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Author: Harper, Cynthia Channing

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1.	Harper, Cynthia Channing
1.	A Longitudinal Analysis of Drug Use and Youth Crime in the U.S. Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Disadvantaged, Economically; Drug Use; Illegal Activities; Incarceration/Jail; Substance Use; Youth Problems Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates a U.S. cohort of male youth to measure the extent to which drug use accounts for criminal activity. While crime has shown persistent decreases overall in the past decade, it has become more concentrated among the young. Since the early eighties, crime is not only more common among youth, but it has also become more violent. Trafficking of illicit drugs has created a violent market, principally for distributors and sellers, and has involved increasingly younger individuals. Using individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the research follows a male youth cohort from the late seventies to early nineties to explore changing associations among drug use and incarceration over time. The panel survey oversamples economically disadvantaged population, including out-of-school-youth, who are at elevated risk of both drug use and criminal activity.
	Bibliography Citation Harper, Cynthia Channing. "A Longitudinal Analysis of Drug Use and Youth Crime in the U.S." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997.

2.	Harper, Cynthia Channing
2.	Family Instability and Crime: Does One Really Lead to the Other? Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Influences; Family Studies; Fathers, Absence; Illegal Activities; Incarceration/Jail; Parents, Single; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines a population of young men to see how family life is associated with crime in the U.S. It uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to track a sample of 6,859 young men from 1979 to the present, testing whether family disruption, father absence, step-parenting or other family arrangements increase the likelihood of incarceration. Results show that net of other individual, socio-economic, or community level factors which influence crime, family instability is highly associated with the probability of incarceration. Growing up in a single parent family significantly increases the likelihood of going to jail. However, growing up with a step-parent increases it to a much greater extent. These findings are relevant for crime policy, which focuses virtually all resources on corrective measures, rather than on preventive programs for children at high risk of incarceration later in life.
	Bibliography Citation Harper, Cynthia Channing. "Family Instability and Crime: Does One Really Lead to the Other?" Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995.

3.	Harper, Cynthia Channing
3.	From Playpen To Federal Pen: Family Instability and Youth Crime Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Demography; Disadvantaged, Economically; Event History; Family Formation; Family Influences; Family Studies; Fatherhood; Heterogeneity; Incarceration/Jail; Minorities; Parents, Single; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Transitional Programs; Youth Problems This dissertation investigates the role of the family in the growth in youth crime in the United States, following a male cohort through the crime-prone years, from adolescence to early adulthood. Panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a probability survey with oversampling of disadvantaged populations, provide individual-level information on youths, aged 14 to 22, from 1979 to the present. Methods from event history analysis are used to model these data in a longitudinal statistical study. This research covers the transition of adolescents from their former family life stage, childhood, to their future life stage, formation of own family, and measures the influence of family in these two stages on the likelihood of youth crime. For the first stage, family histories from birth are traced to determine the factors that have a visible impact on criminal behavior, including parents, other household members, and family resources. For the second stage, the research investigates whether family formation patterns have a positive or a negative effect on the youth's life prospects, given a certain family of origin. The effects of early fatherhood on future criminal behavior are measured. Young fathers are compared to their childless peers for criminal tendencies, and their decisions to marry or to cohabit are examined for any protective effects against crime. Results show that young men who have experienced family instability during childhood face an increased likelihood of criminal behavior. In particular, male adolescents in mother-stepfather households exhibit high levels of antisocial behavior. Youths in single mother households are also at increased risk, although not to the same degree. Childhood family instability is, in turn, associated with early fatherhood, particularly for minorities. Those who have children at a young age face much more difficult future prospects: The probability of crime and incarceration is extremely elevated for these youths, even after adjusting the estimates for unobserved heterogeneity in family background. Neither fatherhood, marriage nor cohabitation seem to pull young men through the transition to adulthood, a life stage in which criminal activities wane.
	Bibliography Citation Harper, Cynthia Channing. From Playpen To Federal Pen: Family Instability and Youth Crime. Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1996.

4.	Harper, Cynthia Channing
4.	When Father Walks, Does Son Follow? An Intergenerational Analysis of Fathering Patterns Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Event History; Family Environment; Family History; Family Studies; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Leaving; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study on the transmission of "fatherhood" patterns from father to son measures whether a child who experiences father absence while growing up is more likely to become an absent father himself one day. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this research evaluates the experience of a contemporary youth cohort from the late seventies to the early nineties, within the historical trend of increasing father absence. The survey oversamples disadvantaged populations who are at higher risk of single parenthood. The research methodology used is a longitudinal event history analysis of the effects of childhood family history on the probability of becoming a nonresidential father later in life. Preliminary results show that controlling for individual and community characteristics, this male cohort tends to re-create their childhood family situations while forming their own families.
	Bibliography Citation Harper, Cynthia Channing. "When Father Walks, Does Son Follow? An Intergenerational Analysis of Fathering Patterns." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997.

5.	Harper, Cynthia Channing
5.	Youth Crime and Family Formation: Does Fatherhood Pull Young Men Out of the High Risk Set for Jail? Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Fatherhood; Heterogeneity; Incarceration/Jail; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parenthood; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Investigates patterns of family formation among a contemporary US youth cohort to assess the association of young fatherhood with criminal activity - whether male reproduction in a nonconventional family unit is likely to be associated with delinquent social behaviors or, conversely, to help pull young men into the social order in increased concern for the future generation. Individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to track a sample of 6,000+ males ages 14-22, 1979-present. The survey is nationally representative, but oversamples disadvantaged populations, who are at higher risk of both young fatherhood & youth crime. Several statistical methodologies are used to model the pathway to incarceration, including continuation ratio models & longitudinal event history analysis, which considers the effects of time-varying covariates. The final methodology is a fixed effects analysis of sibling pairs to control for unobserved heterogeneity, since selection into family formation patterns & criminal activities are strong. Results show that young fathers face greatly increased odds of criminal outcomes, compared to their peers. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
	Bibliography Citation Harper, Cynthia Channing. "Youth Crime and Family Formation: Does Fatherhood Pull Young Men Out of the High Risk Set for Jail?" Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996.

6.	Harper, Cynthia Channing McLanahan, Sara S.
6.	Father Absence and Youth Incarceration Journal of Research on Adolescence 14,3 (September 2004): 369-398. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2004.00079.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Event History; Fathers, Absence; Incarceration/Jail; Income Level; Mothers, Adolescent; Poverty; Racial Differences; Stepfamilies This study measured the likelihood of youth incarceration among adolescent males from father-absent households, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N=34,031 person-years). At baseline, the adolescents ranged from 14 to 17 years, and the incarceration outcome measure spanned ages 15 to 30 years. This study tested whether risk factors concentrated in father-absent households explained the apparent effects of father absence. Results from longitudinal event-history analysis showed that although a sizable portion of the risk that appeared to be due to father absence could actually be attributed to other factors, such as teen motherhood, low parent education, racial inequalities, and poverty, adolescents in father-absent households still faced elevated incarceration risks. The adolescents who faced the highest incarceration risks, however, were those in stepparent families, including father-stepmother families. Coresidential grandparents may help attenuate this risk, although remarriage and residential instability increased it. Social policies to support children should broaden beyond an emphasis on marriage to address the risks faced by adolescents living in stepfamilies as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
	Bibliography Citation Harper, Cynthia Channing and Sara S. McLanahan. "Father Absence and Youth Incarceration." Journal of Research on Adolescence 14,3 (September 2004): 369-398.

7.	Harper, Cynthia Channing McLanahan, Sara S.
7.	Father Absence and Youth Incarceration Working Paper #99-03, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, October 1999. Also: http://crcw.princeton.edu/workingpapers/WP99-03-Harper.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Office of Population Research, Princeton University Keyword(s): Family Formation; Family Influences; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Incarceration/Jail; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study measures the likelihood of incarceration among contemporary male youths from father-absent households, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Hypotheses test the contribution of socioeconomic disadvantage, poverty, family instability, residential adults in father-absent households, as well as selection bias. Results from longitudinal event history analysis show that while certain unfavorable circumstances, such as teen motherhood, low parent education, urban residence, racial inequalities and poverty, are associated with incarceration among father-absent youths, net of these factors, these youths still face double the odds of their peers. Nonetheless, youths from stepparent families are even more vulnerable to the risk of incarceration, especially those in father-stepmother households, which suggests that the re-marriage may present even greater difficulties for male children than father absence.
	Bibliography Citation Harper, Cynthia Channing and Sara S. McLanahan. "Father Absence and Youth Incarceration." Working Paper #99-03, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, October 1999.

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