minorities; Nonresponse; Schooling; Siblings This report summarizes the level and correlates of nonresponse for questionnaire items on sibling characteristics collected in the 1993 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results show that response rates are highest for items of information which are fairly stable about a sibling such as their gender and relative age. However, other characteristics which can vary over time or which generally occur after siblings depart the parental home have substantially higher levels of nonresponse. Examples include the amount of schooling or age at childbearing for a sibling. Minority respondents and respondents with lower levels of education themselves are less likely to be able to recall this more variable type of information about their siblings. Recall problems are also associated more often with older as opposed to younger siblings. Based on these findings, suggestions for improving upon future survey collection on sibling characteristics is offered. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, R. Jean. "Collection of Sibling Attributes: Some Data Quality Issues." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, December 1994. |
2646. |
Haurin, R. Jean |
Determinants of Fertility in Remarriage: An Analysis of White American Experience Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior; Fertility; Household Composition; Remarriage This study examines how the context of remarriage influences expectations about future childbearing and the probability and timing of first births in marriage. Using longitudinal data for a contemporary cohort of white males and females, a descriptive overview of how fertility expectations change with alterations in marital status and how completed fertility is distributed across the marital history is presented. The study develops a general model of the determinants of the transition to first birth in marriage. This model is tested for both first and second marriage. A major finding is that the general model of fertility determination for short-term fertility expectations and behavior is the same for first and second marriage. While the general model is similar between marriages, this study finds that second-married individuals are significantly more likely to have a birth within two years of marriage than are first-marriers. However, second-marrieds are not more likely to expect a birth within two years of marriage. Thus, while second-marriers make judgements about additional fertility in a similar fashion to first-marriers, they are more likely to end up having a child, suggesting considerable psychological uncertainty in the context within which they are making these decisions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, R. Jean. Determinants of Fertility in Remarriage: An Analysis of White American Experience. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1992. |
2647. |
Haurin, R. Jean |
Determinants of Fertility in Remarriage: Outcomes of White American Experience Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Family Structure; Fertility; First Birth; Household Composition; Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines how remarriage influences the timing of first births in marriage for a contemporary cohort of white females. A model of the determinants of a first birth in marriage is developed and empirically tested for first and second marriage. Hypotheses regarding the impact of prior marital experience and characteristics of prior-born children for both wife and husband are tested. Correction is made for the process of selection into various marital states. Results indicate that first- and second marriers are influenced by similar sets of factors. However, second-married individuals are significantly more likely to have a birth soon after marriage. These results highlight the pro-fertility context of remarriage suggesting a desire to "cement" new marriages through additional fertility. Larger numbers of prior-born children residing outside the household tend to decrease the likelihood of subsequent fertility. The overall reduction in fertility is greatest if the prior- born children are the woman's step-children rather than biological children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, R. Jean. "Determinants of Fertility in Remarriage: Outcomes of White American Experience." Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. |
2648. |
Haurin, R. Jean |
Marriage and Childbearing of Adults: An Evaluation of the 1992 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Report, NICHD. Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, November 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Childbearing; Cohabitation; Data Quality/Consistency; Ethnic Differences; Fertility; Gender Differences; Marital Dissolution; Marital Status; Marriage; Racial Differences This report provides a descriptive overview of the 1992 marriage and childbearing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and evaluates data quality based on comparisons to external data sources. Greater emphasis than in previous reports, is placed on reviewing the NLSY marital history and cohabitation data and on examining previously known problem areas such as the recording of birth history information for men. Results reveal extraordinary comparability of the NLSY data to estimates derived from alternative national data sources. These include cross-sectional estimates by marital status and cohabitation status, overall levels of completed and expected fertility, and the timing of marriage and fertility. Typical patterns by gender and race/ethnicity are confirmed for selected marital and fertility comparisons. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, R. Jean. "Marriage and Childbearing of Adults: An Evaluation of the 1992 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Report, NICHD. Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, November 1994. |
2649. |
Haurin, R. Jean |
Patterns of Childhood Residence and the Relationship to Young Adult Outcomes Journal of Marriage and Family 54,4 (November 1992): 846-880. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353166 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Childhood Residence; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Structure; Parental Influences; Racial Differences This study describes the childhood residence patterns of a national cohort of youth and analyses the effects of expanded measures of family structure on a variety of young adult outcomes. Results reveal major variability in residence patterns by race and ethnicity across a wide array of living arrangements and from birth through age eighteen. Family stress and socialization perspectives are used to examine the effect of summary measures of family structure across childhood on the likelihood of high school completion, teen parenting, delinquency, drug and alcohol use and later marital disruption. Results of logistic regressions indicate that white youth benefit significantly from the presence of two parents. Controlling for a variety of social and economic background factors, duration in mother-only families shows no significant consequences for these outcomes while residence with a step-parent has negative consequences for several outcomes across subgroups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, R. Jean. "Patterns of Childhood Residence and the Relationship to Young Adult Outcomes." Journal of Marriage and Family 54,4 (November 1992): 846-880.
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2650. |
Haurin, R. Jean Mott, Frank L. |
Adolescent Sexual Activity in the Family Context: The Impact of Older Siblings Demography 27,4 (November 1990): 537-557. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/e283316w36q50577/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Family Resources; Pairs (also see Siblings); Racial Differences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Experiences/Virginity; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using approximately 2,000 sibling pairs from the NLSY, this study examines the influence of an older sibling's age at first sexual intercourse upon the sexual initiation of a younger sibling. Hypotheses about differences by gender- composition of the pair are tested using a framework derived from social comparison theory and a two-stage failure-time model. Results provide evidence of a direct, but modest sized older sibling effect for white, but not black youth. This effect is approximately equal in magnitude for same- and opposite-sex siblings. Little support is offered for the greater salience and association of sexual activity for brother-brother as compared to sister-sister pairs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, R. Jean and Frank L. Mott. "Adolescent Sexual Activity in the Family Context: The Impact of Older Siblings." Demography 27,4 (November 1990): 537-557.
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2651. |
Haurin, R. Jean Mott, Frank L. |
Adolescent Sexual Activity in the Family Context: The Impact of Older Siblings Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, October 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Family Resources; Pairs (also see Siblings); Racial Differences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Experiences/Virginity; Siblings Using approximately 2,000 sibling pairs from the NLSY, this report examines the influence of an older sibling's age at first sexual intercourse upon the sexual initiation of a younger sibling. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haurin, R. Jean and Frank L. Mott. "Adolescent Sexual Activity in the Family Context: The Impact of Older Siblings." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, October 1989. |
2652. |
Hauser, Robert M. Brown, Brett V. Prosser, William R. |
Indicators of Children's Well-Being New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, November 1997. Also: http://www.russellsage.org/publications/titles/indicators_children.htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Child Health; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Well-Being; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Family Resources; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) The search for reliable information on the well-being of America's young is vital to designing programs to improve their lives. Yet social scientists are concerned that many measurements of children's physical and emotional health are inadequate, misleading, or outdated, leaving policymakers ill-informed. Indicators of Children's Well-Being is an ambitious inquiry into current efforts to monitor children from the prenatal period through adolescence. Working with the most up-to-date statistical sources, experts from multiple disciplines assess how data on physical development, education, economic security, family and neighborhood conditions, and social behavior are collected and analyzed, what findings they reveal, and what improvements are needed to create a more comprehensive and policy-relevant system of measurement. Today's climate of welfare reform has opened new possibilities for program innovation and experimentation, but it has also intensified the need for a clearly defined and wide-ranging empirical framework to pinpoint where help is needed and what interventions will succeed. Indicators of Children's Well-Being emphasizes the importance of accurate studies that address real problems. Essays on children's material well-being show why income data must be supplemented with assessments of housing, medical care, household expenditure, food consumption, and education. Other contributors urge refinements to existing survey instruments such as the Census and the Current Population Survey. The usefulness of records from human service agencies, child welfare records, and juvenile court statistics is also evaluated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hauser, Robert M., Brett V. Brown and William R. Prosser. Indicators of Children's Well-Being. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, November 1997.. |
2653. |
Hauser, Robert M. Carter, Wendy Y. |
The Bell Curve as a Study of Social Stratification Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; I.Q.; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this presentation, Hauser and Carter critique Murray and Herrnstein's The Bell Curve using analysis of NLSY79 data. The following is an excerpt from a summary of their presentation written by the Institute for Research on Poverty: "Much empirical analysis in The Bell Curve is based upon two data sets, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (a large sample of American youth, aged 14-22 in 1979, who have been followed annually since then) and the Children of the NLSY, which matches women in the NLSY with their children. Both data sets contain good measures of cognitive ability, but, say Hauser and Carter, are used poorly by Herrnstein and Murray. Most of the original analysis in the book consists of graphical displays of reduced-form logistic or linear regression equations in which some measure of educational or socioeconomic attainment, contact with the criminal justice system, or child-rearing success has been regressed on two variables, AFQT score in the IQ metric, adjusted for age at administration, and a composite measure of the socioeconomic status (SES) of the family of orientation. This measure is limited in content to father's and mother's educational attainments, father's occupational status, and family income in 1979, the first year of the NLSY. This is a minimally adequate specification, but it tends to understate the effects of social background by omitting such variables as number of siblings, intact family, rural or metropolitan origin, and regional origin. Thus, in Herrnstein and Murray's analysis, the social background variable becomes a straw man, largely used to highlight the effects of ability. From the study of stratification, it is known that the explanatory power of measured social background is modest, but it is also known that the effects are important and worth understanding. No measures of the explanatory power of the equations are reported in The Bell Curve, so that the inexpert reader never learns tha t most of the variation remains unexplained. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hauser, Robert M. and Wendy Y. Carter. "The Bell Curve as a Study of Social Stratification." Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 1995. |
2654. |
Hauser, Robert M. Carter, Wendy Y. |
The Bell Curve: A Perspective From Sociology Focus 17,2 (Fall/Winter 1995). Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/focus/textver/17.2.a/bell_curve_sociol.txt Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); I.Q.; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article summarizes the critique of Murray and Herrnstein's "The Bell Curve" argued by Robert M. Hauser and Wendy Y. Carter in their "The Bell Curve as a Study of Social Stratification," a paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association in August 1995. Hauser and Carter's analysis utilizes data from the NLSY79. The following is an explanatory excerpt from this article: "Much empirical analysis in The Bell Curve is based upon two data sets, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (a large sample of American youth, aged 14-22 in 1979, who have been followed annually since then) and the Children of the NLSY, which matches women in the NLSY with their children. Both data sets contain good measures of cognitive ability, but, say Hauser and Carter, are used poorly by Herrnstein and Murray. Most of the original analysis in the book consists of graphical displays of reduced-form logistic or linear regression equations in which some measure of educational or socioeconomic attainment, contact with the criminal justice system, or child-rearing success has been regressed on two variables, AFQT score in the IQ metric, adjusted for age at administration, and a composite measure of the socioeconomic status (SES) of the family of orientation. This measure is limited in content to father's and mother's educational attainments, father's occupational status, and family income in 1979, the first year of the NLSY. This is a minimally adequate specification, but it tends to understate the effects of social background by omitting such variables as number of siblings, intact family, rural or metropolitan origin, and regional origin. Thus, in Herrnstein and Murray's analysis, the social background variable becomes a straw man, largely used to highlight the effects of ability. From the study of stratification, it is known that the explanatory power of measured social background is modest, but it is also known that the effects are important and worth understanding. No measures of the explanatory power of the equations are reported in The Bell Curve, so that the inexpert reader never learns that most of the variation remains unexplained. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hauser, Robert M. and Wendy Y. Carter. "The Bell Curve: A Perspective From Sociology." Focus 17,2 (Fall/Winter 1995).
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2655. |
Hausman, Patricia |
On the Rarity of Mathematically and Mechanically Gifted Females: A Life History Analysis Ph.D. Dissertation, The Fielding Institute, 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Cognitive Ability; Fertility; Gender Differences; Intelligence; Physical Characteristics; Women; Women's Education Engineering and certain physical sciences demand high levels of both mathematical and mechanical (HMHM) ability--a cognitive pattern found primarily among males. A small number of females also demonstrate this pattern. However, its correlates have not been examined longitudinally. This study compared life histories of females with the HMHM pattern to those of other college-capable women. Using a model adapted from Helmut Nyborg's theory of general trait co-variance, it predicted that HMHM females would have characteristics suggesting low lifetime exposure to estrogens--or to a high androgen/estrogen ratio. Subjects were 127 females from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Most somatic and reproductive predictions were supported. HMHM females matured more slowly than controls and were taller, thinner, and more physically active. Reproductive histories proved particularly noteworthy. HMHM females lost almost 25% of their pregnancies to miscarriage or stillbirth, and almost half were childless as of their early to late 30s. Controls had more pregnancies and births-and much lower rates of childlessness and pregnancy loss. Limited data on contraceptive use did not explain the fertility differential. HMHM females showed less religiosity than controls, but other psychological predictions were inconclusive or not supported. Follow-up analysis considered whether study variables co-varied with general ability. Both groups were compared to a third (HIIQ) group equal to HMHM females in general ability but lacking marked mechanical aptitude. Means for HIIQ females on somatic and reproductive traits were generally intermediate to those of HMHM and control groups. By contrast, HMHM males showed some reproductive advantage over HIIQ males. The results indicate that HMHM females differ biologically from controls and are consistent with reports that sex hormones influence cognitive architecture. The findings further suggest that the rarity of the HMHM pattern in females is best explained by the Darwinian principle of sexual selection. Evolutionary pressures select against characteristics that inhibit reproductive success. In females, factors associated with the HMHM pattern appear to fall into this category. The limitations of the study, recommendations for further research, and suggested modifications to the study model are discussed. The need to replicate the findings in larger populations is stressed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hausman, Patricia. On the Rarity of Mathematically and Mechanically Gifted Females: A Life History Analysis. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Fielding Institute, 1999. |
2656. |
Haveman, Robert H. Knight, Brian |
Effects of Labor Market Changes on Young Adult Employment, Labor Market Mobility, Living Arrangements, and Economic Independence: A Cohort Analysis Presented: Blithewood Annandale-on-the-Hudson, NY, Levy Economics Institute Conference, "Economic Mobility in America and Other Advanced Countries", October 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Levy Economics Institute Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Earnings; Economic Independence; Gender Differences; I.Q.; Mobility, Economic; Skills; Wage Growth; Wages, Young Men; Wages, Young Women; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haveman, Robert H. and Brian Knight. "Effects of Labor Market Changes on Young Adult Employment, Labor Market Mobility, Living Arrangements, and Economic Independence: A Cohort Analysis." Presented: Blithewood Annandale-on-the-Hudson, NY, Levy Economics Institute Conference, "Economic Mobility in America and Other Advanced Countries", October 2002. |
2657. |
Haveman, Robert H. Knight, Brian |
Youth Living Arrangements, Economic Independence, and the Role of Labor Market Changes: A Cohort Analysis from the Early 1970s to the Late 1980s Discussion Paper No. 1201-99, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1999. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp120199.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Economic Independence; Educational Attainment; Household Composition; Skilled Workers; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Between the late 1960s and early 1990s, young workers experienced declining average real wages and increasing labor market inequality. High-skilled youths--those with a college degree--fare better in this new economy relative to youths with few skills and little formal education. This paper studies two separate, but related, indirect effects of this labor market deterioration: changes in living arrangements and changes in economic independence, the ability to financially support oneself and dependents. We find that over this period, youths tended to shift away from living arrangements with significant financial responsibility, such as living with a spouse and children, and toward arrangements with less responsibility, such as remaining at home with one's parents or living alone. This shift is especially pronounced for low-skilled youths, those most adversely affected by the labor market deterioration. These changes in living arrangements tended to increase the economic independence of youths relative to their loss in economic independence were they unable to alter these living arrangements. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haveman, Robert H. and Brian Knight. "Youth Living Arrangements, Economic Independence, and the Role of Labor Market Changes: A Cohort Analysis from the Early 1970s to the Late 1980s." Discussion Paper No. 1201-99, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1999. |
2658. |
Haveman, Robert H. Wolfe, Barbara L. |
The Determinants of Children's Attainments: A Review of Methods and Findings Journal of Economic Literature 33,4 (December 1995): 1829-1878. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2729315 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Demography; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Family Studies; Fertility; General Assessment; Marital Status; Neighborhood Effects; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The empirical research on the links between investments in children and children's attainments is reviewed and critiqued. The studies included emphasized the potential effects on children of family choices and neighborhood characteristics, the latter taken to reflect social choices. While the focus is on economic literature, relevant studies from other social sciences are included. The primary theoretical perspective that have guided research on the determinants of children's attainments are summarized. A more general and comprehensive economic perspective on the issue is also presented. The children's outcomes that are emphasized include: 1. educational attainment, 2. fertility choices (especially non marital births during teenage years), and 3. work- related outcomes such as earnings and welfare recipiency. Copyright ABI Inform. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haveman, Robert H. and Barbara L. Wolfe. "The Determinants of Children's Attainments: A Review of Methods and Findings." Journal of Economic Literature 33,4 (December 1995): 1829-1878.
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2659. |
Hawkins, Alan J. Eggebeen, David J. |
Are Fathers Fungible? Patterns of Co-Resident Adult Men in Maritally Disrupted Families and Children's Well-Being Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 958-972. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Childhood Residence; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Well-Being; Family Structure; Fathers; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Influence; General Assessment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Temperament; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) This study addresses the relationship of biological and social fathers to young children's well-being. The authors outline three general positions in this debate: biological fathers are important to their young children's well-being and are hard to replace; fathers are important, but social fathers can effectively replace biological fathers; and fathers are peripheral to young children's lives and do not significantly impact children's well-being. To address this question, children who had differing experiences with co-resident adult men are compared using a sample of 865 four-to-six-year-old children from the Children of the NLSY. Children in five longitudinal patterns of experiences with co-resident adult men in maritally disrupted families were identified (No Male, Grandfather, Stepfather, Reunited Father, and Chaotic) and compared to children in intact families. Thirty-one percent of the disrupted children were in the No Male pattern, but more than two-thirds were in one of the other disrupted patterns. Hierarchical regression models found no differences in verbal-intellectual functioning between children in intact families and children in any of the disrupted patterns. For the measure of psychosocial dysfunctioning, only children in the Grandfather pattern were significantly different from children in the Intact pattern. Further analyses revealed that it was white children in this three-generation living arrangement who experienced problems. This study lends some support to the position that fathers, both biological and social, are peripheral to young children's intellectual and psychosocial functioning. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hawkins, Alan J. and David J. Eggebeen. "Are Fathers Fungible? Patterns of Co-Resident Adult Men in Maritally Disrupted Families and Children's Well-Being." Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 958-972.
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2660. |
Hawkins, Alan Jones |
Patterns of Coresident Adult Men in Maritally Disrupted Families and the Verbal Intellectual Functioning and Psychosocial Dysfunctioning of Young Children Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Children; Fathers; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Absence; General Assessment; Grandparents; Marital Disruption; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences Although fathers increasingly are absent from the households in which children reside, children in disrupted homes still have substantial experience with adult men in their daily lives. Demographic trends of remarriage, cohabitation, and single mothers returning to live with their parents suggest that many children in divorced families co-reside with adult men who, to greater or lesser extents, may assume the social and economic roles of the absent father. Using a sample of 865 4-6-year-old children from the Children of the NLSY data, five common patterns of children's experiences with co-resident adult men in maritally disrupted families were found: No Male, Grandfather, Stepfather, Reunited Father, and Chaotic. Of the 205 children who experienced a marital disruption, approximately 30% were in the No Male pattern, but more than two-thirds were in one of the disrupted patterns that included extended co-residential experience with an adult male. For white children in disrupted families, the Stepfather pattern was the most common, while for nonwhite children in disrupted families, the Stepfather pattern was rare; instead, the No Male and Grandfather patterns were the most common. Hierarchical regression models with dummy-coded pattern indicator variables were used to explore how these patterns were associated with children's verbal-intellectual and psychosocial functioning. The models controlled for confounding factors identified in previous bivariate analyses: ethnicity, child age, child gender, maternal resources (intelligence, education, income, age), and household size. No differences were found between children in intact families and children in any of the disrupted patterns for the measure of verbal-intellectual functioning. For the measure of psychosocial functioning, only children in the Grandfather pattern were significantly different from children in the Intact pattern. Further analyses revealed that it was white children in this three-generation living arrangement who experienced problems; black children in this pattern did not experience the same level of problems as did the white children. Moreover, white children in the Grandfather pattern primarily experienced problems of dependency and inhibition. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hawkins, Alan Jones. Patterns of Coresident Adult Men in Maritally Disrupted Families and the Verbal Intellectual Functioning and Psychosocial Dysfunctioning of Young Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1990. |
2661. |
Hayden, Emily Higgins, George E. |
Peer Pressure and Substance Use: A Trajectory Analysis Using Primary Socialization Theory Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Modeling, Semi-parametric Group-based (SPGM); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Primary socialization theory is an advance to the literature. This theoretical premise helps us understand the role of peers in substance use. In short, the theory suggests that family, schools, and personality have a link with substance use through peers. In other words, peers have the most proximal link with substance use. Using longitudinal data from the NLSY79, we performed semi-parametric group based mixture modeling (SPGM) to determine the number and shape of trajectory groups for peers and substance use. Further, SPGM was used to examine the intersection between peers and substance use in a dual trajectory analysis. The results support primary socialization theory. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hayden, Emily and George E. Higgins. "Peer Pressure and Substance Use: A Trajectory Analysis Using Primary Socialization Theory." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018. |
2662. |
Hayes, Cheryl D. Palmer, John L. Zaslow, Martha J. |
Who Cares for America's Children? Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309040329/html/index.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Child Care; Income; Income Distribution; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) See http://books.nap.edu/books/0309040329/html/R11.html#pagetop for an executive summary of the report. The population used in the survey is from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY): parents in this survey are generally younger aged 20 to 27 than the majority of parents who purchase child care services...Data from the 1985 NLSY showed that child care expenses were 30 to 50 percent of the family incomes of those earning under $5,000 per year...Because the NLSY collects detailed data on the youth experiences of males and females, it permits comparisons of patterns of family formation and parenting in conjunction with education and labor market experiences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hayes, Cheryl D., John L. Palmer and Martha J. Zaslow. Who Cares for America's Children? Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990.. |
2663. |
Hayes, Lydia Nicole |
First Time Mothers' Postpartum Employment Breaks: Predictors, and Marital Quality and Mental Health Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); First Birth; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Maternal Employment; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The primary aims of this research are to explore the factors that determine the amount of time that women in two cohorts spend out of the labor force after their first birth, and to investigate if postpartum time out of work has an influence on two factors of women's wellbeing: marital quality and mental health. In this project, I conduct both descriptive and analytical investigations of the longitudinal data from two cohorts of nationally representative National Longitudinal Survey of Youths (1979 and 1997 cohorts). |
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Bibliography Citation
Hayes, Lydia Nicole. First Time Mothers' Postpartum Employment Breaks: Predictors, and Marital Quality and Mental Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2016. |
2664. |
Hayford, Sarah R. |
Second Births and Employment Around the First Birth: A Focused Test of Preference Theory Presented: Boston MA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, July 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Employment; Fertility; First Birth; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Extensive research has established a negative relationship between womens employment and their fertility, but has not come to a conclusion about the causal nature of this relationship. In particular, it is not clear how economic and practical constraints interact with womens own desires for employment and for children. Preference theory (Hakim 2000, 2003) proposes that womens preferences for work or for family orientation determine both employment and fertility behavior largely independently of economic and social factors. In this analysis, I use longitudinal data on work and fertility intentions, fertility behavior, and labor force participation from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort to test predictions generated by preference theory. I focus on the employment-fertility relationship at a particular moment in womens family formation trajectory, the time after the first birth. I find only weak support for preference theory. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hayford, Sarah R. "Second Births and Employment Around the First Birth: A Focused Test of Preference Theory." Presented: Boston MA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, July 2008. |
2665. |
Hayford, Sarah R. |
The Evolution of Fertility Expectations Over the Life Course Demography 46,4 (November 2009): 765-783. Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/dem/summary/v046/46.4.hayford.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Family Formation; Family Size; Fertility; Growth Curves; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In low-fertility contexts, how many children people have is largely a product of how many children they want. However, the social, institutional, and individual factors that influence how many children people want are not well understood. In particular, there is scant evidence about how fertility expectations change over the life course. This article provides an empirical description of changes in women's expected fertility over the entire span of childbearing years. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort, group-based trajectory analysis illuminates common patterns in the evolution of fertility intentions and identifies individual characteristics associated with these patterns. Factors related to family formation, such as marriage and whether a woman has a child at an early age, are found to be the most consistent correlates of patterns of change in expected family size. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hayford, Sarah R. "The Evolution of Fertility Expectations Over the Life Course." Demography 46,4 (November 2009): 765-783.
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2666. |
Hayter, Jill K. |
Career Interrupted for What Reason? Job Interruptions and their Wage Effects Journal of Applied Business Research 30,4 (July/August 2014): 1197-1210. Also: http://www.cluteinstitute.com/ojs/index.php/JABR/article/viewFile/8664/8658 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Clute Institute for Academic Research Keyword(s): Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Unemployment Duration; Wage Effects; Wage Gap; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines whether controlling for the type of career interruption has different effects on men's and women's wages. One argument for the persistence of the gender wage gap is that previously researchers have used poor measures of experience to estimate men's and women's wages. This paper extends the career interruption literature by estimating men’s and women’s wages including controls for both the type and timing of interruptions. Findings show similar wage effects for men's and women's wages while controlling for the type of interruption. These results are consistent with the basic human capital model, but are inconsistent with previous empirical research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hayter, Jill K. "Career Interrupted for What Reason? Job Interruptions and their Wage Effects." Journal of Applied Business Research 30,4 (July/August 2014): 1197-1210.
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2667. |
Hazarika, Gautam |
Cost Deterrents and Labor Market Outcomes of Schooling Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Rochester, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Education; Educational Attainment; Endogeneity; Higher Education; Labor Market Outcomes; Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS); Pakistan, Pakistani; Schooling, Post-secondary; Tuition; Wages This dissertation attempts two related tasks. It studies the effect of schooling costs on educational attainment. Then, given endogenous schooling, it uses measures of such costs to identify the causal effect of schooling on labor market outcomes. The particular outcome studied for the U.S. is hourly wages. For a less developed country, namely Pakistan, the labor market outcome analyzed is farmers' adoption of improved seeds. Chapter 2 studies the effect of the direct and opportunity costs of college upon post-secondary enrollment in the U.S. The direct cost of college is measured by state averages of in-state public four-year college tuition. The opportunity cost of college is reflected by state youth unemployment rates. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) reveal that a rise in public four-year college tuition significantly reduces the probability of post-secondary enrollment. A rise in the state youth unemployment rate provides an impetus to college enrollment, though this appears less pronounced, even reversed, among youth from poorer families. Dampened countercyclical or procyclical college enrollment among less privileged youth is attributed to their inability to borrow unconstrainedly. Chapter 3 estimates the economic return to college education in the U.S. State average public four-year college tuition and its interactions with family permanent income identify the causal effect of endogenous college education on earnings. In an improvement upon previous research, college education is treated as a censored regressor. An ability-schooling interaction in earnings functions is tested. It appears absent in data from the NLSY. The rate of return to college education is 0.08 by the majority of estimates. When the earnings function is taken to be quadratic in schooling, the rate of return to college education at four years of college is 0.07 by the majority of estimates. Chapter 4 uses data from the World Bank's Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) to study the effect of farmer schooling on the adoption of improved seeds in Pakistan in 1990-91. Measures of access to education, such as the average distance from schools, identify the causal effect of endogenous schooling on adoption. It is found that schooling measured in years completed does not have a significant effect on the adoption of improved seeds. Adoption, however, is facilitated by schooling in excess of a primary education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hazarika, Gautam. Cost Deterrents and Labor Market Outcomes of Schooling. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Rochester, 1998. |
2668. |
Hazarika, Gautam |
The Role of Credit Constraints in the Cyclicality of College Enrolments Education Economics 10,2 (August 2002): 133-144. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09645290210126887 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Carfax Publishing Company ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Household Income; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this paper investigates the effect of plausible credit constraints on the cyclicality of teen college enrolments. It is found that teens from wealthier families are more likely to attend college in regional recessions. However, this countercyclical impetus to enrolments is significantly weaker in teens from less wealthy families. The phenomenon is attributed to credit constraints. Teens from families that possess fewer assets to offer lenders as collateral must finance college mainly with part-time earnings and parental subsidies, sums that may dwindle in recessions, making college less affordable. This paper also examines the influence of regional economic conditions on the type of college attended. In particular, it finds no evidence that teens from less wealthy families favor cheaper community colleges in recessions. Also examined are the effects of regional economic conditions at age 18 on college attainment many years hence. It is found that regional economic conditions at 18 have no significant effect on long-term college attainment. Thus, changes in teen enrolment propensities associated with variation in regional economic conditions are merely timing effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Hazarika, Gautam. "The Role of Credit Constraints in the Cyclicality of College Enrolments." Education Economics 10,2 (August 2002): 133-144.
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2669. |
He, Qian |
Heterogeneous Effects of Employment Instability on Transitions to First-time Homeownership: Evidence from NLSY79 Cohort Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Employment History; Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Employment, Part-Time; Gender Differences; Home Ownership; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As one of the key financial decisions for young adult households, buying the first home marks establishing a stable household and achieving socioeconomic maturity, with or without parental sponsorship. Do people generally hold this decision until they settle down on a stable career? If so, how? This article examines the relationships between various sources of employment uncertainties and patterns of transitioning to first-time homeownership, as well as how the relationships vary by gender and educational attainment. Results from discrete event history analysis on the NLSY79 cohort suggest that career instability does deter young adults' transitions to first-time homeownership. This relationship, first of all, varies by employment sector. The self-employed are at salient advantages in gaining home ownership, compared to private-sector employees. Second, this relationship also varies by standard versus nonstandard employment categories. Those who work part-time or part-year (i.e. nonstandard employment) are substantially less likely to buy their own home than those who are employed full-time, full-year. Third, employer tenure positively predicts first-time home purchases. Fourth, however, career impacts on individuals' chances of becoming homeowners are gendered: nonstandard employment hurts men's homeownership transitions, and by contrast, precipitates women's. Fifth, educational attainment does not apparently moderate the relationship between employment precariousness and first-home acquisition. Lastly, although no interactions between parental background and adult children's employment situations are found in predicting young adults' home ownership outcomes, children from more privileged families tend to become homeowners later than counterparts from less privileged families, probably due to the former's lengthened educational career. |
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Bibliography Citation
He, Qian. "Heterogeneous Effects of Employment Instability on Transitions to First-time Homeownership: Evidence from NLSY79 Cohort." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
2670. |
Headen, Irene |
Associations Between Long- and Short-Term Exposure to Neighborhood Social Context and Pregnancy-Related Weight Gain Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Geocoded Data; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Neighborhood Effects; Socioeconomic Factors; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation explores the associations between long- and short-term exposure to neighborhood social and socioeconomic context and GWG using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. It additionally investigates associations between objective and perceived measures of neighborhood social context in relation to GWG. The first paper investigates associations between long-term, cumulative neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and GWG. The second paper investigates associations between objectively measured and perceptions of point-in-time neighborhood social environment and GWG. Objective neighborhood social environment is measured using neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation. Perceived neighborhood social environment is assessed from women's self-report of problems within their neighborhood environment. The final paper in this dissertation conducts a systematic review of the literature to characterize the reporting error associated with use of self-reported, pregnancy-related weight in efforts to move the field toward developing bias correction techniques to address methodological limitations of this measure. While not directly related to understanding neighborhoods and GWG, this issue is relevant to future studies in this area that rely on self-reported weight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Headen, Irene. Associations Between Long- and Short-Term Exposure to Neighborhood Social Context and Pregnancy-Related Weight Gain. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, 2015. |
2671. |
Headen, Irene Mujahid, Mahasin S. Cohen, Alison K. Rehkopf, David Abrams, Barbara |
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Inadequate Gestational Weight Gain Differ by Pre-pregnancy Weight Maternal and Child Health Journal 19,8 (August 2015): 1672-1686. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10995-015-1682-5 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Obesity; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) varies by race/ethnicity and modifies the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse pregnancy outcomes, which disproportionately affect racial/ethnic minorities. Yet studies investigating whether racial/ethnic disparities in GWG vary by pre-pregnancy BMI are inconsistent, and none studied nationally representative populations. Using categorical measures of GWG adequacy based on Institute of Medicine recommendations, we investigated whether associations between race/ethnicity and GWG adequacy were modified by pre-pregnancy BMI [underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2), or obese (≤30.0 kg/m2)] among all births to Black, Hispanic, and White mothers in the 1979 USA National Longitudinal Survey of Youth cohort (n = 6,849 pregnancies; range 1-10). We used generalized estimating equations, adjusted for marital status, parity, smoking during pregnancy, gestational age, and multiple measures of socioeconomic position. Effect measure modification between race/ethnicity and pre-pregnancy BMI was significant for inadequate GWG (Wald test p value = 0.08). Normal weight Black [risk ratio (RR) 1.34, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.18, 1.52] and Hispanic women (RR 1.33, 95 % CI 1.15, 1.54) and underweight Black women (RR 1.38, 95 % CI 1.07, 1.79) experienced an increased risk of inadequate GWG compared to Whites. Differences in risk of inadequate GWG between minority women, compared to White women, were not significant among overweight and obese women. Effect measure modification between race/ethnicity and pre-pregnancy BMI was not significant for excessive GWG. The magnitude of racial/ethnic disparities in inadequate GWG appears to vary by pre-pregnancy weight class, which should be considered when designing interventions to close racial/ethnic gaps in healthy GWG. |
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Bibliography Citation
Headen, Irene, Mahasin S. Mujahid, Alison K. Cohen, David Rehkopf and Barbara Abrams. "Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Inadequate Gestational Weight Gain Differ by Pre-pregnancy Weight." Maternal and Child Health Journal 19,8 (August 2015): 1672-1686.
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2672. |
Headen, Irene Mujahid, Mahasin S. Deardorff, Julianna Rehkopf, David Abrams, Barbara |
Associations between Cumulative Neighborhood Deprivation, Long-term Mobility Trajectories, and Gestational Weight Gain Health and Place 52 (July 2018): 101-109. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353829217306676 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Mobility; Neighborhood Effects Existing research on neighborhood environment and gestational weight gain (GWG) focuses on point-in-time measures of neighborhood context. This precludes understanding how long-term exposure to adverse neighborhood environments influences GWG. We estimated associations between average exposure to and trajectories of long-term neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and risk of inadequate or excessive GWG. Using data from 5690 full-term, singleton pregnancies in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimated associations between cumulative deprivation and GWG, overall and by race/ethnicity, controlling for individual and residential covariates. A one standard deviation unit (8-point) increase in neighborhood deprivation increased risk of inadequate GWG (Relative Risk (RR): 1.08; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.00-1.16) for all women and excessive GWG (RR: 1.11; 95% CI 1.02-1.21) for white women. Persistent low deprivation (RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.64-0.94) and upward mobility (RR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.61-0.96), compared to persistent high deprivation, reduced risk of inadequate GWG. Persistent low deprivation also reduced risk of excessive GWG (RR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.71–0.98). Long-term neighborhood deprivation contributes to patterns of GWG over women's life course. |
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Bibliography Citation
Headen, Irene, Mahasin S. Mujahid, Julianna Deardorff, David Rehkopf and Barbara Abrams. "Associations between Cumulative Neighborhood Deprivation, Long-term Mobility Trajectories, and Gestational Weight Gain." Health and Place 52 (July 2018): 101-109.
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2673. |
Healy, Andrew Malhotra, Neil |
Childhood Socialization and Political Attitudes: Evidence from a Natural Experiment Journal of Politics 75,4 (October 2013): 1023–1037. Also: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9030402&fileId=S0022381613000996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): American National Election Studies (ANES); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Chores (see Housework); Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Housework/Housewives; Mothers, Education; Political Attitudes/Behaviors/Efficacy; Political Socialization Panel (PSP); Siblings; Voting Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Scholars have argued that childhood experiences strongly impact political attitudes, but we actually have little causal evidence since external factors that could influence preferences are correlated with the household environment. We utilize a younger sibling’s gender to isolate random variation in the childhood environment and thereby provide unique evidence of political socialization. Having sisters causes young men to be more likely to express conservative viewpoints with regards to gender roles and to identify as Republicans. We demonstrate these results in two panel surveys conducted decades apart: the Political Socialization Panel (PSP) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We also use data collected during childhood to uncover evidence for a potential underlying mechanism: families with more female children are more likely to reinforce traditional gender roles. The results demonstrate that previously understudied childhood experiences can have important causal effects on political attitude formation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Healy, Andrew and Neil Malhotra. "Childhood Socialization and Political Attitudes: Evidence from a Natural Experiment." Journal of Politics 75,4 (October 2013): 1023–1037. A.
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2674. |
Heckman, James J. |
Lessons from the Technology of Skill Formation NBER Working Paper No. 11142, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2005 Also: http://www.mineduc.cl/biblio/documento/w11142.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bias Decomposition; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Family Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Skill Formation This paper discusses recent advances in our understanding of differences in human abilities and skills, their sources, and their evolution over the lifecycle....The study of human skill formation is no longer handicapped by the taboo that once made it impermissible to talk about differences among people. It is now well documented that people are very diverse on a large array of abilities, that these abilities account for a substantial amount of the variation found among people in terms of their socioeconomic success, and that gaps among children from various socioeconomic groups open up at early ages, and, if anything, widen as children become adults. The family plays a powerful role in shaping these abilities. From a variety of intervention studies, we know that these gaps can be partially remedied if the remediation is attempted at early enough ages. The remediation efforts that appear to be most effective are those that supplement family resources for young children from disadvantaged environments. Since the family is the fundamental source of human inequality, programs that target young children from disadvantaged families have the greatest economic and social returns. I make this case through a series of arguments, bolstered by graphs and tables extracted from Heckman and Masterov (2004), Cunha and Heckman (2003) and Carneiro and Heckman (2003). |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. "Lessons from the Technology of Skill Formation." NBER Working Paper No. 11142, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2005. |
2675. |
Heckman, James J. |
Skill Formation and the Economics of Investing in Disadvantaged Children Science 312,5782 (30 June 2006): 1900-1902 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Family Income; Human Capital; Life Cycle Research; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Skill Formation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper summarizes evidence on the effects of early environments on child, adolescent, and adult achievement. Life cycle skill formation is a dynamic process in which early inputs strongly affect the productivity of later inputs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. "Skill Formation and the Economics of Investing in Disadvantaged Children ." Science 312,5782 (30 June 2006): 1900-1902.
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2676. |
Heckman, James J. |
The Skills Problem Presented: Stanford CA, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) Economic Summit, March 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Stanford Institute of Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) Keyword(s): Academic Development; Adolescent Behavior; Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Crime; Educational Attainment; Employment; Labor Market Outcomes; Noncognitive Skills; Schooling; Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. "The Skills Problem." Presented: Stanford CA, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) Economic Summit, March 2012. |
2677. |
Heckman, James J. |
The Technology and Neuroscience of Skill Formation Presented: Chicago, IL, Invest in Kids Working Group, Center for Economic Development, July 17, 2006. Also: http://www.ced.org/docs/ivk/iikmeeting_slides200607heckman.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Committee for Economic Development Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Skill Formation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Introduction
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. "The Technology and Neuroscience of Skill Formation." Presented: Chicago, IL, Invest in Kids Working Group, Center for Economic Development, July 17, 2006. |
2678. |
Heckman, James J. Cameron, Stephen V. Schochet, Peter Zygmunt |
Determinants and Consequences of Public Sector and Private Sector Training NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-15, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992. Also: http://www.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl920040.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Earnings; Human Capital; Job Training; Job Turnover; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Life Cycle Research; Private Sector; Public Sector; Training This in-progress research will use data from the NLSY to estimate the determinants and consequences of participation in private and public training programs. Data from the NLSY contain unusually rich longitudinal information on training and labor market activities. For both national representative samples and subsamples of disadvantaged youth, this research will seek answers to the following questions: (1) What are the determinants of participation in private and public sector training programs? (2) What are the determinants of the amount of time spent in training? (3) What are the impacts of different types of training programs on earnings, wage rates, employment, unemployment, job turnover, and subsequent training? (4) To what extent are public and private training programs comparable in affecting wages, employment, job attachment, and unemployment? These issues will be addressed using explicit life cycle dynamic models to control for the bias that potentially plagues naive regression analysis. Selection bias may arise if persons are not randomly selected into training. Two strategies for addressing selection bias problems are proposed. The emphasis in this project will be on the estimation of robust empirical relationships. This project will provide new information on the labor market dynamics of youth and the role of training in generating those dynamics. The analysis will also shed light on the importance of training in accounting for life cycle wage growth and the empirical importance of training complementarity that is featured in the human capital literature. By estimating the importance of family background and resources as determinants of participation in training, and the substitutability of governmental and private training, it is hoped that more will be learned about the efficacy of alternative strategies for affecting labor market outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., Stephen V. Cameron and Peter Zygmunt Schochet. "Determinants and Consequences of Public Sector and Private Sector Training." NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-15, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992. |
2679. |
Heckman, James J. Carneiro, Pedro M. |
Human Capital Policy NBER Working Paper No. 9495, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2003. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W9495 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Job Training; Life Cycle Research; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Racial Equality/Inequality; School Quality; Skill Formation; Skills; Tuition This paper considers alternative policies for promoting skill formation that are targetted to different stages of the life cycle. We demonstrate the importance of both cognitive and noncognitive skills that are formed early in the life cycle in accounting for racial, ethnic and family background gaps in schooling and other dimensions of socioeconomic success. Most of the gaps in college attendance and delay are determined by early family factors. Children from better families and with high ability earn higher returns to schooling. We find only a limited role for tuition policy or family income supplements in eliminating schooling and college attendance gaps. At most 8% of American youth are credit constrained in the traditional usage of that term. The evidence points to a high return to early interventions and a low return to remedial or compensatory interventions later in the life cycle. Skill and ability beget future skill and ability. At current levels of funding, traditional policies like tuition subsidies, improvements in school quality, job training and tax rebates are unlikely to be effective in closing gaps. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and Pedro M. Carneiro. "Human Capital Policy." NBER Working Paper No. 9495, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2003. |
2680. |
Heckman, James J. Fontaine, Paul A. |
Bias-Corrected Estimates of GED Returns Journal of Labor Economics 24,3 (July 2006): 661-700. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/504278 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Education; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Dropouts; Minorities; Nonresponse Using three sources of data, this article examines the direct economic return to General Educational Development (GED) certification for both native and immigrant high school dropouts. One data source—the Current Population Survey (CPS)—is plagued by nonresponse and allocation bias from the hot deck procedure that biases the estimated return to the GED upward. Correcting for allocation bias and ability bias, there is no direct economic return to GED certification. An apparent return to GED certification with age found in the raw CPS data is due to dropouts becoming more skilled over time. These results apply to both native-born and immigrant populations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and Paul A. Fontaine. "Bias-Corrected Estimates of GED Returns." Journal of Labor Economics 24,3 (July 2006): 661-700.
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2681. |
Heckman, James J. Humphries, John Eric Mader, Nicholas S. |
The GED IZA Discussion Paper No. 4975, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 2010. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1631110& Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Dropouts; Educational Returns; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Dropouts; Labor Market Outcomes; Schooling, Post-secondary; Tests and Testing; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The General Educational Development (GED) credential is issued on the basis of an eight hour subject-based test. The test claims to establish equivalence between dropouts and traditional high school graduates, opening the door to college and positions in the labor market. In 2008 alone, almost 500,000 dropouts passed the test, amounting to 12% of all high school credentials issued in that year. This chapter reviews the academic literature on the GED, which finds minimal value of the certificate in terms of labor market outcomes and that only a few individuals successfully use it as a path to obtain post-secondary credentials. Although the GED establishes cognitive equivalence on one measure of scholastic aptitude, recipients still face limited opportunity due to deficits in noncognitive skills such as persistence, motivation and reliability. The literature finds that the GED testing program distorts social statistics on high school completion rates, minority graduation gaps, and sources of wage growth. Recent work demonstrates that, through its availability and low cost, the GED also induces some students to drop out of school. The GED program is unique to the United States and Canada, but provides policy insight relevant to any nation's educational context. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., John Eric Humphries and Nicholas S. Mader. "The GED." IZA Discussion Paper No. 4975, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 2010. |
2682. |
Heckman, James J. Humphries, John Eric Mader, Nicholas S. |
The GED NBER Working Paper No. 16064, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2010. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w16064.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Dropouts; Educational Returns; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Dropouts; Labor Market Outcomes; Wage Growth The General Educational Development (GED) credential is issued on the basis of an eight hour subject-based test. The test claims to establish equivalence between dropouts and traditional high school graduates, opening the door to college and positions in the labor market. In 2008 alone, almost 500,000 dropouts passed the test, amounting to 12% of all high school credentials issued in that year. This chapter reviews the academic literature on the GED, which finds minimal value of the certificate in terms of labor market outcomes and that only a few individuals successfully use it as a path to obtain post-secondary credentials. Although the GED establishes cognitive equivalence on one measure of scholastic aptitude, recipients still face limited opportunity due to deficits in noncognitive skills such as persistence, motivation and reliability. The literature finds that the GED testing program distorts social statistics on high school completion rates, minority graduation gaps, and sources of wage growth. Recent work demonstrates that, through its availability and low cost, the GED also induces some students to drop out of school. The GED program is unique to the United States and Canada, but provides policy insight relevant to any nation's educational context. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., John Eric Humphries and Nicholas S. Mader. "The GED." NBER Working Paper No. 16064, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2010. |
2683. |
Heckman, James J. Humphries, John Eric Urzua, Sergio Veramendi, Gregory |
The Effects of Educational Choices on Labor Market, Health, and Social Outcomes Working Paper No. 2011-002, Human Capital and Ecnomic Opportunity Working Group, Economic Research Center, University of Chicago, October 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior, Antisocial; Body Mass Index (BMI); CESD (Depression Scale); Cognitive Ability; Divorce; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Market Outcomes; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); School Performance; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a sequential model of educational choices, we investigate the effect of educational choices on labor market, health, and social outcomes. Unobserved endowments drive the correlations in unobservables across choice and outcome equations. We proxy these endowments with numerous measurements and account for measurement error in the proxies. For each schooling level, we estimate outcomes for labor market, health, and social outcome. This allows us to generate counter-factual outcomes for dynamic choices and a variety of policy and treatment effects. In our framework, responses to treatment vary among observationally identical persons and agents may select into the treatment on the basis of their responses. We find important effects of early cognitive and socio-emotional abilities on schooling choices, labor market outcomes, adult health, and social outcomes. Education at most levels causally produces gains on labor market, health, and social outcomes. We estimate the distribution of responses to education and find substantial heterogeneity on which agents act. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., John Eric Humphries, Sergio Urzua and Gregory Veramendi. "The Effects of Educational Choices on Labor Market, Health, and Social Outcomes." Working Paper No. 2011-002, Human Capital and Ecnomic Opportunity Working Group, Economic Research Center, University of Chicago, October 2011. |
2684. |
Heckman, James J. Humphries, John Eric Veramendi, Gregory |
Returns to Education: The Causal Effects of Education on Earnings, Health and Smoking IZA Discussion Paper No. 9957, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 2016. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp9957.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Returns; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Skills; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper estimates returns to education using a dynamic model of educational choice that synthesizes approaches in the structural dynamic discrete choice literature with approaches used in the reduced form treatment effect literature. It is an empirically robust middle ground between the two approaches which estimates economically interpretable and policy-relevant dynamic treatment effects that account for heterogeneity in cognitive and non-cognitive skills and the continuation values of educational choices. Graduating college is not a wise choice for all. Ability bias is a major component of observed educational differentials. For some, there are substantial causal effects of education at all stages of schooling. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., John Eric Humphries and Gregory Veramendi. "Returns to Education: The Causal Effects of Education on Earnings, Health and Smoking." IZA Discussion Paper No. 9957, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 2016. |
2685. |
Heckman, James J. Humphries, John Eric Veramendi, Gregory |
The Non-Market Benefits of Education and Ability NBER Working Paper No. 23896, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2017. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w23896 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Depression (see also CESD); Educational Returns; Incarceration/Jail; Self-Esteem; Trust; Voting Behavior; Welfare This paper analyzes the non-market benefits of education and ability. Using a dynamic model of educational choice we estimate returns to education that account for selection bias and sorting on gains. We investigate a range of non-market outcomes including incarceration, mental health, voter participation, trust, and participation in welfare. We find distinct patterns of returns that depend on the levels of schooling and ability. Unlike the monetary benefits of education, the benefits to education for many non-market outcomes are greater for low-ability persons. College graduation decreases welfare use, lowers depression, and raises self-esteem more for less-able individuals. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., John Eric Humphries and Gregory Veramendi. "The Non-Market Benefits of Education and Ability." NBER Working Paper No. 23896, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2017. |
2686. |
Heckman, James J. Kautz, Tim |
Hard Evidence on Soft Skills IZA Discussion Paper No. 6580, May 2012. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2080324 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Achievement; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; I.Q.; Illegal Activities; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper summarizes recent evidence on what achievement tests measure; how achievement tests relate to other measures of “cognitive ability” like IQ and grades; the important skills that achievement tests miss or mismeasure, and how much these skills matter in life. Achievement tests miss, or perhaps more accurately, do not adequately capture, soft skills – personality traits, goals, motivations, and preferences that are valued in the labor market, in school, and in many other domains. The larger message of this paper is that soft skills predict success in life, that they causally produce that success, and that programs that enhance soft skills have an important place in an effective portfolio of public policies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and Tim Kautz. "Hard Evidence on Soft Skills." IZA Discussion Paper No. 6580, May 2012. |
2687. |
Heckman, James J. LaFontaine, Paul A. |
Bias Corrected Estimates of GED Returns NBER Working Paper No. 12018, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2006. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w12018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Education; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Minorities; Nonresponse Using three sources of data, this paper examines the direct economic return to GED certification for both native and immigrant high school dropouts. One data source – the CPS – is plagued by nonresponse and allocation bias from the hot-deck procedure that biases upward the estimated return to the GED. Correcting for allocation bias and ability bias, there is no direct economic return to GED certification. An apparent return to GED certification with age found in the raw CPS data is due to dropouts becoming more skilled over time. These results apply to native born as well as immigrant populations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and Paul A. LaFontaine. "Bias Corrected Estimates of GED Returns." NBER Working Paper No. 12018, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2006. |
2688. |
Heckman, James J. LaFontaine, Paul A. |
The American High School Graduation Rate: Trends and Levels NBER Working Paper 13670, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2007. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w13670 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Methods/Methodology This paper uses multiple data sources and a unified methodology to estimate the trends and levels of the U.S. high school graduation rate. Correcting for important biases that plague previous calculations, we establish that (a) the true high school graduation rate is substantially lower than the official rate issued by the National Center for Educational Statistics; (b) it has been declining over the past 40 years; (c) majority/minority graduation rate differentials are substantial and have not converged over the past 35 years; (d) the decline in high school graduation rates occurs among native populations and is not solely a consequence of increasing proportions of immigrants and minorities in American society; (e) the decline in high school graduation explains part of the recent slowdown in college attendance; and (f) the pattern of the decline of high school graduation rates by gender helps to explain the recent increase in male-female college attendance gaps. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and Paul A. LaFontaine. "The American High School Graduation Rate: Trends and Levels." NBER Working Paper 13670, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2007. |
2689. |
Heckman, James J. LaFontaine, Paul A. |
The American High School Graduation Rate: Trends and Levels IZA Discussion Paper No. 3216, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), December 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Gender Differences; High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Completion/Graduates; High School Diploma; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses multiple data sources and a unified methodology to estimate the trends and levels of the U.S. high school graduation rate. Correcting for important biases that plague previous calculations, we establish that (a) the true high school graduation rate is substantially lower than the official rate issued by the National Center for Educational Statistics; (b) it has been declining over the past 40 years; (c) majority/minority graduation rate differentials are substantial and have not converged over the past 35 years; (d) the decline in high school graduation rates occurs among native populations and is not solely a consequence of increasing proportions of immigrants and minorities in American society; (e) the decline in high school graduation explains part of the recent slowdown in college attendance; and (f) the pattern of the decline of high school graduation rates by gender helps to explain the recent increase in male-female college attendance gaps. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and Paul A. LaFontaine. "The American High School Graduation Rate: Trends and Levels." IZA Discussion Paper No. 3216, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), December 2007. |
2690. |
Heckman, James J. Lochner, Lance John Taber, Christopher Robert |
Explaining Rising Wage Inequality: Explorations with a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model of Labor Earnings with Heterogeneous Agents NBER Working Paper No. 6384, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1998. Also: http://www.nber.org/cgi-bin/wpsearch.pl?action=bibliography&paper=W6384&year=98 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Enrollment; College Graduates; Earnings; Human Capital; Modeling; Schooling; Skill Formation; Skills; Training, On-the-Job; Training, Post-School; Transition, School to Work; Wage Differentials; Wage Equations This paper develops and estimates an overlapping generations general equilibrium model of labor earnings, skill formation and physical capital accumulation with heterogeneous human capital. The model analyzes both schooling choices and post-school on-the-job investment in skills in a framework in which different schooling levels index different skills. A key insight in the model is that accounting for the distinction between skill prices and measured wages is important for analyzing the changing wage structure, as they often move in different directions. New methods are developed and applied to estimate the demand for unobserved human capital and to determine the substitution relationships in aggregate technology among skills and capital. We estimate skill-specific human capital accumulation equations that are consistent with the general equilibrium predictions of the model. Using our estimates, we find that a model of skill-biased technical change with a trend estimated from our aggregate technology is consistent with the central feature of rising wage equality measured by the college-high school wage differential and by the standard deviation of log earnings over the past 15 years. Immigration of low skill workers contributes little to rising wage inequality. When the model is extended to account for the enlarged cohorts of the Baby Boom, we find that the same parameter estimates of the supply functions for human capital that are used the explain the wage history of the last 15 years also explain the last 35 years of wage inequality as documented by Katz and Murphy (1992). |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., Lance John Lochner and Christopher Robert Taber. "Explaining Rising Wage Inequality: Explorations with a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model of Labor Earnings with Heterogeneous Agents." NBER Working Paper No. 6384, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1998. |
2691. |
Heckman, James J. Lochner, Lance John Taber, Christopher Robert |
General Equilibrium Cost Benefit Analysis of Education and Tax Policies NBER Working Paper No. 6881, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1999. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6881 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Cost-Benefit Studies; Endogeneity; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Modeling; Schooling; Skill Formation; Taxes; Training, On-the-Job; Tuition This paper formulates and estimates an open-economy overlapping generation general-equilibrium model of endogenous heterogeneous human capital in the form of schooling and on-the-job training. Physical capital accumulation is also analyzed. We use the model to explain rising wage inequality in the past two decades due to skill-biased technical change and to estimate investment responses. We compare an open economy version with a closed economy version. Using our empirically grounded general equilibrium model that explains rising wage inequality, we evaluate two policies often suggested as solutions to the problem of rising wage inequality: (a) tuition subsidies to promote skill formation and (b) tax policies. We establish that conventional partial equilibrium policy evaluation methods widely used in labor economics and public finance give substantially misleading estimates of the impact of national tax and tuition policies on skill formation. Conventional microeconomic methods for estimating the schooling response to tuition overestimate the response by an order of magnitude. Simulations of our model also reveal that move to a flat consumption tax raises capital accumulation and the real wages of all skill groups and barely affects overall measures of income inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., Lance John Lochner and Christopher Robert Taber. "General Equilibrium Cost Benefit Analysis of Education and Tax Policies." NBER Working Paper No. 6881, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1999. |
2692. |
Heckman, James J. Masterov, Dimitriy V. |
The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children Working Paper 5, Invest in Kids Working Group, October 2004. Also: http://www.ced.org/docs/report/report_ivk_heckman_2004.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Committee for Economic Development Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bias Decomposition; Children, Academic Development; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Labor Market Outcomes; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Introduction Education, perseverance and motivation are all major factors determining productivity, both in the workplace and beyond it. The family is a major producer of these skills, which are indispensable for successful students and workers. Unfortunately, many families have failed to perform this task well in recent years. This retards the growth in the quality of the labor force. Dysfunctional families are also a major determinant of child participation in crime and other costly pathological behaviors. On productivity grounds alone, it appears to make sound business sense to invest in young children from disadvantaged environments. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that early childhood interventions are much more effective than remedies that attempt to compensate for early neglect later in life. Enriched pre-kindergarten programs available to disadvantaged children on a voluntary basis, coupled with home visitation programs, have a strong track record of promoting achievement for disadvantaged children, improving their labor market outcomes and reducing involvement with crime. Such programs are likely to generate substantial savings to society and to promote higher economic growth by improving the skills of the workforce...This paper presents a case for investing more in young American children who grow up in disadvantaged environments. Figure 1 presents time series of alternative measures of disadvantaged families. The percentage of children born into or living in nontraditional families has increased tremendously in the last 30 years.1,2 The percentage of children living in poverty has fallen recently, as has the percentage of all children born into poor families, though this number is still high, especially among certain subgroups. The percentage of children born into single parent homes is now 25%. These environments place children at risk for failure in social and economic life. Many have commented on this phenomenon, and most analyses have cast the issue of assisting the children of these |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and Dimitriy V. Masterov. "The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children." Working Paper 5, Invest in Kids Working Group, October 2004. |
2693. |
Heckman, James J. Masterov, Dimitriy V. |
The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children Presented: Chicago, IL, T.W. Schultz Award Lecture at the Allied Social Sciences Association Annual Meeting, January 2007. Also: http://jenni.uchicago.edu/Invest/FILES/dugger_2004-12-02_dvm.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Society for Nutrition (ASN) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Childbearing, Adolescent; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Crime; Disadvantaged, Economically; Education; Family Environment; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Human Capital; I.Q.; International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS); Labor Market Demographics; Literacy; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Skill Formation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Education, perseverance and motivation are all major factors determining productivity, both in the workplace and beyond it. The family is a major producer of these skills, which are indispensable for successful students and workers. Unfortunately, many families have failed to perform this task well in recent years. This retards the growth in the quality of the labor force. Dysfunctional families are also a major determinant of child participation in crime and other costly pathological behaviors. On productivity grounds alone, it appears to make sound business sense to invest in young children from disadvantaged environments. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that early childhood interventions are much more effective than remedies that attempt to compensate for early neglect later in life. Enriched pre-kindergarten programs available to disadvantaged children on a voluntary basis, coupled with home visitation programs, have a strong track record of promoting achievement for disadvantaged children, improving their labor market outcomes and reducing involvement with crime. Such programs are likely to generate substantial savings to society and to promote higher economic growth by improving the skills of the workforce. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and Dimitriy V. Masterov. "The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children." Presented: Chicago, IL, T.W. Schultz Award Lecture at the Allied Social Sciences Association Annual Meeting, January 2007. |
2694. |
Heckman, James J. Masterov, Dimitriy V. |
The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children Review of Agricultural Economics 29,3 (Fall 2007): 446-493. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4624854 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Childbearing; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Crime; Family Structure; International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS); Skill Formation This lecture was given as the T.W. Schultz Award Lecture at the Allied Social Sciences Association annual meeting, Chicago, January 5–7, 2007. This article was not subject to the journal's standard refereeing process. Copyright 2007 American Agricultural Economics Association. [From pdf at: http://jenni.uchicago.edu/Invest/FILES/dugger_2004-12-02_dvm.pdf.] This paper presents a productivity argument for investing in disadvantaged young children. For such investment, there is no equity-efficiency tradeoff. The web appendix for this paper can be downloaded from http://jenni.uchicago.edu/Invest/. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and Dimitriy V. Masterov. "The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children." Review of Agricultural Economics 29,3 (Fall 2007): 446-493.
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2695. |
Heckman, James J. Masterov, Dimitriy V. |
The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children NBER Working Paper No. 13016, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2007. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w13016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Childbearing; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Crime; Education; Family Structure; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Skill Formation This paper presents a productivity argument for investing in disadvantaged young children. For such investment, there is no equity-efficiency tradeoff. [It] graphs time series of alternative measures of the percentage of children in disadvantaged families. The percentage of children born into, or living in, nontraditional families has increased greatly in the last 30 years.1,2 Approximately 25% of children are now born into single parent homes. While the percentages of children living in poverty and born into poor families have fallen recently, they are still high, especially among certain subgroups. Adverse environments place children at risk for social and economic failure. The accident of birth plays a powerful role in determining adult success.3 Many have commented on this phenomenon, and most analyses have cast the issue of assisting children from disadvantaged families as a question of fairness or social justice. This paper makes a different argument. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and Dimitriy V. Masterov. "The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children." NBER Working Paper No. 13016, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2007. |
2696. |
Heckman, James J. Moon, Seong Hyeok Pinto, Rodrigo Savelyev, Peter A. Yavitz, Adam |
The Rate of Return to the Highscope Perry Preschool Program IZA Policy Paper No. 17, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) , July 2010. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/pp17.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Childhood Education, Early; Children, Academic Development; Cognitive Development; Comparison Group (Reference group); Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Disadvantaged, Economically; Family Studies; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); I.Q.; Life Cycle Research; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper summarizes our recent work on the rate of return and cost-benefit ratio of an influential early childhood program. The Perry Preschool Program was an early childhood education program conducted at the Perry Elementary School in Ypsilanti, Michigan, during the early 1960s. The evidence from it is widely cited to support the economic argument for investing in early childhood programs. Only disadvantaged children living in adverse circumstances who had low IQ scores and a low index of family socioeconomic status were eligible to participate in the Perry program. Actual participation was determined by a toss of a coin. Beginning at age 3 and lasting 2 years, treatment consisted of a 2.5-hour preschool program on weekdays during the school year, supplemented by weekly home visits by teachers. The curriculum was based on supporting children's cognitive and socio-emotional development through active learning in which both teachers and children had major roles in shaping children's learning. Children were encouraged to plan, carry out, and reflect on their own activities through a plan-do-review process. Follow-up interviews were conducted when participants were approximately 15, 19, 27, and 40 years old. At these interviews, participants provided detailed information about their life-cycle trajectories including schooling, economic activity, marital life, child rearing, and incarceration. In addition, Perry researchers collected administrative data in the form of school records, police and court records, and records on welfare participation. Schweinhart, Montie, Xiang, Barnett, Beleld, and Nores (2005) describe the program and the available data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., Seong Hyeok Moon, Rodrigo Pinto, Peter A. Savelyev and Adam Yavitz. "The Rate of Return to the Highscope Perry Preschool Program." IZA Policy Paper No. 17, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) , July 2010. |
2697. |
Heckman, James J. Moon, Seong Hyeok Pinto, Rodrigo Savelyev, Peter A. Yavitz, Adam |
The Rate of Return to the Highscope Perry Preschool Program Journal of Public Economics 94,1-2 (February 2010): 114-128. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272709001418 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Comparison Group (Reference group); Earnings; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Head Start; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Preschool Children; Record Linkage (also see Data Linkage); Welfare This paper estimates the rate of return to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program, an early intervention program targeted toward disadvantaged African-American youth. Estimates of the rate of return to the Perry program are widely cited to support the claim of substantial economic benefits from preschool education programs. Previous studies of the rate of return to this program ignore the compromises that occurred in the randomization protocol. They do not report standard errors. The rates of return estimated in this paper account for these factors. We conduct an extensive analysis of sensitivity to alternative plausible assumptions. Estimated annual social rates of return generally fall between 7 and 10%, with most estimates substantially lower than those previously reported in the literature. However, returns are generally statistically significantly different from zero for both males and females and are above the historical return on equity. Estimated benefit-to-cost ratios support this conclusion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., Seong Hyeok Moon, Rodrigo Pinto, Peter A. Savelyev and Adam Yavitz. "The Rate of Return to the Highscope Perry Preschool Program ." Journal of Public Economics 94,1-2 (February 2010): 114-128.
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2698. |
Heckman, James J. Raut, Lakshmi K. |
Intergenerational Long Term Effects of Preschool--Structural Estimates from a Discrete Dynamic Programming Model NBER Working Paper No. 19077, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Earnings; Head Start; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Schools; Noncognitive Skills; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Preschool Children; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Socioeconomic Status (SES) This paper formulates a structural dynamic programming model of preschool investment choices of altruistic parents and then empirically estimates the structural parameters of the model using the NLSY79 data. The paper finds that preschool investment significantly boosts cognitive and non-cognitive skills, which enhance earnings and school outcomes. It also finds that a standard Mincer earnings function, by omitting measures of non-cognitive skills on the right hand side, overestimates the rate of return to schooling. From the estimated equilibrium Markov process, the paper studies the nature of within generation earnings distribution and intergenerational earnings and schooling mobility. The paper finds that a tax financed free preschool program for the children of poor socioeconomic status generates positive net gains to the society in terms of average earnings and higher intergenerational earnings and schooling mobility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and Lakshmi K. Raut. "Intergenerational Long Term Effects of Preschool--Structural Estimates from a Discrete Dynamic Programming Model." NBER Working Paper No. 19077, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2013. |
2699. |
Heckman, James J. Raut, Lakshmi K. |
Intergenerational Long-term Effects of Preschool--Structural Estimates from a Discrete Dynamic Programming Model Journal of Econometrics 191,1 (March 2016): 164-175. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407615002493 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Earnings; Head Start; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Schools; Noncognitive Skills; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Preschool Children; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Socioeconomic Status (SES) This paper formulates a structural dynamic programming model of preschool investment choices of altruistic parents and then empirically estimates the structural parameters of the model using the NLSY79 data. The paper finds that preschool investment significantly boosts cognitive and non-cognitive skills, which enhance earnings and school outcomes. It also finds that a standard Mincer earnings function, by omitting measures of non-cognitive skills on the right-hand side, overestimates the rate of return to schooling. From the estimated equilibrium Markov process, the paper studies the nature of within generation earnings distribution, intergenerational earnings mobility, and schooling mobility. The paper finds that a tax-financed free preschool program for the children of poor socioeconomic status generates positive net gains to the society in terms of average earnings, higher intergenerational earnings mobility, and schooling mobility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and Lakshmi K. Raut. "Intergenerational Long-term Effects of Preschool--Structural Estimates from a Discrete Dynamic Programming Model." Journal of Econometrics 191,1 (March 2016): 164-175.
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2700. |
Heckman, James J. Schmierer, Daniel A. Urzua, Sergio |
Testing the Correlated Random Coefficient Model Working Paper No. 15463. National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2009. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w15463 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Heterogeneity; High School Completion/Graduates; Modeling; Schooling, Post-secondary; Variables, Instrumental; Wages The recent literature on instrumental variables (IV) features models in which agents sort into treatment status on the basis of gains from treatment as well as on baseline-pretreatment levels. Components of the gains known to the agents and acted on by them may not be known by the observing economist. Such models are called correlated random coefficient models. Sorting on unobserved components of gains complicates the interpretation of what IV estimates. This paper examines testable implications of the hypothesis that agents do not sort into treatment based on gains. In it, we develop new tests to gauge the empirical relevance of the correlated random coefficient model to examine whether the additional complications associated with it are required. We examine the power of the proposed tests. We derive a new representation of the variance of the instrumental variable estimator for the correlated random coefficient model. We apply the methods in this paper to the prototypical empirical problem of estimating the return to schooling and ˝find evidence of sorting into schooling based on unobserved components of gains. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., Daniel A. Schmierer and Sergio Urzua. "Testing the Correlated Random Coefficient Model." Working Paper No. 15463. National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2009. |
2701. |
Heckman, James J. Stixrud, Jora Urzua, Sergio |
The Effects of Cognitive and Noncognitive Abilities on Labor Market Outcomes and Social Behavior Journal of Labor Economics 24,3 (July 2006): 411-482. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/504455 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Academic Development; Adolescent Behavior; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Crime; Educational Returns; Employment; Labor Market Outcomes; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Noncognitive Skills; Occupational Choice; Risk-Taking; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Schooling; Skills; Substance Use; Wages; Work Experience This article establishes that a low-dimensional vector of cognitive and noncognitive skills explains a variety of labor market and behavioral outcomes. Our analysis addresses the problems of measurement error, imperfect proxies, and reverse causality that plague conventional studies. Noncognitive skills strongly influence schooling decisions and also affect wages, given schooling decisions. Schooling, employment, work experience, and choice of occupation are affected by latent noncognitive and cognitive skills. We show that the same low-dimensional vector of abilities that explains schooling choices, wages, employment, work experience, and choice of occupation explains a wide variety of risky behaviors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., Jora Stixrud and Sergio Urzua. "The Effects of Cognitive and Noncognitive Abilities on Labor Market Outcomes and Social Behavior." Journal of Labor Economics 24,3 (July 2006): 411-482.
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2702. |
Heckman, James J. Tobias, Justin L. Vytlacil, Edward |
Four Parameters of Interest in the Evaluation of Social Programs Southern Economic Journal 68,2 (October 2001): 211-223. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061591 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): College Education; Evaluations; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction This paper reviews four treatment parameters that have become commonly used in the program evaluation literature: 1. the average treatment effect, 2. the effect of treatment on the treated, 3. the local average treatment effect, and 4. the marginal treatment effect. The paper derives simply computed closed-form expressions for these treatment parameters in a latent variable framework with Gaussian error terms. These parameters can be estimated using nothing more than output from a standard two-step procedure. It also briefly describes recent work that seeks to go beyond mean effects and estimate the distributions associated with various outcome gains. The techniques presented in the paper are applied to estimate the return to some form of college education for various populations using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., Justin L. Tobias and Edward Vytlacil. "Four Parameters of Interest in the Evaluation of Social Programs." Southern Economic Journal 68,2 (October 2001): 211-223.
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2703. |
Heckman, James J. Tobias, Justin L. Vytlacil, Edward |
Simple Estimators for Treatment Parameters in a Latent Variable Framework with an Application to Estimating the Returns to Schooling NBER Working Paper No. W7950, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2000. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W7950 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); College Education; Earnings; Education; Educational Returns; Modeling; Schooling; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Siblings This paper derives simply computed closed-form expressions for the Average Treatment Effect (ATE), the effect of Treatment on the Treated (TT), Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) and Marginal Treatment Effect (MTE) in a latent variable framework for both normal and non-normal models. The techniques presented in the paper are applied to estimating a variety of treatment parameters capturing the returns to a college education for various populations using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., Justin L. Tobias and Edward Vytlacil. "Simple Estimators for Treatment Parameters in a Latent Variable Framework with an Application to Estimating the Returns to Schooling." NBER Working Paper No. W7950, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2000. |
2704. |
Heckman, James J. Urzua, Sergio Vytlacil, Edward |
Supplement to "Understanding Instrumental Variables in Models with Essential Heterogeneity" Working Paper, Department of Economics, The University of Chicago, December 2004. Also: http://jenni.uchicago.edu/underiv/appendixwebpage_all_16_12_04.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The University of Chicago Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Heterogeneity; High School Dropouts; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Supplement available on-line at: http://jenni.uchicago.edu/underiv/appendixwebpage_all_16_12_04.pdf |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., Sergio Urzua and Edward Vytlacil. "Supplement to "Understanding Instrumental Variables in Models with Essential Heterogeneity"." Working Paper, Department of Economics, The University of Chicago, December 2004. |
2705. |
Heckman, James J. Vytlacil, Edward |
Identifying the Role of Cognitive Ability in Explaining the Level of and Change in the Return to Schooling NBER Working Paper No. 7820, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Education; Schooling This paper considers two problems that arise in determining the role of ability in explaining the level of and change in the rate of return to schooling. (1) Ability and schooling are so strongly dependent that it is not possible, over a wide range of variation in schooling and ability, to independently vary these two variables and estimate their separate impacts. (2) The structure of panel data makes it difficult to identify main age and time effects or to isolate crucial education-ability-time interactions needed to assess the role of ability in explaining the rise in the return to education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and Edward Vytlacil. "Identifying the Role of Cognitive Ability in Explaining the Level of and Change in the Return to Schooling." NBER Working Paper No. 7820, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2000. |
2706. |
Heckman, James J. Vytlacil, Edward |
Identifying the Role of Cognitive Ability in Explaining the Level of and Change in the Return to Schooling Review of Economics and Statistics 83,1 (February 2001): 1-12. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2646685 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Education; Educational Attainment; School Completion; School Dropouts; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper considers two problems that arise in determining the role of cognitive ability in explaining the level of and change in the rate of return to schooling. The first problem is that ability and schooling are so strongly dependent that it is not possible, over a wide range of variation in schooling and ability, to independently vary these two variables and estimate their separate impacts. The second problem is that the structure of panel data makes it difficult to identify main age and time effects or to isolate crucial education-ability-time interactions which are needed to assess the role of ability in explaining the rise in the return to education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J. and Edward Vytlacil. "Identifying the Role of Cognitive Ability in Explaining the Level of and Change in the Return to Schooling." Review of Economics and Statistics 83,1 (February 2001): 1-12.
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2707. |
Heckman, James J. Vytlacil, Edward Urzua, Sergio |
Understanding Instrumental Variables in Models with Essential Heterogeneity IZA Discussion Paper No. 2320, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), September 2006. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=936692 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; High School Completion/Graduates; Variables, Instrumental; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the properties of instrumental variables (IV) applied to models with essential heterogeneity, that is, models where responses to interventions are heterogeneous and agents adopt treatments (participate in programs) with at least partial knowledge of their idiosyncratic response. We analyze two-outcome and multiple-outcome models including ordered and unordered choice models. We allow for transition-specific and general instruments. We generalize previous analyses by developing weights for treatment effects for general instruments. We develop a simple test for the presence of essential heterogeneity. We note the asymmetry of the model of essential heterogeneity: outcomes of choices are heterogeneous in a general way; choices are not. When both choices and outcomes are permitted to be symmetrically heterogeneous, the method of IV breaks down for estimating treatment parameters. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heckman, James J., Edward Vytlacil and Sergio Urzua. "Understanding Instrumental Variables in Models with Essential Heterogeneity." IZA Discussion Paper No. 2320, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), September 2006. |
2708. |
Hedges, Larry V. Nowell, Amy |
Sex Differences in Mental Test Scores, Variability, and Numbers of High-Scoring Individuals Science 269,5220 (July 7, 1995): 41-45 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Gender Differences; Intelligence Tests; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Sex differences in central tendency, variability, and numbers of high scores on mental tests have been extensively studied. Research has not always seemed to yield consistent results, partly because most studies have not used representative samples of national populations. An analysis of mental test scores from six studies that used national probability samples provided evidence that although average sex differences have been generally small and stable over time, the test scores of males consistently have larger variance. Except in tests of reading comprehension, perceptual speed, and associative memory, males typically outnumber females substantially among high-scoring individuals. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hedges, Larry V. and Amy Nowell. "Sex Differences in Mental Test Scores, Variability, and Numbers of High-Scoring Individuals." Science 269,5220 (July 7, 1995): 41-45.
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2709. |
Heflin, Colleen M. Kukla-Acevedo, Sharon |
Participation in the Unemployment Insurance Program and Childhood Achievement Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Unemployment Insurance Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite evidence linking parental unemployment spells and negative child outcomes, there is very little research that explores how participation in the Unemployment Insurance Program (UI) could buffer these effects. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79) and Children of the NLSY79 data, we estimate a series of fixed effects and instrumental variables models to estimate the relationship between UI participation and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (math and reading comprehension). Once we control for the non-random selection process into UI participation, our results suggest a positive, albeit, tenuous relationship between UI participation and PIAT math scores. None of the models suggests a negative influence of UI participation on child outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heflin, Colleen M. and Sharon Kukla-Acevedo. "Participation in the Unemployment Insurance Program and Childhood Achievement." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
2710. |
Heflin, Colleen M. Pattillo, Mary |
Kin Effects on Black-White Account and Home Ownership Sociological Inquiry 72,2 (Spring 2002): 220-239. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-682X.00014/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Assets; Black Studies; Family Structure; Home Ownership; Kinship; Poverty; Racial Differences; Siblings; Socioeconomic Factors; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article combines the literature on kin networks and racial disparities in asset ownership. Specifically, we examine the effects of kin characteristics—sibling poverty and parental poverty, education, and occupation—on financial account ownership and home ownership. We find that kin matter for these outcomes. Having a poor sibling and coming from a poor family are negatively associated with account and home ownership while mother's education has a positive effect. Separate analyses by race suggest that kin characteristics matter for both Blacks and Whites for account ownership, but for home ownership they are significant for Whites only. Racial differences in kin characteristics account for over half of the racial gap in account ownership, but are not important for understanding the racial gap in home ownership. The significant effects of extended family characteristics on socioeconomic well-being make a case for the inclusion of kin variables in the growing literature on wealth disparities among Blacks and Whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heflin, Colleen M. and Mary Pattillo. "Kin Effects on Black-White Account and Home Ownership." Sociological Inquiry 72,2 (Spring 2002): 220-239.
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2711. |
Heflin, Colleen M. Pattillo, Mary |
Poverty in the Family: Race, Siblings, and Socioeconomic Heterogeneity Social Science Research 35,4 (December 2006): 804-822. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X04000870 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Kinship; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Siblings; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES) We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to characterize siblings of middle class and poor blacks and whites, testing for racial differences in the probability of having a sibling on the other side of the socioeconomic divide. In support of theories in the urban poverty literature about the social isolation of poor blacks, we find that poor African-Americans are less likely to have a middle class sibling than poor whites, controlling for individual and family background factors. For the middle class, being black is positively correlated with the probability of having a poor sibling, challenging the notion that the black middle class is separated from the black poor, but supporting recent research on black middle class fragility. Overall, we find that African-Americans are less likely than whites to have siblings that cross important social class lines in ways that are beneficial. Racial differences in the composition of kin networks may indicate another dimension of racial stratification. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heflin, Colleen M. and Mary Pattillo. "Poverty in the Family: Race, Siblings, and Socioeconomic Heterogeneity." Social Science Research 35,4 (December 2006): 804-822.
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2712. |
Hegde, Deepak Tumlinson, Justin |
Asymmetric Information and Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, October 2018. Also: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2596846 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Entrepreneurship; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British) Why do individuals become entrepreneurs? We argue that information asymmetries and the quest to maximize pecuniary returns produce entrepreneurs. In our model, individuals signal their hidden ability to employers (e.g., via educational qualifications). However, signals are imperfect and individuals with greater ability than their signals convey to employers become entrepreneurs. Empirical analysis of two longitudinal samples of U.S. and U.K. residents supports the model's predictions that (i) entrepreneurs have higher ability than employees with comparable signals, (ii) employees have better signals than equally able entrepreneurs, and (iii) entrepreneurs' earnings are higher and exhibit greater variance than employees' with similar signals. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hegde, Deepak and Justin Tumlinson. "Asymmetric Information and Entrepreneurship." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, October 2018. |
2713. |
Hegde, Deepak Tumlinson, Justin |
Information Frictions and Entrepreneurship Strategic Management Journal published online (17 September 2020): DOI: 10.1002/smj.3242. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.3242 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Cross-national Analysis; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Entrepreneurship; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Why do individuals become entrepreneurs? Why do some succeed? We propose two theories in which information frictions play a central role in answering these questions. Empirical analysis of longitudinal samples from the U.S. and the U.K. reveal the following patterns: (i) entrepreneurs have higher cognitive ability than employees with comparable education, (ii) employees have better education than equally able entrepreneurs, and (iii) entrepreneurs. earnings are higher and exhibit greater variance than employees with similar education. These, and other empirical tests support our asymmetric information theory of entrepreneurship that when information frictions cause firms to undervalue workers lacking traditional credentials, workers' quest to maximize their private returns drives the most able into successful entrepreneurship. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hegde, Deepak and Justin Tumlinson. "Information Frictions and Entrepreneurship." Strategic Management Journal published online (17 September 2020): DOI: 10.1002/smj.3242.
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2714. |
Heggeseth, Brianna Jewell, Nicholas P. |
The Impact of Covariance Misspecification in Multivariate Gaussian Mixtures on Estimation and Inference: An Application to Longitudinal Modeling Statistics in Medicine 32,16 (20 July 2013): 2790-2803. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sim.5729/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Modeling; Statistical Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Multivariate Gaussian mixtures are a class of models that provide a flexible parametric approach for the representation of heterogeneous multivariate outcomes. When the outcome is a vector of repeated measurements taken on the same subject, there is often inherent dependence between observations. However, a common covariance assumption is conditional independence—that is, given the mixture component label, the outcomes for subjects are independent. In this paper, we study, through asymptotic bias calculations and simulation, the impact of covariance misspecification in multivariate Gaussian mixtures. Although maximum likelihood estimators of regression and mixing probability parameters are not consistent under misspecification, they have little asymptotic bias when mixture components are well separated or if the assumed correlation is close to the truth even when the covariance is misspecified. We also present a robust standard error estimator and show that it outperforms conventional estimators in simulations and can indicate that the model is misspecified. Body mass index data from a national longitudinal study are used to demonstrate the effects of misspecification on potential inferences made in practice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heggeseth, Brianna and Nicholas P. Jewell. "The Impact of Covariance Misspecification in Multivariate Gaussian Mixtures on Estimation and Inference: An Application to Longitudinal Modeling." Statistics in Medicine 32,16 (20 July 2013): 2790-2803.
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2715. |
Heiland, Frank |
A Dynamic Analysis of Women's Labor Supply, Fertility and Child Development: Is Maternal Employment Bad for Child Development? Working Paper, Department of Economics, State University of New York-Stony Brook, January 2002. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, SUNY-Stony Brook Keyword(s): Birth Order; Children, Mental Health; Cognitive Development; Family Size; Fertility; Infants; Maternal Employment; Methods/Methodology; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Preschool Children; Siblings; Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper I analyze women's employment and fertility decisions in the context of infants' physical and cognitive development. Specifically, I investigate whether maternal employment during the first year of the child's life and the existence of siblings are detrimental for children's cognitive development as suggested by recent work. Applying a similar reduced-form approach to the health production relation and using a larger sample of children, the negative effect of being late in the birth order or of having a (narrowly-spaced) younger sibling on a child's cognitive health is confirmed but the direct maternal employment effect is found to be smaller than suggested by some recent studies. Since the simultaneity of maternal employment, fertility and child health cannot be analyze in the single-equation framework, I formulate and estimate a discrete-time, discrete-choice dynamic programming model in which women's labor force status and fertility are choice variables. The effect of maternal time on the physical and cognitive health of a child during early childhood is embedded in the model via an innovative two-step health production technology. The model is estimated using individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 cohort). Preliminary simulations indicate that a policy that provides paid maternal leave during the first year after birth leads to a small improvement of the developmental outcomes of children. Also, policies that allow births to be spaced less narrowly are shown to be beneficial for young children's cognitive ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heiland, Frank. "A Dynamic Analysis of Women's Labor Supply, Fertility and Child Development: Is Maternal Employment Bad for Child Development?" Working Paper, Department of Economics, State University of New York-Stony Brook, January 2002. |
2716. |
Heiland, Frank |
A Dynamic Analysis of Women's Labor Supply, Fertility and Child Development: Is Maternal Employment Bad for Child Development? Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York - Stony Brook, 2002 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Birth Order; Child Health; Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Fertility; Hispanics; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Simultaneity In my thesis I analyze the effects of time and material resource on children's cognitive development. Specifically, in the first part of the thesis I analyze whether the birth order, the completed family size, and mother's time spent in the labor market is detrimental for young children's cognitive development. Unlike previous work, I use a sample of all children born to a women based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 cohort). Employing panel estimation techniques I find that the 'effect' of maternal employment on child development varies by age of the child (stage of development), as well as by race/ethnicity and educational attainment of the mother. The estimates show that the findings in the previous literature primarily pertain to the situation of children of mothers with no post-secondary education. I also find evidence that the number of older siblings in the family during infancy (birth order), a closely-spaced younger sibling, and the completed family size are detrimental for children's cognitive development. In the second part of the thesis, I formulate and estimate a discrete time and discrete choice dynamic programming model of labor supply in which fertility decisions and woman's time allocated to the labor market are explicit choice variables. In this framework I incorporate child development as a two stage production process consisting of the determination of physical health and cognitive ability. The behavioral predictions based on the estimates from the NLSY data show that the model can capture the decline in women's labor force participation during the first year of the child's life. The negative effect of maternal employment during the first year of the child's life and the disadvantage of being late in the birth order is confirmed by the structural estimates. Policy simulations show that a legislation that supports paid maternity leave during the year after birth reduces the risk of having a low ability child b y 6% among white and Hispanic families. Moreover, policies that provide incentives to have larger families are shown to have adverse effects on the cognitive development of children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heiland, Frank. A Dynamic Analysis of Women's Labor Supply, Fertility and Child Development: Is Maternal Employment Bad for Child Development? Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York - Stony Brook, 2002. |
2717. |
Heiland, Frank |
Does the Birth Order Affect the Cognitive Development of a Child? Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birth Order; Birthweight; Child Development; Cognitive Development; Ethnic Differences; Family Size; Hispanics; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper was also presented in Tours, France, International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, XXV International Population Conference, July 18-23, 2005. We investigate the effects of birth order on child cognitive development, using large child and sibling samples obtained from the mother-child data of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Controlling for various determinants of cognitive development we find that having a high birth rank is detrimental and that the gap between adjacent siblings is larger for children early in the birth sequence. The pattern is strongest for non-Hispanic white and Hispanic children. Among African-American children no difference between the first- and the second-born child is found. The negative birth order effects are robust to specification that control for family fixed effects, use a sibling first difference approach, or account for subsequent siblings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heiland, Frank. "Does the Birth Order Affect the Cognitive Development of a Child?" Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. |
2718. |
Heiland, Frank |
Does the Birth Order Affect the Cognitive Development of a Child? Applied Economics 41,14 (June 2009): 1799-1818. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036840601083220 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Birth Order; Cognitive Development; Family Size; Family Studies; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings This article investigates the link between position in the birth order and early scholastic ability. Using matched mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 cohort, NLSY79), I find that being the first-born is beneficial even after controlling for (nonlinear) effects of family size and child characteristics. The verbal ability of first-borns is about one-tenth of a SD higher than for children in the middle of the birth order. There is no evidence that last-borns fare better than intermediate children. The first-born advantage is confirmed by estimates from within-family variation models and I argue that the findings are consistent with the resource dilution hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Heiland, Frank. "Does the Birth Order Affect the Cognitive Development of a Child?" Applied Economics 41,14 (June 2009): 1799-1818.
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2719. |
Heiland, Frank |
Measuring the Value of Children by Birth Order and Infant Health Presented: Philadelphia, PA, 52nd International Atlantic Economic Conference, October 2001. Also: http://www.iaes.org/conferences/future/philadelphia_52/prelim_program/j00-1/heiland.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: International Atlantic Economic Society Keyword(s): Birth Order; Birth Outcomes; Child Health; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Heterogeneity; Infants Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper estimates the value of children by infant health outcomes and birth order using a dynamic programming model. The structural model is estimated using longitudinal fertility choice data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 Cohort). The estimation strategy adopts Rust's framework using a Nested Fixed Point Algorithm (see Rust (1994)). The model is estimated separetely by ethnicity and educational attainment to allow for heterogeneity. Using data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), I estimate the model under the assumption that utility is logarithmic (risk averse agents) and child values are constant over time. The infant health measure is based on the number of serious illnesses during the first year of a child's life. (Source: http://www.iaes.org/conferences/future/philadelphia_52/prelim_program/j00-1/heiland.htm) |
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Bibliography Citation
Heiland, Frank. "Measuring the Value of Children by Birth Order and Infant Health." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, 52nd International Atlantic Economic Conference, October 2001. |
2720. |
Heiland, Frank Hock, Heinrich Thrasher, William |
Early Parenthood and Educational Trajectories: A Comparison of Men and Women Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Dropouts; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Fatherhood; Fertility; Gender; Gender Differences; High School Dropouts; Parenthood; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While the negative consequences of teenage motherhood are well-documented, only a handful of studies have investigated the costs of early fatherhood. Using data from the NLSY79, we provide new estimates of the relationship between early parenthood and educational outcomes, considering high school and college completion, in addition to a continuous measure of completed schooling. Our study is the first to present estimates for both men and women obtained from a comparable statistical model, enabling us to investigate potential gender differences in the average education penalty associated with early parenthood. Our results suggest that, controlling for individuals' scholastic endowments and detailed family background characteristics, men face lower consequences of early fertility across the adolescent educational spectrum. Gender differences are also most pronounced during the early teenage years. Ongoing work that explicitly accounts for additional unobserved individual characteristics will examine the heterogeneous educational effects of early-lifecycle fertility in greater detail. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heiland, Frank, Heinrich Hock and William Thrasher. "Early Parenthood and Educational Trajectories: A Comparison of Men and Women." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
2721. |
Heiland, Frank Korenman, Sanders |
Best of Both Worlds? Estimating the Treatment Effect of Teen Childbearing on Education Using Propensity Score Matching in Sibling Clusters Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Sibling difference (or family Fixed Effects, "FE") methods are a well-known strategy for addressing selectivity bias due to omitted family-level variables. However, they face concerns over efficiency, generalizability and within-family selectivity. Recent advances in Propensity Score Matching (PSM) by Arkhangelsky and Imbens (2018) provide an alternative approach to estimating treatment effects in clustered data that may address some of these concerns by utilizing family-average treatment information. Using "Add Health" and NLSY79 data, we illustrate this approach in family/sibling samples and compare cluster PSM treatment effects of teenage childbearing on years-of-schooling to family FE and conventional PSM estimates. Preliminary results indicate that the PSM cluster estimates are smaller than conventional PSM estimates, and more similar to the (nearer-zero) family FE estimates. We discuss the findings in the context of recent work on method choice and heterogeneous effects in the literature on the educational consequences of teenage childbearing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heiland, Frank and Sanders Korenman. "Best of Both Worlds? Estimating the Treatment Effect of Teen Childbearing on Education Using Propensity Score Matching in Sibling Clusters." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
2722. |
Heiland, Frank Price, Joseph P. |
Maternal Employment and Mother-Child Interaction Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): American Time Use Survey (ATUS); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parent-Child Interaction; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the NLSY79, PSID-CDS, and ATUS, we estimate the effect of work hours on the total amount of quality time the mother spends with her children. Preliminary results suggest that full-time work is associated with about 40-50 minutes less quality mother-child time each day and specifically less time spent reading together. Differences in quality mother-child interactions for part-time vs. non-working mothers are less pronounced and are not robust to controls for basic demographic characteristics in some cases. Lastly, the results suggest that college educated mothers provide substantially more quality interaction than mothers with less education but this gap is significantly reduced among women who work full-time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heiland, Frank and Joseph P. Price. "Maternal Employment and Mother-Child Interaction." Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013. |
2723. |
Heiland, Frank Price, Joseph P. |
Maternal Employment and Parent-Child Interaction Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): American Time Use Survey (ATUS); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parent-Child Interaction; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A number of studies have examined the effect of maternal employment on child outcomes. Many of these studies provide evidence consistent with a negative influence of maternal employment on child outcomes. We explore one of the mechanisms through which these effects may operate: changes in mother-child interactions. Using data from the NLSY (1979 Cohort), the PSID Child Development Supplement (CDS 1997), and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS 2003-2005), we test for differences in mother-child interactions based on the work hours of the mother. Specifically, using multivariate analyses that utilize the different strengths of the three data sources while emphasizing comparability, we estimate the effect of work hours on the total amount of (quality) time the mother spends with her children (PSID-CDS, ATUS) and the frequency she reads to them (NLSY, PSID-CDS, ATUS). Preliminary results suggest that full-time work is associated with substantial declines in quality mother-child interactions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heiland, Frank and Joseph P. Price. "Maternal Employment and Parent-Child Interaction." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
2724. |
Hellmich, Nanci |
Minority Adults Grow Obese at Faster Rates than Whites USA Today, June 18, 2002, Life; Pg. 8D. Also: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&an=J0E389733452302 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: USA Today Keyword(s): Hispanics; Minorities; Minority Groups; Obesity; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. "Black and Hispanic women in their 20s and early 30s become obese faster than white women, and Hispanic men in the same age group become obese faster than white and black men, according to a study out today...The findings suggest that experts may want to develop weight-management programs for adults in their early 20s, say study researchers...Researchers with the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill analyzed the body mass index of 9,179 people followed over a 17-year period in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth. The age range of the people was 17 to 24 years in 1981 and 34 to 41 years in 1998. The weights and heights were self-reported..." |
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Bibliography Citation
Hellmich, Nanci. "Minority Adults Grow Obese at Faster Rates than Whites." USA Today, June 18, 2002, Life; Pg. 8D. |
2725. |
Helmchen, Lorens A. |
Marriage Market Incentives to Invest in Health Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Demography; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Labor Economics; Marriage; Sex Ratios; Weight Previous studies have shown that body weight is a strong predictor for the likelihood of marriage and the onset of chronic disease in later life. This paper examines the role of marriage markets in participants' choices of body weight. I present a model, in which pre-marital investments raise candidates' productivity in marital unions and thus their appeal to prospective partners. As a result, the marriage market rewards participants with more sought-after attributes by raising their marriage probability, their share of marriage surplus, and the size of the marriage surplus itself. At the same time, each candidate's investment imposes a negative externality on competitors' marriage probabilities and surplus shares. In a rational expectations equilibrium, a decline in the relative number of available partners lowers the upper bound of the marriage probability and may thereby reduce the incentive to invest. To identify this effect empirically, I combine panel data from the NLSY with figures from the 1990 Census to track how single men and women adjust their body weight in response to age-related changes in the sex ratio of their respective marriage markets. Among single women, a decline in the relative number of available mates is associated with a significant increase in body weight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Helmchen, Lorens A. Marriage Market Incentives to Invest in Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2004. |
2726. |
Hemez, Paul |
Institutional Participation and the Delay in Entry Into Marriage: Generational Differences Between Late Baby Boomer and Early Millennials Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; College Enrollment; Incarceration/Jail; Marriage; Military Enlistment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Concurrent patterns of the retreat from marriage and institutional participation among young adults brings into question whether shifts in the rates of educational enrollment, the military enlistment, and incarceration have contributed to shifting patterns of entry into marriage. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997, this study examines changes in the effects enrollment in three institutions (school enrollment, active duty military service, incarceration) on the odds of entry into a first marriage for two cohorts of men born 20 years apart (1960-1964 and 1980-1984). Additionally, decomposition techniques are employed to estimate the amount of the difference in the odds of marriage during young adulthood (18-29) that is due to changes in participation into these institutions. Results from this study have implications for our understanding of the influence that participation in various institutions has on prolonging the transition to adulthood among contemporary men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hemez, Paul. "Institutional Participation and the Delay in Entry Into Marriage: Generational Differences Between Late Baby Boomer and Early Millennials." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
2727. |
Hemmeter, Marcella Socorro Carrillo |
Hispanic-white Women's Wage Differentials Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Census of Population; Ethnic Differences; Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Sample Selection; Wage Differentials; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. According to Census estimates, Hispanics accounted for half the population growth in the U.S. between 2000 and 2004. Despite this fast growth, few research studies have focused on the labor market opportunities of Hispanic women. The first chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of Hispanic-white women's wage differentials in order to establish what the wage gap is as well as identify its possible sources. Using the Census, results suggest there exists a large wage gap between Hispanic and white non-Hispanic women. Like previous studies, differences in education and potential experience explain a large portion of the gap; however, those studies do not consider state of residence. The use of state fixed effects in the current analysis imply that not controlling for geographical location masks wage disadvantages experienced by Hispanics relative to white non-Hispanics. The second chapter furthers the first chapter's analysis by using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in order to reconcile the varying estimates of estimated wage gaps in the previous literature using the NLSY. Results suggest that differences in sample design as well as control variables used have a large impact on the size and sign of wage gap estimates. Estimates that take into account differences in test scores are typically positive in previous studies implying a Hispanic wage advantage. However, results presented show how accounting for state fixed effects produces negative estimates even with test score controls, further suggesting the importance of location in examining Hispanic wage outcomes. The last chapter analyzes the effect of selection bias on estimated Hispanic-white women's wage gaps. Previous studies generally find the wage disadvantages experienced by Hispanic women are explained by relatively low levels of human capital. These results are based on observed wages of working women, however, and there are ethnic differences in who selects into labor force participation. Using the NLSY, results presented find that accounting for the wages of non-participant women widens the disparity in wage offerings between Hispanic and white non-Hispanic women than what is normally estimated using the wages observed by working women alone. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hemmeter, Marcella Socorro Carrillo. Hispanic-white Women's Wage Differentials. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis, 2008. |
2728. |
Henderson, Kathryn A. |
Do Workplace Structures Matter? A Cross-Cohort Analysis of Mothers' Labor Market Participation and Choice of Child Care Arrangements Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 2005. DAI-A 66/07, p. 2737, Jan 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Child Care; Employment; Employment, Part-Time; Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA); Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Part-Time Work; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Among the most significant social trend of the second half of the twentieth century is the involvement of women, especially mothers, in the labor market. Relatedly, patterns of childcare arrangements have changed dramatically during this time period. Research establishes many factors including gender ideology, career aspirations, and occupational structures affect women's choices regarding employment and childcare. However, the relationship between workplace structures, specifically, access to workplace benefits, and maternal employment and childcare behaviors requires further specification. We also know little about how changes in women's jobs affect increases in maternal employment and in non-maternal childcare arrangements. This research uses two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience to examine the impact of workplace structures, including access to workplace policies, on mother's labor force participation and choice of childcare arrangements. Results identify significant cohort differences in the likelihood of employment following childbirth. Access to benefits, namely medical insurance and company provided childcare, increase the odds of employment and account for variation between the two cohorts. There are not significant differences in the likelihood of working full-time versus part-time among employed mothers. Yet workplace benefits increase the odds of full-time hours. The more recent cohort of women is more likely to use maternal childcare than relative care. However, once employment status is considered, there are not significant cohort differences in the probability of using maternal care over non-relative care. Among employed women, access to flexible hours and company provided childcare do not significantly impact childcare arrangements, but workplace characteristics such as hours worked and job shift, lead to greater use of non-maternal child care. Implications for women's labor market participation and the efficacy of family friendly policies for narrowing the gender gap in employment behaviors are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Henderson, Kathryn A. Do Workplace Structures Matter? A Cross-Cohort Analysis of Mothers' Labor Market Participation and Choice of Child Care Arrangements. Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 2005. DAI-A 66/07, p. 2737, Jan 2006. |
2729. |
Hendey, Leah |
Indirect Effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Teen Pregnancy M.A Thesis, Georgetown University, 2006. Also: https://www.library.georgetown.edu/reserves/etd/etd_lmh38.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Georgetown University Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Age at First Intercourse; Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birth Order; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Endogeneity; Household Composition; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Young Adult Survey, this thesis examines the influence of maternal employment on teen pregnancy. It attempts to control for the endogeneity of maternal employment by using the variation across time and states in the amount of Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) for which a mother is eligible along with other instrumental variables. I find that EITC positively impacts both annual hours worked and annual labor force participation. When endogeneity is controlled for a 1,000 hour increase in maternal annual hours worked decreases the risk of teen pregnancy by 15.94 percent, on average, and maternal annual labor force participation reduces the risk of teen pregnancy by 21.50 percent, on average. These results imply that public policies with work incentives may have positive indirect effects and that EITC may be an appropriate instrumental variable to estimate the impact of maternal employment on other outcomes of well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hendey, Leah. Indirect Effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Teen Pregnancy. M.A Thesis, Georgetown University, 2006.. |
2730. |
Hendrick, C. Emily Maslowsky, Julie |
Teen Mothers' Educational Attainment and Their Children's Risk for Teenage Childbearing Developmental Psychology 55,6 (June 2019): 1259-1273. Also: https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2019-10559-001.html Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Structural Equation; Mothers, Adolescent; Teenagers The children of teen mothers are at elevated risk for becoming teen parents themselves. The current study aimed to identify how levels of mothers' education were associated with risk of teenage childbearing for children of teen versus nonteen mothers. Through structural equation modeling, we tested whether children's environmental and personal characteristics in adolescence and subsequent sexual risk behaviors mediated the relationship between their mothers' educational attainment and their risk for teenage childbearing. With multiple-group models, we assessed whether the associations of maternal educational attainment with children's outcomes were similar for the children of teen and nonteen mothers. The sample (N = 1,817) contained linked data from female National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79) participants and their first-born child (son or daughter) from the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults. The mediating pathways linking higher levels of maternal education to lower risk for teenage childbearing, and magnitudes of the associations, were mostly similar for children of teen and nonteen mothers. However, nonteen mothers experienced greater associations of their high school diploma attainment (vs. no degree) with some of their children's outcomes. Also, the association of earning a high school diploma (vs. a GED) with household incomes was greater for nonteen mothers; there was no significant difference between degree types for teen mothers. Findings provide support for teen mother secondary school support programming, but point to a need for further research regarding the long-term behavioral and social outcomes associated with the high school equivalency certificate for teen mothers and their children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Hendrick, C. Emily and Julie Maslowsky. "Teen Mothers' Educational Attainment and Their Children's Risk for Teenage Childbearing." Developmental Psychology 55,6 (June 2019): 1259-1273.
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2731. |
Hendricks, Lutz Schoellman, Todd |
Student Abilities During the Expansion of US Education Journal of Monetary Economics 63 (April 2014): 19-36. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393214000208 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Education; Educational Attainment; High School Diploma; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT The US experienced two dramatic changes in the structure of education in a fifty year period. The first was a large expansion of educational attainment; the second, an increase in test score gaps between college bound and non-college bound students. This paper documents the impact of these two trends on the composition of school groups by ability and the importance of these composition effects for wages. The main finding is that there is a growing gap between the abilities of high school and college-educated workers that accounts for one-half of the college wage premium for recent cohorts and for the entire rise of the college wage premium between the 1910 and 1960 birth cohorts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hendricks, Lutz and Todd Schoellman. "Student Abilities During the Expansion of US Education." Journal of Monetary Economics 63 (April 2014): 19-36.
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2732. |
Hendrix, Joshua A. |
Angels and Loners: An Examination of Abstention Processes and Abstainer Heterogeneity Ph.D. Dissertation, North Carolina State University, 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Chores (see Housework); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Height; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Neighborhood Effects; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Risk-Taking; Volunteer Work; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although most adolescents do not frequently engage in delinquency, the majority do participate in criminal behavior at some point during their formative years. What accounts for the small minority who abstain entirely? Moffitt's (1993) life-course persistent and adolescent-limited model of offending suggests that abstention can be a function of a smaller-than-normal maturity gap, structural barriers to delinquency learning opportunities, atypical personal characteristics, or some combination of these. Although some empirical attention has been given to the atypical personal traits proposition, no research to date has examined Moffitt's abstention thesis in its entirety. A complete test requires an examination of the ways in which abstainers differ from non-abstainers, as well as from one another. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979: Children and Young Adults (n=5,003), latent trajectory analysis is presented to produce delinquency taxonomies, to evaluate key theoretical predictors of abstention, and to elaborate on the distinguishing characteristics between abstaining and non-abstaining adolescents. Following this, latent class analysis is used to examine within-group heterogeneity, highlighting unique variation in developmental traits among abstaining youths. Models predicting the odds of taxonomy membership indicate some support for each of Moffitt's abstention propositions. Additionally, results from latent class analysis confirm that not all abstainers are alike and support the notion that there are both prosocial and antisocial modes of abstention. These findings may help to clarify inconsistent findings from past studies and they are potentially informative for understanding the early precursors to delayed criminal careers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hendrix, Joshua A. Angels and Loners: An Examination of Abstention Processes and Abstainer Heterogeneity. Ph.D. Dissertation, North Carolina State University, 2014. |
2733. |
Hendrix, Joshua A. Parcel, Toby L. |
Parental Nonstandard Work, Family Processes, and Delinquency During Adolescence Journal of Family Issues 35,10 (August 2014): 1363-1393. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/35/10/1363.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parents, Single; Shift Workers; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although past research suggests that nonstandard parental work arrangements have negative implications for children, researchers typically assess the effects of maternal and paternal work schedules independently, and studies among older adolescents are rare. Combining insights from family sociology and criminology, we evaluate the effects of household work arrangements on family processes and delinquency among a national sample of 10- to 17-year-old children. We find that children from households where both parents work nonstandard hours report weaker levels of family bonding, which in turn is associated with greater delinquency. Children from single-mother households in which the mother works evening or night shifts report weaker levels of parent–child closeness and family bonding, which fully mediate the association with greater delinquency. We also find that select maternal nonstandard schedules in conjunction with paternal standard schedules are associated with lower delinquency among children. We derive implications for parental work schedules in households with adolescents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hendrix, Joshua A. and Toby L. Parcel. "Parental Nonstandard Work, Family Processes, and Delinquency During Adolescence." Journal of Family Issues 35,10 (August 2014): 1363-1393.
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2734. |
Henry, Cailen Vanessa |
Youth Substance Use and Human Capital Formation M.A. Thesis, University Of Calgary - Canada, 2002. MAI 41/02, p. 404, April 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Human Capital; Substance Use This thesis, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, examines the association between using alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and tobacco and eventual educational outcomes. The analysis replicates previous results indicating that each substance individually is associated with significantly lower outcomes. However, the estimates suggest that these results may be misleading, as controlling for all of these substances dramatically diminishes the negative effects of alcohol, cocaine and marijuana while revealing that the strongest negative association is with tobacco. |
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Bibliography Citation
Henry, Cailen Vanessa. Youth Substance Use and Human Capital Formation. M.A. Thesis, University Of Calgary - Canada, 2002. MAI 41/02, p. 404, April 2003. |
2735. |
Henry, Matthew Cunningham, Scott |
Do Statutory Rape Laws Work? Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, March 2009. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1443273## Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Crime; Sexual Behavior; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Every state in the United States has laws which prohibit sexual activity with individuals under a certain age. These laws are typically strict liability. Generally, they are justified under the auspice of protecting young women from 'predatory' older males. However, nobody has examined the effectiveness of these laws. Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLSY), and exploiting the differences in the laws among states and over time, we examine whether the laws restricting the number of legal sexual partners delays the sexual debut of both males and females. We find that the laws are successful in accomplishing these goals. Overall, an additional 1 year of potential partners leads to about a 10% increase in the probability of sexual debut at any age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Henry, Matthew and Scott Cunningham. "Do Statutory Rape Laws Work?" Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, March 2009. |
2736. |
Henry, Thomas Charles |
The Effects of High School Performing Arts Participation on Educational and Occupational Attainment Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Finance and Economics, Mississippi State University, August 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; Evaluations; Extracurricular Activities/Sports; High School Curriculum; Occupational Choice; Program Participation/Evaluation; Propensity Scores; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An important part of almost every student's high school experience is participation in an extracurricular activity. Many schools encourage their students to participate in these voluntary activities because they build skills that may not be taught in the classroom, but may be important in becoming successful in school and in the community. Extracurricular activities put students in leadership positions, teach them team work, and can instill a confidence in their abilities. Previous research has shown that participation in extracurricular activities in high school can affect labor market conditions and educational achievements, but few studies have differentiated the impacts of different types of extracurricular activities on earnings and educational attainment. This paper examines the academic and labor market effects of participating in a performing arts activity in high school. The arts are of particular interest because the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 lists it as a core academic course. The core courses are believed to increase the academic attainment of students, and are eligible for increased federal funding based on "scientifically-based research" (Arts Education Partnership, 2005; Arts Education Partnership, 2006, p. 4). A major problem in program evaluation is the possibility of selection bias due to the non-randomized way individuals self-select into activities. To reduce the bias, a treatment effects model is estimated using the covariate matching technique. I use the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to test my hypotheses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Henry, Thomas Charles. The Effects of High School Performing Arts Participation on Educational and Occupational Attainment. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Finance and Economics, Mississippi State University, August 2011. |
2737. |
Henson, Joyce M. |
Occupational Sex Segregation, Private Sector Training and Earnings: The Early Careers of White Women and Men Ph.D. Dissertation, Fordham University, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Gender Differences; Human Capital Theory; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Female; Private Sector; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Dynamics; Wage Gap; Wage Growth Two striking and persistent features of the labor market are occupational segregation by sex and the gender wage gap. The majority of studies find that employment in female-dominated jobs adversely affects earnings of women and men. An important previously untested argument related to this link is that female-dominated jobs provide less opportunity for on-the-job training which subsequently limits career advancement. This study looks at the occupational sex segregation of the first full-time job to see how this structural feature of the labor market affects career advancement. Using eleven years of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data (1979-89), the study follows a group of white men and women as they leave full-time schooling and begin their careers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Henson, Joyce M. Occupational Sex Segregation, Private Sector Training and Earnings: The Early Careers of White Women and Men. Ph.D. Dissertation, Fordham University, 1994. |
2738. |
Heo, Wookjae |
Empirical Analysis Part 1 Methodology and Data: Empirical Example of Predicting the Demand for Life Insurance by Using the Dynamic Systemic Framework In: The Demand for Life Insurance, Palgrave Pivot, Cham, 2020. Also: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-36903-3_5 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Assets; Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Exercise; Geocoded Data; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Insurance; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Herein, an empirical example of this new research will be shown. Two machine learning techniques are used for this example during unsupervised learning with clustering and supervised learning with artificial neural networks (ANNs). A basic example has been produced and confirmed using a reliable dataset from Bureau of Labor Statistics. In part 1, the research methodology and data are described. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heo, Wookjae. "Empirical Analysis Part 1 Methodology and Data: Empirical Example of Predicting the Demand for Life Insurance by Using the Dynamic Systemic Framework" In: .
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2739. |
Herman, Alexis M. |
Report on the Youth Labor Force Report, Office of Publications and Special Studies, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, 2000. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/rylf/rylfhome.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Child Labor; Demography; Labor Force Participation; Rural/Urban Differences Table of Contents; Chapter 1. Introduction; Chapter 2. Child Labor Laws and Enforcement; Chapter 3. A Detailed Look at Employment of Youths Aged 12 to 15; Chapter 4. Trends in Youth Employment: Data from the Current Population Survey; Chapter 5. Youth Employment in Agriculture; Chapter 6. Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities; Chapter 7. The Relationship of Youth Employment to Future Educational Attainment and Labor Market Experience. This report has three main purposes. First, it explains the current U.S. regulations governing child labor. Second, it provides a detailed look at youth labor in this country, including how it differs among major demographic groups, between the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors, and over time. Third, it describes the out-comes of young people's work activities, including occupational injuries and fatalities and other, longer-term consequences. Much government information is published regularly for the standard classification of 16- to 19-year-olds. This report contributes to knowledge by presenting information not normally provided for youths under 18 years of age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Herman, Alexis M. "Report on the Youth Labor Force." Report, Office of Publications and Special Studies, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, 2000. |
2740. |
Hernandez Martinez, Victor |
Essays in Labor and Public Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Rochester, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Earnings; Human Capital; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 2 provides an alternative approach to define the specificity of human capital, based on how concentrated, or specialized, is the knowledge used in an occupation. I combine this new measure with individual labor histories from the NLSY79-97 to analyze the heterogeneity of earning losses following an exogenous displacement. I provide evidence that, holding any other individual and aggregated characteristics constant, greater levels of knowledge specialization at displacement are associated with significantly larger earning losses, in the range of an additional 5 to 9 pp for an individual in the 75th percentile of knowledge specialization vs the 25th percentile. This larger losses do not seem to be driven by longer periods of unemployment or longer distance (in the task space) occupational moves following displacement. In addition, I show that the loss premia associated with changing industries/occupations post displacement is almost fully driven by higher specialization levels. For low specialization levels, industry/occupational changes imply relatively small additional losses after the first year. Furthermore, I do not find evidence of negative effect of higher pre displacement specialization on earning losses for those who remain in the same industry or occupation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hernandez Martinez, Victor. Essays in Labor and Public Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Rochester, 2021. |
2741. |
Hernandez Martinez, Victor Holter, Hans Aasnes Pinheiro, Roberto |
The Hedgehog's Curse: Knowledge Specialization and Displacement Loss Working Paper 22-31, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, November 2022. Also: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4273012 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Displaced Workers; Earnings; Human Capital; Norway, Norwegian Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the impact of knowledge specialization on earnings losses following displacement. We develop a novel measure of the specialization of human capital, based on how concentrated the knowledge used in an occupation is. Combining our measure with individual labor histories from the NLSY 79-97 and Norway's LEED, we show that workers with more specialized human capital suffer larger earnings losses following exogenous displacement. A one standard deviation increase in pre-displacement knowledge specialization increases the earnings losses post-displacement by 3 to 4 pp per year in the US, and by 1.5 to 2 pp per year in Norway. In the US, the negative effect of higher pre-displacement knowledge specialization on post-displacement earnings is driven by the negative impact of knowledge specialization on well-paid outside opportunities. By contrast, this association between outside opportunities and knowledge specialization plays no role in post-displacement earnings losses in Norway, where the negative effect of specialization is in part explained by its association with the routine content and the offshoring probability of the occupation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hernandez Martinez, Victor, Hans Aasnes Holter and Roberto Pinheiro. "The Hedgehog's Curse: Knowledge Specialization and Displacement Loss." Working Paper 22-31, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, November 2022. |
2742. |
Hernandez, Daphne C. Pressler, Emily |
Gender Disparities among the Association between Cumulative Family-level Stress & Adolescent Weight Status Preventive Medicine 73 (April 2015): 60-66. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743515000158 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Family Environment; Family Influences; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Health; Obesity; Poverty; Stress; Weight Objective: To investigate precursors to gender-related obesity disparities by examining multiple family-level stress indices. Methods: Analyses was based on adolescents born between 1975 and 1991 to women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth data set (N=4762). Three types of family-level stressors were captured from birth to age 15: family disruption and conflict, financial strain, and maternal risky health behaviors, along with a total cumulative risk index. Body mass index was constructed on reference criteria for children outlined by the Centers for Disease Control. Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted for the three types of family stressors and for the total cumulative index. Results: The accumulation of family disruption and conflict and financial stress was positively related to female adolescents being overweight/obese. Childhood exposure to maternal risky health behaviors was positively associated with higher weight status for male adolescents. Total cumulative stress was related to overweight/obesity for females, but not males. Conclusion: Different family-level stress indices are associated with the weight status of female and male adolescents. Combining types of family-level stress into one cumulative index appears to mask these differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hernandez, Daphne C. and Emily Pressler. "Gender Disparities among the Association between Cumulative Family-level Stress & Adolescent Weight Status." Preventive Medicine 73 (April 2015): 60-66.
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2743. |
Hernandez, Daphne C. Pressler, Emily |
Race, Ethnicity and Gender Disparities in the Embedding and Accumulation of Childhood Poverty on Young Adult BMI Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Children, Poverty; Ethnic Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Obesity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a life course perspective, we examined whether the embedding of childhood poverty or the accumulation of the exposure to childhood poverty contributes to the race, ethnic, and gender disparities in young adult body mass index. Data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth were used to explore the relationship between the exposure to childhood poverty from prenatal year to age 18 and weight status in young adulthood (N = 3,517). Results indicate that the embedding of childhood poverty during early adolescence lowered the odds that white males would be overweight as young adults. In contrast, experiencing poverty during infancy placed black males at risk for being overweight as young adults. The weight status of young adult white, black and Hispanic females was negatively influenced by the accumulation of childhood poverty. Helping impoverished families out of poverty may improve the long-term health status of their children as young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hernandez, Daphne C. and Emily Pressler. "Race, Ethnicity and Gender Disparities in the Embedding and Accumulation of Childhood Poverty on Young Adult BMI." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
2744. |
Hernandez, Daphne C. Pressler, Emily Dorius, Cassandra J. |
Is Father Instability Always Bad for Daughters? The Relationship between Father Churning and Adolescent Depression Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Health; Depression (see also CESD); Family Environment; Fathers; Fathers, Absence; Gender Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research indicates that father absence and family instability during childhood are associated with long-term mental health problems, especially for daughters. An emerging literature finds that men classified as resident or non-resident partners at a single point in time may actually be “churners”, individuals who cycle in-and-out of the home due to breaking up and repartnering with the same partner. The proposed paper provides the first national estimates of the proportion of youth who experienced churning from birth to age 18, and tests whether paternal churning is associated with adolescent depression. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the Young Adults files (n = 3, 891), results suggest that churning is more beneficial than harmful among girls, but not boys. Adolescent females exposed to churning have 45% lower odds of experiencing elevated depressive symptoms. Implications will be discussed in light of family policies and mental health prevention. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hernandez, Daphne C., Emily Pressler and Cassandra J. Dorius. "Is Father Instability Always Bad for Daughters? The Relationship between Father Churning and Adolescent Depression." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
2745. |
Hernandez, Daphne C. Pressler, Emily Dorius, Cassandra J. |
The Role of Boomerang Fathers in Adolescent Female Depression Journal of Marriage and Family 78,5 (October 2016): 1285-1299. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12336/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Adolescent Health; Depression (see also CESD); Fathers and Children; Fathers, Leaving; Fathers, Presence; Health, Mental/Psychological Data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were employed to explore the association between boomerang fathering from birth to age 18 on adolescent depressive symptomatology (N = 3,731). We examined the effects of experiencing a biological father exiting and entering the home because of breaking up and repartnering with an adolescent's mother (i.e., "boomerang fathering") when compared with other father residential patterns on adolescent depression. Findings suggest that boomerang fathering is more beneficial than harmful. Adolescent females exposed to boomerang fathering, as well as those exposed to fathers who resided with them from birth to age 18, reported significantly lower depressive symptoms when compared with females exposed to fathers who exited the household and never returned. Boomerang fathering was not significantly associated with male adolescent depressive symptomatology. Providing greater family support during times of instability may assist in unifying families and be an indirect source of mental health prevention. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hernandez, Daphne C., Emily Pressler and Cassandra J. Dorius. "The Role of Boomerang Fathers in Adolescent Female Depression." Journal of Marriage and Family 78,5 (October 2016): 1285-1299.
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2746. |
Hernandez, Daphne C. Pressler, Emily Dorius, Cassandra J. Mitchell, Katherine Stamps |
Does Family Instability Make Girls Fat? Gender Differences Between Instability and Weight Journal of Marriage and Family 76,1 (February 2014): 175-190. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12080/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Body Mass Index (BMI); Depression (see also CESD); Family Structure; Fertility, Multiple Partners; Gender Differences; Household Composition; Life Course; Marital History/Transitions; Marital Instability; Menarche/First Menstruation; Obesity; Parents, Single; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Weight Data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Young Adult file were used to explore the relationship between the number of family structure transitions experienced from birth to age 18 and weight status in young adulthood. This was done by testing both linear risk and threshold effect models by gender (N = 3,447). The findings suggest that a linear risk approach best describes the relationship between family instability during childhood and weight status in young adulthood. Specifically, the cumulative family structure transitions children experienced from birth to age 18 place females, but not males, at greater risk for being overweight/obese in young adulthood. Sensitivity analyses indicated that cumulative family structure instability—and not formations or dissolutions separately—drove the main results. Birth order did not affect the findings. Increasing children's support systems during times of instability may reduce female children's risk of being overweight/obese as young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hernandez, Daphne C., Emily Pressler, Cassandra J. Dorius and Katherine Stamps Mitchell. "Does Family Instability Make Girls Fat? Gender Differences Between Instability and Weight." Journal of Marriage and Family 76,1 (February 2014): 175-190.
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2747. |
Hernandez, Daphne C. Pressler, Emily Dorius, Cassandra J. Mitchell, Katherine Stamps |
Family Instability, Gender, and Overweight Status in Young Adulthood PSC Research Report No. 12-768 (August 2012), Population Studies Center, University of Michigan Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Body Mass Index (BMI); Depression (see also CESD); Family Structure; Gender Differences; Marital History/Transitions; Menarche/First Menstruation; Obesity; Parents, Single; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: Experiencing family instability during adulthood has an immediate impact on adult women and men’s weight, with adult women gaining weight and adult men losing weight. It is unclear whether experiencing family instability during childhood has a negative accumulating impact on adult weight, placing females at risk for being overweight in young adulthood. We assessed whether female and male young adults differ in overweight status based on the family instability experienced during childhood. Methods: Data from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 was used to estimate the odds of being overweight in young adulthood based on family instability experienced during childhood (n = 5139). Family instability was measured by young adults’ exposure to family structure transitions from birth to the age of 18 as defined by mother’s formation and dissolution of romantic unions. Body mass index was directly assessed in young adulthood. Results: A series of logistic regression models predicted the odds of young adults being overweight or obese. Results indicate that cumulative family structure transitions during childhood increase the odds for young adult females born to married mothers to be overweight by 19%. Family instability, however, does not increase the probability for young adult females nor males born to single mothers to be overweight. Conclusions: Experiencing family instability has a negative accumulating impact on the weight status of young adult females born to married mothers. Interventions during childhood are important to prevent females who experience multiple family transitions from becoming overweight as young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hernandez, Daphne C., Emily Pressler, Cassandra J. Dorius and Katherine Stamps Mitchell. "Family Instability, Gender, and Overweight Status in Young Adulthood." PSC Research Report No. 12-768 (August 2012), Population Studies Center, University of Michigan. |
2748. |
Hernandez, Donald J. |
Comparing Response Rates for the Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) SPD Working Paper SPD99-2, Internal memorandum, U.S. Bureau of the Census, January 28, 1999. Also: http://www.bls.census.gov/spd/workpaper/spd-comp.htm Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Commerce Keyword(s): Attrition; Data Quality/Consistency; Nonresponse; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD); Welfare The usefulness of data from any longitudinal or panel study that follows and interviews the same respondents over a period of years depends on the assumption that the data represent the relevant populations. Nonresponse by members of the sample is a potential source of bias that can undermine the quality of estimates derived using longitudinal data. This memorandum compares overall response rates between the initial interview and the most recent interview for three major national surveys, the Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD) conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) conducted by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan, and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) conducted by the Center for Human Resource Research at Ohio State University. It also discusses major differences across the surveys in the approaches used to maximize long-run response rates, and the consequences of differential nonresponse for data quality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hernandez, Donald J. "Comparing Response Rates for the Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY)." SPD Working Paper SPD99-2, Internal memorandum, U.S. Bureau of the Census, January 28, 1999. |
2749. |
Herr, Jane Leber |
Fertility Effects on Women's Career Paths Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; First Birth; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Job Satisfaction; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Growth; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Chapter 1, "Does it Pay to Delay? Decomposing the Effect of First Birth Timing on Women's Wage Growth", I estimate the effect of the timing of a woman's first child on her wage path, and decompose this effect to establish the mechanism by which timing affects wages. Relying on fertility instruments to address possible endogeneity, I find that a one-year delay increases women's wage growth over the first 15 years of her career by 3 to 5 percent. I then assess the mechanism by which timing affects wages by considering its intermediate effect on factors central to theories of wage growth. I find that the three most important economic channels speak to the influence of timing on the pattern of human capital accumulation: hours worked, the length of the longest labor force exit, and schooling. I also find that their relative importance varies by education. Whereas for college graduates the influence of fertility delay arises most strongly from its effect on time off from work (thus protecting human capital from depreciation), for those with less education the more relevant channel is through hours worked (the accumulation of general human capital on the job). |
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Bibliography Citation
Herr, Jane Leber. Fertility Effects on Women's Career Paths. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2008. |
2750. |
Herr, Jane Leber |
Measuring the Effect of the Timing of First Birth on Wages Journal of Population Economics 29,1 (January 2016): 39-72. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00148-015-0554-z Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Expectations/Intentions; First Birth; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Labor Force Participation; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I study the effect of first-birth timing on women's wages, defining timing in terms of labor force entry, rather than age. Considering the mechanisms by which timing may affect wages, each is a function of experience rather than age. This transformation also highlights the distinction between a first birth after labor market entry versus before. I show that estimates based on age understate the return to delay for women who remain childless at labor market entry and have obscured the negative return to delay—to a first birth after labor market entry rather than before—for all but college graduates. My results suggest, however, that these returns to first-birth timing may hold only for non-Hispanic white women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Herr, Jane Leber. "Measuring the Effect of the Timing of First Birth on Wages." Journal of Population Economics 29,1 (January 2016): 39-72.
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2751. |
Herr, Jane Leber |
The Labor Supply Effects of Delayed First Birth Working Paper, Department of Economics, Harvard University, December 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Harvard University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Career Patterns; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; First Birth; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Job Satisfaction; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Growth; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper I explore the relationship between first-birth timing and post-birth labor supply, and how it is influenced by family and career characteristics. Given that pre-birth wages are increasing in fertility delay, the rising opportunity cost of time would suggest that later mothers work more. Yet I only find this pattern for high school graduates. For college graduates, I instead find surprisingly no relationship between first-birth timing and post-birth hours worked, despite strongly increasing pre-birth wages. Furthermore, after controlling for family and career factors, many of which influence hours worked and are correlated with fertility timing, this different pattern by education remains. |
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Bibliography Citation
Herr, Jane Leber. "The Labor Supply Effects of Delayed First Birth." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Harvard University, December 2014. |
2752. |
Herrnstein, Richard J. Murray, Charles A. |
Aristocracy of Intelligence Wall Street Journal, 224, (October 10, 1994): A12 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Dow Jones, Inc. Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; I.Q.; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Underclass Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Opinion. Assesses correlation between intelligence of American people and their cognitive ability and socioeconomic status analyzing National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data. Details of the analysis; Source of the article in an essay by same authors from 'The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life'. PUBLISHER: Wall Street Journal |
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Bibliography Citation
Herrnstein, Richard J. and Charles A. Murray. "Aristocracy of Intelligence." Wall Street Journal, 224, (October 10, 1994): A12. |
2753. |
Herrnstein, Richard J. Murray, Charles A. |
IQ Haves and Have-Nots? Atlanta Journal Constitution, (October 23, 1994): D,1:1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Atlanta Journal-Constitution Keyword(s): Black Studies; Cognitive Development; Education; I.Q.; Intelligence; Parenthood; Poverty; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In an adaptation from their book, "The Bell Curve," Richard J.Herrnstein and Charles Murray discuss differences in intellectual capacity among people and the inevitable questions about race and intelligence. Black and white IQ distribution, according to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, is depicted. |
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Bibliography Citation
Herrnstein, Richard J. and Charles A. Murray. "IQ Haves and Have-Nots?" Atlanta Journal Constitution, (October 23, 1994): D,1:1. |
2754. |
Herrnstein, Richard J. Murray, Charles A. |
Race, Pathology and IQ Wall Street Journal, 224, (October 10, 1994): A12 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Dow Jones, Inc. Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; I.Q.; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Underclass Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Opinion. Compares effect of differences in race and IQ among Americans on their social status and habits. Correlation of intelligence and race differential with employment and illegitimacy according to study of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's database. |
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Bibliography Citation
Herrnstein, Richard J. and Charles A. Murray. "Race, Pathology and IQ." Wall Street Journal, 224, (October 10, 1994): A12. |
2755. |
Herrnstein, Richard J. Murray, Charles A. |
The Bell Curve : Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life New York, NY: Free Press, 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Free Press Keyword(s): Black Studies; Cognitive Development; Education; Genetics; I.Q.; Intelligence; Parenthood; Poverty; Racial Studies; Schooling; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The authors argue that IQ scores are largely immutable and represent innate intelligence. The ranks of the cognitively inferior are disproportionately filled with Blacks, Latinos, and immigrants. IQ is destiny and a matter of genes. Data used to support the authors' thesis are taken from the NLSY. |
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Bibliography Citation
Herrnstein, Richard J. and Charles A. Murray. The Bell Curve : Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York, NY: Free Press, 1994. |
2756. |
Hersch, Joni Reagan, Patricia Benton |
Job Matching and Women's Wage-Tenure Profile Applied Economics 26,3 (March 1994): 205-215. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036849400000002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Chapman & Hall Keyword(s): Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Labor Force Participation; Labor Turnover; Quality of Employment Survey (QES); Wage Gap; Wage Growth; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The results of a study suggest that discontinuous labor force participation is not likely to be an important determinant of the wage gap between men and women. Three data sets were examined: the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth sample for 1982, the 1977 Quality of Employment Survey, and data from a prior study. Regression results reveal that job matching factors concerning job retention and satisfaction are important determinants of wages. Workers with a good match are more productive in their current jobs than they would be in alternative employment. Such workers are unlikely to receive an alternative wage offer higher than their current wages, so turnover is also lower in good matches. Results also show that previous estimates of returns to tenure are biased downward for women and that women's wages rise with tenure faster than is commonly believed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hersch, Joni and Patricia Benton Reagan. "Job Matching and Women's Wage-Tenure Profile." Applied Economics 26,3 (March 1994): 205-215.
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2757. |
Hershbein, Brad |
Graduating High School in a Recession: Work, Education, and Home Production B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 12,1 (January 2012): Article 3. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3409569/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Labor Force Participation; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores how high school graduate men and women vary in their behavioral responses to beginning labor market entry during a recession. In contrast with previous related literature that found a substantial negative wage impact but minimal employment impact in samples of highly educated men, the empirical evidence presented here suggests a different outcome for the less well educated, and between the sexes. Women, but not men, who graduate high school in an adverse labor market are less likely to be in the workforce for the next four years, but longer-term effects are minimal. Further, while men increase their enrollment as a short-run response to weak labor demand, women do not; instead, they appear to temporarily substitute into home production. Women’s wages are less affected then men’s, and both groups’ wages are less affected than the college graduates previously studied. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hershbein, Brad. "Graduating High School in a Recession: Work, Education, and Home Production." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 12,1 (January 2012): Article 3.
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2758. |
Hershey, Alan M. Pavetti, Ladonna Ann |
Turning Job Finders into Job Keepers The Future of Children: Welfare to Work 7,1, (Spring 1997): 74-86. Also: http://www.futureofchildren.org/pubs-info2825/pubs-info_show.htm?doc_id=72223 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Princeton - Brookings Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Employment, Part-Time; Family Studies; Job Search; Job Turnover; Labor Force Participation; Layoffs; Part-Time Work; Welfare; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most welfare-to-work programs designed to help single mothers leave welfare for employment focus on the challenge of finding a job. This article looks beyond the point of employment to consider the difficulty many former welfare recipients have keeping their jobs. The authors review evidence showing that many families cycle back and forth between welfare and work, losing jobs and resuming to public assistance while they seek work again. Factors contributing to high rates of job loss include characteristics of the job and of the worker: Temporary jobs, frequent layoffs, low pay in relation to work expenses, lack of experience meeting employer expectations, and personal or family problems all lead to dismissals and resignations. Drawing from the experience of innovative programs, the authors recommend policy changes and program approaches that can help families overcome setbacks and stabilize their lives as they move from welfare into increasingly stable employment. Copyright 1997 by Center for the Future of Children. The David and Lucile Packard Foundation. All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hershey, Alan M. and Ladonna Ann Pavetti. "Turning Job Finders into Job Keepers." The Future of Children: Welfare to Work 7,1, (Spring 1997): 74-86.
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2759. |
Hershey, Alan M. Pavetti, Ladonna Ann |
Turning Job Finders into Job Keepers; Helping Welfare Recipients Keep Their Jobs; Includes Related Articles on Welfare Spectrum: the Journal of State Government 70,3 (June 1997): 14-19. Also: http://stars.csg.org/spectrum/1997/summer/su97spe14.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: CSG - Council of State Governments Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Care; Children; Job Aspirations; Job Search; Job Turnover; Labor Force Participation; Private Sector; Public Sector; Re-employment; Unemployment Rate, Regional; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The David and Lucille Packard Foundation Center for the Future of Children has found that public and private sector initiatives can produce promising approaches for helping to keep welfare recipients in employment. Lessons to be learnt from programs adressing job losses include simplifying access to transitional Medicaid and child care services, the importance of the personal attention of counselors, the importance of program flexibility and creative staff, the realization that leaving welfare is a process and not an event, and the possibility that reemployment help provided outside the welfare system may reduce returns to welfare. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hershey, Alan M. and Ladonna Ann Pavetti. "Turning Job Finders into Job Keepers; Helping Welfare Recipients Keep Their Jobs; Includes Related Articles on Welfare." Spectrum: the Journal of State Government 70,3 (June 1997): 14-19.
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2760. |
Hervé, Justine |
Essays on Industry Specialization, Job Mobility and Wages Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Fordham University, 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Industrial Classification; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My dissertation's primary contribution is to develop an empirical index to capture the yet unexplored concept of industry specificity and to identify it as a potential source of frictions generating downward pressure on wages in low-wage labor markets. The empirical and theoretical insights of my work help understand the economic consequences of industry mobility and occupational transferability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hervé, Justine. Essays on Industry Specialization, Job Mobility and Wages. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Fordham University, 2022. |
2761. |
Hess, Gregory D. |
Marriage and Consumption Insurance: What's Love Got to Do with It? Journal of Political Economy 112,2 (April 2004): 290-318. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/381477 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Income; Marital Stability; Marriage When markets are incomplete, individuals may choose to marry to diversify their labor income risk. Love, however, can complicate the picture. If love is fleeting or the resolution of agents' income uncertainty occurs predominantly later in life, then marriages with good economic matches last longer. In contrast, if love is persistent and the resolution of uncertainty to agents' income occurs early, then marriages with good economic matches are more likely to be caught short with too little love to save a marriage. Consequently, once married, the partners will be more likely to divorce. Evidence is provided to distinguish between these alternative scenarios. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hess, Gregory D. "Marriage and Consumption Insurance: What's Love Got to Do with It?" Journal of Political Economy 112,2 (April 2004): 290-318.
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2762. |
Hewes, Gina Marie |
Black-White Differences in the Gender Wage Ratio Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2003. DAI-A 64/05, p. 1863, Nov 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Black Studies; Economics of Gender; Economics of Minorities; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Labor Economics; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wages, Women; Work Experience Gender wage inequality among African-Americans is an under-researched area. What is especially interesting about the black gender wage ratio is that it shows more gender equality than does the white gender wage ratio. A theory of black women's labor force commitment is developed to frame an exploration of the race difference in gender wage inequality. It is hypothesized that the cultural context and economic necessity in which many black women grow up produce a strong commitment to the labor force; this commitment in turn results in educational attainment and work experience. These two factors, in their turn, are related to wages and thus the gender wage ratio. This theory is investigated using the 1996 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort. Findings indicate that the race difference in the gender wage ratio is robust, and not an artifact of race-sex group differential selection into wage-earning. Under many different conditions of sample inclusion and at all wage levels, black women do better relative to black men than white women do relative to white men. Black women are especially doing better, relative to black men, than white women relative to white men, at the highest wage levels. Furthermore, black women do have higher levels of work commitment than white women; in fact, their commitment level is similar to men's. Work commitment, however, has no direct effect in explaining the race difference in the gender wage ratio. Black women were found to have higher levels of education and work experience, relative to black men, than white women have relative to white men, and both of these factors were important in explaining race differences in the gender wage ratio. Especially important for understanding race-sex group differences in wage were family status variables. In particular, being married and having fewer children are associated with higher wages, but black women are the least likely to be married and have the most children, on average, of the four race-sex groups. These factors penalize black women in the labor market, producing wages much lower than might be expected based on their educational level and work experience. The findings are discussed in regard to policy implications and implications for future research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hewes, Gina Marie. Black-White Differences in the Gender Wage Ratio. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2003. DAI-A 64/05, p. 1863, Nov 2003. |
2763. |
Heymann, Orlaith D. |
The Disadvantage of a Sex-Segregated Labor Market: Sex Composition and the Availability of Work-Family Benefits M.A. Thesis, University of Massachusetts-Boston, August 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Benefits; Gender; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper I explore how the sex composition of occupations affects the work-family benefits made available to employees. Conducting a secondary data analysis on a subsample from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY 2010), I utilize a logistic regression modeling strategy including individual-level, workplace-level, and occupation-level characteristics. Previous literature suggests that male-dominated occupations may be unlikely to make work-family benefits available. I hypothesized that female-dominated occupations would be more likely than male-dominated occupations to offer work-family benefits. Consistent with the literature, I found that male-dominated occupations are not likely to offer parental leave or flexible schedules, especially if they are low-prestige occupations. Surprisingly, however, women in male-dominated occupations were especially likely to have parental leave available. Also surprising, I found that occupations with balanced sex compositions offered men the best access to parental leave compared to men in male-dominated occupations and offered both men and women the best access to flexible work schedules compared to male- or female-dominated occupations. My study suggests that efforts to balance occupational sex compositions may result in better availability of work-family benefits for both men and women. Importantly, I argue that the unequal distribution of benefits discovered within male-dominated occupations may create barriers for women trying to enter these occupations, reinforcing sex segregation in the United States' labor market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heymann, Orlaith D. The Disadvantage of a Sex-Segregated Labor Market: Sex Composition and the Availability of Work-Family Benefits. M.A. Thesis, University of Massachusetts-Boston, August 2013. |
2764. |
Heymann, S. Jody |
The Widening Gap: A New Book on the Struggle to Balance Work and Caregiving IWPR Publication #C349, Research-in-Brief, Institute for Women's Policy Research, October 2001. Also: http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/the-widening-gap-a-new-book-on-the-struggle-to-balance-work-and-caregiving/at_download/file Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Women's Policy Research Keyword(s): Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); School Completion; Shift Workers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This Research-in-Brief is based on selected findings from a new book by Jody Heymann, Director of Policy at the Harvard Center for Society and Health. Published by Basic Books in 2000, The Widening Gap: Why America’s Working Families are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It reveals the failure of our nation’s employer-based support system to help families meet their caregiving responsibilities. In her new book, The Widening Gap: Why American Working Families Are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It, (Basic Books) Heymann, professor of Health and Social Behavior at HSPH, analyzed survey data to describe the "national caregiving burden" and has exposed the growing gap between demands on parents and resources provided by government and employers. Asking employees to keep a diary of interruptions in the work week to meet family needs, Heymann found an extraordinary commitment by working parents. In the interview week, 30 percent of respondents had to cut back at least one day to meet the needs of family members, 12 percent cut back on two days and five percent three or more days. Working women were found to carry a disproportionately large load of caregiving in families while receiving less help at home and being hemmed in by far less sick leave time or work flexibility than men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heymann, S. Jody. "The Widening Gap: A New Book on the Struggle to Balance Work and Caregiving." IWPR Publication #C349, Research-in-Brief, Institute for Women's Policy Research, October 2001. |
2765. |
Heymann, S. Jody |
The Widening Gap: Why American Working Families Are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It New York, NY: Basic Books, The Perseus Books Group, 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Perseus Books Group Keyword(s): Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); School Completion; Shift Workers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examines the growing gap between the child and elder care needs of families and the resources that they have to meet these responsibilities. Principal data sources include the Urban Working Families Study, the Daily Diaries Study, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and the Survey of Midlife in the United States. Together, the studies utilize interviews with more than 7,500 caregivers to explore how Americans of all ages are working while addressing the health, educational, and urgent-care needs of children, older parents, and other adults. Results focus on the unpredictable lives of working adults, the impact of outdated working conditions and inadequate social supports on children, the impact on extended families, the magnification of economic inequalities, and gender inequalities in child and elder care. Case studies are used to illustrate the findings. References are included. Appendixes provide additional information on the data sources and results. (MM) (AgeLine Database, copyright 2003 AARP, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Heymann, S. Jody. The Widening Gap: Why American Working Families Are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It. New York, NY: Basic Books, The Perseus Books Group, 2000. |
2766. |
Heymann, S. Jody Boynton-Jarrett, Renée Carter, Patricia Bond, James T. Galinsky, Ellen |
Work-Family Issues and Low-Income Families: Making Work Pay in the Low-Income Labor Market Ford Foundation Report, An Economy That Works, Douglas Gould & Co., Inc, Summer 2002. Also: http://www.economythatworks.com/reports/ford_analysisfinal.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Ford Foundation Keyword(s): Benefits; Child Care; Child Health; Family Income; Income; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Mid-Life in the United States (MIDUS); National Study of the Changing Workforce (NSCW); Transition, Welfare to Work; Wage Levels; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heymann, S. Jody, Renée Boynton-Jarrett, Patricia Carter, James T. Bond and Ellen Galinsky. "Work-Family Issues and Low-Income Families: Making Work Pay in the Low-Income Labor Market." Ford Foundation Report, An Economy That Works, Douglas Gould & Co., Inc, Summer 2002. |
2767. |
Heymann, S. Jody Earle, Alison |
The Impact of Parental Working Conditions on School-Age Children: The Case of Evening Work Community, Work & Family 4,3 (December 2001): 305-325. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01405110120089369 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Carfax Publishing Company ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Child Development; Child Health; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Poverty; Work Hours/Schedule; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data collected in the US in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth was used to examine the effect of parental evening work on the home environment for 1,133 school children (aged 5-10 yrs). The Home Observation Measurement of the Environment (HOME) score was used to predict the child's school, developmental, and health outcomes. Results show that at least one parent working in the evening had a significantly negative effect on the home environment both for families living in poverty and those who were not living in poverty. The effect size, an 11% decrease in HOME scores when mothers worked evenings and an 8% decrease in HOME scores when fathers worked evenings, was the same order of magnitude as living in poverty. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved): |
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Bibliography Citation
Heymann, S. Jody and Alison Earle. "The Impact of Parental Working Conditions on School-Age Children: The Case of Evening Work." Community, Work & Family 4,3 (December 2001): 305-325.
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2768. |
Heymann, S. Jody Earle, Alison |
The Impact of Welfare Reform on Parents' Ability to Care for Their Children's Health American Journal of Public Health 89,4 (April 1999): 502-505. Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/4/502 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Benefits; Child Health; Welfare; Work Reentry; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives. Most of the national policy debate regarding welfare assumed that if middle-income mothers could balance work while caring for their children's health and development, mothers leaving welfare for work should be able to do so as well. Yet, previous research has not examined the conditions faced by mothers leaving welfare for work. Methods. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study examined the availability of benefits that working parents commonly use to meet the health and developmental needs of their children: paid sick leave, vacation leave, and flexible hours. Results. In comparison with mothers who had never received welfare, mothers who had been on Aid to Families with Dependent Children were more likely to be caring for at least 1 child with a chronic condition (37% vs 21%, respectively). Yet, they were more likely to lack sick leave for the entire time they worked (36% vs 20%) and less likely to receive other paid leave or flexibility. Conclusions. If current welfare recipients face similar conditions when they return to work, many will face working conditions that make it difficult or impossible to succeed in the labor force at the same time as meeting their children's health and developmental needs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heymann, S. Jody and Alison Earle. "The Impact of Welfare Reform on Parents' Ability to Care for Their Children's Health." American Journal of Public Health 89,4 (April 1999): 502-505.
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2769. |
Heymann, S. Jody Earle, Alison |
The Work-Family Balance: What Hurdles Are Parents Leaving Welfare Likely to Confront? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 17,2 (Spring 1998): 313-321. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291520-6688%28199821%2917:2%3C313::AID-PAM11%3E3.0.CO;2-J/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Children; Maternal Employment; Welfare; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study empirically examines the question: How do the working conditions faced by parents leaving welfare who seek to balance working and caring for their children compare to conditions faced by parents who have not received AFDC? Similarities and differences in working conditions may play a critical role in determining whether parents are able to leave welfare for work successfully and what impact the need to work will have on their children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heymann, S. Jody and Alison Earle. "The Work-Family Balance: What Hurdles Are Parents Leaving Welfare Likely to Confront?" Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 17,2 (Spring 1998): 313-321.
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2770. |
Heymann, S. Jody Earle, Alison Egleston, Brian |
Parental Availability for the Care of Sick Children Pediatrics 98,2 (August 1996): 226-230. Also: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/abstract/98/2/226 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Child Care; Child Health; Health Care; Maternal Employment; Parents, Behavior; Poverty Many parents do not have enough available paid sick time to care for their sick children during both routine and long-term illnesses. Researchers used the results of two national surveys to examine the number of family illness days, amount of paid sick time, and risk factors for inadequate paid sick time. One in three families experienced an illness in the family two weeks or more during the year. Twenty-eight percent of working mothers have no paid sick time. Mothers who live in poverty, nonwhite mothers, or those who have children with long-term illnesses are more likely to have no paid sick leave. Copyright 1996 American Academy of Pediatrics |
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Bibliography Citation
Heymann, S. Jody, Alison Earle and Brian Egleston. "Parental Availability for the Care of Sick Children." Pediatrics 98,2 (August 1996): 226-230.
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2771. |
Heymann, S. Jody Penrose, Kate Earle, Alison |
Meeting Children's Needs: How Does the United States Measure Up? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 52,2 (April 2006): 189-215. Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/merrill-palmer_quarterly/v052/52.2heymann.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wayne State University Press Keyword(s): Children, Health Care; Education; Income Level; Maternal Employment; Parenthood; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The majority of parents in the United States today must balance work and caregiving responsibilities. Workplace policies and community supports markedly influence the ability of parents to care for their children's health and education while obtaining, retaining, and advancing in their jobs. The goal of this article is to analyze the dilemmas faced by working parents in general and by low-income families in particular, to present new data on how public policies in the United States compare to policies in over 150 other countries in addressing these dilemmas, and to suggest what more can be done to meet the needs of all working parents and their children across social class and residence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heymann, S. Jody, Kate Penrose and Alison Earle. "Meeting Children's Needs: How Does the United States Measure Up?" Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 52,2 (April 2006): 189-215.
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2772. |
Heywood, John S. |
Racial Earnings Differentials and Performance Pay Journal of Human Resources 40,2 (Spring 2005): 435-452. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4129532 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Earnings; Performance pay; Racial Differences; Wage Determination; Wage Differentials; Wages; Wages, Men This paper presents an information model in which workers receiving output-based pay experience less racial earnings discrimination than those receiving time rates and supervisory evaluations. Tests using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth reveal no racial wage differential among male workers paid output-based pay while confirming a significant differential among those paid time rates. In addition, the racial wage differential among those receiving bonus pay, usually based on supervisory evaluations, tends to be larger than for those not receiving such bonuses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heywood, John S. "Racial Earnings Differentials and Performance Pay." Journal of Human Resources 40,2 (Spring 2005): 435-452.
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2773. |
Heywood, John S. Parent, Daniel |
Performance Pay and the White-Black Wage Gap Journal of Labor Economics 30,2 (April 2012): 249-290. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/10.1086/663355 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Earnings; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Performance pay; Racial Differences; Wage Determination; Wage Differentials We show that the reported tendency for performance pay to be associated with greater wage inequality at the top of the earnings distribution applies only to white workers. This results in the white-black wage differential among those in performance pay jobs growing over the earnings distribution even as the same differential shrinks over the distribution for those not in performance pay jobs. We show that this remains true even when examining suitable counterfactuals that hold observables constant between whites and blacks. We explore reasons behind our finding focusing on the interactions between discrimination, unmeasured ability, and selection. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heywood, John S. and Daniel Parent. "Performance Pay and the White-Black Wage Gap." Journal of Labor Economics 30,2 (April 2012): 249-290.
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2774. |
Heywood, John S. Parent, Daniel |
Performance Pay, the Gender Gap, and Specialization within Marriage Journal of Labor Research 38,4 (December 2017): 387-427. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12122-017-9256-5 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Marriage; Motherhood; Performance pay; Wage Gap; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We show that the large gender earnings gap at the top of the distribution (the glass ceiling) and the motherhood penalty are associated with each other and that both are uniquely associated with performance pay. These patterns appear consistent with specialization by gender. We show that among married couples with children, the hours worked by wives are strongly and persistently negatively correlated with earnings of the husbands only when those husbands work in performance pay jobs. There is no correlation between husbands' hours and wives' earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Heywood, John S. and Daniel Parent. "Performance Pay, the Gender Gap, and Specialization within Marriage." Journal of Labor Research 38,4 (December 2017): 387-427.
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2775. |
Hickes, Jennifer M. Smith, Herbert L. |
Fertility in the U.S. Military - Evidence from the NLSY Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Fertility; Marital Status; Military Personnel Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper is an attempt to clarify the status of fertility among military women. We begin by comparing the fertility of those military women available in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) with civilian women drawn from a parallel sample. We have already commented on the complex selection processes involved in getting into and out of a longitudinal sample of military personnel, and these selection processes interact directly with the various arguments just described. Any direct comparison of military with non-military fertility (or pregnancy) runs the risk of confounding organizational aspects of the military as "cause" (e.g., health care benefits) with antecedent characteristics of the military. Similarly, the design of the NLSY creates challenges: it starts as a cross-section of military personnel, who then depart for reasons indirectly (e.g., age) or directly (e.g., pregnancy) related to fertility. To deal with these problems, we have adopted an analysis strategy based on matching, since the civilian sample in the NLSY yields a large reservoir of apposite controls suitable for very focused comparisons. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hickes, Jennifer M. and Herbert L. Smith. "Fertility in the U.S. Military - Evidence from the NLSY." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2001. |
2776. |
Higgins, George E. Kirchner, EmmaLeigh E. Ricketts, Melissa L. Marcum, Catherine D. |
Developing Self‐control: The Role of Parental Stress Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society Volume 24,2 (2011): 183-198. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1478601X.2011.561647 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Behavior; Self-Control/Self-Regulation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article presents a test of the key propositions from self‐control theory. We explore the mediating role of parenting practices (i.e., use of discipline and display of approval) for the link between parental stress via interparental conflict on self‐control development. The results of the study, which are based on self‐reports from a national probability sample of 1148 mothers and children, show partial support for this mediating view. The results are qualified by methodological and analytical limits. Despite the limits, the study represents an addition to the growing body of literature on self‐control theory. |
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Bibliography Citation
Higgins, George E., EmmaLeigh E. Kirchner, Melissa L. Ricketts and Catherine D. Marcum. "Developing Self‐control: The Role of Parental Stress." Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society Volume 24,2 (2011): 183-198.
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2777. |
Hight, Joseph E. |
Young Worker Participation in Post-School Education and Training Monthly Labor Review 121,6 (June 1998): 14-21. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1998/06/art2abs.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Education; Employment, Youth; Inflation; Training; Training, Post-School Although participation in post-school adult education and training has increased for all workers, data from the 1991 National Household Education Survey confirm that workers with more formal education are more likely to participate in employment-related training. The level of formal education attained by U.S. workers increased substantially during the 1970s and 1980s. Over the same period, real (inflation-adjusted) earnings declined for many workers, prompting some analysts to focus on the methods by which workers augment their skills once they have completed full-time schooling. Inquiry into the issue, however, has been hampered by a relative lack of data. Finally, the results of this study are compared with those of earlier studies that used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the Current Population Survey (CPS). |
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Bibliography Citation
Hight, Joseph E. "Young Worker Participation in Post-School Education and Training." Monthly Labor Review 121,6 (June 1998): 14-21.
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2778. |
Hill, Carolyn J. Holzer, Harry J. |
Labor Market Experiences and Transitions to Adulthood Working Paper #06-32, The National Poverty Center, University of Michigan,September 2006. Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Poverty Center Keyword(s): Behavior; Cohabitation; Labor Market Outcomes; Marital Status; Risk-Taking; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper analyzes labor market behaviors for young adults, their changing patterns for cohorts that are twenty years apart, and their associations with transitions to adulthood as measured by living with parents, being married, or cohabiting. We analyze these issues using data from the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), specifically focusing on young people ages 20-22 in 1984 and 2002. Consistent with data from other sources, we find that youth in the later cohort tend to live at home or cohabit with greater frequency, but to marry less frequently, than those in the earlier cohort. These findings can be observed among youth in all education/enrollments groups and all race/gender groups. Regression analyses show evidence of some link between contemporaneous labor market outcomes and living arrangements, but these effects are too small to account for changes over time in these behaviors. We also find some relationships between academic and labor market outcomes as well as risky behaviors of youth during high school, on the one hand; and later labor market outcomes and living arrangements, on the other. These suggest the presence of unmeasured characteristics (like independence, maturity and the like) that help to account for differences across individuals in their living arrangements as young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, Carolyn J. and Harry J. Holzer. "Labor Market Experiences and Transitions to Adulthood." Working Paper #06-32, The National Poverty Center, University of Michigan,September 2006.. |
2779. |
Hill, Carolyn J. Holzer, Harry J. |
Labor Market Experiences and Transitions to Adulthood In: The Price of Independence: The Economics of Early Adulthood. pp.141-169. S. Danziger, and C. Rouse, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Labor Market Outcomes; Marital Status; Risk-Taking; Transition, Adulthood This chapter examines the extent to which labor market changes and other personal characteristics explain changes over time in young adults' living arrangements (living with parents or marrying). |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, Carolyn J. and Harry J. Holzer. "Labor Market Experiences and Transitions to Adulthood" In: The Price of Independence: The Economics of Early Adulthood. pp.141-169. S. Danziger, and C. Rouse, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007
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2780. |
Hill, Carolyn J. Holzer, Harry J. Chen, Henry |
Against the Tide: Household Structure, Opportunities, and Outcomes among White and Minority Youth Kalamazoo, MI: WE Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Institute for Life Course and Aging Keyword(s): Education; Employment; Family Income; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Home Environment; Household Structure; Human Capital; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Statistical Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [Monograph blurb] Gaps in educational and employment outcomes persist (and in some cases are growing) among various groups of young adults in the United States. Particularly notable are the gaps that exist between minority young adults—especially black young adults—and their white counterparts. One oft-cited reason for this trend is the growing number of youth who have grown up in single-parent households. For example, the proportion of young blacks growing up in female-headed households increased dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s, leading many to believe that this helps explain why black male youth and young adults today have experienced worsening educational and employment outcomes, rising incarceration rates, and increasing single parenthood. Hill, Holzer, and Chen examine the effects of household structure on youth and young adults and how these effects might have contributed to the negative trends in outcomes observed for young minorities over time. They take into account several measures likely to affect outcomes, including human capital enrichment in the home; neighborhood environment, especially safety; and parental behavior and the home environment. They then consider the extent to which these measures are responsible for the observed effects of household structure on youth and young adult outcomes, and whether they account for significant effects among the full sample, for all blacks, for black males, and for black females. For young people from low-income and single-parent families to be successful, the authors recommend policies that promote healthy marriages or more positive noncustodial fatherhood, higher incomes for working single parents, better schooling or employment options and safer neighborhoods for poor youth, and better child care and parenting among single parents. The bottom line, say the authors, is that young people growing up in single-parent households face a combination of additional challenges compared to young people growing up in two-parent families, and that these challenges, while not insurmountable, pose a significant hurdle to achieving educational and employment success. The book shows that educational and employment outcomes for blacks and Hispanics continue to be lower than for whites even after controlling for these factors. Notably, young women have made more progress in both education and employment than have young men in all racial groups over the past two decades. Most troubling, however, the authors find that young black men are falling even further behind whites and Hispanics in a number of dimensions, and substantially behind black women in educational attainment and achievement. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, Carolyn J., Harry J. Holzer and Henry Chen. Against the Tide: Household Structure, Opportunities, and Outcomes among White and Minority Youth. Kalamazoo, MI: WE Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2009. |
2781. |
Hill, Cynthia Diane |
Start-of-Job Training and the Gender Wage Gap Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington State University. 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Continuing Education; Education, Adult; Gender Differences; Training; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Gap; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Using unique training data from the 1993 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we investigate differences by gender in start-of-job training receipt and in the labor market payoffs to training. Few differences by gender exist regarding start-of-job training incidence. On the other hand, males are seen to have substantially larger investments in training measured in hours, both in total and when training is broken down by type. Controlling for employer characteristics, we find that total training and supervisor training hours are positively associated with wages for men, but neither has a significant affect on wages for women. Conversely, we find that women receive significant returns to class and seminar training hours in certain specifications. Only slight differences exist between men and women in terms of training incidence with regard to wages. We find total training incidence is inversely related to wages, while participation in classes or seminars yield positive returns, for both men and women. The NLSY is restricted to individuals aged 28 to 36 in 1993. Consequently, our sample has a much smaller gender wage gap (women earn 84 percent of that of men) than is observed for nationally representative samples of full-time workers. Although start-of-job duration differences by gender are large for those individuals who report receiving training, fully two-thirds of our sample receive no training at all. Hence, our gender wage gap analysis shows that these training duration differences only account for 1 to 2 percent of the explained proportion of the gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, Cynthia Diane. Start-of-Job Training and the Gender Wage Gap. Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington State University. 1997. |
2782. |
Hill, Elizabeth M. Hill, M. Anne |
Resources and Reproductive Effort: The Positive Effect of Doing Relatively Well Presented: Baltimore, MD, Population Association of America Meetings, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Earnings; Fertility; Income; Marriage; Maternal Employment; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Assuming some congruence between ecological resources and the economic resources available for ourselves, the authors tested whether prediction of some measures of reproductive effort for a contemporary U.S. sample would be enhanced by using several resource measures, along the lines of life history models. Fertility and work history information was analyzed for one cohort of young men in the large public data base, the NLSY. The probabilities of marriage, having any children, and having a new child in the 1986 were estimated by the following predictors: (1) the previous year's actual earnings; (2) earnings relative to that "expected" from indicators like education, job experience, parents' SES; (3) the interaction between absolute and relative earnings. "Expected earnings" was estimated two ways to reflect (a) long-term and (b) short-term variance. The results supported the importance of "relative" income. Better earnings than expected generally had a positive effect on r eproductive effort. However, in the short-term analysis, the positive effect of relative earnings decreased as absolute earnings increased. The effect of absolute earnings varied. Thus, this study provides evidence for the different effects of absolute versus relative income. In particular, these results suggest further economic research on the interaction between absolute and relative resources. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, Elizabeth M. and M. Anne Hill. "Resources and Reproductive Effort: The Positive Effect of Doing Relatively Well." Presented: Baltimore, MD, Population Association of America Meetings, 1989. |
2783. |
Hill, Gary D. Crawford, Elizabeth M. |
Women, Race, and Crime Criminology 28,4 (November 1990): 601-626. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01340.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Control; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Geographical Variation; Psychological Effects; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception; Self-Reporting; Sex Roles; Urbanization/Urban Living Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An investigation of whether black and white female criminality results from the same antecedent variables, based on self-reports of criminal involvement from the 1979-1980 NLS (N = 992 black and 2,878 white females, ages 18-23). Factors analyzed were social control, urbanism, strain, gender liberation and socialization, self-concept, deprivation, and maturation. Holding the race variable constant, findings show that social-psychological factors have a significant effect on white female criminality, whereas for black females, more significant effects are derived from structural/deprivation forces. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.] |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, Gary D. and Elizabeth M. Crawford. "Women, Race, and Crime." Criminology 28,4 (November 1990): 601-626.
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2784. |
Hill, Jennifer L. Su, Yu-Sung |
Assessing Lack of Common Support in Causal Inference Using Bayesian Nonparametrics: Implications for Evaluating the Effect of Breastfeeding on Children's Cognitive Outcomes Annals of Applied Statistics 7,3 (September 2013): 1386-1420. Also: https://projecteuclid.org/journals/annals-of-applied-statistics/volume-7/issue-3 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Mathematical Statistics Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Cognitive Development; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Statistical Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Causal inference in observational studies typically requires making comparisons between groups that are dissimilar. For instance, researchers investigating the role of a prolonged duration of breastfeeding on child outcomes may be forced to make comparisons between women with substantially different characteristics on average. In the extreme there may exist neighborhoods of the covariate space where there are not sufficient numbers of both groups of women (those who breastfed for prolonged periods and those who did not) to make inferences about those women. This is referred to as lack of common support. Problems can arise when we try to estimate causal effects for units that lack common support, thus we may want to avoid inference for such units. If ignorability is satisfied with respect to a set of potential confounders, then identifying whether, or for which units, the common support assumption holds is an empirical question. However, in the high-dimensional covariate space often required to satisfy ignorability such identification may not be trivial. Existing methods used to address this problem often require reliance on parametric assumptions and most, if not all, ignore the information embedded in the response variable. We distinguish between the concepts of "common support" and "common causal support." We propose a new approach for identifying common causal support that addresses some of the shortcomings of existing methods. We motivate and illustrate the approach using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate the effect of breastfeeding at least nine months on reading and math achievement scores at age five or six. We also evaluate the comparative performance of this method in hypothetical examples and simulations where the true treatment effect is known. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, Jennifer L. and Yu-Sung Su. "Assessing Lack of Common Support in Causal Inference Using Bayesian Nonparametrics: Implications for Evaluating the Effect of Breastfeeding on Children's Cognitive Outcomes." Annals of Applied Statistics 7,3 (September 2013): 1386-1420.
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2785. |
Hill, Jennifer L. Waldfogel, Jane Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Han, Wen-Jui |
Maternal Employment and Child Development: A Fresh Look Using Newer Methods Developmental Psychology 41,6 (November 2005), 833-850. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/41/6/833/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Propensity Scores The employment rate for mothers with young children has increased dramatically over the past 25 years. Estimating the effects of maternal employment on children's development is challenged by selection bias and the missing data endemic to most policy research. To address these issues, this study uses propensity score matching and multiple imputation. The authors compare outcomes across 4 maternal employment patterns: no work in first 3 years postbirth, work only after 1st year, part-time work in 1st year, and full-time work in 1st year. Our results demonstrate small but significant negative effects of maternal employment on children's cognitive outcomes for full-time employment in the 1st year postbirth as compared with employment postponed until after the 1st year. Multiple imputation yields noticeably different estimates as compared with a complete case approach for many measures. Differences between results from propensity score approaches and regression modeling are often minimal. [Editor's Summary] This study uses data from the NLSY longitudinal study to compare outcomes across four different patterns of maternal employment: no work for three years after a child's birth, work after one year post-birth, part time work in the child's first year, and full time work in the child's first year. Findings indicate small but significant negative effects of full time maternal employment during a child's first year in comparison with the postponement of employment for one year post-birth. The authors also discuss the problem of selection bias and missing data in estimating the effects of maternal employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, Jennifer L., Jane Waldfogel, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn and Wen-Jui Han. "Maternal Employment and Child Development: A Fresh Look Using Newer Methods." Developmental Psychology 41,6 (November 2005), 833-850.
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2786. |
Hill, M. Anne |
Intercohort Differences in Women's Labor Market Transitions American Economic Review 80,2 (May 1990): 289-292. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2006586 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Racial Differences; Wages; Women; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The extent to which the labor force behavior of recent cohorts of women has actually changed was analyzed by comparing the early labor force experience of women who were between the ages of 16 and 21 in 1968 with that of women between the ages of 16 and 21 in 1979. The data consisted of 8-year samples from the NLS of Young Women and NLSY. The data include both completed work spells, the duration of which is known, and censored spells, for which the end of the labor force spell is not yet observed. The results showed that the length of censored work spells has risen nearly one year for both white and black women. The human capital variables, in particular, the level of labor market experience and schooling, increase the duration of work spells and hasten the exit from a nonwork spell. These effects appear stronger for the younger cohort of women, especially black women. The intercohort differences in responses to demographic variables were mixed. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, M. Anne. "Intercohort Differences in Women's Labor Market Transitions." American Economic Review 80,2 (May 1990): 289-292.
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2787. |
Hill, M. Anne O'Neill, June E. |
A Study of Intercohort Change in Women's Work patterns and Earning NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-10, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, December 1990. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl900040.htm Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Childbearing; Divorce; Labor Force Participation; Life Cycle Research; Marriage; Schooling; Skills; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wages, Men; Wages, Women; Work Experience; Work Reentry After remaining virtually constant during the poet-World War II period, the ratio of women's earnings to men'a increased sharply during the 1980'a, rising from 59.7 percent in 1979 to 68.5 percent in 1989. The failure of the overall wage gap to narrow during the 1950-1980 period has been something of a puzzle. This research utilizes data from the three continuing panels of the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) -- the mature women, the young women' and the youth cohort -- to measure accumulated years of work experience and to examine changes in life-cycle work patterns across successive cohorts of women born between 1923 and 1964. This study has investigated how these successive cohorts of women have changed with respect to their accumulation of work-related skills, in terms of level of schooling, career orientation, and attachment to the labor force. We consider how the nature of entry into and exit from the labor force changed across cohorts and how the response of women's labor force participation decisions to life-cycle events (e.g., marriage, the birth of a child, divorce) may have changed. Intercohort changes in women' a returns to work experience, schooling, and other human capital investments are also considered. This research has yielded important insights into the nature and determinants of the work patterns and earnings of American women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, M. Anne and June E. O'Neill. "A Study of Intercohort Change in Women's Work patterns and Earning." NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-10, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, December 1990. |
2788. |
Hill, M. Anne O'Neill, June E. |
Family Endowments and the Achievement of Young Children with Special Reference to the Underclass Journal of Human Resources 29,4 (Autumn 1994): 1064-1100. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146134 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Educational Attainment; Family Resources; Grandmothers; Income; Income Level; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Underclass; Welfare; Work Hours/Schedule A study investigates the factors underlying cognitive achievement among young children using a Becker-Tomes model of intergenerational transmission adapted to incorporate transmission of a family's cultural orientation toward achievement. The model relates the child's achievement to parental income and cognitive skills as well as to grandparent's income and education. Using data on Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) scores for children born to women in the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, large and significant positive effects are found for the mother's Armed Forces Qualification Test score, her schooling, and the grandparents' schooling. It is found that increases in the mother's hours at work bear significant negative effects on her child's achievement. The effect is only partially compensated for by higher money income among these young children. The mother's welfare dependence is associated with a reduction in the child's PPVT score, an effect that is not explained by poverty persistence. (ABI/Inform) |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, M. Anne and June E. O'Neill. "Family Endowments and the Achievement of Young Children with Special Reference to the Underclass." Journal of Human Resources 29,4 (Autumn 1994): 1064-1100.
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2789. |
Hill, M. Anne O'Neill, June E. |
Intercohort Change in Women's Labor Market Status Final Report, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 1991 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Earnings; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Life Cycle Research; Marital Status; Schooling; Wage Gap; Women; Work Attachment; Work Experience This research utilizes data from the three continuing panels of the NLS--the Mature Women, the Young Women, and the NLSY--to measure accumulated years of work experience and to examine changes in life-cycle work patterns across successive cohorts of women born between 1923 and 1964. This study first investigated how these successive cohorts of women have changed with respect to their accumulation of work-related skills, in terms of level of schooling, career orientation, and attachment to the labor force. The authors considered how the nature of entry into and exit from the labor force changed across cohorts and how the response of women's labor force participation decisions to life-cycle events (e.g., marriage, the birth of a child, divorce) may have change Intercohort changes in women's returns to work experience, schooling, and other human ca also considered. Increases and declines of labor force participation is measured for black and white women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, M. Anne and June E. O'Neill. "Intercohort Change in Women's Labor Market Status." Final Report, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 1991. |
2790. |
Hill, M. Anne O'Neill, June E. |
Intergenerational Transmission of Achievement, with Special Reference to the Underclass Progress Report to NICHD, Center for the Study of Business and Government, Baruch College, CUNY, July 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: City University of New York Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior; Behavioral Problems; Census of Population; General Assessment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Neighborhood Effects; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Public Housing; Underclass Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study explores the extent to which a child's own and maternal family backgrounds exert an effect on the child cognitive achievement and social development and further tries to identify the effects of underclass neighborhood characteristics and resources provided by the community. The research utilizes a large national sample of children merged with: (a) extensive data on their mothers and grandparents (the NLSY 1979-1988) and (b) information on the social and economic characteristics of their neighborhoods drawn from the 1980 Census ZIP Code files. The first model relates the child's scores on various assessments conducted in 1986 and 1988 to the child's own family structure a well as the mother's schooling and cognitive skills, the extent of her underclass behavior and residence in an underclass neighborhood. This model yields disturbing results. The second model is intergenerational and relates child's scores to a limited set of child characteristics and an extensive set of variables describing the mother's family (family structure, family income, family welfare receipt in 1979) and her 1979 residence (public housing, underclass neighborhood, region, and SMSA size). These empirical results are equally provocative. Other child out measures examined include assessments of motor development, behavior problems, and math skills. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, M. Anne and June E. O'Neill. "Intergenerational Transmission of Achievement, with Special Reference to the Underclass." Progress Report to NICHD, Center for the Study of Business and Government, Baruch College, CUNY, July 1991. |
2791. |
Hill, M. Anne O'Neill, June E. |
The Transmission of Cognitive Achievement Across Three Generations Working Paper, New York: Queens College and Center for Business and Government, Baruch College, City University of New York, June 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: City University of New York Keyword(s): Achievement; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Neighborhood Effects; Parental Influences; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Transfers, Family; Underclass Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The concern of this paper is with the determinants of cognitive skills. Of particular interest are the extent to which low levels of achievement are transferred from generation to generation and the role played by such factors as the absence of the father, parental welfare dependence, and residence in an underclass neighborhood. To examine the intergenerational persistence of various parental and environmental influences we first relate children's achievement (generation 3) to the characteristics of their grandparents (generation 1) and compare these results with a similar analysis of the effect of the same grandparent characteristics on their own daughter's achievement (generation 2, mothers of the young children). The mothers of the young children are women from the National Longitudinal Survey Youth (NLSY). Information on generation 1 (i.e., the grandparents) is also provided in the NLSY. We then proceed to analyze in greater detail the cognitive outcomes of the young children (generation 3) relating them to the endowment and behaviors of their immediate parents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, M. Anne and June E. O'Neill. "The Transmission of Cognitive Achievement Across Three Generations." Working Paper, New York: Queens College and Center for Business and Government, Baruch College, City University of New York, June 1993. |
2792. |
Hill, M. Anne O'Neill, June E. |
Underclass Behaviors in the United States: Measurement and Analysis of Determinants Working Paper, Baruch College/City University of New York, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: City University of New York Keyword(s): Behavior; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Illegal Activities; Labor Force Participation; Underclass; Welfare; Work Attachment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study utilizes the NLSY and the 1980 Census Zip Code File to develop measures of the incidence of underclass behaviors and to examine how this incidence varies by race, ethnicity, geographic area, and whether or not the individual came from an underclass background. The underclass behaviors to be studied include low labor force attachment, welfare dependence, out- of-wedlock child-bearing, criminal involvement, and low educational attainment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hill, M. Anne and June E. O'Neill. "Underclass Behaviors in the United States: Measurement and Analysis of Determinants." Working Paper, Baruch College/City University of New York, 1990. |
2793. |
Hills, S. J. |
An Analysis of the Relationship Among Ability Measures, Education and Earnings M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1987. Also: http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA189174 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aptitude; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Education; Educational Returns; Occupations; Tests and Testing This thesis analyzes the interrelationship of measures of ability and education on earnings differentials by using a standard human capital earnings function. The data used are from the 1983 and 1984 panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth aged 14 to 21 in 1979. The Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT) and coding speed (a subtest of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) Form 8A) were examined and compared for their relative utilities in measuring ability. The results showed that both AFQT and coding speed performed as measures of ability by refining the estimates returns to education. Their relative utilities varied according to an individual's occupation and level of education. [NTIS AD-A189-1746-XAB] |
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Bibliography Citation
Hills, S. J. An Analysis of the Relationship Among Ability Measures, Education and Earnings. M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1987.. |
2794. |
Hills, Stephen M. |
Effects of High Unemployment in the Late 1970s on the Wages of Young Men and Women Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Minorities, Youth; Racial Differences; Unemployment; Unemployment, Youth Using data from the NLSY, this study examines whether the unemployment experienced by young men and women from 1979-1980 had an impact on their earnings in 1984. Results indicate that early unemployment did not have a significant negative impact on long-run wage rates for any group other than minority women. Even for female minority youth, the analysis showed that early unemployment was positively linked with long-run earnings for those who did not experience unemployment of long duration. Only when the duration of early unemployment exceeded 24 weeks was early unemployment linked with reductions in long-run earnings. The study concludes that youth unemployment has few significant effects on long-run earnings over and above the loss in work experience which accompanies unemployment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hills, Stephen M. "Effects of High Unemployment in the Late 1970s on the Wages of Young Men and Women." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985. |
2795. |
Hills, Stephen M. |
Longitudinal Analyses of Training Processes in the United States Presented: Urbana, IL, Rupert P. Evans Symposium on Vocational Education, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: unknown Keyword(s): Craftsmen; High School Curriculum; Job Skills; Military Service; Schooling; Vocational Education; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Longitudinal data provide a clearer picture of the decentralized training system in the U.S. Flows of youth can be partitioned into various categories of training and work experience immediately prior to entering the work force. Groups can be identified which are absorbed quite slowly into paid employment. Subsequent to entering the work world, training records are accurately compiled through longitudinal files yielding better information on the complexity of training processes and the benefits associated with various combinations of training methods. Finally, longitudinal records of work experience permit analysis of irregular working patterns and allow researchers to assess the costs associated with temporary labor force withdrawal. Each of these uses of longitudinal data has been illustrated through the studies that are summarized in this report. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hills, Stephen M. "Longitudinal Analyses of Training Processes in the United States." Presented: Urbana, IL, Rupert P. Evans Symposium on Vocational Education, 1982. |
2796. |
Hills, Stephen M. |
Occupational Mobility and Structural Change in the U.S. Economy: A Review Final Report, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Directorate for Social Affairs, Manpower and Education, Paris, France, May 1986 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (Paris, France) Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Gender Differences; Industrial Sector; Mobility; Mobility, Occupational Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A review of recent data on U.S. occupational mobility begins by documenting the degree of occupational mobility within the U.S. economy at different points in time to illustrate how rates change under different economic conditions. Mobility rates in various manufacturing industries are also compared with service industries to determine if depressed markets are reflected in mobility rates by industrial sector. The primary focus for the review is on factors which, if changed through policy intervention, would have an impact on rates of mobility. Education and training variables are given strong emphasis since they are clearly amenable to change. Variables which are related to the broader economic "opportunity structure" are also considered, even though they may be more difficult for policy makers to alter. The studies on occupational mobility are reviewed separately for men and women since the research differs significantly in approach for each sex group. Differences in occupational mobility by race as well as the topic of intergenerational mobility are not reviewed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hills, Stephen M. "Occupational Mobility and Structural Change in the U.S. Economy: A Review." Final Report, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Directorate for Social Affairs, Manpower and Education, Paris, France, May 1986. |
2797. |
Hills, Stephen M. |
Race and Sex Differences in the Effects of Early Unemployment on Wages Review of Black Political Economy 18,4 (Spring 1990): 13-36. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/f9628r3607l0r203/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Economic Association Keyword(s): Education; Human Capital Theory; Training; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment, Youth; Wage Differentials; Wages; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article studies the relationship between youth unemployment and long-term earnings, particularly for Blacks in the U.S. 1979-84. Youth unemployment is shown to have significant depressing effects on black long-run earnings over and above the loss in world experience which accompanies unemployment. Estimates were similar for men and women, showing that for each week of unemployment black youth incurred early in their work careers, wages were reduced by about one half a percentage point five years later. A six month bout with unemployment in 1979 was related to a 13 percent drop in wage rates five years later. For white youth, joblessness, but not unemployment per se, had a significant negative impact on subsequent wage rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hills, Stephen M. "Race and Sex Differences in the Effects of Early Unemployment on Wages." Review of Black Political Economy 18,4 (Spring 1990): 13-36.
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2798. |
Hills, Stephen M. |
Youth Employment in the United States Presented: Washington DC, Statement before the Committee on Education and Labor Sub-Committee on Employment Opportunities, Hearings on Youth Employment, U.S. House of Representatives, May 1984 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Dropouts; Employment, Youth; High School Completion/Graduates; Transition, School to Work This statement before the Committee on Education and Labor Sub-Committee on Employment Opportunities provides specifics about youth employment based on the NLSY79 cohort. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hills, Stephen M. "Youth Employment in the United States." Presented: Washington DC, Statement before the Committee on Education and Labor Sub-Committee on Employment Opportunities, Hearings on Youth Employment, U.S. House of Representatives, May 1984. |
2799. |
Hills, Stephen M. De Souza, Gita |
Returns to Educational Training in Math and Science for American Women Report, Women in Education Series Report. Women's Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor , 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Educational Returns; High School Curriculum; Human Capital; Human Capital Theory; Schooling, Post-secondary; Self-Employed Workers; Wage Dynamics; Wage Rates The economic returns to math and science courses taken while in high school are estimated for women who do not go on to college and women entrepreneurs. A human capital model is used to estimate the model for respondents drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey's New Youth Cohort. Women who were 14-21 in 1979 are followed through time, and their wage rates measured in 1990. Wages earned in 1990 are related to courses in math and science taken in high school, recorded on a respondent's transcript, and coded in standard year long units. Little direct effect was found for the influence of high school curriculum on subsequent wage rates, either for women or for men. For women, courses in science in math did, however, significantly improve the probability that they would gain post-secondary training or go on to college. These indirect effects argue for use of a multi-equation model that estimates effects for women of all educational levels. Even when using women of all educational levels, the study did not show any significant effect of science and math on the earnings of the self-employed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hills, Stephen M. and Gita De Souza. "Returns to Educational Training in Math and Science for American Women." Report, Women in Education Series Report. Women's Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor , 1993. |
2800. |
Hills, Stephen M. Leigh, Duane E. |
Employer-Sponsored Training, Union Status, and the Wage Rates of Young Women Presented: Vancouver, B.C., Meetings of the Western Economic Association, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Job Training; Racial Differences; Training; Unions; Wage Rates; Wages, Young Women Using data from the NLSY, this study tests to see if the difference in wage rates for unionized and non-unionized young women is, in part, due to additional training which women may receive in unionized jobs. Results show that in the first few years of their working lives, the company training that non-college bound women receive has little impact on the wage rates they earn. Thus training does not play a role in explaining the sizeable union/non-union difference in wages. In fact, few of the human capital variables have the impact expected on young women's wage rates. Results for young women are contrasted with results for young men and questions are raised regarding the early choices that women can be expected to make in the labor market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hills, Stephen M. and Duane E. Leigh. "Employer-Sponsored Training, Union Status, and the Wage Rates of Young Women." Presented: Vancouver, B.C., Meetings of the Western Economic Association, 1987. |
2801. |
Hines, Caitlin Ryan, Rebecca M. |
Early Childhood WIC Use and Children's School Readiness Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2018 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Cognitive Development; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Program Participation/Evaluation; School Entry/Readiness; Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly Food Stamps) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The goal of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is to support the health and well-being of low-income women, infants, and children by providing pregnant women and children up to five years old with access to nutritious food. While the health benefits of WIC for young children have been well studied (Cole & Fox, 2008; Mackey-Bilaver, 2007), its potential non-health benefits, including improvements in children's early cognitive and socio-emotional wellbeing, have been practically unexplored. The one study to examine non-health outcomes found that prenatal WIC exposure predicted better cognitive outcomes at age 2 and educational outcomes at age 11 (Jackson, 2015). The goal of the present study is to expand that work by examining associations between WIC during early childhood (ages 0 - 5) and a broad set of cognitive and behavioral outcomes at school entry, between ages 5 and 7. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hines, Caitlin and Rebecca M. Ryan. "Early Childhood WIC Use and Children's School Readiness." Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2018. |
2802. |
Hinton, Marva |
Head Start May Offer Next-Generation Benefits, Researchers Say Education Week, September 22, 2017. Also: http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/early_years/2017/09/head_start_produces_intergenerational_benefits_study_finds.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Editorial Projects in Education Inc. Keyword(s): Head Start; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Preschool Children Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A new study now awaiting publication says the benefits of Head Start extend well beyond the children enrolled in the federal early-childhood program. The researchers say they have found a connection between students' participation in Head Start and positive outcomes for their own children in the future. [Website article highlighting new research by Andrew Barr and Chloe R. Gibbs, "Breaking the Cycle? Intergenerational Effects of an Anti-Poverty Program in Early Childhood," August 2017"] |
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Bibliography Citation
Hinton, Marva. "Head Start May Offer Next-Generation Benefits, Researchers Say." Education Week, September 22, 2017. |
2803. |
Hirsch, Barry T. Schumacher, Edward J. |
Unions, Wages, and Skills Journal of Human Resources 33,1 (Winter 1998): 201-219. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146319 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Aptitude; Skilled Workers; Skills; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Transfers, Skill; Unions; Wage Differentials; Wage Effects; Wage Levels; Wages Studies uniformly conclude that union wage effects arc largest for workers with low measured skills. Longitudinal analysis using 1989/90 1994/95 Current Population Survey matched panels produces union premium estimates equivalent across skill groups, following appropriate sample restrictions and control for worker-specific skills. Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth aptitude scores confirms that union workers with high measured skills have relatively low unmeasured skills. Differential selection by skill class and skill homogeneity in union workplaces results from employer and employee sorting in response to wage standardization, union organizing where skills are homogeneous, and unionized employers' reluctance to hire the most as well as least able workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hirsch, Barry T. and Edward J. Schumacher. "Unions, Wages, and Skills." Journal of Human Resources 33,1 (Winter 1998): 201-219.
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2804. |
Hiscott-Shultz, Margaret |
Relationship Between Family Size and Children's Cognitive Development: Investigating SES and Race as Possible Mediating Factors Presented: Washington, DC, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Cognitive Development; Ethnic Studies; Family Income; Family Size; I.Q.; Income; Language Development; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Siblings; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The effect of family size on children's cognitive development was examined in a secondary analysis of three data sets; the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP), and the Even Start Family Literacy Project (ESFLP). There was a significant interaction among family income, race, and family size in the prediction of children's cognitive outcomes; the relationship between family size and children's IQ or language development was stronger in families with lower and higher family income than in families with middle income levels. Further, white families showed a stronger negative relationship between family size and the children's cognitive development than African American or Latino families. Sharing of quality parent-child verbal interactions among siblings is proposed as a mechanism through which family size has its effects on the children's cognitive development. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hiscott-Shultz, Margaret. "Relationship Between Family Size and Children's Cognitive Development: Investigating SES and Race as Possible Mediating Factors." Presented: Washington, DC, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1997. |
2805. |
Hitt, Collin |
Character Assessment: Three Essays Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Education Policy, University of Arkansas, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Longitudinal Study (ELS:2002); High School and Beyond (HSB); National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Noncognitive Skills; Nonresponse Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I propose a new approach to measuring character skills. In the following three essays, my co-authors and I measure the effort that adolescent students appear to put forward on surveys and tests. First, I examine the extent to which students simply skip questions or plead ignorance on surveys. Second, I develop new methods for detecting careless answers, those instances in which students appear to be "just filling in the bubbles." I show, using longitudinal datasets, that both measures are predictive of educational degree attainment, independent of measured cognitive ability and other demographic factors. Finally, I demonstrate that international differences in reading, math and science test scores appear in fact to partially reflect international differences in student effort on assessments. Just as some students skip questions and carelessly answer surveys, some students do the same on tests. To the extent that effort on surveys and tests reflects noncognitive skills, presumed international differences in cognitive ability (as measured by standardized tests) might in fact be driven by differences in noncognitive ability. Altogether, the measures explored in the paper present three new methods for quantifying student character skills, which can be used in future research. Throughout, my co-authors and I posit that the character skills that our measures capture are related to conscientiousness and self-control. [Author uses NLSY79 and NLSY97 in first essay] |
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Bibliography Citation
Hitt, Collin. Character Assessment: Three Essays. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Education Policy, University of Arkansas, 2016. |
2806. |
Hitt, Collin Trivitt, Julie Cheng, Albert |
When You Say Nothing at All: The Predictive Power of Student Effort on Surveys Economics of Education Review 52 (June 2016): 105-119. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775716300541 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Longitudinal Study (ELS:2002); High School and Beyond (HSB); National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Noncognitive Skills; Nonresponse Character traits and noncognitive skills are important for human capital development and long-run life outcomes. Research in economics and psychology now shows this convincingly. But research into the exact determinants of noncognitive skills has been slowed by a common data limitation: most large-scale datasets do not contain adequate measures of noncognitive skills. This is particularly problematic in education policy evaluation. We demonstrate that within any survey dataset, there is important latent information that can be used as a proxy measure of noncognitive skills. Specifically, we examine the amount of conscientious effort that students exhibit on surveys, as measured by their item response rates. We use six nationally-representative, longitudinal surveys of American youth. We find that the percentage of questions skipped during the baseline year when respondents were adolescents is a significant predictor of later-life educational attainment, net of cognitive ability. Insofar as item response rates affect employment and income, they do so through their effect on education attainment. The pattern of findings gives compelling reasons to view item response rates as a promising behavioral measure of noncognitive skills for use in future research. We posit that response rates are a measure of conscientiousness, though additional research is required to determine what exact noncognitive skills are being captured by item response rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hitt, Collin, Julie Trivitt and Albert Cheng. "When You Say Nothing at All: The Predictive Power of Student Effort on Surveys." Economics of Education Review 52 (June 2016): 105-119.
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2807. |
Hizmo, Aurel |
Essays on Urban and Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Duke University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Education; Employment; Modeling; Racial Differences; Skills; Wage Determination; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the first chapter of this dissertation I develop a flexible and estimable equilibrium model that jointly considers location decisions of heterogeneous agents across space, and their optimal portfolio decisions. Merging continuous-time asset pricing with urban economics models, I find a unique sorting equilibrium and derive equilibrium house and asset prices in closed-form. Risk premia for homes depend on both aggregate and local idiosyncratic risks, and equilibrium returns for stocks depend on their correlation with city-specific income and house price risk. In equilibrium, very risk-averse households do not locate in risky cities although they may have a high productivity match with those cities. I estimate a version of this model using house price and wage data at the metropolitan area level and provide estimates for risk premia for different cities. The estimated risk premia imply that homes are on average about $20000 cheaper than they would be if owners were risk-neutral. This estimate is over $100000 for volatile coastal cities. I simulate the model to study the effects of financial innovation on equilibrium outcomes. For reasonable parameters, creating assets that correlate with city-specific risks increase house prices by about 20% and productivity by about 10%. The average willingness to pay for completing markets per homeowner is between $10000 and $20000. Productivity is increased due to a unique channel: lowering the amount of non-insurable risk decreases the households' incentive to sort on these risks, which leads to a more efficient allocation of human capital in the economy. The second chapter of this dissertation studies ability signaling in a model of employer learning and statistical discrimination. In traditional signaling models, education provides a way for individuals to sort themselves by ability. Employers in turn use education to statistically discriminate, paying wages that reflect the average productivity of workers with the same given level of education. In this chapter, we provide evidence that graduating from college plays a much more direct role in revealing ability to the labor market. Using the NLSY79, our results suggest that ability is observed nearly perfectly for college graduates. In contrast, returns to AFQT for high school graduates are initially very close to zero and rise steeply with experience. As a result, from very beginning of the career, college graduates are paid in accordance with their own ability, while the wages of high school graduates are initially unrelated to their own ability. This view of ability revelation in the labor market has considerable power in explaining racial differences in wages, education, and the returns to ability. In particular, we find a 6-10 percent wage penalty for blacks (conditional on ability) in the high school market but a small positive black wage premium in the college labor market. These results are consistent with the notion that employers use race to statistically discriminate in the high school market but have no need to do so in the college market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hizmo, Aurel. Essays on Urban and Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2011. |
2808. |
Hjorth-Trolle, Anders |
Beliefs, Parental Investments, and Intergenerational Persistence: A Formal Model Rationality and Society 30,1 (February 2018): 108-154. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1043463117754076 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Children, Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Investments; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Empirical research documents persistent socioeconomic and race gaps in parental investments in children. This article presents a formal model that describes the process through which parents' beliefs about the returns on investments in children evolve over time in light of new information that they receive regarding the outcomes of past investments. The model, which is based on Bayesian learning, accounts for how parents of low socioeconomic status may come to underinvest in their children because they have false low beliefs about the returns on investments. Moreover, the model describes how beliefs are transmitted across generations, thus creating dynasties of underinvesting parents who reproduce inequalities in children's socioeconomic outcomes. Finally, this article uses National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to provide illustrative empirical evidence on key aspects of the proposed model. The main contribution of this article is to integrate parents' beliefs about returns on investments into existing models of intergenerational transmissions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hjorth-Trolle, Anders. "Beliefs, Parental Investments, and Intergenerational Persistence: A Formal Model." Rationality and Society 30,1 (February 2018): 108-154.
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2809. |
Hjorth-Trolle, Anders Molitoris, Joseph |
Do Siblings Take the Weight Off Our Shoulders? The Causal Effect of Family Size on the Risk of Overweight and Obesity During Childhood Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childhood; Family Size; Obesity; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Nearly 20% of children are currently considered to be obese in the United States, a figure that continues to rise (Ogden et al., 2016). In recent years, researchers have increasingly focused attention on family composition as one possible risk factor associated with childhood obesity and overweight, as there are consistent indications that singletons are at significantly higher risk than children with siblings. Unfortunately, few studies reporting such findings have attempted to account for the likely endogenous relationship between family size and children's obesity and overweight risks, making it difficult to ascertain if these are causally related. This study addresses this deficiency by using data from the NLSY79 to estimate difference-in-differences models to identify the causal effect of an increase in family size on children's risk of obesity. Preliminary results suggest that, once unobserved heterogeneity is accounted for, the relationship between family size and obesity and overweight risks disappears. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hjorth-Trolle, Anders and Joseph Molitoris. "Do Siblings Take the Weight Off Our Shoulders? The Causal Effect of Family Size on the Risk of Overweight and Obesity During Childhood." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
2810. |
Ho, Cheuk Yin |
Essays on Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Rochester, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Job Hazards; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Occupations; Wage Models; Wage Theory Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 1 estimates the compensating differential with moral hazard. I show that, in an environment of asymmetric information, the wage premium of an unpleasant job attribute not only includes the compensating differential but also the economic rent that stimulates worker effort. The wage premium is equal to the compensating differential if and only if workers are perfectly monitored. Estimates of a structural model using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth find that the wage premium of risky jobs is 6.6%, which is decomposed into a compensating differential that accounts for 2.8% and an efficiency wage premium that accounts for 3.8%. Since the wage premium is interpreted as the compensating differential in a hedonic wage regression, the results show that the reduced-form estimate of the compensating differential has upward bias. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ho, Cheuk Yin. Essays on Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Rochester, 2013. |
2811. |
Hockaday, Catheryn Michele |
A Prospective Study of Teen Pregnancy Ph.D. Dissertation, Iowa State University, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Ethnic Studies; Family Studies; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Menarche/First Menstruation; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Racial Studies; Self-Esteem; Sexual Activity; Women's Studies The purpose of this study was to examine prospectively the characteristics that may contribute to a teen becoming pregnant. The variables included self-esteem, locus of control, age-related risks, delinquency history, aspirations and expectations, family and school attitudes. Subjects, divided into a pregnant teen and comparison group, were 15-18 year-old females in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results indicated that pregnant teens were more apt to have lower educational expectations and self-esteem, and more traditional family attitudes than the comparison group. Moreover, pregnant teens engaged in sexual intercourse, reached menarche, and drank alcohol at a younger age than the comparison group, as well as participated in delinquent activity more than the comparison group. There were many significant differences between black and white teens when the comparison group and pregnant teens were examined together. Black teens were more likely than white teens to expect marriage at an older age and have aspirations of working when they were 35 years old. Blacks were more apt than whites to have high educational wishes and expectations, high self-esteem, and more external locus of control. Black teens also participated in delinquent activities less often, and had sex at younger ages than white teens. Lastly, black teens began to drink, smoke cigarettes, and smoke marijuana at an older age than white teens. Regression analyses indicated that teen pregnancy in blacks was predicted by approval of the idea to delay a family and pursue a career, aspirations of working, and lower educational expectations. Regression analyses of the white teens suggested that teen pregnancy was associated with higher educational wishes, lower educational expectations, desiring more children, and having sex at a younger age. Recommendations for future researchers are to study these races separately when investigating the antecedents of teen pregnancy because there appear to be major differences between the groups. Moreover, practitioners may need to approach prevention with each race differently for preventative efforts to be effective. Additionally, educational expectations appear to be extremely important in the prediction of pregnancy. Thus, the roles of educators and counselors become even more important than before in teens' lives and decision-making. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hockaday, Catheryn Michele. A Prospective Study of Teen Pregnancy. Ph.D. Dissertation, Iowa State University, 1998. |
2812. |
Hockaday, Catheryn Michele Crase, Sedahlia Jasper Shelley, Mack C., II Stockdale, Dahlia F. |
A Prospective Study of Adolescent Pregnancy Journal of Adolescence 23,4 (August 2000): 423-438. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140197100903294 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Fertility; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Work Attitudes This study examined prospectively the characteristics contributing to adolescent pregnancy in a pregnant (n=452) and comparison (n=373) group of adolescents. The participants were 15-19-year-old Black and White females in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The variables included race, self-esteem, age-related risks, delinquency history, aspirations and expectations. Using regression analyses, adolescent pregnancy in Blacks was predicted by approval of delaying a family and pursuing a career, aspirations of working, and lower educational expectations. Pregnancy in White adolescents was predicted by higher educational wishes, lower educational expectations, desiring more children, and having sex younger. Implications and recommendations are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hockaday, Catheryn Michele, Sedahlia Jasper Crase, Mack C. Shelley and Dahlia F. Stockdale. "A Prospective Study of Adolescent Pregnancy." Journal of Adolescence 23,4 (August 2000): 423-438.
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2813. |
Hodges, Collin Dean |
Three Essays in Applied Econometrics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Resource Economics and Management, West Virginia University, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Mobility, Economic; Obesity; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 1 presents research examining the connection between socioeconomic status and obesity in the United States. Though this relationship has been firmly established in the literature, little attention has been paid to what effect a change in socioeconomic status has on obesity prevalence. As part of the "American Dream" is socioeconomic mobility, it remains an interesting and, to date, little examined research question: what impact does a change in socioeconomic status have on an individual's obesity? Analysis conducted utilizing a confidential, geo-coded and nationally-representative sample of individuals from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth suggest that individuals who move from a lower to a higher socioeconomic group are less likely to be obese. This suggests that upward socioeconomic movement has multiple, positive effects that manifest in better health outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hodges, Collin Dean. Three Essays in Applied Econometrics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Resource Economics and Management, West Virginia University, 2019. |
2814. |
Hodges, Melissa J. |
All in the Family: A Couples' Approach to Understanding Parental Wage Gaps Within and Across Households Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Children; Fatherhood; Gender Differences; Household Composition; Motherhood; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the 1980- 2008 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this paper examines how parenthood exacerbates gender wage inequality within married, heterosexual households and across families by spousal work time arrangements. The majority of research on motherhood penalties and fatherhood premiums investigates how individual men and women's earnings change after the arrival of children, but it remains unclear how parental bonuses and penalties align within couples and vary across households. Although studies investigating child effects on individuals' wages draw on theoretical explanations that rely on the joint decision-making of couples, little work to date directly situates the effects of children on earnings within couples and within the larger context of US earnings inequality. This paper finds that wage inequality associated with family composition not only amplifies the gender wage gap within households, but also contributes to wage inequality among couples based on differences among couples' in terms of work effort. Findings suggest that to address the growth in US wage inequality, it is necessary to consider how within-couple wage gaps associated with children vary across households. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hodges, Melissa J. "All in the Family: A Couples' Approach to Understanding Parental Wage Gaps Within and Across Households." Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015. |
2815. |
Hodges, Melissa J. |
Bringing the Household Back in: Family Wage Gaps and the Intersection of Gender, Race, and Class in the Household Context Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, 2015. Also: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/368/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst Keyword(s): Family Income; Fatherhood; Gender Differences; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Parenthood; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wage Gap; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the 1980- 2008 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this dissertation examines how parenthood exacerbates gender wage inequality within married, heterosexual households and across families stratified by race and social class. The majority of research on motherhood penalties and fatherhood premiums investigates how individual men and women's earnings change after the arrival of children, yet it is unclear how parental bonuses and penalties accrue within coupled households. Although studies investigating child effects on individuals' wages draw on theoretical explanations that rely on the joint decision-making of couples, empirical analysis rarely situates the effects of children on earnings within couples. This dissertation reveals that wage inequality associated with parenthood not only amplifies the gender wage gap, but also contributes to wage inequality among couples, net of couples' work effort, educational attainment, income level, and racial/ethnic group membership. Importantly, the degree to which parenthood exacerbates gender wage inequality within the household varies by educational attainment, work hours, and racial/ethnic group of coupled partners. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hodges, Melissa J. Bringing the Household Back in: Family Wage Gaps and the Intersection of Gender, Race, and Class in the Household Context. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, 2015.. |
2816. |
Hodges, Melissa J. |
Care and Disadvantage: Investigating the Likelihood of Care Work for Men and Women Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Event History; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Labor Supply; Occupational Choice; Occupations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using discrete-time event history models on pooled 1979-2008 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this paper investigates the “risk” of individuals entering and continuing in care work. I consider differences among male and female care and non-care workers, including selection into care work on stable individual characteristics, human capital, and labor supply. The results suggest that likelihood of entering and continuing in care work is a gendered and racialized process. Women and women of color in particular, are more likely to enter and continue in care work over time. Possible explanations include labor market segmentation and perceptions of care work as being more amenable to family responsibilities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hodges, Melissa J. "Care and Disadvantage: Investigating the Likelihood of Care Work for Men and Women." Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013. |
2817. |
Hodges, Melissa J. |
Intersections on the Class Escalator: Gender, Race, and Occupational Segregation in Paid Care Work Sociological Forum 35,1 (March 2020): 24-49. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/socf.12566 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Discrimination; Gender Differences; Occupational Choice; Occupational Segregation; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As U.S. manufacturing and production industries have declined, the growth of the care sector has increasingly become an important source of jobs for workers without a college degree. Often requiring some form of postsecondary credentialing, many care occupations can provide better wages, job stability, and possible upward mobility for less educated workers. However, employment patterns in paid care work are both gendered and racialized: women and workers of color are overrepresented in care occupations with fewer entry barriers, benefits, and lower pay. Although these patterns are well documented, the mechanisms producing them are less well understood. Using event history analysis and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), this study evaluates the explanatory power of neoclassical economic, status attainment, and social closure theories of occupational segregation for black women's and men's greater hazard or "risk" of entering care occupations, relative to white workers. Net of individual and closure mechanisms, significant residual effects suggest labor market discrimination remains a primary explanation for the over‐representation of black workers in less credentialed care jobs with fewer benefits. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hodges, Melissa J. "Intersections on the Class Escalator: Gender, Race, and Occupational Segregation in Paid Care Work." Sociological Forum 35,1 (March 2020): 24-49.
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2818. |
Hodges, Melissa J. |
The Price of Privilege? Investigating Gendered Child Wage Gaps within Couples By Educational Attainment and Professional/Managerial Status Presented: Chicago IL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Occupational Status; Parenthood; Wage Gap; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This project uses dyadic multi-level models on the 1980-2012 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to investigate the distribution of child wage effects within married, opposite-sex couples by educational attainment and professional/managerial status. Using couples as the unit of analysis better aligns examination of parental penalties and premiums with existing theories explaining the reproduction of gender inequality within and across households. Results indicate that wage effects associated with family composition not only shape the gender wage gap within households, but also contributes to wage inequality among families based on the differential distribution of child wage effects within families across class. Furthermore, the gender wage gaps associated with children within married couples are amplified among the most privileged families, suggesting that the gender wage inequality found within highly educated, professional/managerial couples can be potentially described as a "price of privilege" paid by couples with more economic resources. Findings suggest that to better address the stalled decline in the gender pay gap as well as wider U.S. wage inequality, it is necessary for researchers and policy makers to consider how within-couple wage gaps associated with children vary across households by social class. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hodges, Melissa J. "The Price of Privilege? Investigating Gendered Child Wage Gaps within Couples By Educational Attainment and Professional/Managerial Status." Presented: Chicago IL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2017. |
2819. |
Hodges, Melissa J. Budig, Michelle Jean |
Who Gets the Daddy Bonus?: Organizational Hegemonic Masculinity and the Impact of Fatherhood on Earnings Gender and Society 24,6 (December 2010): 717-745. Also: http://gas.sagepub.com/content/24/6/717.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Earnings, Husbands; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Studies; Fatherhood; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the 1979-2006 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we investigate how the earnings bonus for fatherhood varies by characteristics associated with hegemonic masculinity in the American workplace: heterosexual marital status, professional/managerial status, educational attainment, skill demands of jobs, and race/ethnicity. We find the earnings bonus for fatherhood persists after controlling for an array of differences, including human capital, labor supply, family structure, and wives' employment status. Moreover, consistent with predictions from the theory of hegemonic masculinity within bureaucratic organizations, the fatherhood bonus is significantly larger for men with other markers of workplace hegemonic masculinity. Men who are white, married, in households with a traditional gender division of labor, college graduates, professional/managerial workers and whose jobs emphasize cognitive skills and deemphasize physical strength receive the largest fatherhood earnings bonuses. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER] Copyright of Gender & Society is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Hodges, Melissa J. and Michelle Jean Budig. "Who Gets the Daddy Bonus?: Organizational Hegemonic Masculinity and the Impact of Fatherhood on Earnings." Gender and Society 24,6 (December 2010): 717-745.
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2820. |
Hofferth, Sandra L. Cabrera, Natasha Forry, Nicole D. Pleck, Joseph H. |
Paternal Residence and Parental Involvement with Early Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Parental Relationship Quality Working Paper, Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, February 2008 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Maryland Population Research Center Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Child Support; Ethnic Differences; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Involvement; Fathers, Presence; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Racial Differences; Relationship Conflict Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper addresses the association of biological fathers' residence to their involvement and to mothers' involvement with their adolescent children, and the role of parental relationship quality in this association. It uses as its sample 2,161 adolescent children of young women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Children living with their biological fathers report greater father involvement than children whose fathers are nonresidential, but this relationship is fully mediated by the quality of the relationship between the two parents. In addition, biological fathers' nonresidence has a direct positive contextual effect on maternal involvement, but has a stronger indirect negative effect via parental relationship quality. Failing to get along with one's partner has direct associations with both father and mother involvement, as well as mediates the linkage between fathers' nonresidence and the involvement of both parents. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L., Natasha Cabrera, Nicole D. Forry and Joseph H. Pleck. "Paternal Residence and Parental Involvement with Early Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Parental Relationship Quality." Working Paper, Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, February 2008. |
2821. |
Hofferth, Sandra L. Pleck, Joseph H. Vesely, Colleen |
The Transmission of Parenting from Fathers to Sons Parenting: Science and Practice 12,4 (2012): 282-305. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15295192.2012.709153 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Discipline; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Influence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Pearlin Mastery Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L., Joseph H. Pleck and Colleen Vesely. "The Transmission of Parenting from Fathers to Sons." Parenting: Science and Practice 12,4 (2012): 282-305.
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2822. |
Hofferth, Sandra L. Reid, Lori Lynn |
A Cohort/Period Comparison of the Effects of the Timing of Childbearing on Children's Achievement and Behavior Working Paper, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, September 1999. Also: http://psidonline.isr.umich.edu/Publications/bibliography/BrowseKeywordsQ.aspx?ID=5 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Social Research (ISR), University of Michigan Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this paper...is to examine changes in the consequences of teenage childbearing for children over birth cohorts of young women and historical periods. Are there differences in the effects of timing of childbearing on children's achievements, by whether the first birth occurred in the 1970s, 1980s, or 1990s? Are there differences in the effects of timing of childbearing on the schooling of young women who had a first birth in the late 1970s compared with those who bore a child in the late 1980s? This analysis focuses on examining period differences in the consequences of teen childbearig using two data sets, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The NLSY has been used extensively to document the consequences of teen childbearing for young women. It, therefore, represents the "gold standard." However, it represents a single birth cohort of young women. The PSID has also been used to look at teen childbearing (Astone & Upchurch, 1994; Hoffman, Foster & Furstenberg, 1993). While it represents a large number of birth cohorts of women, a smaller number of women compromise each cohort. To the extent that these two data sets provide similar pictures of the same cohort, the PSID can then be used to depict period trends in the effects of teen childbearing on children. Thus, the first goal is to compare the effects of a teen birth on children using both data sets. The second goal is to show the trends over time in the effects of teen childbearing on children's achievement. This will be done by examining the effect on children's achievement and behavior of interacting teen childbearing with period, using the PSID. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Lori Lynn Reid. "A Cohort/Period Comparison of the Effects of the Timing of Childbearing on Children's Achievement and Behavior." Working Paper, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, September 1999. |
2823. |
Hofferth, Sandra L. Reid, Lori Lynn |
Early Childbearing and Children's Achievement and Behavior Over Time Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34,1 (January-February 2002): 41-49. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11990638 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. CONTEXT: Compared with children of older women, children of women who had their first birth during their teens have long been believed to be at higher risk for a host of poor health, social and economic outcomes. Recent studies have failed to confirm this belief, but none have taken into account whether children's outcomes or the effects of early childbearing on those outcomes have changed over time. METHODS: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to separate the influence of changes from the 1960s through the 1990s in children's experiences from the effect of mother's age at first birth. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses controlling for social and demographic characteristics show that among children born to women from a particular birth cohort, those whose mothers first gave birth in their teens have significantly lower scores on a set of four achievement tests and significantly higher scores on a behavior-problem index than do children whose mothers delayed childbearing. However, when changes over time in children's outcomes and in the effect of early childbearing on those outcomes were taken into account, children born to women who began childbearing early score significantly worse than those whose mothers delayed their first birth on the behavior-problem index, but on only one achievement test. CONCLUSIONS: Comparisons by age at first birth among women born in the same period may misestimate the effects of early motherhood. Whether early childbearing's effects on children are overestimated or underestimated depends on whether test scores are rising or falling. Policymakers should be cautious in making decisions based on studies that do not take tune trends in to account. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Lori Lynn Reid. "Early Childbearing and Children's Achievement and Behavior Over Time." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34,1 (January-February 2002): 41-49.
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2824. |
Hofferth, Sandra L. Reid, Lori Lynn Mott, Frank L. |
A Cohort/Period Comparison of the Effects of the Timing of Childbearing on Schooling, using the NLSY and the PSID Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Fertility; Marital Status; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper compares estimates from the NLSY and the PSID of the effects of early childbearing on the schooling of different cohorts of young women and in different historical periods. The purpose is, first, to see whether estimates of early childbearing are similar across the two data sets and, second, to see whether the effects of early childbearing on schooling have changed over cohorts or birth periods. The data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The results show, first, that the results are similar for the two data sets. Second, the effects of early childbearing on schooling have declined somewhat in recent historical periods. However, the effects still disadvantage young women, most specifically, because such young women do not attend college. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L., Lori Lynn Reid and Frank L. Mott. "A Cohort/Period Comparison of the Effects of the Timing of Childbearing on Schooling, using the NLSY and the PSID." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 1999. |
2825. |
Hofferth, Sandra L. Reid, Lori Lynn Mott, Frank L. |
The Effects of Early Childbearing on Schooling Over Time Family Planning Perspectives 33, 6 (November-December, 2001): 259-627. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3030193 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Family Structure; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Context: In recent studies, the effects of teenage childbearing on the schooling of young women have been smaller than those in earlier research. The discrepancy has been attributed to the use in the later studies of controls for unmeasured differences between young women who start childbearing early and those who do not, but could instead reflect changes in the effect of early childbearing over time. Methods: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to identify the reasons for this difference. Logistic regression, ordinary least-squares regressions and fixed-effects models examine the impact of early childbearing on rates of high school graduation and college attendance, and number of years of schooling completed through age 29. Results: The two data sets show a significant negative impact of a teenage birth on rates and years of completed schooling. For example, teenage mothers completed 1.9-2.2 fewer years of education than do women who delay their first birth until age 30 or older. Moreover, compared with women who give birth at age 30 or older, teenage mothers have odds of high school completion 10-12% as high and odds of postsecondary schooling 14-29% as high. Unobserved differences between young mothers and their childless peers reduce, but do not eliminate, the effects of early births. Effects on high school completion declined in recent periods because more young women completed high school, regardless of the timing of their first birth. However, the gap between early and later childbearers in postsecondary school attendance widened from 27 to 44 percentage point between the early 1960s and the early 1990s. Conclusions: Given the current importance of a college education, teenage childbearers today are at least as disadvantaged as those of past generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L., Lori Lynn Reid and Frank L. Mott. "The Effects of Early Childbearing on Schooling Over Time." Family Planning Perspectives 33, 6 (November-December, 2001): 259-627.
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2826. |
Hofferth, Sandra L. Wissoker, Douglas A. |
Price, Quality, and Income in Child Care Choice Journal of Human Resources 27,1 (Winter 1992): 70-111. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145913 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Child Care; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Logit This paper explores the hypothesis that parents consider the price and quality of child care as well as their own resources and needs when they make their child care decisions. Parents are expected to minimize price and maximize quality, controlling for income. Price is measured in terms of predicted expenditures on child care; quality is measured by the ratio of children to staff members. Data come from the 1985 wave of the NLSY. Expenditures for each mode of child care are modeled, correcting for selection, and predicted expenditures are obtained for each of four child care modes (center, sitter, relative, and husband/partner). Using a multinomial logit model, the impacts of price, quality, family income, and family characteristics on choice of each of these forms of child care are examined. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Douglas A. Wissoker. "Price, Quality, and Income in Child Care Choice." Journal of Human Resources 27,1 (Winter 1992): 70-111.
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2827. |
Hofferth, Sandra L. Wissoker, Douglas A. |
Quality, Price, and Income in Child Care Choice Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Care; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Logit Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Douglas A. Wissoker. "Quality, Price, and Income in Child Care Choice." Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990. |
2828. |
Hoffman, Bill Kadison, Dan |
A Lasting Marriage Doubles $ The New York Post, January 19, 2006, Late City Final; Pg. 3 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: News Corporation Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital Stability; Marriage; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Newspaper article in the New York Post discussing Jay Zagorsky's research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Bill and Dan Kadison. "A Lasting Marriage Doubles $." The New York Post, January 19, 2006, Late City Final; Pg. 3. |
2829. |
Hoffman, Bill Kadison, Dan |
Hitch in Time Saves $$ - Lasting Marriage Will Double Your Wealth The New York Post, January 19, 2006, Metro + Sports Extra; Pg. 3 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: News Corporation Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital Stability; Marriage; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A newspaper article in the New York Post discussing Jay Zagorsky's research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Bill and Dan Kadison. "Hitch in Time Saves $$ - Lasting Marriage Will Double Your Wealth." The New York Post, January 19, 2006, Metro + Sports Extra; Pg. 3. |
2830. |
Hoffman, Emily P. |
Determinants of Youths' Educational and Occupational Goals: Sex and Race Differences Economics of Education Review 6,1 (Winter 1987): 41-48. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/027277578790032X Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Gender Differences; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Status; Racial Differences This study explores whether there are differences between black and white, and male and female youth in their educational and occupational goals, and whether these differences changed between 1966-1968 and 1979. Both reduced form and structural equations were estimated, using the NLS of Young Men, Young Women, and NLSY data sets. Occupational prestige goal and educational goal were found to be simultaneously related to each other. Sex and race differences in determinants of educational and occupational goals were found to exist, and to have changed over time, for both the 1966-1968 and the 1979 cohorts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Emily P. "Determinants of Youths' Educational and Occupational Goals: Sex and Race Differences." Economics of Education Review 6,1 (Winter 1987): 41-48.
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2831. |
Hoffman, Saul D. |
By the Numbers: The Public Costs of Teen Childbearing Report, Washington DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, October 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: National Campaign To Prevent Teen Pregnancy Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Birth Outcomes; Birth Rate; Child Development; Child Health; Childbearing, Adolescent; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Health Care; Crime; Demography; Deviance; Disadvantaged, Economically; Domestic Violence; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Employment; Family Structure; Fathers and Children; Financial Assistance; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Foster Care; Health Care; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Incarceration/Jail; Income; Marital Status; Medicaid/Medicare; Mothers and Daughters; Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Health; Mothers, Income; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parents, Single; Poverty; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy, Adolescent; School Completion; School Dropouts; Sexual Activity; State Welfare; State-Level Data/Policy; Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly Food Stamps); Taxes; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Transfers, Public; Unemployment Compensation; Wages, Young Women; Welfare; Youth Services Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Incarceration. Estimates are taken from Scher and Hoffman (forthcoming), which updates Grogger's analysis of incarceration in Kids Having Kids. Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY) -Young Males sample, which includes a nationally representative sample of males who were between ages 14 and 21 in 1979. Gross impact estimates are based on a comparison of mean incarceration rates by age of mother at first birth. Net impact estimates are based on a model that controls separately for mother's age at first birth and mother's age at the birth of the respondent child. In this specification, the impact of a teen birth on the probability that a son will be incarcerated is estimated conservatively from the difference in siblings' probabilities of incarceration. The less conservative estimates of net impacts are based on a model that relates the probability of son's incarceration to mother's age at first birth, rather than mother's age at the birth of the particular child. Impact estimates of the probability of ever being incarcerated are derived from logit models. Educational Attainment and Lost Tax Revenue. Estimates are taken from Hoffman and Scher (forthcoming), which updates the analysis by Haveman,Wolfe, and Peterson in Kids Having Kids. Data come from the NLSY79-Young Adult sample, which includes children of the original NLSY79 sample of young women, ages 14-21 in 1979. Gross impact estimates are based on a comparison of mean high school graduation rates by age of mother at first birth. Net impact estimates are based on a model that controls for a large set of individual and family characteristics. High school graduation models are estimated by logit, years of education by tobit. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Saul D. "By the Numbers: The Public Costs of Teen Childbearing." Report, Washington DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, October 2006. |
2832. |
Hoffman, Saul D. |
Socio-Economic Effects of Teen Childbearing Re-Considered: A Re-Analysis of the Teen Miscarriage Experiment Working Paper No. 2003-08, Department of Economics, University of Delaware, September 2003. Also: http://www.lerner.udel.edu/sites/default/files/imce/economics/WorkingPapers/2003/UDWP2003-08.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Delaware Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In an important contribution to the literature on the socio-economic impacts of teen childbearing, Hotz, McElroy, and Sanders used a natural experiment based on the random occurrence of miscarriages. They concluded that the negative impacts of teen childbearing had been substantially exaggerated. In a replication of their work, I identify a number of important errors that undermine their results. Correction and re-estimation with their data show substantially smaller impacts on income variables. Re-estimation with a new data set yields impacts that are smaller yet. The re-estimation generally does not alter the sign of the estimated effects, but does lead to a much more modest conclusion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Saul D. "Socio-Economic Effects of Teen Childbearing Re-Considered: A Re-Analysis of the Teen Miscarriage Experiment." Working Paper No. 2003-08, Department of Economics, University of Delaware, September 2003. |
2833. |
Hoffman, Saul D. Foster, E. Michael |
AFDC Benefits and Nonmarital Births to Young Women JCPR Working Paper 3, Joint Center for Poverty Research, June 1997. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/p/wop/jopovw/3.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior; Childbearing, Adolescent; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Building on recent work by Rosenzweig (1999), this paper re-examines the effect of AFDC benefits on early nonmarital childbearing. Unlike most previous work in this area, Rosenzweig finds a statistically significant and quantitatively large positive effect of AFDC benefits. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we replicate Rosenzweig's analysis and explore the reasons his findings differ from earlier research findings. We are able to reproduce his main finding that AFDC generosity influences non-marital childbearing when state and cohort fixed-effects are included. However, we find that model specification matters a great deal. An alternative specification of state fixed-effects yields no evidence of an AFDC effect, and when we focus on fertility only through age 19 (as in prior work), we also find no AFDC effect. This latter finding implies that the behavior of women in their early 20s may be far more sensitive to welfare generosity than is that of teenagers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Saul D. and E. Michael Foster. "AFDC Benefits and Nonmarital Births to Young Women." JCPR Working Paper 3, Joint Center for Poverty Research, June 1997. |
2834. |
Hoffman, Saul D. Foster, E. Michael Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. |
Re-evaluating the Costs of Teenage Childbearing Presented: Bethesda, MA, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Background and Culture; Family Size; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Siblings; Well-Being Teenage childbearing in the U.S. has long been regarded as an important social problem with substantial costs to mothers and their children. Recently, however, several researchers have argued that these apparent negative effect primarily reflect unmeasured family background rather than the true causal effect of a teen birth. To unravel the effect of teen motherhood from that of family background, we, following the methodology proposed by Geronimus and Korenman, compare teen mothers with their sisters, using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We find that taking full account of family background reduces, but does not eliminate, the estimated consequences of early childbearing. Statistically significant and quantitatively important effects of teen parenthood remain for high school graduation, family size, and a set of measures of economic well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Saul D., E. Michael Foster and Frank F. Jr. Furstenberg. "Re-evaluating the Costs of Teenage Childbearing." Presented: Bethesda, MA, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992. |
2835. |
Hoffman, Saul D. Foster, E. Michael Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. |
Reevaluating the Costs of Teenage Childbearing Demography 30,1 (February 1993): 1-13. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2061859 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Background and Culture; Family Size; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Siblings; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Teenage childbearing in the United States has long been regarded as an important social problem with substantial costs to teen mothers and their children. Recently, however, several researchers have argued that the apparent negative effects of teenage childbearing primarily reflect unmeasured family background rather than the true consequences of a teen birth. To distinguish the effect of teen childbearing from that of family background, we use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and compare teen mothers with their sisters. We find that accounting for unobserved family background reduces, but does not eliminate, the estimated consequences of early childbearing. Statistically significant and quantitatively important effects of teen parenthood remain for high school graduation, family size, and economic well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Saul D., E. Michael Foster and Frank F. Jr. Furstenberg. "Reevaluating the Costs of Teenage Childbearing." Demography 30,1 (February 1993): 1-13.
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2836. |
Hoffman, Saul D. Foster, E. Michael Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. |
Reevaluating the Costs of Teenage Childbearing: Response to Geronimus and Korenman Demography 30,2 (May 1993): 291-296. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/e17684r567083k0w/ Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Data Analysis; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Evidence suggests that early childbearing, although not as disastrous an event as portrayed in early studies, still often causes harm to already disadvantaged women. In particular, the evidence to date suggests that educational attainment and economic well-being are reduced by a teen birth, even after controlling for the effects of family background. Although the differences between the conventional estimates and fixed-effect estimates are not always statistically significant, sister comparisons suggest that the effects of teen childbearing have been overstated somewhat in the past. None of the replications, however, provide any evidence that the remaining effects of teen childbearing are negligible, as originally suggested. In constrast to other research that uses various technical variations of sampling and data analysis, analysts argue that it is premature to conclude that the true effects of teenage childbearing are quite small. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Saul D., E. Michael Foster and Frank F. Jr. Furstenberg. "Reevaluating the Costs of Teenage Childbearing: Response to Geronimus and Korenman." Demography 30,2 (May 1993): 291-296.
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2837. |
Hoffmann, John P. Dufur, Mikaela J. Huang, Lynn |
Drug Use and Job Quits: A Longitudinal Analysis Journal of Drug Issues 37,3 (Summer 2007): 569-596 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: College of Criminology and Criminal Justice Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Drug Use; Gender Differences; Quits; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Voluntary job separation, or quitting, occurs for a variety of reasons. Although it is often a positive move, it may also lead to periods of unemployment. Studies suggest that one factor that may be implicated in the likelihood of quitting is illicit drug use: Adult drug users may not only quit more frequently but also have a heightened probability of unemployment following a quit. Yet, prior research has not taken a sufficient longitudinal perspective, considered contemporary research on job mobility, nor examined gender differences. We assessed the association using longitudinal data on 8,512 individuals followed from 1984 to 1995. The results indicated that marijuana and cocaine use were associated with a higher probability of quitting. Moreover, marijuana use among males, but not females, was associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing periods of unemployment following a quit. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding gender-distinct patterns of drug use and occupational trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Drug Issues is the property of Florida State University / School of Criminology and Criminal Justice and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoffmann, John P., Mikaela J. Dufur and Lynn Huang. "Drug Use and Job Quits: A Longitudinal Analysis." Journal of Drug Issues 37,3 (Summer 2007): 569-596.
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2838. |
Hogan, Dennis P. Hao, Lingxin Parish, William L. |
Race, Kin Networks, and Assistance to Mother-headed Families Social Forces 68,3 (March 1990): 797-812. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2579354 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Child Care; Marital Status; Mothers; Parents, Single; Racial Differences; Sons; Support Networks Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using NLSY data on black and white American mothers who are single or currently married in 1984, the research investigates issues relating to kin networks, childcare, and financial support to families. The analysis confirms that black mothers have better access to kin and are more likely to coreside with kin than white mothers, the childcare they use more often is provided by kinfolk and is free, and they more often receive half or more of their income from someone other than their husband. Most of the differences in childcare and economic support are attributable to the greater proportion of blacks who are single and to their better kin access. There is no evidence that blacks are more responsive than whites to the needs of single mothers. The persistent black advantage in support network involvement is due to the greater likelihood that they coreside with adult kin and use free childcare rather than to any black advantage in financial support. But almost one third of single black mothers were not involved in support networks, and the network support was insufficient to provide adequate childcare for many mothers who were involved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hogan, Dennis P., Lingxin Hao and William L. Parish. "Race, Kin Networks, and Assistance to Mother-headed Families." Social Forces 68,3 (March 1990): 797-812.
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2839. |
Hogan, Dennis P. Msall, Michael E. |
Key Indicators of Health and Safety: Infancy, Pre-School and Middle Childhood Working Paper, Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University, December 2002. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University Keyword(s): Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This chapter provides an overview of the diverse ways in which the various dimensions and aspects of child health are now measured, and the sources of those measurements. Since indicators of child health depend on physical and physiological maturation of children as well as age-graded developmental trajectories, the chapter distinguishes measures that are appropriate for children during the prenatal period and the first year of life, for children of preschool ages 1-4, and young school-age children ages 5-11. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hogan, Dennis P. and Michael E. Msall. "Key Indicators of Health and Safety: Infancy, Pre-School and Middle Childhood." Working Paper, Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University, December 2002.. |
2840. |
Hogan, Dennis P. Msall, Michael E. |
Key Indicators of Health and Safety: Infancy, Pre-School and Middle Childhood In: Key Indicators of Child and Youth Well-Being: Completing the Picture. B. Brown, ed., London, UK: Psychology Press, August 2007. Also: http://www.psypress.com/9780805863130 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Child Health; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This chapter provides an overview of the diverse ways in which the various dimensions and aspects of child health are now measured, and the sources of those measurements. Since indicators of child health depend on physical and physiological maturation of children as well as age-graded developmental trajectories, the chapter distinguishes measures that are appropriate for children during the prenatal period and the first year of life, for children of preschool ages 1-4, and young school-age children ages 5-11. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hogan, Dennis P. and Michael E. Msall. "Key Indicators of Health and Safety: Infancy, Pre-School and Middle Childhood" In: Key Indicators of Child and Youth Well-Being: Completing the Picture. B. Brown, ed., London, UK: Psychology Press, August 2007.
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2841. |
Hokayem, Charles |
Essays on Human Capital, Health Capital, and the Labor Market Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Kentucky, 2010. Also: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/23/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Kentucky Keyword(s): Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Noncognitive Skills; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three essays concerning the effects of human capital and health capital on the labor market. Chapter 2 explores the role of another form of human capital, noncognitive skills, in explaining racial gaps in wages. Chapter 2 adds two noncognitive skills, locus of control and self-esteem, to a simple wage specification to determine the effect of these skills on the racial wage gap (white, black, and Hispanic) and the return to these skills across the wage distribution. The wage specifications are estimated using pooled, between, and quantile estimators. Results using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 show these skills account for differing portions of the racial wage gap depending on race and gender. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hokayem, Charles. Essays on Human Capital, Health Capital, and the Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Kentucky, 2010.. |
2842. |
Hokayem, Charles |
Noncognitive Skills and the Racial Wage Gap Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Discrimination, Job; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Noncognitive Skills; Racial Differences; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Wage Gap; Work Ethic Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores the role of noncognitive skills, or "soft skills", in explaining racial gaps in wages. Noncognitive skills describe a person's self-perception, work ethic, and overall outlook on life. These skills have been linked to a variety of outcomes such as educational attainment, earnings, and work habits in the general population. Less well understood is the impact of these skills on subgroups of the general population. This paper adds two noncognitive skills, locus of control and self-esteem, to a simple wage specification to determine the effect of noncognitive skills on the racial wage gap (white, black, and Hispanic) and the return to noncognitive skills across the wage distribution. The wage specifications are estimated using a pooled estimator, a between estimator, and a quantile estimator. Results using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) show they account for differing portions of the racial wage gap depending on race and gender. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hokayem, Charles. "Noncognitive Skills and the Racial Wage Gap." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
2843. |
Holland, Donna Dea |
A Life Course Perspective on Foster Care: An Examination of the Impact on Variations in Levels of Involvement in the Foster Care System on Adult Criminality and Other Indicators of Adult Well-being Ph.D. Dissertation, Bowling Green State University, 2005. DAI-A 66/10, Apr 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Crime; Family Studies; Foster Care; Life Course; Modeling, Logit Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examined the relationship between level of involvement in the foster care system and several adult indicators of well-being across the life course using original qualitative data and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The qualitative data were collected from foster care experienced adults, foster parents, caseworkers and judges. The results from the qualitative data follow a pattern similar to that of prior research: foster care experienced adults have difficulty transitioning out of foster care to independence. They experienced difficulty with relationships, finances, housing and several other difficulties. The quantitative results were derived from bivariate analyses and multivariate analyses using ordinary least squares regression and logistic regression. The quantitative analyses tested the ability of social control theory and differential association theory to explain various indicators of adult well-being. Overall, both theories did partially explain why reunified and aged-out youths have less positive adult outcomes than the general population, though, differential association did explain the association more than social control theory. A major result of this study demonstrated, by using refined measures of foster care involvement, that those who were reunified with their families had more negative adult outcomes than those individuals who aged out of foster care. This study highlights the need to use mainstream sociological theory in research on foster care and the need to use more refined indicators of foster care involvement |
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Bibliography Citation
Holland, Donna Dea. A Life Course Perspective on Foster Care: An Examination of the Impact on Variations in Levels of Involvement in the Foster Care System on Adult Criminality and Other Indicators of Adult Well-being. Ph.D. Dissertation, Bowling Green State University, 2005. DAI-A 66/10, Apr 2006. |
2844. |
Holland, Jennifer |
Is There an Economic Bar for Marriage? Socioeconomic Status Differentials and Implications for Marriage Promotion Policies Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=71814 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Education; Family Formation; Marital Status; Marriage; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Economic stability and prospects have always been important for family formation, especially for marriage. Recent research among low-income U.S. couples suggests that couples delay marriage until they reach the perceived economic 'bar' for marriage. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to more extensively investigate the existence and level of the hypothesized marriage bar. I consider differences by socioeconomic status in levels of earnings associated with increases in marriage among cohabiting couples. I find that combined couple earnings are most important for those with a high school degree or less. Marriage odds increase significantly for these couples between $26,000 and $34,000 of combined earnings. The earnings bar for marriage is above the poverty threshold for a family of three ($13,861 in 2000) and above the phase-out for many government transfer programs. It is unlikely that income supplements would push disadvantaged couples above the marriage bar. |
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Bibliography Citation
Holland, Jennifer. "Is There an Economic Bar for Marriage? Socioeconomic Status Differentials and Implications for Marriage Promotion Policies." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
2845. |
Hollander, Dore |
Having a Premarital Birth Reduces the Likelihood a Woman Will Marry Family Planning Perspectives 27,5 (September-October 1995): 221-222. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2136281 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Studies; Marital Status; Marriage; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Poverty; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from four large U.S. surveys (National Survey of Family Growth, 1988, 8,450 women; National Survey of Families and Households, 1987-1988, 13,017 women and men; National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1989, 5,369 women; National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women, 1987, 3,679 women) indicate that premarital childbearing reduces the likelihood that a woman will marry by 9-41% compared to childless women. When women who marry within six months of giving birth were excluded from the calculation, on the assumption that they married the child's father, premarital birth was associated with a 20-53% reduction in the likelihood of marriage. The likelihood of marriage is further reduced if the woman is on welfare. The obstacle to marriage does not appear to be associated with the stigma of premarital childbirth, the inability of the woman to participate in activities in which she is likely to meet men, or the loss of Aid to Families with Dependent Children which occurs upon marriage. The researchers found that these women generally did not have children as a result of poor marriage prospects; instead, the unintended childbirth derailed plans for marriage. They also found that premarital childbearing was related to an increased risk of subsequent poverty, both among women who never marry and those who marry but experience later marital disruption. Premarital childbearing resulted in adverse consequences for both the mother and the child in terms of education and poverty. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hollander, Dore. "Having a Premarital Birth Reduces the Likelihood a Woman Will Marry." Family Planning Perspectives 27,5 (September-October 1995): 221-222.
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2846. |
Hollander, Dore |
Upward Mobility Benefits White Women's Infants, But Not Black Women's Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 39,1 (March 2007): 60-61. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1363/39060_207/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Family Income; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Social; Poverty; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Children born to white women who grew up in poverty but whose economic situation improved by adulthood have reduced odds of being low-birth-weight; in an analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this association was unaffected by the inclusion of maternal background characteristics and health-related behaviors during pregnancy. The same relationship does not hold for infants born to blacks, however. Rather, their likelihood of being low-birth-weight is associated with maternal marital status, household composition at the time of the birth and weight gain during pregnancy. See: Colen CG et al., Maternal upward socioeconomic mobility and black-white disparities in infant birthweight, American Journal of Public Health, 2006, 96(11):2032-2039. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hollander, Dore. "Upward Mobility Benefits White Women's Infants, But Not Black Women's." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 39,1 (March 2007): 60-61. |
2847. |
Holleman, Julie D. |
Nonpecuniary Job Characteristics: The Impact on Women's Wages Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A and M University, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Job Rewards; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male; Wage Gap This dissertation examines whether the inclusion of nonpecuniary job characteristics can help explain why a male/female wage gap persists. Two samples of workers are drawn from the NLSY 1979-1985. The mean values of nonpecuniary job characteristics of the jobs typically held by the NLS women are compared with the mean values of these characteristics for the NLS men. Hazard model analysis is used to calculate the female workers' marginal willingness to pay for these specific nonwage job characteristics. This estimation of women's marginal willingness to pay is used to analyze if women prefer their jobs to a typical male job by calculating a nonwage compensation differential. Four of the six empirical tests result in a negative nonwage compensation differential, suggesting that women prefer the nonwage job characteristics associated with their jobs to those which are generally associated with the jobs the men hold; however, the remaining two estimations result in a positive nonwage compensation differential. Thus, while differences are found in the nonwage job characteristics that are associated with the jobs that the NLS males and females hold, the results from the 1979 and 1982 samples find no clear pattern of preference for those characteristics which are associated with the jobs which the females typically hold. [UMI ADG90-15515] |
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Bibliography Citation
Holleman, Julie D. Nonpecuniary Job Characteristics: The Impact on Women's Wages. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A and M University, 1989. |
2848. |
Hollister, Matissa |
Employer and Occupational Instability in Two Cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys The Sociological Quarterly 53,2 (Spring 2012): 238-263. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2012.01233.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Employment History; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Occupational Choice; Occupations; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research on trends in employer and occupational stability found evidence of declines in stability among men but contradictory results for women. I provide new insights into these patterns by simultaneously analyzing employer and occupation changes, and by examining a more detailed set of transition types. I show that the patterns for women are quite similar to those of men but are masked by declines in transitions from employment to out of the labor force. Finally, I find that while some of the changes may bring increased opportunities for wage increases, they bring even greater risks of wage losses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hollister, Matissa. "Employer and Occupational Instability in Two Cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys." The Sociological Quarterly 53,2 (Spring 2012): 238-263.
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2849. |
Hollister, Matissa |
Is Optimal Matching Suboptimal? Sociological Methods and Research 38,2 (November 2009): 235-264. Also: http://smr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/38/2/235 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Clare Jellick; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Job Patterns; Occupational Status; Occupations; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Optimal matching (OM) is a method for measuring the similarity between pairs of sequences (e.g., work histories). This article discusses two problems with optimal matching. First, the author identifies a flaw in OM "indel costs" and proposes a solution to this flaw. Second, the author discusses the need for benchmarks to measure the added value of OM and to test competing versions. To that end, the author conducts an empirical test of traditional OM, the alternative localized OM, and sequence comparison. The test documents the problem with traditional OM and shows that it is solved by localized OM. The test also demonstrates the value of OM and sequence comparison in examining occupational sequences; both methods capture variation beyond traditional human capital and status attainment measures, although the marginal improvements of OM over sequence comparison may not justify its computational complexity. These results point to the need for more systematic approaches to sequence analysis methods. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hollister, Matissa. "Is Optimal Matching Suboptimal?" Sociological Methods and Research 38,2 (November 2009): 235-264.
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2850. |
Hollister, Matissa |
Rise in Occupation Changing Rates in the United States 1979-2007: Evidence from Three National Data Sources Working Paper, Department of Sociology Dartmouth College, 2010. Also: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~socy/pdfs/HollisterOccupationChange.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Department of Sociology, Dartmouth College Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Labor Market; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Choice; Occupations; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many people see job instability as a fundamental element of the New Economy. There is evidence that workers are changing employers more often than in the past. These findings raise questions regarding the role of occupations in the New Economy. On one hand, the Silicon Valley model of employment, often seen as the future of work, involves changing employers but not occupations. On the other hand, the New Economy may be leading to a more unpredictable labor market along all dimensions. Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys, the Current Population Survey, and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study finds consistent evidence that rates of occupation changing have increased over time. This trend persists even after controlling for changes in the demographic and occupational composition of the labor force. The increase in occupation changing was not confined to shifts between jobs with similar characteristics, but instead involved changes across most dimensions of occupational skill and working conditions. The increase in occupation changing was, however, particularly large among less-educated workers. Finally, the trends involve increases in both upward and downward occupational moves. The results, therefore, suggest a New Economy with widespread instability and particular disadvantages for less skilled workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hollister, Matissa. "Rise in Occupation Changing Rates in the United States 1979-2007: Evidence from Three National Data Sources." Working Paper, Department of Sociology Dartmouth College, 2010. |
2851. |
Hollister, Matissa |
Why Didn't the Joneses Keep Up? The Unusual Occupational Outcomes of the Late Baby Boomers and the Future of Professional Work Working Paper, Department of Sociology Dartmouth College, 2010. Also: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~socy/pdfs/HollisterGenJones.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, Dartmouth College Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Methods/Methodology; Occupational Choice; Occupational Investment; Occupations; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Overall, professional work has increased steadily since 1950. This paper, however, identifies considerable cohort variation hiding behind this broad trend. In particular, I show that "Generation Jones" (born 1955-1964) entered professional occupations at a particularly low rate. Furthermore, Generation X (born 1965-1974), returned to higher rates of professional work but the cohort was so small that professional workers in Generation X as a share of the total labor force fell to even lower levels. I discuss the implications of these results for understanding the causes of cohort variation, the nature of professional occupations, and the future of professional work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hollister, Matissa. "Why Didn't the Joneses Keep Up? The Unusual Occupational Outcomes of the Late Baby Boomers and the Future of Professional Work." Working Paper, Department of Sociology Dartmouth College, 2010. |
2852. |
Hollister, Matissa Nicole |
Careers in a Changing Economy: Occupations and Intergenerational Mobility Among Two Cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2006. DAI-A 67/02, August 2006. Also: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1095463381&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Clare Jellick; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Occupations; Unions; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study compares the "occupational careers," defined as long-term occupational trajectories, of men between the ages of 22 and 30 from two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS). The first cohort was ages 14-22 in 1966, the second cohort was ages 14-22 in 1979. The study seeks to answer three questions. First, what is the best way to measure and classify occupational careers within the NLS data? I test two approaches to this problem. The first approach involved a case-by-case analysis of the work histories of 200 men randomly selected from the data. The second approach involved the application of optimal matching techniques. The results from the two approaches suggested that boundaries exist between different types of occupations and that careers tend to be defined by work primarily within one of these bounded areas. The second question addressed in this study is how occupational careers have changed over time. I found several changes in the types of occupational careers between the two cohorts. The second cohort had lower levels of white-collar, craft, and unionized blue-collar careers than the earlier cohort, and much higher levels of low-skill/unemployed careers. I also found that year to year occupational instability increased in the second cohort, although most of this increased instability occurred within career types rather than from people crossing the boundaries between careers. This increase in occupational instability calls into question the idea the New Economy. The final question addressed by this study is how the changes occupational careers between the two cohorts affected opportunities for upward mobility. I found that opportunities for mobility declined in the second cohort, mostly due to the decline of craft and unionized blue-collar careers. I find little evidence, however, that occupational instability is particularly detrimental for disadvantaged men or that it played a major role in changing mobility rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hollister, Matissa Nicole. Careers in a Changing Economy: Occupations and Intergenerational Mobility Among Two Cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2006. DAI-A 67/02, August 2006.. |
2853. |
Holloway, Steven R. Mulherin, Stephen |
The Effect of Adolescent Neighborhood Poverty on Adult Employment Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Employment; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Neighborhood Effects; Poverty; Racial Differences; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Neighborhood environments have many long-term impacts on America's youth, including the extent and degree of labor market participation. Urban neighborhoods have changed considerably over the last several decades; notably, poverty has become much more spatially concentrated. Concentrated poverty increased dramatically for blacks during the 1970s, and during the 1980s for whites. While recent research examines the effects of neighborhood contexts on various individuals behaviors, labor market outcomes have received inadequate attention. Moreover, existing research has not considered the long-term impacts of growing up in disadvantaged neighborhoods. We take advantage of a recent initiative that geocoded the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to census tract locations. We examined the effects of adolescent neighborhood poverty on adult employment and idleness, and found that individuals living in poor neighborhoods during adolescence carry a long-term labor market disadvantage. We also found, however, that much of this impact is mediated by accumulated work experience, thus providing a potential avenue for effective policy intervention. The impact of adolescent neighborhood poverty is greater for males than females, while the degree to which attenuated work experience accounts for this effect is greater for females than males. |
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Bibliography Citation
Holloway, Steven R. and Stephen Mulherin. "The Effect of Adolescent Neighborhood Poverty on Adult Employment." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1999. |
2854. |
Holloway, Steven R. Mulherin, Stephen |
The Effect of Adolescent Neighborhood Poverty on Adult Employment Journal of Urban Affairs 26,4 (October 2004): 427-454. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2004.00209.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Urban Affairs Association Keyword(s): Employment; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Neighborhood Effects; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Holloway, Steven R. and Stephen Mulherin. "The Effect of Adolescent Neighborhood Poverty on Adult Employment." Journal of Urban Affairs 26,4 (October 2004): 427-454.
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2855. |
Holt, Stephen B. Wang, Rui Gershenson, Seth |
Stress Test: Examining the Evolution of Teachers' Mental Health Over Time IZA Discussion Paper No. 13361, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), June 2020. Also: https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/13361/stress-test-examining-the-evolution-of-teachers-mental-health-over-time Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Occupational Choice; Teachers/Faculty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Teaching is often assumed to be a relatively stressful occupation and occupational stress among teachers has been linked to poor mental health, attrition from the profession, and decreased effectiveness in the classroom. Despite widespread concern about teachers' mental health, however, little empirical evidence exists on long-run trends in teachers' mental health or the prevalence of mental health problems in teaching relative to other professions. We address this gap in the literature using nationally representative data from the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). In the 1979 cohort, women who become teachers have similar mental health to non-teachers prior to teaching but enjoy better mental health than their non-teaching peers, on average, while working as teachers. However, in the 1997 cohort teachers self-report worse mental health, on average, than the 1979 cohort and fare no better than their non-teaching professional peers while teaching. Overall, teachers seem to enjoy mental health outcomes that are as good or better than their peers in other professions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Holt, Stephen B., Rui Wang and Seth Gershenson. "Stress Test: Examining the Evolution of Teachers' Mental Health Over Time." IZA Discussion Paper No. 13361, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), June 2020. |
2856. |
Holtz-Eakin, Douglas Rosen, Harvey S. |
Public Policy and the Economics of Entrepreneurship Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, February 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Hispanics; Minority Groups; Mobility; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Self-Employed Workers; Unemployment Table of Contents Introduction 1--When Bureaucrats Meet Entrepreneurs: The Design of Effective "Public Venture Capital" Programs -- Josh Lerner 2--The Self-Employed Are Less Likely to Have Health Insurance Than Wage Earners. So What? -- Craig William Perry and Harvey S. Rosen 3--Business Formation and the Deregulation of the Banking Industry -- Sandra E. Black and Philip E. Strahan 4--Public Policy and Innovation in the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry -- Frank R. Lichtenberg 5--Dimensions of Nonprofit Entrepreneurship: An Exploratory Essay -- Joseph J. Cordes, C. Eugene Steuerle and Eric Twombly 6--Does Business Ownership Provide a Source of Upward Mobility for Blacks and Hispanics? -- Robert W. Fairlie 7--Entrepreneurial Activity and Wealth Inequality: A Historical Perspective -- Carolyn M. Moehling and Richard H. Steckel Index |
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Bibliography Citation
Holtz-Eakin, Douglas and Harvey S. Rosen. Public Policy and the Economics of Entrepreneurship. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, February 2004. |
2857. |
Holupka, Scott Newman, Sandra J. |
The Effects of Homeownership on Children's Outcomes: Real Effects or Self-Selection? Real Estate Economics 40,3 (Fall 2012): 566-602. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6229.2012.00330.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association (AREUEA) Keyword(s): Academic Development; Achievement; Children, Well-Being; Cognitive Development; Home Ownership; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examines whether there is a “homeownership effect” for lower-income racial and ethnic groups who have been the target of public policies to expand homeownership. We use two different methods to account for selection, statistical matching and instrumental variable analysis; test direct and indirect (mediator) effects of homeownership on children's cognitive achievement, behavior problems and health using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and its Child Development Supplement; and replicate the main effects tests using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We find little evidence of beneficial homeownership effects and suggest that previous analyses may have mistaken selection differences for the effect of homeownership itself. |
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Bibliography Citation
Holupka, Scott and Sandra J. Newman. "The Effects of Homeownership on Children's Outcomes: Real Effects or Self-Selection?" Real Estate Economics 40,3 (Fall 2012): 566-602.
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2858. |
Holzer, Harry J. |
Black Youth Nonemployment: Duration and Job Search Presented: Cambridge, MA, Conference on Inner City Black Youth Unemployment, August1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Inner-City; Racial Differences; Self-Reporting; Unemployment, Youth; Wages; Wages, Reservation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study analyzes lengthy durations of nonemployment spells that are observed for young black males relative to those of young white males, and focuses particularly on reservation wages as determinants of duration. Self- reported reservation wages are compared for blacks and whites before and after controlling for various indicators of labor demand such as received wages, weeks worked, and the personal characteristics which determine them. The effects of these reservation wages on duration of nonemployment spells and on subsequent wages are also analyzed. Finally, some evidence on the determinants of reported reservation wages for blacks and whites is presented as well. The data used in the analysis are taken from the NLSY and the National Bureau of Economic Research Survey of Inner-City Black Youth. Reported reservation wages of young blacks for the job which they are seeking, as well as the jobs themselves, are fairly comparable to those of young whites. But after controlling for labor market characteristics of individuals such as received wages and weeks worked, the reservation wages of blacks appear to be high. The jobs which are sought also appear to be more unrealistic for blacks than for whites relative to those which are ultimately obtained. Reservation wages for specific, low-wage jobs are generally lower for blacks than for whites, and they appear to be more comparable only after controlling for weeks worked. An overall picture emerges in which young blacks seek and aspire to jobs and wages which are comparable to those of young whites, but less realistic for the blacks. Whites with higher reservation wages are more likely to actually obtain higher wages while their black counterparts are relatively more likely to gain longer spells of nonemployment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Holzer, Harry J. "Black Youth Nonemployment: Duration and Job Search." Presented: Cambridge, MA, Conference on Inner City Black Youth Unemployment, August1983. |
2859. |
Holzer, Harry J. |
Collateral Costs: The Effects of Incarceration on the Employment and Earnings of Young Workers IZA Discussion Paper No 3118, Institute for the Study of Labor, October 2007. Also: http://www.econstor.eu/dspace/bitstream/10419/34750/1/548722005.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Crime; Earnings; Education; Employment; Incarceration/Jail; Racial Studies; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper I review the empirical evidence on the effects of incarceration on the subsequent employment and earnings of less-educated young prisoners. In this discussion I include evidence from: 1) Employer surveys and audit studies of hiring; 2) Survey data (mostly from the NLSY79) and administrative data; and 3) state-level incarceration data linked to micro employment data for young black men. The strengths and weaknesses of each type of analysis are discussed as well. The preponderance of the evidence considered suggests that, all else equal, spells of incarceration do tend to reduce subsequent employment and earnings for those with criminal records. |
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Bibliography Citation
Holzer, Harry J. "Collateral Costs: The Effects of Incarceration on the Employment and Earnings of Young Workers." IZA Discussion Paper No 3118, Institute for the Study of Labor, October 2007. |
2860. |
Holzer, Harry J. |
Informal Job Search and Black Youth Unemployment American Economic Review 77,3 (June 1987): 446-452. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1804107 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Job Search; Racial Differences; Unemployment, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the 1981 and 1982 panels of the NLSY are used to test for racial differences in the use and effectiveness of various job search methods. Also, the total observed difference in employment probabilities is decomposed into components attributed to each method of search, and further into differences in use, job offers, and job acceptances based on all methods. The results show that the two informal methods of search -- checking with friends and relatives and direct application without referral -- account for 87%-90% of the difference in youth employment probabilities between blacks and whites. In addition, virtually all of this reflects differences in the ability of these methods to produce job offers, as opposed to differences in methods used or job acceptance rates. Thus, the evidence strongly indicates that young blacks face more severe barriers when using informal rather than formal search methods, possibly because of the greater role played by personal contacts and subjective employers' impressions in the former. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Holzer, Harry J. "Informal Job Search and Black Youth Unemployment." American Economic Review 77,3 (June 1987): 446-452.
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2861. |
Holzer, Harry J. |
Job Search by Employed and Unemployed Youth Industrial and Labor Relations Review 40,4 (July 1987): 601-611. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2524061 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Job Search; Work Histories New evidence is presented on search choices and outcomes for employed and unemployed young men. In particular, the search choices analyzed include the reported reservation wage, the number of search methods used, and the time spent per method by each searcher. The employment outcomes considered are the likelihood of gaining new employment by receiving and accepting job offers and the wages of offers received and accepted. The data used come from the NLSY. The results indicate that young unemployed job seekers chose higher levels of search effort (as measured by number of methods used and time spent per method) and lower reservation wages (relative to offered wages) than did comparable employed job seekers in 1981. These differences in search selections at least partly explain search outcomes between the 2 groups: unemployed searchers were more likely than employed searchers to obtain new employment, and the wages they gained were slightly lower. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Holzer, Harry J. "Job Search by Employed and Unemployed Youth." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 40,4 (July 1987): 601-611.
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2862. |
Holzer, Harry J. |
Reservation Wages and Their Labor Market Effects for Black and White Male Youth Journal of Human Resources 21,2 (Spring 1986): 157-177. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145795 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Racial Differences; Self-Reporting; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment, Youth; Wages, Reservation; Wages, Young Men Self-reported reservation wages, the lowest wages considered acceptable, for unemployed young black and white males in one year were used in an empirical analysis to explain wage and employment results in the following year. A set of equations were estimated utilizing data from the 1979 and 1980 panels of the NLSY. In absolute terms, young blacks desired wages comparable to those of young whites but received wages much lower than those of whites. Relative to what blacks obtained in the market, reservation wages were higher for blacks than for whites. The relatively higher reservation wages of young blacks affected their unemployment durations, while the wages they received were influenced somewhat. For young blacks, rising relative reservation wages and their recent wage and employment trends seemed to be related. |
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Bibliography Citation
Holzer, Harry J. "Reservation Wages and Their Labor Market Effects for Black and White Male Youth." Journal of Human Resources 21,2 (Spring 1986): 157-177.
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2863. |
Holzer, Harry J. Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. Sjoquist, David L. |
Work, Search, and Travel Among White and Black Youth Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Commuting/Type, Time, Method; Job Search; Transportation; Unemployment Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we investigate the relationships between job search, commutes to work, and metropolitan decentralization of employment among young whites and blacks. This is accomplished by using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, along with data on job and population decentralization in metropolitan areas from the 1980 Census of Population. Our results show that blacks and central-city residents face higher time costs of travel than do others, at least partly because of their lower access to automobiles. We also find that central-city residents in metropolitan areas where jobs are more decentralized do not offset the loss of jobs in their areas with more geographically extensive job search or longer commutes to work, even after controlling for travel cost per mile. High travel costs and reduced travel distances appear to raise unemployment durations and lower wages for blacks. On the other hand, the estimated magnitudes of most of these relationships are not large, implying that high travel cost is but one of many causes of persistent spatial mismatch. |
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Bibliography Citation
Holzer, Harry J., Keith R. Ihlanfeldt and David L. Sjoquist. "Work, Search, and Travel Among White and Black Youth." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993. |
2864. |
Holzer, Harry J. LaLonde, Robert J. |
Job Change and Job Stability among Less Skilled Workers In: Finding Jobs: Work and Welfare Reform. D.E. Card and R.M. Blank, eds. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Educational Attainment; Family Characteristics; Job Search; Job Skills; Job Tenure; Mobility, Labor Market; Skilled Workers; Skills; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT ...Thus, we find a need to update important parts of the previous literature on employment stability among less skilled workers, particularly in light of the major changes that have occurred in the labor market for these workers. More attention needs to be placed on less skilled workers more generally, who can be identified on the basis of academic achievement through test scores as well as educational attainment. In addition, we need to consider how other determinants of employment stability, such as job characteristics, previous employment experiences, and family status, affect this group compared with other workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Holzer, Harry J. and Robert J. LaLonde. "Job Change and Job Stability among Less Skilled Workers" In: Finding Jobs: Work and Welfare Reform. D.E. Card and R.M. Blank, eds. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000
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2865. |
Holzer, Harry J. LaLonde, Robert J. |
Job Change and Job Stability Among Less-Skilled Young Workers JCPR Working Paper 80, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, March 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Education; Educational Attainment; Employment; Employment, Part-Time; Fertility; Gender Differences; High School Dropouts; Job Skills; Job Training; Job Turnover; Marital Status; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Welfare; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we review evidence from previous studies of job and employment instability among less-educated young workers, and we provide some new evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Our results indicate that early employment instability contributes somewhat to the low levels of employment observed among high school dropouts, especially females. Important determinants of job stability include the cognitive skills of the workers themselves (as measured by math test scores); current or previous experience and job tenure; and a variety of job characteristics, including starting wages, occupation and industry. Job instability among female dropouts seems to be strongly related to fertility history and marital status. Some implications for policy, especially welfare reform, are discussed as well. |
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Bibliography Citation
Holzer, Harry J. and Robert J. LaLonde. "Job Change and Job Stability Among Less-Skilled Young Workers." JCPR Working Paper 80, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, March 1999. |
2866. |
Holzer, Harry J. LaLonde, Robert J. |
Job Change and Job Stability Among Less-Skilled Young Workers Discussion Paper No. 1191-99, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, May 1999. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp119199.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Dropouts; Fertility; Job Skills; Job Tenure; Marital Status; Occupations; Skills; Wages; Welfare; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we review evidence from previous studies of job and employment instability among less-educated young workers, and we provide new evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We find that early employment instability contributes somewhat to the low levels of employment observed among high school dropouts, especially females. Important determinants of job stability include the cognitive skills of the workers themselves (as measured by math test scores), current or previous experience and job tenure, and a variety of job characteristics including starting wages, occupation, and industry. Job instability among female dropouts seems to be strongly related to fertility history and marital status. Some implications for policy, especially welfare reform, are discussed as well. |
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Bibliography Citation
Holzer, Harry J. and Robert J. LaLonde. "Job Change and Job Stability Among Less-Skilled Young Workers." Discussion Paper No. 1191-99, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, May 1999. |
2867. |
Holzer, Harry J. Raphael, Steven Stoll, Michael A. |
Employment Barriers Facing Ex-Offenders Discussion Paper of The Urban Institute Reentry Roundtable, May 19-20, 2003. Also: http://www.urban.org/uploadedPDF/410855_holzer.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Urban Institute Keyword(s): Employment; Incarceration/Jail; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Studies, Geographic Over 600,000 people are now being released from prisons each year. Many suffer from a variety of serious difficulties as they attempt to reenter society. Among the most challenging situations they face is that of reentry into the labor market. Employment rates and earnings of exoffenders are low by almost any standard—though in most cases they were fairly low even before these (mostly) men were incarcerated. Low employment rates seem closely related to the very high recidivism rates observed among those released from prison. Why are the employment and earnings of ex-offenders so low? What barriers do they face in gaining employment and in achieving earnings that are sufficient to live on independently? To what extent are these barriers based on their own characteristics and attitudes, as opposed to those of employers? Are there policies that are likely to reduce these barriers, and thereby improve employment and earnings among ex-offenders? We review these issues in this paper. We begin by reviewing some evidence on the employment and earnings of ex-offenders. We then consider the barriers that appear to limit their employment opportunities—first on the supply side (i.e., their own characteristics and attitudes), and then on the demand side (i.e., those of employers) of the labor market. We also consider some potentially positive factors that will influence the employment prospects of ex-offenders over the next few decades—particularly, the growing tightness of the labor market that most economists expect in the future due to the impending retirements of the “baby boomers” generation. Finally, we review a range of policies that might reduce some of the barriers faced by ex-offenders in the labor market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Holzer, Harry J., Steven Raphael and Michael A. Stoll. "Employment Barriers Facing Ex-Offenders." Discussion Paper of The Urban Institute Reentry Roundtable, May 19-20, 2003. |
2868. |
Homan, Patricia |
Structural Sexism and Health in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Duke University, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Geocoded Data; Health Survey for Norway (NHS); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 3 lays out a more comprehensive, multilevel framework for structural sexism and examines how it shapes the health of women and men at midlife. I measure macro-level structural sexism at the U.S. state-level using indicators of inequality in political, economic, cultural and reproductive domains. Using restricted geo-coded data from the NLSY79, individuals are located within states to capture their exposure to structural sexism. This chapter also incorporates individual- and spousal-level data from the NLSY79 in order to measure exposure to structural sexism at the meso- and micro-levels. Results show that among women exposure to more sexism at the macro- and meso-levels is associated with more chronic conditions, worse self-rated health, and worse physical functioning. Among men, macro-level structural sexism is also associated with worse health. However, at the meso-level greater structural sexism is associated with better health among men. At the micro-level, internalized sexism is not related to health among either women or men. These results highlight the importance of a multilevel approach. |
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Bibliography Citation
Homan, Patricia. Structural Sexism and Health in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Duke University, 2018. |
2869. |
Homan, Patricia |
Structural Sexism and Health in the United States: A New Perspective on Health Inequality and the Gender System American Sociological Review 84,3 (June 2019): 486-516. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0003122419848723 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Discrimination; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Geocoded Data; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this article, I build a new line of health inequality research that parallels the emerging structural racism literature. I develop theory and measurement for the concept of structural sexism and examine its relationship to health outcomes. Consistent with contemporary theories of gender as a multilevel social system, I conceptualize and measure structural sexism as systematic gender inequality at the macro level (U.S. state), meso level (marital dyad), and micro level (individual). I use U.S. state-level administrative data linked to geocoded data from the NLSY79, as well as measures of inter-spousal inequality and individual views on women's roles as predictors of physical health outcomes in random-effects models for men and women. Results show that among women, exposure to more sexism at the macro and meso levels is associated with more chronic conditions, worse self-rated health, and worse physical functioning. Among men, macro-level structural sexism is also associated with worse health. However, greater meso-level structural sexism is associated with better health among men. At the micro level, internalized sexism is not related to physical health among either women or men. I close by outlining how future research on gender inequality and health can be furthered using a structural sexism perspective. |
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Bibliography Citation
Homan, Patricia. "Structural Sexism and Health in the United States: A New Perspective on Health Inequality and the Gender System." American Sociological Review 84,3 (June 2019): 486-516.
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2870. |
Homan, Patricia |
The Gender System Makes Me Sick: Structural Sexism and Health in the United States Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marriage; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The present study seeks to build a new line of health disparities research that parallels the emerging structural racism literature by developing theory and measurement for the concept of structural sexism and examining its relationship to health. Consistent with contemporary theories of gender as a multilevel social system, I conceptualize and measure structural sexism as systematic gender inequality at the macro-level (U.S. state), meso-level (marital dyad), and micro-level (individual). I use U.S. state-level administrative data linked to geo-coded data from the NLSY79. Results show that (1) higher internalized sexism at the micro-level is associated with worse mental health among women; (2) structural sexism within marriage is associated with better physical and mental health for men but worse physical health for women; and (3) exposure to more sexism at the macro-level is associated with worse physical and mental health among both men and women, controlling for meso and micro level sexism. |
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Bibliography Citation
Homan, Patricia. "The Gender System Makes Me Sick: Structural Sexism and Health in the United States." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
2871. |
Homer, Charles J. Beresford, S. A. James, Sherman A. Siegel, Earl |
Work-Related Physical Exertion and Risk of Preterm, Low Birthweight Delivery Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 4,2 (April 1990): 161-174 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Child Health; g Factor; Maternal Employment; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Working Conditions Although many women work during pregnancy, the effect of maternal job experience on pregnancy outcome is controversial. We investigated whether work-related physical exertion increases a woman's risk of delivering a preterm, low birthweight infant. We studied 773 employed, pregnant women included in the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, Youth Cohort (NLSY), a nationally representative sample of young adults. Data concerning work status, job title during pregnancy, and other factors affecting the outcome of pregnancy were obtained from the NLSY. Assessment of physical exertion was based on job title, using an established catalogue of occupational characteristics. Women in jobs characterized by high physical exertion experienced a higher rate of preterm, low birthweight delivery, defined as maternal report of delivery more than 3 weeks early and birthweight under 2,500 g (adjusted RR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.5, 17.7). These findings support a policy of limiting work-related physical exertion during pregnancy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Homer, Charles J., S. A. Beresford, Sherman A. James and Earl Siegel. "Work-Related Physical Exertion and Risk of Preterm, Low Birthweight Delivery." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 4,2 (April 1990): 161-174.
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2872. |
Homer, Charles J. James, Sherman A. Beresford, S. A. Siegel, Earl |
Maternal Work, Job Characteristics, and Birthweight Presented: [S.L.], The Meetings of the Ambulatory Pediatrics Association, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Ambulatory Pediatrics Association Keyword(s): Behavioral Differences; Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Child Health; Childbearing; Job Hazards; Maternal Employment; Occupations; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The authors investigated whether work during pregnancy and two characteristics of work--physical exertion and occupational stress, defined as work with both high psychological demands and low job control--increase a woman's risk of delivering a preterm, low birthweight infant. Twenty-five hundred pregnant women in the NLSY were studied. Delivery of a preterm, low birthweight infant, the outcome variable, was defined as both gestation less than 38 weeks and birthweight under 2500 grams. Work status, job title, and data concerning other factors that might affect the outcome of pregnancy were obtained. Classification of job experience was based on job title, using an established catalogue of occupational characteristics. Analysis was by multiple logistic regression. Women who worked during pregnancy were less likely to deliver a preterm, low birthweight infant than women who did not work, even considering known socioeconomic and behavioral differences. Among women who worked, both high physical exertion, and low demand/low control work were associated with increased frequency of preterm, low birthweight when considered alone. When these job characteristics were considered together, and other factors related to birth outcome taken into account, only physical exertion remained associated with this outcome. These findings support a policy of limiting work-related effort during pregnancy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Homer, Charles J., Sherman A. James, S. A. Beresford and Earl Siegel. "Maternal Work, Job Characteristics, and Birthweight." Presented: [S.L.], The Meetings of the Ambulatory Pediatrics Association, 1987. |
2873. |
Homer, Charles J. James, Sherman A. Siegel, Earl |
Work-Related Psychosocial Stress and Risk of Preterm, Low Birthweight Delivery American Journal of Public Health 80,2 (February 1990): 173-177. Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/2/173 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Childbearing; Employment; Job Hazards; Job Requirements; Maternal Employment; Occupations; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Stress; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data on working pregnant women from the NLSY, this paper examined whether work-related stress increased a woman's risk of delivering a pre-term, low birthweight infant. Results indicated that young women working during pregnancy in jobs characterized by high exertion and low job control were somewhat more likely than were women who worked in other jobs to deliver a low birthweight, pre-term infant if they did not want to continue working. Occupational stress was not associated, however, with pre-term, low birthweight delivery for the sample as a whole. |
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Bibliography Citation
Homer, Charles J., Sherman A. James and Earl Siegel. "Work-Related Psychosocial Stress and Risk of Preterm, Low Birthweight Delivery." American Journal of Public Health 80,2 (February 1990): 173-177.
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2874. |
Hong, Jun Sung Espelage, Dorothy L. Kim, Johnny S. |
Social-Ecological Antecedents of Oppositional-Defiant Behavior in U.S. Schools: Findings from a Nationally Representative Sample of Early Adolescents Child Indicators Research 11,1 (February 2018): 307-327. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12187-016-9434-7 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Neighborhood Effects; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; School Performance Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines social-ecological antecedents of oppositional-defiant school behavior among early adolescents in the U.S. (ages 12-14; n = 733). Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the sample was drawn from the mother-child dataset, which included youth who, in the first of two years in the study (2002 or 2004), were living with their mothers and were enrolled in school. Participants had to have responded to at least one of the 13 items from a self-administered survey and their mothers had to have responded to at least one of the two items measuring oppositional-defiant school behavior in Time 1 (2002 or 2004; age 10 or 12) and Time 2 (2004 or 2006; age 12 or 14). Male sex, oppositional-defiant school behavior in Time 1, lack of cognitive stimulation, and negative peer influence were associated with oppositional-defiant school behavior in Time 2. The implications for practice from this study are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hong, Jun Sung, Dorothy L. Espelage and Johnny S. Kim. "Social-Ecological Antecedents of Oppositional-Defiant Behavior in U.S. Schools: Findings from a Nationally Representative Sample of Early Adolescents." Child Indicators Research 11,1 (February 2018): 307-327.
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2875. |
Hood, Jaclyn K. |
The Determinants of Home Ownership: An Application of Human Capital Investment Theory To the Home Ownership Decision Honors Project Paper 71, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1999. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/71 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Demography; Family Characteristics; Home Ownership; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The decision to purchase a home is one of the most important financial decisions made by young adults today. This decision is influenced by several factors including the individual's demographics and family characteristics. The purpose of this study is to focus on the influence of these factors on the probability of home ownership for young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hood, Jaclyn K. "The Determinants of Home Ownership: An Application of Human Capital Investment Theory To the Home Ownership Decision." Honors Project Paper 71, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1999. |
2876. |
Hooper, Zol Alexei Eff, E. Anthon |
Social Mobility in the United States as a Markov Process Journal for Economic Educators 8,1 (Spring 2008): 15-37. Also: http://mtsu.edu/~jee/pdf/MS307pp15-37.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Journal for Economic Educators Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Household Structure; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Markov chain / Markov model; Mobility, Social; Occupational Prestige; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research on intergenerational mobility in income, occupation, or social class as a Markov process typically uses regression models to analyze cross-sectional data. In this paper we draw data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to build Markov transition states, producing a set of stylized facts from these longitudinal data. We derive the probabilities that children will repeat the occupational, educational, or child-raising choices of their parents. This gives us insight into how such lifestyle choices are vertically transmitted from parents to children, and the degree of persistence of these choices over the generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hooper, Zol Alexei and E. Anthon Eff. "Social Mobility in the United States as a Markov Process." Journal for Economic Educators 8,1 (Spring 2008): 15-37.
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2877. |
Hopcroft, Rosemary L. |
Sex Differences in the Relationship between Status and Number of Offspring in the Contemporary U.S. Evolution and Human Behavior 36,2 (March 2015): 146-151. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513814001330 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Children; Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Income; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Sociobiology predicts that among social species individual social status will be positively correlated with reproductive success, yet in modern societies the opposite appears to be true. However, in the last five to ten years, a sex difference in the association between some measures of personal status on number of children has been documented in many countries, such that status is positively associated with number of children for men only. Much of this research utilizes European data and there has been little use of data from the U.S. In this paper, analysis of U.S. data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth shows that personal income is positively associated with number of offspring for men, and this is true for men at all levels of education. This is mostly because of increased childlessness among low income men. For women, personal income is negatively associated with number of offspring, and this is true for women at all levels of education. Other measures of status (intelligence and education) are negatively associated with number of offspring for men and women, although the negative association is less for men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hopcroft, Rosemary L. "Sex Differences in the Relationship between Status and Number of Offspring in the Contemporary U.S." Evolution and Human Behavior 36,2 (March 2015): 146-151.
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2878. |
Hopcroft, Rosemary L. Martin, David O. |
The Primary Parental Investment in Children in the Contemporary USA is Education Human Nature 25,2 (June 2014): 235-250. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12110-014-9197-0 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Children; Education; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; General Social Survey (GSS); Parental Investments; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper tests the Trivers-Willard hypothesis that high-status individuals will invest more in sons and low-status individuals will invest more in daughters using data from the 2000 to 2010 General Social Survey and the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We argue that the primary investment U.S. parents make in their children is in their children’s education, and this investment is facilitated by a diverse market of educational choices at every educational level. We examine two measures of this investment: children’s years of education and the highest degree attained. Results show that sons of high-status fathers receive more years of education and higher degrees than daughters, whereas daughters of low-status fathers receive more years of education and higher degrees than sons. Further analyses of possible mechanisms for these findings yield null results. We also find that males are more likely to have high-status fathers than females. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hopcroft, Rosemary L. and David O. Martin. "The Primary Parental Investment in Children in the Contemporary USA is Education." Human Nature 25,2 (June 2014): 235-250.
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2879. |
Hope, John B. Mackin, Patrick C. |
The Relationship Between Employee Turnover and Employee Compensation in Small Business Small Business Administration Research Summary 308, July 2007. Also: http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/rs308.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Small Business Administration Keyword(s): Benefits; Firm Size; Job Turnover; Small Business (Owner/Employer); Wage Effects This study explores the relationship between employee turnover and firm size as it relates to compensation using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The purpose of this study is to examine whether employee turnover differences between small and large firms are the result of differences in wages and benefits or of some form of self-selection where employees of small businesses are simply more prone to high turnover rates than those in larger firms. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hope, John B. and Patrick C. Mackin. "The Relationship Between Employee Turnover and Employee Compensation in Small Business." Small Business Administration Research Summary 308, July 2007. |
2880. |
Hope, Trina L. Chapple, Constance L. |
Maternal Characteristics, Parenting, and Adolescent Sexual Behavior; the Role of Self-Control Deviant Behavior 26,1 (January/February 2005): 25-46 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Parenthood; Parenting Skills/Styles; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Sexual Behavior Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime has been extensively tested by researchers in the field of criminology, and measures of self-control have been shown to predict crime, delinquency, and deviance. With few exceptions, however, the theory has not been applied to the study of adolescent sexual behavior. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the Children of the NLSY79, this research explores the direct and indirect effects of parenting and self-control on adolescent sexual behavior. Self-control predicts engagement in sexual activity, the number of sex partners, and relationship to last sex partner. Self-control also mediates the relationship between certain parental behaviors and adolescent sexual behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Hope, Trina L. and Constance L. Chapple. "Maternal Characteristics, Parenting, and Adolescent Sexual Behavior; the Role of Self-Control." Deviant Behavior 26,1 (January/February 2005): 25-46.
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2881. |
Hordon, Deborah Ann |
The Impact of Adolescent Childbearing on Later Life: A Social Class Analysis Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1999. Also: http://books.google.com/books/about/The_impact_of_adolescent_childbearing_on.html?id=LWH6GwAACAAJ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Detroit Area Study; Educational Attainment; Family Formation; Family Studies; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Parenthood This dissertation investigates how adolescent childbearing uniquely affects the lives of those who experience it depending on the socioeconomic context in which it occurs. Previous studies of early parenthood have under-analyzed social class by conceptualizing it as only a control variable, or by selecting samples that exclude the non-poor. The current research is a quantitative analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and explores these issues with regard to four measureable (sic) life outcomes: educational attainment, labor force participation, family formation and the life course transition between childhood and adulthood. Findings demonstrate that teen parenthood does affect members of various social classes (both women and men) differently: in general, adolescent childbearing is associated with relatively greater deficits in these four areas of life in the higher socioeconomic strata than in the lower. Since the incidence of teen parenthood is also much smaller in the higher social class groups than it is in the lower, this study suggests that having better access to the opportunity structure-having something to lose through early childbearing-is a powerful deterrant (sic) of teen parenthood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hordon, Deborah Ann. The Impact of Adolescent Childbearing on Later Life: A Social Class Analysis. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1999.. |
2882. |
Horowitz, Joel L. Lee, Sokbae |
Semiparametric Estimation of a Panel Data Proportional Hazards Model with Fixed Effects cemmap Working Papers CWP21/02, Institute for Fiscal Studies: London, UK, 2002. Also: http://www.cemmap.ac.uk/publications.php?publication_id=2649 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), London Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Job Turnover; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Monte Carlo; Statistical Analysis; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper considers a panel duration model that has a proportional hazards specification with fixed effects. The paper shows how to estimate the baseline and integrated baseline hazard functions without assuming that they belong to known, finite-dimensional families of functions. Existing estimators assume that the baseline hazard function belongs to a known parametric family. Therefore, the estimators presented here are more general than existing ones. This paper also presents a method for estimating the parametric part of the proportional hazards model under dependent right censoring, under which the partial likelihood estimator is inconsistent. The paper presents some Monte Carlo evidence on the small sample performance of the new estimators. Finally, the estimation methods are illustrated by applying them to National Longitudinal Survey of Youth work history data. The estimated, inverted U-shaped baseline hazard function of job ending suggests that the data are consistent with the job matching theory of Jovanovic (1979). |
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Bibliography Citation
Horowitz, Joel L. and Sokbae Lee. "Semiparametric Estimation of a Panel Data Proportional Hazards Model with Fixed Effects." cemmap Working Papers CWP21/02, Institute for Fiscal Studies: London, UK, 2002. |
2883. |
Horowitz, Joel L. Lee, Sokbae |
Semiparametric Estimation of a Panel Data Proportional Hazards Model with Fixed Effects Journal of Econometrics 119,1 (March 2004): 155-198. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407603002033 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Monte Carlo; Statistical Analysis; Work History This paper considers a panel duration model that has a proportional hazards specification with fixed effects. The paper shows how to estimate the baseline and integrated baseline hazard functions without assuming that they belong to known, finite-dimensional families of functions. Existing estimators assume that the baseline hazard function belongs to a known parametric family. Therefore, the estimators presented here are more general than existing ones. This paper also presents a method for estimating the parametric part of the proportional hazards model with dependent right censoring, under which the partial likelihood estimator is inconsistent. The paper presents some Monte Carlo evidence on the small sample performance of the new estimators. |
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Bibliography Citation
Horowitz, Joel L. and Sokbae Lee. "Semiparametric Estimation of a Panel Data Proportional Hazards Model with Fixed Effects." Journal of Econometrics 119,1 (March 2004): 155-198.
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2884. |
Horowitz, Joel L. Manski, Charles F. |
Censoring of Outcomes and Regressors Due to Survey Nonresponse: Identification and Estimation Using Weights and Imputations Journal of Econometrics 84,1 (May 1998): 37-58. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407697000778 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; Nonresponse Survey nonresponse makes identification of population parameters problematic. Except in special cases, identification is possible only if one makes untestable assumptions about the distribution of the missing data. However, nonresponse does not preclude identification of bounds on parameters. This paper shows how identified bounds on unidentified population parameters can be obtained under several forms of nonresponse. Organizations conducting major surveys commonly release public-use data files that provide nonresponse weights or imputations to be used for estimating population parameters. The paper shows how to bound the asymptotic bias of estimates using weights and imputations. The results are illustrated with empirical examples based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM. |
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Bibliography Citation
Horowitz, Joel L. and Charles F. Manski. "Censoring of Outcomes and Regressors Due to Survey Nonresponse: Identification and Estimation Using Weights and Imputations." Journal of Econometrics 84,1 (May 1998): 37-58.
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2885. |
Horowitz, Jonathan Ramaj, Sagi |
Educational Expansion, Field of Study, and Gender Inequalities in Skill Usage Across Four Cohort Studies Presented: Atlanta GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Degree; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Gender Differences; Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Does educational expansion have gendered and field-specific effects on the value of bachelor's degrees? Previous research suggests that if educational expansion weakens the value of a bachelor's degree, then less prestigious majors would be disadvantaged versus more prestigious majors, and women would be disadvantaged compared to men. We analyze data from four different studies conducted by the National Longitudinal Surveys spanning cohorts born as early as 1943 and as late as 1984. Multilevel regression models and predicted analytic skill scores provide some evidence for the hypothesized argument, but the value of men's degrees changed in ways that are inconsistent with the prior theory. Furthermore, not a single field of study responded the same way to educational expansion across both men and women. The findings suggest that the effects of educational expansion on analytic skill usage is fundamentally gendered, and that this is only visible when disaggregating fields of study. |
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Bibliography Citation
Horowitz, Jonathan and Sagi Ramaj. "Educational Expansion, Field of Study, and Gender Inequalities in Skill Usage Across Four Cohort Studies." Presented: Atlanta GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2022. |
2886. |
Horowitz, Jonathan Ramaj, Sagi |
Educational Expansion, Fields of Study, and the Gender Gap in Analytic Skill Usage on the Job Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 89 (February 2024): 100877. Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2023.100877 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Analytic Skills; Bachelors Degree; College Degree; College Education; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Education; Education, Higher; Education, Postsecondary; Educational Expansion; Gender; Gender Gap; Higher Education; Stratification This study investigates how higher education expansion changes gender gaps in analytic skill usage on the job in the United States, and its variation across fields of study at the bachelor’s degree level. The present study proposes two patterns for graduates of a given field: One where educational expansion reinforces gender gaps, and another where it dissolves them. Using data from four different cohort studies, we find that educational expansion leads to less analytic skill usage at the bachelor’s degree level. However, this is not universally true, and educational expansion produces very different effects by gender and field of study. Thus, while multiple theories about educational expansion and majors explain these patterns, the specific applicability of them depends on the field of study itself. |
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Bibliography Citation
Horowitz, Jonathan and Sagi Ramaj. "Educational Expansion, Fields of Study, and the Gender Gap in Analytic Skill Usage on the Job." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 89 (February 2024): 100877.
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2887. |
Hosek, James R. Antel, John J. Peterson, Christine E. |
Who Stays, Who Leaves? Attrition Among First-Term Enlistees Armed Forces and Society 15,3 (Spring 1989): 389-409. Also: http://afs.sagepub.com/content/15/3/389.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces & Society Keyword(s): Attrition; Military Enlistment; Military Service Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Since the advent of US voluntary military service, some 30% of each enlisting cohort have left before completing their first term, & attrition rates remain near this level even though over 90% of recent cohorts are high school graduates. Here, individual-level data from 1979 national surveys of enlistees & working youths & Defense Dept manpower data through 1984 are used to analyze attrition among high school graduates who enlisted in spring 1979. To control for selectivity bias, enlistment is analyzed jointly with attrition. Three variables observable at the time of enlistment are found to have a strong negative effect on attrition: positive expectations of further education, months in the Delayed Entry Program, & employment stability. No evidence of selectivity bias is found for this cohort; hence, results are applicable not only to enlistees but also to prospects. Policy implications are discussed. 1 Table, 2 Figures. Modified HA (Copyright 1990, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Hosek, James R., John J. Antel and Christine E. Peterson. "Who Stays, Who Leaves? Attrition Among First-Term Enlistees." Armed Forces and Society 15,3 (Spring 1989): 389-409.
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2888. |
Hosek, James R. Peterson, Christine E. |
Enlistment Decisions of Young Men Interim Report, The RAND Corporation, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Behavior; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; Military Enlistment; Military Recruitment This study analyzes factors in the enlistment decisions of two segments of the recruiting market: high school seniors, and nonstudent high school graduates. It draws on data from the 1979 Department of Defense Survey of personnel entering military service and from the 1979 wave of the NLSY. The authors base their empirical analysis on hypotheses derived from the theories of investment in human capital and career choice, and on the theory of recruiter behavior. They find that seniors and graduates differ substantially in the empirical determinants of their enlistment decisions; education of their enlistment decisions; education expectations play a major role in enlistment behavior; and a graduate's enlistment probability is much less in areas with a fairly high proportion of seniors and recent graduates, whereas a senior's enlistment probability is unaffected. [NTIS AD-A158-069-5-XAB] |
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Bibliography Citation
Hosek, James R. and Christine E. Peterson. "Enlistment Decisions of Young Men." Interim Report, The RAND Corporation, 1985. |
2889. |
Hosek, James R. Peterson, Christine E. |
Serving Her Country: An Analysis of Women's Enlistment Interim Report, The RAND Corporation, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Gender Differences; Local Labor Market; Marriage; Military Enlistment; Women Using data drawn from a 1979 Department of Defense survey of enlistees and the 1979 wave of the NLSY, this report examines one aspect of women's military service--the factors affecting the flow of new recruits. The analysis uses models of both individual willingness to enlist and the allocation of recruiter effort to enlist women and other groups. These models, estimated with a microdatabase containing many individual and local market variables, make it possible to circumvent the distorting effects of the overall demand constraint that has, in the past, jeopardized aggregate data analyses of women's enlistment. The authors compare the options and behavior of women with those of men. For example, they consider whether labor market forces influence young men and women differently; the ways in which marriage expectations affect the enlistment decision; whether the role of education expectations differs between the two sexes; and what impact local labor market conditions have on individual's enlistment outcome. The research suggests that there are strong similarities between men and women in the factors influencing their enlistment decisions. [NTIS AD-A221-840-2-XAB] |
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Bibliography Citation
Hosek, James R. and Christine E. Peterson. "Serving Her Country: An Analysis of Women's Enlistment." Interim Report, The RAND Corporation, 1990. |
2890. |
Hoshino, Takahiro |
A Bayesian Propensity Score Adjustment for Latent Variable Modeling and MCMC Algorithm Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 52,3 (January 2008): 1413-1429. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167947307001429 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Bayesian; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Markov chain / Markov model; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Monte Carlo; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Propensity Scores; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Statistical Analysis; Variables, Independent - Covariate The estimation of the differences among groups in observational studies is frequently inaccurate owing to a bias caused by differences in the distributions of covariates. In order to estimate the average treatment effects when the treatment variable is binary, Rosenbaum and Rubin [1983. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 70, 41–55] proposed an adjustment method for pre-treatment variables using propensity scores. Imbens [2000. The role of the propensity score in estimating dose-response functions. Biometrika 87, 706–710] extended the propensity score methodology for estimation of average treatment effects with multivalued treatments. However, these studies focused only on estimating the marginal mean structure. In many substantive sciences such as the biological and social sciences, a general estimation method is required to deal with more complex analyses other than regression, such as testing group differences on latent variables. For latent variable models, the EM algorithm or the traditional Monte Carlo methods are necessary. However, in propensity score adjustment, these methods cannot be used because the full distribution is not specified. In this paper, we propose a quasi-Bayesian estimation method for general parametric models that integrate out the distributions of covariates using propensity scores. Although the proposed Bayes estimates are shown to be consistent, they can be calculated by existing Markov chain Monte Carlo methods such as Gibbs sampler. The proposed method is useful to estimate parameters in latent variable models, while the previous methods were unable to provide valid estimates for complex models such as latent variable models. We also illustrated the procedure using the data obtained from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSY1979–2002) for estimating the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the development ... [Copyright 2008 Elsevier] Copyright of Computational Statistics & Data Analysis is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoshino, Takahiro. "A Bayesian Propensity Score Adjustment for Latent Variable Modeling and MCMC Algorithm ." Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 52,3 (January 2008): 1413-1429.
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2891. |
Hoshino, Takahiro |
Semiparametric Bayesian Estimation for Marginal Parametric Potential Outcome Modeling: Application to Causal Inference Journal of the American Statistical Association 108,504 (2013): 1189-1204. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01621459.2013.835656#.UtVUBxBwjpU Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Bayesian; Modeling; Wages We propose a new semiparametric Bayesian model for causal inference in which assignment to treatment depends on a potential outcomes. The model uses the probit stick-breaking process mixture (PSBPM) proposed by Chung and Dunson (2009), a variant of the Dirichlet process mixture (DPM) modeling. In contrast to previous Bayesian models, the proposed model directly estimates the parameters of the marginal parametric model of potential outcomes, while it relaxes the strong ignorability assumption, and requires no parametric model assumption for the assignment model and conditional distribution of the covariate vector. The proposed estimation method is more robust than maximum likelihood estimation, in that it does not require knowledge of the full joint distribution of potential outcomes, covariates, and assignments. In addition, the method is more efficient than fully nonparametric Bayes methods. We apply this model to infer the differential effects of cognitive and noncognitive skills on the wages of production and non-production workers using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in 1979. The study also presents the causal effect of online word-of-mouth on website browsing behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoshino, Takahiro. "Semiparametric Bayesian Estimation for Marginal Parametric Potential Outcome Modeling: Application to Causal Inference." Journal of the American Statistical Association 108,504 (2013): 1189-1204.
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2892. |
Hotchkiss, Julie L. Moore, Robert E. |
Some Like it Hot: Assessing Longer-term Labor Market Benefits from a High-Pressure Economy Working Paper 18-01, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper Series, Georgia State University, February 2018. Also: http://aysps.gsu.edu/files/2018/03/18-01-HotchkissMoore-SomelikeitHot.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Labor Market Outcomes; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores the evidence for positive hysteresis in the labor market. Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, we find that negative labor market outcomes during high unemployment periods are mitigated by exposure to a high-pressure economy during the preceding expansion. Breaking total exposure into average intensity and duration, suggests that these two dimensions have differing impacts depending on the outcome. Additionally, benefits are typically only statistically different from no exposure for a relatively few demographic groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hotchkiss, Julie L. and Robert E. Moore. "Some Like it Hot: Assessing Longer-term Labor Market Benefits from a High-Pressure Economy." Working Paper 18-01, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper Series, Georgia State University, February 2018. |
2893. |
Hotchkiss, Lawrence |
Noneconomic Effects of Vocational Education Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1987. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED227310.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Attitudes; Behavior; Career Patterns; Education; High School Curriculum; High School Transcripts; Illegal Activities; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Marriage; Vocational Education; Vocational Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A project examined the noneconomic effects of secondary vocational education on six types of outcomes measured while respondents were in high school (basic skills, career expectations, significant others' career expectations for the student, attitudes such as self-esteem and locus of control, grades, and homework), and five types of post-high school outcomes (postsecondary education, marriage and family, voting behavior, criminal behavior, and substance use). Two major national data sets were used to study these outcomes: the High School and Beyond (HSB) Survey and the NLSY. Three measures of curriculum were used: vocational profiles based on student transcripts; self-reporting of academic, vocational, and general curriculum; and a curriculum index of course-work, self-report track, remedial courses taken, and honors courses taken. A large number of control variables were included in the analyses. Results of the study indicate small negative effects of vocational curriculum on basic skills, educational expectation, occupational expectation, perceived ability to complete college, grades, and hours per week spent on homework. Findings regarding most secondary schooling are mixed. Vocational curriculum in high school does not appear to have strong effects on the other outcomes studied. Limited evidence showed that vocational education is associated with reduced use of marijuana and other drugs, as is academic curriculum. [NTIS ED 297132] |
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Bibliography Citation
Hotchkiss, Lawrence. "Noneconomic Effects of Vocational Education." Report, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1987. |
2894. |
Hotz, V. Joseph McElroy, Susan Williams Sanders, Seth G. |
Costs and Consequences of Teenage Childbearing for Mothers In: Kids Having Kids: A Robin Hood Foundation Special Report on the Costs of Adolescent Childbearing. R. Maynard, ed., New York: Robin Hood Foundation, 1996: 55-90. Also: http://harrisschool.uchicago.edu/about/publications/working-papers/pdf/wp_95_2.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Robin Hood Foundation Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing, Adolescent; Earnings; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; Maternal Employment; State Welfare; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Final Draft: March 22, 1995. Not for citation or quotation without the permission of authors. In this Chapter,we examine the effects of the failure of teen mothers to delay their childbearing on their subsequent behavior and socioeconomic attainment We estimate these causal effects by exploiting an innovative evaluation design in which women who first become pregnant as teenagers but who experience a miscarriage are used to form a control group with which to compare women who have their first births as teens. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find that many of the claims concerning the adverse consequences of the failure of teen mothers to delay their childbearing are not supported by the data. Over her early adult life, a teen mother is no more likely to participate in government sponsored welfare programs than if she had delayed her childbearing until she was an adult. Early childbearing does not appear to seriously reduce the labor market earnings of teen mothers relative to what these women would have attained if they had postponed their childbearing. If anything, teen mothers tend to earn more relative to comparable women who postpone their childbearing. On average, the households of teen mothers are no more likely to experience significant losses in the earnings of spouses than if they had delayed their childbearing. At the same time, we do find that early childbearing has some adverse consequences for teen mothers. In particular: Early childbearing significantly reduces the likelihood that teen mothers ever will obtain a high school diploma While teen mothers do have a higher probability of obtaining a general equivalence degree (GED), existing evidence indicates this credential simply is not comparable to a high school diploma in today s labor market. Women who fail to delay their childbearing until they reach adulthood are likely to spend substantially more of their lives as single mothers. This is especially true for women who begin their childbearing prior to age 16. Women who start their childbearing early are found to have from one-half to one additional child over their lifetimes Presumably, having more children places greater strains on a teen mother s time and financial resources. Finally, we investigate the extent to which teen childbearing and the failure to postpone births among teen mothers result in higher costs to government. We investigate what women who first became teen mothers in United States in 1993 would be expected to cost government in their greater use of the AFDC, Food Stamp and Medicaid programs and through losses in taxes they would pay. We find that: This group can expect to receive between $11.9 and $19.9 billion in public assistance benefits over their lifetimes. This amounts to between $72,624 and $121,360 per teen mother. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Susan Williams McElroy and Seth G. Sanders. "Costs and Consequences of Teenage Childbearing for Mothers" In: Kids Having Kids: A Robin Hood Foundation Special Report on the Costs of Adolescent Childbearing. R. Maynard, ed., New York: Robin Hood Foundation, 1996: 55-90.
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2895. |
Hotz, V. Joseph McElroy, Susan Williams Sanders, Seth G. |
Costs and Consequences of Teenage Childbearing for Mothers and the Government Chicago Policy Review 1,1 (Fall 1996). Also: http://harrisschool.uchicago.edu/about/publications/working-papers/pdf/wp_95_1.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Fertility; Methods/Methodology; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Reduction of teenage pregnancy rates is believed to translate into smaller AFDC caseloads and lower costs. This is one rationale states have used to institute "family cap" laws that block additional aid for women who become pregnant while receiving public benefits. Though the federal welfare bill does not contain a family cap provision, it does contain incentives for states to reduce rates of illegitimacy. Research has not proven conclusively that reducing illegitimacy and teenage childbearing will reduce costs to the taxpayer. This article examines teenage mothers and finds no significant effect on their earnings over time. Extending this analysis to apply to the probability that these mothers would require public aid, the authors cast doubt on any substantial savings in social costs from decreases in rates of teenage childbearing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Susan Williams McElroy and Seth G. Sanders. "Costs and Consequences of Teenage Childbearing for Mothers and the Government." Chicago Policy Review 1,1 (Fall 1996).
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2896. |
Hotz, V. Joseph McElroy, Susan Williams Sanders, Seth G. |
Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences Journal of Human Resources 40,3 (Summer 2005): 683-715. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4129557 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Earnings; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Variables, Instrumental We exploit a "natural experiment" associated with human reproduction to identify the causal effect of teen childbearing on the socioeconomic attainment of teen mothers. We exploit the fact that some women who become pregnant experience a miscarriage and do not have a live birth. Using miscarriages as an instrumental variable, we estimate the effect of teen mothers not delaying their childbearing on their subsequent attainment. We find that many of the negative consequences of teenage childbearing are much smaller than those found in previous studies. For most outcomes, the adverse consequences of early childbearing are short-lived. Finally, for annual hours of work and earnings, we find that a teen mother would have lower levels of each at older ages if they had delayed their childbearing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Susan Williams McElroy and Seth G. Sanders. "Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences." Journal of Human Resources 40,3 (Summer 2005): 683-715.
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2897. |
Hotz, V. Joseph McElroy, Susan Williams Sanders, Seth G. |
Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences: Exploiting a Natural Experiment JCPR Working Paper 157, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, August 1999. Also: http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/jcpr/workingpapers/wpfiles/HOTZ_WPoriginal2-7-2000.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Fertility; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Mothers, Adolescent; Parents, Single; Poverty; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we exploit a "natural experiment" associated with human reproduction to identify the effect of teen childbearing on subsequent educational attainment, family structure, labor market outcomes, and financial self-sufficiency. In particular, we exploit the fact that a substantial fraction of women who become pregnant experience a miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) and thus do not have a birth. If miscarriages were purely random and if miscarriages were the only way, other than by live births, that a pregnancy ended, then women who had a miscarriage as a teen would constitute an ideal control group with which to contrast teenage mothers. Exploiting this natural experiment, we devise an Instrumental Variables (IV) estimators for the consequences of teen mothers not delaying their childbearing, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79). Our major finding is that many of the negative consequences of not delaying childbearing until adulthood are much smaller than has been estimated in previous studies. While we do find adverse consequences of teenage childbearing immediately following a teen mother's first birth, these negative consequences appear short-lived. By the time a teen mother reaches her late twenties, she appears to have only slightly more children, is only slightly more likely to be a single mother, and has no lower levels of educational attainment than if she had delayed her childbearing to adulthood. In fact, by this age teen mothers appear to be better off in some aspects of their lives. Teenage childbearing appears to raise levels of labor supply, accumulated work experience, and labor market earnings, and appears to reduce the chances of living in poverty and participating in the associated social welfare programs. These estimated effects imply that the cost of teenage childbearing to U.S. taxpayers is negligible. In particular, our estimates imply that the widely held view that teenage childbearing imposes a substantial cost on government is an artifact of the failure to appropriately account for preexisting socioeconomic differences between teen mothers and other women when estimating the causal effects of early childbearing. While teen mothers are very likely to live in poverty and experience other forms of adversity, our results imply that little of this would be changed just by getting teen mothers to delay their childbearing into adulthood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Susan Williams McElroy and Seth G. Sanders. "Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences: Exploiting a Natural Experiment." JCPR Working Paper 157, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, August 1999. |
2898. |
Hotz, V. Joseph McElroy, Susan Williams Sanders, Seth G. |
Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences: Exploiting a Natural Experiment Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of California - Los Angeles, July 2004. Also: http://www.econ.ucla.edu/hotz/working_papers/teen.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of California, Los Angeles Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Resources; School Dropouts; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We exploit a "natural experiment" associated with human reproduction to identify the causal effect of teen childbearing on the socioeconomic attainment of teen mothers. We exploit the fact that some women who become pregnant experience a miscarriage and do not have a live birth. Using miscarriages an instrumental variable, we estimate the effect of teen mothers not delaying their childbearing on their subsequent attainment. We find that many of the negative consequences of teenage childbearing are much smaller than those found in previous studies. For most outcomes, the adverse consequences of early childbearing are short-lived. Finally, for annual hours of work and earnings, we find that a teen mother would have lower levels of each at older ages if they had delayed their childbearing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Susan Williams McElroy and Seth G. Sanders. "Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences: Exploiting a Natural Experiment." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of California - Los Angeles, July 2004. |
2899. |
Hotz, V. Joseph McElroy, Susan Williams Sanders, Seth G. |
The Impacts of Teenage Childbearing on the Mothers and the Consequences of those Impacts for Government In: Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. R.A. Maynard, ed. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1997: pp. 55-90 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Vanderbilt University Press Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Completion/Graduates; Marriage; Mothers, Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; Welfare There is growing concern in the United States about the number of children born to teen mothers and the proportion of these births that occur out of wedlock. A decade ago, the National Research Council concluded that "adolescent pregnancy and childbearing are matters of substantial national concern" (Hayes 1987, p. ii) and President Bill Clinton, in his 1995 State of the Union Message, asserted that teenage pregnancy is "our most serious social problem." Part of the concern centers around the plight of teen mothers. The everyday hardships of teen motherhood come into public consciousness through media attention to and the prevalence of teen childbearing throughout the United States. Furthermore, there is a strong statistical association between the age at which a woman has her first child and her subsequent socioeconomic well-being. For example, one finds that women who have a baby in their teens are subsequently less likely to complete school, less likely to marry (and thus have a par enting partner), less likely to participate in the labor force, likely to earn less in their jobs, and more likely to rely on various forms of public assistance than are women who do not give birth in adolescence. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Susan Williams McElroy and Seth G. Sanders. "The Impacts of Teenage Childbearing on the Mothers and the Consequences of those Impacts for Government" In: Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. R.A. Maynard, ed. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1997: pp. 55-90
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2900. |
Hotz, V. Joseph Sanders, Seth G. McElroy, Susan Williams |
Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences: Exploiting a Natural Experiment NBER Working Paper No. W7397, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1999. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W7397 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Fertility; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Mothers, Adolescent; Parents, Single; Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors; Variables, Instrumental In this paper, we exploit a 'natural experiment' associated with human reproduction to identify the effect of teen childbearing on subsequent educational attainment, family structure, labor market outcomes and financial self-sufficiency. In particular, we exploit the fact that a substantial fraction of women who become pregnant experience a miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) and thus do not have a birth. If miscarriages were purely random and if miscarriages were the only way, other than by live births, that a pregnancy ended, then women, who had a miscarriage as a teen, would constitute an ideal control group with which to contrast teenage mothers. Exploiting this natural experiment, we devise an Instrumental Variables (IV) estimators for the consequences of teen mothers not delaying their childbearing, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79). Our major finding is that many of the negative consequences of not delaying childbearing until adulthood are much smaller than has been estimated in previous studies. While we do find adverse consequences of teenage childbearing immediately following a teen mother's first birth, these negative consequences appear short-lived. By the time a teen mother reaches her late twenties, she appears to have only slightly more children, is only slightly more likely to be single mother, and has no lower levels of educational attainment than if she had delayed her childbearing to adulthood. In fact, by this age teen mothers appear to be better off in some aspects of their lives. Teenage childbearing appears to raise levels of labor supply, accumulated work experience and labor market earnings and appears to reduce the chances of living in poverty and participating in the associated social welfare programs. These estimated effects imply that the cost of teenage childbearing to U.S. taxpayers is negligible. In particular, our estimates imply that the widely held view that teenage childbearing imposes a substantial cost on government is an artifact of the failure to appropriately account for pre-existing socioeconomic differences between teen mothers and other women when estimating the causal effects of early childbearing. While teen mothers are very likely to live in poverty and experience other forms of adversity, our results imply that little of this would be changed just by getting teen mothers to delay their childbearing into adulthood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Seth G. Sanders and Susan Williams McElroy. "Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences: Exploiting a Natural Experiment." NBER Working Paper No. W7397, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1999. |
2901. |
Hotz, V. Joseph Scholz, John Karl |
Measuring Employment and Income for Low-Income Populations with Administrative and Survey Data In: Studies of Welfare Populations. M. Ver Ploeg et al., eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. Also: Discussion Paper No. 1224-01. Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, February 2001. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Employment; Income; Income Level; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Skills; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Unemployment Insurance; Wages; Welfare We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of income and employment data in national surveys, in unemployment insurance (UI) wage records, and in tax returns. The CPS, SIPP, NLS, and PSID surveys provide valuable information on the behavior of the low-income population. They have broad and fairly accurate measures of income for national samples, and their focus on families as the unit of analysis and their ease of access greatly enhance their value. The value of these data sets for evaluating welfare reform is severely limited, however. With the devolution of responsibility for TANF, the CPS and SIPP sampling frames and sample sizes mean that, at best, they can be only supplementary data sources for understanding the effects of welfare reform at the state and local levels. The apparent decline in program coverage in the CPS is also worrisome. UI data are available at the state level and can be matched to individuals in existing samples at relatively low cost. It is straightforward to do follow-up analyses on income and employment for workers who remain in the state, and UI data are timely. However, earnings are available only for individuals, while changes in family composition upon exit from welfare have been shown to have a large bearing on economic well-being. UI data do not allow us to track these changes. There also appears to be a substantial problem with some workers being classified as independent contractors and hence not entering the UI system. Overall gaps in coverage appear to be at least 13 percent and may be significantly higher. Even when wages are reported, there is some evidence that they are understated by a significant amount. We also present evidence on the degree to which tax data can be used to understand the incomes and employment of low-skilled workers. The paper concludes with brief recommendations for future research that might help fill some of the gaps we have identified. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph and John Karl Scholz. "Measuring Employment and Income for Low-Income Populations with Administrative and Survey Data" In: Studies of Welfare Populations. M. Ver Ploeg et al., eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.
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2902. |
Hotz, V. Joseph Xu, Lixin Colin Tienda, Marta Ahituv, Avner |
Are There Returns to the Wages of Young Men from Working While in School? JCPR Working Paper 101, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, July 1999. Also: http://www.jcpr.org/wp/WPprofile.cfm?ID=101 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; High School; Schooling; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Wage Growth; Wages, Young Men; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the impacts of work experience acquired while youth were in high school (and college) on young men's wage rates during the 1980s and 1990s. Previous studies have found evidence of sizeable and persistent rates of return to working while enrolled in school, especially high school, on subsequent wage growth. Such findings may represent causal effects of having acquired work experience while still enrolled in school, but they may also be the result of failure to fully account for individual differences in young adults' capacities to acquire such skills and be productive in the work force later in life. We reexamine the robustness of previous attempts to control for unobserved heterogeneity and selectivity. We explore more general methods for dealing with dynamic forms of selection by explicitly modeling the educational and work choices of young men from age 13 through their late twenties. Using data on young men from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, (NLSY79), we find that the estimated returns to working while in high school or college are dramatically diminished in magnitude and statistical significance when one uses these dynamic selection methods. As such, our results indicate a decided lack of robustness to the inference about the effects of working while in school that has been drawn from previous work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Lixin Colin Xu, Marta Tienda and Avner Ahituv. "Are There Returns to the Wages of Young Men from Working While in School?" JCPR Working Paper 101, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, July 1999. |
2903. |
Hotz, V. Joseph Xu, Lixin Colin Tienda, Marta Ahituv, Avner |
Are There Returns to the Wages of Young Men from Working While in School? NBER Working Paper No. 7289, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1999. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W7289 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; High School; Schooling; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Wage Growth; Wages, Young Men; Work Experience This paper examines the impacts of work experience acquired while youth were in high school (and college) on young men's wage rates during the 1980s and 1990s. Previous studies have found evidence of sizeable and persistent rates of return to working while enrolled in school, especially high school, on subsequent wage growth. Such findings may represent causal effects of having acquired work experience while still enrolled in school, but they may also be the result of failure to fully account for individual differences in young adults' capacities to acquire such skills and be productive in the work force later in life. We re-examine the robustness of previous attempts to control for unobserved heterogeneity and selectivity. We explore more general methods for dealing with dynamic forms of selection by explicitly modeling the educational and work choices of young men from age 13 through their late twenties. Using data on young men from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we find that the estimated returns to working while in high school or college are dramatically diminished in magnitude and statistical significance when one uses these dynamic selection methods. As such, our results indicate a decided lack of robustness to the inference about the effects of working while in school that has been drawn from previous work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Lixin Colin Xu, Marta Tienda and Avner Ahituv. "Are There Returns to the Wages of Young Men from Working While in School?" NBER Working Paper No. 7289, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1999. |
2904. |
Hotz, V. Joseph Xu, Lixin Colin Tienda, Marta Ahituv, Avner |
Are There Returns to the Wages of Young Men from Working While in School? Review of Economics and Statistics 84,2 (May 2002): 221-236. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3211773 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Height; High School; Part-Time Work; Wage Rates; Wages, Youth; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the effects of work experience acquired while youth were in high school (and college) on young men's wage rates. Previous studies have found sizeable and persistent rates of return to working while enrolled in school, especially high school, on subsequent wage growth. The extent to which these estimates represent causal effects by assessing the robustness of prior findings to controls for unobserved heterogeneity and sample selectivity are evaluated. More-general econometric methods for dealing with the dynamic of selection and apply them to data on young men from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) are explored. It is found that the estimated returns to working while in high school or college are dramatically diminished in magnitude and are not statistically significant when one applies dynamic selection methods. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Lixin Colin Xu, Marta Tienda and Avner Ahituv. "Are There Returns to the Wages of Young Men from Working While in School?" Review of Economics and Statistics 84,2 (May 2002): 221-236.
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2905. |
Houle, Brian |
The Effect of Incarceration on Adult Male BMI Trajectories, USA, 1981–2006 Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 1,1 (March 2014): 21-28. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40615-013-0003-1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Education; Incarceration/Jail; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Obesity; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The prevalence of obesity and overweight is socially patterned, with higher prevalence among women, racial/ethnic minorities, and those with lower socioeconomic status. Contextual factors also affect obesity risk. However, an omitted factor has been incarceration, particularly since it disproportionately affects minorities. This study examines the effects of incarceration on adult male body mass index (BMI) in the USA over the life course, and whether effects vary by race/ethnicity and education. BMI trajectories were analyzed over age using growth curve models of men ages 18–49 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth panel study. BMI was based on self-reported height/weight (kg/m2). Being currently incarcerated increased BMI, but the effect varied by race/ethnicity and education: Blacks experienced the largest increases, while effects were lowered for men with more education than a high school diploma. Cumulative exposure to prison increased BMI for all groups. These results suggest a differential effect of incarceration on adult male BMI among some racial/ethnic–education minority groups. Particularly, given that these groups are most commonly imprisoned, incarceration may help structure obesity disparities and disadvantage across the life course. |
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Bibliography Citation
Houle, Brian. "The Effect of Incarceration on Adult Male BMI Trajectories, USA, 1981–2006." Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 1,1 (March 2014): 21-28.
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2906. |
Houle, Jason N. |
A Generation Indebted: Young Adult Debt across Three Cohorts Social Problems 61,3 (August 2014): 448-465. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/sp.2014.12110 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Assets; College Cost; College Education; Debt/Borrowing; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Student Loans / Student Aid In this study, I examine how young adult indebtedness has changed across three cohorts of young adults in the 1970s, 1980s, and 2000s. I pool data from four National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth cohorts--the NLS-M 1966, NLS-W 1968, NLSY 1979, and NLSY 1997. I have three key findings. First, debt burdens (debt relative to economic resources) have increased substantially across the three cohorts of study. Despite the fact that the most recent cohort of young adults are earlier along in their debt accrual career and have yet to hit many of the major adult milestones that often lead to debt, they are burdened with more debt than previous cohorts of young adults who achieved these milestones earlier. Second, young adult debt portfolios have shifted towards noncollateralized (unsecured) and student loan debt over time, the latter replacing home mortgage debt as the primary form of wealth-building debt among young adults. Third, cohort changes in debt have occurred unequally across social class lines. Young adults from lower social class backgrounds have disproportionately taken on more unsecured debt over time, relative to their more advantaged counterparts. The growth in debt burden across cohorts, however, has been most pronounced among college-educated young adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Houle, Jason N. "A Generation Indebted: Young Adult Debt across Three Cohorts." Social Problems 61,3 (August 2014): 448-465.
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2907. |
Houle, Jason N. |
A Generation Indebted? Young Adult Debt across Three Cohorts Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Assets; Debt/Borrowing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Popular reports—stoked by the Great Recession and rising college costs—contend that young adults today are more indebted than the generations that precede them, but little systematic research exists on patterns of indebtedness in young adulthood. This study examines how young adult indebtedness has changed across three cohorts of young adults in the 1970’s, 1980’s, and 2000’s. To do this, I pool data from four National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth—the NLS-M 1966 cohort, NLS-W 1968 cohort, NLSY 1979 cohort, and NLSY 1997 cohort. Study findings reveal that the proportion of young adults with debt and median indebtedness is relatively stable across the three cohorts of study, in contrast to popular notions of rising young adult debt. Debt burden (e.g. debt-to-asset ratio), however, has increased across cohorts in part because of declines in asset ownership and increases in unsecured debt among young adults. Implications of findings are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Houle, Jason N. "A Generation Indebted? Young Adult Debt across Three Cohorts." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
2908. |
Houle, Jason N. |
Children with Disability and Trajectories of Parents' Consumer Debt Across the Life Course Presented: Albuquerque NM, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Assets; Child Health, Limiting Condition(s); Debt/Borrowing; Disability; Family Resources; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I use nationally representative, longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979-cohort (NLSY-79) and the Children of the NLSY-79 (CNLSY-79) and hierarchical growth curve models to examine the effects of having a child with a disability on trajectories of consumer debt across the adult life course. I hypothesize that having a child with disability increases risk for accumulating consumer debt, and that parents with a child with a disability will have a greater risk for being chronically overindebted across the life course. |
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Bibliography Citation
Houle, Jason N. "Children with Disability and Trajectories of Parents' Consumer Debt Across the Life Course." Presented: Albuquerque NM, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2014. |
2909. |
Houle, Jason N. |
Out of the Nest and into the Red: Three Essays on Debt in Young Adulthood Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Assets; College Degree; Debt/Borrowing; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Student Loans / Student Aid; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Great Recession of 2008 and rising costs of college have stoked popular and scholarly concern about young adult debt. Debt plays an important role in the lives of young people as they make the transition to adulthood, but little research has been conducted on the topic. This dissertation sheds light on the role of debt in the lives of young adults with three studies. The first study asks how indebtedness has changed across three cohorts of young adults in their twenties. The second and third studies examine how the acquisition of student loan debt is implicated in the early process of status attainment at a time when the cost of a college degree is high. To do this I draw on data from four different nationally representative surveys of young adults: The National Longitudinal Study of Men (1966 cohort), The National Longitudinal Study of Women (1968 cohort), The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 Cohort), and the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (1997 cohort). The results show: (1) median debt has remained relatively stable over time, but young adults today have fewer assets than their predecessors and take on more unsecured debt, leading them to have higher debt burdens (e.g. higher debt to asset ratios); (2) Student loan debt acquisition is linked to young adults' social class of origin. Young people from well-educated or high-income families are relatively protected from debt. Moreover, the relationship between parents' income and student loan debt is nonlinear, such that young adults from middle-income families have a higher risk of debt than those from lower and higher income families; (3) Parents' education and young adult's postsecondary education interact to affect student loan debt. Parents' education acts as a safety net that reduces the positive correlation between postsecondary education and debt. Overall, the findings suggest that debt plays an important role in the lives of young adults as they become independent, and has become more bu rdensome for young adults across cohorts. Debt also plays an important role in the early process of status attainment, particularly for young adults who use debt as a way to pay for college. |
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Bibliography Citation
Houle, Jason N. Out of the Nest and into the Red: Three Essays on Debt in Young Adulthood. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2011. |
2910. |
Houle, Jason N. Berger, Lawrence Marc |
Children with Disabilities and Trajectories of Parents' Unsecured Debt Across the Life Course Social Science Research 64 (May 2017): 184-196. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X15301964 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Child Health, Limiting Condition(s); Debt/Borrowing; Disability; Life Course; Parenthood Prior research shows that having a child with a disability is economically burdensome for parents but we know little about whether this burden extends to unsecured debt. In this study, we examine the link between having a child with a disability that manifests between birth and age 4 and subsequent trajectories in unsecured household debt. We have three key findings. First, we find that having a child with an early-life disabling health condition is associated with a substantial increase in indebtedness in the years immediately following the child's birth, and that this association persists net of a range of potential confounders. Second, we find that parents do not quickly repay this debt, such that parents of a child with a disabling health condition have different trajectories of unsecured debt across the life course than do parents of children without a disabling health condition. Third, we find that the association between early-life child disability and debt is stronger for more severe conditions, such as those that require ongoing medical treatment. The results of this study are informative for understanding an important aspect of economic functioning--indebtedness--for parents of children with disabilities, as well as the causes and correlates of rising unsecured debt in the U.S. |
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Bibliography Citation
Houle, Jason N. and Lawrence Marc Berger. "Children with Disabilities and Trajectories of Parents' Unsecured Debt Across the Life Course." Social Science Research 64 (May 2017): 184-196.
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2911. |
Houle, Jason N. Keene, Danya |
Getting Sick and Falling Behind: Health and the Risk of Mortgage Default and Home Foreclosure Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Foreclosure; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent studies suggest that poor health and inadequate health care may be important predictors of mortgage default and home foreclosure. However, to date no longitudinal, national research has examined these relationships. We expand on existing work by using nationally representative longitudinal data from the NLSY-79 to examine the relationship between poor health, becoming ill and the risk of mortgage default and foreclosure among middle-aged adults. We find that the onset of chronic conditions and health limitations are significant predictors of later mortgage default, expectation of mortgage default, and home foreclosure between 2007 and 2010. We find that these associations are partially mediated by changes in family income, savings, health insurance status and employment status. From a policy perspective, the strong link between poor health and foreclosure suggests a need to reexamine the safety-nets that are available to individuals who become ill or disabled. |
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Bibliography Citation
Houle, Jason N. and Danya Keene. "Getting Sick and Falling Behind: Health and the Risk of Mortgage Default and Home Foreclosure." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
2912. |
Houle, Jason N. Keene, Danya |
Getting Sick and Falling Behind: Health and the Risk of Mortgage Default and Home Foreclosure Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 69,4 (2015): 382-387. Also: http://jech.bmj.com/content/69/4/382.abstract?sid=8b9ec29c-7287-4dc1-ada8-779df5a2ae06 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Foreclosure; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: An emerging literature shows that mortgage strain can lead to poor health outcomes, but less work has focused on whether and how health shocks influence mortgage distress. We examine the link between changes in health status and default/foreclosure risk among older middle-aged adults. Method: We used National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 data and multivariate logistic regression models to examine the relationship between changes in health limitations and chronic conditions across survey waves and risk of mortgage default and foreclosure. Results: We found that changes in health limitations and chronic conditions increased the risk of default and foreclosure between 2007 and 2010. These associations were partially mediated by changes in family income and loss of health insurance. Conclusions: From a policy perspective, the strong link between the onset of illness and foreclosure suggests a need to re-examine the safety-nets that are available to individuals who become ill or disabled. |
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Bibliography Citation
Houle, Jason N. and Danya Keene. "Getting Sick and Falling Behind: Health and the Risk of Mortgage Default and Home Foreclosure." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 69,4 (2015): 382-387.
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2913. |
House, Michael C. |
Three Applications of Matching Estimation in Applied Microeconomics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics and Finance, Middle Tennessee State University, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Childhood; Educational Outcomes; Labor Market Outcomes; Parental Influences; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter of this dissertation examines the short-term and long-term effects of parental problem-drinking on children's future educational and labor market outcomes. Results indicate that having a problem-drinking parent has negative consequences for children's education in the form of lower grades and less schooling. It is also associated with lower wages, longer periods of being out of the labor force, and longer spells of unemployment. The second chapter examines the relationship between varying, large sibling age gaps on the future educational and labor market outcomes of youngest children. Results differ by gender. A positive academic effect is seen for males who only have one sibling, when that sibling is between three and five years older. The opposite is true for females; positive effects are seen in the larger age gaps when the respondents have two older siblings. |
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Bibliography Citation
House, Michael C. Three Applications of Matching Estimation in Applied Microeconomics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics and Finance, Middle Tennessee State University, 2014. |
2914. |
Houseknecht, Sharon K. Hango, Darcy William |
Surprising Effects of Marital Conflict and Disruption on Children's Health Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Meetings, August 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Health; Divorce; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Conflict Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the effect of inconsistency between parental marital conflict and disruption on children's health using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Two alternative hypotheses, the stress vulnerable hypothesis and the stress resistant hypothesis, provide the basis for the analysis. The results support the stress resistant hypothesis, and, therefore, challenge the widespread notion that marital conflict and disruption have only adverse effects for children. We find that children's health is enhanced when minimal marital conflict preceded disruption and when marital conflict is high but there is no disruption. The positive effects are for boys only. There are no significant effects for girls. |
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Bibliography Citation
Houseknecht, Sharon K. and Darcy William Hango. "Surprising Effects of Marital Conflict and Disruption on Children's Health." Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Meetings, August 2000. |
2915. |
Houser, Daniel Edward |
Bayesian Analysis of a Dynamic, Stochastic Model of Labor Supply and Saving Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Bayesian; Capital Sector; Human Capital; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Wage Dynamics; Wage Models This thesis specifies and estimates a dynamic, stochastic model of life cycle labor supply. All of the past empirical work in this area has made one of the following assumptions: (a) there is no human capital accumulation, so that the wage stream is exogenous to the individual; or (b) capital markets are perfectly imperfect; or (c) that agents have rational expectations, or use some other rigid, expectations formation mechanism. While each of these restrictions may have justification within a particular application, it can be shown that imposing any of them may lead to biased and inconsistent parameter estimates. Accordingly, policy recommendations based on past empirical findings are open to question. The model that I specify and estimate allows for human and physical capital accumulation, and does not impose strong assumptions about the way individuals form expectations. I accomplish this level of generality by extending and employing an estimation methodology originally advanced by Geweke and Keane (1997). They were the first to point out that micro-level data on payoffs and choices could be used to estimate the parameters that determine preferences, as well as those that characterize expectations. All that one needs to assume is that expectations lie along some polynomial in the model's state variables. The coefficients of the expectations polynomial are estimated jointly with the model's structural parameters. That I do not need to impose the restrictions that are typically required in this literature allows me to take a first step towards assessing the effect they may have had on the estimates of policy-relevant parameters. I take my model to data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. I use a Bayesian approach to inference, and approximate the marginal posterior distributions of my model's parameters with a Gibbs sampling algorithm. I find that the uncompensated wage-elasticity of labor supply is very small, that wealth effects are very small, and that omitting savings decisions from life cycle models may have little effect on inference about labor supply decisions. Finally, I find that individuals are not myopic. Work experience and age play a significant role in expectations formation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Houser, Daniel Edward. Bayesian Analysis of a Dynamic, Stochastic Model of Labor Supply and Saving. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1998. |
2916. |
Hovhannisyan, Nune Mendez, Fabio |
Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers in Times of Crisis Contemporary Economic Policy published online (10 March 2023): DOI: 10.1111/coep.12605. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/coep.12605 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Earnings; Economic Changes/Recession We utilize data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Bureau of Labor Statistics to study how the earnings losses experienced by displaced workers vary in times of economic crisis. Relative to an economy that operates at full potential, our results show that a 1% increase in the real gross domestic product gap observed at the time of displacement is associated with an additional increase in the estimated earnings losses experienced by displaced workers of approximately 4.3% in the year immediately following displacement, and with similar increases in the estimated losses for up to 5 years after. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hovhannisyan, Nune and Fabio Mendez. "Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers in Times of Crisis." Contemporary Economic Policy published online (10 March 2023): DOI: 10.1111/coep.12605.
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2917. |
Howell-Moroney, Michael Edward |
Geography of Opportunity and Unemployment: An Integrated Model of Residential Segregation and Spatial Mismatch Journal of Urban Affairs 27,4 (October 2005): 353-377 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Urban Affairs Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Howell-Moroney, Michael Edward. "Geography of Opportunity and Unemployment: An Integrated Model of Residential Segregation and Spatial Mismatch." Journal of Urban Affairs 27,4 (October 2005): 353-377.
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2918. |
Howell-Moroney, Michael Edward |
Modeling the Effects of the Geography of Opportunity on Labor Market Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Delaware, 2002. DAI-A 63/03, p. 1066, Sep 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Education; Endogeneity; Ethnic Studies; Family Studies; Hispanics; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Racial Studies A subject that had received much attention in the social science literature is interracial differences in labor market performance. A relatively recent explanation that has emerged as a possible source of these gaps is differences in the "geography of opportunity." The argument goes that spatial mechanisms are partially to blame for interracial gaps in labor market outcomes. Two salient mechanisms for the operation of differential geographies of opportunity have emerged from the literature: neighborhood effects and spatial mismatch. To date there has been no attempt to integrate these two mechanisms into a comprehensive model of how the geography of opportunity affects labor market outcomes. This paper presents a two-part model that models the effect of the geography of opportunity using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Educational outcomes are estimated as a function of neighborhood effects during childhood in the first stage of the model. In the second stage, labor market outcomes for the same persons as an adult are estimated as a function of those endogenous educational outcomes and spatial mismatch. The models were estimated separately for whites, African Americans and Hispanics. The first-stage educational model yielded mixed results depending upon the variables used to measure neighborhood quality. Overall though, the neighborhood effects were small and did not have much of an impact on educational outcomes. The second stage model yielded markedly different interracial group results with regard to spatial mismatch. Spatial mismatch never had a statistically significant effect on whites' labor market outcomes, had a consistently negative effect on the labor market outcomes of African Americans and surprisingly had consistently statistically significant and positive effects on Hispanics' labor market outcomes. An integrated analysis of neighborhood effects and spatial mismatch effects showed that neighborhood effects had relatively small recursive effects on earnings. A series of policy simulations was conducted to measure the effects of changes designed to equalize the geography of opportunity. The main policy implication flowing from the findings is that large policy changes designed to correct for differences in the geography of opportunity will have small and mixed effects on labor market outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Howell-Moroney, Michael Edward. Modeling the Effects of the Geography of Opportunity on Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Delaware, 2002. DAI-A 63/03, p. 1066, Sep 2002. |
2919. |
Howell, Frank M. Bronson, Deborah Richey |
The Journey to Work and Gender Inequality in Earnings: A Cross-Validation Study for the United States The Sociological Quarterly 37,3 (June 1996): 429-447. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1996.tb00747.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Commuting/Type, Time, Method; Earnings; Gender Differences; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market, Secondary; Rural/Urban Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It has been well-documented that women tend to not travel as far as men to work. One interpretation of this consistent finding has been that women face more spatially constrained labor markets than men and these constraints are thought to be a factor in the gender-gap in earnings. A recent study of Tel Aviv, Israel by Semyonov and Lewin-Epstein (1991) found that there is a clear tendency for working women to hold employment more in the vicinity of their homes than do men. Their observed deficits in earnings by employed women were thought to be exchanged for compliance with traditional gender role expectations. Our study cross-validates key portions of the Semyonov and Lewin-Epstein study for the U.S. by examining the location of labor markets and their relationship to gender inequality in earnings in the 1988 wave of the NLSY panel database. Using annual earnings as the dependent variable, we parallel their multiple regression analysis using similarly defined variables. The time-to-work reports of NLSY panel members are used to assess their commuting behavior and the results of this analysis are compared across four types of residential locations: rural, small urban, suburban, and large central city. We modestly confirm the gender inequalities in earnings produced by differential commuting behaviors for men and women but cannot fully generalize them to a broad set of residentially-defined labor market. For instance, women in suburban settings do have a higher return in earnings from time spent commuting but this effect is not significantly higher than the same returns for suburban men. A somewhat surprising negative effect of commuting time on the earnings of suburban women and men was also observed. Future research on this problem involving the "perceived constraint" hypothesis to explain the commuting gap between men and women is outlined. |
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Bibliography Citation
Howell, Frank M. and Deborah Richey Bronson. "The Journey to Work and Gender Inequality in Earnings: A Cross-Validation Study for the United States." The Sociological Quarterly 37,3 (June 1996): 429-447.
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2920. |
Hoxby, Caroline M. |
Does Competition among Public Schools Benefit Students and Taxpayers? American Economic Review 90,5 (December 2000): 1209-1238. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.90.5.1209 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Education; Endogeneity; Private Schools; Public Sector; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Tiebout choice among districts is the most powerful market force in American public education. Naive estimates of its effects are biased by endogenous district formation. I derive instruments from the natural boundaries in a metropolitan area. My results suggest that metropolitan areas with greater Tiebout choice have more productive public schools and less private schooling. Little of the effect of Tiebout choice works through its effect on household sorting. This finding may be explained by another finding: students are equally segregated by school in metropolitan areas with greater and lesser degrees of Tiebout choice among districts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoxby, Caroline M. "Does Competition among Public Schools Benefit Students and Taxpayers?" American Economic Review 90,5 (December 2000): 1209-1238.
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2921. |
Hoxby, Caroline M. Terry, Bridget |
Explaining Rising Income and Wage Inequality Among the College Educated NBER Working Paper No. 6873, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1999. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W6873 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): College Education; College Graduates; Demography; Income; Wage Equations; Wage Growth The incomes and wages of college-educated Americans have become significantly more dispersed since 1970. This paper attempts to decompose this growing dispersion into three possible sources of growth. The first source, or extensive margin, is the increasing demographic diversity of people who attend college. The second is an increasing return to aptitude. The third, or intensive margin,' combines the increasing self-segregation (on the basis of aptitude) of students among colleges and the increasing correlation between the average aptitude of a college's student body and its expenditure on education inputs. These tendencies are the result of changes in the market structure of college education, as documented elsewhere. We find that about 70% of the growth in inequality among recipients of baccalaureate degrees can be explained with observable demographics, measures of aptitude, and college attributes. About 50% of the growth in inequality among people who have 2 years of college education can be similarly explained. Of the growth that can be explained, about 1/4th is associated with the extensive margin, 1/3rd with an increased return to measured aptitude, and 5/12ths with the intensive margin. If the intensive margin is not taken into account, the role of increasing returns to aptitude is greatly overstated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoxby, Caroline M. and Bridget Terry. "Explaining Rising Income and Wage Inequality Among the College Educated." NBER Working Paper No. 6873, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1999. |
2922. |
Hoynes, Hilary Williamson |
Does Welfare Play Any Role in Female Headship Decisions? Discussion Paper No. 1078-95, Institute for Research on Poverty, September 1995. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp107895.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Endogeneity; Family Structure; Household Composition; Racial Differences; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. During the last thirty years, the composition of white and black families in the United States has changed dramatically. In 1960, less than 10 percent of families with children were headed by a single mother, while in 1990 more than 20 percent of families with children were female-headed households. A large body of research has focused on the role of the U.S. welfare system, and in particular, the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, in contributing to these dramatic changes in family structure. Most studies use cross-sectional data and identify the effect of welfare on female headship through interstate variation in the AFDC program. Recent research finds that controlling for state effects has a large impact on the estimated welfare effect. This paper examines why state effects matter for estimating the role of welfare in female headship decisions by examining the importance of individual effects and policy endogeneity. A natural explanation for why state effects matter is that the composition of the population across the states differs, and the composition is related to the generosity of the state's welfare program. If that is true, then controlling for individual effects should have the same result as controlling for state effects. Second, the endogeneity of AFDC policy is examined by including controls representing the determinants of state welfare generosity. The results show that after controlling for individual effects, there is no evidence that welfare contributes to increasing propensities to form female-headed households for either whites or blacks. Further, the results suggest that welfare-induced migration among blacks leads to an upward bias in the estimated welfare effect in previous studies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoynes, Hilary Williamson. "Does Welfare Play Any Role in Female Headship Decisions?" Discussion Paper No. 1078-95, Institute for Research on Poverty, September 1995. |
2923. |
Hoyt, Gail Mitchell |
The Worker, the Firm, and the Decision to Use Drugs Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Drug Use; Firms; Heterogeneity; Simultaneity; Substance Use; Work Attitudes Substance abuse in the United States has increased dramatically in the past few decades, bringing costs to both users and society. As substance use has come to the forefront of public attention, this new awareness has been manifested in recent legislation and in the increased efforts of various organizations to prevent and control substance use. In order to investigate the effects of the vast quantity of resources devoted to substance control, I simultaneously estimate substance demand, wage, and drug control policy equations. This framework allows me to examine how employee assistance programs and drug testing affect drug use and how drug use in turn affects productivity, while controlling for the potential of worker sorting with regard to drug control policy. I depart from previous work by focusing on how drug use affects the user's employment status and earnings while incorporating the firm's attempts to discourage drug use in the workplace through drug testing and monitoring within an expected utility framework. While past studies have considered labor market effects of substance use, none have considered how firm structure and monitoring may also influence substance use. Because the market price of illicit drugs is difficult to obtain, and perhaps not as crucial to the drug user's consumption decision as the effective price, I incorporate the effective price as a combination of the probability of being caught using drugs while at work and the adverse effects associated with dismissal. I test for not only the direct effects of drug control policy within the firm, but the indirect sorting effects. Empirical results show that wages and the use of various licit and illicit substances tend to be positively correlated until controls for unobserved heterogeneity are incorporated, in which case a negative correlation arises. Findings also indicate that drug testing, employee assistance programs, and formal workplace substance use policy have a significant negative impact on workplace marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol use. Also, users of all three substances tend to sort away from firms with control policies present. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoyt, Gail Mitchell. The Worker, the Firm, and the Decision to Use Drugs. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1992. |
2924. |
Hoyt, Gail Mitchell Chaloupka, Frank J. |
Effect of Survey Conditions on Self-Reported Substance Use Contemporary Economic Policy 12,3 (July 1994): 109-121. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00439.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Data Quality/Consistency; Disability; Economics, Demographic; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Probit; Morbidity; Mortality; Self-Reporting; Substance Use This paper examines the impact of survey conditions on the self-reported use of marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol in the 1984 and 1988 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The analysis obtains probit estimates of lifetime and current participation rates and ordered probit estimates for the current frequency of use. The results clearly indicate that the manner in which the NLSY survey is administered significantly affects the self-reported substance use data. The presence of others at administration, self-administration, and data collection by telephone interview are particularly important influences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoyt, Gail Mitchell and Frank J. Chaloupka. "Effect of Survey Conditions on Self-Reported Substance Use." Contemporary Economic Policy 12,3 (July 1994): 109-121.
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2925. |
Hoyt, Gail Mitchell Chaloupka, Frank J. |
Self-Reported Substance Use and Survey Conditions: An Examination of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Presented: Lake Tahoe, NV, Issues in the Economic Analysis of Substance Abuse Session of the Western Economic Association Meetings, June 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Illegal Activities; Labor Market Surveys; Self-Reporting; Substance Use The problems associated with substance use and abuse, particularly among youths, have received increasing attention in recent years. Consequently, economists, public health researchers, and other social scientists have engaged in numerous studies analyzing the determinants of cigarette smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use, as well as the effectiveness of public and private campaigns to discourage these behaviors. In addition, the effects of substance use/abuse on various outcomes, particularly labor force behavior, has been carefully examined. Many of these studies, especially those looking at the determinants/impact of illicit drug use, employ survey data in their analyses. One criticism of studies examining survey data is the self-reported nature of the substance use information. Several factors may contribute to inaccurate or biased information being collected in these surveys. Perhaps most important is the respondent's understandable fear of reporting a behavior that is either illegal (i.e. illicit drug use or underage drinking) or socially unacceptable (i.e. cigarette smoking in recent years). In addition, a respondent may unknowingly report inaccurate levels of substance use. With the availability of look alike drugs and the difficulties in measuring substance quantities and/or purities, a respondent may believe that they are conveying information truthfully when in actuality they are misreporting their use. Finally, the conditions under which the survey is administered may lead to intentional misreporting of substance use. The presence of parents or others during the collection of substance use information may inhibit the respondent from reporting truthfully. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hoyt, Gail Mitchell and Frank J. Chaloupka. "Self-Reported Substance Use and Survey Conditions: An Examination of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Presented: Lake Tahoe, NV, Issues in the Economic Analysis of Substance Abuse Session of the Western Economic Association Meetings, June 1993. |
2926. |
Hsu, Ting-Wen |
Motherhood Wage Penalty in the External and Internal Labor Market Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses data of NLSY79 1979 - 2010 (women = 5698; year-women = 53787) to investigate how motherhood wage penalty changes by different job mobility pathway. Research result shows that comparing with transferring position in firm (staying in the internal labor market), changing employer (leaving firm and entering the external labor market) brings greater wage penalty for mothers. Furthermore, the motherhood wage penalty gap between stayer and leaver differs across women's earning level. Low-wage mothers benefited by staying in firms in the first few employment years but suffer from larger wage penalty than the leaving mothers in their middle and late employment. On the contrary, staying in firm penalizes high-wage mothers in the first few years but benefits them in the middle and late employment stage. I argue that the different work requests, employment environments and employment dynamics shape the various associations between motherhood wage penalty and job mobility pathway across earning level. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hsu, Ting-Wen. "Motherhood Wage Penalty in the External and Internal Labor Market." Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015. |
2927. |
Hsueh, James Cherng-Tay |
Sibling Resemblance in Educational Attainment: An Investigation of the Effects of Family Background Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Mothers, Education; Siblings This research examines the effects of family background on schooling for a sample of youth from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Three questions are addressed: 1. How strong is the influence of family background on children's schooling between and within families in different living environments. 2. How do these effects of family background vary by different schooling outcomes. 3. How does family disruption affect sibling differences in schooling. This research considers the importance of family structure, family differential effects of family background between siblings, and unobserved family factors in explaining schooling. By examining sibling resemblance in different schooling outcomes, the research supports the argument that between- and within-family effects vary by schooling outcome and family structure. Between-family effects are similar for siblings of different family types, while within-family differential effects of family background on completed grade are found only for siblings living with both parents. These differential effects of family background do not change when siblings of high school graduates are selected for the analyses, but decrease slightly when ability is controlled. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hsueh, James Cherng-Tay. Sibling Resemblance in Educational Attainment: An Investigation of the Effects of Family Background. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1992. |
2928. |
Hu, Jingchen Mitra, Robin Reiter, Jerome P. |
Are Independent Parameter Draws Necessary for Multiple Imputation? The American Statistician 67,3 (2013): 143-149. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2013.821953#.UjISYneHp4N Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Missing Data/Imputation; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Statistical Analysis In typical implementations of multiple imputation for missing data, analysts create m completed datasets based on approximately independent draws of imputation model parameters. We use theoretical arguments and simulations to show that, provided m is large, the use of independent draws is not necessary. In fact, appropriate use of dependent draws can improve precision relative to the use of independent draws. It also eliminates the sometimes difficult task of obtaining independent draws; for example, in fully Bayesian imputation models based on MCMC, analysts can avoid the search for a subsampling interval that ensures approximately independent draws for all parameters. We illustrate the use of dependent draws in multiple imputation with a study of the effect of breast feeding on children’s later cognitive abilities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hu, Jingchen, Robin Mitra and Jerome P. Reiter. "Are Independent Parameter Draws Necessary for Multiple Imputation?" The American Statistician 67,3 (2013): 143-149.
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2929. |
Hu, Mei-Chen |
Maternal Employment: Family Structure, and Preschooler's Well-being Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin -- Madison, 2002. DAI-A 63/11, p. 4092, May 2003 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Body Mass Index (BMI); Cognitive Development; Families, Two-Parent; Family Income; Family Structure; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Preschool Children; Siblings; Social Emotional Development; Temperament This dissertation uses the mother-child data of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to explore the impacts on preschooler's cognitive, socioemotional, and physical development of maternal work, family structure, and family income. In this dissertation, I employ sibling models to control for unobserved mother characteristics. It is found that family income is an important factor for children's cognitive development, while mother's work and family structure affect on children's socioemotional and overweight problems. The negative effects of maternal full-time work on children's cognitive well-being became statistically insignificant, once the mother's unobserved characteristics have been controlled in the sibling models. Part-time mothers are more likely to have children with negative emotions than are full-time mothers, while maternal full-time work associates with child overweight problems. Children who live with a divorced mother are more likely to feel more negative emotions than are children living with married-two-parent families. However, impacts of maternal work and income do not have interaction effects by family structures. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hu, Mei-Chen. Maternal Employment: Family Structure, and Preschooler's Well-being. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin -- Madison, 2002. DAI-A 63/11, p. 4092, May 2003. |
2930. |
Hu, Qing Levine, Ross Lin, Chen Tai, Mingzhu |
Finance and Children's Academic Performance NBER Working Paper No. 26678, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2020. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w26678 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Family Income; Family Influences; Human Capital; Legislation; Maternal Employment; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Interaction; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Work Hours/Schedule What is the impact of regulatory reforms that enhance credit market efficiency on children's human capital? Using a parent-child panel dataset, we find that such reforms reduced children's academic performance in low-income families. Consistent with the view that financial development entices low-income parents to substitute out of childrearing and into employment with adverse effects on children’s education, we find that among low-income families, regulatory reforms: increased mother's employment hours, reduced parental supervision and parent-child discussions about school and college, and had bigger adverse effects when mothers were not already working full-time and grandparents were not living with the child. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hu, Qing, Ross Levine, Chen Lin and Mingzhu Tai. "Finance and Children's Academic Performance." NBER Working Paper No. 26678, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2020. |
2931. |
Hu, Qing Levine, Ross Lin, Chen Tai, Mingzhu |
Mentally Spent: Credit Conditions and Mental Health NBER Working Paper No. 25584, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2019. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w25584 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Depression (see also CESD); Geocoded Data; Health, Mental/Psychological; State-Level Data/Policy In light of the human suffering and economic costs associated with mental illness, we provide the first assessment of whether local credit conditions shape the incidence of mental depression. Using several empirical strategies, we discover that bank regulatory reforms that improved local credit conditions reduced mental depression among low-income households and the impact was largest in counties dominated by bank-dependent firms. On the mechanisms, we find that the regulatory reforms boosted employment, income, and mental health among low-income individuals in bank-dependent counties, but the regulatory reforms did not increase borrowing by these individuals. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hu, Qing, Ross Levine, Chen Lin and Mingzhu Tai. "Mentally Spent: Credit Conditions and Mental Health." NBER Working Paper No. 25584, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2019. |
2932. |
Huang, Chien-Chung |
Effects of Child Support Enforcement on Pregnancy Intention Presented: Atlanta, GA, APPAM Annual Research Conference, October 2004. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Child Support; Fathers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most previous studies on teenage fertility behaviors (e.g. pregnancy intention, contraceptive use, pregnancy, and births) have focused only on young women's beliefs, knowledge and behaviors and varying state welfare environments. Much of these studies fail to fully recognize the role of men in these relationships or to assess how government policies might affect men's behavior. Particularly lacking is any exploration of how government's inability to establish paternity and collect child support may contribute to men's failure to take responsibility for fertility and sexual activity. If young men realize that fathering a child incurs a financial obligation that lasts for up to eighteen years, they may be more likely to take responsibility in sexual behaviors (e.g. using contraception or reducing sexual activity). In turn, unintended pregnancies and teenage births may be reduced. That is, child support enforcement could be an important factor in preventing unintended pregnancy. However, this fundamentally empirical question has been left unanswered. This is the purpose of this project: to examine the effects of child support enforcement on intention of pregnancy? The data are based on the 1983 to 2000 waves of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). As the first study to examine specifically the effects of child support enforcement on youth pregnancy intention, the findings from this study fill an important gap in our knowledge about the impact of child support enforcement, particularly on young men's behavior. The findings will prove useful in shaping a public policy response that incorporates the realities of youth fertility and sexual activity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Chien-Chung. "Effects of Child Support Enforcement on Pregnancy Intention." Presented: Atlanta, GA, APPAM Annual Research Conference, October 2004. |
2933. |
Huang, Chien-Chung |
Pregnancy Intention from Men's Perspectives: Does Child Support Enforcement Matter? Working Paper, School of Social Work, Rutgers University, October 2004. Also: http://www.spsw.ncnu.edu.tw/newdesign/spsw1/doc/cs_pregnancy_appam.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: School of Social Work, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Fertility; Male Sample; Wantedness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most previous studies on pregnancy intention focused on only women's characteristics although decisions about sexual activity and contraceptive use involve two people not just one. This paper uses the 1982-2002 waves of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the prevalence of unwanted pregnancies from the men's perspective and investigate the association between state child support enforcement and unwanted pregnancies. The results find that the proportion of births from unwanted pregnancies was high for never-married men, 46 percent, and that strong child support enforcement was associated with a lower likelihood of unwanted pregnancies. The results suggest that strengthening child support enforcement not only has a direct impact on increasing the economic well-being of children in single-parent families, but also has an indirect effect on preventing unwanted pregnancies and births. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Chien-Chung. "Pregnancy Intention from Men's Perspectives: Does Child Support Enforcement Matter?" Working Paper, School of Social Work, Rutgers University, October 2004. |
2934. |
Huang, Chien-Chung |
Pregnancy Intention from Men's Perspectives: Does Child Support Enforcement Matter? Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 37,3 (September 2005): 119-124. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1363/3711905/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Child Support; Children, Well-Being; Contraception; Modeling, Logit; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Sexual Activity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. CONTEXT: Most research on pregnancy intention has focused on women's perspectives and characteristics. Because decisions about sexual activity and contraceptive use usually involve both men and women, it is important to understand factors associated with men's intentions--for example, child support enforcement--to maximize the potential for reducing unwanted pregnancies. METHODS: Data from the 1982-2002 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used in multinomial logit analyses to examine the determinants of pregnancy intention from men's perspectives. RESULTS: Forty-six percent of pregnancies reported by never-married men were unwanted, compared with 21% of those reported by married men. Stronger child support enforcement was marginally associated with men's decreased likelihood of being involved in an unwanted pregnancy compared with no pregnancy (coefficient, -0.14) and of being involved in an unwanted pregnancy compared with a wanted pregnancy (-0.15). Without the improvement of child support enforcement over the survey period, the rate of unwanted pregnancies would have been an estimated 7% higher than the observed rate. CONCLUSIONS: Strengthening child support enforcement may have a positive impact on preventing unwanted pregnancies. Programs designed to reduce unwanted pregnancies and nonmarital births should include information on child support enforcement to increase their success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Chien-Chung. "Pregnancy Intention from Men's Perspectives: Does Child Support Enforcement Matter?" Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 37,3 (September 2005): 119-124.
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2935. |
Huang, Chien-Chung |
The Impact of Child Support Enforcement on Nonmarital and Marital Births: Does It Differ by Racial and Age Groups? Social Service Review 76,2 (June 2002): 275-301. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/339666 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Child Support; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Divorce; Marital Status; Marriage; Racial Differences; Teenagers; Women Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this article provides evidence that women who live in states with effective child-support enforcement, measured as both strict child-support legislation and high child-support expenditure, are more likely to have marital births and less likely to have nonmarital births. The findings suggest that the deterrence effect of child-support enforcement on men dominates the opposite effect of enforcement on women. For African-American women, effective child-support enforcement is estimated to decrease nonmarital births strongly. For white women, enforcement is estimated to increase marital births largely. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Chien-Chung. "The Impact of Child Support Enforcement on Nonmarital and Marital Births: Does It Differ by Racial and Age Groups?" Social Service Review 76,2 (June 2002): 275-301.
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2936. |
Huang, Chien-Chung |
The Impact of Child Support on Enforcement of Nonmarital and Marital Births: Is It Different by Racial and Age Groups? Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Support; Fertility; Marital Status; Neighborhood Effects; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the 1979 through 1998 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLSY), this paper provides evidence that women who lived in states with effective child support enforcement, measured by both strict child support legislatives and high child support expenditure, were more likely to have marital births and less likely to have nonmarital births. The findings suggest the deterrence effects of child support enforcement on men dominate the opposite effects on women. The impacts of child support enforcement differ by racial and age groups. For post-teenage Black women, effective child support enforcement had strong effects on decreasing nonmarital births, but not on increasing marital births. The impact goes the opposite way for post-teenage non-Black women. The insignificant effects of child support enforcement on teenage women, however, warrant further analysis in order to determine the cause. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Chien-Chung. "The Impact of Child Support on Enforcement of Nonmarital and Marital Births: Is It Different by Racial and Age Groups?" Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2001. |
2937. |
Huang, David Y.C. Evans, Elizabeth Hara, Motoaki Weiss, Robert E. Hser, Yih-Ing |
Employment Trajectories: Exploring Gender Differences and Impacts of Drug Use Journal of Vocational Behavior 79,1 (August 2011): 277-289. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001879110002022 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Drug Use; Employment; Gender Differences; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Substance Use This study investigated the impact of drug use on employment over 20 years among men and women, utilizing data on 7661 participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Growth mixture modeling was applied, and five distinct employment trajectory groups were identified for both men and women. The identified patterns were largely similar for men and women except that a U-shape employment trajectory was uniquely identified for women. Early-initiation drug users, users of "hard" drugs, and frequent drug users were more likely to demonstrate consistently low levels of employment, and the negative relationship between drug use and employment was more apparent among men than women. Also, positive associations between employment and marriage became more salient for men over time, as did negative associations between employment and childrearing among women. Processes are dynamic and complex, suggesting that throughout the life course, protective factors that reduce the risk of employment problems emerge and change, as do critical periods for maximizing the impact of drug prevention and intervention efforts. [Copyright © Elsevier] Copyright of Journal of Vocational Behavior is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.). |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, David Y.C., Elizabeth Evans, Motoaki Hara, Robert E. Weiss and Yih-Ing Hser. "Employment Trajectories: Exploring Gender Differences and Impacts of Drug Use." Journal of Vocational Behavior 79,1 (August 2011): 277-289.
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2938. |
Huang, Gary |
National Data for Studying Rural Education: Elementary and Secondary Education Applications ERIC Digest, National Center for Education Statistics; ERIC/Clearinghouse in Rural Education and Small Schools, Charleston WV, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ERIC Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Demography; Elementary School Students; High School; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Rural Areas; Rural Sociology; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This digest describes datasets of the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) that are related to rural education, discusses potential uses of NCES data, and offers practical tips for accessing these data. NCES has primarily two types of data; population data on the school universe and national surveys. Two population databases are the Common Core of Data, which describes all U.S. public elementary and secondary schools and school districts, and the School District Data Book, which provides comprehensive data on school districts and communities and links sociodemographic complexities to schooling. NCES longitudinal surveys that follow cohorts of middle-school and high-school students for 10-14 years include the National Longitudinal Survey (beginning in 1972), the High School and Beyond Survey (beginning in 1980), and the National Education Longitudinal Survey of 1988. Cross-sectional surveys include the School and Staffing Survey, conducted every 3 years; the National Assessment of Educational Progress, collecting information on student performance for over 25 years; and the National Household Education Survey (1991). NCES data have a variety of uses in program planning and design, policy making (although rural-specific policy issues are inadequately covered), and scholarly research. NCES datasets use several measures of rurality; researchers are advised to check that the dataset used contains a suitable locale measure. Other suggestions for researchers include taking advantage of CD-ROM technology, obtaining customized datasets and tabulations from NCES, and attending NCES seminars. (SV) |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Gary. "National Data for Studying Rural Education: Elementary and Secondary Education Applications." ERIC Digest, National Center for Education Statistics; ERIC/Clearinghouse in Rural Education and Small Schools, Charleston WV, 1995. |
2939. |
Huang, Jinlin |
Bivariate Survival Analysis with Association Presented: Ft. Lauderdale, FL, American Statistical Association Winter Conference, Families and Children: Research Findings, Data Needs, and Survey Issues, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Marriage; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Monte Carlo; Pairs (also see Siblings); Statistical Analysis; Variables, Independent - Covariate Linear model approach is used on a bivariate survival model with censoring in either or both components. Various parametric, semi-parametric and non-parametric methods are applied to estimate an association parameter, as well as the covariates. When the postulated model has fewer covariates than the true model has, the estimation bias is smaller with bivariate model than with univariate model. A new bivariate model with time-dependent covariates and competing risks is established. Special goodness-to-fit technique for censored data and Monte Carlo simulation are used. The final section is an application to the ages at the first marriage for pairs of sisters where "failure" means the first marriage. The data is from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth from 1978 to 1988. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Jinlin. "Bivariate Survival Analysis with Association." Presented: Ft. Lauderdale, FL, American Statistical Association Winter Conference, Families and Children: Research Findings, Data Needs, and Survey Issues, 1993. |
2940. |
Huang, Min-Hsiung |
Cognitive Abilities and the Growth of High-IQ Occupations Social Science Research 30,4 (December 2001): 529-551, Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X01907100 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; General Social Survey (GSS); I.Q.; Occupational Status; Occupations Is there increasing cognitive partitioning by occupation over time? Herrnstein and Murray's The Bell Curve strongly suggests such a trend. Herrnstein and Murray specify 12 occupations as "high-IQ professions." They argue that as jobs in these occupations increase over time, more people with high IQs are drawn to these occupations. Thus, there is a growing concentration of the cognitive elite in high-IQ occupations and increasing cognitive partitioning by occupation. However, I find Herrnstein and Murray's analysis problematic due to lack of evidence and misinterpretation of data. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Wisconsin Longitudinal Survey, I rank occupations by incumbents' mean IQ and demonstrate that Herrnstein and Murray overestimate the rankings of some high-IQ occupations, the mean IQ level of persons in high-IQ occupations, and the percentage of high-IQ persons engaged in high-IQ occupations. In addition, using data from the General Social Survey, 1974-1998, I find no evidence that cognitive partitioning by occupation has increased over time. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Min-Hsiung. "Cognitive Abilities and the Growth of High-IQ Occupations." Social Science Research 30,4 (December 2001): 529-551,.
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2941. |
Huang, Min-Hsiung |
Occupational Standing and Occupational Differentials in Cognitive Ability Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; I.Q.; Occupational Prestige; Occupational Status; Occupations; Wisconsin Longitudinal Study/H.S. Panel Study (WLS) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Some psychologists suggest that occupational differentials in social standing primarily reflect occupational differentials in intellectual demand. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort and the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, I examine (1) the rankings of occupations by mean IQ, (2) the correlation between ratings of occupational standing and occupations' average levels of measured cognitive ability, (3) the percentage of variance in IQ within occupations, and (4) whether or not the intra-occupational standard deviation of IQ decreases as the level of occupational standing increases. While occupations differ in incumbents' mean IQs, the variance of incumbents' IQs in an occupation is not much less than the variance of IQ in the general population. Moreover, the intra-occupational variance in IQ does not become smaller as the level of occupational standing increases. Therefore, the argument raised by some psychologists regarding the importance of cognitive ability in shaping occupational stratification is overstated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Min-Hsiung. "Occupational Standing and Occupational Differentials in Cognitive Ability." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002. |
2942. |
Huang, Penelope Maria |
Father as Breadwinner: Gendered Wage Penalties for Job Interruptions Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Fatherhood; Gender Differences; Job Patterns; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Parenthood; Wage Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The wage penalty associated with motherhood and women's greater job discontinuity is well-established. Wage outcomes associated with men's family status and job discontinuity is less well-understood. Using a partial-adjustment model on fixed effects estimates, data from the NLSY(1979-1998) are used to estimate both immediate wage outcomes and longer-term wage trajectories as a function of family status and job interruptions for men and women. The possibility that men incur a "parenthood penalty" through penalties associated with family-related job absence is considered by disaggregating absences into reasons for them. Results indicate that women receive immediate wage penalties for family-related absences that do not persist over time, although a negative effect of children does. Men get a "pass" for family absences, but incur wage penalties for non-family job interruptions that do persist over time. Results implicate the reinforcement of traditional gender roles as a primary obstacle to gender equity in the labor market. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Penelope Maria. "Father as Breadwinner: Gendered Wage Penalties for Job Interruptions." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. |
2943. |
Huang, Penelope Maria |
Negotiating Gender, Work, and Family: Examining Gendered Consequences of Leave-taking over Time Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Life Course; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Parenthood; Wage Gap; Wages This dissertation examines the interdependent and reciprocal relationship between gender inequalities in the family and gender inequalities in the workplace that each reproduce the other. The empirical regularity of the gender gap and family gap in wages has spurred several attempts to explain the relationship between parenthood and wages that contribute to the gender wage gap. Chief among these are explanations derived from neoclassical economic theories of human capital, which suggest that women's lower relative wages are a result of higher incidents of job interruptions and an inconsistent work history relative to men. Other explanations suggest that gender differences in wages are a result of institutionalized inequalities that have arisen from a "separate spheres" model of the traditional division of labor. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY 1979-1998), data are arranged into a pooled cross-section time series and a partial-adjustment model with fixed effects is employed in the examination of both immediate short-term, as well as long-term effects of job leaves, work history, marital status, and family status on men's and women's wages over time. Lifetime expected wages are estimated and a wage trajectory is projected to characterize a path of wage growth over the working life course as a function of work history, human capital, job leaves, marital status, and family status. Results support a gendered interpretation, such that the negative effect of children on women's wages persists net of work history, job interruptions, and a host of human capital controls. The long-term effect of children on women's wages results in a $0.98 hourly wage penalty to women's equilibrium wage. Further, results reveal that taking leave exacts a greater penalty to men's wages than to women's. Moreover, this effect is entirely conditional on men's employment in male-dominated occupations. That is, wage penalties for leave-taking are found only for men in male-dominated occupations, which points to the gendered nature of norms and expectations associated with work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Penelope Maria. Negotiating Gender, Work, and Family: Examining Gendered Consequences of Leave-taking over Time. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2003. |
2944. |
Huang, Penelope Maria |
Negotiating Gender, Work, and Family: Gendered Consequences of Family Leave Taking Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002. Also: http://www.soc.washington.edu/users/brines/phuangfip.doc Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Employment; Family Characteristics; Gender; Gender Differences; Human Capital Theory; Labor Force Participation; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Wage Effects; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the gendered effects of leave-taking on wages over time. Classical human capital theory suggests and research indicates that wages decrease as time spent out of the labor market increases. While it is normative for women to take time off from work to care for family needs, men's leave-taking may be more scrutinized by employers, and they may suffer larger wage penalties as a result. On the other hand, if women continue to disproportionately take family leave, wage inequalities will persist as a consequence of normative gendered expectations in the family and in the workplace. This study employs longitudinal data from the NLSY (1982-1998), organized into a pooled cross-section time series. Using a partial-adjustment differential equation model, changes in wage trajectories over time may be estimated as a function of human capital, marital and family status, and tenure on the job. Gender differences are examined, and policy implications discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Penelope Maria. "Negotiating Gender, Work, and Family: Gendered Consequences of Family Leave Taking." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002. |
2945. |
Huang, Wei Liu, Elaine M. Zuppann, C. Andrew |
Relative Obesity and the Formation of Non-cognitive Abilities During Adolescence Journal of Human Resources published online (10 November 2020): DOI: 10.3368/jhr.58.2.1018-9812R2. Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/early/2020/11/04/jhr.58.2.1018-9812R2 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Geocoded Data; Noncognitive Skills; Obesity; Self-Esteem We study the role of relative childhood and adolescent obesity in the development of non-cognitive abilities. We employ a novel identification strategy, utilizing the fact that one's body size is a relative concept and there are large variations in body sizes across MSAs. We focus on children who move between MSAs. Controlling for origin-destination state pair fixed effects, we find that a 10 percentile point increase in relative body size would increase behavioral problems by 2 percentile points. This effect is of a similar magnitude to a two-year reduction in maternal education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Wei, Elaine M. Liu and C. Andrew Zuppann. "Relative Obesity and the Formation of Non-cognitive Abilities During Adolescence." Journal of Human Resources published online (10 November 2020): DOI: 10.3368/jhr.58.2.1018-9812R2.
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2946. |
Huang, Wenxuan |
Leisure to Explore or Failure to Launch? A Cohort Comparison of the Transition to Adulthood between Late Baby Boomers and Early Millennials Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Case Western Reserve University, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: OhioLINK Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The heterogeneity of the timing and order of achieving the "big five" markers of the transition to adulthood is often treated as a taken-for-granted feature of emerging adulthood, reflecting a tendency of "leisure to explore" between adolescence and adulthood. With the central assumption of emphasizing how individuals take greater control of personal biographies in postmodern societies, the individualization thesis has also received wide acknowledgment in conceptualizing the changing patterns of the life course, especially when accounting for the growing heterogeneity in the pathways to adulthood. The first substantive chapter of this dissertation identifies an individualization-heterogeneity nexus in the current life course research on the transition to adulthood. It interrogates the conceptual pitfalls that distract researchers from understanding the real source of heterogeneity observed in the pathways to adulthood. The illustrative example shows that educational attainment stratifies the level of heterogeneity in school-to-work and family formation trajectories, which challenges the notion that individualized choice-making leads to the de-standardization of transition patterns. The two empirical chapters examine how structural inequality shapes early work-family trajectories and reveal how "failure to launch" pervades in an age of expanding precarity in the youth labor market. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 & 1997), the first empirical study compares the work-family trajectories between Late Baby Boomers and Early Millennials. By employing multichannel sequence analysis, this study identified seven distinct transition patterns reflecting mutual reinforcement of domain-specific dis/advantages. The cohort comparison suggests that Early Millennials are more likely than Late Baby Boomers to enter work-family trajectories characterized by labor market precarity, and there is no declining relevance of stratifying mechanisms such as gender and family background. The second empirical study documents the extent to which the two non-college-bound groups, i.e., high school graduates and GED recipients, are disconnected from the labor market throughout the entire early career among Early Millennials. It also identifies a substantial HS-GED gap in the labor market connection associated with multiple risk factors initially related to high school dropout. In sum, this dissertation conceptually clarifies and empirically tests how precarity drives the observed heterogeneity in the transition to adulthood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Wenxuan. Leisure to Explore or Failure to Launch? A Cohort Comparison of the Transition to Adulthood between Late Baby Boomers and Early Millennials. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Case Western Reserve University, 2021. |
2947. |
Huang, Ying |
An Econometric Study of the Impact of Economic Variables on Adult Obesity and Food Assistance Program Participation in the NLSY Panel Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Geocoded Data; Obesity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The objective of this research is to identify the factors that influence adults’ healthy weight, as reflected in body mass index (BMI) or being obese (having a body mass index of 30 or larger), the Food Stamp Program (or Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) participation, and the relationship of these two in longitudinal panel data. The panel data was obtained by merging the individual-level national data for the U.S. adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Youth, 1979 Cohort (NLSY79), with external price data obtained from the American Chamber of Commerce Research Association (ACCRA) Cost of Living Index. Six rounds of NLSY79 survey were extracted at a 4-year interval from 1986 to 2006. Using the geocode information, the secondary data on local food, drinks and health care prices and labor market conditions were merged with the data on adults in the NLSY79. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Ying. An Econometric Study of the Impact of Economic Variables on Adult Obesity and Food Assistance Program Participation in the NLSY Panel. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, 2012. |
2948. |
Huang, Ying Huffman, Wallace Edgar |
Life Cycle Models of Women's BMI and Probability of Being Obese: Evidence from Panel Data Agricultural Economics 50,4 (July 2019): 509-524. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/agec.12506 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Life Cycle Research; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The objective of this paper is to develop a multi‐period, finite‐life, life cycle models of household decisions on food, leisure, and health (body mass index or being obese), and to estimate econometric versions of these models treating SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) participation as endogenous. A key insight from the economic models is that households allocate their wealth over the multi‐period life cycle to equalize the marginal utility of wealth in each period. The observations for this study are a balanced‐panel of over 1,600 women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort (NLSY79). We focus on the 20‐year period starting in 1986, when SNAP data first became available. Women of all ages are included in the study because at the beginning of adulthood, women cannot accurately predict over their life cycle labor and marriage market and health shocks that can thrust them into an economic position where they would qualify for SNAP. New findings include that a woman's household SNAP participation with or without updating for last periods health status and higher local dairy product prices reduce significantly her BMI and probability of being obese. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Ying and Wallace Edgar Huffman. "Life Cycle Models of Women's BMI and Probability of Being Obese: Evidence from Panel Data." Agricultural Economics 50,4 (July 2019): 509-524.
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2949. |
Huang, Ying Huffman, Wallace Edgar Tegene, Abebayehu |
Impacts of Economic and Psychological Factors on Women’s Obesity and Food Assistance Program Participation: Evidence from the NLSY Panel American Journal of Agricultural Economics 94, 2 (January 2012): 331-337. Also: http://ajae.oxfordjournals.org/content/94/2/331.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Regions; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over the past thirty-five years, the U.S. adult obesity rate has more than doubled from roughly 15% to 35%, reflecting a general diffusion of obesity across all segments of the adult population (USDHHS). Obesity is a concern because it increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and most forms of cancer, except for lung. Earlier studies of obesity of U.S. adults have largely focused on data in a single cross-section or one round of a panel survey. Chen and Huffman (2010) show that food and drink prices significantly affect U.S. women’s probability of being obese but not for men. However, the impact of individual food and drink prices are not always as expected. © The Author (2011). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Ying, Wallace Edgar Huffman and Abebayehu Tegene. "Impacts of Economic and Psychological Factors on Women’s Obesity and Food Assistance Program Participation: Evidence from the NLSY Panel." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 94, 2 (January 2012): 331-337.
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2950. |
Huang, Ying Zhang, Weihui |
The Earning of Immigrant Young Adults: Analysis Within and Across Cohorts Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Earnings; Immigrants; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study, we use two nationally representative cohorts--the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health)--to examine the effects of generation and duration of residence on their earnings in the first few years upon their entrance of labor market. We exploit the cohort design of these two data sources to investigate the role of compositional changes (at micro-level) and structural changes (at the macro-level) play in affecting the economic achievement of immigrant youth and young adults, the second generation immigrants, and their native peers. Our approach to immigrants' economic attainment is guided by contemporary discussions of policies on immigration and immigrants in the United States. Our goal is to provide a greater understanding of how immigrant and second-generation youths progress through the initial stages of the labor market experience. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Ying and Weihui Zhang. "The Earning of Immigrant Young Adults: Analysis Within and Across Cohorts." Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2016. |
2951. |
Huber, Martin |
Causal Pitfalls in the Decomposition of Wage Gaps Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 33,2 (2015): 179-191. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07350015.2014.937437 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Racial Differences; Wage Gap The decomposition of gender or ethnic wage gaps into explained and unexplained components (often with the aim to assess labor market discrimination) has been a major research agenda in empirical labor economics. This paper demonstrates that conventional decompositions, no matter whether linear or non-parametric, are equivalent to assuming a (probably too) simple model of mediation (aimed at assessing causal mechanisms) and may therefore lack causal interpretability. The reason is that decompositions typically control for post-birth variables that lie on the causal pathway from gender/ethnicity (which are determined at or even before birth) to wage but neglect potential endogeneity that may arise from this approach. Based on the newer literature on mediation analysis, we therefore provide more attractive identifying assumptions and discuss non-parametric identification based on reweighting. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huber, Martin. "Causal Pitfalls in the Decomposition of Wage Gaps." Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 33,2 (2015): 179-191.
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2952. |
Huber, Martin Solovyeva, Anna |
On the Sensitivity of Wage Gap Decompositions Journal of Labor Research published online (7 May 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s12122-020-09302-7. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12122-020-09302-7 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Statistical Analysis; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the sensitivity of average wage gap decompositions to methods resting on different assumptions regarding endogeneity of observed characteristics, sample selection into employment, and estimators' functional form. Applying five distinct decomposition techniques to estimate the gender wage gap in the U.S. using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we find that the magnitudes of the wage gap components are generally not stable across methods. Furthermore, the definition of the observed characteristics matters: merely including their current values (as frequently seen in wage decompositions) entails smaller explained and larger unexplained components than when including both their current values and histories in the analysis. Given the sensitivity of our results, we advise caution when using wage decompositions for policy recommendations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huber, Martin and Anna Solovyeva. "On the Sensitivity of Wage Gap Decompositions." Journal of Labor Research published online (7 May 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s12122-020-09302-7.
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2953. |
Hudson, Julie Lorrain |
Welfare and Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2000. DAI 60,11A (2000): 4123 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Abortion; Childbearing; Family Studies; Fertility; First Birth; Heterogeneity; Marital Status; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Probit; Parents, Single; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences; Transfers, Financial; Welfare Dramatic increases in out-of-wedlock childbearing in the U.S. between 1940 and 1993 are often blamed in part on Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), a Federal cash transfer program offering cash benefits to low income single parent families through 1996. Research attempting to link benefits and childbearing spans over 30 years and generally finds mixed results. This dissertation addresses several issues in the literature in two separate essays using data from the 1994 National Longitudinal Survey for Youth. The first chapter investigates the use of state fixed effects in a non-marital fertility framework. Recent work in the childbearing literature suggests the need for state effects, as omitted state factors may be correlated with both benefit levels and fertility outcomes. A nested logit model extends the work of Lundberg and Plotnick (1994), allowing investigation of the various decisions leading to non-marital birth (pregnancy, abortion and marriage) rather than focusing on the dichotomous choice of whether a nonmarital birth occurs or not. I find a positive effect of AFDC benefits on non-marital birth for both black and non-black teens. This relationship is primarily fueled by marriage decisions, as single women are less likely to legitimize births. I also find evidence of a change in social norms, as teens born to later cohorts are more likely to respond to welfare incentives. Finally, welfare results for non-black teens are robust to state effects, while those for blacks are not. The second chapter addresses the issues surrounding "family cap" laws. These laws make welfare recipients ineligible for an increase in benefits if they have additional children while on welfare. The chapter investigates the effect of benefit increments on subsequent birth in hazard models for non-marital and marital birth. Random effects control for potential unobserved heterogeneity in the sample. I find positive welfare effects for whites, but none for nonwhites. Regular probit models suffer from unobserved heterogeneity but do not bias the welfare results. Marital status at first birth is found to be a strong predictor of marital status at the time of second birth and controls for unobserved heterogeneity found in regular probit specifications. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hudson, Julie Lorrain. Welfare and Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2000. DAI 60,11A (2000): 4123. |
2954. |
Huebner, Beth Marie |
Incarceration, Social Bonds, and the Lifecourse Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2003. DAI-A 64/08, p. 3078, Feb 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Crime; Family Studies; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Social Roles In the current study, the lifecourse perspective, as posited by Sampson and Laub (1993), was used to examine the relative effect of incarceration on social bond attainment. It was hypothesized that individuals who have been incarcerated would be less likely to attain bonds to marriage and work and the nature of bonds attained would be further diminished by the event. The hypotheses were tested using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results from regression and growth curve models confirm the lifecourse perspective. Across all models estimated, incarceration was negatively associated with both the likelihood of attainment and the nature of the social bond. A number of significant relationships were found between static-individual predictors and social bond attainment; however, individual demographic factors were found only to be moderately related to the initial status of the individual and had little effect on the nature of change over time. The findings from this study reinforce the importance of adult social bonds in determining life trajectories. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of their relevance to the study of prisoner reentry. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huebner, Beth Marie. Incarceration, Social Bonds, and the Lifecourse. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2003. DAI-A 64/08, p. 3078, Feb 2004. |
2955. |
Huebner, Beth Marie |
Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Likelihood of Marriage: The Effect of Incarceration Justice Quarterly 24,1 (March 2007): 156-183. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07418820701201073 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Hispanics; Incarceration/Jail; Marriage; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Researchers have highlighted the importance of marriage when studying variation in deviance over the life course, but few studies have examined the effect that incarceration has on marriage or have considered variation by race and ethnicity. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this study contrasts the effect of incarceration on the likelihood of marriage for White, Black, and Hispanic males. Incarceration reduced the chances of marriage for all men, but had a significantly stronger effect on the marital outcomes for Whites. Although Whites were most likely to be married overall, incarceration was associated with a 59 percent decline in the odds of marriage for Whites, and the odds of marriage decreased 30 percent for Blacks and 41 percent for Hispanics. The association was maintained even after controlling for time-varying life-course events and static individual-level factors. This research has important implications for the study of the incarceration and the consequences it can have for spouses, families, and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of JQ: Justice Quarterly is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Huebner, Beth Marie. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Likelihood of Marriage: The Effect of Incarceration." Justice Quarterly 24,1 (March 2007): 156-183.
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2956. |
Huebner, Beth Marie |
The Effect of Incarceration on Marriage and Work Over the Life Course Justice Quarterly 22,3 (September 2005): 281-303. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07418820500089141 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Keyword(s): Employment; Incarceration/Jail; Life Course; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The current study adopts the life course framework to examine the effect of incarceration on the likelihood of becoming married and attaining full-time employment. It is hypothesized that men who have been incarcerated will be less likely to marry and to gain full-time employment. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to test the hypothesis. Results from the growth-curve models support the life-course theoretical model. Across all models estimated, incarceration is negatively associated with marriage and employment. In addition, positive milestones (e.g., education) are associated with improved chances of employment and marriage. The findings reinforce the importance of considering a multitude of life events when estimating life trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Huebner, Beth Marie. "The Effect of Incarceration on Marriage and Work Over the Life Course." Justice Quarterly 22,3 (September 2005): 281-303.
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2957. |
Huebner, Beth Marie Gustafson, Regan M. |
The Effect of Maternal Incarceration on Adult Offspring Involvement in the Criminal Justice System Journal of Criminal Justice 35,3 (May 2007): 283-329. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235207000372 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Illegal Activities; Incarceration/Jail; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Incarceration Researchers have estimated that 63 percent of incarcerated women have one or more minor children and most reported living with their children prior to incarceration (Mumola, 2000). Unfortunately, children of incarcerated parents have been a relatively invisible population in the research on the collateral consequences of incarceration. The goal of the current study was to examine the long-term effect of maternal incarceration on adult offspring involvement in the criminal justice system using data from the mother-child sample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Based on existing research, it was hypothesized that the adult offspring of incarcerated mothers would be more likely to have been convicted of a crime or to be sentenced to probation. The effect of maternal incarceration on correlates of criminal behavior in adolescence and early adulthood (e.g., negative peer influences, positive home environment) was also modeled to assess possible indirect effects. The results highlighted the direct effect of incarceration on adult offspring involvement in the criminal justice system, but parental incarceration had little association with correlates of criminal behavior. [Copyright 2007 Elsevier] Copyright of Journal of Criminal Justice is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Huebner, Beth Marie and Regan M. Gustafson. "The Effect of Maternal Incarceration on Adult Offspring Involvement in the Criminal Justice System." Journal of Criminal Justice 35,3 (May 2007): 283-329.
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2958. |
Huesken, Mary Ellen |
Maximizing Mentoring Takes Time And Training Plain Dealer, November 28, 1993, Business; Pg. 2E Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Plain Dealer Publishing Co. Keyword(s): Family Studies; Wives; Wives, Income; Wives, Work; Women's Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on Elizabeth Menaghan's study of working wives. Using NLSY79 data, she finds that a wife's job "can help compensate for a husband's occupational difficulties," however it also "can increase conflict when her husband is heavily involved and relatively successful at his job. In this case, a husband may view his wife's job as less necessary and prefer that she stay at home." |
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Bibliography Citation
Huesken, Mary Ellen. "Maximizing Mentoring Takes Time And Training." Plain Dealer, November 28, 1993, Business; Pg. 2E. |
2959. |
Hufe, Paul Peichl, Andreas Roemer, John Ungerer, Martin |
Inequality of Income Acquisition: The Role of Childhood Circumstances Social Choice and Welfare 49, 3-4 (December 2017): 499-544. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00355-017-1044-x Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); British Cohort Study (BCS); Childhood; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Cross-national Analysis; Income; Mothers; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Education; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many studies have estimated the effect of circumstances on income acquisition. Perhaps surprisingly, the fraction of inequality attributable to circumstances is usually quite small--in the advanced democracies, approximately 20%. One reason for this is the lack of data on circumstance variables in empirical research. Here, we argue that all behaviors and accomplishments of children should be considered the consequence of circumstances: that is, an individual should not be considered to be responsible for her choices before an age of consent is reached. Using two data sets that contain data on childhood accomplishments, other environmental circumstances and the income as an adult, we calculate that the fraction of income inequality due to circumstances in the US rises from 27 to 43% when accounting for childhood circumstances. In the UK it rises from 18 to 27%. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hufe, Paul, Andreas Peichl, John Roemer and Martin Ungerer. "Inequality of Income Acquisition: The Role of Childhood Circumstances." Social Choice and Welfare 49, 3-4 (December 2017): 499-544.
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2960. |
Huffman, Amanda |
Does Changing Jobs Pay Off? The Relationship Between Job Mobility and Wages Master's Thesis, Georgetown University, April 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Job Tenure; Wage Gap; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent academic studies reveal a pronounced trend of increasing income inequality in the United States. For those policymakers concerned with increasing income inequality, wage inequality is a logical policy focus. Wage inequality analyses often focus on demographic characteristics or education; however, a more subtle consideration is job mobility, i.e., the movement of an individual from job to job throughout his career. To the extent that particular job mobility patterns are associated with higher wages, unequal opportunity for workers either to make job changes or to remain in their current jobs can contribute to wage inequality in general. In this study, I focus on the relationship between job mobility and wages in order to understand which job mobility levels are associated with the highest wages for workers at different stages of their careers. Existing academic literature suggests that job mobility is associated with positive wage returns for workers early in their careers, but that the effect diminishes as workers gain experience and positive wage returns to job tenure grow stronger. These findings indicate that the relationships between job mobility, tenure, and wages may depend upon experience. Specifically, I hypothesize that high voluntary job mobility is associated with positive wage returns for low experience workers, while high tenure is associated with positive wage gains for high experience workers. To explore these relationships, I run several regression models that control for person and year fixed effects and a variety of time-varying control variables. I find evidence of positive wage returns associated with high voluntary job mobility, which appear to diminish as workers gain experience. I also find that high tenure is positively associated with higher wages for both low and high experience workers, not just for those workers with high work experience. In terms of policy implications, these findings broadly indicate that some work patterns coul d result in higher average wages than others, and that a diverse portfolio of labor policies may, therefore, stand to benefit workers who are just beginning their careers, whereas policies that foster increased tenure may create the greatest opportunity for wage growth among workers later in their careers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huffman, Amanda. Does Changing Jobs Pay Off? The Relationship Between Job Mobility and Wages. Master's Thesis, Georgetown University, April 2012. |
2961. |
Huffman, Wallace Edgar Chen, Yanni |
An Economic Analysis of the Impact of Food Prices and Other Factors on Adult Lifestyles: Choices of Physical Activity and Healthy Weight Presented: Beijing, China, Conference of Agricultural Economists (IAAE), 27th International, August 16-22, 2009. Also: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/49291/2/HealthAAEA053009compla.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Obesity; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines women's and men's decisions to participate in physical activity and to attain a healthy weight. These outcomes are hypothesized to be related to prices of food, drink and health care services and products, the respondent's personal characteristics (such as education, reading food labels, adjusted family income, opportunity cost of time, occupation, marital status, race and ethnicity) and his or her BMI at age 25. These decisions are represented by a trivariate probit model that is fitted to data for adults in the NLSY79 panel with geocodes that have been augmented with local area food, drink and health care prices. Separate analyses are undertaken for men and women due to basic physiological differences. Results include: Women and men who read food labels are more likely to participate in moderate and vigorous physical exercise, and women are less likely to be obese. Women with more education are more likely to be obese but educated men are less likely to be obesity. Higher prices for fresh fruits and vegetables and non-alcoholic drinks increase likelihood of obesity for females but not for males; and a higher price for processed fruits and vegetables reduce likelihood of obesity for females but not for males. A larger BMI at age 25 has wage effects later in life and also increases the probability of being obese. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huffman, Wallace Edgar and Yanni Chen. "An Economic Analysis of the Impact of Food Prices and Other Factors on Adult Lifestyles: Choices of Physical Activity and Healthy Weight." Presented: Beijing, China, Conference of Agricultural Economists (IAAE), 27th International, August 16-22, 2009. |
2962. |
Hughes, Marion R. |
Social Determinants of Adolescent Fatherhood Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Fertility; Educational Status; Family Structure; Fatherhood; Fertility; Life Course; Modeling, Logit; Parenthood; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research on adolescent motherhood has elicited a better understanding of the antecedents of pregnancy and motherhood for adolescent girls, as well as the impact of early parenthood on their life course. However the determinants of adolescent parenthood for men are not as well understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) for 1979-1993, I model the selection of adolescent males into fatherhood using multinomial logistic regression. Several individual and background characteristics are related to the occurrence of adolescent fatherhood. Relevant variables can be grouped into the following categories: socio-economic status, educational ability and aspirations family structure, normative factors, and aggressive and adult behaviors. Striking racial differences in the incidence and impact of adolescent parenthood are evident for males as well as females. Interaction terms between race and other explanatory variables are included to determine which specific factors have differential impacts by race. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hughes, Marion R. "Social Determinants of Adolescent Fatherhood." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996. |
2963. |
Hughes, Tonda L. Day, L. Edward Marcantonio, Richard J. Torpy, Edward |
Gender Differences in Alcohol and Other Drug Use among Young Adults Substance Use and Misuse 32,3 (January 1997): 317-342. Also: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10826089709055853 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Marcel Dekker Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article describes gender differences in alcohol and other drug (AOD) use and misuse in a representative sample of young women and men in the United States. Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and focus on gender differences in prevalence and patterns of AOD use in African American, Hispanic, and White young adults ages 19 to 24 years old. Findings are summarized and implications for prevention are presented. (Copyright 1997 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Hughes, Tonda L., L. Edward Day, Richard J. Marcantonio and Edward Torpy. "Gender Differences in Alcohol and Other Drug Use among Young Adults." Substance Use and Misuse 32,3 (January 1997): 317-342.
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2964. |
Hughes, Tonda L. Howard, Marion J. Henry, David |
Nurses' Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs: Findings from a National Probability Sample Substance Use and Misuse 37,11 (January 2002): 1423-1440. Also: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/JA-120014085 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Marcel Dekker Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Epidemiology; Health Care; Occupations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examined the prevalence of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use among nurses (aged 19-26 yrs) in the 1984 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) using methods similar to those employed in a study comparing nurses and nonnurses from the 1980-1984 Epidemiological Catchment Area program (ECA). Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the degree to which AOD use was associated with occupation. Results indicating that substance use is unrelated to occupation lend support to earlier findings from the ECA. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2002 APA, all rights reserved |
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Bibliography Citation
Hughes, Tonda L., Marion J. Howard and David Henry. "Nurses' Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs: Findings from a National Probability Sample." Substance Use and Misuse 37,11 (January 2002): 1423-1440.
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2965. |
Hui, Shek-Wai |
On the Training and Education of Canadians Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 2005. DAI-A 67/02, Aug 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Canada, Canadian; Continuing Education; Cross-national Analysis; Education, Adult; Higher Education; Labor Economics; Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID); Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Education and training are crucial activities in enhancing productivity. This dissertation studies empirically the choices and outcomes of higher education and training in Canada. It consists of three articles. The first article examines the determinants of participation in, and the amount of time spent on, public and private adult education and training in Canada. Using the data from the 1998 Adult Education and Training Survey, we estimate probit models of adult education and training incidence and hurdle models of total time spent in training. Consistent with the literature, we find that relatively advantaged workers acquire more training, often with financial help from their employers. Direct government-sponsored training represents a relative minor component of total training, and is not well targeted to the disadvantaged. We also find large provincial differences in the incidence of training. The second article attempts to tackle the puzzle of why more Canadians choose community colleges over universities than their American counterparts, when previous research has suggested that the return to community college education is low in Canada. Using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics for Canada and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for the United States, I estimate earnings premium of education using various instruments and models. I find that Canadians have a relatively strong incentive to choose community colleges if occupational choices are controlled for. The self-selection processes in the two countries appear to be different. The third article re-examines the "sheepskin" effect of educational credentials in Canada using data from the 1996 Census. I investigate the impact of relaxing the specification of the experience profile and the linear functional form assumption in the standard Mincer model on the estimates of sheepskin effects. I find that the estimated credential effects are sensitive to specifications. Regression analysis in the standard model is not adequate to control for the workers' productivity difference unrelated to the credentials. Misspecification of the earnings equation introduces biases into the estimates of credential effects. With carefully constructed comparison groups, the estimated sheepskin effects of a Bachelor's degree are smaller than that previously reported in the literature. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hui, Shek-Wai. On the Training and Education of Canadians. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 2005. DAI-A 67/02, Aug 2006. |
2966. |
Hundley, Greg |
Assessing the Horatio Alger Myth: Is Self-employment Especially Beneficial for Those from Less-advantaged Family Backgrounds? Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 26,4 (November 2008): 307-322. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562408000310 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Earnings; Self-Employed Workers; Socioeconomic Background The findings of this study contradict the popular belief that self-employment is especially beneficial as a path to economic progress for those from more disadvantaged backgrounds. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort (NLSY79) show that the relative earnings gain from being self-employed rather than working for an organization actually increases with the level of socioeconomic background. Those from a higher socioeconomic background can expect to earn much more in self-employment than in organizational employment while those from the lower socioeconomic background can expect to earn much less. While there are some indications that the more disadvantaged are more likely to attain very high incomes if they do become self-employed, the percentage of this group who attain higher incomes through self-employment is lower than it is for higher socioeconomic groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hundley, Greg. "Assessing the Horatio Alger Myth: Is Self-employment Especially Beneficial for Those from Less-advantaged Family Backgrounds?" Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 26,4 (November 2008): 307-322.
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2967. |
Hungerford, Thomas L. |
Full-Time and Part-Time Work Among Young Women Working Paper, U.S. General Accounting Office and The American University, December 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: General Accounting Office (GAO) (pre July 2004) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Education; Local Labor Market; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Part-Time Work; Wages, Young Women; Welfare; Work Experience Recently, Congress passed and President Clinton signed a welfare reform bill that includes, among other things, a 5-year limit on AFDC receipt. One assumption behind the time limit is former AFDC recipients will find work and become self-sufficient. Many former AFDC recipients, however, work part-time. This paper examines part-time work among young women. The results suggest that part-time work generally is not a stepping stone to full-time work and self-sufficiency. Furthermore, part-time work experience has at best a negligible effect and at worst a negative effect on wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hungerford, Thomas L. "Full-Time and Part-Time Work Among Young Women." Working Paper, U.S. General Accounting Office and The American University, December 1996. |
2968. |
Hungerman, Daniel M. |
Do Religious Proscriptions Matter? Evidence from a Theory-Based Test Working Paper No. 17375. National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2011. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17375 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior; General Social Survey (GSS); Modeling; Religion; Social Influences A large literature shows that religious participation is associated with a wide range of behaviors and outcomes, but what drives this association is unclear. On the one hand, this association may stem from correlations in preferences, where those with tastes for religion coincidentally have particular tastes for other behaviors as well. Alternately, religious participation may directly affect behavior; for example many religious organizations impose rules and proscriptions on their members and these rules may affect members’ decisions. Using the canonical economic model of religiosity, I develop an empirical test to investigate the importance of religious proscriptions on behavior. Several empirical applications of this test are conducted; the results indicate a strong role for religious proscriptions in determining behavior. The test developed here does not require an instrumental variable for religion and could be applied to the study of criminal gangs, terrorist organizations, fraternities, communes, political groups, and other “social clubs.” |
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Bibliography Citation
Hungerman, Daniel M. "Do Religious Proscriptions Matter? Evidence from a Theory-Based Test." Working Paper No. 17375. National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2011. |
2969. |
Hunter, Michael D. Garrison, S. Mason Burt, S. Alexandra Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
The Analytic Identification of Variance Component Models Common to Behavior Genetics Behavior Genetics 51 (July 2021): 425-437. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10519-021-10055-x Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Family Environment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling; Research Methodology; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many behavior genetics models follow the same general structure. We describe this general structure and analytically derive simple criteria for its identification. In particular, we find that variance components can be uniquely estimated whenever the relatedness matrices that define the components are linearly independent (i.e., not confounded). Thus, we emphasize determining which variance components can be identified given a set of genetic and environmental relationships, rather than the estimation procedures. We validate the identification criteria with several well-known models, and further apply them to several less common models. The first model distinguishes child-rearing environment from extended family environment. The second model adds a gene-by-common-environment interaction term in sets of twins reared apart and together. The third model separates measured-genomic relatedness from the scanner site variation in a hypothetical functional magnetic resonance imaging study. The computationally easy analytic identification criteria allow researchers to quickly address model identification issues and define novel variance components, facilitating the development of new research questions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hunter, Michael D., S. Mason Garrison, S. Alexandra Burt and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "The Analytic Identification of Variance Component Models Common to Behavior Genetics." Behavior Genetics 51 (July 2021): 425-437.
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2970. |
Huo, Ran |
Panel Data Models with Interactive Fixed Effects: A Bayesian Approach Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Columbia University, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Bayesian; Human Capital; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Monte Carlo; Statistical Analysis; Wage Dynamics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This thesis explores a Bayesian approach for four types of panel data models with interactive fixed effects: linear, dynamic tobit, probit, and linear with a nonhomogeneous block-wise factor structure. Monte Carlo simulation shows good estimation results for the linear dynamic panel data model with interactive fixed effects, even with the correlation between covariates and factor loadings and with multidimensional interactive fixed effects. This approach is applied to NLSY79 data with a balanced panel of 1831 individuals over 16 years (from 1984 to 2008) to study Mincer's human capital earnings function with unobserved skills and returns. The Mincer regression model is applied to the whole sample and to subgroups based on race and gender. This thesis also proposes estimation methods for tobit and probit models with interactive fixed effects. A data augmentation approach by Gibbs sampling is used to simulate latent dependent variable and latent factor structure, and I achieve good estimation results for both coefficient and factor structure. This thesis also proposes a new type of model: the panel data model with a nonhomogeneous block-wise factor structure. Extensive literature exists in macroeconomics and finance on block-wise factor models; however, these block-wise factor structures are homogeneous, and the subjects do not change the blocks that they belong to. For example, in research about how business cycle variations are driven by different types of shocks related to regional or country-specific events, the macroeconomic variables of the United States will always belong to the North American block. However, we have a nonhomogeneous block-wise factor structure inside wage dynamics: as workers have different returns, or may be subjected to different productivity shocks for their unobserved skills in different regions (blocks), the regions where workers reside could also change over time. According to our balanced data set from NLSY79 for more than 20 years, 306 of 1831 (16.72%) workers moved across regions during the survey period, which cannot simply be ignored. This thesis proposes a set of identification conditions and estimation methods for this new type of model, and the Monte Carlo simulation yields very good estimation results. I also apply this model to study the NLSY79 balanced panel data, and find that the Northeast and the South have similar regional value patterns, while the Midwest and the West share similar patterns. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huo, Ran. Panel Data Models with Interactive Fixed Effects: A Bayesian Approach. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Columbia University, 2015. |
2971. |
Hurst, Erik Rubinstein, Yona Shimizu, Kazuatsu |
Task Based Discrimination Working Paper No. 2021-40, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics, University of Chicago, June 28, 2021. Also: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3875550 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Chicago Keyword(s): Discrimination, Job; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Job Skills; Racial Differences; Skills; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Why did the Black-White wage gap converge from 1960 to 1980 and why has it stagnated since? To answer this question, we introduce a unified model that integrates notions of both taste-based and statistical discrimination into a task-based model of occupational sorting. At the heart of our framework is the idea that discrimination varies by the task requirement of each job. We use this framework to identify and quantify the role of trends in race-specific factors and changing task prices in explaining the evolution of the Black-White wage gap since 1960. In doing so, we highlight a new task measure--Contact tasks--which measures the extent to which individuals interact with others as part of their job. We provide evidence that changes in the racial gap in Contact tasks serves as a good proxy for changes in taste-based discrimination over time. We find that taste-based discrimination has fallen and racial skill gaps have narrowed over the last sixty years in the United States. However, since the 1980s, the effect of declining racial skill gaps and discrimination on the Black-White wage gap were offset by the increasing returns to Abstract tasks which, on average, favored White workers relative to Black workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hurst, Erik, Yona Rubinstein and Kazuatsu Shimizu. "Task Based Discrimination." Working Paper No. 2021-40, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics, University of Chicago, June 28, 2021. |
2972. |
Hussain, Mofakhar |
Role of Time Preference in the Correlation Between Health and Education Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Schooling; Time Preference In this paper I investigate the role of time preference in the correlation between schooling and health status. For the purpose data from the Panel Study Of Income Dynamics (PSID) and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) is used. By use of the residual from the schooling equations and proxies of rate of time preference, I analyze the nature and extent of causality between individual discount rate, schooling and health. The result of a positive correlation between schooling and good health status supports previous findings. The role of the unobservables in the form of a residual from the schooling equation is also analyzed. The significant and positive impact of schooling on time preference proxies implies that schooling causes increased levels of future orientation. Analysis of the role of time preference in the health-schooling correlation implies a stronger correlation between individual discount rate and schooling. I offer possible ways of improving the analysis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hussain, Mofakhar. Role of Time Preference in the Correlation Between Health and Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, 1997. |
2973. |
Hutchens, Mary K. |
Nontraditional Students and Nontraditional Enrollment Patterns: College Choice, Multiple Life Roles, and Developmental Education Ph.D. Dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Characteristics; College Enrollment; Education, Adult; Employment, In-School Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hutchens, Mary K. Nontraditional Students and Nontraditional Enrollment Patterns: College Choice, Multiple Life Roles, and Developmental Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 2016. |
2974. |
Huynh, Minh Tuong |
Labor Supply Decision of Transfer Recipients Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston College, 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Human Capital; Labor Economics; Transfers, Public; Welfare; Work Experience This dissertation examines the labor supply behavior of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) participants. It shows that AFDC participants work, and among those who work, a majority work consistently. It also examines National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to elaborate on this patterns of employment, first to understand whether or not this employment is income-supplementing--i.e., consumption--or whether it is an investment in long-term prospects. Next, this data is used to investigate whether working while on welfare is an investment in future earnings (which suggests a human capital model in which experience acts as a substitute for education), or whether it is an investment in better job prospects (which suggests a job-market signaling model in which experience acts as a signal to employers of potential productivity). Under the assumption that work experience can be used as an investment in future job prospects, a variation of the Spence job-market signaling model is developed to investigate this possibility. In addition to presenting and testing a Spence model, a different view of signaling in the job market is proposed. In traditional models that use education as a signal, the presence of signaling alters the private and social returns to initial investment, and the signal serves as a mechanism to allocate jobs under incomplete information. In the case of AFDC recipients, work experience is proposed to have the additional role of being an alternative to education as a signal. The final chapter provides an overview of various federal and state efforts to date to require welfare participants to work. The success or failure of these efforts are then examined in light of the earlier findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huynh, Minh Tuong. Labor Supply Decision of Transfer Recipients. Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston College, 1999. |
2975. |
Hwang, Hye Won |
Factors Related to Individual Differences in the Academic and Behavioral Adjustment of Young Children from Low-income Families Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2001. DAI, 62, no. 12A (2001): 4348 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; CESD (Depression Scale); Children, Academic Development; Children, Adjustment Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Family Income; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); I.Q.; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Modeling; Neighborhood Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predict individual differences in the academic and behavioral adjustment of children from low-income families. This study also examined the parenting process of low-income families, predictors of maternal behavior, and the effects of maternal parenting behavior on the developmental outcomes of children from low-income families. Specifically, this study investigated the relationships among child characteristics, maternal characteristics, maternal psychological well-being, contextual factors, maternal behavior, and children's academic achievement and behavioral problems. Using data from the 1994 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the study focused on 291 mothers and their 5 to 8 year-old children. Descriptive analysis, zero-order correlations, multiple regression analyses, t-tests, and chi-square analyses were used for data description and analysis. A structural equation model (SEM) was used to test the conceptual model for this study. Consistent with Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, the study shows that the children develop in the relationships within various kinds of environments such as the child's family, neighborhood, and child care setting. Maternal psychological well-being was affected by the mother's residence with both parents until her 18th birthday and her perception of neighborhood problems. The results of this study were also consistent with Belsky's model of the determinants of parenting. The quality of the home environment that mothers provided for their children was influenced by multiple factors, such as child characteristics, maternal characteristics, and contextual factors. Academically successful children from low-income families had grandmothers who were more educated and mothers with higher intelligence scores. Their mothers provided a more supportive home environment. Successful children in terms of behavioral adjustment tended to have heavier birth weights, mothers with higher level of psychological well-being, and better quality home environments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hwang, Hye Won. Factors Related to Individual Differences in the Academic and Behavioral Adjustment of Young Children from Low-income Families. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2001. DAI, 62, no. 12A (2001): 4348. |
2976. |
Hyde, Janet Shibley Essex, Marilyn J. |
Parental Leave and Child Care: Setting a Research and Policy Agenda Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Temple University Press Keyword(s): Child Care; Childbearing; Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA); Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment Partially based on papers submitted to a conference conducted by the Women's Studies Research Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in Sept. 1988./ Includes bibliographical references and index. Parental leave and infant care : U.S. and international trends and issues, 1978-1988 / Sheila B. Kamerman -- Childbirth and maternal employment : data from a national longitudinal survey / Patricia Garrett, Sally Lubeck, and DeeAnn Wenk -- Science and politics and the "dual vision" of feminist policy research : the example of family and medical leave / Roberta M. Spalter-Roth and Heide I. Hartmann -- Parenting without poverty : the case for funded parental leave / Ann Bookman -- Legal aspects of parental leave : at the crossroads / Susan Deller Ross -- Legal aspects of child care : the policy debate over the appropriate amount of public responsibility / Lucinda M. Finley -- Family leave, the need for a new minimum standard / Ellen Bravo. The labor movement's role in parental leave and child care / Carolyn York -- The Wisconsin Family and Medical Leaves Act : states resolving the conflict between parenthood and livelihood / John R. Plewa -- The place of caregiving work in contemporary societies / Deanne Bonnar -- Employers' parental leave policies : does the labor market provide parental leave? / Eileen Trzcinski -- How does the employer benefit from child care? / Jules M. Marquart -- Employers' child care policies : sick child care / Mitzi Dunn -- Family leave policymaking in a mid-sized professional firm : a case study / Linda M. Clifford -- The Wisconsin Parental Leave Study : maternity leave and the health of women and their families / Janet Shibley Hyde and Roseanne Clark -- The Wisconsin Parental Leave Study : the roles of fathers / Marilyn J. Essex and Marjorie H. Klein. Factors influencing recovery from childbirth / Lorraine Tulman and Jacqueline Fawcett -- Timing the return to the workplace : effects on the developing mother-infant relationship / Marsha Weinraub and Elizabeth Jaeger -- Supporting optimal parenting behaviors during infancy / Lynne Sanford Koester -- The child care preferences of parents with young children : how little is known / Freya L. Sonenstein -- The regulation controversy in family day care : the perspective of providers / Margaret K. Nelson -- Equal parenthood and social policy : lessons from a study of parental leave in Sweden / Linda Haas -- The political history of parental leave policy / Dorothy McBride Stetson -- Parental leave and child care in China / Li Min -- Cultural values, child care, and parenting : the Italian experience in anthropological perspective / George R. Saunders. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hyde, Janet Shibley and Marilyn J. Essex. Parental Leave and Child Care: Setting a Research and Policy Agenda. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1991. |
2977. |
Hylan, Timothy R. Lage, Maureen J. Treglia, Michael |
Labor Market Categorization: Theory and Evidence on Initial Wages from the NLSY Working Paper Series, Social Science Research Network (SSRN) Electronic Library, April 2, 1997. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3851 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Human Capital; Modeling; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Wage Determination; Wage Dynamics; Wage Models Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A pre-employment assessment of potential workers is often used by firms to mitigate the costs of poor employee selection and job placement. This paper presents an adverse selection model of the labor market wherein firms first use observable characteristics of employees as a sorting device and then offer a menu of wage contracts to induce worker self-selection by type within categories. The model yields a prediction on initial wages distinct from models of human capital, learning, and search. A test of the prediction is conducted using the 1986-1993 panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and the main result provides evidence supporting the categorization model. Copyright © 2003 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved |
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Bibliography Citation
Hylan, Timothy R., Maureen J. Lage and Michael Treglia. "Labor Market Categorization: Theory and Evidence on Initial Wages from the NLSY." Working Paper Series, Social Science Research Network (SSRN) Electronic Library, April 2, 1997. |
2978. |
Hynes, Kathryn |
Patterns and Predictors of Women's Employment during Early Parenthood: An Application of the Group-Based Trajectory Method Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Logit; Mothers, Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research on womens employment during early parenthood frequently focuses on the correlates and consequences of decisions at a particular time, such as around a birth. This paper applies a new group-based trajectory method (Nagin 1999) in order to examine womens employment trajectories across the period of early parenthood. We focus on six distinct trajectories around first and second births that span the employment continuum. Only about half of the mothers in our sample followed trajectories characterized by either continuous employment through the period surrounding a birth or by a sharp decline in employment closely corresponding to the birth event (whether followed by a rapid return or not). Preliminary descriptive analyses indicate that age at first birth, income and education are strongly associated with different employment trajectories. Our next step is to estimate multinomial logistic regression models, examining predictors of trajectory type. |
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Bibliography Citation
Hynes, Kathryn. "Patterns and Predictors of Women's Employment during Early Parenthood: An Application of the Group-Based Trajectory Method." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2003. |
2979. |
Hynes, Kathryn Clarkberg, Marin |
Women's Employment Patterns During Early Parenthood: A Group-Based Trajectory Analysis Journal of Marriage and Family 67,1 (February 2005): 222-240. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3600148 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Educational Attainment; Employment History; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Parenthood Research on women's employment and parenthood frequently focuses on the correlates and consequences of decisions at a particular time, such as a birth. This article applies a group-based trajectory method to examine women's employment trajectories across the period of early parenthood using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N= 2,093). We find that throughout early parenthood, women exhibit significant movement into and out of the labor force. Factors that typically predict women's employment status, such as age at first birth and education, are also good predictors of women's employment patterns. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research, particularly on the use of a static measure of women's or couples' employment status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Hynes, Kathryn and Marin Clarkberg. "Women's Employment Patterns During Early Parenthood: A Group-Based Trajectory Analysis." Journal of Marriage and Family 67,1 (February 2005): 222-240.
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2980. |
Hynes, Kathryn Joyner, Kara Peters, H. Elizabeth Deleone, Felicia Yang |
The Transition to Early Fatherhood: National Estimates Based on Multiple Surveys Demographic Research 18,12 (29 April 2008): 337-376. Also: http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol18/12/18-12.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Intercourse; Data Analysis; Family Background and Culture; Fatherhood; Fathers; Gender; Male Sample; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Racial Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study provides systematic information about the prevalence of early male fertility and the relationship between family background characteristics and early parenthood across three widely used data sources: the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth and the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. We provide descriptive statistics on early fertility by age, sex, race, cohort, and data set. Because each data set includes birth cohorts with varying early fertility rates, prevalence estimates for early male fertility are relatively similar across data sets. Associations between background characteristics and early fertility in regression models are less consistent across data sets. We discuss the implications of these findings for scholars doing research on early male fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Demographic Research is the property of Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Hynes, Kathryn, Kara Joyner, H. Elizabeth Peters and Felicia Yang Deleone. "The Transition to Early Fatherhood: National Estimates Based on Multiple Surveys." Demographic Research 18,12 (29 April 2008): 337-376.
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2981. |
Imai, Kumiko |
Evaluating Early Childhood Interventions: Lessons from Head Start Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2003. DAI-A 64/09, p. 3416, Mar 2004 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Childhood Education, Early; Cognitive Development; Family Characteristics; Head Start; Medicaid/Medicare; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Socioeconomic Factors Despite renewed interest in early childhood interventions in recent years, there have been only a handful of evaluations that use large-scale, nationally representative data. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Child File, I present evidence from Head Start, the main federal preschool program that provides education, health, and social services to low-income children and their families. Unlike previous evidence that relies on family fixed effects models, my findings come from difference-in-differences estimators that use paired matching for control selection. Specifically, I match each Head Start child with a comparison child who is similar in terms of demographic and socioeconomic variables, and compare pre- and post-Head Start outcomes with comparable outcomes for comparison children. In the NLSY79 Child File, a battery of child cognitive and behavioral assessments is administered biennially to all age eligible children or a subset of all age eligible children. This allows me to assess Head Start children and comparison children at baseline and at follow-up, which ranges from two to ten years after baseline. In addition, I track health insurance and Medicaid coverage, and preventive care utilization separately for Head Start children and comparison children from preschool age into the early teen years. Estimates from matched-pairs difference-in-differences estimators suggest that contrary to previous findings Head Start has little impact on children's cognitive outcomes, even in the short-run. Moreover, there is little evidence that Head Start improves children's health insurance coverage or Medicaid take-up. Evidence also suggests that children are more likely to receive dental care while they attend Head Start but not after they graduate from Head Start. On a positive note, there is some evidence suggesting that Head Start may enhance children's home environment. Also, contrary to the recent controversial study that suggested that daycare makes children aggressive, I find little impact on children's problem behavior. All in all, this study demonstrates the importance of selecting adequate controls as well as controlling for unobserved child- and family-specific characteristics in evaluating early childhood interventions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Imai, Kumiko. Evaluating Early Childhood Interventions: Lessons from Head Start. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2003. DAI-A 64/09, p. 3416, Mar 2004. |
2982. |
Imai, Kumiko |
Reassessing the Impacts of Head Start on Children's Cognitive and Health Outcomes Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Health; Family Models; Head Start; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Positive evidence on the benefits of Head Start using large, nationally representative data comes from a handful of studies that used family fixed models, which assume that unobserved family characteristics determine participation in Head Start. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and NLSY79 Children data, I present evidence from difference-in-differences estimators that use paired matching for control selection. Specifically, I match each Head Start child with a set of control children who are similar in terms of demographic and socioeconomic variables, and compare pre- and post-Head Start outcomes with comparable outcomes for control children. My matched-pairs difference-in-differences estimators suggest that, contrary to previous findings, Head Start has little effects on child cognitive outcomes, but positive short-run effects on health measures. My study demonstrates the importance of selecting appropriate controls and controlling for unobserved child-specific characteristics in evaluating early childhood interventions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Imai, Kumiko. "Reassessing the Impacts of Head Start on Children's Cognitive and Health Outcomes." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002. |
2983. |
Imai, Susumu |
Intertemporal Labor Supply and Human Capital Accumulation Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Labor Economics; Labor Supply; Modeling There has been considerable interest in both labor economics and macro economics in estimating the intertemporal elasticity of substitution for labor supply. Even though numerous papers have been written on this subject, most of them either do not assume that agents are accumulating human capital, or assume away the people who supply zero hours of labor. Other papers explicitly include human capital accumulation as well as corner solutions, but then they only allow for discrete choice of hours. The main reason most researchers have not solved and estimated the continuous choice labor supply model is because of the extreme computational difficulty of solving a dynamic model where individuals have continuous choice over both hours and consumption. In this paper, I solve and estimate a dynamic model that allows agents to optimally choose their labor hours and consumption over a continuum of positive real numbers, and that allows for both human capital accumulation and savings. I develop an algorithm which solves the continuous variable dynamic programming problem, and then use the value function derived from it to calculate the likelihood function for Maximum Likelihood estimation. The main advantage of this estimation method which is based on full solution of this type of model is that it provides a framework from which, given the parameter estimates, one can implement various simulation exercises straightforwardly. Euler equation based GMM estimation has been done for the model, but it is impossible to simulate the model only from the Euler equations. Other problems with using GMM estimation are that measurement error as well as poor instruments bias the parameter estimates, and in particular, because of the possibility of nonconvexity in the model of labor supply with human capital accumulation, first order conditions do not guarantee optimal consumption and labor supply choice. My ML estimation avoids all these problems inherent in the GMM approach. ... I use the male sample in the NLSY data ...and simulate data from the model with the estimated parameters. Using the simulated data. I then estimate consumption and labor supply. |
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Bibliography Citation
Imai, Susumu. Intertemporal Labor Supply and Human Capital Accumulation. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1998. |
2984. |
Imai, Susumu |
Intertemporal Labor Supply and Human Capital Accumulation Presented: New York, NY, Econometric Society Winter Meeting, 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Econometric Society Keyword(s): Human Capital; Labor Economics; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: Presented: New Haven, CT, Yale University, Cowles Foundation Conference on Strategy and Decision Making, 2000. There has been considerable interest in both labor economics and macro economics in estimating the intertemporal elasticity of substitution for labor supply. In this paper, I solve and estimate a dynamic model that allows agents to optimally choose their labor hours and consumption over a continuum of positive real numbers, and that allows for both human capital accumulation and savings. Estimation results and simulation exercises indicate that the intertemporal elasticity of substitution is much higher than those estimated by MaCurdy (1981) or Altonji (1985), and that their estimates are biased downwards because of the omission of the human capital accumulation effect. The human capital accumulation effect renders the life-cycle path of the shadow wage relatively flat, even though wages increase significantly with age. Hence, a rather flat lifecycle labor supply path can be reconciled with a high intertemporal elasiticity of substitution. |
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Bibliography Citation
Imai, Susumu. "Intertemporal Labor Supply and Human Capital Accumulation." Presented: New York, NY, Econometric Society Winter Meeting, 1999. |
2985. |
Imai, Susumu |
Intertemporal Labor Supply and Human Capital Accumulation Presented: Houston, TX, Southeast Economic Theory and International Economics Meetings, October 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southeast Theory and International Economics Meetings, Rice University Keyword(s): Human Capital; Labor Economics; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I solve and estimate a dynamic model that allows agents to optimally choose their labor hours and consumption over a continuum of positive real numbers, and that allows for both human capital accumulation and savings. Estimation results and simulation exercises indicate that the intertemporal elasticity of substitution is much higher than those estimated by MaCurdy (1981) or Altonji (1985). The human capital accumulation effect renders the life-cycle path of the shadow wage relatively flat. Hence, a rather flat lifecycle labor supply path can be reconciled with a high intertemporal elasticity of substitution. |
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Bibliography Citation
Imai, Susumu. "Intertemporal Labor Supply and Human Capital Accumulation." Presented: Houston, TX, Southeast Economic Theory and International Economics Meetings, October 2000. |
2986. |
Imai, Susumu Keane, Michael P. |
Intertemporal Labor Supply and Human Capital Accumulation International Economic Review 45,2 (May 2004): 601–641. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2004.00138.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Human Capital; Labor Supply; Savings; Wages We solve and estimate a dynamic model that allows agents to optimally choose their labor hours and consumption and that allows for both human capital accumulation and savings. Estimation results and simulation exercises indicate that the intertemporal elasticity of substitution is much higher than the conventional estimates and the downward bias comes from the omission of the human capital accumulation effect. The human capital accumulation effect renders the life-cycle path of the shadow wage relatively flat, even though wages increase with age. Hence, a rather flat life-cycle labor supply path can be reconciled with a high intertemporal elasticity of substitution. |
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Bibliography Citation
Imai, Susumu and Michael P. Keane. "Intertemporal Labor Supply and Human Capital Accumulation." International Economic Review 45,2 (May 2004): 601–641. A.
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2987. |
Imbens, Guido W. Lynch, Lisa M. |
Re-employment Probabilities over the Business Cycle NBER Working Paper No. 4585, National Bureau of Economic Research, December, 1993. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W4585 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Local Labor Market; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Seasonality; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment Rate Using a Cox proportional hazard model that allows for a flexible time dependence that can incorporate both seasonal and business cycle effects this paper analyzes the determinants of reemployment probabilities of young workers from 1978-1989. It finds considerable changes in the chances of young workers finding jobs over the business cycle, however, the characteristics of those starting jobless spells do not vary much over time. Therefore, government programs that target specific demographic groups may change individuals' positions within the queue of job seekers but will probably have a more limited impact on the overall re-employment probability. Living in an area with high local unemployment reduces re-employment chances as does being in a long spell of non-employment. However, when we allow for an interaction between the length of time of a jobless spell and the local unemployment rate we find the interaction term is positive. In other words, while workers appear to be scarred by a long spell of unemployment, the median age seems to be reduced if they are unemployed in an area with high overall unemployment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Imbens, Guido W. and Lisa M. Lynch. "Re-employment Probabilities over the Business Cycle." NBER Working Paper No. 4585, National Bureau of Economic Research, December, 1993. |
2988. |
Imbens, Guido W. Lynch, Lisa M. |
Re-Employment Probabilities over the Business Cycle IZA Discussion Paper No. 2167, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), June 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Re-employment; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a Cox proportional hazard model that allows for a flexible time dependence in order to incorporate business cycle effects, we analyze the determinants of reemployment probabilities of young workers in the U.S. from 1978-1989. We find considerable changes in the chances of young workers finding jobs over the business cycle despite the fact that personal characteristics of those starting jobless spells do not vary much over time. Therefore, government programs that target specific demographic groups may change individuals' positions within the queue of job seekers, but may only have a more limited impact on average re-employment probabilities. Living in an area with high local unemployment reduces re-employment chances as does being in a long spell of nonemployment. However, the damage associated with being in a long spell seems to be reduced somewhat if a worker is unemployed in an area with high overall unemployment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Imbens, Guido W. and Lisa M. Lynch. "Re-Employment Probabilities over the Business Cycle." IZA Discussion Paper No. 2167, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), June 2006. |
2989. |
Imberman, Scott Andrew |
Are There Returns to Attending a Private College or University? Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, July 2006. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=975492 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); College Education; Earnings; Family Influences; Geographical Variation; High School; High School and Beyond (HSB); National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 (NLS72); School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Strains on the Federal budget have created worries that Federal funding of aid for higher education will fall in the future. If this happens, state governments will need to try to allocate their higher education spending more efficiently. One possible way to do this would be to shift funding away from public provision towards demand-side subsidies so that more students could attend private colleges. However, this will only work if private colleges provide benefits to students over public. I use highly detailed and rich data sets to assess whether there are benefits to attending private colleges over public ones. Taking my estimates to be upper bounds, while the returns for men are positive, I find little evidence of any wage returns for women. These results do not appear to be driven by differences between public and private students in labor force participation, or unemployment, although the estimate for bachelor degree completion is positive and significant for both genders. Thus, I find that women are no worse off at a public college than a private one. |
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Bibliography Citation
Imberman, Scott Andrew. "Are There Returns to Attending a Private College or University?" Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, July 2006. |
2990. |
Imberman, Scott Andrew |
Essays on the Economics of Education Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Maryland, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Maryland Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); College Education; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Family Influences; Geographical Variation; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Part I: Charter schools are publicly funded schools that, in exchange for expanded accountability, receive more autonomy and experience fewer regulations than traditional public schools. Previous work has found mixed evidence on the impacts of charter schools on both charter and non-charter students. However, these studies focus almost exclusively on test scores and may not fully account for endogenous movements of students and location of schools. Using data from an anonymous large urban school district, I investigate how charter schools affect both charter and noncharter students. In the first chapter I look at the effects of charter schools on charter students. I find that charter schools generate improvements in student behavior and attendance but the effects on test scores differ by subject. These results change little after correcting for selection based on changes in outcomes, endogenous attrition, or persistence. In the second chapter I investigate whether charters affect students who remain in non-charter schools. I find little evidence of charter school impacts on non-charter students. However I also find evidence that regressions using school fixed-effects may be biased. Changes in peer characteristics do not appear to play a large role in the charter impacts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Imberman, Scott Andrew. Essays on the Economics of Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Maryland, 2008. |
2991. |
In, Jung |
College as a "Contested Terrain" Heterogeneous Effects of Majors on College Pathways and Post-College Outcomes Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): College Graduates; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Family Background and Culture; Income; Vocational Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Sociologists have long debated the effects of family origin on the outcomes of college graduates. Inspired by recent evidence of this effect, we examine how children's college majors and post-college outcomes mediate the effects of family origin using NLSY79. Theoretically, this paper distinguishes between the effect of heterogeneous paths and the heterogeneous effects of the same path. The results show that family origin only negatively affected the post-college income of female graduates who chose vocational majors. This implies that the choice of a vocational major in college potentially functioned as an equalizer for women with less privileged family origins. |
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Bibliography Citation
In, Jung. "College as a "Contested Terrain" Heterogeneous Effects of Majors on College Pathways and Post-College Outcomes." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
2992. |
Indika, M.G. Nuwan |
Marriage and Wages: An Empirical Analysis for Men M.A. Thesis, Western Illinois University, December 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Marital Status; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Propensity Scores; Wage Differentials; Wage Growth; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is an empirically identified phenomenon that married men have higher wages than unmarried men and a number of explanations are associated with this. A large amount of research literature discusses this estimated wage effect for marriage men. Our meta-analysis of 19 studies and 120 estimates finds that there exists a meaningful impact on wage after control for the publication bias with heterogeneity. Marriage premium accounts as 6.8 percent with the evidence of publication bias after applying descriptive statistics, funnel graph, simple meta-regression analysis (MRA), and multiple MRAs of 120 estimated coefficients. Also this analysis identifies omitted variable bias as another important aspect for explaining this widespread empirical literature. Secondly, this paper provides an empirical study for the marriage wage premium for men in the U.S., using the propensity score matching method for selection on observable attributes and Heckman's conditional difference-in-difference model for selection on unobservable attributes. The data for this analysis of the marriage premium used a shifting panel design for marriages between 1980 and 1992, as well as 1994 through 2008. This analysis examines data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2010 and focuses on men one year after marriage as well as two years after marriage. Our results prove the selection hypothesis that men with higher earnings are more likely to get married and the significant marriage premium accounts for 6.4 percent and 7.4 percent of observed factors for two type periods, respectively. Moreover, the wage-related characteristics for men within this study indicate a positive selection for marriage within a 3-year panel window while rejecting the selection hypothesis for the 5-year panel window. Finally, the conditional difference-in-difference model shows the existence of a significant marriage premium. Thus, the research identified that men earn a marriage premium and t he differential wage growth with the existence of time invariant unobserved heterogeneity (and time variant unobserved heterogeneity). This suggests such men are attractive in the labor market and as a spouse in the marriage market. Also, the fixed effect estimation proves the existence of specialization hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Indika, M.G. Nuwan. Marriage and Wages: An Empirical Analysis for Men. M.A. Thesis, Western Illinois University, December 2013. |
2993. |
Ingram, Donna M. |
Learning About Yourself: Occupation Choice with Unknown Own-Preference Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Bayesian; Clare Jellick; Job Knowledge; Job Tenure; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Choice; Work Experience In the years 1965 through 1970, thirty-nine percent of the adult males living in the United States changed their occupation at least once. Previous microeconomic research has attempted to explain these occupational changes by assuming that one or both of the following are true: workers enter occupations without knowing all of the characteristics of the occupations, or employers hire workers without knowing all the characteristics of the worker. This research is an analysis of an alternative source of the uncertainty: unknown own-preferences. In this case, even if a worker knows the characteristics of all occupations and the worker's productivity is known, the worker may change occupations as he learns about his preferences. Unobservable welfare effects are studied in a simple model with two occupations and a sole worker. Each occupation is described as a combination of leisure and income, where the worker's preferences are unknown and stochastic. It is found that a worker's expected lifetime utility increases as he becomes more certain of his preferences. It is also shown that the expected lifetime utility is convex in the worker's prior distribution of his preferences, continuous in it, and differentiable with respect to it. The NLSY provides job and occupation history data for individual workers. The Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) provides descriptions of occupations. Results describe the way in which workers learn and suggest that workers are not pure bayesians. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ingram, Donna M. Learning About Yourself: Occupation Choice with Unknown Own-Preference. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1990. |
2994. |
Institute of Medicine |
WIC Nutrition Risk Criteria: A Scientific Assessment In: Poverty and Nutrition Risk: Chapter 2. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996: pp. 41-51. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309053854/html/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Poverty; Welfare The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides specific supplemental foods, nutrition education, and social service and health care referrals to low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum women, infants, and children up to age 5 years who are at nutrition risk. The WIC program is based on the premise that many low-income individuals are at risk of poor nutrition and health outcomes because of insufficient nutrition during the critical growth and development periods of pregnancy, infancy, and early childhood. The WIC program is a supplemental food and nutrition program to help meet the special needs of low-income women, infants, and children during these periods. Income below 185 percent of the poverty level is one of the standards of eligibility for the WIC program... (Source: http://books.nap.edu/html/wic/index.html#sum. Washington DC, National Academy Press, 1996.) NLSY79 data on family income and birth outcomes such as birth weight, adequacy of pre-natal care, and infant mortality are used to show a relationship between poverty and poor pre-natal outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Institute of Medicine. "WIC Nutrition Risk Criteria: A Scientific Assessment" In: Poverty and Nutrition Risk: Chapter 2. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996: pp. 41-51.
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2995. |
Ipsen, Catherine Ward, Bryce Myers, Andrew |
Events Across the Life Course Contribute to Higher Mobility Impairment Rates in Rural U.S. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences published online (31 May 2022): DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.863716. Also: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fresc.2022.863716/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Frontiers Keyword(s): Disability; Injuries; Insurance, Health; Occupations; Rural/Urban Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: This paper investigates how life events such as injuries, health insurance coverage, geography, and occupation contribute to mobility disability rates over time. Findings can inform policies and practices to address factors that may contribute to disability in rural and urban areas. Methods: We utilized 27 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data from 1979 to 2016 to explore how past injury, occupation, health insurance coverage, and rurality predicted mobility impairment at ages 40 and 50 using regression analysis. Findings: Rural respondents reported significantly higher rates of mobility impairment at age 40 and age 50 relative to people living in urban areas, and were more likely to report injury, work in high exertion occupations, and experience several pain-related health conditions. Using logistic regression and controlling for race and education, we found that people had higher odds of experiencing mobility impairment at age 40 if they reported a broken bone in the last 10 years, reported ever being knocked unconscious, had any workplace injury from 1988 to 2000, or lived in a rural area. People reported lower odds of mobility impairment if they had more consistent health insurance coverage over time. Further analysis showed that people consistently uninsured over time were 91% more likely to report mobility impairment at age 40 than those consistently insured. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ipsen, Catherine, Bryce Ward and Andrew Myers. "Events Across the Life Course Contribute to Higher Mobility Impairment Rates in Rural U.S." Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences published online (31 May 2022): DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.863716.
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2996. |
Irvin, Carol V. |
Determinants of Timely Preventative Care and Immunizations Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Deviance; Health Care; Household Composition; Modeling, Probit; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Regions The failure of the United States health system's to adequately care for all children is revealed in lower than desired immunization rates among preschoolers. In 1985 only 49 percent of nonwhite preschoolers were fully immunized against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT); DPT immunization coverage among white preschoolers was 64 percent. This study first develops a simple two-period model of the household's demand for infant preventive care. The model demonstrates that the household bases its decision to purchase well-baby care on the impact that the child's health has on future family income and the trade-offs between current and future consumption. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study initially uses a binary probit model, and simulated probabilities based on the model, to analyze the timing of the child's first well-baby care visit. Surprising results include the marginal importance of family income and the insignificance of the type of insurance covering the infant. While economic barriers do not appear to exist, other barriers closely associated with the household's economic status, such as race and ethnicity, do influence which children will receive timely care. One predictor of delayed infant preventive care not typically analyzed in the economic literature is the presence of the infant's maternal grandparents. Low health endowment and illness are also significant barriers. This result supports the theoretical interpretation that the child's health endowment influences the efficiency of preventive care in producing health. Immunizations are commonly administered during well-baby care visits. When visits are delayed, immunization is delayed. An ordered probit model, a bivariate probit model, and simulated probabilities from the bivariate model all indicate that the child's DPT immunization status is not determined by household income or insurance coverage. These results contradict the descript ive work of child advocates and clinicians. The results of this study suggest that the current administration's vaccine proposal is misguided in its belief that poverty alone leads to inadequately immunized children. Barriers to immunization are low health endowments, rural residence, and mothers who are single, young, and care for a number of children. Dissertation Abstracts International, VOL. 54-10A, Page 3818. |
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Bibliography Citation
Irvin, Carol V. Determinants of Timely Preventative Care and Immunizations. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1994. |
2997. |
Isaac, Elliott |
Marriage, Divorce, and Social Safety Net Policy Southern Economic Journal 86,4 (April 2020):1576-1612. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/soej.12431 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Divorce; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Marital History/Transitions; Marriage; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT I study the effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and welfare reforms of the 1990s on flows into and out of marriage. I use test scores to predict who is most likely to be affected by the policy changes, and employ a flexible functional form to estimate heterogeneous effects. I find that lower‐earning married women are more likely to divorce as the EITC expands, but I find no effect of EITC generosity on marriage. I find little effect of welfare generosity on marriage or divorce flows for any group. My results suggest that there are nonsymmetric responses to policy on flows into and out of marriages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Isaac, Elliott. "Marriage, Divorce, and Social Safety Net Policy." Southern Economic Journal 86,4 (April 2020):1576-1612.
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2998. |
Ishimaru, Shoya |
Empirical Decomposition of the IV-OLS Gap with Heterogeneous and Nonlinear Effects Review of Economics and Statistics published online (25 January 2022): DOI: 10.1162/rest_a_01169. Also: https://direct.mit.edu/rest/article/doi/10.1162/rest_a_01169/109261/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Modeling, OLS; Statistical Analysis; Wages This study proposes an econometric framework to interpret and empirically decompose the difference between IV and OLS estimates given by a linear regression model when the true causal effects of the treatment are nonlinear in treatment levels and heterogeneous across covariates. I show that the IV-OLS coefficient gap consists of three estimable components: the difference in weights on the covariates, the difference in weights on the treatment levels, and the difference in identified marginal effects that arises from endogeneity bias. Applications of this framework to return-to-schooling estimates demonstrate the empirical relevance of this distinction in properly interpreting the IV-OLS gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ishimaru, Shoya. "Empirical Decomposition of the IV-OLS Gap with Heterogeneous and Nonlinear Effects." Review of Economics and Statistics published online (25 January 2022): DOI: 10.1162/rest_a_01169.
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2999. |
Islam, Shahidul Rosenbaum, Janet E. Cataletto, Mary |
Asthma at Mid-life is Associated with Physical Activity Limits but not Obesity after 10 Years Using Matched Sampling in a Nationally Representative Sample Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology 19,1 (March 2019): 8-22. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10742-019-00197-1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Asthma; Obesity; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Asthma and obesity are both prevalent conditions that appear related, but the etiology for this association remains unclear. This study examines whether asthma is associated with obesity and physical activity limits 10 years later among a subsample from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 who were age 40 at baseline. |
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Bibliography Citation
Islam, Shahidul, Janet E. Rosenbaum and Mary Cataletto. "Asthma at Mid-life is Associated with Physical Activity Limits but not Obesity after 10 Years Using Matched Sampling in a Nationally Representative Sample." Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology 19,1 (March 2019): 8-22.
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3000. |
Isojaervi, Anni Tuulikki |
Three Essays on Labor Market Disparities and Inequality Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Gender Differences; Labor Productivity; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation studies labor market disparities and inequality in the United States. The focus is to investigate the determinants of gaps in various labor market outcomes over the life cycle between different demographic groups and to study whether the increased earnings inequality over the past decades has been connected with another macroeconomic trend, increased concentration of production. In Chapter 2, I examine the determinants of the gaps in wages, labor market participation, and other labor market outcomes between men and women over the life cycle. Using a search and matching model and data on the U.S. labor markets, I show that wage gaps arise mainly because of women's lower productivity level at the beginning of their careers as well as women's more frequent career breaks. Firms' actions matter too: firms are less willing to hire workers with a higher likelihood of career breaks which leads to lower negotiated wages. Chapter 3 builds on the analysis in Chapter 2 and uses a structural model to decompose the labor market outcome gaps between all the major demographic groups in the U.S. labor markets including genders, races, ethnicities, skill levels, and age groups. Chapter 3 focuses specifically on studying the role of discrimination in generating disparities in the outcomes. Using 1998-2018 U.S. data, we find that differences in initial human capital, returns to experience, and job separation rates account for most of the demographic disparities; wedges in matching efficiencies play a secondary role. Our results suggest a minor aggregate impact of taste-based discrimination in hiring and an important role for statistical discrimination affecting particularly female groups and Black males. |
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Bibliography Citation
Isojaervi, Anni Tuulikki. Three Essays on Labor Market Disparities and Inequality. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, 2021. |